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8194975629801321399	Appointments Clause	Appointments Clause - wikipedia Appointments Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Appointments Clause is part of Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the United States Constitution , which empowers the President of the United States to appoint certain public officials with the `` advice and consent '' of the United States Senate . This clause also allows lower - level officials to be appointed without the advice and consent process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text of the Appointments Clause 2 Appointments Clause aspects 2.1 Background and general aspects 2.2 Inferior officers 2.3 Appointments by heads of departments 3 List of cases 4 References 5 See also Text of the Appointments Clause ( edit ) The relevant provision of the Appointments Clause is : He ( the President ) ... shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , Judges of the supreme Court , and all other Officers of the United States , whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for , and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers as they think proper , in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . '' The first part of this clause is known as the Treaty Clause . Appointments Clause aspects ( edit ) Background and general aspects ( edit ) In the federal government of the United States , `` advice and consent '' is a power of the United States Senate -- in this instance , the power to approve appointments by the President of the United States to public positions , including Cabinet secretaries , federal judges , and ambassadors . The term `` advice and consent '' first appears in the United States Constitution in Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 , referring to the Senate 's role in the signing and ratification of treaties . This term is then used again , to describe the Senate 's role in the appointment of public officials , immediately after describing the President 's duty to nominate such officials . Several framers of the U.S. Constitution explained that the required role of the Senate is to advise the President after the nomination has been made by the President . Roger Sherman believed that advice before nomination could still be helpful . Likewise , President George Washington took the position that pre-nomination advice was allowable but not mandatory . The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the `` advice '' portion of the power with the `` consent '' portion , although several Presidents have consulted informally with Senators over nominations and treaties . The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is `` to advise and consent '' , which shows how initial advice on nominations and treaties is not a formal power exercised by the Senate . On Nov. 21 , 2013 , the Senate changed its rules regarding the number of votes needed to end debate on a presidential nomination and bring it to a vote . Before that date , a minority of senators could engage in a filibuster and block a vote on a nomination unless three - fifths of senators voted to end debate . Under the new rules , a simple majority is all that is needed to end debate . The only exception was for nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States , which could still be blocked from going to a vote by a filibuster , until the Senate rules were again changed on April 6th , 2017 during Senate debate on the nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Count . Congress itself may not exercise the appointment power ; its functions are limited to the Senate 's role in advice and consent , and to deciding whether to vest a direct appointment power over a given office in the President , a Head of Department , or the Courts of Law . The Framers of the U.S. Constitution were particularly concerned that Congress might seek to exercise the appointment power and fill offices with their supporters , to the derogation of the President 's control over the executive branch . The Appointments Clause thus functions as a restraint on Congress and as an important structural element in the separation of powers . Attempts by Congress to circumvent the Appointments Clause , either by making appointments directly , or through devices such as `` unilaterally appointing an incumbent to a new and distinct office '' under the guise of legislating new duties for an existing office , have been rebuffed by the courts . Inferior officers ( edit ) The Appointments Clause divides constitutional officers into two classes : principal officers , who must be appointed through the advice and consent mechanism ; and inferior officers , who may be appointed through advice and consent of the Senate , but whose appointment Congress may place instead in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . An earlier version of the Appointments Clause would have given the President a broader power to `` appoint officers in all cases not otherwise provided for by this Constitution , '' but some delegates of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention worried that this language would permit the President to create offices as well as to fill them , a classic case of institutional corruption . The requirement that the President can appoint inferior officers only when Congress has `` by Law vest ( ed ) '' that power in the President sought to preclude that possibility . One chief questions recurs under the `` by Law '' language : Who are `` inferior Officers , '' not subject to the requirement of advice and consent ; and ( 2 ) what constitutes a `` Department , '' when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President ? As an initial matter , most government employees are not officers and thus are not subject to the Appointments Clause . In Buckley v. Valeo , the Supreme Court held that only those appointees `` exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States '' are `` Officers of the United States , '' and hence it is only those who exercise such `` significant authority '' who must be appointed by a mechanism set forth in the Appointments Clause . The Framers of the U.S. constitution did not define the line between principal officers and inferior officers , and the Supreme Court has been content to approach the analysis on a case - by - case basis rather than through a definitive test . The Court listed in Morrison v. Olson ( 1988 ) certain factors as hallmarks of `` inferior Officer '' status , such as removability by a higher executive branch official other than the President , and limitations on the officer 's duties , jurisdiction , and tenure . In Edmond v. United States ( 1997 ) the Court stated that `` ' inferior Officers ' are officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by others who were appointed by Presidential nomination with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Among those officers recognized as `` inferior '' are district court clerks , federal supervisors of elections , the Watergate Special Prosecutor , and an Independent Counsel appointed under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 . Appointments by Heads of Departments ( edit ) Another chief question is , what constitutes a `` Department , '' when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President ? The phrase `` Heads of Departments '' has not been precisely defined by the Supreme Court . On the one hand , judicial interpretations of the phrase refer to the heads of departments that are within the executive branch , or according to Buckley v. Valeo `` at least have some connection with that branch . '' Under this view , the heads of all agencies and departments exercising executive power under the President would seem to qualify as `` Heads of Departments . '' The Court interpreted in Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue ( 1991 ) `` Heads of Departments '' to refer `` to executive divisions like the Cabinet - level departments . '' The use of the phrase `` like the Cabinet - level departments '' could mean that , in addition to the Cabinet departments , other entities within the executive branch that are sufficiently analogous to the Cabinet departments may qualify as `` Departments '' for purposes of the Appointments Clause . On the other hand , the Freytag Court itself seemed unclear what it meant by the phrase `` like the Cabinet - level departments , '' and certainly stepped back from any bright - line test . The Freytag Court sought to harmonize its analysis with the interpretation given the different term `` executive Departments '' in the Opinion Clause ( which has been interpreted to refer only to Cabinet departments ) and with earlier cases that suggested that only the Cabinet Secretaries qualified as `` Heads of Departments . '' Ultimately , the Freytag Court seems to have reserved the question whether the heads of non-Cabinet executive - branch agencies could be deemed to be `` Heads of Departments '' for purposes of the Appointments Clause . Perhaps the phrase `` like the Cabinet - level departments '' was included in Freytag as an indication that the Court would not necessarily be inflexible about requiring Cabinet status in future cases . If that is so , then `` Heads of Departments '' would appear to include ( as Justice Antonin Scalia reasons in his concurrence in Freytag ) the heads of the Cabinet Departments and also the heads of `` all independent executive establishments . '' From 1999 to 2008 , a change in the statute governing the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( `` USPTO '' ) permitted a number of judges of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences and the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to be appointed by the USPTO Director . This arrangement was challenged as unconstitutional under the Appointments Clause because the appointing party was not the Heads of the Department . In order to avoid the crisis that would result from new challenges to many BPAI and TTAB decisions made in that period , Congress passed a 2008 amendment to the statute which specifies that the Secretary of Commerce is responsible for such appointments , and permitting the Secretary to retroactively appoint those persons named by the USPTO Director . See also : List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation List of cases ( edit ) United States v. Hartwell , 73 U.S. ( 6 Wall . ) 385 ( 1868 ) United States v. Germaine , 99 U.S. ( 9 Otto ) 508 ( 1879 ) Ex parte Siebold , 100 U.S. ( 10 Otto ) 371 ( 1879 ) Shoemaker v. United States , 147 U.S. 282 ( 1893 ) Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) Springer v. Philippine Islands , 277 U.S. 189 ( 1928 ) Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 501 U.S. 868 ( 1991 ) Weiss v. United States , 510 U.S. 163 ( 1994 ) Edmond v. United States , 520 U.S. 651 ( 1997 ) Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , 561 U.S. ____ ( 2010 ) National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 573 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Currie , David . The Constitution in Congress : The Federalist Period , 1789 - 1801 , page 25 ( University of Chicago Press 1997 ) via Google Books : `` Madison , Jefferson , and Jay all advised Washington not to consult the Senate before making nominations . '' Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . Federalist No. 76 ( 1788 ) : `` In the act of nomination his judgment alone will be exercised . '' Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to John Adams ( July 1789 ) in The Founders Constitution : `` their advice may enable him to make such judicious appointments . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Senate history on the power to advise and consent : `` In selecting nominees , Washington turned to his closest advisers and to members of Congress , but the president resolutely insisted that he alone would be responsible for the final selection . He shared a common view that the Senate 's constitutionally mandated ' advice ' was to come after the nomination was made . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 30 : `` On the final question to advise and consent to the ratification in the form agreed to , the concurrence of two - thirds of the Senators present shall be necessary to determine it in the affirmative . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 31 : `` the final question on every nomination shall be , ' Will the Senate advise and consent to this nomination ? ' '' Jump up ^ Christopher M. Davis ; Michael Greene . `` Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Douglas . `` The Heritage Guide to the Constitution : Inferior Officers '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Translogic Technology , Inc. v. Dudas , U.S. , No. 07 - 1303 , 10 / 6 / 08 . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appointments Clause of Section 2 of the full text Constitution of the United States of America List of clauses of the United States Constitution The Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867 Recess appointment Advice and consent ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appointments_Clause&oldid=787183928 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Legislative branch of the United States government Legal history of the United States United States Senate Appointments Clause case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the senate's role in advising and consenting to presidential appointments to the courts	[ "The Appointments Clause is part of Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which empowers the President of the United States to appoint certain public officials with the \"advice and consent\" of the United States Senate. This clause also allows lower-level officials to be appointed without the advice and consent process." ]	[ "The Appointments Clause" ]
2895156149069021288	Nintendo	Nintendo - wikipedia Nintendo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Nintendo corporation . For the third - generation video game console from the company , see Nintendo Entertainment System . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Nintendo 's current logo , in use since 2016 Headquarters in Kyoto Native name 任天堂株式会社 Romanized name Nintendō kabushikigaisha Formerly called Nintendo Karuta Co. , Ltd . The Nintendo Playing Card Co . Type Public Traded as TYO : 7974 Industry Video game industry Consumer electronics Founded 23 September 1889 ; 128 years ago ( 1889 - 09 - 23 ) Founder Fusajiro Yamauchi Headquarters Kyoto , Japan Area served Worldwide Key people Tatsumi Kimishima ( President ) Shigeru Miyamoto ( Fellow ) Products List of Nintendo consoles Lists of Nintendo games Production output Hardware : 21.45 million Software : 99.15 million ( 2018 ) Services Nintendo Network Nintendo eShop Revenue ¥ 1.056 trillion ( 2018 ) Operating income ¥ 177.557 billion ( 2018 ) Net income ¥ 139.590 billion ( 2018 ) Total assets ¥ 1.634 trillion ( 2018 ) Total equity ¥ 1.324 trillion ( 2018 ) Number of employees 5,501 ( 2018 ) Divisions Entertainment Planning & Development European Research & Development Network Service Database Platform Technology Development Software Technology Technology Development Subsidiaries 1 - UP Studio Monolith Soft Nd Cube Retro Studios iQue Website nintendo.com Nintendo Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best - known and top - selling video game franchises , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , and Pokémon . Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi , it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s , ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and Japan 's third most - valuable company with a market value of over $85 billion . From 1992 until 2016 , Nintendo was also the majority shareholder for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1889 -- 1956 : As a card company 1.2 1956 -- 1974 : New ventures 1.3 1974 -- 1978 : Early electronic era 1.4 1979 -- 2003 : Success with video games 1.5 2004 -- 2011 : Nintendo DS and Wii 1.6 2011 -- 2015 : Nintendo 3DS and Wii U 1.7 2015 -- present : Mobile and Nintendo Switch 2 Products 2.1 Home consoles 2.1. 1 Color TV - Game 2.1. 2 Nintendo Entertainment System 2.1. 3 Super Nintendo Entertainment System 2.1. 4 Nintendo 64 2.1. 5 GameCube 2.1. 6 Wii 2.1. 7 Wii U 2.1. 8 Nintendo Switch 2.2 Handheld consoles 2.2. 1 Game & Watch 2.2. 2 Game Boy 2.2. 3 Nintendo DS 2.2. 4 Nintendo 3DS 3 Company structure 3.1 Marketing 3.2 Board of directors 3.2. 1 Representative Directors 3.2. 2 Directors 3.2. 3 Outside Directors 3.3 Executive officers 3.3. 1 Senior Executive Officers 3.3. 2 Executive Officers 3.4 Divisions 3.4. 1 Entertainment Planning & Development ( EPD ) 3.4. 2 Platform Technology Development ( PTD ) 3.4. 3 Business Development ( NBD ) 3.4. 4 International divisions 3.4. 4.1 Nintendo Co. , Ltd . 3.4. 4.2 Nintendo of America 3.4. 4.3 Nintendo of Europe 3.4. 4.4 Nintendo Australia 3.4. 4.5 iQue 3.4. 4.6 Nintendo of Korea 3.5 Subsidiaries 3.6 Logos 4 Policy 4.1 Content guidelines 4.2 License guidelines 4.3 Emulation 4.4 Seal of Quality 4.4. 1 NTSC regions 4.4. 2 PAL regions 4.5 Charitable projects 4.6 Environmental record 5 Trademark 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of Nintendo 1889 -- 1956 : as a card company Nintendo 's original headquarters in the Kyoto Prefecture in 1889 Nintendo was founded as a playing card company by Fusajiro Yamauchi on 23 September 1889 . Based in Kyoto , the business produced and marketed Hanafuda cards . The handmade cards soon became popular , and Yamauchi hired assistants to mass - produce cards to satisfy demand . In 1949 , the company adopted the name Nintendo Karuta Co. , Ltd. , doing business as The Nintendo Playing Card Co. outside Japan . Nintendo continues to manufacture playing cards in Japan and organizes its own contract bridge tournament called the `` Nintendo Cup '' . The word Nintendo can be translated as `` leave luck to heaven '' , or alternatively as `` the temple of free hanafuda '' . 1956 -- 1974 : new ventures Former headquarters plate , from when Nintendo was solely a playing card company In 1956 , Hiroshi Yamauchi , grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi , visited the U.S. to talk with the United States Playing Card Company , the dominant playing card manufacturer there . He found that the biggest playing card company in the world was using only a small office . Yamauchi 's realization that the playing card business had limited potential was a turning point . He then acquired the license to use Disney characters on playing cards to drive sales . In 1963 , Yamauchi renamed Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. to Nintendo Co. , Ltd . The company then began to experiment in other areas of business using newly injected capital during the period of time between 1963 and 1968 . Nintendo set up a taxi company called Daiya . This business was initially successful . However , Nintendo was forced to sell it because problems with the labour unions were making it too expensive to run the service . It also set up a love hotel chain , a TV network , a food company ( selling instant rice ) and several other ventures . All of these ventures eventually failed , and after the 1964 Tokyo Olympics , playing card sales dropped , and Nintendo 's stock price plummeted to its lowest recorded level of ¥ 60 . In 1966 , Nintendo moved into the Japanese toy industry with the Ultra Hand , an extendable arm developed by its maintenance engineer Gunpei Yokoi in his free time . Yokoi was moved from maintenance to the new `` Nintendo Games '' department as a product developer . Nintendo continued to produce popular toys , including the Ultra Machine , Love Tester and the Kousenjuu series of light gun games . Despite some successful products , Nintendo struggled to meet the fast development and manufacturing turnaround required in the toy market , and fell behind the well - established companies such as Bandai and Tomy . In 1973 , its focus shifted to family entertainment venues with the Laser Clay Shooting System , using the same light gun technology used in Nintendo 's Kousenjuu series of toys , and set up in abandoned bowling alleys . Following some success , Nintendo developed several more light gun machines ( such as the light gun shooter game Wild Gunman ) for the emerging arcade scene . While the Laser Clay Shooting System ranges had to be shut down following excessive costs , Nintendo had found a new market . 1974 -- 1978 : early electronic era The Color TV - Game was Nintendo 's first foray into video gaming , which would become its main business . Nintendo 's first venture into the video gaming industry was securing rights to distribute the Magnavox Odyssey video game console in Japan in 1974 . Nintendo began to produce its own hardware in 1977 , with the Color TV - Game home video game consoles . Four versions of these consoles were produced , each including variations of a single game ( for example , Color TV Game 6 featured six versions of Light Tennis ) . A student product developer named Shigeru Miyamoto was hired by Nintendo at this time . He worked for Yokoi , and one of his first tasks was to design the casing for several of the Color TV - Game consoles . Miyamoto went on to create , direct and produce some of Nintendo 's most famous video games and become one of the most recognizable figures in the video game industry . In 1975 , Nintendo moved into the video arcade game industry with EVR Race , designed by their first game designer , Genyo Takeda , and several more games followed . Nintendo had some small success with this venture , but the release of Donkey Kong in 1981 , designed by Miyamoto , changed Nintendo 's fortunes dramatically . The success of the game and many licensing opportunities ( such as ports on the Atari 2600 , Intellivision and ColecoVision ) gave Nintendo a huge boost in profit and in addition , the game also introduced an early iteration of Mario , then known in Japan as Jumpman , the eventual company mascot . 1979 -- 2003 : success with video games Main articles : Game & Watch , NES , Game Boy , SNES , Nintendo 64 , and Game Boy Advance SP The Game & Watch series was Nintendo 's first worldwide success in video game consoles In 1979 , Gunpei Yokoi conceived the idea of a handheld video game , while observing a fellow bullet train commuter who passed the time by interacting idly with a portable LCD calculator , which gave birth to Game & Watch . In 1980 , Nintendo launched Game & Watch -- a handheld video game series developed by Yokoi . These systems do not contain interchangeable cartridges and thus the hardware was tied to the game . The first Game & Watch game , Ball , was distributed worldwide . The modern `` cross '' D - pad design was developed in 1982 , by Yokoi for a Donkey Kong version . Proven to be popular , the design was patented by Nintendo . It later earned a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award . In 1983 , Nintendo launched the Family Computer ( colloquialized as `` Famicom '' ) home video game console in Japan , alongside ports of its most popular arcade games . In 1985 , a cosmetically reworked version of the system known outside Japan as the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES , launched in North America . The practice of bundling the system along with select games helped to make Super Mario Bros. one of the best - selling video games in history . In 1988 , Gunpei Yokoi and his team at Nintendo R&D1 conceived the new Game Boy handheld system , with the purpose of merging the two very successful ideas of the Game & Watch 's portability along with the NES 's cartridge interchangeability . Nintendo released the Game Boy in Japan on 21 April 1989 , and in North America on 31 July 1989 . Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa managed a deal to bundle the popular third party game Tetris along with the Game Boy , and the pair launched as an instant success . In 1989 , Nintendo announced plans to release the successor to the Famicom , the Super Famicom . Based on a 16 - bit processor , Nintendo boasted significantly superior hardware specifications of graphics , sound , and game speed over the original 8 - bit Famicom . The system was also said to have backwards compatibility with Famicom games , though this feature was ultimately cut upon release . The Super Famicom was finally released relatively late to the market in Japan on 21 November 1990 , and released as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( officially abbreviated the Super NES or SNES and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo ) in North America on 23 August 1991 and in Europe in 1992 . Its main rival was the 16 - bit Mega Drive , known in North America as Genesis , which had been advertised aggressively against the nascent 8 - bit NES . A console war between Sega and Nintendo ensued during the early 1990s . From 1990 to 1992 , Nintendo opened World of Nintendo shops in the United States where consumers could test and buy Nintendo products . In August 1993 , Nintendo announced the SNES 's successor , code - named Project Reality . Featuring 64 - bit graphics , the new system was developed as a joint venture between Nintendo and North - American - based technology company Silicon Graphics . The system was announced to be released by the end of 1995 , but was subsequently delayed . Meanwhile , Nintendo continued the Nintendo Entertainment System family with the release of the NES - 101 , a smaller redesign of the original NES . Nintendo also announced a CD drive peripheral called the Super NES CD - ROM Adapter , which was co-developed first by Sony with the name `` Play Station '' and then by Philips . Bearing prototypes and joint announcements at the Consumer Electronics Show , it was on track for a 1994 release , but was controversially cancelled . During 1995 , Nintendo announced that it had sold one billion game cartridges worldwide , ten percent of those being from the Mario franchise . Nintendo deemed 1994 the `` Year of the Cartridge '' . To further their support for cartridges , Nintendo announced that Project Reality , which had now been renamed the Ultra 64 , would not use a CD format as expected , but would rather use cartridges as its primary media format . Nintendo IRD general manager Genyo Takeda was impressed by video game development company Rare 's progress with real - time 3D graphics technology , using state of the art Silicon Graphics workstations . As a result , Nintendo bought a 25 % stake in the company , eventually expanding to 49 % , and offered their catalogue of characters to create a CGI game around , making Rare Nintendo 's first western - based second - party developer . Their first game as partners with Nintendo was Donkey Kong Country . The game was a critical success and sold over eight million copies worldwide , making it the second best - selling game in the SNES library . In September 1994 , Nintendo , along with six other video game giants including Sega , Electronic Arts , Atari , Acclaim , Philips , and 3DO approached the United States Senate and demanded a ratings system for video games to be enforced , which prompted the decision to create the Entertainment Software Rating Board . Aiming to produce an affordable virtual reality console , Nintendo released the Virtual Boy in 1995 , designed by Gunpei Yokoi . The console consists of a head - mounted semi-portable system with one red - colored screen for each of the user 's eyes , featuring stereoscopic graphics . Games are viewed through a binocular eyepiece and controlled using an affixed gamepad . Critics were generally disappointed with the quality of the games and the red - colored graphics , and complained of gameplay - induced headaches . The system sold poorly and was quietly discontinued . Amid the system 's failure , Yokoi retired from Nintendo . During the same year , Nintendo launched the Satellaview in Japan , a peripheral for the Super Famicom . The accessory allowed users to play video games via broadcast for a set period of time . Various games were made exclusively for the platform , as well as various remakes . In 1996 , Nintendo released the Ultra 64 as the Nintendo 64 in Japan and North America . The console was later released in Europe and Australia in 1997 . The Nintendo 64 continued what had become a Nintendo tradition of hardware design which is focused less on high performance specifications than on design innovations intended to inspire game development . With its market shares slipping to the Sega Saturn and partner - turned - rival Sony PlayStation , Nintendo revitalized its brand by launching a $185 million marketing campaign centered around the `` Play it Loud '' slogan . During the same year , Nintendo also released the Game Boy Pocket in Japan , a smaller version of the Game Boy that generated more sales for the platform . On 4 October 1997 , famed Nintendo developer Gunpei Yokoi died in a car crash . In 1997 , Nintendo released the SNS - 101 ( called Super Famicom Jr. in Japan ) , a smaller redesigned version of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1998 , the successor to the Game Boy , the Game Boy Color , was released . The system had improved technical specifications allowing it to run games made specifically for the system as well as games released for the Game Boy , albeit with added color . The Game Boy Camera and Printer were also released as accessories . In October 1998 , Retro Studios was founded as an alliance between Nintendo and former Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg . Nintendo saw an opportunity for the new studio to create games for the upcoming GameCube targeting an older demographic , in the same vein as Iguana Entertainment 's successful Turok series for the Nintendo 64 . In 2001 , just three years later , Nintendo introduced the redesigned Game Boy Advance . The same year , Nintendo also released the GameCube to lukewarm sales , and it ultimately failed to regain the market share lost by the Nintendo 64 . When Yamauchi , the company 's president since 1949 , retired on 24 May 2002 , Satoru Iwata succeeded as Nintendo 's fourth president , becoming the first Nintendo president who was unrelated to the Yamauchi family through blood or marriage since its founding in 1889 . In 2003 , Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance SP , a redesign of the Game Boy Advance that featured a clamshell design that would later be used in Nintendo 's DS and 3DS handheld video game systems . 2004 -- 2011 : Nintendo DS and Wii Main articles : Nintendo DS and Wii In 2004 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DS , its fourth major handheld system . The DS is a dual screened handheld featuring touch screen capabilities , which respond to either a stylus or the touch of a finger . Former Nintendo president and now chairman Hiroshi Yamauchi was translated by GameScience as explaining , `` If we can increase the scope of the industry , we can re-energise the global market and lift Japan out of depression -- that is Nintendo 's mission . '' Regarding lukewarm GameCube sales which had yielded the company 's first reported operating loss in over 100 years , Yamauchi continued : `` The DS represents a critical moment for Nintendo 's success over the next two years . If it succeeds , we rise to the heavens , if it fails , we sink into hell . '' Thanks to games such as Nintendogs and Mario Kart DS , the DS became a success . In 2005 , Nintendo released the Game Boy Micro in North America , a redesign of the Game Boy Advance . The last system in the Game Boy line , it was also the smallest Game Boy , and the least successful . In the middle of 2005 , Nintendo opened the Nintendo World Store in New York City , which would sell Nintendo games , present a museum of Nintendo history , and host public parties such as for product launches . The store was renovated and renamed as Nintendo New York in 2016 . The Wii Remote , along with the Wii , was said to be revolutionary because of its motion detection capabilities In the first half of 2006 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite , a version of the original Nintendo DS with lighter weight , brighter screen , and better battery life . In addition to this streamlined design , its prolific subset of casual games appealed to the masses , such as the Brain Age series . Meanwhile , New Super Mario Bros. provided a substantial addition to the Mario series when it was launched to the top of sales charts . The successful direction of the Nintendo DS had a big influence on Nintendo 's next home console ( including the common Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection ) , which had been codenamed `` Revolution '' and was now renamed to `` Wii '' . In August 2006 , Nintendo published ES , a now - dormant , open source research operating system project designed around web application integration but for no specific purpose . In the latter half of 2006 , Nintendo released the Wii as the backward - compatible successor to the GameCube . Based upon intricate Wii Remote motion controls and a balance board , the Wii inspired several new game franchises , some targeted at entirely new market segments of casual and fitness gaming . At more than 100 million units , the Wii is the best selling console of the seventh generation , regaining the market share lost during the tenures of the Nintendo 64 and the GameCube . On 1 May 2007 , Nintendo acquired an 80 % stake on video game development company Monolith Soft , previously owned by Bandai Namco . Monolith Soft is best known for developing role - playing games such as the Xenosaga and Baten Kaitos series . During the holiday season of 2008 , Nintendo followed up the success of the DS with the release of the Nintendo DSi in Japan . The system features a more powerful CPU and more RAM , two cameras , one facing towards the player and one facing outwards , and had an online distribution store called DSiWare . The DSi was later released worldwide during 2009 . In the latter half of 2009 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi XL in Japan , a larger version of the DSi . This updated system was later released worldwide in 2010 . 2011 -- 2015 : Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Main articles : Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Nintendo 3DS In 2011 , Nintendo released the Nintendo 3DS , based upon a glasses - free stereoscopic 3D display . In February 2012 , Nintendo acquired Mobiclip , a France - based research and development company specialized in highly optimized software technologies such as video compression . The company 's name was later changed to Nintendo European Research & Development . During the fourth quarter of 2012 , Nintendo released the Wii U . It sold slower than expected , despite being the first eighth generation console . By September 2013 , however , sales had rebounded . Intending to broaden the 3DS market , Nintendo released 2013 's cost - reduced Nintendo 2DS . The 2DS is compatible with but lacks the 3DS 's more expensive but cosmetic autostereoscopic 3D feature . Nintendo also released the Wii Mini , a cheaper and non-networked redesign of the Wii . On 25 September 2013 , Nintendo announced it had purchased a 28 % stake in a Panasonic spin - off company called PUX Corporation . The company specializes in face and voice recognition technology , with which Nintendo intends to improve the usability of future game systems . Nintendo has also worked with this company in the past to create character recognition software for a Nintendo DS touchscreen . After announcing a 30 % dive in profits for the April to December 2013 period , president Satoru Iwata announced he would take a 50 % pay - cut , with other executives seeing reductions by 20 % -- 30 % . In January 2015 , Nintendo announced its exit from the Brazilian market after four years of distributing products in the country . Nintendo cited high import duties and lack of local manufacturing operation as reasons for leaving . Nintendo continues its partnership with Juegos de Video Latinoamérica to distribute products to the rest of Latin America . On 11 July 2015 , Iwata died from a bile duct tumor at the age of 55 . Following his death , representative directors Genyo Takeda and Shigeru Miyamoto jointly led the company on an interim basis until the appointment of Tatsumi Kimishima as Iwata 's successor on 16 September 2015 . In addition to Kimishima 's appointment , the company 's management organization was also restructured -- Miyamoto was named `` Creative Fellow '' and Takeda was named `` Technology Fellow '' . 2015 -- present : mobile and Nintendo Switch Main articles : Nintendo mobile games and Nintendo Switch Takashi Tezuka , Shigeru Miyamoto , and Koji Kondo in 2015 On 17 March 2015 , Nintendo announced a partnership with Japanese mobile developer DeNA to produce games for smart devices . The first of these , Miitomo , was released in March 2016 . On the same day , Nintendo announced a new `` dedicated games platform with a brand new concept '' with the codename `` NX '' that would be further revealed in 2016 . Reggie Fils - Aimé , president of Nintendo of America , referred to NX as `` our next home console '' in a June 2015 interview with The Wall Street Journal . In a later article from October 2015 , The Wall Street Journal relayed speculation from unnamed inside sources that the NX was intended to feature `` industry leading '' hardware specifications and be usable as both a home and portable console . It was also reported that Nintendo had begun distributing software development kits ( SDKs ) for it to third - party developers , with the unnamed source further speculating that these moves suggested that the company was on track to introduce it as early as 2016 . At an investor 's meeting on 27 April 2016 , Nintendo announced that the NX would be released worldwide in March 2017 . In an interview with Asahi Shimbun in May 2016 , Kimishima stated that the NX was a new concept that would not succeed the 3DS or Wii U product lines . At a shareholders ' meeting following E3 2016 , Shigeru Miyamoto stated that the company chose not to present the NX during the conference due to concerns that competitors could copy from it if they revealed it too soon . The same day , Kimishima also revealed during a Q&A session with investors that they were also researching virtual reality . In May 2015 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced that it was partnering with Nintendo to create attractions at Universal theme parks based upon Nintendo properties . In May 2016 , Nintendo also expressed a desire to enter the animated film market . In November 2016 , it was stated that the area to be created at Universal theme parks is known as Super Nintendo World , which will be completed by 2020 at Universal Studios Japan in time of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics , whereas Universal Orlando Resort and Universal Studios Hollywood will get the themed area in an unspecified date after the Japanese version . In July 2016 , the company announced it was bringing back the NES in the form of the NES Classic Edition ( called Nintendo Classic Mini in Europe ) . The plug - and - play console will support HDMI , two - player modes , and have a controller similar to the original NES controller . The controller would be able to connect to a Wii Remote for use with Wii and Wii U Virtual Console games . The NES Classic Edition came with 30 games pre-installed , including Final Fantasy , Kid Icarus , The Legend of Zelda , Zelda II : The Adventure of Link , and Dr. Mario , among others . It was released in November 2016 . Additional controllers were also available . The July 2016 release of the Pokémon Go mobile app by Niantic caused shares in Nintendo to double , due to investor misunderstanding that the software was the property of Nintendo . Later that month , Nintendo released a statement clarifying its relation with Niantic , Nintendo stated it owned 32 % of Pokémon intellectual property owner The Pokémon Company , and though it would receive some licensing and other revenues from the game it expected the impact on Nintendo 's total income to be limited . As a result of the statement Nintendo 's share price fell substantially , losing 17 % in one day of trading . After a reduction in shareprice from the Pokémon Go peak , the company was still valued at over 100 times its net income , a price -- earnings ratio greatly exceeding the average on the Nikkei 225 . Analysts speaking to Bloomberg L.P. and the Financial Times both commented on the potential future value of Nintendo 's IP if transferred to the mobile phone game business . In August 2016 , Nintendo of America sold 90 % of its controlling stake ( 55 % ) in the Seattle Mariners to a group of investors led by mobile phone businessman John Stanton for $640 million . After the announcement of the mobile game Super Mario Run in September 2016 , Nintendo 's stock soared to just under its recent high point after the release and success of Pokémon Go earlier in the year , something noted by journalists as even more significant than Pokémon Go , as Super Mario Run was developed in - house by Nintendo , which was not the case with Pokémon Go . In a December 2016 interview prior to the release of Super Mario Run , Miyamoto explained that the company believed that with some of their game franchises , `` the longer you continue to make a series , the more complex the gameplay becomes , and the harder it becomes for new players to be able to get into the series '' , and that the company sees mobile games with simplified controls , such as Super Mario Run , not only allows them to `` make a game that the broadest audience of people could play '' , but to also reintroduce these properties to newer audiences and draw them to their consoles . On 20 October 2016 , Nintendo released a preview trailer about the NX , revealing the official name to be the Nintendo Switch . According to Fils - Aimé , the console gave game developers new abilities to bring their creative concepts to life by opening up the concept of gaming without limits . In December 2016 , Nintendo released Super Mario Run for iOS devices , with the game surpassing over 50 million downloads within a week of its release . Kimishima stated that Nintendo would release a couple of mobile games each year from then on . In September 2017 , Nintendo announced a partnership with the Chinese gaming company Tencent to publish a global version of their commercially successful mobile game , Honor of Kings , for the Nintendo Switch . The announcement lead some to believe that Nintendo could soon have a bigger footprint in China , a region where the Switch is not sold and is largely dominated by Tencent . In November 2017 , it was reported that Nintendo would be teaming up with Illumination Entertainment , an animation division of Universal Pictures best known for the Despicable Me franchise , to make an animated Mario film . In April 2018 , Nintendo announced that Kimishima would be stepping down as company president that June , with Shuntaro Furukawa , managing executive officer and outside director of The Pokémon Company , succeeding him ; pending approval from shareholders . Products Home consoles Color TV - game Main article : Color TV - Game Released in 1977 , Japan 's highest selling first generation console is Nintendo 's Color TV Game , with over three million units sold . Nintendo Entertainment system Main articles : Nintendo Entertainment System and NES Classic Edition The Nintendo Entertainment System , Nintendo 's first major success in the home console market The Nintendo Entertainment System ( abbreviated as NES ) is an 8 - bit video game console , which released in North America in 1985 , and in Europe throughout 1986 and 1987 . The console was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer ( abbreviated as Famicom ) in 1983 . The best - selling gaming console of its time , the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 . With the NES , Nintendo introduced a now - standard business model of licensing third - party developers , authorizing them to produce and distribute games for Nintendo 's platform . The NES was bundled with Super Mario Bros. , one of the best - selling video games of all time , and received ports of Nintendo 's most popular arcade games . Nintendo also produced a limited run of the NES Classic Edition in 2016 . The NES Classic System was a dedicated console modeled after an NES with 30 built - in classic first - and third - party games from the NES library . By the end of its production in April 2017 , Nintendo shipped over two million units . Super Nintendo Entertainment system Main articles : Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES Classic Edition The Super Nintendo Entertainment System , the successor to the Nintendo Entertainment System The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( abbreviated as the Super NES or SNES ) is a 16 - bit video game console , which was released in North America in 1991 , and in Europe in 1992 . The console was initially released in Japan in 1990 as the Super Famicom , officially adopting the colloquially abbreviated name of its predecessor . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other consoles at the time . Soon , the development of a variety of enhancement chips which were integrated onto each new game cartridge 's circuit boards , progressed the SNES 's competitive edge . While even crude three - dimensional graphics had previously rarely been seen on home consoles , the Super NES 's enhancement chips suddenly enabled a new caliber of games containing increasingly sophisticated faux 3D effects as seen in 1991 's Pilotwings and 1992 's Super Mario Kart . Argonaut Games developed the Super FX chip in order to replicate 3D graphics from their earlier Atari ST and Amiga Starglider series on the Super NES ( more specifically , Starglider 2 ) , starting with Star Fox in 1993 . The SNES is the best - selling console of the 16 - bit era although having experienced a relatively late start and fierce competition from Sega 's Mega Drive / Genesis console . Nintendo also plans to release a limited run of the Super NES Classic Edition in September 2017 through the end of the year . Like the NES Classic Edition , the Super NES Classic Edition is a dedicated console with 21 built - in games from its library , including the never - before - released Starfox 2 . Nintendo 64 Main article : Nintendo 64 The Nintendo 64 , named for its 64 - bit graphics , was Nintendo 's first home console to feature 3D computer graphics The Nintendo 64 was released in 1996 , featuring 3D polygon model rendering capabilities and built - in multiplayer for up to four players . The system 's controller introduced the analog stick and later introduced the Rumble Pak , an accessory for the controller that produces force feedback with compatible games . Both are the first such features to have come to market for home console gaming and eventually became the de facto industry standard . Announced in 1995 , prior to the console 's 1996 launch , the 64DD ( `` DD '' standing for `` Disk Drive '' ) was designed to enable the development of new genre of video games by way of 64 MB writable magnetic disks , video editing , and Internet connectivity . Eventually released only in Japan in 1999 , the 64DD peripheral 's commercial failure there resulted in only nine games being released and precluded further worldwide release . GameCube Main article : GameCube The GameCube was Nintendo 's first home console to use optical discs as a primary storage medium The GameCube ( officially called Nintendo GameCube , abbreviated NGC in Japan and GCN in North America ) was released in 2001 , in Japan and North America , and in 2002 worldwide . The sixth - generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 and competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 , Microsoft 's Xbox , and Sega 's Dreamcast . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are similar to the miniDVD format , but the system was not designed to play standard DVDs or audio CDs . Nintendo introduced a variety of connectivity options for the GameCube . The GameCube 's game library has sparse support for Internet gaming , a feature that requires the use of the aftermarket Nintendo GameCube Broadband Adapter and Modem Adapter . The GameCube supports connectivity to the Game Boy Advance , allowing players to access exclusive in - game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . Wii Main article : Wii The Wii , Nintendo 's best selling home video game console and first to use motion controls The Wii was released during the holiday season of 2006 worldwide . The system features the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . Another notable feature of the console is WiiConnect24 , which enables it to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . It also features a game download service , called `` Virtual Console '' , which features emulated games from past systems . Since its release , the Wii has spawned many peripheral devices , including the Wii Balance Board and Motion Plus , and has had several hardware revisions . The Wii Family Edition variant is identical to the original model , but is designed to sit horizontally and removes the GameCube compatibility . The Wii Mini is a smaller , redesigned Wii which lacks GameCube compatibility , online connectivity , the SD card slot and Wi - Fi support , and has only one USB port unlike the previous models ' two . As of 31 March 2017 , Nintendo reported sales of over 100 million Wii units sold , making it Nintendo 's best - selling home video game console , with over 914 million games and other software for it sold . Wii U Main article : Wii U The Wii U , the successor to the Wii The Wii U , the successor to the Wii , was released during the holiday season of 2012 worldwide . The Wii U is the first Nintendo console to support high - definition graphics . The Wii U 's primary controller is the Wii U GamePad , which features an embedded touchscreen . Each game may be designed to use this touchscreen as supplemental to the main TV , or as the only screen for Off - TV Play . The system supports most Wii controllers and accessories , and the more classically shaped Wii U Pro Controller . The system is backward compatible with Wii software and accessories ; this mode also utilizes Wii - based controllers , and it optionally offers the GamePad as its primary Wii display and motion sensor bar . The console has various online services powered by Nintendo Network , including : the Nintendo eShop for online distribution of software and content ; and Miiverse , a social network which can be variously integrated with games and applications . As of 31 March 2017 , worldwide Wii U sales had totaled over 12 million units , with over 84 million games and other software for it sold . Nintendo Switch Main article : Nintendo Switch Nintendo 's new hybrid console , the Switch . On 17 March 2015 , Nintendo announced a new `` dedicated games platform with a brand new concept '' with the codename `` NX '' that would be further revealed in 2016 . Reggie Fils - Aimé , president of Nintendo of America , referred to NX as `` our next home console '' in a June 2015 interview with The Wall Street Journal . In a later article on 16 October 2015 , The Wall Street Journal relayed speculation from unnamed inside sources that , although the NX hardware specifications were unknown , it may be intended to feature `` industry leading '' hardware specifications and include both a console and a mobile unit that could either be used with the console or taken on the road for separate use . It was also reported that Nintendo had begun distributing software development kits ( SDKs ) for NX to third - party developers , with the unnamed source further speculating that these moves `` ( suggest that ) the company is on track to introduce ( NX ) as early as ( 2016 ) . '' At an investor 's meeting on 27 April 2016 , Nintendo announced that the NX would be released worldwide in March 2017 . In an interview with Asahi Shimbun in May 2016 , Kimishima referred to the NX as `` neither the successor to the Wii U nor to the 3DS '' , as well as it being a `` new way of playing games , '' but it would `` slow Wii U sales '' upon reveal and dissemination . In June 2016 , Miyamoto stated that the reason Nintendo had not released any information on the `` NX '' up until that point was because they were afraid of imitators , saying he and Nintendo thought other companies could copy `` an idea that ( they 're ) working on . '' The same day , Kimishima revealed during a Q&A session with investors that they were also researching virtual reality . On 19 October 2016 , Nintendo announced they would release a trailer for the console the following day . The next day , Nintendo unveiled the trailer that revealed the final name of the platform called Nintendo Switch . By April 2017 , over 18 million Switch units had been sold worldwide . Handheld consoles Game & Watch Main article : Game & Watch This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) Game & Watch is a line of handheld electronic games produced by Nintendo from 1980 to 1991 . Created by game designer Gunpei Yokoi , each Game & Watch features a single game to be played on an LCD screen in addition to a clock , an alarm , or both . It was the earliest Nintendo product to garner major success . Game Boy Main article : Game Boy line The original Game Boy After the success of the Game & Watch series , Yokoi developed the Game Boy handheld console , which was released in 1989 . Eventually becoming the best - selling handheld of all time , the Game Boy remained dominant for more than a decade , seeing critically and commercially popular games such as Pokémon Yellow released as late as 1998 in Japan , 1999 in North America , and 2000 in Europe . Incremental updates of the Game Boy , including Game Boy Pocket , Game Boy Light and Game Boy Color , did little to change the original formula , though the latter introduced color graphics to the Game Boy line . The first major update to its handheld line since 1989 , Game Boy Advance features improved technical specifications similar to those of the SNES . The Game Boy Advance SP was the first revision to the GBA line and introduced screen lighting and a clam shell design , while later iteration , the Game Boy Micro , brought a smaller form factor . Nintendo DS Main articles : Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS line The Nintendo DS Lite is the best - selling handheld console of all time Although originally advertised as an alternative to the Game Boy Advance , the Nintendo DS replaced the Game Boy line after its initial release in 2004 . It was distinctive for its dual screens and a microphone , as well as a touch - sensitive lower screen . The Nintendo DS Lite brought a smaller form factor while the Nintendo DSi features larger screens and two cameras , and was followed by an even larger model , the Nintendo DSi XL , with a 90 % bigger screen . Nintendo 3DS Main articles : Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS XL Further expanding the Nintendo DS line , the Nintendo 3DS uses the process of autostereoscopy to produce a stereoscopic three - dimensional effect without glasses . Released to major markets during 2011 , the 3DS got off to a slow start , initially missing many key features that were promised before the system launched . Partially as a result of slow sales , Nintendo stock declined in value . Subsequent price cuts and game releases helped to boost 3DS and 3DS software sales and to renew investor confidence in the company . As of August 2013 , the 3DS was the best selling console in the United States for four consecutive months . The Nintendo 3DS XL was introduced in August 2012 and includes a 90 % larger screen , a 4 GB SD card and extended battery life . In August 2013 , Nintendo announced the cost - reduced Nintendo 2DS , a version of the 3DS without the 3D display . It has a slate - like design as opposed to the hinged , clamshell design of its predecessors . A hardware revision , New Nintendo 3DS , was unveiled in August 2014 . It is produced in a standard - sized model and a larger XL model ; both models feature upgraded processors and additional RAM , an eye - tracking sensor to improve the stability of the autostereoscopic 3D image , colored face buttons , and near - field communication support for native use of Amiibo products . The standard - sized model also features slightly larger screens , and support for faceplate accessories . Company structure Marketing Main article : Nintendo marketing Nintendo of America has engaged in several high - profile marketing campaigns to define and position its brand . One of its earliest and most enduring slogans was `` Now you 're playing with power ! '' , used first to promote its Nintendo Entertainment System . It modified the slogan to include `` SUPER power '' for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , and `` PORTABLE power '' for the Game Boy . Its 1994 `` Play It Loud ! '' campaign played upon teenage rebellion and fostered an edgy reputation . During the Nintendo 64 era , the slogan was `` Get N or get out . '' During the GameCube era , the `` Who Are You ? '' suggested a link between the games and the players ' identities . The company promoted its Nintendo DS handheld with the tagline `` Touching is Good . '' For the Wii , they used the `` Wii would like to play '' slogan to promote the console with the people who tried the games including Super Mario Galaxy and Super Paper Mario . The Nintendo 3DS used the slogan `` Take a look inside '' . The Wii U used the slogan `` How U will play next . '' The Nintendo Switch uses the slogan `` Switch and Play '' in North America , and `` Play anywhere , anytime , with anyone '' in Europe . Board of directors Representative Directors Tatsumi Kimishima , President Shigeru Miyamoto , Creative Fellow Directors Shinya Takahashi , Managing Executive Officer , General Manager of Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development Shuntaro Furukawa , Managing Executive Officer , pending President Ko Shiota , Senior Executive Officer Outside Directors Naoki Noguchi , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Naoki Mizutani , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Yoshimi Mitamura , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Katsuhiro Umeyama , Audit and Supervisory Committee Member Executive officers Senior Executive Officers Shigeyuki Takahashi , General Manager of Finance Administration Division , Supervisor of General Affairs Division Satoshi Yamato , General Manager of Marketing Division , In charge of Advertising Department Susumu Tanaka , General Manager of Licensing Division Hirokazu Shinshi , General Manager of Manufacturing Division Executive Officers Satoru Shibata , President of Nintendo of Europe Reggie Fils - Aimé , President and COO of Nintendo of America Divisions Main article : List of divisions of Nintendo Nintendo 's internal research and development operations are divided into three main divisions : Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ( or EPD ) , the main software development division of Nintendo , which focuses on video game and software development ; Nintendo Platform Technology Development ( or PTD ) , which focuses on home and handheld video game console hardware development ; and Nintendo Business Development ( or NBD ) , which focuses on refining business strategy and is responsible for overseeing the smart device arm of the business . Entertainment Planning & development ( EPD ) The Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development division is the primary software development division at Nintendo , formed as a merger between their former Entertainment Analysis & Development and Software Planning & Development divisions in 2015 . Led by Shinya Takahashi , the division holds the largest concentration of staff at the company , housing more than 800 engineers and designers . The division is primarily located in the central Kyoto R&D building , where they are overseen by Katsuya Eguchi , and also has a studio in Tokyo overseen by Yoshiaki Koizumi . Platform Technology development ( PTD ) The Nintendo Platform Technology Development division is a combination of Nintendo 's former Integrated Research & Development ( or IRD ) and System Development ( or SDD ) divisions . Led by Ko Shiota , the division is responsible for designing hardware and developing Nintendo 's operating systems , developer environment and internal network as well as maintenance of the Nintendo Network . Business development ( NBD ) The Nintendo Business Development division was formed following Nintendo 's foray into software development for smart devices such as mobile phones and tablets . They are responsible for refining Nintendo 's business model for the dedicated video game system business , and for furthering Nintendo 's venture into development for smart devices . International divisions The exterior of Nintendo 's main headquarters in Kyoto , Japan Nintendo of America headquarters in Redmond , Washington Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Frankfurt , Germany Nintendo 's Tokyo office Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Headquartered in Kyoto , Japan since the beginning , Nintendo Co. , Ltd. oversees the organization 's global operations and manages Japanese operations specifically . The company 's two major subsidiaries , Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , manage operations in North America and Europe respectively . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. moved from its original Kyoto location to a new office in Higashiyama - ku , Kyoto , ; in 2000 , this became the research and development building when the head office relocated to its present location in Minami - ku , Kyoto . Nintendo of America Nintendo 's North American subsidiary is based in Redmond , Washington . Originally , the American headquarters handled sales , marketing , and advertising . However , the office in Redwood City , California now directs those functions . The company maintains distribution centers in Atlanta ( Nintendo Atlanta ) and North Bend , Washington ( Nintendo North Bend ) . The 380,000 - square - foot ( 35,000 m ) Nintendo North Bend facility processes more than 20,000 orders a day to Nintendo customers , which include retail stores that sell Nintendo products in addition to consumers who shop Nintendo 's web site . Nintendo of America also operates two retail stores in the United States , Nintendo New York in Rockefeller Plaza , New York City , which is open to the public , and Nintendo Redmond , co-located at NOA headquarters in Redmond , Washington , which is open only to Nintendo employees and invited guests . Nintendo of America 's Canadian branch , Nintendo of Canada is based in Vancouver , British Columbia with a distribution center in Toronto , Ontario . Nintendo of America 's localization team , dubbed Treehouse , is composed of around eighty staff , who are responsible for translating text from Japanese to English , creating videos and marketing plans , and ensuring that Nintendo 's games release in a polished state . Nintendo of Europe Nintendo 's European subsidiary was established in June 1990 , based in Großostheim , close to Frankfurt , Germany . The company handles operations in Europe and South Africa . Nintendo of Europe 's United Kingdom branch handles operations in that country and in Ireland from its headquarters in Windsor , Berkshire . In June 2014 , NOE initiated a reduction and consolidation process , yielding a combined 130 layoffs : the closing of its office and warehouse , and termination of all employment , in Großostheim ; and the consolidation of all of those operations into , and terminating some employment at , its Frankfurt location . Nintendo Australia Main article : Nintendo Australia Nintendo 's Australian subsidiary is based in Melbourne , Victoria . It handles the publishing , distribution , sales and marketing of Nintendo products in Australia , New Zealand , and Oceania ( Cook Islands , Fiji , New Caledonia , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , and Vanuatu ) . It also manufactures some Wii games locally . Nintendo Australia is also a third - party distributor of some games from Rising Star Games , Bandai Namco Entertainment , Atlus , The Tetris Company , Sega , Koei Tecmo , and Capcom . IQue Main article : iQue A Chinese joint venture between its founder , Wei Yen , and Nintendo , manufactures and distributes official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market , under the iQue brand . The product lineup for the Chinese market is considerably different from that for other markets . For example , Nintendo 's only console in China is the iQue Player , a modified version of the Nintendo 64 . The company has not released its more modern GameCube or Wii to the market , although a version of the Nintendo 3DS XL was released in 2012 . As of 2013 , it is a 100 % Nintendo - owned subsidiary . Nintendo of Korea Nintendo 's South Korean subsidiary was established on 7 July 2006 . In March 2016 , the subsidiary was heavily downsized due to a corporate restructuring after analyzing shifts in the current market , laying off 80 % of its employees , leaving only ten people , including CEO Hiroyuki Fukuda . This did not affect any games scheduled for release in South Korea , and Nintendo continued operations there as usual . Subsidiaries Although most of the Research & Development is being done in Japan , there are some R&D facilities in the United States and Europe that are focused on developing software and hardware technologies used in Nintendo products . Although they all are subsidiaries of Nintendo ( and therefore first party ) , they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo 's internal developers by the Japanese personal involved . This can be seen in a variety of `` Iwata asks ... '' interviews . Nintendo Software Technology ( NST ) and Nintendo Technology Development ( NTD ) are located in Redmond , Washington , United States , while Nintendo European Research & Development ( NERD ) is located in Paris , France , and Nintendo Network Service Database ( NSD ) is located in Kyoto , Japan . Most external first - party software development is done in Japan , since the only overseas subsidiary is Retro Studios in the United States . Although these studios are all subsidiaries of Nintendo , they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo 's internal developers by the Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ( EPD ) division . 1 - UP Studio and Nd Cube are located in Tokyo , Japan , while Monolith Soft has one studio located in Tokyo and another in Kyoto . Retro Studios is located in Austin , Texas . Nintendo also established The Pokémon Company alongside Creatures and Game Freak in order to effectively manage the Pokémon brand . Similarly , Warpstar Inc. was formed through a joint investment with HAL Laboratory , which was in charge of the Kirby : Right Back at Ya ! animated series . Logos 1889 -- 1950 1950 -- 1960 1960 -- 1965 1965 -- 1970 1967 -- 1975 1968 -- 1975 1970 -- 1975 1972 1975 -- 2006 2006 -- 2016 2016 -- present Policy Content guidelines For many years , Nintendo had a policy of strict content guidelines for video games published on its consoles . Although Nintendo allowed graphic violence in its video games released in Japan , nudity and sexuality were strictly prohibited . Former Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi believed that if the company allowed the licensing of pornographic games , the company 's image would be forever tarnished . Nintendo of America went further in that games released for Nintendo consoles could not feature nudity , sexuality , profanity ( including racism , sexism or slurs ) , blood , graphic or domestic violence , drugs , political messages or religious symbols ( with the exception of widely unpracticed religions , such as the Greek Pantheon ) . The Japanese parent company was concerned that it may be viewed as a `` Japanese Invasion '' by forcing Japanese community standards on North American and European children . Despite the strict guidelines , some exceptions have occurred : Bionic Commando ( though swastikas were eliminated in the US version ) , Smash TV and Golgo 13 : Top Secret Episode contained human violence , the latter also containing implied sexuality and tobacco use ; River City Ransom and Taboo : The Sixth Sense contained nudity , and the latter also contained religious images , as did Castlevania II and III . A known side effect of this policy was the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat selling over double the number of the Super NES version , mainly because Nintendo had forced publisher Acclaim to recolor the red blood to look like white sweat and replace some of the more gory graphics in its release of the game , making it less violent . By contrast , Sega allowed blood and gore to remain in the Genesis version ( though a code was required to unlock the gore ) . Nintendo allowed the Super NES version of Mortal Kombat II to ship uncensored the following year with a content warning on the packaging . In 1994 and 2003 , when the ESRB and PEGI ( respectively ) video game ratings systems were introduced , Nintendo chose to abolish most of these policies in favor of consumers making their own choices about the content of the games they played . Today , changes to the content of games are done primarily by the game 's developer or , occasionally , at the request of Nintendo . The only clear - set rule is that ESRB AO - rated games will not be licensed on Nintendo consoles in North America , a practice which is also enforced by Sony and Microsoft , its two greatest competitors in the present market . Nintendo has since allowed several mature - content games to be published on its consoles , including : Perfect Dark , Conker 's Bad Fur Day , Doom and Doom 64 , BMX XXX , the Resident Evil series , Killer7 , the Mortal Kombat series , Eternal Darkness : Sanity 's Requiem , BloodRayne , Geist , Dementium : The Ward , Bayonetta 2 , Devil 's Third and Fatal Frame : Maiden of Black Water . Certain games have continued to be modified , however . For example , Konami was forced to remove all references to cigarettes in the 2000 Game Boy Color game Metal Gear Solid ( although the previous NES version of Metal Gear and the subsequent GameCube game Metal Gear Solid : The Twin Snakes both included such references , as did Wii game MadWorld ) , and maiming and blood were removed from the Nintendo 64 port of Cruis'n USA . Another example is in the Game Boy Advance game Mega Man Zero 3 , in which one of the bosses , called Hellbat Schilt in the Japanese and European releases , was renamed Devilbat Schilt in the North American localization . In North America releases of the Mega Man Zero games , enemies and bosses killed with a saber attack would not gush blood as they did in the Japanese versions . However , the release of the Wii was accompanied by a number of even more controversial games , such as Manhunt 2 , No More Heroes , The House of the Dead : Overkill , and MadWorld , the latter three of which were published exclusively for the console . License guidelines Nintendo of America also had guidelines before 1993 that had to be followed by its licensees to make games for the Nintendo Entertainment System , in addition to the above content guidelines . Guidelines were enforced through the 10NES lockout chip . Licensees were not permitted to release the same game for a competing console until two years had passed . Nintendo would decide how many cartridges would be supplied to the licensee . Nintendo would decide how much space would be dedicated for articles , advertising , etc. in the Nintendo Power magazine . There was a minimum number of cartridges that had to be ordered by the licensee from Nintendo . There was a yearly limit of five games that a licensee may produce for a Nintendo console . This rule was created to prevent market over-saturation , which had contributed to the North American video game crash of 1983 . The last rule was circumvented in a number of ways ; for example , Konami , wanting to produce more games for Nintendo 's consoles , formed Ultra Games and later Palcom to produce more games as a technically different publisher . This disadvantaged smaller or emerging companies , as they could not afford to start additional companies . In another side effect , Square Co ( now Square Enix ) executives have suggested that the price of publishing games on the Nintendo 64 along with the degree of censorship and control that Nintendo enforced over its games , most notably Final Fantasy VI , were factors in switching its focus towards Sony 's PlayStation console . In 1993 , a class action suit was taken against Nintendo under allegations that their lockout chip enabled unfair business practices . The case was settled , with the condition that California consumers were entitled to a $3 discount coupon for a game of Nintendo 's choice . Emulation This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Nintendo is opposed to any third - party emulation of its video games and consoles , stating that it is the single largest threat to the intellectual property rights of video game developers . However , emulators have been used by Nintendo and licensed third party companies as a means to re-release older games , with Virtual Console , which re-released classic games as downloadable titles , and with dedicated consoles like the NES Mini and SNES Mini . Seal of quality Nintendo Seal of Quality Seal in NTSC regions Seal of Quality in PAL regions The gold sunburst seal was first used by Nintendo of America , and later Nintendo of Europe . It is displayed on any game , system , or accessory licensed for use on one of its video game consoles , denoting the game has been properly approved by Nintendo . The seal is also displayed on any Nintendo - licensed merchandise , such as trading cards , game guides , or apparel , albeit with the words `` Official Nintendo Licensed Product '' . In 2008 , game designer Sid Meier cited the Seal of Quality as one of the three most important innovations in video game history , as it helped set a standard for game quality that protected consumers from shovelware . NTSC regions In NTSC regions , this seal is an elliptical starburst named the `` Official Nintendo Seal '' . Originally , for NTSC countries , the seal was a large , black and gold circular starburst . The seal read as follows : `` This seal is your assurance that NINTENDO has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product . '' This seal was later altered in 1988 : `` approved and guaranteed '' was changed to `` evaluated and approved . '' In 1989 , the seal became gold and white , as it currently appears , with a shortened phrase , `` Official Nintendo Seal of Quality . '' It was changed in 2003 to read `` Official Nintendo Seal . '' The seal currently reads : The official seal is your assurance that this product is licensed or manufactured by Nintendo . Always look for this seal when buying video game systems , accessories , games and related products . PAL regions In PAL regions , the seal is a circular starburst named the `` Original Nintendo Seal of Quality . '' Text near the seal in the Australian Wii manual states : This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has reviewed this product and that it has met our standards for excellence in workmanship , reliability and entertainment value . Always look for this seal when buying games and accessories to ensure complete compatibility with your Nintendo product . Charitable projects Since 1992 Nintendo has teamed with the Starlight Children 's Foundation to build Starlight Fun Center mobile entertainment units and install them in hospitals . 1,000 Starlight Nintendo Fun Center units were installed by the end of 1995 . These units combine several forms of multimedia entertainment , including gaming , and serve as a distraction to brighten moods and boost kids ' morale during hospital stays . Environmental record Nintendo has consistently been ranked last in Greenpeace 's `` Guide to Greener Electronics '' due to Nintendo 's failure to publish information . Similarly , they are ranked last in the Enough Project 's `` Conflict Minerals Company Rankings '' due to Nintendo 's refusal to respond to multiple requests for information . Like many other electronics companies , Nintendo offers a take - back recycling program which allows customers to mail in old products they no longer use . Nintendo of America claimed that it took in 548 tons of returned products in 2011 , 98 % of which was either reused or recycled . Trademark During the peak of Nintendo 's success in the video game industry in the 1990s , their name was ubiquitously used to refer to any video game console , regardless of the manufacturer . To prevent their trademark from becoming generic , Nintendo pushed usage of the term `` game console '' , and succeeded in preserving their trademark . See also List of Nintendo development teams Lists of Nintendo characters Lists of Nintendo games Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc . Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Notes Jump up ^ Nintendō kabushikigaisha ( Japanese : 任天堂株式会社 ) Jump up ^ Nintendō karuta kabushikigaisha ( Japanese : 任天堂骨牌株式会社 ) Jump up ^ 34 ° 59 ′ 30.03 '' N 135 ° 45 ′ 58.66 '' E / 34.9916750 ° N 135.7662944 ° E / 34.9916750 ; 135.7662944 Jump up ^ 34 ° 58 ′ 29.00 '' N 135 ° 46 ′ 10.48 '' E / 34.9747222 ° N 135.7695778 ° E / 34.9747222 ; 135.7695778 Jump up ^ 34 ° 58 ′ 11.89 '' N 135 ° 45 ′ 22.33 '' E / 34.9699694 ° N 135.7562028 ° E / 34.9699694 ; 135.7562028 References Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ 会社概要 ( Company Profile ) ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Patricia . `` Biggest Gaming Companies '' . GEEKS . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company History '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo . Retrieved 29 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Company History '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 4 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo History Lesson : The Lucky Birth '' . N - Sider . Retrieved 4 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Takenaka , Kiyoshi ( 15 October 2007 ) . `` Nintendo sets $85 bln high score , thanks to Wii , Nintendo DS '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris . `` Sept. 23 , 1889 : Success Is in the Cards for Nintendo '' . Wired . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Modojo ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` Before Mario : Nintendo 's Playing Cards , Toys , and Love Hotels '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 's card game product '' . nintendo . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Japan contract bridge league tournaments '' ( in Japanese ) . jcbl . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Corporation , Limited '' . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` ' Nintendo ' Probably Does n't Mean What You Think It Does '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo History '' . Nintendo of Europe GmbH . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` As Nintendo turns 125 , 6 things you may not know about this gaming giant '' . NDTV Gadgets . NDTV. 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freelancers ! : A Revolution in the Way We Work '' . Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Nintendo '' . Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous Names in Gaming '' . CBS . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iwata Asks - Punch - Out ! ! '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Crigger , Lara ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` The Escapist : Searching for Gunpei Yokoi '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Wins Emmy For DS And Wii Engineering '' . News.sky.com. 9 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Magrino , Tom ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` CES ' 08 : Nintendo wins second Emmy '' . Gamespot.com . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nagata , Kazuaki , `` Nintendo secret : It 's all in the game '' , The Japan Times , 10 March 2009 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kent ( 2001 ) , p. 431 . `` Sonic was an immediate hit , and many consumers who had been loyally waiting for Super NES to arrive now decided to purchase Genesis ... The fiercest competition in the history of video games was about to begin . '' Jump up ^ `` Tidbits ... '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . No. 78 . Ziff Davis . January 1996 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Hits '' . GamePro . No. 89 . IDG . February 1996 . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Rus ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` IGN Presents the History of Rare '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Frischling , Bill . `` Sideline Play . '' The Washington Post ( 1974 - Current file ) : 11 . ProQuest Historical Newspapers : The Washington Post ( 1877 -- 1995 ) . 25 October 1995 . Web . 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Steven . `` A Virtual Failure : Evaluating the Success of Nintendos Virtual Boy . '' Velvet Light Trap. 64 ( 2009 ) : 23 - 33 . ProQuest Research Library . Web . 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Snow , Blake ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` The 10 Worst - Selling Consoles of All Time '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultra 64 Tech Specs '' . Next Generation . No. 14 . Imagine Media . February 1996 . p. 40 . Genyo Takeda : I think that the reason why we are not emphasizing benchmark performance figures is that Nintendo has a kind of history where the hardware design is just to give the creator and designer some inspiration to make the games . Evaluating hardware has to be done by playing games . That 's Nintendo 's philosophy . Jump up ^ Miller , Cyndee . `` Sega Vs. Nintendo : This Fights almost as Rough as their Video Games . '' Marketing News 28.18 ( 1994 ) : 1 - . ABI / INFORM Global ; ProQuest Research Library . Web . 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wade , Kenneth Kyle ( 17 December 2004 ) . `` History of Retro Studios '' . N - sider . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yamauchi Retires '' . IGN. 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lucas M. ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` Hiroshi Yamauchi : Nintendo 's Legendary President '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kageyama , Yuri ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` Nintendo President Satoru Iwata Dies of Tumor '' . Associated Press . Tokyo , Japan . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` Satoru Iwata , Nintendo Chief Executive , Dies at 55 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nikkei talks with Nintendo 's Yamauchi and Iwata '' . GameScience . Archived from the original on 27 January 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Metts , Jonathan ( 13 February 2004 ) . `` Iwata , Yamauchi Speak Out on Nintendo DS '' . Nintendo Worldwide Report . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Constantine , John . `` Rise to Heaven : Five Years of Nintendo DS '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ . Translation . `` The Zen of Wi - Fi '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . March 2006 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Nintendo 's ES Open - Source Operating System '' . Gamasutra. 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ES operating system '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop . `` XENOSAGA DEVELOPER SWITCHES SIDES '' . IGN . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Fletcher . `` Nintendo acquires video research / middleware company Mobiclip '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slow Wii U sales send Nintendo shares into a downward spiral '' . 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ パナソニック・任天堂、ゲーム機操作法を共同開発 ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo executives take pay cuts after profits tumble '' . 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Nintendo exits the Brazilian market , citing high import duties '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Takashi Amano ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` Satoru Iwata , Nintendo President Who Introduced Wii , Dies '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notice Regarding Personnel Change of a Representative Director and Role Changes of Directors '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 14 September 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jon . `` Nintendo Partners With DeNA To Bring Its Games And IP To Smartphones '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` March 17 , Wed. 2015 Presentation Title '' . nintendo.co.jp . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Mii Avatars Star in Nintendo 's First Mobile Game This March '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Westaway , Luke . `` Nintendo will make games for phones , new ' NX ' system '' . CNet . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Needleman , Sarah E. `` Nintendo 's Reggie Fils - Aime Talks Amiibo and the ' Skylanders ' Deal '' . WSJ . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mochizuki , Takashi ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Nintendo Begins Distributing Software Kit for New NX Platform '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Luke ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Nintendo NX Will Launch In March 2017 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo NX ' is neither the successor to the Wii U nor to the 3DS ' '' . VG247.com . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Nintendo 's fear of imitators kept NX out of E3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ashcraft , Brian . `` Report : Nintendo Is Researching VR '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Nintendo , Universal Team Up For Theme Park Attractions '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ GHOSHAL , ABHIMANYU . `` Nintendo is getting into the movie business '' . The Next Web . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` Nintendo 's first Universal Studios park attraction is called Super Nintendo World '' . Polygon . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( 14 July 2016 ) . `` Nintendo is releasing a miniature NES with 30 built - in games '' . The Verge . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( 25 July 2016 ) , `` Nintendo shares plummet after it points out it does n't make Pokémon Go '' , www.theguardian.com Jump up ^ Notice Regarding the Impact of `` Pokémon GO '' on the Consolidated Financial Forecast ( PDF ) ( press release ) , Nintendo , 22 July 2016 ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Yuji ; Amano , Takashi ( 25 July 2016 ) , `` Nintendo Faces More Pressure After Biggest Drop in 26 Years '' , www.bloomberg.com Jump up ^ `` Pokémon GO shows Nintendo the promise of mobile '' . The FT . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Thiel , Art ( 5 July 2016 ) , `` New owner could mean quick changes for Seattle Mariners '' , crosscut.com Jump up ^ Robinson , Peter ; Golum , Rob ( 28 April 2016 ) , `` Nintendo to Sell Mariners Stake to Stanton Ownership Group '' , www.bloomberg.com Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris . `` Nintendo 's Stock Jumps , Again , for Mobile Mario '' . Wired . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` A Chat With Shigeru Miyamoto on the Eve of Super Mario Run , Nintendo 's First Smartphone Game '' . The Verge . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo : Switch is a home gaming system ' first and foremost ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo unveils the Nintendo Switch , a hybrid console / handheld system '' . yahoo.com . Jump up ^ Simon , Michael ( 23 December 2016 ) . `` Nintendo plans to release 2 or 3 mobile games a year after Super Mario Run 's success '' . MacWorld . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 's Tencent Partnership Could Open Door to Switch In China : WSJ '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` ' Super Mario Bros . ' animated movie in the works at Illumination Entertainment '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Super Mario Bros . ' Movie in the Works at Illumination Entertainment '' . Collider. 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Movie in the Works From Despicable Me Studio '' . Slashfilm. 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris . `` Nintendo 's New President Marks Start of New Dynasty '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ; Eddy , Andy ( 1999 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Conquered the World . GamePress . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9669617 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ( 1993 ) . Game Over . New York : Random House . p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40469 - 4 . Jump up ^ Consalvo , Mia ( 2006 ) . `` Console video games and global corporations : Creating a hybrid culture '' . New Media Society . 8 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 137 . doi : 10.1177 / 1461444806059921 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Sanchez - Crespo , Daniel ( 8 September 2003 ) . Core Techniques and Algorithms in Game Programming . New Riders Games . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 102009 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Nick . `` F - 22 Interceptor ( Genesis ) '' Sega - 16 , 6 November 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fahs , Travis ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` The Starglider Saga '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( 3 April 2008 ) . `` IGN : Happy Birthday , Rumble Pak '' . IGN . Retrieved 12 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Shigeru ; Itoi , Shigesato ( December 1997 ) . Translation . `` A friendly discussion between the `` Big 2 '' `` . The 64DREAM : 91 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo -- Corporate Information -- Company History '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` メディアブリーフィング社長スピーチ抜粋 ( 英語原文 ) : E3 2006 : Nintendo '' . www.nintendo.co.jp . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Nintendo Wii Mini review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Wii Mini Operations Manual '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo of America : 10 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IR Information : Sales Data -- Hardware and Software Sales Units '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U confirmed for Europe this year '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` WiiU Price and Release Date Announced '' . WiiU News . 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Unveils Wii U Pro Controller before E3 , Wireless but No Touch Screen '' . GameNGuide. 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheesemeister on Twitter '' . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik J. ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` A new vision for video game consoles '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo of America on Twitter '' . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` First Look at Nintendo Switch '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Switch has sold nearly 18 million consoles , crushing 14 million target '' . VentureBeat. 2018 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Slade , G. ( 2009 ) . Made to Break : Technology and Obsolescence in America . Harvard University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04375 - 6 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wii.com -- Iwata Asks : Super Mario Bros. 25th Anniversary '' . Us.wii.com . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Going Back to the Basics . Full story about the company offering a new system in 2004 '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment , Inc. 13 November 2003 . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Peter ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` The Engadget Interview : Reggie Fils - Aime , Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Nintendo '' . Engadget . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Nintendo DSi '' . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dave ( 14 January 2010 ) . `` Nintendo DSi XL to launch on March 5th '' . MCV . Intent Media . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of New Portable Game Machine '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Minami - ku , Kyoto : Nintendo. 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS passes 1 million units sold in Japan , finally '' ( Press release ) . TechSpot. 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo shares leap on 3DS optimism '' ( Press release ) . Hurriyet Daily News . 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPD : 3DS outsells Xbox 360 , PS3 in August '' . GameSpot. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Nintendo reveals the New Nintendo 3DS '' . Polygon . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 製品技術編 ( 2 ) '' . 社長が訊く任天堂で働くということ . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fushimi Inari Taisha and Fox . '' Nintendo . Retrieved on 1 January 2011 . `` 12 . Former head office : Before Nintendo 's head office moved to Minami Ward , Kyoto City ( its current location ) in 2000 , it was in Higashiyama Ward , Kyoto City . The former head office 's location is now occupied by Nintendo Kyoto Research Center . '' Jump up ^ R.H. Brown Co. Inc. ( 2007 ) . `` Case Studies '' . Hytrol.com . Archived from the original on 17 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo.com '' . Nintendo.com . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` Nintendo 's Secret Weapon '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` General Customer Service '' . Nintendo. 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Dan ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` 130 jobs lost in Nintendo of Europe reshuffle '' . Games Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo to close European headquarters , lay off 130 '' . USA Today . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Up - to - date listing of Nintendo subsidiaries '' . Nintendo Everything . 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 関係会社の状況 '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Paul , Loughrey . `` Nintendo establishes Korean subsidiary '' . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Report : Nintendo of Korea Is Laying Off Most of Its Staff ( Update ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McFerran , Damien ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Nintendo Of Korea Lays Off 80 Percent Of Its Staff Following Sustained Losses '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U : Internet Browser '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Game Over , David Sheff , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo of America Content Guidelines '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fahs , Travis . `` IGN Presents the History of Mortal Kombat -- Retro Feature at IGN '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mortal Kombat II cover artwork at MobyGames '' . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo of America Customer Service -- Nintendo Buyer 's Guide '' . Nintendo.com . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : Nintendo to censor Cruis'n '' . 8 October 1996 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ D. Sheff : `` Game Over '' , p. 215 . CyberActive Media Group , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo May Owe You $3 '' . GamePro ( 55 ) . IDG . February 1994 . p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo -- Corporate Information -- Legal Information ( Copyrights , Emulators , ROMs , etc . ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Customer Service Licensed and Unlicensed Products '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( 4 March 2008 ) . `` Civilization Creator Lists Three Most Important Innovations in Gaming '' . Wired . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS XL Operations Manual '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wii MotionPlus Operations Manual '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quick Hits '' . GamePro . No. 88 . IDG . January 1996 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( 24 June 2008 ) . `` Nintendo Hooks Up Hospitalized Kids With Wii Fun Centers '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Greenpeace Still Says Nintendo Is Bad For the Environment '' . Kokaku . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Conflict Minerals Company Rankings '' . Enough Project . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Product Recycling and Take Back Program '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Genericide ' : When brands get too big '' . The Independent . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 7 July 2014 ) . `` There 's No Such Thing As A Nintendo '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Bibliography Kent , Steven L. ( 2001 ) . The Ultimate History of Video Games : The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World . Roseville , California : Prima Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 3643 - 4 . OCLC 47254175 . Further reading Sloan , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Playing to Wiin : Nintendo and the Video Game Industry 's Greatest Comeback . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82512 - 9 . OCLC 707935885 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nintendo Official website Nintendo navboxes Nintendo Presidents Fusajiro Yamauchi ( 1889 -- 1929 ) Sekiryo Kaneda ( 1929 -- 1949 ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( 1949 -- 2002 ) Satoru Iwata ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Tatsumi Kimishima ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Shuntaro Furukawa ( Pending ) Locations Nintendo New York Shigureden Products Video games Video games mobile games Consoles Controllers Toys Love Tester Nintendo tumbler puzzle Ultra Hand Ultra Machine Services Nintendo eShop Nintendo Network Nintendo Network Service Database Club Nintendo Publications Nintendo Fun Club Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale Nintendo Magazine System ( Australia ) Nintendo Player 's Guide Nintendo Power Official Nintendo Magazine Events Camp Hyrule Classic Tetris World Championship Nintendo Direct presentations Iwata Asks interviews Nintendo Campus Challenge Nintendo Campus Challenge 1991 Nintendo Campus Challenge 1992 Nintendo Fusion Tour Nintendo PowerFest ' 94 Nintendo World Championships Legal cases Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc . Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc . Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Related History Development teams Characters My Nintendo Nintendo Australia Marketing Nintendo Power Line Nintendo Selects Nintendo Space World Symphonic Legends -- Music from Nintendo Billy Berghammer Fusajiro Yamauchi Nintendo development teams Divisions Entertainment Planning & Development European Research & Development Network Service Database Platform Technology Development Software Technology Subsidiaries 1 - UP Studio Monolith Soft Nd Cube Retro Studios iQue Affiliated Alpha Dream Creatures Inc . Camelot Software Planning Cygames DeNA Game Freak Genius Sonority Good - Feel Grezzo HAL Laboratory Hatena Headstrong Games indieszero Intelligent Systems Next Level Games The Pokémon Company Vanpool Former divisions Research & Development 1 Research & Development 2 Entertainment Analysis & Development ( EAD ) Software Planning & Development ( SPD ) Integrated Research & Development ( IRD ) System Development ( NSD ) Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. 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1316426415313516536	Stefán Karl Stefánsson	Stefán Karl Stefansson - wikipedia Stefán Karl Stefansson This is an Icelandic name . The last name is a patronymic , not a family name ; this person is referred to by the given name Stefán Karl . Stefán Karl Stefánsson OF Stefán Karl in 2009 ( 1975 - 07 - 10 ) 10 July 1975 Hafnarfjörður , Iceland 21 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) ( aged 43 ) Iceland Cause of death Bile duct cancer Education Iceland Academy of the Arts Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1994 -- 2018 Spouse ( s ) Steinunn Ólína Þorsteinsdóttir ( m . 2002 ) Children Stefán Karl Stefánsson ( / ˈstɛfən ˈstɛfənsən / ; Icelandic : ( ˈstɛːfaun ˈkhartl̥ ˈstɛːfaunsɔn ) ; 10 July 1975 -- 21 August 2018 ) was an Icelandic actor and singer , best known for playing antagonist Robbie Rotten on the children 's television series LazyTown . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Illness and death 4 Filmography 4.1 Theater 4.2 Films 4.3 Television 4.4 Video games 5 References 6 External links Career Stefán Karl 's career started in 1994 . At the age of 19 , he worked as a puppeteer for television . During his years as a puppeteer , he had also been studying at the Drama Academy of Iceland . However , he was unsatisfied with the perspectives of Icelandic drama standards . He recalls that his principal at his high school said that `` acting is not about making faces and changing your face '' , which he disagreed with . Later , Stefán Karl had been invited by Magnús Scheving , an Icelandic gymnast , to portray one of the characters in the second LazyTown play . Scheving created the plays due to his concerns about Iceland 's younger generation lacking sufficient physical exercise . Stefán Karl explained that `` ( Scheving ) wanted the kids to get healthier , so he created this musical called LazyTown . He played Sportacus , the fitness fanatic , and I was Robbie Rotten , the guy who liked to stay indoors and sleep '' . After initial success with the musical , Nickelodeon eventually made a deal with the creators of LazyTown to air the first 40 episodes of LazyTown along with a special studio built in Iceland . During the first few years of LazyTown in the early 2000s , Stefán Karl initially knew no English , but soon became fluent . Personal life Stefán Karl lived in Los Angeles with wife Steinunn Ólína Þorsteinsdóttir , three daughters , and one son . He was first diagnosed with bile duct cancer in 2016 , and underwent surgery to remove the metastases in 2017 ; the disease returned in 2018 . In June 2018 , he was awarded the Order of the Falcon . Illness and death Stefán Karl announced in October 2016 that he had been diagnosed with bile duct cancer ; a GoFundMe campaign was subsequently created by LazyTown head writer Mark Valenti to pay his living costs when he became too ill to work . The campaign was popularized by various YouTube users uploading parodies of Stefán Karl 's work , which led to the songs `` We Are Number One '' and `` The Mine Song '' from LazyTown becoming Internet memes . In August 2017 , Stefán Karl stated he was in remission . He clarified on his GoFundMe campaign that while his metastases had been removed after successful liver surgery in June 2017 , he still had the disease and had refused further adjuvant therapy . In March 2018 , Stefán Karl was diagnosed with inoperable cholangiocarcinoma , and said that he was undergoing chemotherapy to prolong his life . In April 2018 , he announced that he personally chose to discontinue chemotherapy , and proceeded to shut down all his social media accounts . He died on 21 August 2018 at the age of 43 . His wife stated that `` Per Stefan 's wishes , there will be no funeral . His earthly remains will be scattered in secrecy in a distant ocean . '' It was announced by his manager , Cheryl Edison , that the Stefán Karl Academy & Center for the Performing Arts would be launched in Switzerland in 2019 as a memorial to his career . Filmography Stefán Karl has been credited in various works including plays , television series , films , and games . Theater Year Title Role Notes 1997 -- 99 The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling 1998 -- 99 Palace of Crows by Einar Örn Gunnarsson 1998 -- 99 Ivanov by Anton Chekhov 1999 -- 2000 1000 Island Dressing by Hallgrímur Helgason 1999 -- 2000 Little Shop of Horrors Orin Scrivello , D.D.S. 1999 -- 2000 A Midsummer Night 's Dream 1999 -- 2000 Glanni Glæpur í Latabæ by Magnús Scheving and Sigurdur Sigurjónsson Glanni Glæpur ( Robbie Rotten ) Primary antagonist 2000 -- 01 Stones in His Pockets by Marie Jones 2000 -- 01 Singin ' in the Rain by Comden , Green , Freed and Brown Cosmo Brown 2000 -- 02 The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov 2001 -- 02 Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand 2002 -- 03 Noises Off by Michael Frayn 2002 -- 03 Life x 3 by Yasmina Reza 2008 -- 15 Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch Baltimore and Boston ( 2008 ) Los Angeles ( 2009 ) North American tour ( 2010 -- 14 ) Worcester , Massachusetts and Appleton , Wisconsin ( 2015 ) Films According to IMDb : Year Title Role Notes Áramótaskaup New Reporter , many others Debut film TV film 1995 Privacy Student First feature film 1999 Skaupið : 1999 Robbie Williams , many others TV film 2001 Regina Manni -- Police Officer 2001 Áramótaskaup TV film 2002 Stella for Office Ingimundur 2002 Litla lirfan ljóta The Worm 2002 Áramótaskaup Many roles TV film 2006 Night at the Museum Miscellaneous crew 2007 Anna and the Moods Voiceover 2009 Jóhannes Diddi 2011 Thor Miscellaneous crew 2011 Polite People Lárus Skjaldarson Lead actor 2014 Harry Og Heimir Símon Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Baking Trouble Channel 1 program 1999 God Exists ... And Love Channel 1 Drama Academy of Iceland 2000 Angel No. 5503288 Channel 1 program 2000 Car Mechanic Sketches for Eurovision Channel 1 program 2000 Cars Can Fly Channel 1 program 2004 -- 2007 ; 2013 -- 2014 LazyTown Robbie Rotten Main villain 2015 Titch and Ted Do Maths Video games Year Title Role Notes 2017 For Honor Viking Soldier References Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( 26 August 2018 ) . `` LazyTown Star Stefán Karl Stefánsson 's Wife Remembers the Late Actor : ' For His Life to Be Cut So Short Was a Blow to Us All ' '' . people.com . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Tom ( 22 August 2018 ) . `` Star of Lazy Town Stefan Karl Stefansson has died aged 43 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ouzounian , Richard ( 24 December 2010 ) . `` The Grinch who came from Iceland '' . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , Neal ( 22 August 2018 ) . `` Who was Stefan Karl Stefansson and when did the Lazytown actor die ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Kyle ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` LazyTown actor Stefan Karl Stefansson dies aged 43 after battle with cancer '' . mirror . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ The Sun ( 22 August 2018 ) . `` Lazytown Robbie Rotten actor dies '' . News.com.au . News Pty Limited . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Robbie Rotten actor reveals good news about his cancer diagnosis '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fálkaorðan '' . Forseti Íslands ( in Icelandic ) . Skrifstofa forseta Íslands. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stefán Karl alvarlega veikur '' . Visir.is ( in Icelandic ) . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stefán Karl lagður inn á sjúkrahús um helgina '' . DV ( in Icelandic ) . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor de Lazy Town padece de cáncer y pide ayuda '' . La República ( in Spanish ) . 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ians ( 16 March 2018 ) . `` LazyTown actor Stefan Karl Stefansson reveals his cancer is back and it 's ' inoperable ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Asarch , Steven ( 17 December 2016 ) . `` ' We Are Number One ' Meme : Why Do People Keep Remixing A Children 's Show Song ? '' . iDigitalTimes.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Lífið er núna `` '' . RÚV ( in Icelandic ) . 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` '' Stefan Karl Stefansson Is Free of Cancer `` '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Emma ( 16 March 2018 ) . `` LazyTown 's Stefan Karl Stefansson confirms ' inoperable ' cancer has returned '' . Metro . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McManus , Samuel ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` Stefan Karl Stefansson dead : LazyTown actor dies of cancer at the age of 43 '' . OK ! . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Akingbade , Toby ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` LazyTown 's Stefan Karl Stefansson deletes social media as he confirms return of ' inoperable ' cancer '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Þórarinn Þórarinsson ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` Stefán Karl Stefánsson er látinn '' . Fréttablaðið ( in Icelandic ) . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Katie ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` LazyTown actor Stefan Karl Stefansson dies of cancer aged 43 '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeung , Jessie ( 22 August 2018 ) . `` Stefan Karl Stefansson , LazyTown 's Robbie Rotten actor , dies aged 43 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Emma ( 22 August 2018 ) . `` Stefan Karl Stefansson 's wife confirms no funeral will be held for LazyTown star '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Masters , Samantha ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` Stefan Karl Stefansson dead : LazyTown actor dies aged 43 following battle with cancer '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Meme That Is Helping Cure Cancer '' . The Odyssey Online . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Valenti , Mark ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` I am Stefan Karl ( Robbie Rotten from LazyTown ) and I am in the fight of my life against cancer ! AMA ! '' . Reddit . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stefán Karl Stefánsson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Rory ( 21 August 2018 ) . `` LazyTown : Robbie Rotten actor Stefan Karl Stefansson dead - best TV moments revealed '' . Sunday Express . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stefán Karl Stefánsson Stefán Karl Stefánsson on IMDb Stefán Karl Stefánsson at the Internet Broadway Database WorldCat Identities BNE : XX4869325 ISNI : 0000 0000 7321 385X MusicBrainz : 7446820f - 98e3 - 4435 - ad1d - 8b77ae494fa2 VIAF : 102360585 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Stefán_Karl_Stefánsson&oldid = 866312613 '' Categories : 1975 births 2018 deaths People from Hafnarfjörður Icelandic male film actors Male actors from Los Angeles Icelandic male stage actors Icelandic male television actors Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma Deaths from cancer in California Icelandic expatriates in the United States Knights of the Order of the Falcon Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from August 2018 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID not in Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kernowek Kurdî Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 16 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the actor from lazy town die	[ "Stefán Karl Stefánsson (/ˈstɛfən ˈstɛfənsən/; Icelandic: [ˈstɛːfaun ˈkʰartl̥ ˈstɛːfaunsɔn]; 10 July 1975 – 21 August 2018) was an Icelandic actor and singer, best known for playing antagonist Robbie Rotten on the children's television series LazyTown.\n" ]	[ "21 August 2018" ]
1530781483142822622	Governors of states of India	Governors of states of India - Wikipedia Governors of states of India Jump to : navigation , search Governors of States Lieutenant Governors / Administrators of Union Territories State Emblem of India Flag of India Style His Excellency Honourable Residence Raj Bhavan Appointer President of India Term length Five Years Salary ₹ 350,000 ( US $5,400 ) ( per month ) India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The governors and lieutenant - governors / administrators of the states and union territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level . Governors exist in the states while lieutenant - governors exist in union territories and in the National Capital Territory of Delhi . The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the home ministers of the states and their councils of ministers . In India , a lieutenant governor is in charge of a union territory . However , the rank is present only in the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Delhi and Puducherry ( the other territories have an administrator appointed , who is an IAS officer or retired judges of courts ) . However , the governor of Punjab acts as the administrator of Chandigarh . Although lieutenant - governors do not hold the same rank as a governor of a state in the list of precedence . The governors and lieutenant - governors are appointed by the President for a term of five years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vice Governor / Vice Lieutenant Governor 2 Selection process 2.1 Qualifications 3 Powers and functions 3.1 Executive powers 3.2 Legislative powers 3.3 Financial powers 3.4 Discretionary powers 4 Contingency situation 5 Emoluments 6 Removal 7 Legal immunity 8 Analysis of role in Government 9 See also 10 References Vice governor / Vice lieutenant governor ( edit ) The Governors / Lieutenant Governors have similar powers and functions at the state level , as that of the President at the Union level . But , similar powers do n't mean all powers . The Constitution does n't mention the posts of Vice Governor / Vice Lieutenant Governor . Hence , the Governors / Lieutenant Governors do n't have a deputy and this is a non-existant post . Selection process ( edit ) Qualifications ( edit ) Article 157 and Article 158 of the Constitution of India specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor . They are as follows : A governor must : be a citizen of India . be at least 35 years of age . not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature . not hold any Powers and functions ( edit ) The primary function of the governor is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law as incorporated in his / her oath of office under Article 159 of the Indian constitution in the administration of the State affairs . All his / her actions , recommendations and supervisory powers ( Article 167c , Article 200 , Article 213 , Article 355 , etc . ) over the executive and legislative entities of a State shall be used to implement the provisions of the Constitution . In this respect , the governor has many different types of powers : Executive powers related to administration , appointments and removals , Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature , that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad , Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor Executive powers ( edit ) The Constitution vests in the governor all the executive powers of the state government . The governor appoints the chief minister , who enjoys the support of the majority in the Legislative Assembly . The governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the chief minister . The Council of Ministers remain in power during the ' pleasure ' of the governor , but in the real sense it means the pleasure of the Legislative Assembly . As long as the majority in the Vidhan Sabha supports the government , the Council of Ministers can not be dismissed . The governor appoints the chief minister of a state . He or she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission . Apart from this , State Election Commissioner are also appointed by the Governor ( though removed by the President ). The president consults the governor in the appointment of judges of the High Courts and the governor appoints the judges of the District Courts . All administrations are carried on his or her name , he or she also has the power to appoint staff for his tenure in class one and class four as per constitution of India . The Governor of the state by virtue of his office is also the Chancellor of most of the Universities in the State . The dignity and impartiality of the office of the Chancellor puts the Governor in a unique position with regard to protecting the autonomy of the Universities and saving them from undue political interference . The Governor as Chancellor of University also acts as President of the Senate . He has power to direct inspection of every component of the Universities and affiliated colleges , required due action on the result of inquiry . The Chancellor appoints search committee for appointments of Vice Chancellor . He accords consent of warrant of degrees and withdraw degree or distinctions both at the recommendations of the Senate . He approves or disapproves statutes passed by the Senate and appoints teachers of the University based on recommendation of the respective committees . Legislative powers ( edit ) The governor summons the sessions of both houses of the state legislature and prorogues them . The governor can even dissolve the Vidhan Sabha . These powers are formal and the governor while using these powers must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister . The governor inaugurates ( to dedicate ) the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year . The governor 's address on these occasions generally outlines new policies of the state government . A bill that the state legislature has passed , can become a law only after the governor gives assent . The governor can return a bill to the state legislature , if it is not a money bill , for reconsideration . However , if the state legislature sends it back to the governor for the second time , the governor must assent to it . The governor has the power to reserve certain bills for the president . When the state legislature is not in session and the governor considers it necessary to have a law , then the governor can promulgate ordinances . These ordinances are submitted to the state legislature at its next session . They remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the state legislature is reconvened unless approved by it earlier . Governor is empowered under Article 192 to disqualify a member of a House of the State legislature when the election commission recommends that the legislator is no longer complying with provisions of Article 191 . Per Articles 165 and 177 , Governor can ask the Advocate General to attend the proceedings of both houses of the state legislature and report to him any unlawful functioning if any . Financial powers ( edit ) He causes to be laid before the State Legislature the annual financial statement which is the State Budget . Further no demand for grant shall be made except on his recommendation . He can also make advances out of the Contingency Fund of the State to meet any unforeseen expenditure . Moreover , he constitutes the State Finance Commission . Discretionary powers ( edit ) The governor can use these powers : When no party gets a clear majority , the governor can use his discretion in the selection of chief ministerial candidate to prove the majority as soon as possible . He submits reports on his own to the president or on the direction of the president regarding the affairs of the state . He can withhold his assent to a bill and send it to the president for his approval . During an emergency rule per Article 353 , governor can override the advice of the council of ministers if specifically permitted by the president only . Contingency situation ( edit ) The governor has no role or powers in a contingency situation such as president 's rule unless specifically permitted by the president under articles 160 , 356 and 357 . The Governor is not permitted to take any decision on his own without state cabinet advise when an elected government is in charge under the provisions of Part VI of the constitution . Governor 's rule is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir state . It is often used synonymous with president 's rule in other states . Emoluments ( edit ) Governor 's pay Date established Salary ( per month ) 1 February 2018 ₹ 350,000 ( US $5,400 ) Source : Various emoluments , allowances and privileges available to a governor are determined by the Governors ( Emoluments , Allowances and Privileges ) Act , 1982 . In addition to the monthly salary , the governor is entitled to rent free official residence , free household facilities and conveyance . The governor and his family are provided with free medical attendance , accommodation and treatment for life . Removal ( edit ) The term of governor 's office is normally 5 years but it can be terminated earlier by : Dismissal by the president ( usually on the advice of the prime minister of the country ) at whose pleasure the governor holds office . Dismissal of Governors without valid reason is not permitted . However , it is the duty of the President to dismiss a Governor whose acts are upheld by courts as unconstitutional and malafide Resignation by the governor There is no provision for impeachment , as it happens for the president . Legal immunity ( edit ) Under Article 361 of the constitution , governor can not be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds though the unconstitutional decisions taken by the governor would be declared invalid by the courts . The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the governor 's role . As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case ' Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs. Union of India & ANR 24 January 2006 ' , though governor can not be prosecuted and imprisoned during his tenure , he can be prosecuted after he / she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during his term of governorship as declared earlier by the courts . No governor has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his decisions as unconstitutional by the courts till now . No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former governors to punish them for their unconstitutional acts though many decisions taken during the term of governorship had been declared by Supreme Court as unconstitutional , mala fide , void , ultra vires , etc . Analysis of role in government ( edit ) While the President of India is `` elected '' , the governor is `` selected '' by the incumbent central government . That is why there have been many instances when governors appointed by a previous government are removed by an incoming government . The reasons are more political . The supreme court has ruled that governors should be given security of term but this is generally not adhered to . Political observers have described governorship as `` plush old age homes '' wherein the governor does not stay impartial and act against popular state leaders . In 1984 , Congressman Ram Lal dismissed the N.T. Rama Rao government and allowed Nadendla Bhaskar Rao as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh for 31 days . In January 2014 , the Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) approached the Union Law Ministry under the UPA Government to record statements of West Bengal Governor M.K. Narayanan and Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo . Their statements were considered vital as Narayanan was National Security Adviser and Wanchoo was Chief of Special Protection Group ( SPG ) at the time of signing of contract with AgustaWestland . Their views were also considered before Indian Government signed the contract with Agusta Westland . However , Union Law ministry stonewalled CBI probe by rejecting CBI 's request to examine them claiming they had ' immunity ' . UPA was defeated in the 2014 general election and with the incoming NDA Government 's permission , West Bengal Governor M.K. Narayanan became the first ever Governor to be questioned by police in a criminal case . The CBI questioned M.K. Narayanan as a `` witness '' in ₹ 3600 - crore 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal . The CBI said Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo would be questioned in the same case . Arunachal Pradesh governor who is also appointed by the ruling party at the centre , has been sacked by the president after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts . it is a good event in Indian polity by giving a strong message to the state governors that they should not come under the influence of the ruling party at the centre to commit unconstitutional acts . Lt Governor of Delhi , Najeeb Jung resigned taking moral responsibility for his unconstitutional role when Supreme Court observed that the elected local government is not an unconstitutional institution without any powers . See also ( edit ) List of Governors of Indian states Federalism in India Administrators in British India Rajpramukh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/honorable-governors/role-of-governor.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Union Budget 2018 - 19 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 156 , The Constitution Of India '' . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The dismissal of Governors '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Origin and Scope of Doctrine of Pleasure in India '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults to National Honour ( Amendment ) Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Changing UPA 's governors : Why Tharoor is only half - right '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why the post of governors should be abolished '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBI seeks Home , Law ministries ' advice to examine BV Wanchoo , MK Narayanan '' . Jump up ^ `` VVIP chopper deal : CBI seeks President 's permission to question Narayanan , Wanchoo '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Chopper Scam : CBI Questions WB Guv M.K. Narayanan '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VVIP chopper deal : Governors can be questioned while in office , says Attorney General '' . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arunachal Pradesh Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Sacked '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Najeeb Jung operated as an assassin of democracy '' . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Kummanam Rajasekharan Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha Ganeshi Lal Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governors_of_states_of_India&oldid=843164678 '' Categories : State governors of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 09 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appoint the governor of a state in india	[ "The governors and lieutenant-governors are appointed by the President for a term of five years." ]	[ "the President" ]
327942386989286585	List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders	List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases Leaders - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Rickey Henderson is the current all - time stolen bases leader , stealing 1,406 stolen bases over the course of his 25 - year career . In baseball statistics , a stolen base is credited to a baserunner when he successfully advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate . Under Rule 7.01 of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) Official Rules , a runner acquires the right to an unoccupied base when he touches it before he is out . Stolen bases were more common in baseball 's dead - ball era , when teams relied more on stolen bases and hit and run plays than on home runs . As of September 2017 , Rickey Henderson holds the MLB career stolen base record with 1,406 . He is the only MLB player to have reached the 1,000 stolen bases milestone in his career . Following Henderson is Lou Brock with 938 stolen bases ; Billy Hamilton is third on the all - time steals listing . His number of career steals varies with different sources , but all sources hold his career steals placing him in third on the list before Ty Cobb ( 897 ) , Tim Raines ( 808 ) , Vince Coleman ( 752 ) , Arlie Latham ( 742 ) , Eddie Collins ( 741 ) , Max Carey ( 738 ) , and Honus Wagner ( 723 ) , who are the only other players to have stolen at least 700 bases . Coleman is the leader for retired players that are not members of the Hall of Fame . Hugh Nicol is the leader for the most stolen bases in one season , with 138 stolen bases in 1887 . Brock held the all - time career stolen bases before being surpassed by Henderson in 1991 . Brock had held the record from 1977 to 1991 . Before Brock , Hamilton held the record for eighty - one years , from 1897 to 1977 . Before that , Latham held the record from 1887 to 1896 . Latham was also the first player to collect 300 career stolen bases . With Kenny Lofton 's retirement in 2007 , 2008 was the first season since 1967 in which no active player had more than 500 career stolen bases . Between 2008 and 2010 , no active player had more than 500 stolen bases until Juan Pierre collected his 500th stolen base on August 5 , 2010 . He was the leader in stolen bases for active players until his retirement at the end of the 2013 season . José Reyes is the current active leader in stolen bases with 512 career . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career stolen bases . A blank field indicates a tie . Player ( 2017 SBs ) Number of stolen bases during the 2017 Major League Baseball season . SB Total career stolen bases . * denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold denotes active player . List ( edit ) Lou Brock held the stolen base record from 1977 to 1991 and is one of just three players with more than 900 career stolen bases . Sliding Billy Hamilton held the stolen base record for 80 years . Arlie Latham was the stolen base record holder from 1887 to 1896 . Juan Pierre won multiple stolen base titles and finished his career with 614 stolen bases . Stats updated as of the 2017 season . Rank Player ( 2017 SBs ) SB Rickey Henderson * 1,406 Lou Brock * 938 Billy Hamilton * 914 Ty Cobb * 897 5 Tim Raines * 808 6 Vince Coleman 752 7 Arlie Latham 742 8 Eddie Collins * 741 9 Max Carey * 738 10 Honus Wagner * 723 11 Joe Morgan * 689 12 Willie Wilson 668 13 Tom Brown 657 14 Bert Campaneris 649 15 Kenny Lofton 622 16 Otis Nixon 620 17 George Davis * 616 18 Juan Pierre 614 19 Dummy Hoy 596 20 Maury Wills 586 21 George Van Haltren 583 22 Ozzie Smith * 580 23 Hugh Duffy * 574 24 Bid McPhee * 568 25 Brett Butler 558 26 Davey Lopes 557 27 Cesar Cedeño 550 28 Bill Dahlen 548 29 John Montgomery Ward * 540 30 Herman Long 537 31 Patsy Donovan 518 Jack Doyle 518 33 Barry Bonds 514 34 José Reyes ( 24 ) 512 35 Fred Clarke * 509 Harry Stovey 509 Ichiro Suzuki ( 1 ) 509 38 Luis Aparicio * 506 39 Paul Molitor * 504 40 Willie Keeler * 495 Clyde Milan 495 42 Omar Moreno 487 43 Carl Crawford 480 44 Roberto Alomar * 474 45 Mike Griffin 473 46 Jimmy Rollins ( 0 ) 470 47 Tommy McCarthy * 468 48 Jimmy Sheckard 465 Eric Young 465 50 Delino DeShields 463 Rank Player ( 2017 SBs ) SB 51 Bobby Bonds 461 52 Ed Delahanty * 455 Ron LeFlore 455 54 Curt Welch 453 55 Steve Sax 444 56 Joe Kelley * 443 57 Sherry Magee 441 57 John McGraw * 436 Tris Speaker * 436 60 Marquis Grissom 429 61 Bob Bescher 428 Mike Tiernan 428 63 Frankie Frisch * 419 Jimmy Ryan 419 65 Charlie Comiskey * 416 66 Craig Biggio * 414 67 Johnny Damon 408 Tommy Harper 408 69 Chuck Knoblauch 407 70 Donie Bush 404 71 Omar Vizquel 404 72 Frank Chance * 403 73 Bobby Abreu 400 Bill Lange 400 75 Willie Davis 398 76 Sam Mertes 396 Juan Samuel 396 78 Dave Collins 395 79 Billy North 395 80 Rajai Davis ( 29 ) 394 81 Jesse Burkett * 389 82 Tommy Corcoran 387 83 Tom Daly 385 Freddie Patek 385 85 George Burns 383 Hugh Nicol 383 Fred Pfeffer 383 Walt Wilmot 383 89 Nap Lajoie * 380 90 Barry Larkin * 379 91 Harry Hooper * 375 George Sisler * 375 93 Jack Glasscock 372 94 Luis Castillo 370 Lonnie Smith 370 96 Tom Goodwin 369 97 Tommy Dowd 368 King Kelly * 368 99 Sam Crawford * 367 100 Hal Chase 363 Tony Womack 363 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Rules : 7.00 - The Runner '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ; Lewine , Harris ( 2000 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Book , Expanded and Updated . Mariner Books . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05668 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Career Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MLB Advanced Media . `` Arlie Latham Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MLB Advanced Media . `` Honus Wagner Stats , Video Highlights , Photos , Bio '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Progressive Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) All - time stolen base leaders at Baseball-Reference.com ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_stolen_bases_leaders&oldid=803495863 '' Categories : Major League Baseball statistics Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball records Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 21 : 50 . About Wikipedia	who holds the record for stolen bases in mlb	[ "As of September 2017[update], Rickey Henderson holds the MLB career stolen base record with 1,406.[3] He is the only MLB player to have reached the 1,000 stolen bases milestone in his career.[3] Following Henderson is Lou Brock with 938 stolen bases;[3] Billy Hamilton is third on the all-time steals listing. His number of career steals varies with different sources, but all sources hold his career steals placing him in third on the list before Ty Cobb (897), Tim Raines (808), Vince Coleman (752), Arlie Latham (742),[4] Eddie Collins (741), Max Carey (738), and Honus Wagner (723),[5] who are the only other players to have stolen at least 700 bases.[3] Coleman is the leader for retired players that are not members of the Hall of Fame.[3] Hugh Nicol is the leader for the most stolen bases in one season, with 138 stolen bases in 1887.[6]" ]	[ "Rickey Henderson" ]
-5415122471648124595	Lil Bibby	Lil Bibby - wikipedia Lil Bibby Lil Bibby Bibby performing in 2014 . Background information Birth name Brandon George Dickinson Jr . ( 1994 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 1994 ( age 23 ) Chicago , Illinois , United States Genres Hip - hop drill trap Occupation ( s ) Rapper songwriter Instruments Vocals Years active 2011 -- present Labels Kemosabe Records Grade A Productions 150 Dream Team Associated acts King L G Herbo Website lilbibby.com Brandon George Dickinson Jr. ( born July 18 , 1994 ) , better known by his stage name Lil Bibby , is an American hip hop rapper . Beginning his career in 2011 , Bibby released his debut mixtape in 2013 , titled Free Crack . He released the follow - up mixtape Free Crack 2 on August 29 , 2014 . Bibby 's latest project , Free Crack 3 was released on November 27 , 2015 . His highly anticipated debut album and first commercial release `` Free Crack 4 '' is set to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 2012 - 13 : Career beginnings and debut mixtape 1.2 2013 - 2015 : Upcoming EP , 2014 's Freshman Class , Free Crack 2 and Free Crack 3 1.3 2015 - present : FC3 : the Epilogue & Free Crack 4 2 Discography 2.1 Extended plays 2.2 Mixtapes 2.3 Singles 2.3. 1 As lead artist 2.3. 2 As featured artist 2.4 Guest appearances 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) 2012 - 13 : career beginnings and debut mixtape ( edit ) In 2013 , Lil Bibby released his official debut mixtape , titled Free Crack . The title to the mixtape was inspired by Kanye West 's track , called `` Crack Music '' , which was featured from his second album Late Registration ( 2005 ) . Describing the fact that both Bibby and West are from Chicago , Illinois . He cited Drake and Jadakiss , as two of his favorite rappers . Vice stated that Bibby 's first mixtape were cleared from its influences from both of these rappers . The mixtape features guest appearances from these newcomers Lil Herb and King L , while the production was handled by Hit - Boy , Young Chop and The Olympicks , among others . DJ Scream hosted this mixtape . The tape combines a gruff and imposing voice , along with a solid delivery and flow . The tracks are hard - hitting with plenty of bass and strong lyrics from Bibby . The most that stands out as far as the beats from the mixtape was a track , called `` Whole Crew '' ( produced by Hit - Boy ) . The music videos were released for tracks such as `` How We Move '' featuring King L , `` Change '' , `` Water '' and `` Tired of Talkin ' '' . Following the release of the debut mixtape , Bibby was featured on a cover in Vibe , stated that he is one of the rappers to watch in 2014 . The article complimented Bibby , stating that he had what it takes to be a major music artist , due to his maturity and his rapping ability . 2013 - 2015 : upcoming EP , 2014 's Freshman Class , Free Crack 2 and Free Crack 3 ( edit ) In December 2013 , in an interview with XXL , Bibby hinted that the next step for his career could be an EP . In 2014 , it was also stated , that the rapper Drake was a huge fan of Bibby and that they 'd spoken in 2013 , before the release of Bibby 's debut mixtape . Bibby said it pushed him onto improve his debut release , adding the tracks `` Water '' and `` Whole Crew '' . In January 2014 , Bibby appeared on Sway 's radio show Sway in the Morning . On the show he spoke about the success of his debut mixtape , and also dropped a live freestyle . During the same month , Bibby also featured on New York 's radio station , Hot 97 . During the same month , Bibby stated in his interview with Billboard , that he was working on material for an EP , but was waiting on a couple of features . Bibby also appeared on the list of 2014 's XXL Freshman Class . He was the last person selected to the list , due to Young Thug 's last minute cancellation . In July 2014 , he made his appearance on the songs , collaborating with a fellow rapper and a Memphis - native Juicy J , and was featured on the remix to `` Main Chick '' performed by Kid Ink . After a few delays , Bibby 's sophomore mixtape , Free Crack 2 , was released on August 29 , 2014 . Free Crack 2 , which was hosted by DJ Drama , includes guest appearances from Lil Herb , Wiz Khalifa , Juicy J , Kevin Gates , Jadakiss and Anthony Hamilton , among others . The mixtape has production from Juicy J , Honorable C.N.O.T.E. , Sonny Digital and DJ Pain 1 , among others . The mixtape was released for free digital download and rapidly accumulated over 120,000 downloads . Free Crack 2 was received with critical acclaim . XXL magazine awarded the mixtape an XL , praising the mixtape 's authenticity , catchy hooks and production , while also commenting that the mixtape showcases Bibby 's `` growth as an artist . '' RedEye awarded the mixtape three stars out of four , commenting on the tape 's maturity and versatility and praising the ability of the song ' Dead or in Prison ' to let Bibby 's `` emotion and natural charisma do the heavy lifting . '' BET gave the mixtape a positive review , awarding it five stars while commenting on its `` new level of depth and introspection , detailing the difficult balance of fame and authenticity and how that effects everyday life in some of America 's urban war zones . '' 2015 - present : fc3 : the epilogue & Free Crack 4 ( edit ) In 2015 , Bibby released two singles `` Ridah '' and `` Aww Man '' for an upcoming album . Discography ( edit ) Extended plays ( edit ) List of Extended plays , with selected chart positions and sales figures Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales US US Ind US R&B US Rap CAN Big Buckz Released : August 22 , 2016 Label : Grade A Productions Format : Digital download -- -- -- -- -- FC3 : The Epilogue Released : March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) Label : Kemosabe Records Format : Digital download -- -- -- -- -- Mixtapes ( edit ) List of mixtapes , with year released Title Mixtape details Free Crack Released : November 29 , 2013 Label : Grade A Productions Format : Digital download Free Crack 2 Released : August 29 , 2014 Label : Grade A Productions Format : Digital download Free Crack 3 Released : November 27 , 2015 Label : Grade A Productions Format : Digital download Singles ( edit ) As lead artist ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album US US R&B US Rap `` Know That '' 2013 -- -- -- N / A `` For The Low '' -- -- -- `` Doin Hits '' -- -- -- `` How We Move '' ( featuring King L ) -- -- -- Free Crack `` Stressin ' '' -- -- -- `` Tired of Talkin '' 2014 -- -- -- `` Dead or in Prison '' -- -- -- Free Crack 2 `` Sumn '' ( featuring Blac Youngsta ) 2017 -- -- -- Free Crack 4 `` Complicated '' ( featuring Ann Marie ) -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a title that did not chart , or was not released in that territory . As featured artist ( edit ) List of singles as featured performer , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album US US R&B US Rap `` Ex Bitch '' ( N - Tune featuring Lil Bibby ) 2013 -- -- -- N / A `` Crazy '' ( Gianni Blu featuring King L , EMP Dasme and Lil Bibby ) -- -- -- `` Main Chick '' ( Remix ) ( Kid Ink featuring Chris Brown , French Montana , Yo Gotti , Tyga and Lil Bibby ) 2014 -- -- -- `` Low '' ( Juicy J featuring Nicki Minaj , Lil Bibby and Young Thug ) -- 46 -- Pure THC : The Hustle Continues `` Proud of Me Now '' ( A Boogie wit da Hoodie featuring Lil Bibby ) 2016 -- -- -- N / A `` -- '' denotes a title that did not chart , or was not released in that territory . Guest appearances ( edit ) List of non-single guest appearances , with other performing artists , showing year released and album name Title Year Other artist ( s ) Album `` Flexing Finessing '' 2012 Dreamchaseral , Lil Herb It 's a Scary Site `` How We Move '' 2013 King L March Madness `` Fuck for Fame '' Lil Durk , Boss Top N / A `` Knock a Hoe '' Katie Got Bandz , Dreezy , Lil Herb Drillary Clinton `` Do It Like I Do '' YP Restless `` Kilo '' Tink , Lil Herb Boss Up `` All I Got '' 2014 Lil Herb Welcome to Fazoland `` At Night '' Welcome to Fazoland ( No DJ Version ) `` Holy Ghost '' Juicy J Pure THC : The Hustle Continues `` Love Me Freestyle '' Lil Reese We Are Chiraq Volume 1 `` All I Need '' Kid Ink , Shitty Montana 4B 's `` Mechanical Animals '' Saigon , Memphis Bleek , Kool G Rap Greatest Story Never Told 3 : The Troubled Times of Brian Carenard `` Never Changed '' 2015 Yo Gotti Concealed `` Faneto '' ( Remix ) Chief Keef , Lil Herb , King L N / A `` Doin Me '' Trae tha Truth , Nipsey Hussle Tha Truth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby Signs To Kemosabe Records ? '' . fakeshoredrive.com. 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby : Setting up the Perfect Shot '' . Vice Noisey . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby - Free Crack Hosted by DJ Scream '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mixtape Review : Lil Bibby , Free Crack '' . Bet.com . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons Lil Bibby Will Rule 2014 '' . Vibe.com . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lil Bibby say Drake Scared Him '' . XXL . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby Talks About Chicago 's Violent Image , School & Drops A Freestyle On Sway In The Morning '' . Complex . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby Talks Free Crack , Chicago , & More '' . Hip Hop Wired . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby Talks Upcoming EP & Hints at Drake Collaboration '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` XXL Freshmen 2014 Cover Revealed '' . XXL . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Frydenlund , Zach . `` Listen to Kid Ink 's `` Main Chick ( Remix ) '' f / French Montana , Yo Gotti , Tyga , Lil Bibby & Chris Brown `` . Complex . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Juicy J Featuring Lil Bibby `` Holy Ghost + `` You Do n't Know '' - XXL `` . XXL . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby - Free Crack 2 Hosted by DJ Drama '' . DatPiff . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby Serves Up Potent Product On ' Free Crack II ' Mixtape - XXL '' . XXL . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140905172245/http://www.redeyechicago.com/entertainment/music/redeye-lil-bibby-free-crack-2-review-20140902%2C0%2C1932581.story . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mixtape Review : Lil Bibby , Free Crack 2 '' . BET.com. 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com , HipHopDX -. `` Lil Bibby Enrolling Back In College To Study Computer Engineering '' . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 200Chart was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference IndependantChart was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference R&B / Hip - HopChart was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference CANChart was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby - Big Buckz '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby - Free Crack Hosted by DJ Scream '' . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby - Free Crack 2 Hosted by DJ Drama '' . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lil Bibby - Free Crack 3 '' . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Dead or in Prison - Single by Lil Bibby '' . iTunes . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Dead or in Prison - Single by Lil Bibby '' . iTunes . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Main Chick REMIX ( feat . Chris Brown , French Montana , Yo Gotti , Tyga & Lil Bibby ) - Single by Kid Ink '' . iTunes . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Proud of Me Now ( feat . Lil Bibby ) - Single by A Boogie Wit da Hoodie on Apple Music '' . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Lil Bibby Mixtapes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lil_Bibby&oldid=846205503 '' Categories : 1994 births Living people African - American male rappers American male rappers African - American rappers Almighty Black P. Stone Nation Rappers from Chicago Midwest hip hop musicians Drill ( music genre ) Gangsta rappers Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with broken reference names Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is lil bibby the rapper signed to	[ "\n\nLil Bibby\n\n\n\nBibby performing in 2014.\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nBirth name\nBrandon George Dickinson Jr.\n\n\nBorn\n(1994-07-18) July 18, 1994 (age 23)\nChicago, Illinois, United States\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHip-hop\ndrill\ntrap\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation(s)\n\n\n\nRapper\nsongwriter\n\n\n\n\n\nInstruments\nVocals\n\n\nYears active\n2011–present\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nKemosabe Records\nGrade A Productions\n150 Dream Team\n\n\n[1]\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nKing L G Herbo\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nlilbibby.com\n\n", "\n\nLil Bibby\n\n\n\nBibby performing in 2014.\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nBirth name\nBrandon George Dickinson Jr.\n\n\nBorn\n(1994-07-18) July 18, 1994 (age 23)\nChicago, Illinois, United States\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHip-hop\ndrill\ntrap\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation(s)\n\n\n\nRapper\nsongwriter\n\n\n\n\n\nInstruments\nVocals\n\n\nYears active\n2011–present\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nKemosabe Records\nGrade A Productions\n150 Dream Team\n\n\n[1]\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nKing L G Herbo\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nlilbibby.com\n\n", "\n\nLil Bibby\n\n\n\nBibby performing in 2014.\n\n\n\nBackground information\n\n\nBirth name\nBrandon George Dickinson Jr.\n\n\nBorn\n(1994-07-18) July 18, 1994 (age 23)\nChicago, Illinois, United States\n\n\nGenres\n\n\n\nHip-hop\ndrill\ntrap\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation(s)\n\n\n\nRapper\nsongwriter\n\n\n\n\n\nInstruments\nVocals\n\n\nYears active\n2011–present\n\n\nLabels\n\n\n\nKemosabe Records\nGrade A Productions\n150 Dream Team\n\n\n[1]\n\n\nAssociated acts\n\n\n\nKing L G Herbo\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite\nlilbibby.com\n\n" ]	[ "Kemosabe Records", "Grade A Productions", "150 Dream Team" ]
-7605653728345831885	Lama	Lama - wikipedia Lama Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Tibetan Buddhist teachers . For other uses of the word , see Lama ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Llama . Part of a series on Tibetan Buddhism Schools ( show ) Nyingma Kadam Kagyu Jonang Sakya Gelug New Kadampa Tradition Rimé Key personalities ( show ) First dissemination Padmasambhava Śāntarakṣita Kamalaśīla Second dissemination Atiśa Tilopa Naropa Milarepa Nyingma Longchenpa Patrul Rinpoche Mipham Kagyu Rangjung Dorje Jonang Dolpopa Sakya Sakya Pandita Gorampa Gelugpa Je Tsongkhapa 5th Dalai Lama 13th Dalai Lama 14th Dalai Lama Teachings ( show ) General Buddhist Three marks of existence Skandha Cosmology Saṃsāra Rebirth Bodhisattva Dharma Dependent origination Karma Tibetan Four Tenets system Rangtong - Shentong Svatantrika - Prasaṅgika distinction Nyingma Dzogchen Pointing - out instruction Practices and attainment ( show ) Lamrim Pāramitās Bodhicitta Avalokiteśvara Meditation Laity Vajrayana Tantra techniques Deity yoga Buddhahood Major monasteries ( show ) Tradruk Drepung Dzogchen Ganden Jokhang Kumbum Labrang Mindrolling Namgyal Narthang Nechung Pabonka Palcho Ralung Ramoche Rato Sakya Sanga Sera Shalu Tashi Lhunpo Tsurphu Yerpa Institutional roles ( show ) Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Lama Karmapa Rinpoche Geshe Tertön Tulku Festivals ( show ) Chotrul Duchen Dajyur Galdan Namchot Losar Monlam Sho Dun Texts ( show ) Kangyur Tengyur Tibetan Buddhist canon Mahayana sutras Nyingma Gyubum Art ( show ) Sand mandala Thangka Wall paintings Ashtamangala Tree of physiology Festival thangka History and overview ( show ) History Timeline Outline Culture Index of articles Tibetan Buddhism portal The current Dalai Lama . Lama Dance , Dharamshala , H.P. , India c. 1980 . Lama ( Tibetan : བླ ་ མ ་ , Wylie : bla - ma ; `` chief '' or `` high priest '' ) is a title for a teacher of the Dharma in Tibetan Buddhism . The name is similar to the Sanskrit term guru . Historically , the term was used for venerated spiritual masters or heads of monasteries . Today the title can be used as an honorific title conferred on a monk , nun or ( in the Nyingma , Kagyu and Sakya schools ) advanced tantric practitioner to designate a level of spiritual attainment and authority to teach , or may be part of a title such as Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama applied to a lineage of reincarnate lamas ( Tulkus ) . Perhaps due to misunderstandings by early western scholars attempting to understand Tibetan Buddhism , the term lama has historically been erroneously applied to Tibetan monks in general . Similarly , Tibetan Buddhism was referred to as `` Lamaism '' by early western scholars and travelers who perhaps did not understand that what they were witnessing was a form of Buddhism ; they may also have been unaware of the distinction between Tibetan Buddhism and Bön . The term Lamaism is now considered by some to be derogatory . In the Vajrayana path of Tibetan Buddhism , the lama is often the tantric spiritual guide , the guru to the aspiring Buddhist yogi or yogini . As such , the lama will then appear as one of the Three Roots ( a variant of the Three Jewels ) , alongside the yidam and protector ( who may be a dakini , dharmapala or other Buddhist deity figure ) . See also ( edit ) Karmapa Sifu Sensei Rinpoche References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` lama '' from Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Lama : definition at About.com ^ Jump up to : Marcotte , Amanda ( 2000 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Who Are the Tibetan Lamas ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Korom ( 1997 ) . Constructing Tibetan Culture : Contemporary Perspectives . World Heritage Press . ISBN 1 - 896064 - 12 - 4 . Buddhism topics Glossary Index Outline Foundations Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Physical characteristics Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna ( father ) Māyā ( mother ) Mahapajapati Gotamī ( aunt , adoptive mother ) Yasodhara ( wife ) Rāhula ( son ) Ānanda ( cousin ) Devadatta ( cousin ) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Key concepts Avidyā ( Ignorance ) Bardo Bodhicitta Bodhisattva Buddha - nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mind Stream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā ( Craving ) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Impermanence Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva ( Buddhism ) Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Hell Three planes of existence Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiseka Dāna Devotion Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā ( Vipassana movement ) Shikantaza Zazen Kōan Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Satipatthana Nekkhamma Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five Precepts Bodhisattva vow Prātimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of enlightenment Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhuni Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagarika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Mulian Ānanda Mahākassapa Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhuti Punna Upali Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Buddhaghoṣa Nagasena Angulimala Bodhidharma Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Atiśa Padmasambhava Nichiren Songtsen Gampo Emperor Wen of Sui Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Karmapa Shamarpa Naropa Xuanzang Zhiyi Texts Tripiṭaka Madhyamakālaṃkāra Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Branches Theravada Mahayana Chan Buddhism Zen Seon Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Navayana Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Dzogchen Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Kalmykia Buryatia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil France United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco - Buddhism Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihara Wat Stupa Pagoda Candi Dzong architecture Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco - Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddharupa Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Magha Puja Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Brahmā Dhammapada Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Maitreya Māra Ṛddhi Sacred languages Pali Sanskrit Siddhi Sutra Vinaya Comparison Bahá'í Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Books Buddhas named Buddhists Suttas Temples Portal Dalai Lamas Gendun Drup Gendun Gyatso Sonam Gyatso Yonten Gyatso Lozang Gyatso Tsangyang Gyatso Kelzang Gyatso Jamphel Gyatso Lungtok Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso Khedrup Gyatso Trinley Gyatso Thubten Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso List of Dalai Lamas Gelug Yellow Hat sect Ganden Phodrang Potala Palace Norbulingka Panchen Lamas Khedrup Gelek Pelzang Sönam Choklang Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen Lobsang Yeshe Lobsang Palden Yeshe Palden Tenpai Nyima Tenpai Wangchuk Thubten Chökyi Nyima Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen Disputed : Gedhun Choekyi Nyima ( CTA ) / Gyaincain Norbu ( PRC ) List of Panchen Lamas Tashilhunpo Monastery Karmapas Karma Kagyu - Black Crown - Tsurphu Monastery - Rumtek Monastery - Recognition of the Seventeenth Karmapa Düsum Khyenpa Karma Pakshi Rangjung Dorje Rolpe Dorje Deshin Shekpa Thongwa Dönden Chödrak Gyatso Mikyö Dorje Wangchuk Dorje Chöying Dorje Yeshe Dorje Changchub Dorje Dudul Dorje Thekchok Dorje Khakyab Dorje Rangjung Rigpe Dorje Ogyen Trinley Dorje Trinley Thaye Dorje Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lama&oldid=806924430 '' Categories : Lamas Asceticism Tibetan Buddhist titles Spiritual teachers Hidden categories : Articles containing Tibetan - language text Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Magyar मराठी Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in which tradition do lamas play an important role	[ "Lama (Tibetan: བླ་མ་, Wylie: bla-ma; \"chief\" or \"high priest\"[1]) is a title for a teacher of the Dharma in Tibetan Buddhism. The name is similar to the Sanskrit term guru.[2]" ]	[ "Tibetan Buddhism" ]
-4129514355585891235	Raleigh, North Carolina	Raleigh , North Carolina - wikipedia Raleigh , North Carolina `` Raleigh '' redirects here . For the city 's namesake , see Walter Raleigh . For the bicycle company , see Raleigh Bicycle Company . For other uses , see Raleigh ( disambiguation ) . Capital of North Carolina State capital and city in North Carolina , United States Raleigh , North Carolina State capital and city City of Raleigh Clockwise from top left : NCSU bell tower , the North Carolina State Capitol , houses in Boylan Heights , houses in Historic Oakwood , statue of Sir Walter Raleigh , skyline of the downtown , Fayetteville Street , and the warehouse district Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` City of Oaks '' Location in Wake County and the state of North Carolina . Raleigh , North Carolina Location in North Carolina , United States & North America Raleigh , North Carolina Raleigh , North Carolina ( the US ) Raleigh , North Carolina Raleigh , North Carolina ( North America ) Show map of North Carolina Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 35 ° 46 ′ N 78 ° 38 ′ W / 35.767 ° N 78.633 ° W / 35.767 ; - 78.633 Coordinates : 35 ° 46 ′ N 78 ° 38 ′ W / 35.767 ° N 78.633 ° W / 35.767 ; - 78.633 Country United States State North Carolina Counties Wake , Durham Chartered December 31 , 1792 Named for Sir Walter Raleigh Government Type Council -- Manager Mayor Nancy McFarlane ( I ) Council Members ( show ) Russ Stephenson ( D ) Nicole Stewart ( D ) Richard Thompson ( D ) David Cox ( D ) Corey Branch ( D ) Kay Crowder ( D ) Stefanie Mendell ( D ) Area State capital and city 144.8 sq mi ( 375 km ) Land 142.8 sq mi ( 369 km ) Water 2.0 sq mi ( 2.5 km ) Elevation 315 ft ( 96 m ) Population ( 2010 ) State capital and city 403,892 Estimate ( 2017 ) 464,758 Density 3,284 / sq mi ( 1,268 / km ) Urban 1,012,994 MSA 1,337,331 ( 44th ) CSA 2,201,103 ( 29th ) Demonym ( s ) Raleighite Time zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) ZIP code ( s ) 27601 , 27603 , 27604 , 27605 , 27606 , 27607 , 27608 , 27609 , 27610 , 27612 , 27613 , 27614 , 27615 , 27616 , 27617 Area code ( s ) 919 , 984 FIPS code 37 - 55000 GNIS feature ID 1024242 Major airport RDU Interstate Highways I - 40 , I - 87 , I - 440 , I - 540 Other major highways US 1 , US 64 , US 70 , US 401 , NC 50 , NC 540 Website raleighnc.gov Raleigh ( / ˈrɑːli / ; RAH - lee ) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States . Raleigh is the second - largest city in the state of North Carolina , after Charlotte . Raleigh is known as the `` City of Oaks '' for its many oak trees , which line the streets in the heart of the city . The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles ( 370 km ) . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 464,758 as of July 1 , 2017 . It is one of the fastest - growing cities in the country . The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present - day Dare County . Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University ( NCSU ) and is part of the Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) area , together with Durham ( home of Duke University ) and Chapel Hill ( home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . The `` Triangle '' nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham and Wake counties , among the three cities and their universities . The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh - Durham - Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013 . The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 . Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County , with a very small portion extending into Durham County . The towns of Cary , Morrisville , Garner , Clayton , Wake Forest , Apex , Holly Springs , Fuquay - Varina , Knightdale , Wendell , Zebulon , and Rolesville are some of Raleigh 's primary nearby suburbs and satellite towns . Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city . Following the American Revolutionary War when the US gained independence , this was chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such . The city was originally laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center . During the American Civil War , the city was spared from any significant battle . It fell to the Union in the closing days of the war , and struggled with the economic hardships in the postwar period related to the reconstitution of labor markets , over-reliance on agriculture , and the social unrest of the Reconstruction Era . Following the establishment of the Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) in 1959 , several tens of thousands of jobs were created in the fields of science and technology . The region and city have attracted a large influx of population , making it one of the fastest - growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century . It is a model for other nations , states and small governments around the world . Raleigh is home to numerous cultural , educational , and historic sites . The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet . Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek is a large music amphitheater . Museums include the state museums of art , history and natural sciences , two in downtown . Major universities and colleges , in addition to those above , include Shaw University , the first historically black university in the American South . In the 1960s , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , an important civil rights organization , was founded here . One U.S. president , Andrew Johnson , was born in Raleigh . Contents 1 History 1.1 Earlier capitals 1.2 18th century 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 1.5 21st century 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.1. 1 Downtown and inside - the - beltline neighborhoods 2.1. 2 Midtown Raleigh 2.1. 3 East Raleigh 2.1. 4 West Raleigh 2.1. 5 North Raleigh 2.1. 6 South Raleigh 2.1. 7 Southeast Raleigh 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Top employers 5 Culture 5.1 Museums 5.2 Performing arts 5.3 Visual arts 5.4 Awards 6 Sports and leisure 6.1 Professional 6.2 Collegiate 6.3 Amateur 6.4 Recreation 7 Law and government 7.1 City Council 7.2 Crime 7.3 Public safety 8 Education 8.1 Higher education 8.1. 1 Public 8.1. 2 Private 8.1. 3 Private , for profit 8.2 Primary and secondary education 8.2. 1 Public schools 8.2. 2 Charter schools 8.2. 3 Private and religion - based schools 9 Media 9.1 Print publications 9.2 Television 9.2. 1 Broadcast 9.3 Broadcast radio 9.3. 1 Public and listener - supported 9.3. 2 Commercial 10 Transportation 10.1 Air 10.1. 1 Raleigh - Durham International Airport 10.1. 2 Public general - aviation airports 10.1. 3 Private airports 10.2 Freeways and primary designated routes 10.2. 1 Interstate Highways 10.2. 1.1 Future 10.2. 2 United States Highways 10.2. 3 North Carolina Highways 10.3 Intercity rail 10.4 Public transit 10.5 Bicycle and pedestrian 11 Sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Raleigh , North Carolina Earlier capitals ( edit ) Bath , the oldest town in North Carolina , was the first nominal capital of the colony from 1705 until 1722 , when Edenton took over the role . The colony had no permanent institutions of government until the new capital New Bern was established in 1743 . 18th century ( edit ) Plan for platting Raleigh by William Christmas , 1792 In December 1770 , Joel Lane successfully petitioned the North Carolina General Assembly to create a new county . On January 5 , 1771 , the bill creating Wake County was passed in the General Assembly . The county was formed from portions of Cumberland , Orange , and Johnston counties . The county was named for Margaret Wake Tryon , the wife of Governor William Tryon . The first county seat was Bloomsbury . New Bern , a port town on the Neuse River 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the Atlantic Ocean , was the largest city and the capital of North Carolina during the American Revolution . When the British Army laid siege to the city , that site could no longer be used . Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital in 1788 , as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast . It was officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital ( incorporated on December 31 , 1792 -- charter granted January 21 , 1795 ) . The city was named for Sir Walter Raleigh , sponsor of Roanoke , the `` lost colony '' on Roanoke Island . The city 's location was chosen , in part , for being within 11 mi ( 18 km ) of Isaac Hunter 's Tavern , a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators . No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site . Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital . Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North , East , West and South . The plan , a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner , was based on Thomas Holme 's 1682 plan for Philadelphia . The North Carolina General Assembly first met in Raleigh in December 1794 , and granted the city a charter , with a board of seven appointed commissioners and an `` Intendant of Police '' ( which developed as the office of Mayor ) to govern it . ( After 1803 city commissioners were elected . ) In 1799 , the N.C. Minerva and Raleigh Advertiser was the first newspaper published in Raleigh . John Haywood was the first Intendant of Police . 19th century ( edit ) Raleigh , North Carolina in 1872 In 1808 , Andrew Johnson , the nation 's future 17th President , was born at Casso 's Inn in Raleigh . The city 's first water supply network was completed in 1818 , although due to system failures , the project was abandoned . In 1819 Raleigh 's first volunteer fire company was founded , followed in 1821 by a full - time fire company . In 1817 , the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina was established and headquartered in Raleigh . In 1831 , a fire destroyed the State Capitol . Two years later , reconstruction began with quarried gneiss being delivered by the first railroad in the state . Raleigh celebrated the completions of the new Capitol and new Raleigh & Gaston Railroad Company in 1840 . In 1853 , the first State Fair was held near Raleigh . The first institution of higher learning in Raleigh , Peace College , was established in 1857 . Raleigh 's Historic Oakwood contains many houses from the 19th century that are still in good condition . North Carolina seceded from the Union . After the Civil War began , Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops . During General Sherman 's Carolinas Campaign , Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13 , 1865 . As the Confederate cavalry retreated west , the Union soldiers followed , leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville . The city was spared significant destruction during the War . Due to the economic and social problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction , with a state economy still overly based on agriculture , it grew little over the next several decades . North Carolina State Capitol , c. 1861 ; Governor David S. Reid is in the foreground North Carolina State Treasurers Office in State Capitol , c. 1890s Fayetteville Street during the 1910s After the Civil War ended in 1865 , African Americans were emancipated . The Reconstruction era legislature established public education for blacks and whites . Freedmen were often led by free blacks who had become educated before the war . With the help of the Freedmen 's Bureau , many freedmen migrated from rural areas to Raleigh . It had an established free black community , more work opportunities , and many freedmen wanted to get out from under white supervision in the rural areas . Shaw University , the South 's first African American college , began classes in 1865 and was chartered in 1875 . Its Estey Hall was the first building constructed for the higher education of black women , and Leonard Medical Center was the first four - year medical school in the country for African Americans . In 1867 , Episcopal clergy founded St. Augustine 's College for the education of freedmen . The biracial Reconstruction legislature created new welfare institutions : in 1869 , it approved the nation 's first school for blind and deaf blacks , to be located in Raleigh . In 1874 , the federal government constructed the Federal Building in Raleigh , the first federal government project in the South following the Civil War . In 1880 , the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer . It continues to be Raleigh 's primary daily newspaper . The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts , now known as North Carolina State University , was founded as a land - grant college in 1887 . The city 's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state 's first nursing school . The Baptist Women 's College , now known as Meredith College , opened in 1891 , and in 1898 , The Academy of Music , a private music conservatory , was established . In the late nineteenth century , two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina 's 2nd district , the last in 1898 . George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws . He and allies were unsuccessful . Based on a white supremacy campaign that returned Democrats to dominance , in 1900 the state legislature passed a new constitution , with a suffrage amendment that raised barriers to voter registration , resulting in the disenfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites . The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908 . Loss of the ability to vote also disqualified black men ( and later women ) from sitting on juries and serving in any office -- local , state or federal . The rising black middle - class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance , and the Republican Party was no longer competitive in the state . It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote , sit on juries and serve in local offices . By that time many African Americans had left the state in the Great Migration to northern industrial cities for more opportunities . No African American was elected to Congress from North Carolina until 1992 . 20th century ( edit ) In 1912 , Bloomsbury Park opened , featuring a popular carousel ride . Relocated to Pullen Park , the Pullen Park Carousel is still operating . From 1914 to 1917 , an influenza epidemic killed 288 Raleighites . In 1922 , WLAC signed on as the city 's first radio station , but lasted only two years . WFBQ signed on in 1924 and became WPTF in 1927 . It is now Raleigh 's oldest continuous radio broadcaster . Following immigration by Catholics , on December 12 , 1924 , the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh was officially established by Pope Pius XI . The Sacred Heart Cathedral became the official seat of the diocese with William Joseph Hafey as its bishop . The city 's first airport , Curtiss - Wright Flying Field , opened in 1929 . That same year , the stock market crash resulted in six Raleigh banks closing . During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression , government at all levels was integral to creating jobs . The city provided recreational and educational programs , and hired people for public works projects . In 1932 , Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated . The North Carolina Symphony , founded the same year , performed in its new home . From 1934 to 1937 , the federal Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the area now known as William B. Umstead State Park . In 1939 , the State General Assembly chartered the Raleigh - Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham , with the first flight occurring in 1943 . In 1947 , Raleigh citizens adopted a council - manager form of government , the current form . Council members are elected from single - member districts . They hire a city manager . The Dorton Arena , a 7,610 - seat multi-purpose arena designed by Matthew Nowicki , was opened in 1952 on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair . It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . Raleigh experienced significant damage from Hurricane Hazel in 1954 . In 1953 , WNAO - TV , channel 28 , became the city 's first television station , though it folded in 1957 . With the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959 , Raleigh began to experience a population increase , resulting in a total city population of 100,000 by 1960 . In 1960 , the Census Bureau reported Raleigh 's population as 76.4 % white and 23.4 % black . Following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 , one of the main achievements of the Civil Rights Movement and the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency , political participation and voting by African Americans in Raleigh increased rapidly . In 1967 , Clarence Lightner was elected to the City Council , and in 1973 became Raleigh 's first African - American mayor . In 1976 , the Raleigh City and Wake County schools merged to become the Wake County Public School System , now the largest school system in the state and 19th largest in the country . During the 1970s and 1980s , the I - 440 beltline was constructed , easing traffic congestion and providing access to most major city roads . The first Raleigh Convention Center ( replaced in 2008 ) and Fayetteville Street Mall were both opened in 1977 . Fayetteville Street was turned into a pedestrian - only street in an effort to help the then - ailing downtown area , but the plan was flawed and business declined for years to come . Fayetteville Street was reopened in 2007 as the main thoroughfare of Raleigh 's downtown . The 1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak of November 28 , 1988 , was the most destructive of the seven tornadoes reported in Northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia between 1 : 00 AM and 5 : 45 AM . The Raleigh tornado produced over $77 million in F4 damage , along with four fatalities ( two in the city of Raleigh , and two in Nash County ) and 154 injuries . The damage path from the storm was measured at 84 miles ( 135 km ) long , and . 5 miles ( 0.8 km ) wide at times . In 1991 , two large skyscrapers in Raleigh were completed , First Union Capitol Center and Two Hannover Square , along with the popular Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek in Southeast Raleigh . In 1996 , the Olympic Flame passed through Raleigh while on its way to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . Also in 1996 , Hurricane Fran struck the area , causing massive flooding and extensive structural damage . In addition , WRAL - TV became the first High - Definition broadcast station in the world . In 1997 , the National Hockey League 's Hartford Whalers announced their intention to move to Raleigh as the Carolina Hurricanes , becoming the city 's first major league professional sports franchise . In 1999 , the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena ( later renamed the RBC Center and now called PNC Arena ) , opened to provide a home for the Hurricanes and the NC State Wolfpack men 's basketball team , as well as an up - to - date major concert venue . 21st century ( edit ) In the first decade of the 21st century , Raleigh was featured prominently in a number of `` Top 10 Lists '' , including those by Forbes , MSNBC and Money magazine , due to its quality of life and business climate . In 2001 , the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium complex was expanded with the addition of the Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts , Meymandi Concert Hall , Fletcher Opera Theater , Kennedy Theatre , Betty Ray McCain Gallery and Lichtin Plaza . Fayetteville Street reopened to vehicular traffic in 2006 . A variety of downtown building projects began around this time including the 34 - story RBC Bank Tower , multiple condominium projects and several new restaurants . Additional skyscrapers are in the proposal / planning phase . In 2006 , the city 's NHL franchise , the Carolina Hurricanes , won the Stanley Cup , North Carolina 's first and only professional sports championship . With the opening of parts of I - 540 from 2005 to 2007 , a new 70 - mile ( 110 km ) loop around Wake County , traffic congestion eased somewhat in the North Raleigh area . Completion of the entire loop is expected to take another 15 years . In 2008 , the city 's Fayetteville Street Historic District joined the National Register of Historic Places . In September 2010 , Raleigh hosted the inaugural Hopscotch Music Festival . In January 2011 , Raleigh hosted the National Hockey League All - Star Game . In April 2011 , a devastating EF - 3 tornado hit Raleigh , and many other tornadoes touched down in the state ( ultimately the largest , but not the strongest ( 1984 Carolinas tornado outbreak ) outbreak to ever hit the state ) , killing 24 people . The tornado tracked northeast through parts of Downtown , East Central Raleigh and Northeast Raleigh and produced $115 million in damages in Wake County . There were 4 fatalities in the city . In September 2015 Holy Trinity Anglican Church was opened ; the first church to be built in downtown Raleigh since 1958 . On July 26 , 2017 the Catholic Diocese of Raleigh dedicated its new cathedral , Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral , the fifth - largest in the United States . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , Raleigh occupies a total area of 144.0 square miles ( 373.0 km ) , of which 142 square miles ( 369 km ) is land and 0.97 square miles ( 2.5 km ) , or 0.76 % , is covered by water . The Neuse River flows through the northeast end of the city . Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina , where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet . This area is known as the `` fall line '' because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers . As a result , most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state 's flat coastal plain . Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach , North Carolina , by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains . The city is 155 miles ( 249 km ) south of Richmond , Virginia , 263 miles ( 423 km ) south of Washington , D.C. , and 150 miles ( 240 km ) northeast of Charlotte , North Carolina . Cityscape ( edit ) Main article : Raleigh , North Carolina neighborhoods See also : List of tallest buildings in Raleigh Downtown Raleigh panorama , from 1909 Downtown Raleigh panorama , 2014 Fayetteville Street in Downtown Raleigh Raleigh is divided into several major geographic areas , each of which use a Raleigh address and a ZIP code that begins with the digits 276 . PNC Plaza , formerly known as RBC Plaza , is the largest and tallest skyscraper in the city of Raleigh . The tower rises to a height of 538 feet ( 164 m ) , with a floor count of 34 . Downtown and inside - the - Beltline neighborhoods ( edit ) A view of the Warehouse District , just west of downtown The downtown area is home to historic buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century , the restored City Market , the Fayetteville Street downtown business district , which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings , as well as the North Carolina Museum of History , North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences , North Carolina State Capitol , William Peace University , the City of Raleigh Museum , Raleigh Convention Center , Shaw University , Campbell University School of Law , and St. Augustine 's College . In the 2000s , an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts : Fayetteville Street , Moore Square , Glenwood South , Warehouse ( Raleigh ) , and Capital District ( Raleigh ) . Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse , Fayetteville Street , and Glenwood South Districts . The Inside the Beltline neighborhoods include Cameron Park , Boylan Heights , Country Club Hills , Coley Forest , Five Points , Budleigh , Glenwood - Brooklyn , Hayes Barton Historic District , Moore Square , Mordecai , Rosengarten Park , Belvidere Park , Woodcrest , Oberlin Village , and Historic Oakwood . Inside the Beltline refers to I - 440 which used to be called the Beltline before being re-branded to ease driver navigation . These neighborhoods were typically built before World War II . Midtown Raleigh ( edit ) Solas Restaurant in the Glenwood South District of Raleigh Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I - 440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh . It is roughly framed by Glenwood / Creedmoor Road to the West , Wake Forest Road to the East , and Millbrook Road to the North . It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall . It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System . The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce , developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver . The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only . The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25 , 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area . East Raleigh ( edit ) North Hills , an upscale neighborhood of Raleigh East Raleigh is situated roughly from Capital Boulevard near the I - 440 beltline to New Hope Road . Most of East Raleigh 's development is along primary corridors such as U.S. 1 ( Capital Boulevard ) , New Bern Avenue , Poole Road , Buffaloe Road , and New Hope Road . Neighborhoods in East Raleigh include Hedingham , Longview , Lockwood , Madonna Acres , New Hope , Thompson - Hunter and Wilder 's Grove . The area is bordered to the east by the town of Knightdale . West Raleigh ( edit ) Dorton Arena in Raleigh , designed by Matthew Nowicki West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard . The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary . It is home to North Carolina State University , Meredith College , Pullen Park , Pullen Memorial Baptist Church , the Islamic Association of Raleigh , Cameron Village , Lake Johnson , the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary 's School . Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh , in addition to Hillsborough Street , are Avent Ferry Road , Blue Ridge Road , and Western Boulevard . The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds . These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital . North Raleigh ( edit ) North Raleigh is an expansive , diverse , and fast - growing suburban area of the city that is home to established neighborhoods to the south along with many newly built subdivisions and along its northern fringes . The area generally falls North of Millbrook Road . It is primarily suburban with large shopping areas . Primary neighborhoods and subdivisions in North Raleigh include Bartons Creek Bluffs , Bedford , Bent Tree , Black Horse Run , Brier Creek , Brookhaven , Coachman 's Trail , Crossgate , Crosswinds , Dominion Park , Ethan 's Glenn , Falls River , Greystone Village , Harrington Grove , Hidden Valley , Lake Park , Long Lake , North Haven , North Ridge , Oakcroft , Shannon Woods , Six Forks Station , Springdale Estates , Stonebridge , Stone Creek , Stonehenge , Summerfield , Valley Estates , Wakefield , Weathersfield , Windsor Forest , and Wood Valley . The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70 , Interstate 540 , Wake Forest Road , Millbrook Road , Lynn Road , Six Forks Road , Spring Forest Road , Creedmoor Road , Leesville Road , Norwood Road , Strickland Road , and North Hills Drive . South Raleigh ( edit ) South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay - Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner . This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh ( much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district , where development regulations limit housing densities and construction ) . The area is bordered to the west by Cary , to the east by Garner , and to the southwest by Holly Springs . Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Eagle Creek , Renaissance Park , Lake Wheeler , Swift Creek , Carolina Pines , Rhamkatte , Riverbrooke , and Enchanted Oaks . Southeast Raleigh ( edit ) Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west , Garner on the southwest , and rural Wake County to the southeast . The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road , Poole Road , and New Bern Avenue . Primary neighborhoods include Chastain , Chavis Heights , Raleigh Country Club , Southgate , Kingwood Forest , Rochester Heights , Emerald Village and Biltmore Hills . Coastal Credit Union Music Park ( formerly Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion , Alltel Pavilion and Walnut Creek Amphitheatre ) is one of the region 's major outdoor concert venues and is located on Rock Quarry Road . Shaw University is located in this part of the city . Climate ( edit ) Snow in Raleigh on a morning in January 2007 Like much of the southeastern United States , Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) , with four distinct seasons . Winters are short and generally cool , with a January daily average of 41.0 ° F ( 5.0 ° C ) . On average , there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing , and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing . April is the driest month , with an average of 2.91 inches ( 73.9 mm ) of precipitation . Precipitation is well distributed around the year , with a slight maximum between July and September ; on average , July is the wettest month , owing to generally frequent , sometimes heavy , showers and thunderstorms . Summers are hot and humid , with a daily average in July of 80.0 ° F ( 26.7 ° C ) . There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) . Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall , but greater potential for extremely heavy rainfall in a one / two day period , owing to occasional threat from tropical weather systems ( hurricanes and tropical storms ) packing torrential rainfall . In September 1999 , Raleigh recorded its wettest month ever , with over 21 inches of rain , due to torrential rainfall from tropical weather systems , most notably Hurricane Floyd on September 15 -- 16 . Extremes in temperature have ranged from − 9 ° F ( − 23 ° C ) on January 21 , 1985 up to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , most recently on July 8 , 2012 . Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches ( 15.2 cm ) of snow in winter . Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters , and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm . On January 24 -- 25 , 2000 , Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm -- 20.3 inches ( 52 cm ) -- the Winter Storm of January 2000 . Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains . Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well . The region also experiences occasional periods of drought , during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents . During the late summer and early fall , Raleigh can experience hurricanes . In 1996 , Hurricane Fran caused severe damage in the Raleigh area , mostly from falling trees . Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd in September 1999 were primary contributors to that month 's extreme rainfall of over 21 inches . The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Matthew in 2016 . Tornadoes also have on occasion affected the city of Raleigh , most notably the November 28 , 1988 tornado which occurred in the early morning hours and rated an F4 on the Fujita Tornado Scale and affected northwestern portions of the city . There also was the April 16 , 2011 EF3 tornado , which affected portions of downtown and northeast Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs . Despite the concerns of occasional drought that comes with the region , Raleigh and the state of North Carolina receive large amounts of rainfall throughout the year . Raleigh receives an average annual rainfall of 43.34 inches ( 110.1 cm ) , which is 4.2 inches ( 10.7 cm ) more than the national average . show Climate data for Raleigh -- Durham International Airport , North Carolina ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1887 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 84 ( 29 ) 94 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 105 ( 41 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 98 ( 37 ) 88 ( 31 ) 81 ( 27 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 81.8 ( 27.7 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 90.8 ( 32.7 ) 96.0 ( 35.6 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.8 ( 36 ) 91.9 ( 33.3 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 78.9 ( 26.1 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 99.0 ( 37.2 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 82.1 ( 27.8 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 31.0 ( − 0.6 ) 33.8 ( 1 ) 39.9 ( 4.4 ) 48.0 ( 8.9 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 69.9 ( 21.1 ) 68.6 ( 20.3 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 40.8 ( 4.9 ) 33.3 ( 0.7 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.4 ( − 10.9 ) 17.6 ( − 8 ) 23.1 ( − 4.9 ) 30.4 ( − 0.9 ) 41.8 ( 5.4 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 58.1 ( 14.5 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 32.7 ( 0.4 ) 24.9 ( − 3.9 ) 17.1 ( − 8.3 ) 10.0 ( − 12.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 9 ( − 23 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 38 ( 3 ) 48 ( 9 ) 46 ( 8 ) 37 ( 3 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 0 ( − 18 ) − 9 ( − 23 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.50 ( 88.9 ) 3.23 ( 82 ) 4.11 ( 104.4 ) 2.92 ( 74.2 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 3.52 ( 89.4 ) 4.73 ( 120.1 ) 4.26 ( 108.2 ) 4.36 ( 110.7 ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 3.12 ( 79.2 ) 3.07 ( 78 ) 43.34 ( 1,100.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.9 ( 7.4 ) 1.9 ( 4.8 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 6.1 ( 15.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.8 9.4 9.8 9.3 9.9 10.6 11.9 10.5 8.0 7.3 8.2 9.4 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 3.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 66.5 64.1 63.0 61.7 71.1 73.6 76.0 77.9 77.1 73.3 69.1 68.5 70.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 163.8 173.1 228.9 250.7 258.4 267.7 259.5 239.6 217.6 215.4 174.0 157.6 2,606.3 Percent possible sunshine 53 57 62 64 59 61 58 57 58 62 56 52 59 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) , Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 669 -- 1810 976 45.9 % 1820 2,674 174.0 % 1830 1,700 − 36.4 % 1840 2,244 32.0 % 1850 4,518 101.3 % 1860 4,780 5.8 % 1870 7,790 63.0 % 1880 9,265 18.9 % 1890 12,678 36.8 % 1900 13,643 7.6 % 1910 19,218 40.9 % 1920 24,418 27.1 % 1930 37,379 53.1 % 1940 46,879 25.4 % 1950 65,679 40.1 % 1960 93,931 43.0 % 1970 122,830 30.8 % 1980 150,255 22.3 % 1990 212,092 41.2 % 2000 276,093 30.2 % 403,892 46.3 % Est. 2017 464,758 15.1 % U.S. Decennial Census See also : List of people from Raleigh , North Carolina hide Racial composition 1990 1970 1950 White 57.5 % 69.2 % 76.6 % 72.7 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 53.3 % 68.4 % 76.4 % n / a Black or African American 29.3 % 27.6 % 22.7 % 27.2 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 11.4 % 1.4 % 0.6 % n / a Asian 4.3 % 2.5 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Map of racial distribution in Raleigh , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) According to the 2010 Census , the racial composition of the city was : 57.5 % White ( 53.3 % non-Hispanic white ) , 29.3 % Black or African American , 4.3 % Asian American ( 1.2 % Indian , 0.8 % Chinese , 0.7 % Vietnamese , 0.5 % Korean , 0.4 % Filipino , 0.1 % Japanese ) , 2.6 % two or more races , 1.4 % some other race , 0.5 % Native American , and < 0.1 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander In addition , 11.4 % of city residents were Hispanic or Latino Americans , of any race ( 5.9 % Mexican , 1.1 % Puerto Rican , 0.9 % Salvadoran , 0.6 % Dominican , 0.6 % Honduran , 0.3 % Colombian , 0.3 % Cuban , 0.2 % Guatemalan , 0.2 % Spanish , 0.2 % Peruvian , 0.1 % Venezuelan , 0.1 % Ecuadorian , 0.1 % Argentine , 0.1 % Panamanian ) . As of the 2000 United States census , there were 276,093 persons ( July 2008 estimate was 380,173 ) and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh . The population density was 2,409.2 people per square mile ( 930.2 / km2 ) . There were 120,699 housing units at an average density of 1,053.2 per square mile ( 406.7 / km2 ) . The racial composition of the city was : 63.31 % White , 27.80 % Black or African American , 7.01 % Hispanic or Latino American , 3.38 % Asian American , 0.36 % Native American , 0.04 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , 3.24 % some other race , and 1.88 % two or more races . There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000 , of which 26.5 % included children below the age of 18 , 39.5 % were composed of married couples living together , 11.4 % reported a female householder with no husband present , and 45.5 % classified themselves as nonfamily . Unmarried partners were present in 2.2 % of households . In addition , 33.1 % of all households were composed of individuals living alone , of which 6.2 % was someone 65 years of age or older . The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons , and the average family size was 2.97 persons . Raleigh 's population in 2000 was evenly distributed with 20.9 % below the age of 18 , 15.9 % aged 18 to 24 , 36.6 % from 25 to 44 , and 18.4 % from 45 to 64 . An estimated 8.3 % of the population was 65 years of age or older , and the median age was 31 years . For every 100 females , there were 98.0 males ; for every 100 females aged 18 or older , there were 96.6 males aged 18 or older . The median household income in the city was $46,612 in 2000 , and the median family income was $60,003 . Males earned a median income of $39,248 , versus $30,656 for females . The median per capita income for the city was $25,113 , and an estimated 11.5 % of the population and 7.1 % of families were living below the poverty line . Of the total population , 18.8 % of those below the age of 18 , and 9.3 % of those 65 and older , were living below the poverty line . Religion ( edit ) Raleigh is home to a wide variety of religious practitioners . The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity , with the largest numbers of adherents being Baptist ( 14.1 % ) , Methodist ( 5.6 % ) , and Roman Catholic ( 4.2 % ) . Others include Presbyterian ( 2.8 % ) , Pentecostal ( 1.7 % ) , Episcopalian ( 1.2 % ) , Lutheran ( 0.6 % ) , Latter - Day Saints ( 0.7 % ) , and other Christian denominations ( 10.2 % ) including Eastern Orthodox , Coptic Orthodox , Jehovah 's Witness , Christian Science , Christian Unitarianism , other Mainline Protestant groups , and non-denominational Christians . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh , the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina , the North Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church , and the New Hope Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) are all headquartered in Raleigh . Other religions including Hinduism , Buddhism , Bahá'í , Druze , Taoism , and Shintoism make up 1.31 % of religious practitioners . Islam ( 0.8 % ) and Judaism ( 0.9 % ) are also practiced . In Wake County , 29 % of the population are affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention , 22 % are affiliated with the Catholic Church , 17 % are affiliated with the United Methodist Church , 6 % are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , and 27 % are religiously affiliated with other denominations , religions , or are not religiously affiliated . Economy ( edit ) Red Hat headquarters Raleigh 's industrial base includes financial services , electrical , medical , electronic and telecommunications equipment , clothing and apparel , food processing , paper products , and pharmaceuticals . Raleigh is part of North Carolina 's Research Triangle , one of the country 's largest and most successful research parks , and a major center in the United States for high - tech and biotech research , as well as advanced textile development . The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry . Raleigh was number one on the 2015 Forbes list of the best place for businesses and careers . Companies based in Raleigh include BB&T Insurance Services , Capitol Broadcasting Company , Carquest , First Citizens BancShares , Golden Corral , Martin Marietta Materials , Red Hat , Waste Industries , and Lulu . In April 2014 Steven P. Rosenthal of Northland Investment Corp. referred to Raleigh as `` a real concentration of brain power . You have a lot of smart people living in the same place . That will drive the economy . '' Top employers ( edit ) According to Raleigh 's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer No. of employees State of North Carolina 24,739 Wake County Public School System 17,572 Red Hat 9,800 North Carolina State University 7,730 5 WakeMed 7,607 6 Rex Hospital 4,800 7 Wake County 4,272 8 City of Raleigh 3,811 9 Progress Energy 2,500 10 First Citizens BancShares 1,703 11 Duke Raleigh Hospital 1,700 Culture ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) The SECU Daily Planet , part of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Nature Research Center Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts , 2008 African American Cultural Complex Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU Haywood Hall House & Gardens Marbles Kids Museum North Carolina Museum of Art North Carolina Museum of History North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame City of Raleigh Museum J.C. Raulston Arboretum Joel Lane House Mordecai Plantation Montfort Hall The Videri Chocolate Factory in the Warehouse District Pope House Museum Performing Arts ( edit ) The Coastal Credit Union Music Park at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts . In 2011 , the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened ( now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater ) , which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months . An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina Museum of Art , which hosts a summer concert series and outdoor movies . Nearby Cary is home to the Koka Booth Amphitheatre which hosts additional summer concerts and outdoor movies , and serves as the venue for regularly scheduled outdoor concerts by the North Carolina Symphony based in Raleigh . During the North Carolina State Fair , Dorton Arena hosts headline acts . The private Lincoln Theatre is one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts throughout the year in multiple formats ( rock , pop , country ) . The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium , the Fletcher Opera Theater , the Kennedy Theatre , and the Meymandi Concert Hall . In 2008 , a new theatre space , the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School , was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School . Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre , Long View Center , Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre , and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University . Raleigh is home to several professional arts organizations , including the North Carolina Symphony , the Opera Company of North Carolina , Theatre In The Park , Burning Coal Theatre Company , the North Carolina Theatre , Broadway Series South and the Carolina Ballet . The numerous local colleges and universities significantly add to the options available for viewing live performances . Visual Arts ( edit ) North Carolina Museum of Art , occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds , maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington , D.C. , and Atlanta . In addition to its extensive collections of American Art , European Art and ancient art , the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin ( in 2000 ) and Claude Monet ( in 2006 - 07 ) , each attracting more than 200,000 visitors . Unlike most prominent public museums , the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds . The museum 's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country . The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010 . The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners . Raleigh 's downtown is also home to many local art galleries such as Art Space in City Market , Visual Art Exchange , and 311 Gallery , on Martin Street , and Bee Hive Studios on Hargett Street . CAM Raleigh is a downtown contemporary art museum , also on Martin Street , that serves to promote new artists and does not house a permanent collection . CAM Raleigh was designed by the award - winning architectural firm Brooks + Scarpa of Los Angeles . Awards ( edit ) Raleigh frequently receives national recognition for its quality of life and business climate . Some recent national rankings include : America 's Best Places to Live : # 1 ( Businessweek.com , June 2011 ) Best Place for Business and Careers : # 3 ( Forbes.com , June 2012 ) Top 10 Best Cities for Educated Workers : # 5 ( Raleigh - Cary , NC ) ( 247WallSt.com , September 2011 ) Most Cost - Attractive Business Location : # 5 ( KPMG , March 2012 ) Best Cities in America for Health and Happiness : # 3 ( EcoSalon , March 2012 ) Fastest Growing Cities for Technology Jobs : # 1 ( Dice , March 2012 ) Best Cities for Raising a Family : # 5 ( Forbes , April 2012 & 2015 ) The Ten Best Cities for Newlyweds : # 2 ( Forbes.com , July 2012 ) Best Places for Bargain Retirement Homes : # 3 ( Forbes.com , January 2011 ) America 's Most Wired Cities : # 1 ( Forbes.com , March 2010 ) Sports and leisure ( edit ) See also : List of sports venues in North Carolina Professional and major D1 college sports teams Team League Venue ( capacity ) Attendance Since Titles Carolina Hurricanes National Hockey League PNC Arena ( 18,700 ) 17,558 NC State Wolfpack NCAA football Carter -- Finley Stadium ( 57,583 ) 53,178 1892 0 NC State Wolfpack NCAA men 's basketball PNC Arena ( 18,700 ) 16,299 1911 NC State Wolfpack NCAA men 's baseball Doak Field ( 3,000 ) 1,344 1903 0 North Carolina FC United Soccer League WakeMed Soccer Park ( 10,000 ) 6,058 2006 0 North Carolina Courage National Women 's Soccer League WakeMed Soccer Park ( 10,000 ) 6,298 2017 0 Carolina Mudcats Single - A ( baseball ) Five County Stadium ( 6,500 ) 3,354 1978 8 Buies Creek Astros Single - A ( baseball ) Jim Perry Stadium ( 1,000 ) 2017 0 Raleigh Flyers American Ultimate Disc League Wake Med Soccer Park / Cardinal Gibbons High School ? 2015 0 Professional ( edit ) The National Hockey League 's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford , Connecticut ( where it was known as the Hartford Whalers ) . The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena , Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena ( later RBC Center and now PNC Arena ) , was under construction . The Hurricanes are the only major league ( NFL , NHL , NBA , MLB ) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship , winning the Stanley Cup in 2006 , over the Edmonton Oilers . The city played host to the 2011 NHL All - Star Game . The PNC Arena in Raleigh In addition to the Hurricanes , the North Carolina FC of the United Soccer League play in suburban Cary to the west ; North Carolina Courage women 's professional soccer team play in suburban Cary to the west ; the Carolina Mudcats , a Single - A minor - league baseball team , play in the city 's eastern suburbs ; the newly formed Single - A minor - league baseball Buies Creek Astros play in the nearby out - of - county southern suburb of Buies Creek until their ballpark is finished in Fayetteville , the Raleigh Flyers of the American Ultimate Disc League play primarily at Cardinal Gibbons High School near the PNC Arena ; and the Durham Bulls , the AAA minor - league baseball team made internationally famous by the movie Bull Durham , play in the neighboring city of Durham . Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises ( now defunct ) in Raleigh , including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL ( 1991 -- 1998 ) ; Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League ( 2000 -- 2004 ) ; the Raleigh -- Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football ( 1991 ) ; the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ; the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League ( 1997 -- 1999 ) ; and most recently , the Carolina Courage of the Women 's United Soccer Association ( 2000 -- 2001 in Chapel Hill , 2001 -- 2003 in suburban Cary ) , which won that league 's championship Founders Cup in 2002 . The Raleigh area has hosted the Professional Golfers ' Association ( PGA ) Nationwide Tour Rex Hospital Open since 1994 , with the current location of play at Raleigh 's Wakefield Plantation . Nearby Prestonwood Country Club hosts the PGA SAS Championship every fall . Collegiate ( edit ) North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The university 's football team plays in Carter -- Finley Stadium , the third largest football stadium in North Carolina , while the men 's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club . The Wolfpack women 's basketball , volleyball , and gymnastics as well as men 's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum . The men 's baseball team plays at Doak Field . Amateur ( edit ) The North Carolina Tigers compete as an Australian Rules football club in the United States Australian Football League , in the Eastern Australian Football League . Raleigh is also home to one of the Cheer Extreme All Stars gyms . In 2009 and again in 2010 , Cheer Extreme Raleigh 's Small Senior Level 5 Team were silver medalists at the Cheerleading Worlds Competition in Orlando , Florida , and in 2012 they received the bronze medal . Raleigh is also home to one of the Southeast 's premier Hardcourt Bike Polo clubs . Because of the area 's many billiards rooms , Raleigh is home to one of the largest amateur league franchises for playing pool , the Raleigh , Durham , Chapel Hill American Poolplayers Association . There are leagues available in formats for players of any skill level . Recreation ( edit ) The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city , which include : 8,100 acres ( 33 km ) of park land , 78 miles ( 126 km ) of greenway , 22 community centers , a BMX championship - caliber race track , 112 tennis courts among 25 locations , 5 public lakes , and 8 public aquatic facilities . The J.C. Raulston Arboretum , an 8 - acre ( 32,000 m2 ) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University , maintains a year - round collection that is open daily to the public without charge . Law and government ( edit ) North Carolina State Capitol Historically , Raleigh voters have tended to elect conservative Democrats in local , state , and national elections , a holdover from their one - party system of the late 19th century . City Council ( edit ) Main article : Raleigh City Council Raleigh operates under a council - manager government . Raleigh City Council consists of eight members ; all seats , including the Mayor 's , are open for election every two years . Five of the council seats are district representatives and two seats are citywide representatives elected at - large . Nancy McFarlane , Mayor Russ Stephenson , Council Member , At - Large Mary Baldwin , Council Member , At - Large Richard Thompson , Council Member ( District A , north - central Raleigh ) David Cox , Council Member ( District B , northeast Raleigh ) Corey Branch , Council Member ( District C , southeast Raleigh ) Kay Crowder , Council Member ( District D , southwest Raleigh ) Bonner Gaylord , Council Member ( District E , west and northwest Raleigh ) Crime ( edit ) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Reports , in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime -- far below both the national average and the North Carolina average . Of the violent crimes reported , 14 were murders , 99 were sexual assaults and 643 were robberies . Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes . Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021 , larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents . Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total . Public safety ( edit ) The Raleigh Fire Department provides fire protection throughout the city . The North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women , the state 's primary correctional facility housing female inmates is based in Raleigh . Education ( edit ) Memorial Bell Tower at North Carolina State University Estey Hall on the campus of Shaw University Main Building on the campus of William Peace University Raleigh Charter High School main entrance As of 2011 , Time ranked Raleigh as the third most educated city in the US based on the percentage of residents who held college degrees . This statistic can most likely be credited to the presence of universities in and around Raleigh , as well as the presence of Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) to the Northwest . Higher education ( edit ) Public ( edit ) North Carolina State University Wake Technical Community College Private ( edit ) Campbell University Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law ( Baptist ) Meredith College ( Baptist ) Montreat College 's School of Professional and Adult Studies ( Presbyterian ) William Peace University ( Presbyterian ) Shaw University ( Baptist ) Skema Business School , the first French Business School to open a campus in the USA St. Augustine 's University ( Episcopal ) Private , for profit ( edit ) ECPI College of Technology The Medical Arts School Strayer University Primary and secondary education ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) Main article : Wake County Public School System Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System . Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially , economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools . Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program . There are four early college high schools in Raleigh . Raleigh also has two alternative high schools . Wake County Public high schools in Raleigh include : Traditional schools Needham B. Broughton High School ( International Baccalaureate ) Leesville Road High School Jesse O. Sanderson High School Wakefield High School Magnet schools Athens Drive High School William G. Enloe GT / IB Center for the Humanities , Sciences , and the Arts ( International Baccalaureate ) Millbrook High School ( International Baccalaureate ) Southeast Raleigh Magnet High School Alternative schools Longview School Mary E. Phillips High School Early college schools Wake Young Men 's Leadership Academy Wake Young Women 's Leadership Academy Wake STEM Early College High School Wake Early College of Health and Sciences Charter schools ( edit ) The State of North Carolina provides for a legislated number of charter schools . These schools are administered independently of the Wake County Public School System . Raleigh is currently home to 11 such charter schools : Casa Esperanza Montessori School ( K - 8 ) Endeavor Charter School ( K - 8 ) Exploris Middle School ( 1 - 8 ) Hope Elementary School ( K - 5 ) Longleaf School of the Arts ( 9 - 12 ) Magellan Charter School ( 3 - 8 ) PreEminent Charter School ( K - 8 ) Quest Academy ( K - 8 ) Raleigh Charter High School ( 9 - 12 ) Torchlight Academy ( K - 6 ) Woods Charter School ( K - 12 ) Private and religion - based schools ( edit ) Al - Iman Islamic School ( K - 8 ) An Noor Quran Academy ( 3 - 8 ) Bonner Academy ( 5 - 8 ) Follow the Child Montessori School ( K - 6 ) Friendship Christian School of Raleigh ( Baptist , 1 - 12 ) Gethsemane Seventh - day Adventist Church School ( K - 8 ) Grace Christian School ( K - 12 ) Jewish Academy of Wake County ( K - 3 ) Montessori School of Raleigh ( K - 9 ) Neuse Baptist Christian School ( K - 12 ) North Raleigh Christian Academy ( Protestant Christian , K - 12 ) Raleigh Christian Academy ( Baptist , K - 12 ) The Raleigh School ( K - 5 ) Ravenscroft School ( K - 12 ) The Trilogy School ( 2 - 12 ) Trinity Academy of Raleigh ( Protestant Christian , K - 12 ) Upper Room Christian Academy ( PreK - 12 ) Wake Christian Academy ( K - 12 ) Word of God Christian Academy ( Protestant Christian , K - 12 ) Thales Academy ( PreK - 12 ) St. David 's School ( non-denominational Christian , K - 12 ) Episcopal schools St. Timothy 's School St. Mary 's School ( Episcopal , 9 - 12 ) Catholic secondary schools Cardinal Gibbons High School ( Catholic , 9 - 12 ) St. Thomas More Academy ( Catholic , 9 - 12 ) Catholic primary schools The Franciscan School ( Catholic , K - 8 ) Cathedral School ( Catholic , PreK - 8 ) Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School ( K - 8 ) St. Raphael the Archangel Catholic School ( PreK - 8 ) Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in North Carolina , List of radio stations in North Carolina , and List of television stations in North Carolina Print publications ( edit ) There are several newspapers and periodicals serving Raleigh : The News & Observer , a large daily newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company The Triangle Downtowner Magazine , a locally owned free monthly print magazine centered around high - density areas of the Triangle with features on dining , entertainment , wine , community , history and more Technician , student publication of North Carolina State University The Carolinian , North Carolina 's oldest and largest African - American newspaper published twice weekly Midtown Magazine an upscale Raleigh lifestyle magazine The Slammer , a paid bi-weekly newspaper featuring Raleigh crime news Carolina Journal , a free monthly newspaper Independent Weekly , a free weekly tabloid covering Raleigh , Durham , and the surrounding area Television ( edit ) Main article : The Triangle ( North Carolina ) § Television Broadcast ( edit ) Raleigh is part of the Raleigh - Durham - Fayetteville Designated Market Area , the 24th largest broadcast television market in the United States . The following stations are licensed to Raleigh and / or have significant operations and viewers in the city : WUNC - TV ( 4 , PBS ) : licensed to Chapel Hill , owned by the University of North Carolina WRAL - TV ( 5 , NBC ) : licensed to the city of Raleigh , owned by Capitol Broadcasting Company WTVD ( 11 , ABC ) : licensed to the city of Durham ; news bureau located in Raleigh . ABC O&O owned by ABC Owned Television Stations WNCN - TV ( 17 , CBS ) : studios located in Raleigh , licensed to the city of Goldsboro southeast of Raleigh ; owned by Nexstar Media Group WLFL - TV ( 22 , CW ) : licensed to the city of Raleigh , owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group WRDC ( 28 , MyNet ) licensed to Durham , owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group WRAY - TV ( 30 , TCT ) licensed to Wilson , owned by Tri-State Christian Television WUVC - DT ( 40 , Univision ) licensed to Fayetteville . Univision O&O owned by Univision Communications WRPX - TV ( 47 , Ion ) licensed to Rocky Mount , with studios in Raleigh . Owned by Ion Media Networks WRAZ - TV ( 50 , Fox ) : licensed to the city of Raleigh , owned by Capitol Broadcasting Company WAUG - LD ( 8 , Independent station ) licensed to Raleigh , owned and operated by Saint Augustine 's College Broadcast radio ( edit ) Public and listener - supported ( edit ) WKNC - FM -- 88.1 FM ( College rock ) , operated by students of North Carolina State University WRKV -- 88.9 FM ( Contemporary Christian ) , operated by Educational Media Foundation WCPE - FM -- 89.7 FM ( Classical ) WUNC - FM -- 91.5 FM ( National Public Radio , North Carolina Public Radio ) operated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill WRLY - LP -- 93.5 FM ( Adult hits ) , operated by Triangle Access Broadcasting , Inc . WKRP - LP -- 101.9 FM ( Variety ) , operated by Oak City Media , Inc . Commercial ( edit ) WDCG - FM ( G105 , Contemporary hit radio ) WDCG - HD2 ( ALT 95.3 , Alternative rock , analogue broadcast on 95.3 FM W237BZ ) WQDR - FM ( 94.7 QDR , Country ) WBBB - FM 96.1 ( Radio 96.1 , Adult hits ) WRAL - FM ( Mix 101.5 , Adult contemporary ) WKIX - FM ( KIX 102.9 , Classic hits ) WPTF - AM ( NewsRadio 680 , News / Talk ) WQOK - FM ( K97. 5 , Hip hop ) WFXC - FM / WFXK - FM ( Foxy 107 / 104 , Urban adult contemporary ) WRDU - FM ( 100.7 Classic rock , Classic rock ) WNCB - FM ( 93.9 B939 FM , Country ) WTKK - FM ( 106.1 FM , News / Talk ) WNNL - FM ( 103.9 The Light , Urban contemporary gospel ) WWPL - FM ( 96.9 Pulse FM , Contemporary hits ) WPTK - AM ( Just Right Radio 850 and 104.7 FM , Popular Standards ) WQDR ( Just Right Country , Classic Country ) WCLY - AM ( 1550 sports ) 750 WAUG Transportation ( edit ) Air ( edit ) The RDU sign at the entrance of the airport Raleigh - Durham International Airport ( edit ) Main article : Raleigh -- Durham International Airport ( IATA : RDU , ICAO : KRDU , FAA LID : RDU ) Raleigh - Durham International Airport , the region 's primary airport and the second - largest in North Carolina , located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate - 40 between Raleigh and Durham , serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region , as well as much of eastern North Carolina . The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year . The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation . The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 ( formerly Terminal C ) in January 2011 . Public General - aviation airports ( edit ) Horace Williams Airport in Chapel Hill In addition to RDU , several smaller publicly owned general - aviation airports also operate in the metropolitan region : Triangle North Executive Airport ( IATA : LFN , ICAO : KLHZ , FAA LID : LHZ ) , Louisburg Raleigh Exec ( ICAO : KTTA , FAA LID : TTA ) , Sanford Johnston County Airport ( IATA : JNX , ICAO : KJNX , FAA LID : JNX ) , Smithfield Horace Williams Airport ( IATA : IGX , ICAO : KIGX , FAA LID : IGX ) , Chapel Hill Harnett Regional Jetport ( IATA : HRJ , ICAO : KHRJ , FAA LID : HRJ ) , Erwin Person County Airport ( ICAO : KTDF , FAA LID : TDF ) , Roxboro Siler City Municipal Airport ( ICAO : K5W8 , FAA LID : 5W8 ) , Siler City Private airports ( edit ) Several licensed private general - aviation airports operate in Raleigh 's immediate suburban areas : Bagwell Airport ( FAA LID : NC99 ) , Garner Ball Airport ( FAA LID : 79NC ) , Louisburg Cox Airport ( FAA LID : NC81 ) , Apex Deck Airpark Airport ( FAA LID : NC11 ) , Apex Field of Dreams Airport ( FAA LID : 51NC ) , Zebulon Fuquay / Angier Field Airport ( FAA LID : 78NC ) , Fuquay - Varina North Raleigh Airport ( FAA LID : 00NC ) , Louisburg Peacock Stolport Airport ( FAA LID : 4NC7 ) , Garner Raleigh East Airport ( FAA LID : 9NC0 ) , Knightdale Triple W Airport ( ICAO : K5W5 , FAA LID : 5W5 ) , Raleigh Freeways and primary designated routes ( edit ) Interstate highways ( edit ) I - 40 traverses the southern part of the city , connecting Raleigh to Durham and Chapel Hill toward the west , and coastal Wilmington , North Carolina to the southeast . I - 440 , Also known locally as the Raleigh Beltline , it makes a loop around the central part of the city . The I - 440 route labeling formerly encompassed the entire loop around the city , co-numbered though South Raleigh with I - 40 . In 2002 , the NCDOT removed the I - 440 designation from the co-numbered I - 40 ( southern and southwestern ) sections of the loop , and the directional signage on the remaining I - 440 portion was changed from Inner / Outer to East / West . The route designation changes were made to avoid driver confusion over the Inner / Outer designations , especially with Raleigh 's new `` Outer Beltline '' , as I - 540 has become known . I - 540 / NC 540 is currently under development . It is a partially completed outer beltway that will run around the outer edges of Wake County and into a small portion of southeast Durham county . The route is complete and currently open between the NC 55 Bypass interchange Holly Springs and the US - 64 / US - 264 interchange in suburban Knightdale . The route is tolled between NC 54 in Cary to its current southwestern terminus at NC 55 Bypass . Completion of the loop is planned ( but unfunded ) , and also contingent upon selection of an agreeable route around the town of Garner . I - 87 , designated September 5 , 2017 , follows the former route of Interstate 495 . It begins at the I - 40 / I - 440 interchange southeast of Raleigh and runs east , meeting I - 540 and terminating at Rolesville Road . It is entirely concurrent with US 64 . When the route is completed it will link Raleigh to the Norfolk , Virginia area . Future ( edit ) Interstate 42 will begin at I - 40 south of Raleigh and will follow US 70 to Morehead City . United States highways ( edit ) U.S. Route 1 enters the city from the north along Capital Boulevard , joins I - 440 around the west side of Raleigh , and leaves the city to the southwest as the US 1 / US 64 expressway in Cary . U.S. Route 64 is the main east - west route through Raleigh ; all segments share routes with another highway . East of the city , US - 64 / US - 264 is known as the Knightdale Bypass . US 64 follows I - 440 ( as a wrong way concurrency ) and I - 40 along southern Raleigh , and US 1 to the southwest . A former alignment , designated as Business US - 64 , follows New Bern Avenue from the I - 440 Beltline to the eastern boundary of the city , where it continues into Knightdale . U.S. Route 70 runs roughly northwest - southeast through Raleigh . North of downtown , the route follows Glenwood Avenue into Durham . South of Raleigh , the route ( along with US 401 and NC 50 ) follows South Saunders and South Wilmington Streets into Garner . Through downtown , US 70 uses small segments of several streets , including Wade Avenue , Capital Boulevard , Dawson , and McDowell Streets . U.S. Route 264 cosigned with US 64 through East Raleigh . U.S. Route 401 north of downtown Raleigh it follows Capital Boulevard and Louisburg Road . South of downtown it is cosigned with US 70 from Wade Avenue southward . North Carolina highways ( edit ) N.C. Route 54 follows Chapel Hill Road and Hillsborough Street in West Raleigh . The route ends at its interchange with I - 440 . N.C. Route 50 is a north - south route through Raleigh . North of Raleigh it follows Creedmoor Road . NC 50 joins US 70 and later US 401 in downtown Raleigh . The three routes remain together through south Raleigh . N.C. Route 98 , known as Durham Road in North Raleigh , traverses the extreme northern parts of the city . Inter-city rail ( edit ) Amtrak 's Carolinian , pulling into Raleigh 's train station CAT bus on Hillsborough Street in Downtown Raleigh Triangle Transit bus Raleigh 's train station is one of Amtrak 's busiest stops in the Southern U.S. The station is served by four passenger trains daily : the Silver Star , thrice - daily Piedmont service , and the Carolinian . Daily service is offered between Raleigh and : Charlotte , with intermediate stops including Cary , Durham , Burlington and Greensboro , North Carolina . New York City , with intermediate stops including Richmond , Virginia ; Washington , D.C. ; Baltimore ; and Philadelphia . Miami , with intermediate stops including Columbia , South Carolina , and Savannah , Georgia ; as well as Jacksonville , Orlando and Tampa , Florida . Public Transit ( edit ) Public transportation in and around Raleigh is provided by GoRaleigh , which operates 33 fixed bus routes , including the R - Line and the Wake - Forest Loop . Although there are 33 routes , some routes are designed to cover multiple other routes at times when they are not served . Depending on the time of the day , and the day of the week , the number of routes operating is between 5 and 29 . Raleigh is also served by GoTriangle ( known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority , and Triangle Transit ) . GoTriangle offers scheduled , fixed - route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region 's other principal cities of Durham , Cary and Chapel Hill , as well as to and from the Raleigh - Durham International Airport , Research Triangle Park and several of the region 's larger suburban communities . Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region 's larger employers and commute destinations . North Carolina State University also maintains its own transit system , the Wolfline , that provides zero - fare bus service to the general public along multiple routes serving the university 's campuses in southwest Raleigh . Government agencies throughout the Raleigh - Durham metropolitan area have struggled with determining the best means of providing fixed - rail transit service for the region . From 1995 the cornerstone of Triangle Transit 's long - term plan was a 28 - mile rail corridor from northeast Raleigh , through downtown Raleigh , Cary , and Research Triangle Park , to Durham using DMU technology . There were proposals to extend this corridor 7 miles to Chapel Hill with light rail technology . However , in 2006 Triangle Transit deferred implementation indefinitely when the Federal Transit Administration declined to fund the program due to low ridership projections . The region 's two metropolitan planning organizations appointed a group of local citizens in 2007 to reexamine options for future transit development in light of Triangle Transit 's problems . The Special Transit Advisory Commission ( STAC ) retained many of the provisions of Triangle Transit 's original plan , but recommended adding new bus services and raising additional revenues by adding a new local half - cent sales tax to fund the project . Greyhound lines provides an inter-city bus service to Durham , Charlotte , Richmond , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , and other cities . Bicycle and pedestrian ( edit ) The Maine - to - Florida U.S. Bicycle Route # 1 routes through suburban Raleigh , along with N.C. Bicycle Route # 2 , the `` Mountains To Sea '' route . As of September 2010 , maps and signage for both US Bike Route # 1 and NC Bike Route # 2 are out - of - date for the Raleigh area . N.C. Bicycle Route # 5 is routed nearby , connecting Apex to Wilmington and closely paralleling the NCBC Randonneurs 600 kilometer brevet route . Most public buses are equipped with bicycle racks , and some roads have dedicated bicycle - only lanes . Bicyclists and pedestrians also may use Raleigh 's extensive greenway system , with paths and trails located throughout the city . In May 2011 , Raleigh was designated a Bicycle Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists at the Bronze level . A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Raleigh 36th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . Sister Cities ( edit ) Raleigh has several sister cities : Xiangyang , Hubei , China Compiègne , Oise , Hauts - de-France , France Kingston upon Hull , England , United Kingdom Rostock , Mecklenburg - Vorpommern , Germany Nairobi , Kenya See also ( edit ) North Carolina portal List of capitals in the United States List of municipalities in North Carolina National Register of Historic Places listings in Wake County , North Carolina Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Raleigh kept January 1887 to 17 May 1944 at downtown and at Raleigh Durham Int'l since 18 May 1944 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Raleigh '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` City Council : Raleigh 's Governing Body '' . City of Raleigh . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill Leslie ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` NC Pronunciation Guide '' . WRAL - TV . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa , Alabama , is also called the City of Oaks . `` Population & Census Information '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cary third fastest growing city in ' 08 ; Raleigh is 8th , Durham 16th '' . wral.com . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Daniel . `` America 's Fastest - Growing Cities '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates 2013 Combined Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh Durham Annexation Agreement Lines '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fact : The state capital of North Carolina is Fayetteville North Carolina History '' . Nchistory.web.unc.edu . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh History '' . City of Raleigh Museum . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , William ( 1968 ) . North Carolina Gazetteer . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . p. 402 . Jump up ^ North Carolina General Assembly ( 1792 ) . `` To establish Raleigh as government seat '' ( Manuscript . Ink on paper ; 8 p . ) . Raleigh , Wake County , North Carolina , United States : State Archives of North Carolina . p. 8 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishir , Catherine ( 2005 ) . North Carolina Architecture . University of North Carolina Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5624 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Peter ( 2005 ) . Cities of the World : A History in Maps . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 149 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh Years ( 1587 - 1844 ) '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About John Haywood '' . NSCDA . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Morrisville '' . Ernest Dollar . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh Years ( 1889 - 1930 ) '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh Years ( 1931 - 1965 ) '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh Years ( 1966 - 1990 ) '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonski , Rod ( November 3 , 2004 ) . `` Raleigh Tornado , November 28 , 1988 '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh Years ( 1991 - 1999 ) '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh , NC '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh Years ( 1999 - 2002 ) '' . City of Raleigh . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Raleigh sees first church built in 50 years '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Trinity Anglican opens downtown '' . Newsobserver.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Raleigh cathedral blessed before 2,000 faithful '' . Catholicphilly.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is under Raleigh 's big copper dome ? You can see on Wednesday ; here 's a preview '' . Newsobserver.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Jeff ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Take a look inside Raleigh 's new $41 million cathedral '' . Cbs17.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Boylan Heights Neighborhood Main Page '' . Boylanheights.org . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthew Eisley ( September 20 , 2009 ) . `` Who birthed Midtown '' . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dathan Kazsuk ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Slideshow : Midtown Raleigh Alliance '' . Triangle Business Journal . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh , North Carolina '' . Rainfall.weatherdb.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NC RALEIGH DURHAM INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for RALEIGH / RALEIGH - DURHAM , NC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh ( city ) , North Carolina '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Factfinder '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raleigh , North Carolina Religion '' . Bestplaces.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hope Presbytery - Contact Us '' . Web.archive.org . February 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Raleigh Baha'i Community - Raleigh Baha'i Community '' . Raleighbahai.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Religions in Wake County , NC '' . City-data.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Research Triangle Park '' . Web.archive.org . March 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Raleigh RJA '' . Rjainc.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh , NC - Forbes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven P. Rosenthal -- Opportunities and Balance '' . Gowanus Lounge . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Raleigh CAFR '' ( PDF ) . Raleighnc.gov . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT Burning Coal Theatre Company VENUE '' . Burningcoal.org . February 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemberg , David ( September 2 , 2006 ) . `` ARTSCAPE : Dr. Lawrence Wheeler , Director , North Carolina Museum of Art , 8 - 25 - 06 '' . Artscapemedia.com . 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Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Van Riper , Tom ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Best Cities for Raising a Family '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kari . `` The 10 Best Cities for Newlyweds '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley Greenburg , Zack . `` Best Places for Bargain Retirement Homes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh Flyers '' . Raleigh-flyers.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh Bike Polo '' . Raleighbikepolo.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Council raleighnc.gov '' . www.raleighnc.gov . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crime in the United States , 2010 '' . Department of Justice -- Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . 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American Airlines operates the daily service to London Heathrow . Delta Air Lines announced in November 2008 that service from RDU to Paris , France would begin in June 2009. Raleigh - Durham International Airport Archived March 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Siceloff , Bruce ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Rediscovering rail . Double - digit gains in statewide passengers intensify space crunch at Raleigh station '' . The News & Observer . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh Station '' . North Carolina Department of Transportation -- Rail Division . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Official City of Raleigh Portal -- Capital Area Transit '' . Raleighnc.gov . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh starts downtown circulator '' Raleigh News and Observer . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Archived February 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Regional Transit Infrastructure Blueprint '' . Transitblueprint.org . May 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 27th ANNUAL NCBC BREVET SERIES - 2010 Brevet Series '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh is a Bicycle Friendly Community ! '' . Raleighnc.gov . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official City of Raleigh Portal '' . Raleighnc.gov . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official City of Raleigh Portal '' . Raleigh-nc.org . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities Association of Raleigh , Raleigh Sister Cities '' . Raleighsistercities.org . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh , North Carolina '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Raleigh , North Carolina Amis , Moses N. ( 1913 ) . Historical Raleigh . With Sketches of Wake County ( from 1771 ) and its Important Towns ; Descriptive , Biographical , Educational , Industrial , Religious ( Enlarged and Revised ed . ) . Raleigh : Commercial Printing Co . Benjamin , Karen , `` Suburbanizing Jim Crow : The Impact of School Policy on Residential Segregation in Raleigh '' , Journal of Urban History , 38 ( March 2012 ) , 225 -- 46 . By - Laws of Harry Burgwyn Camp , Number 166 , United Sons of Confederate Veterans , Raleigh , N.C. ( Report ) . Camp Publication , No. 1 . Raleigh : Alford , Bynum & Christophers , Job Printers. 1900 . Charter Members of Harry Burgwyn Camp , Number 166 , United Sons of Confederate Veterans , Raleigh , N.C. : Including Records of Ancestors through Whom they derive Eligibility ( Report ) . Camp Publication , No. 2 . Raleigh : Alford , Bynum & Christophers , Job Printers. 1900 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	raleigh is located in what part of north carolina	[ "Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the \"fall line\" because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. The city is 155 miles (249 km) south of Richmond, Virginia, 263 miles (423 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Charlotte, North Carolina.\n" ]	[ "northeast central region" ]
-4234350224989508241	Lisa Leslie	Lisa Leslie - wikipedia Lisa Leslie Lisa Leslie Leslie in December 2010 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) July 7 , 1972 ( age 46 ) Gardena , California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Listed weight 170 lb ( 77 kg ) Career information High school Morningside ( Inglewood , California ) College USC ( 1990 -- 1994 ) WNBA draft 1997 / Allocated Selected by the Los Angeles Sparks Playing career 1997 -- 2009 Position Center Number 9 Career history 1997 -- 2009 Los Angeles Sparks Career highlights and awards 2 × WNBA champion ( 2001 , 2002 ) 2 × WNBA Finals MVP ( 2001 , 2002 ) 3 × WNBA MVP ( 2001 , 2004 , 2006 ) 8 × WNBA All - Star ( 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 ) 3 × WNBA All - Star Game MVP ( 1999 , 2001 , 2002 ) 8 × All - WNBA First Team ( 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 , 2006 , 2008 ) 4 × All - WNBA Second Team ( 1998 , 1999 , 2005 , 2009 ) 2 × WNBA Defensive Player of the Year ( 2004 , 2008 ) 2 × WNBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2006 , 2008 ) 2 × WNBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2005 , 2009 ) WNBA Peak Performer ( 2004 ) WNBA 's Top 15 Players of All Time ( 2011 ) WNBA Top 20@20 ( 2016 ) WNBA playoffs all - time blocks leader FIBA World Championship MVP ( 2002 ) FIBA World Championship All - Star Five ( 2002 ) Stats at WNBA.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame Medals ( hide ) Representing United States Olympic Games 1996 Atlanta National Team 2000 Sydney National Team 2004 Athens National Team 2008 Beijing National Team World Championships 1998 Germany National Team 2002 China National Team World University Games 1991 Sheffield Team Competition Jones Cup 1992 Taipei Team Competition Lisa Deshaun Leslie ( born July 7 , 1972 ) is a former American professional basketball player who played in the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . She is a three - time WNBA MVP and a four - time Olympic gold medal winner . The number - seven pick in the 1997 inaugural WNBA draft , she followed her career at the University of Southern California with eight WNBA All - Star selections and two WNBA championships over the course of eleven seasons with the Los Angeles Sparks , before retiring in 2009 . Leslie was the first player to dunk in a WNBA game . In 2011 , she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in WNBA history . In 2015 , she was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Middle school 1.2 High school 2 College career 2.1 USC statistics 3 WNBA career 4 National team career 5 WNBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Personal life 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Leslie was born in Gardena , California , the daughter of Christine Lauren Leslie , who stood 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) , and Walter Leslie , a semi-professional basketball player . Christine started her own truck driving business to support her three children . Walter left the family when her mother was four months pregnant with her . Leslie has two sisters : Dionne , who is five years older , and Tiffany , who is eight years younger . She also has a brother , Elgin , who is the Carondelet high school basketball coach . Lisa played basketball on an all - boys basketball team in middle school . She also played on an all - girls team with the record 33 -- 1 . Middle school ( edit ) During the first few weeks of middle school , a classmate begged Leslie to help out the basketball team . On her first day of basketball tryouts , team members were told to split into two groups for layup drills : lefties and righties . Leslie was the only lefty in the group , so from then on , she decided to become right - hand dominant so she would not have to stand in a line by herself . That decision worked to her advantage , as she became ambidextrous . In eighth grade , she transferred to a junior high school without a girls ' basketball team , and joined a boys ' basketball team . Her success there contributed to her confidence in her playing abilities . High school ( edit ) At the age of 14 , before Leslie had even started high school at Morningside , she received more than a hundred college recruiting letters , including some from top Division I programs at the University of Tennessee and Stanford University . Leslie continued her education in 1986 by enrolling at Morningside High School in Inglewood , California . She made an immediate impact on the basketball program , starting every game for the girl 's varsity team . She also found time to join the volleyball team and compete in track and field . She ended up being a state qualifier in the 400 - meter run and the high jump . By the time she was a sophomore in high school , she was able to dunk the ball in the open court , even though she was not able to palm the ball . She was her team 's leading scorer and rebounder and led them to the 1989 California state championship . Leslie was so talented that she was invited to participate in the USA 's Junior World Championship team . Entering her senior year , she developed into the top player in the country . She led her team to a state championship averaging 27 points and 15 rebounds per game . College career ( edit ) Leslie decided to stay close to home and attend women 's basketball powerhouse the University of Southern California from 1990 -- 1994 . She graduated from USC with a bachelor 's degree in communications and later completed her master 's degree in business administration from the University of Phoenix . Leslie played in a total of 120 college games , averaging 20.1 points , hitting 53.4 % of her shots , and knocking down 69.8 % of her free throws . She set the Pac - 10 Conference records for scoring , rebounding , and blocked shots accumulating 2,414 points , 1,214 rebounds , and 321 blocked shots . She also holds the USC single season record for blocked shots ( 95 ) . During her college career , USC compiled an impressive 89 -- 31 record . They won one Pac - 10 conference championship and earned four NCAA tournament appearances . Leslie was honored with All - Pac - 10 recognition all four years , as well as becoming the first player in Pac - 10 history to obtain first team all four years and earn the Pac - 10 Rookie of the Year award in 1991 . Leslie was also honored on the national platform by earning the national freshman of the year award in 1991 . In 1994 , she won multiple national player of the year awards -- the Naismith College Player of the Year award , the USBWA Women 's National Player of the Year award , the Honda Sports Award for basketball , and the WBCA Player of the Year award . In 1992 , 1993 , and 1994 , she earned All - American Honors as well . USC statistics ( edit ) Source Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Year Team GP Points FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1990 -- 91 USC 30 582 47.8 % 25.0 % 67.6 % 10.0 0.7 1.4 2.6 19.4 1991 -- 92 USC 31 632 55.0 % 25.0 % 69.7 % 8.4 1.5 1.8 1.7 20.4 1992 -- 93 USC 29 543 55.8 % 25.0 % 73.5 % 9.8 2.0 2.1 3.3 18.7 1993 -- 94 USC 30 657 55.8 % 8.0 % 68.7 % 12.3 2.8 2.3 3.1 21.9 Career 120 2414 53.4 % 18.9 % 69.8 % 10.1 1.7 1.9 2.7 20.1 WNBA career ( edit ) The WNBA was incorporated in 1996 and began playing in 1997 . Leslie was drafted on January 22 by the Los Angeles Sparks as part of the Initial Allocation phase of the draft . She helped the Sparks make the playoffs five consecutive times , but the team did not win a WNBA title until 2001 . That year , Leslie was named the 2001 Sportswoman of the Year ( in the team category ) by the Women 's Sports Foundation . On July 30 , 2002 , Leslie became the first woman to dunk the ball in a WNBA game . That same year she became the first WNBA player to score over 3,000 total career points and contributed to the Sparks winning their second straight WNBA championship that season . Two seasons later , she became the first player to reach the 4,000 - career point milestone . Leslie remains the Sparks ' career scoring and rebounding leader , as well as the all - time league leader in rebounds . Within that same season , she also became the third player in WNBA history to record a triple double , when she had 29 points , 15 rebounds and 10 blocks . In the 2005 WNBA All - Star Game , Leslie had also become the first WNBA player to dunk in an all - star game . On August 11 , 2009 , Leslie became the first player to score 6,000 points in a career . Earlier that month she was the first player to reach 10,000 career PRA ( points + rebounds + assists ) , a statistic fundamental to the WNBA `` Pick One Challenge '' fantasy game . Lisa Leslie announced her retirement effective at the end of the 2009 season on February 4 , 2009 . The Sparks held a farewell ceremony for Leslie during their final home game of the season in September . She finished holding the league records for points ( 6,263 ) , rebounds ( 3,307 ) and PRA ( 10,444 ) . In 2011 , she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in the fifteen - year history of the WNBA . In 2016 , she was voted into the WNBA Top 20@20 , in celebration of the league 's 20th anniversary . WNBA award years MVP 2001 , 2004 , 2006 WNBA Titles 2001 , 2002 Finals MVP 2001 , 2002 All - WNBA First Team 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 , 2006 , 2008 All - WNBA Second Team 1998 , 1999 , 2005 , 2009 All - Star Game MVP 1999 , 2001 , 2002 All - Star Games 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 All - Decade Team 1997 -- 2006 Defensive Player of the Year 2004 , 2008 All - Defensive First Team 2006 , 2008 All - Defensive Second Team 2005 , 2009 Player of the Week 15 ( league record ) National team career ( edit ) Leslie playing against Spain during the 2008 Summer Olympics . Leslie was named to the USA Basketball Women 's Junior National Team ( now called the U19 team ) . She was 17 at the time , the youngest player on the USA team . The team participated in the second Junior World Championship , held in Bilbao , Spain in July 1989 . The USA team lost their opening game to South Korea in overtime , then lost a two - point game to Australia . After winning their next game against Bulgaria , behind 22 points and nine rebounds from Leslie , the USA team again fell in a close game , losing by three points to Czechoslovakia . After beating Zaire in their next game , the USA team played Spain , and fell three points short . Leslie led the team in scoring , rebounds , and blocks , averaging 13.3 points and 7.0 rebounds per game and recording 21 blocks over the course of the event . The USA team finished in seventh place . Leslie was a member of the USA team competing at the 1991 World University Games held in Sheffield , England . Leslie was the second leading scorer on the USA squad , averaging 13.0 points per game , and helped the Tara VanDerveer - coached team to an 8 -- 0 record and the gold medal . She competed with USA Basketball as a member of the 1992 Jones Cup Team that won the Gold in Taipei for the first time since 1987 . Leslie has made four consecutive Olympic appearances , and has earned four gold medals . She was the second female basketball player ever to earn that many gold medals , after Teresa Edwards . Leslie has also made appearances with the United States national women 's basketball team where she won gold medals in 1996 and 2000 , and has also earned a world championship . Leslie scored 35 points against Japan in the semifinals of the 1996 Olympics to set an American Olympic women 's scoring record . Leslie is one of seven USA Basketball 's three - time Olympians , and one of two players with four gold medals . She led the U.S. team in scoring during the 2004 Olympic Games . During her third Olympic completion , she became the USA 's all - time leading scorer , rebounder , and shot blocker in Olympic competition . Every time she has competed in a major international event , she has compiled double - digit scoring averages . Leslie , at age 20 , was also the youngest player to participate at the USA Olympic Trials in 1992 . During the 2008 Beijing Olympics medal awards , despite being requested by officials not to , Leslie wore her gold medals from past Olympics while being awarded her team 's current win . Leslie 's actions were viewed by members of the Australian national team , her opponents in the gold medal game , as grandiose and poor sportsmanship . Leslie has had a fierce rivalry with Lauren Jackson ever since the 2000 Olympics , when the Australian star ripped out Leslie 's hair extensions during a game . WNBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game TO Turnovers per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage Bold Career high League leader † Denotes seasons in which Leslie won a WNBA championship WNBA record Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG TO PPG 1997 Los Angeles 28 28 32.2 . 431 . 261 . 598 9.5 2.6 1.4 2.1 3.89 15.9 1998 Los Angeles 28 28 32.1 . 478 . 391 . 768 10.2 2.5 1.5 2.1 3.64 19.6 1999 Los Angeles 32 32 29.1 . 468 . 423 . 731 7.8 1.8 1.1 1.5 2.94 15.6 2000 Los Angeles 32 32 32.1 . 458 . 219 . 824 9.6 1.9 1.0 2.3 3.22 17.8 2001 Los Angeles 31 31 33.3 . 473 . 367 . 736 9.6 2.4 1.1 2.3 3.16 19.5 2002 Los Angeles 31 31 34.2 . 466 . 324 . 727 10.4 2.7 1.5 2.9 3.48 16.9 2003 Los Angeles 23 23 34.4 . 442 . 324 . 617 10.0 2.0 1.3 2.7 2.83 18.4 Los Angeles 34 34 33.8 . 494 . 273 . 712 9.9 2.6 1.5 2.9 3.24 17.6 2005 Los Angeles 34 34 32.2 . 440 . 206 . 586 7.3 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.94 15.2 2006 Los Angeles 34 34 30.7 . 511 . 400 . 650 9.5 3.2 1.5 1.7 3.71 20.0 2008 Los Angeles 33 33 32.1 . 463 . 235 . 661 8.9 2.4 1.5 2.9 3.61 15.1 2009 Los Angeles 23 21 27.7 . 518 . 167 . 722 6.6 2.1 0.7 1.4 2.60 15.4 Career 12 years , 1 team 363 361 32.0 . 470 . 316 . 695 9.1 2.4 1.4 2.3 3.34 17.3 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG TO PPG 1999 Los Angeles 36.3 . 483 . 308 . 778 8.5 2.8 1.0 1.5 3.50 19.0 2000 Los Angeles 34.8 . 491 . 000 . 826 10.3 2.0 0.2 1.2 3.25 18.8 2001 Los Angeles 7 7 37.1 . 492 . 429 . 740 12.3 3.0 1.7 4.4 3.71 22.3 2002 Los Angeles 6 6 38.7 . 535 . 625 . 731 7.8 1.8 1.8 2.8 1.33 19.3 2003 Los Angeles 9 9 36.3 . 540 . 333 . 704 8.9 2.6 1.3 3.1 2.67 20.8 Los Angeles 36.7 . 452 . 000 . 750 8.7 0.7 0.3 2.7 2.67 11.3 2005 Los Angeles 33.5 . 357 . 000 . 615 6.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.00 9.0 2006 Los Angeles 5 5 32.6 . 308 . 333 . 759 7.2 1.8 0.8 1.6 3.40 12.6 2008 Los Angeles 6 6 32.0 . 516 . 500 . 625 8.8 1.2 2.8 4.33 13.8 2009 Los Angeles 6 6 34.6 . 452 . 000 . 615 9.2 2.0 1.3 1.5 2.17 16.7 Career 10 years , 1 team 52 52 35.4 . 480 . 390 . 711 9.1 2.3 1.3 2.5 2.90 17.5 Personal life ( edit ) Leslie at an event hosted by National School Choice Week in Phoenix , Arizona . On November 5 , 2005 , Leslie married Michael Lockwood , who played basketball for the Air Force Academy and is and a pilot for UPS . In 2007 , she took a year 's leave from professional basketball for a pregnancy . Leslie and Lockwood have a daughter named Lauren Jolie Lockwood , who was born on June 15 , 2007 . After having the baby , Lisa got back in shape and returned to the WNBA for the 2008 season . Leslie had her second child , Michael Joseph Lockwood II , on April 6 , 2010 . Leslie is also a fashion model and an aspiring actress . She has been featured in Vogue and Newsweek , as well as many sports publications . She has been on ESPN numerous times and has been a guest star on several television shows such as Sister Sister , The Game , and One on One . She is a guest commentator for `` Sports Zone '' on KABC - TV / Los Angeles and wears the Circle 7 logo from the channel when on the show . She has also acted in a variety of commercials . Early in her career she signed a modeling contract with the Wilhelmina modeling agency . Lisa also was on the show , Superstars , and she and her partner , David Charvet , took 3rd place after David injured his wrist . Leslie also played herself in an episode of the TV - show The Jersey called `` Nick 's a Chick '' , where she switched bodies with a boy named Nick Lighter ( played by Michael Galeota ) . In addition , she played herself in one episode of The Simpsons . She also appeared in the movie Think Like A Man , and played as herself . Leslie is also a playable character in the original Backyard Basketball , alongside Kevin Garnett . She was only the fourth female professional athlete in the Backyard Sports series , after Brianna Scurry , Brandi Chastain , and Tiffeny Milbrett . She also appeared in the 2nd episode of `` All in with Cam '' with host , Cam Newton . In 2013 , Lisa switched places with Downtown Julie Brown on the show Celebrity Wife Swap . On January 28 , 2016 , it was announced that she would be a contestant in The New Celebrity Apprentice ( also known as Celebrity Apprentice 8 ) . Recently , she played septugenarian ' Betty Lou ' in Uncle Drew which hit the theatres in June 2018 . In 2009 , Leslie earned a Masters of Business Administration ( MBA ) degree from the University of Phoenix . Since her retirement from professional basketball , Leslie has worked as a sports commentator and analyst for several sports networks , such as NBC , ABC and Fox Sports Net . She had also released an autobiography called Do n't Let the Lipstick Fool You . In 2011 , she had become a co-owner of the Los Angeles Sparks . Leslie is also a Christian . In a most recent interview , she spoke out about her faith by saying : `` As a prayerful kid , I was always putting my faith and goals in the Lord 's name . That was always one of the things that helped me the most . I always wanted to fulfill His purpose . I think that 's really been the saving grace for me . When you have faith , you have to step out on it ( and trust God ) . '' See also ( edit ) List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event WBCBL Professional Basketball Trailblazer Award References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lisa Leslie Bio '' . NBC Universal . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Porter p. 279 -- 280 ^ Jump up to : `` Lisa Leslie Biography '' . Black Book Partners . 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grundy p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Leslie , Lisa , and Larry Barnett . Do n't Let the Lipstick Fool You . New York : Kensington Publishing Corp. , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Jan ( 1997 ) . `` Women in Sports '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter , Josh ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Day in the life of Lisa Leslie '' . Yahoo . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; University Sells Itself During Playoffs NYTimes Website , Accessed March 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ Los Angeles Sparks Lisa Leslie Receives her Masters at University of Phoenix WireImage Website , Accessed March 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` USC Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gretchen ( March 22 , 2006 ) . `` Girls Ca n't What '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sportswoman of the Year Award '' . Women 's Sports Foundation . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WNBA 's History '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - Doubles , Dunks and 20 -- 20 Games -- WNBA.com -- Official Site of the WNBA '' . Jump up ^ `` SW Day 25 : Leslie first to dunk in a WNBA game '' . Jump up ^ `` Sparks ' Leslie becomes 1st player to 6,000 points '' . AP . Retrieved August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lisa Leslie Announces Retirement WNBA.com , February 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lisa Leslie acknowledges the fans during ' Lisa Leslie 's Farewell Game ' Archived February 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lisa Leslie Playerfile Archived February 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WNBA.com : AllStar 2011 '' . www.wnba.com . Jump up ^ `` Second FIBA Women 's U19 / Junior World Championship -- 1989 '' . USA Basketball . June 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTEENTH WORLD UNIVERSITY GAMES -- 1991 '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 WOMEN 'S R. WILLIAM JONES CUP '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Carter signs four - deal to stay in NZ '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian basketball star Lauren Jackson dreams of gold '' . July 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Leslie : ' My Husband Taught Me the Difference Between a Man and a Boy ' '' . Essence.com . December 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Lockwood WNBA Lisa Leslie 's husband '' . February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael J. Lockwood -- Penguin Random House Canada '' . Penguin Random House Canada . Jump up ^ `` SPARKS : Sparks Star Lisa Leslie has Baby Girl '' . www.wnba.com . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Leslie Welcomes Son Michael Joseph II '' . Jump up ^ McMullen , Laura ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Lisa Leslie : From WNBA to M.B.A. '' U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Leslie '' . Biography.com . Jump up ^ `` Leslie joins up with Sparks ' ownership group '' . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Leslie balances family , fame '' . brnow . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Grundy , Pamela ( 2005 ) . Shattering the glass . New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 822 - 1 . David L. Porter , ed. ( 2005 ) . Basketball : A Biographical Dictionary . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30952 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lisa Leslie . Lisa Leslie at WNBA.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 2 , 2009 ) Lisa Leslie at Basketball-Reference.com WNBA chat transcript Lisa Leslie 's U.S. Olympic Team biography 101 - point half Lisa Leslie on IMDb Awards and Achievements Awards and achievements Preceded by Monica Seles Flo Hyman Memorial Award 2001 Succeeded by Dot Richardson USBWA Women 's National Player of the Year Award winners 1988 : Wicks 1989 : Davis 1990 : Azzi 1991 : Staley 1992 : Staley 1993 : Swoopes 1994 : Leslie 1995 : Lobo 1996 : Roundtree 1997 : Starbird 1998 : Holdsclaw 1999 : Holdsclaw 2000 : Catchings 2001 : Riley 2002 : Bird 2003 : Taurasi 2004 : Beard 2005 : Augustus 2006 : Latta 2007 : Parker 2008 : Parker 2009 : Moore 2010 : Charles 2011 : Moore 2012 : Griner 2013 : Griner 2014 : Stewart 2015 : Stewart 2016 : Stewart 2017 : Plum 2018 : Wilson USA Basketball Female Athlete of the Year 1980 : Blazejowski 1981 : Curry 1982 : Noble & Pollard 1983 : Woodard 1984 : Miller 1985 : Gillom 1986 : Miller 1987 : Edwards 1988 : McClain 1989 : Lacy 1990 : Edwards 1991 : Bolton 1992 : McClain 1993 : Leslie 1994 : Staley 1995 : Crawley 1996 : Edwards 1997 : Holdsclaw 1998 : Leslie 1999 : Williams 2000 : Edwards 2001 : Walker 2002 : Leslie 2003 : Augustus 2004 : Staley 2005 : Langhorne 2006 : Taurasi 2007 : Wiggins 2008 : Smith 2009 : Charles 2010 : Taurasi 2011 : Stewart 2012 : Taurasi 2013 : Stewart 2014 : Moore 2015 : Wilson 2016 : Taurasi 2017 : Bailey Los Angeles Sparks Founded in 1997 Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Current season Arenas Great Western Forum Staples Center Head coaches Linda Sharp Julie Rousseau Orlando Woolridge Michael Cooper Karleen Thompson Ryan Weisenberg Henry Bibby Joe Bryant Michael Cooper Jennifer Gillom Joe Bryant Carol Ross Penny Toler Brian Agler Administration Owner : Guggenheim Partners General Manager : Rhonda Windham Penny Toler All - Stars Tamecka Dixon Chamique Holdsclaw Jantel Lavender Lisa Leslie Mwadi Mabika Taj McWilliams - Franklin DeLisha Milton - Jones Nneka Ogwumike Candace Parker Nikki Teasley Tina Thompson Seasons 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Playoff appearances 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Conference Championships 2001 2002 2003 2016 WNBA Championships 2001 2002 2016 Rivals Detroit Shock Houston Comets New York Liberty Phoenix Mercury Sacramento Monarchs San Antonio Stars Seattle Storm Media TV : Time Warner Cable SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) Announcers : Jim Watson , Mary Murphy Los Angeles Sparks 2001 WNBA champions Latasha Byears Tamecka Dixon Ukari Figgs Vedrana Grgin - Fonseca Lisa Leslie ( Finals MVP ) Nicole Levandusky Mwadi Mabika Rhonda Mapp Nicky McCrimmon DeLisha Milton - Jones Wendy Willits Head coach Michael Cooper Los Angeles Sparks 2002 WNBA champions Latasha Byears Tamecka Dixon Vedrana Grgin - Fonseca Lisa Leslie ( Finals MVP ) Marlies Askamp Mwadi Mabika Sophia Witherspoon Nicky McCrimmon DeLisha Milton - Jones Nikki Teasley Érika de Souza Head coach Michael Cooper Naismith Women 's College Player of the Year 1983 : Donovan 1984 : Miller 1985 : Miller 1986 : Miller 1987 : Davis 1988 : Wicks 1989 : Davis 1990 : Azzi 1991 : Staley 1992 : Staley 1993 : Swoopes 1994 : Leslie 1995 : Lobo 1996 : Roundtree 1997 : Starbird 1998 : Holdsclaw 1999 : Holdsclaw 2000 : Catchings 2001 : Riley 2002 : Bird 2003 : Taurasi 2004 : Taurasi 2005 : Augustus 2006 : Augustus 2007 : Harding 2008 : Parker 2009 : Moore 2010 : Charles 2011 : Moore 2012 : Griner 2013 : Griner 2014 : Stewart 2015 : Stewart 2016 : Stewart 2017 : Plum 2018 : Wilson Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams WNBA All - Decade Team Sue Bird Tamika Catchings Cynthia Cooper Yolanda Griffith Lauren Jackson Lisa Leslie Katie Smith Dawn Staley Sheryl Swoopes Tina Thompson Honorable mention : Ruthie Bolton Chamique Holdsclaw Ticha Penicheiro Diana Taurasi Teresa Weatherspoon Women 's National Basketball Association 's top 15 team Sue Bird Tamika Catchings Cynthia Cooper Yolanda Griffith Becky Hammon Lauren Jackson Lisa Leslie Ticha Penicheiro Cappie Pondexter Katie Smith Dawn Staley Sheryl Swoopes Tina Thompson Diana Taurasi Teresa Weatherspoon WNBA Most Valuable Player Award winners 1997 : Cooper 1998 : Cooper 1999 : Griffith 2000 : Swoopes 2001 : Leslie 2002 : Swoopes 2003 : Jackson 2004 : Leslie 2005 : Swoopes 2006 : Leslie 2007 : Jackson 2008 : Parker 2009 : Taurasi 2010 : Jackson 2011 : Catchings 2012 : Charles 2013 : Parker 2014 : Moore 2015 : Delle Donne 2016 : Ogwumike 2017 : Fowles 2018 : Stewart WNBA Finals MVPs 1997 : Cooper 1998 : Cooper 1999 : Cooper 2000 : Cooper 2001 : Leslie 2002 : Leslie 2003 : Riley 2004 : Lennox 2005 : Griffith 2006 : Nolan 2007 : Pondexter 2008 : Smith 2009 : Taurasi 2010 : Jackson 2011 : Augustus 2012 : Catchings 2013 : Moore 2014 : Taurasi 2015 : Fowles 2016 : Parker 2017 : Fowles 2018 : Stewart WNBA Defensive Player of the Year Award Winners 1997 : Weatherspoon 1998 : Weatherspoon 1999 : Griffith 2000 : Swoopes 2001 : Black 2002 : Swoopes 2003 : Swoopes 2004 : Leslie 2005 : Catchings 2006 : Catchings 2007 : Jackson 2008 : Leslie 2009 : Catchings 2010 : Catchings 2011 : Fowles 2012 : Catchings 2013 : Fowles 2014 : Griner 2015 : Griner 2016 : Fowles 2017 : Beard 2018 : Beard WNBA season rebounding leaders 1997 : Leslie 1998 : Leslie 1999 : Griffith 2000 : Williams 2001 : Griffith 2002 : Holdsclaw 2003 : Holdsclaw 2004 : Leslie 2005 : Ford 2006 : Ford 2007 : Jackson 2008 : Parker 2009 : Parker 2010 : Charles 2011 : Charles 2012 : Charles 2013 : Fowles 2014 : Paris 2015 : Paris 2016 : Charles 2017 : Jones WNBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1999 : Leslie 2000 : Thompson 2001 : Leslie 2002 : Leslie 2003 : Teasley 2004 : Griffith 2005 : Swoopes 2006 : Douglas 2007 : Ford 2008 : No game 2009 : Cash 2010 : Fowles 2011 : Cash 2012 : No game 2013 : Parker 2014 : Schimmel 2015 : Moore 2016 : No game WNBA season blocks leaders 1997 : Baranova 1998 : Dydek 1999 : Dydek 2000 : Dydek 2001 : Dydek 2002 : Dydek 2003 : Dydek 2004 : Leslie 2005 : Stepanova 2006 : Dydek 2007 : Dydek 2008 : Leslie 2009 : Parker 2010 : Fowles 2011 : Fowles 2012 : Parker 2013 : Griner 2014 : Griner 2015 : Griner 2016 : Griner United States women 's squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Edwards 5 Staley 6 Bolton 7 Swoopes 8 Azzi 9 Leslie 10 McGhee 11 Steding 12 McClain 13 Lobo 14 Lacy 15 McCray Coach : VanDerveer United States squad -- 1998 FIBA World Champions ( 6th Title ) 4 Williams 5 Staley 6 Bolton 7 McWilliams 8 Azzi 9 Leslie 10 Holdsclaw 11 Milton - Jones 12 Campbell 13 Wolters 14 Smith 15 McCray Coach : Fortner United States women 's squad -- 2000 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Edwards 5 Staley 6 Bolton 7 Swoopes 8 Milton - Jones 9 Leslie 10 Holdsclaw 11 Wolters 12 Williams 13 Griffith 14 Smith 15 McCray Coach : Fortner United States women 's squad -- 2002 FIBA World Champions ( 7th Title ) 4 Johnson 5 Staley 6 Bird 7 Swoopes 8 Milton - Jones 9 Leslie 10 Catchings 11 Dixon 12 Williams 13 Gillom 14 Smith 15 Phillips Coach : Chancellor United States women 's squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Johnson 5 Staley 6 Bird 7 Swoopes 8 Riley 9 Leslie 10 Catchings 11 Thompson 12 Taurasi 13 Griffith 14 Smith 15 Cash Coach : Chancellor United States women 's squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Pondexter 5 Augustus 6 Bird 7 Lawson 8 Milton - Jones 9 Leslie 10 Catchings 11 Thompson 12 Taurasi 13 Fowles 14 Smith 15 Parker Coach : Donovan Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2015 Players Louie Dampier Spencer Haywood John Isaacs Lisa Leslie Dikembe Mutombo Jo Jo White Coaches John Calipari Lindsay Gaze Tom Heinsohn Referees Dick Bavetta Contributors George Raveling Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas D. Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame Based in Knoxville , Tennessee Coaches ( 54 ) Lidia Alexeyeva Leta Andrews Geno Auriemma Leon Barmore Ceal Barry Breezy Bishop Gary Blair Joanne Bracker Kurt Budke Van Chancellor Joe Ciampi Jody Conradt Chris Dailey Mickie DeMoss Lin Dunn Nancy Fahey Jim Foster Fran Garmon Dorothy Gaters Gail Goestenkors Theresa Grentz Sue Gunter Sylvia Hatchell John Head Jill Hutchison Sonja Hogg Rick Insell Andy Landers Lin L. Laursen Muffet McGraw Sandra Meadows Billie Moore Lorene Ramsey Harley Redin Cathy Rush Debbie Ryan Amy Ruley Linda K. Sharp Marsha Sharp Jim Smiddy Brad Smith Marianne Crawford Stanley Barbara Stevens C. Vivian Stringer Pat Head Summitt Edna Tarbutton Bertha Teague Tara VanDerveer Margaret Wade Marian Washington Dean Weese Chris Weller Dixie Woodall Kay Yow Contributors ( 24 ) Val Ackerman Senda Abbott Mildred Barnes Rose Marie Battaglia Patty Broderick E. Wayne Cooley Carol Eckman Betty Jo Graber Christine Grant Mel Greenberg Mimi Griffin Phyllis Holmes Claude Hutcherson Betty Jaynes George E. Killian Darlene May Shin - Ja Park Lea Plarski Gloria Ray Robin Roberts Borislav Stankovic William L. Wall Charlotte West Marcy Weston Players ( 65 ) Janeth Arcain Jennifer Azzi Carol Blazejowski Ruthie Bolton Cindy Brogdon Vicky Bullett Daedra Charles - Furlow Cynthia Cooper Denise Curry Andrea Lloyd - Curry Clarissa Davis - Wrightsil Anne Donovan Nancy Dunkle Michelle Edwards Teresa Edwards Kamie Ethridge Jennifer Gillom Peggie Gillom - Granderson Bridgette Gordon Yolanda Griffith Janet Harris Lusia Harris - Stewart Tara Heiss Chamique Holdsclaw Pamela Kelly - Flowers Janice Lawrence Braxton Lisa Leslie Nancy Lieberman Kelli Litsch Rebecca Lobo Hortência Marcari Katrina McClain Johnson Suzie McConnell - Serio Nikki McCray Pamela McGee Ann Meyers - Drysdale Cheryl Miller Pearl Moore Kim Mulkey Inge Nissen Cindy Noble Hauserman Jasmina Perazić LaTaunya Pollard Jennifer Rizzotti Patricia Roberts Susan Rojcewicz Jill Rankin Schneider Uljana Semjonova Maria Paula Gonçalves da Silva Juliene Brazinski Simpson Annette Smith - Knight Bev Smith Katie Smith Dawn Staley Olga Sukharnova Sheryl Swoopes Tina Thompson Michele Timms Vanya Voynova Rosie Walker Holly Warlick Teresa Weatherspoon Sue Wicks Kara Wolters Lynette Woodard Veterans ( 12 ) Alline Banks Sprouse Joan Crawford Margaret Sexton Gleaves Rita Horky Patsy Neal Lometa Odom Doris Rogers Lurlyne Greer Rogers Hazel Walker Katherine Washington Ora Washington Nera White WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0003 8573 4881 LCCN : n96120911 SNAC : w64c5f21 VIAF : 1744684 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Leslie&oldid=865277909 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people African - American basketball players American women 's basketball players African - American sportswomen Centers ( basketball ) Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players from California Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Los Angeles Sparks players Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball People from Gardena , California Sportspeople from Los Angeles University of Phoenix alumni USC Trojans women 's basketball players Women 's National Basketball Association All - Stars Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 22 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first person to dunk in the wnba	[ "Lisa Deshaun Leslie (born July 7, 1972) is a former American professional basketball player who played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She is a three-time WNBA MVP and a four-time Olympic gold medal winner. The number-seven pick in the 1997 inaugural WNBA draft, she followed her career at the University of Southern California with eight WNBA All-Star selections and two WNBA championships over the course of eleven seasons with the Los Angeles Sparks, before retiring in 2009.[1] Leslie was the first player to dunk in a WNBA game. In 2011, she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in WNBA history. In 2015, she was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.\n" ]	[ "Lisa Deshaun Leslie" ]
-338337429064245544	Millennium (novel series)	Millennium ( novel series ) - wikipedia Millennium ( novel series ) Jump to : navigation , search Millennium Swedish cover of the first novel in the series , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo The Girl Who Played with Fire The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest The Girl in the Spider 's Web The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye Author Stieg Larsson , David Lagercrantz Translator Reg Keeland , George Goulding Country Sweden Language Swedish Genre Crime , Mystery fiction Publisher Norstedts förlag Published August 2005 -- September 2017 Published in English January 2008 -- September 2017 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book No. of books 5 Millennium is a series of best - selling and award - winning Swedish crime novels , created by Stieg Larsson . The two primary characters in the saga are Lisbeth Salander , a woman in her twenties with a photographic memory and poor social skills , and Mikael Blomkvist , an investigative journalist and publisher of a magazine called Millennium . Larsson planned the series as having ten installments , but due to his sudden death in 2004 , only three were completed and published . All of them were published posthumously : The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2005 , The Girl Who Played with Fire in 2006 , and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest in 2007 . Larsson 's novels were originally printed in Swedish by Norstedts förlag , with English editions by Quercus in the United Kingdom and Alfred A. Knopf in the United States . The books have since been translated and published by many publishers in over fifty countries . By March 2015 , 80 million copies of the first three books had been sold worldwide . Publisher Norstedts förlag has commissioned Swedish author and crime journalist David Lagercrantz to continue the Millennium series featuring Larsson 's characters . Lagercrantz 's first novel in the series , The Girl in the Spider 's Web , was published in 2015 . Another installment , The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye , followed in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Origins 1.2 Publication 1.3 New author 2 Novels 2.1 Written by Stieg Larsson 2.2 Written by David Lagercrantz 2.3 Larsson 's unfinished material 3 Reception 4 Adaptations 4.1 Swedish films 4.2 American films 4.3 Graphic novels 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) After his death , many of Larsson 's friends said the character of Lisbeth Salander was created out of an incident in which Larsson , then a teenager , witnessed three of his friends gang - raping an acquaintance of his named Lisbeth , and did nothing to stop it . Days later , wracked with guilt , he begged her forgiveness -- which she refused . The incident , he said , haunted him for years afterward , and in part moved him to create a character with her name who was also a rape survivor . The veracity of this story has since been questioned , after a colleague from Expo magazine reported to Rolling Stone that Larsson had told him that he had heard the story secondhand and retold it as his own . In the only interview he ever did about the series , Larsson stated that he based the character on what he imagined Pippi Longstocking might have been like as an adult . Another source of inspiration was Larsson 's niece , Therese . A rebellious teenager , she often wore black clothing and makeup and told him several times that she wanted to get a tattoo of a dragon . The author often emailed Therese while writing the novels to ask her about her life and how she would react in certain situations . Larsson 's friend and colleague Kurdo Baksi believes the author was also influenced by two murders in 2001 and 2002 : Melissa Nordell , a model killed by her boyfriend , and Fadime Şahindal , a Swedish - Kurdish woman killed by her father . Both women were killed at the hands of men or as victims of honor crime . To Larsson , there was no difference , and the `` systematic violence '' against women highly affected and inspired him to take action against these crimes through his writing . Eva Gabrielsson , Larsson 's longtime partner , wrote that `` the trilogy allowed Stieg to denounce everyone he loathed for their cowardice , their irresponsibility , and their opportunism : couch - potato activists , sunny - day warriors , fair - weather skippers who pick and choose their causes ; false friends who used him to advance their own careers ; unscrupulous company heads and shareholders who wrangle themselves huge bonuses ... Seen in this light , Stieg could n't have had any better therapy for what ailed his soul than writing his novels . '' People who knew Larsson , such as Baksi and Anders Hellberg , a colleague of Larsson 's in the 1970s and 1980s , were surprised that he wrote the novels . Hellberg went so far as to suspect that Larsson is not the sole author of the series , reasoning that Larsson was simply not a good enough writer . His partner , Gabrielsson has been named as the most likely candidate , due to her chosen wording during at least one interview that seemed to imply co-authorship . She later claimed she had been misquoted . In 2011 Gabrielsson expressed anger at such accusations and clarified : `` The actual writing , the craftsmanship , was Stieg 's . But the content is a different matter . There are a lot of my thoughts , ideas and work in there . '' As an example she said he used her unfinished book about architect Per Olof Hallman to research locations for the Millennium series , and that the two of them physically checked places together and discussed where the characters would live . Publication ( edit ) Having begun writing the first book in summer 2002 , Larsson waited until he had finished the first two and most of the third before submitting them to Swedish publishers . Baksi suggested he might have written the first chapter in 1997 , which is when Larsson told him he was writing a novel . While other publishers had turned the manuscripts down , Expo 's publisher Robert Aschberg recommended them to Norstedts Förlag , whose editors accepted after reading the first two books in a single sitting . Norstedts commissioned Steven T. Murray to undertake the English translation . Larsson tried to get British publishers to accept his book , but was turned down until Christopher MacLehose bought the global English - language rights of the book for his MacLehose Press , an imprint of the London publisher Quercus . Both Gabrielsson and Murray have said that MacLehose `` needlessly prettified '' the English translation , this being the reason Murray requested he be credited under the pseudonym `` Reg Keeland . '' MacLehose explained that the translations were commissioned by the Swedish company who adapted the books to film in order to aid an English - speaking screenwriter whom the producers were hoping to hire . For that reason they were done quickly and were not intended for publication . MacLehose said he polished and tightened them up a bit , as he would with any translation . The English releases changed the titles , even though Larsson specifically refused to allow the Swedish publisher to change the name of the first novel , and the size of Salander 's dragon tattoo ; from a large piece covering her entire back , to a small shoulder tattoo . Alfred A. Knopf bought the U.S. rights to the books after Larsson 's death in 2004 , and uses this same translation . New author ( edit ) In December 2013 , the Swedish publisher Norstedts announced that a fourth Millennium book , to be published in August 2015 , would be written by David Lagercrantz , a Swedish author known for being Zlatan Ibrahimović 's biographer . Larsson 's partner Eva Gabrielsson has voiced criticism against this project , which has not made use of the unpublished material which is still in her possession . The Swedish title of the book is Det som inte dödar oss , literally translated `` That Which Does Not Kill Us '' . Like the previous novels , the English language translation was published by Quercus . The book was released with the English language title The Girl in the Spider 's Web in the UK on 27 August and in the US on 1 September 2015 . An early review by Upsala Nya Tidning characterised The Girl in the Spider 's Web as `` standard crime '' portraying more brooding , human versions of Blomkvist and Salander , while downplaying the earlier `` exaggerated and cartoonish features of the series '' . The fifth book in the Millennium series was released in September , 2017 , once again written by David Langercrantz . The Swedish title is Mannen som sökte sin skugga ( literal English translation : The Man Who Hunted his Shadow ) and the English title is The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye . Novels ( edit ) Written by Stieg Larsson ( edit ) Novels by Stieg Larsson Title Description The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Journalist Mikael Blomkvist has been convicted of libelling billionaire industrialist Hans - Erik Wennerström and wants to escape the media attention . He is hired by industrial tycoon Henrik Vanger under the guise of writing a biography of Henrik and the Vanger family , while really investigating the 40 - year - old disappearance of Henrik 's niece Harriet . He teams up with the introverted and skilled computer hacker Lisbeth Salander . The Girl Who Played with Fire Mikael Blomkvist is contacted by freelance journalist Dag Svensson in regards to having Millennium publish his exposé on the sex trade in Sweden , which includes implicating government officials . Svensson and his girlfriend are murdered and the police believe Lisbeth Salander is the culprit . Blomkvist works to prove Salander 's innocence while also trying to finish Svensson 's piece and finds that both are connected . The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest Having learned of a secret group within the Swedish Security Service that has committed several constitutional violations against Lisbeth Salander , Mikael Blomkvist and a group of policemen from Swedish Security Service 's Constitutional Protection division try to learn who its members are and have Salander cleared of the murder charges against her . Written by David Lagercrantz ( edit ) Novels by David Lagercrantz Title Description The Girl in the Spider 's Web Journalist Mikael Blomkvist receives a phone call from a source claiming to have information vital to the United States . The source has been in contact with a young female superhacker -- a hacker resembling someone Blomkvist knows all too well . The implications are staggering . Blomkvist , in desperate need of a scoop for Millennium , turns to Lisbeth Salander for help . She , as usual , has her own agenda . The secret they are both chasing is at the center of a tangled web of spies , cybercriminals , and governments around the world , and someone is prepared to kill to protect it . The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye Lisbeth Salander has never been able to uncover the most telling facts of her traumatic childhood , the secrets that might finally , fully explain her to herself . Now , when she sees a chance to uncover them once and for all , she enlists the help of Mikael Blomkvist , the editor of the muckraking , investigative journal Millennium . And she will let nothing stop her -- not the Islamists she enrages by rescuing a young woman from their brutality ; not the prison gang leader who passes a death sentence on her ; not the deadly reach of her long - lost twin sister , Camilla ; and not the people who will do anything to keep buried knowledge of a sinister pseudoscientific experiment known only as The Registry . Larsson 's unfinished material ( edit ) The Millennium Exhibition at the Stockholm City Museum . Larsson wrote an incomplete manuscript of another novel in the series before his sudden death in November 2004 . His partner , Eva Gabrielsson , is in possession of the notebook computer with the manuscript , but does not own the rights to Larsson 's work . In an attempt to protect Gabrielsson from the people he was investigating in real life ( Swedish Neo-Nazis and racists ) , Larsson never married . He wrote a will but it was not witnessed , making it invalid according to Swedish law . Thus , it is his family who have succession . Outlines or manuscripts for a fifth and sixth book possibly exist . In 2010 , Larsson 's friend John - Henri Holmberg showed Associated Press emails he received from the author shortly before his death that supposedly described plans for another book in the series . In them Larsson wrote `` The plot is set 120 kilometres north of Sachs Harbour , at Banks Island in the month of September ... According to the synopsis it should be 440 pages . '' Gabrielsson has described the manuscript as roughly 200 pages , having a working title of `` Guds hämnd '' ( God 's Revenge ) , being 30 % complete and `` Not worth publishing as is . '' In 2011 Gabrielsson said , `` I once offered to finish it , but I have to have the legal rights to do so , and they did n't want to give me that , so I think we should all be happy that there are just three . '' Only months earlier , Larsson 's former colleague Kurdo Baksi said he and the author 's father were shown the manuscript by Gabrielsson shortly after Larsson 's death and that `` It is at 260 pages at the moment -- about 70 % complete . '' He described the manuscript as being the fifth in the series , set `` between Ireland , Sweden and the US '' and largely featuring Lisbeth Salander 's twin sister Camilla . Baksi is also against having a ghost writer complete it , believing that they `` would not respect Stieg Larsson 's style . '' Reception ( edit ) The first novel won Sweden 's Glass Key award in 2006 , that same year the second book won the Best Swedish Crime Novel Award , and in 2008 the third novel also won the Glass Key award . In the 2012 revised edition of Japan 's Tozai Mystery Best 100 , the Millennium series was ranked the twelfth best mystery from the West . By May 2010 , 27 million copies of the trilogy had been sold worldwide , a number that would grow to more than 46 million over the next five months , and reach 65 million in December 2011 . In July 2010 the series made Larsson the first author to sell a million electronic copies of his work on the Amazon Kindle . Sales reached 75 million copies throughout fifty countries by December 2013 , and 80 million by March 2015 . Adaptations ( edit ) Swedish films ( edit ) Main article : Millennium ( miniseries ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , released on February 25 , 2009 . The Girl Who Played with Fire , released on September 18 , 2009 . The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest , released on November 27 , 2009 . The Swedish film production company Yellow Bird has produced film versions of the Millennium Trilogy , co-produced with The Danish film production company Nordisk Film and television company , which were released in Scandinavia in 2009 . In 2010 , the extending of all three films to approximately 180 minutes led to their being shown on Swedish television as the six - part Millennium series . Each film was divided into two parts of 90 minutes . This version was released on July 14 , 2010 on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in three separate sets and on November 24 , 2010 as a Complete Millennium Trilogy box set with an extra disc . Originally , only the first film was meant for a theatrical release , with the following ones conceived as TV films , but this was changed in the wake of the tremendous success of the first film . The first film was directed by Niels Arden Oplev and the next two by Daniel Alfredson , while the screenplays of the first two were adapted by Nikolaj Arcel and Rasmus Heisterberg , and the last one by Ulf Rydberg and Jonas Frykberg . All three films feature Michael Nyqvist as Mikael Blomkvist and Noomi Rapace as Lisbeth Salander . American films ( edit ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Released in North America on December 21 , 2011 , and in the United Kingdom on December 26 , 2011 . Yellow Bird and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer partnered with Columbia Pictures to produce an English - language adaptation of the first novel . The film is written by Steven Zaillian , directed by David Fincher and produced by Scott Rudin , with Daniel Craig as Mikael Blomkvist and Rooney Mara as Lisbeth Salander . Along with Dragon Tattoo , Fincher and Zaillian have signed a two - picture deal to adapt The Girl Who Played with Fire , and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest , which may be shot back to back . In January 2012 , it was announced that Sony was `` moving forward '' with the adaptations of The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet 's Nest . Zaillian wrote the original screenplays , but Sony brought in Andrew Kevin Walker to revise them . The studio had hoped to have the same people involved in the sequels as in the first film , with Fincher directing and Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara starring , but scheduling has been difficult . On 4 November 2015 , it was announced that an adaptation of The Girl in the Spider 's Web was being considered and that Craig and Mara would not be reprising their roles . Graphic novels ( edit ) In October 2011 , DC Comics announced that its Vertigo imprint had acquired the rights to the series , and would be adapted each novel into two graphic novels . The graphic novels are adapted by Scottish crime novelist Denise Mina , with art by Leonardo Manco and Andrea Mutti . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , Book 1 , released on November 13 , 2012 . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , Book 2 , released on May 7 , 2013 . The Girl Who Played with Fire , released on June 3 , 2014 . The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet 's Nest , released on July 28 , 2015 . For the Franco - Belgian market , a separate adaptation has been published , written by Sylvain Runberg with artwork by José Homs and Manolo Carot . Starting in 2016 , Runberg followed up the series with newer stories based on the characters , independent of David Lagercrantz ' reboot . See also ( edit ) Sweden portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Charles ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` The Afterlife of Stieg Larsson '' . The New York Times Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` The 4th Book - Stieg Larsson , the man behind Lisbeth Salander '' . stieglarsson.com. 2014 . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baski , Kurdo ( 31 July 2010 ) . `` How a brutal rape and a lifelong burden of guilt fuelled Girl with the Dragon Tattoo writer Stieg Larsson '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Penny , Laurie ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Girls , tattoos and men who hate women '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Baski , Kurdo ( 31 July 2010 ) . `` How a brutal rape and a lifelong burden of guilt fuelled Girl with the Dragon Tattoo writer Stieg Larsson '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Nathaniel ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` The Mystery of the Dragon Tattoo : Stieg Larsson , the World 's Bestselling -- and Most Enigmatic -- Author '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rising , Malin ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` Swedish Crime Writer Finds Fame After Death '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lindqvist , Emma ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` Salanders förebild '' . Dagens Nyheter . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gabrielsson , Eva , Marie - Françoise Colombani , and Linda Coverdale . `` There Are Things I Want You to Know '' about Stieg Larsson and Me . New York : Seven Stories , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sequel announced to Stieg Larsson 's Girl With the Dragon Tattoo trilogy '' . The Guardian . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Acocella , Joan . `` Man of Mystery '' . New Yorker ( 1 / 10 / 2011 ) , Vol. 86 , Issue 43 . Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( 2010 ) `` The publishing house that Stieg Larsson built '' . The Independent , 6 August 2010 , accessed 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Profile : Stieg Larsson : Even his early death became a big thriller . The Sunday Times , 27 September 2009 , accessed 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Readers , Waiting Impatiently For ' The Girl ' '' , NPR ( April 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sequel announced to Stieg Larsson 's Girl With the Dragon Tattoo trilogy '' . The Guardian . 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fjärde boken i Millenniumserien ges ut '' . Aftonbladet. 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lagercrantz skriver `` Millennium '' - bok `` . Svenska Dagbladet. 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ny `` Millennium '' - bok i augusti `` . Folkbladet . TT Spektra. 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quercus Publishing to publish fourth book in Stieg Larsson 's Millennium series '' . Quercus Publishing plc . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From ' Dragon Tattoo ' To The ' Spider 's Web ' : Stieg Larsson 's Heroine Returns '' . NPR.org. 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andersson , Tim ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` The lost world of Stieg Larsson '' . Upsala Nya Tidning . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Author moves on from Larsson '' . www.shanghaidaily.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Post , The Jakarta . `` In new Millennium book , author steps out of Larsson 's shadow '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh details surface about fourth book in Stieg Larsson 's Millennium series '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stieg Larsson confidant reveals details about unpublished fourth ' Millennium ' novel '' . Entertainment Weekly . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stieg Larsson 's final novel ' 70 % complete ' , colleague claims '' . The Guardian . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tozai Mystery Best 100 ( Revised Edition 2012 ) , The Top 50 Translated Mystery Novels '' ( in Japanese ) . Bungeishunjū . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuing Mysteries of Stieg Larsson '' . CBS News . October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Genevieve ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood takes on Girl with the Dragon Tattoo '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Stieg Larsson Sells a Million Books on Amazon 's Kindle '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Cover for the New Book in Stieg Larsson 's Millennium Series '' . Time . 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow Bird Puts SEK 106m Millennium Project In Production '' . nordiskfilmogtvfond. 2007 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Tattoo ' sequel still on track , Sony says '' . EW.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ' Sequel is Still Moving Forward '' . ScreenRant.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phil de Semlyen , The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo Sequel Gets A Writer , Empire Online , 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Girl With the Dragon Tattoo ' Follow - up in Works With Steven Knight in Talks to Adapt ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DC plans `` Millennium Trilogy '' graphic novel series `` . AfterEllen . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) The Stieg Larsson Trilogy from UK publisher Quercus The official Millennium site from Swedish publisher Norstedts Förlag ( hide ) The Millennium series Novels Stieg Larsson The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo The Girl Who Played with Fire The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest David Lagercrantz The Girl in the Spider 's Web The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye Films Swedish films The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2009 ) American films The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) ( soundtrack ) The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2018 ) Television Millennium ( 2010 ) Characters Mikael Blomkvist Lisbeth Salander Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennium_(novel_series)&oldid=806579704 '' Categories : Millennium series Novel series Novels set in Sweden Book series introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) EngvarB from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	4th book in girl with the dragon tattoo series	[ "\n\nNovels by David Lagercrantz\n\n\n\n\n\nTitle\nDescription\n\n\nThe Girl in the Spider's Web\nJournalist Mikael Blomkvist receives a phone call from a source claiming to have information vital to the United States. The source has been in contact with a young female superhacker—a hacker resembling someone Blomkvist knows all too well. The implications are staggering. Blomkvist, in desperate need of a scoop for Millennium, turns to Lisbeth Salander for help. She, as usual, has her own agenda. The secret they are both chasing is at the center of a tangled web of spies, cybercriminals, and governments around the world, and someone is prepared to kill to protect it.\n\n\nThe Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye\nLisbeth Salander has never been able to uncover the most telling facts of her traumatic childhood, the secrets that might finally, fully explain her to herself. Now, when she sees a chance to uncover them once and for all, she enlists the help of Mikael Blomkvist, the editor of the muckraking, investigative journal Millennium. And she will let nothing stop her — not the Islamists she enrages by rescuing a young woman from their brutality; not the prison gang leader who passes a death sentence on her; not the deadly reach of her long-lost twin sister, Camilla; and not the people who will do anything to keep buried knowledge of a sinister pseudoscientific experiment known only as The Registry.\n\n" ]	[ "The Girl in the Spider's Web" ]
406459594432248048	Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)	Yellowstone ( US TV series ) - wikipedia Yellowstone ( US TV series ) Yellowstone Genre Drama Created by Taylor Sheridan John Linson Written by Taylor Sheridan Directed by Taylor Sheridan Starring Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser Producer ( s ) John Vohlers Michael Polaire Cinematography Ben Richardson Editor ( s ) Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films Release Original network Paramount Network Original release June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20 , 2018 on Paramount Network . It stars Kevin Costner , Wes Bentley , Kelly Reilly , Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham . The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch , an Indian reservation , land developers and Yellowstone National Park . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season to air in 2019 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Yellowstone follows `` the Dutton family , led by John Dutton , who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States , under constant attack by those it borders -- land developers , an Indian reservation , and America 's first National Park . It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny -- where land grabs make developers billions , and politicians are bought and sold by the world 's largest oil and lumber corporations . Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news : they are a consequence of living in the new frontier . It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kevin Costner as John Dutton , the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States . He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer . Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role . Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton , a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son . Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role . Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton , a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn . She is educated , highly intelligent , and a master manipulator . She is also , however , very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem . Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role . Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton , an attorney , aspiring politician , and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . Although completely loyal to his father and family , he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family . He also has an intense love / hate relationship with his sister Beth . Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role . Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler , the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John 's right - hand man and enforcer . Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John . He has an on - again , off - again relationship with Beth . Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode `` The Unraveling : Pt. 1 '' . Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton , Kayce 's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation . She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation . Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton , the son of Kayce and Monica and John 's only grandchild . Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom , a ranch hand at Yellowstone . Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins , a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone . Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater , the chief of the nearby Indian reservation . Recurring ( edit ) Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater 's driver Ian Bohen as Ryan , a cowboy wrangler Denim Richards as Colby , a cowboy wrangler Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry , the Governor of Montana . Atticus Todd as Ben Waters Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart Rudy Ramos as Felix Long Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen Ryan Bingham as Walker Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott Katherine Cunningham as Christina John Aylward as Father Bob Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton , the late wife of John Dutton , mother to Jaime , Beth , Kayce , and stepmother to John 's eldest son , Lee . Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins , the wife of Dan Jenkins . Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell Guest ( edit ) Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ( `` Daybreak '' ) Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ( `` Daybreak '' ) , an ally of Chief Rainwater . Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ( `` Daybreak '' ) Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ( `` No Good Horses '' ) Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ( `` Coming Home '' ) Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 1 '' ) Tanaya Beatty as Avery ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' ) James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 2.83 `` Kill the Messenger '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 2.07 `` No Good Horses '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 2.17 `` The Long Black Train '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.89 5 `` Coming Home '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.95 6 `` The Remembering '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 2.10 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 2.08 8 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 1 '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 2.13 9 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 2 '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 2.37 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2013 , Taylor Sheridan began work on the series , having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays . Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming , Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston . On May 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series , Yellowstone . Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The series was set to be written , directed , and executive - produced by Sheridan . Other executive producers were to include John Linson , Art Linson , Harvey Weinstein , and David Glasser . Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein , his name would be removed from the series ' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well . On January 15 , 2018 , Kevin Kay , president of Paramount Network , clarified during the annual Television Critics Association 's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company 's credits or logo on them , even though that company was involved in production . Furthermore , he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company 's new name in the show 's credits when available . That same day , it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20 , 2018 . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019 . Casting ( edit ) On May 15 , 2017 , it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton . In June 2017 , it was reported that Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley , and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars . On July 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role . In August 2017 , it was reported that Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham , and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz , Gretchen Mol , Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , Ian Bohen , Denim Richards , and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity . In November 2017 , it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles . On December 19 , 2017 , it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity . On June 13 , 2018 , it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby , Montana , which stands in as the home of John Dutton . Filming also took place that month near Park City , Utah . The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City , which is a total of 45,000 square feet . The building also houses offices , editing , a huge wardrobe department and construction shops . By November 2017 , the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah , including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork . Additionally , filming also took place at various locations in Montana . Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017 . Music ( edit ) The series ' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola , cello , and violin soloists . On August 17 , 2018 , the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On February 28 , 2018 , a teaser trailer for the series was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released . Premiere ( edit ) On June 25 , 2018 , the series held a screening at Seriesfest , an annual international television festival , at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver , Colorado . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a 51 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously , diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) The two - hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most - watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network ( or its predecessor Spike ) . The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in . The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network 's first scripted drama series , Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network 's new comedy series , American Woman . It was later reported that the premiere 's Live + 3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in . By the series ' third episode , it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad - supported cable to air in 2018 , only behind AMC 's The Walking Dead . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' June 20 , 2018 0.4 2.83 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31 `` Kill the Messenger '' June 27 , 2018 0.3 2.07 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29 `` No Good Horses '' July 11 , 2018 0.4 2.17 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22 `` The Long Black Train '' July 18 , 2018 0.3 1.89 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64 5 `` Coming Home '' July 25 , 2018 0.3 1.95 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98 6 `` The Remembering '' August 1 , 2018 0.4 2.10 0.4 2.20 0.8 4.31 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' August 8 , 2018 0.4 2.08 0.4 2.35 0.8 4.43 8 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 1 '' August 15 , 2018 0.4 2.13 0.4 2.14 0.8 4.27 9 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 2 '' August 22 , 2018 0.4 2.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series : Family Saga ' Yellowstone ' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Cory ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Costner : ' Yellowstone ' TV series will be ' postcard for Montana ' '' . Missoulian . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Harvey Weinstein 's name removed from credits as made - in - Utah TV show ' Yellowstone ' kicks off cast auditions '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein 's Involvement In TWC Series ' Waco ' & ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Taylor Sheridan On Working After ' Wind River ' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series ' Yellowstone ' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Grimes Starring in ' Yellowstone ' With Kevin Costner ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham Set As Leads , Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Jefferson White Cast As Regular , Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' Casts ' Girlfriends ' Alum Golden Brooks ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Michaela Conlin Joins ' Yellowstone ' ; ' Carnival Row ' Casts Ariyon Bakare '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Casts Heather Hemmens ; Mike Dopud Joins ' The 100 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Barret Swatek Joins ' Yellowstone ' ; Tony Curran In ' Ray Donovan ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner 's new TV series begins production in Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner 's new TV series ' Yellowstone ' is filming , and spending tons of money , all over Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Watch ' Yellowstone ' Composer Brian Tyler Record the Theme '' . Collider . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Trailer : Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Trailer : Kevin Costner 's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network 's Neo-Western Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wenzel , John ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year 's SeriesFest '' . The Know . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup , Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama ' New Amsterdam ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Premiere Draws All - Time High Viewership For Paramount Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable , Hits New Ratings Highs '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' premiere scores in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts ; ' Big Brother 20 ' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' and ' Preacher ' score big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Teen Mom II ' doubles in 18 - 49 , ' Snowfall ' gets big viewers boost cable Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Woman ' scores big viewer gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' The Sinner ' Season Premiere More Than Doubles its Live + Same Day Figures in Overall Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Season Premiere Leads Scripted Telecasts in Raw Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' American Woman ' Leads All Telecasts Among Adults 18 - 49 Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Yellowstone on IMDb Paramount Network original programming Current Lip Sync Battle ( since 2018 ) Bellator MMA ( since 2018 ) Cops ( since 2018 ) Ink Master ( since 2018 ) Bar Rescue ( since 2018 ) Ink Master : Angels ( since 2018 ) American Woman ( since 2018 ) Yellowstone ( since 2018 ) Rest in Power : The Trayvon Martin Story ( since 2018 ) Former Waco ( 2018 ) Nobodies ( 2018 ) It Was Him : The Many Murders of Ed Edwards ( 2018 ) Upcoming First Wives Club ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=857116548 '' Categories : Paramount Network shows English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts Television series about families Yellowstone National Park Television shows set in Montana Television shows filmed in Utah Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are there in the tv series yellowstone	[ "Yellowstone\nGenre\nDramaCreated by\n\nTaylor Sheridan\nJohn Linson\nWritten by\nTaylor SheridanDirected by\nTaylor SheridanStarring\n\nKevin Costner\nLuke Grimes\nKelly Reilly\nWes Bentley\nCole Hauser\nKelsey Asbille\nBrecken Merrill\nJefferson White\nDanny Huston\nGil Birmingham\nComposer(s)\nBrian TylerCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n1No. of episodes\n9 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nJohn Linson\nArt Linson\nTaylor Sheridan\nKevin Costner\nDavid C. Glasser\nProducer(s)\n\nJohn Vohlers\nMichael Polaire\nCinematography\nBen RichardsonEditor(s)\n\nGary D. Roach\nEvan Ahlgren\nCamera setup\nSingle-cameraRunning time\n42–92 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nLinson Entertainment\nBosque Ranch Productions\nTreehouse Films\nReleaseOriginal network\nParamount NetworkOriginal release\nJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) – present (present)External links\nOfficial website" ]	[ "9" ]
-4838378570395982052	Kelly Ripa	Kelly Ripa - wikipedia Kelly Ripa Jump to : navigation , search Kelly Ripa Ripa at The Heart Truth Red Dress Collection fashion show in 2007 Kelly Maria Ripa ( 1970 - 10 - 02 ) October 2 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Stratford , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Actress talk show host television producer Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Mark Consuelos ( m . 1996 ) Children Website kellyandryan.com Kelly Maria Ripa ( / ˈrɪpə / ; born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show host , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York - based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Dancin ' on Air , Dance Party USA and All My Children 2.2 Live ! 2.3 Hope & Faith 2.4 Film 2.5 Other ventures 2.5. 1 Spokesperson 2.5. 2 Charity 2.5. 3 Production company 3 Awards and honors 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Kelly Lee Ripa was born in Stratford , New Jersey , the daughter of Esther , a homemaker , and Joseph Ripa , a labor union president and bus driver . She has a sister , Linda , who is a children 's book author . She has three - quarters Italian and one - quarter Irish ancestry . Ripa was raised Roman Catholic . Her father has been the Democratic County Clerk for Camden County , New Jersey , since June 2009 . She is the first in her family to enter the acting profession . She has studied ballet since age three , plays the piano , and in her words is `` no Barbra Streisand '' but can carry a tune . Ripa graduated from Eastern Regional High School in Voorhees Township , New Jersey , where she became a cheerleader and was later encouraged by her drama teacher to pursue acting . `` I owe so much of my career to Jim Beckley , '' she said . `` He thought I was a natural performer and so he gave me the lead in the next show . '' She starred in local theatre productions and was discovered while performing in The Ugly Duckling during her senior year . She attended Camden County College studying psychology , but dropped out and moved to New York City to become an actress . Career ( edit ) Dancin ' on air , Dance party USA and All My Children ( edit ) Aside from local TV gigs , Ripa 's first national television exposure came in 1986 when she appeared as a regular dancer on Dancin ' On Air , leading into Dance Party USA . Her career goal at the time was to be a newscaster and she often did the cast news reports . Ripa was cast in her first major acting role in 1990 as Hayley Vaughan , a troubled party girl , on All My Children . She concluded her 12 - year stint in 2002 , but returned for two episodes in 2010 to help celebrate the soap opera 's 40th anniversary . Live ! ( edit ) After co-host Kathie Lee Gifford 's final show on Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee , Regis Philbin began holding on - air auditions to find her replacement . In his autobiography , How I Got This Way , Philbin says of discovering Ripa : There was one guest we 'd had on with us a few years before who had ( a certain sparkle ) . Hers was a natural , quick - witted , unaffected , confident , fun - loving kind of sparkle that both Gelman and I remembered very well . We decided to invite her back , this time to consider her as a possible co-host . So that was when this smiling , petite ball of fire named Kelly Ripa made her return to Live ! for a test run at the rotating , up - for - grabs hot seat to my left . And my God , who knew what spontaneous combustion we 'd make together ? On the day of Ripa 's initial Live ! with Regis tryout ( November 1 , 2000 ) , psychic Char Margolis was among the guests . During this segment , Margolis guessed that Ripa was pregnant with her second child . Ripa replied , `` I have n't told my boss yet ! '' Philbin later said that Ripa was first among the potential candidates including Jane Krakowski , Valerie Bertinelli , Dolly Parton , and Bernadette Peters : `` ( I ) t could only be Kelly . We knew that from her memorable debut onward . '' Ripa was announced as official replacement on February 5 , 2001 . Within months the renamed Live ! with Regis and Kelly 's young - audience demographics increased by 80 percent with Ripa credited for bringing `` a new life to the show . '' The chemistry between Philbin and Ripa ( or `` Pippa '' as he nicknamed her ) , their banter , interviews , and conversations about their families , personal lives , and New York City attracted a successful , strong , and loyal viewership averaging 6 million viewers daily . In January 2011 , Philbin , 80 , announced that he would be retiring from Live ! at the end of the year . His final show aired Friday , November 18 , 2011 , during which Ripa tearfully reminisced about her first day , the 43 steps they walked together from her dressing room onto set each day for 11 years , and how those 43 steps changed her life . `` Thank you for everything ! It 's been just great my Pippa , '' Philbin told her in an embrace . Ripa responded , `` Thank you for everything . I love you . '' `` I love you , too , '' said Philbin . Ripa replaced Philbin as the head of the show and returned the following Monday , November 21 , 2011 , to continue the show , which was re-titled Live ! with Kelly . In a process similar to the one in which she was selected to replace Gifford , a rotating lineup of co-hosts auditioned on - air with Ripa to take over her former co-hosting duties , including : Michael Strahan , Seth Meyers , Josh Groban , Nick Lachey , Neil Patrick Harris , Chris Harrison , Jerry O'Connell , Joel McHale , Carrie Ann Inaba , Bryant Gumbel , Jerry Seinfeld , Mike Greenberg , Boomer Esiason , Dan Abrams , Martin Short , Howie Mandel , Pat Kiernan , Jesse Palmer , D.L. Hughley , Derek Hough , Sam Champion , Taye Diggs , Ben Mulroney , Kevin Jonas , Randy Jackson , Michael Bublé , Peter Facinelli , Rob Lowe , Dana Carvey , Reggie Bush , and Mario Lopez . In the end , Strahan was announced as the new co-host and Live ! with Kelly and Michael premiered September 4 , 2012 . Live ! won its first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show on June 23 , 2012 . On May 16 , 2016 , the show 's name was changed to Live ! with Kelly after Strahan 's last show before his move to Good Morning America . On May 1 , 2017 , the show 's name was changed to Live with Kelly and Ryan , after Ryan Seacrest took over as Strahan 's permanent replacement . Hope & Faith ( edit ) Ripa ventured into primetime in September 2003 on Hope & Faith , playing Faith Fairfield , an unemployed ex-soap star . The half - hour sitcom , co-starring Faith Ford , Ted McGinley , and Megan Fox , gave ABC its best Friday premiere score since 1996 . The show ended in May 2006 with Ripa declaring she `` never wanted to work that hard again . '' Film ( edit ) Best known for her television work , Ripa also has several feature films to her credit . She appeared in the acclaimed Miramax feature Marvin 's Room in 1996 alongside Meryl Streep and Leonardo DiCaprio . Other ventures ( edit ) Spokesperson ( edit ) Ripa serves as a spokesperson for several companies . In the past , she has partnered with Tide , 7 Up , Pantene , and TD Bank , but currently works primarily with Electrolux and Rykä . Rykä announced Ripa as the spokesperson for the brand 's footwear and sporting apparel in 2008 . Ripa oversees the design of her own fitness - inspired active wear line , The Kelly Ripa Collection . Ripa stars in the Electrolux television and print advertising , and her image is used on point of sale materials and extensively online . Charity ( edit ) Ripa is a supporter of the ovarian cancer cause , and has teamed with Electrolux to raise funds for The Ovarian Cancer Research Fund . Every summer , she hosts an event called Super Saturday , a day - long fundraising event . 2011 's event raised over $3.5 million for OCRF . Ripa attributes her dedication to the experience of losing a friend to ovarian cancer . In 2001 , she appeared on a celebrity version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , hosted by Philbin . She won $250,000 for Tomorrow 's Children 's Fund , a non-profit organization dedicated to speeding the healing of children with cancer and serious blood disorders . Ripa is also an active participant in Mothers Against Drunk Driving . According to Ripa , her involvement with MADD is motivated by her sister , Linda , who was almost killed by a drunk driver in 1999 . Production company ( edit ) In 2007 , Ripa and her husband Mark Consuelos founded Milojo , the production company , named for their children Michael , Lola , and Joaquin . It began with the Emmy - nominated feature documentary The Streak , which told the story of the Brandon High School wrestling team and its 34 - year winning streak . It premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2008 . In addition , Milojo launched a first look development deal with Discovery Channel for non-scripted series ' including Homemade Millionaire , hosted by Ripa , and the docu - series Masters of Reception . Their next film , Off the Rez , was also accepted to the Tribeca Film Festival and premiered on TLC in May 2011 . In 2012 , the company premiered its first short film , a collaboration with Will Ferrell 's Funny or Die entitled `` The Bensonhurst Spelling Bee '' featuring Ripa , Consuelos , and their son , Michael . The video has had over 1,000,000 views . Awards and Honors ( edit ) In 1999 , she won the Best Actress Award at the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival for her work in The Stand - In . In 2007 and 2012 , Ripa hosted the TV Land Awards to very positive reviews . She , herself , is an award winner , garnering five Soap Opera Digest Awards and three Daytime Emmy Award nominations for playing Hayley Vaughan on All My Children . Ripa was also recognized for her work on the Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade , which she co-hosted from 2001 -- 2009 , with the Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Special in 2006 . She and co-host Regis Philbin have also twice won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host for Live ! with Regis and Kelly , for which they also received 12 Emmy Award nominations and 4 People 's Choice Award nominations . Subsequently , for Live ! with Kelly and Michael , She and co-host Michael Strahan won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host for their work in 2015 and 2016 . The Broadcast Pioneers inducted Ripa into their Hall of Fame for her tremendous success in the television industry on November 19 , 2010 and also honoured her as their Person of the Year . On October 12 , 2015 , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce honored Kelly Ripa with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . On September 15 , 2006 , Ripa broke the Guinness World Record as twenty - four banana - cream pies were tossed at her mouth in one minute , as part of a Guinness World Record Breaker theme week on Live ! . On September 16 , 2011 , Ripa broke the Guinness World Record for Most Grapes Trodden in 1 Minute , of 5.4 litres , as she extracted 8.4 litres . However , her competitor , Martina Servaty of Germany , extracted even more ( 8.6 litres ) , preventing Ripa from holding the new record . In 2008 , Cowboy Mouth , a New Orleans , Louisiana - based rock band , honored Ripa by writing a song in tribute , entitled Kelly Ripa , that appeared on their album Fearless . The band performed the song on Live ! on March 13 , 2008 . In 2017 , Ripa was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame . Personal life ( edit ) In 1995 , she met Mark Consuelos , her new co-star on All My Children . The two eloped on May 1 , 1996 . The couple has three children : Michael Joseph ( born June 2 , 1997 ) , Lola Grace ( born June 16 , 2001 ) , and Joaquin Antonio Consuelos ( born February 24 , 2003 ) . Ripa is a practicing Roman Catholic . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 -- 1992 Dance Party USA Dancer 1990 -- 2002 , 2010 All My Children Hayley Vaughan Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Romance Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Marvin 's Room Coral 1999 The Stand - In Jenni Best Actress Award at the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival Someone to Love Michelle 2000 -- present Live ! with Regis and Kelly , Live ! with Kelly , Live ! with Kelly and Michael , Live with Kelly and Ryan Co-Host 2012 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment 2011 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host 2012 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host 2016 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Nominated -- People 's Choice Award for Favorite Daytime Talk Show Host 2001 -- 2009 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Co-Host 2006 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Special 2002 Ed Jennifer Bradley Episodes : `` Things to Do Today , '' `` May the Best Man Win , '' `` The Wedding , '' and `` Trapped '' Family Guy Herself Voice , Episode : `` Viewer Mail # 1 '' It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Herself Cameo 2003 -- 2006 Hope & Faith Faith Fairfield Main cast , 73 episodes 2003 Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time Future Bonnie Voice Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman Dr. Roxanne `` Rocky '' Ballantine Voice Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Kelly Ripa / Outkast '' Cheaper by the Dozen Herself Cameo 2005 Duck Dodgers The New Cadet / Herself Episodes : `` The New Cadet '' and `` The Love Duck '' 1 - 800 - Missing Melody Episode : `` Looking for Mr. Wright '' 2007 50 Funniest Women Alive Host The Knights of Prosperity Herself Episode : `` Operation : Oswald Montecristo '' 2007 , 2012 TV Land Awards Host 2008 The Great Buck Howard Herself Cameo Delgo Kurrin Voice Fly Me to the Moon Nat 's mom Voice Ugly Betty Herself Episode : `` The Manhattan Project '' 2009 Damages Herself Episode : `` I Lied , Too . '' Brothers & Sisters Herself Episode : `` Sibling Rivalry '' The Marriage Ref Panelist Episodes : `` Pilot , '' `` Jerry Seinfeld / Kelly Ripa / Alec Baldwin , '' and `` Demi Moore / Jim Breuer / Kelly Ripa '' Homemade Millionaire Host Executive Producer 2011 Hannah Montana Herself Episode : `` I Am Mamaw , Hear Me Roar ! '' 30 Rock Herself Episode : `` 100 '' Live from Lincoln Center Host Episode : `` New York City Ballet : George Balanchine 's ' The Nutcracker ' '' 2013 Google+ Hangout Host Episode : `` First Lady Michelle Obama 's Let 's Move ! Fireside Hangout '' 2015 Broad City Herself Episode : `` Coat Check '' 2016 Nightcap Herself Episode : `` Babymaker '' 2017 CNN Heroes Co-Host TBA Geek Girl Rising TV Series Producer Based on the book of the same name by Heather Cabot & Samantha Walravens See also ( edit ) Biography portal Film portal Television portal List of All My Children cast members List of American film actresses List of American television actresses List of people from New Jersey List of people from New York City List of talk show hosts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Milojo Productions . Jump up ^ Abramson , Jill ; Carr , David ; Scott , A.O. ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Hollywood Reporter 's 35 Most Powerful People in New York Media 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter Jump up ^ `` Kelly Ripa Biography ( 1970 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Ripa 's religion and political views The religion and political views of Kelly Ripa '' . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian American ONE VOICE Coalition Says Kelly Ripa is Denigrating Italian Americans '' . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kelly Ripa Biography '' . celebritywonder.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelly Ripa in town to shoot Live with Kelly . Jump up ^ From All My Children to Regis Philbin . Jump up ^ Heading to Pine Valley . Jump up ^ How I Got This Way . Jump up ^ `` A Revealing Audition '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Live ' Takes Top Talk Show Honors '' . Jump up ^ `` Regis Philbin : I 'm Going Out a Pretty Proud and Happy Guy '' . Jump up ^ Gelman : Moving Forward Day By Day . Jump up ^ `` Tout '' . Tout . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Having Faith . Jump up ^ Leveraging Spokesperson Kelly Ripa . Jump up ^ Electrolux and Kelly Ripa team up . Jump up ^ Lifechangers . Jump up ^ Giving Back . Jump up ^ About Milojo . Jump up ^ ' The Bensonhurst Spelling Bee ' . Jump up ^ Kelly Ripa Hosts 10th Annual TV Land Awards . Jump up ^ Kelly Ripa getting broadcasters ' honor . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Ripa - Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Jump up ^ `` LIVE ! with Regis & Kelly -- Guinness World Record - Breaker Week on LIVE ! '' . Dadt.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Ripa '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. `` Kelly Ripa : ' All My Children , ' Indeed '' . People . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe . `` Kelly Ripa , Mark Consuelos to Develop Book ' Geek Girl Rising ' as TV Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kelly Ripa . Kelly Ripa on IMDb Official website for Live ! with Kelly `` Blond Vivant : Kelly Ripa '' . Page Six . NY Post . July 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Kelly Ripa on Twitter ( hide ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host 1974 -- 94 Dinah Shore ( 1974 ) Barbara Walters ( 1975 ) Dinah Shore ( 1976 ) Phil Donahue ( 1977 ) Phil Donahue ( 1978 ) Phil Donahue ( 1979 ) Phil Donahue ( 1980 ) Hugh Downs ( 1981 ) Phil Donahue ( 1982 ) Phil Donahue ( 1983 ) Gary Collins ( 1984 ) Phil Donahue ( 1985 ) Phil Donahue ( 1986 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 1987 ) Phil Donahue ( 1988 ) Sally Jessy Raphael ( 1989 ) Joan Rivers ( 1990 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 1991 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 1992 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 1993 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 1994 ) 1995 -- 2014 Oprah Winfrey ( 1995 ) Montel Williams ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell / Oprah Winfrey ( 1998 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) Rosie O'Donnell / Regis Philbin ( 2001 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2002 ) Wayne Brady ( 2003 ) Wayne Brady ( 2004 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2005 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2006 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2007 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2008 ) Whoopi Goldberg , Joy Behar , Sherri Shepherd , Elisabeth Hasselbeck , Barbara Walters ( 2009 ) Mehmet Oz ( 2010 ) Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa / Mehmet Oz ( 2011 ) Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa ( 2012 ) Ricki Lake ( 2013 ) Katie Couric / Mehmet Oz ( 2014 ) New Jersey portal Drama portal Television portal United States portal LCCN : n2006043916 VIAF : 4359713 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Ripa&oldid=835969806 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New Jersey Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent American soap opera actresses American television actresses American television talk show hosts Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host winners Living people People from Berlin , New Jersey People from Stratford , New Jersey People from Franklin Lakes , New Jersey People from Manhattan Actresses of Italian descent American Roman Catholics Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . 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About Wikipedia	who did kelly ripa play in cheaper by the dozen	[ "\n\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n\n1986–1992\nDance Party USA\nDancer\n\n\n\n1990–2002, 2010\nAll My Children\nHayley Vaughan\nSoap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress\nSoap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Romance\nNominated — Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series\nNominated —Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series\nNominated — Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star\n\n\n1996\nMarvin's Room\nCoral\n\n\n\n1999\nThe Stand-In\nJenni\nBest Actress Award at the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival\n\n\n2001\nSomeone to Love\nMichelle\n\n\n\n2000–present\nLive! with Regis and Kelly, Live! with Kelly, Live! with Kelly and Michael, Live with Kelly and Ryan\nCo-Host\n2012 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment\n2011 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host\n2012 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host\n2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host\n2016 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host\nNominated—People's Choice Award for Favorite Daytime Talk Show Host\n\n\n2001–2009\nDisney Parks Christmas Day Parade\nCo-Host\n2006 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Special\n\n\n2002\nEd\nJennifer Bradley\nEpisodes: \"Things to Do Today,\" \"May the Best Man Win,\" \"The Wedding,\" and \"Trapped\"\n\n\nFamily Guy\nHerself\nVoice, Episode: \"Viewer Mail #1\"\n\n\nIt's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie\nHerself\nCameo\n\n\n2003–2006\nHope & Faith\nFaith Fairfield\nMain cast, 73 episodes\n\n\n2003\nKim Possible: A Sitch in Time\nFuture Bonnie\nVoice\n\n\nBatman: Mystery of the Batwoman\nDr. Roxanne \"Rocky\" Ballantine\nVoice\n\n\nSaturday Night Live\nHost\nEpisode: \"Kelly Ripa/Outkast\"\n\n\nCheaper by the Dozen\nHerself\nCameo\n\n\n2005\nDuck Dodgers\nThe New Cadet/Herself\nEpisodes: \"The New Cadet\" and \"The Love Duck\"\n\n\n1-800-Missing\nMelody\nEpisode: \"Looking for Mr. Wright\"\n\n\n2007\n50 Funniest Women Alive\nHost\n\n\n\nThe Knights of Prosperity\nHerself\nEpisode: \"Operation: Oswald Montecristo\"\n\n\n2007, 2012\nTV Land Awards\nHost\n\n\n\n2008\nThe Great Buck Howard\nHerself\nCameo\n\n\nDelgo\nKurrin\nVoice\n\n\nFly Me to the Moon\nNat's mom\nVoice\n\n\nUgly Betty\nHerself\nEpisode: \"The Manhattan Project\"\n\n\n2009\nDamages\nHerself\nEpisode: \"I Lied, Too.\"\n\n\nBrothers & Sisters\nHerself\nEpisode: \"Sibling Rivalry\"\n\n\n2010\nThe Marriage Ref\nPanelist\nEpisodes: \"Pilot,\" \"Jerry Seinfeld/Kelly Ripa/Alec Baldwin,\" and \"Demi Moore/Jim Breuer/Kelly Ripa\"\n\n\nHomemade Millionaire\nHost\nExecutive Producer\n\n\n2011\nHannah Montana\nHerself\nEpisode: \"I Am Mamaw, Hear Me Roar!\"\n\n\n30 Rock\nHerself\nEpisode: \"100\"\n\n\nLive from Lincoln Center\nHost\nEpisode: \"New York City Ballet: George Balanchine's 'The Nutcracker'\"\n\n\n2013\nGoogle+ Hangout\nHost\nEpisode: \"First Lady Michelle Obama's Let's Move! Fireside Hangout\"\n\n\n2015\nBroad City\nHerself\nEpisode: \"Coat Check\"\n\n\n2016\nNightcap\nHerself\nEpisode: \"Babymaker\"\n\n\n2017\nCNN Heroes\nCo-Host\n\n\n\nTBA\nGeek Girl Rising TV Series\nProducer[29]\nBased on the book of the same name by Heather Cabot & Samantha Walravens\n\n" ]	[ "Herself" ]
5550503718550727757	Walton Goggins	Walton Goggins - wikipedia Walton Goggins Jump to : navigation , search Walton Goggins Goggins at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International promoting The Hateful Eight Walton Sanders Goggins Jr . ( 1971 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1971 ( age 45 ) Birmingham , Alabama , United States Occupation Actor , filmmaker Years active 1989 -- present Spouse ( s ) Leanne Goggins ( m. ? ; d . 2004 ) Nadia Conners ( m . 2011 ) Children Walton Sanders Goggins Jr. ( born November 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor . On television , he played Shane Vendrell in The Shield , Boyd Crowder in Justified and Venus Van Dam in Sons of Anarchy . He has also appeared in films , such as That Evening Sun , The Apostle , Chrystal , Miracle at St. Anna , Predators , Lincoln , Django Unchained , Machete Kills , American Ultra and The Hateful Eight . He co-produced and starred in the 2001 short film The Accountant , which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Professional recognition 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Goggins was born in Birmingham , Alabama , the son of Janet Long and Walton Sanders Goggins Sr. He was raised in Lithia Springs , Georgia , attended Lithia Springs High School , and moved to Los Angeles at the age of nineteen . He attended Georgia Southern University for one year . Career ( edit ) When he was 19 , Goggins moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting . He worked on a valet car parking service for various restaurants in the valley and sold cowboy boots . In 1990 , after working in a few acting roles in Georgia , he got his first big break in Murder in Mississippi . While filming , Goggins met and became friends with Ray McKinnon , who played his father in the film , and with whom he began a creative partnership that continues to this day . Goggins played Detective Shane Vendrell in the FX series The Shield ( 2002 -- 2008 ) . Goggins and McKinnon formed their production company Ginny Mule Pictures , which produced four films : The Accountant ( a short film which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2001 ) , Chrystal ( Sundance Dramatic Competition ) , Randy and the Mob and That Evening Sun ( which won the South by Southwest Special Jury Prize 2009 ) . Goggins and McKinnon created the series Rectify . Goggins was set to play the lead and AMC had bought the pilot script , written by McKinnon , a role which went to Aden Young when the series later went to SundanceTV . Goggins played Boyd Crowder in the pilot episode of the FX series Justified , and was a recurring cast member in the first season of the show , while also shooting a major supporting role as a deadly death row inmate being hunted by the titular antagonists in the film Predators . In May 2010 , Goggins ' character was promoted to the main cast for the second season of Justified . In May 2011 , he appeared in `` Code of the West '' , a commercial for Ram Truck 's `` Guts & Glory '' campaign . He appeared in Cowboys & Aliens as Hunt , a bandit formerly in the employ of the protagonist . In July 2011 , Goggins was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role on Justified . He portrayed Billy Crash , a sadistic overseer and slave fighting trainer , in the 2012 film Django Unchained . From 2012 to 2013 , Goggins guest - starred as transgender prostitute Venus Van Damme in the FX series Sons of Anarchy . He previously worked with the show 's creator , Kurt Sutter , when the latter was a writer and executive producer on The Shield . The name `` Venus Van Damme '' is a play on the undercover name `` Cletus Van Damme '' used by Shane Vendrell on The Shield . In 2015 , he played Chris Mannix in The Hateful Eight and stars in HBO 's television series Vice Principals . Reviewing in The New York Times , critic Mike Hale wrote , `` Walton Goggins makes a habit of being the best thing about the television shows he 's in . '' Professional recognition ( edit ) Goggins at the Television Academy presents An Evening with `` Justified '' in Hollywood on March 19 , 2014 Goggins has received a steady stream of recognition for his professional work . With Ray McKinnon , Lisa Blount and Ginny Mule Pictures , he was recognized by the Spirit of Slamdance Award at the Slamdance Film Festival in 2001 for The Accountant , which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2002 . Their film Chrystal appeared in the 2004 U.S. Dramatic Competition at the Sundance Film Festival , and the same trio were awarded the Spirit of Slamdance Award again for Randy and the Mob . Goggins was nominated for a Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2009 for his role as Detective Shane Vendrell in The Shield . In the same year , McKinnon , Goggins , Hal Holbrook and the rest of the principal cast of That Evening Sun , won the Special Jury Award for Best Ensemble Cast at the South by Southwest Film Festival competition . In 2012 , the principal cast of Quentin Tarantino 's Django Unchained , including Goggins , Leonardo DiCaprio , Samuel L. Jackson , Jamie Foxx , Kerry Washington , Bruce Dern and others , were nominated for the San Diego Film Critics Society Awards for Best Ensemble Performance . Goggins ' role of Boyd Crowder in Justified received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2011 , the TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain in 2013 , the Online Film & Television Association 's Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 and 2014 , and for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . Goggins ' role of Venus Van Dam in Sons of Anarchy received nominations for the Online Film & Television Association 's Television Award for Best Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2013 and 2014 , and for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2014 and 2015 . Personal life ( edit ) Goggins was married to Canadian Leanne Kaun Goggins , owner of a Laurel Canyon , California , dog - walking business . Born in 1967 , she and Goggins were estranged when she died on November 12 , 2004 . Goggins married filmmaker Nadia Conners in August 2011 , and they had a son , Augustus ( born February 2011 ) . Goggins showcases some of his photography on a blog that he created , when he took time off work and traveled across India . He is active in various nonprofit organizations that range from environmental to humanitarian work , and regularly attends Global Green USA events . Filmography ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : the section 's content on awards is incomplete and inconsistent with the foregoing section on awards , and both are sourced only from IMDB Please help improve this section if you can . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Mr. Saturday Night Shaky Kid On DVD cut only 1992 Forever Young Gate MP The Next Karate Kid Charlie 1997 The Apostle Sam 1997 Painted Hero Roddy 1997 Switchback Bud 1998 Major League : Back to the Minors Billy `` Downtown '' Anderson 1999 Wayward Son 2000 The Crow : Salvation Detective Stan Roberts 2000 Red Dirt Lee Todd 2000 Shanghai Noon Wallace 2000 Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Almanzo Wilder 2001 Daddy and Them Tommy Christian 2001 Joy Ride Cop ( DVD additional footage ) Uncredited 2001 The Accountant Tommy O'Dell Short film 2002 The Bourne Identity Research Tech 2002 Beyond the Prairie , Part 2 : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Almanzo Wilder 2003 House of 1000 Corpses Deputy Steve Nash 2003 Apple Jack Moe Danyou Short film Chrystal Larry 2005 The World 's Fastest Indian Marty Dickerson 2006 The Architect Joe 2007 Randy and The Mob Tino Armani 2008 Winged Creatures Zack 2008 Miracle at St. Anna Nokes 2009 That Evening Sun Paul Meecham 2009 Damage Reno Predators Stans 2011 Cowboys & Aliens Hunt 2011 Straw Dogs Daniel 2012 Lincoln Wells A. Hutchins 2012 Django Unchained Billy Crash 2013 Officer Down Angel / Detective Logue 2013 G.I. Joe : Retaliation Warden Nigel James 2013 Machete Kills El Cameleón 2015 Mojave Jim 2015 American Ultra Laugher 2015 Diablo Ezra 2015 The Hateful Eight Chris Mannix 2017 Three Christs Leon 2018 Maze Runner : The Death Cure Lawrence Post-production 2018 Tomb Raider Mathias Vogel Post-production 2018 Ant - Man and the Wasp Sonny Burch Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes In the Heat of the Night Darrell / Robbie Jeffries / Garth Watkins 3 episodes Murder in Mississippi Lyle Television film 1992 Beverly Hills , 90210 Mike Muchin Episode : `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' 1992 Stay the Night Wayne Seagrove Television film For Love and Glory Buck Television film 1995 JAG Marine 2nd Lieutenant Episode : `` Desert Son '' Humanoids from the Deep Rod Television film The Cherokee Kid Jim Bob Television film Pacific Blue Harv 2 episodes The Sentinel Mick Episode : `` True Crime '' 1998 NYPD Blue Terry Episode : `` Honeymoon at Viagra Falls '' 2001 Murder , She Wrote : The Last Free Man Billy Weber Television film 2002 -- 2008 The Shield Detective Shane Vendrell 88 episodes Hawaii Agent Davis Episode : `` Lost and Found '' 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Marlon Frost Episode : `` Empty Eyes '' 2009 Criminal Minds John Cooley Episode : `` Demonology '' 2009 CSI : Miami Sean Echols Episode : `` Dissolved '' 2010 -- 2015 Justified Boyd Crowder 74 episodes 2012 Unsupervised Bruce Lindsay ( voice ) Episode : `` The Magic of Science '' 2012 -- 2014 Sons of Anarchy Venus Van Dam 6 episodes 2013 To Appomattox Richard Ewell 5 episodes 2014 Community Mr. Stone Episode : `` Cooperative Polygraphy '' 2016 -- 2017 Vice Principals Lee Russell 9 episodes 2017 SIX Richard `` Rip '' Taggart 8 episodes 2017 American Dad ! Enoch ( voice ) Episode : `` A Nice Night for a Drive '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 1995 Wing Commander IV : The Price of Freedom Border World Pilot 2017 Prey Aaron Ingram Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated for Result 2001 Slamdance Film Festival Spirit of Slamdance Award for Best Supporting Actor ( shared with Ray McKinnon and Lisa Blount ) The Accountant Won Randy and the Mob Won 2009 South By Southwest Special Jury Award for Best Ensemble Cast That Evening Sun Nominated Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Drama The Shield Nominated 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 2011 ) Justified Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2012 San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by an Ensemble Django Unchained Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Justified Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Justified Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Walton Goggins '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson Hunt , Stacey ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Walton Goggins on 25 Years of Playing ' That Guy ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walton Goggins Interview '' . youtube . Jump up ^ `` Walton Goggins Biography '' . Yahoo Canada . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The AV Club Walton Goggins Interview Jan 31 , 2012 Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Week Rectify is the successor to Mad Men you 've been looking for June 20 , 2014 Retrieved March 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Justified Promotes Walton Goggins to Series Regular '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Stuart Levine ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Nomination reaction : Walton Goggins '' . Variety . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christopher M ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Walton Goggins Joins `` Django Unchained '' . Celluloid and Cigarette Burns . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' : Walton Goggins talks Venus Van Dam Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Justified 's ' Walton Goggins to Star in HBO 's ' Vice Principals ' February 9 , 2015 Retrieved March 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Review : HBO 's ' Vice Principals ' Features Power Struggles and Potty Mouths '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Anon. , 2015 , `` Archives -- 2004 Sundance Film Festival : `` Chrystal '' ( Director : Ray McKinnon , Screenwriters : Ray McKinnon ) , see ( 1 ) , accessed January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners Television Academy '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Winter ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` Hollywood Hills Residents Mourn Tragic Loss '' . Canyon News . Beverly Hills , California . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Radar interview with Walton Goggins '' . ^ Jump up to : lmfarms . `` hindu to you too '' . Hindutoyoutoo.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Stacey Wilson ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Walton Goggins on 25 Years of Playing ' That Guy ' '' . Vulture.com ( New York ) . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . I actually got my first job after being here ( in Los Angeles ) for one week -- a role opposite Billy Crystal in Mr. Saturday Night . I was the Nervous Kid in a flashback sequence . It did n't make the movie , but it made the DVD . Jump up ^ Goggins in Murray , Noel ( November 23 , 2008 ) . `` Walton Goggins '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . I was in a movie called Forever Young , with Mel Gibson . I just saw the director up here in Canada the other day -- Steve Miner ... ( W ) hen you 're a young actor , you live for those days . It was a day with Mel Gibson ... Early in my career , those small roles I got , they were pretty two - dimensional , buddy , for the most part . But you do what you can do with it on your day , and you 're thankful for it . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2009 awards `` Made in China '' best narrative feature `` . FilmFestivals.com . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Additional WebCitation archive on December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television Critics Association Announces 2009 Award Nominees '' . Television Critics Association . June 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Addition WebCitation archive on December 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Emmys > Award Search > Walton Goggins '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 / / Nominees for the 3rd Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' ( Press release ) . Broadcast Television Critics Association . June 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 / / Winners and Nominees from the 4th Annual Critics Choice Television Awards '' ( Press release ) . Broadcast Television Critics Association . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 / / Nominations For the 5th Annual Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Broadcast Television Critics Association . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Requires scrolldown to proper press release . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walton Goggins . Walton Goggins on IMDb Audio Interview w / The Rafferty / Mills Connection Podcast ( 2009 ) myFanbase Interview with Walton Goggins on `` Justified '' and `` The Shield '' , December 2011 Walton Goggins Fan VIAF : 24402768 LCCN : no2008030739 ISNI : 0000 0000 8102 723X GND : 141510609 SUDOC : 153529369 BNF : cb14639727h ( data ) BNE : XX4415280 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walton_Goggins&oldid=808685444 '' Categories : 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 1971 births American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Birmingham , Alabama People from Lithia Springs , Georgia Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Male Western ( genre ) film actors American environmentalists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing cleanup from January 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 13 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played venus van dam on sons of anarchy	[ "Walton Sanders Goggins Jr. (born November 10, 1971)[1] is an American actor. On television, he played Shane Vendrell in The Shield, Boyd Crowder in Justified and Venus Van Dam in Sons of Anarchy. He has also appeared in films, such as That Evening Sun, The Apostle, Chrystal, Miracle at St. Anna, Predators, Lincoln, Django Unchained, Machete Kills, American Ultra and The Hateful Eight. He co-produced and starred in the 2001 short film The Accountant, which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.[2]" ]	[ "Walton Sanders Goggins Jr." ]
4804435373936697962	Star Trek: Discovery (season 2)	Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( season 2 ) Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Country of origin United States Release Original network CBS All Access Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Star Trek : Discovery episodes The second season of the American television series Star Trek : Discovery is set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series , and follows the crew of the USS Discovery . The season will be produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Secret Hideout , Roddenberry Entertainment , and Living Dead Guy Productions , with Alex Kurtzman serving as showrunner . Original showrunner Bryan Fuller had intended for Discovery to be an anthology series that told different stories each season . CBS did not agree with this , but a hybrid approach was eventually used following the same characters but telling different stories each season . The second season was officially ordered in October 2017 , and does not continue the war storyline of the first season . Filming began in April 2018 . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , showrunners for the first season , returned for the second but were fired during production . Co-creator Kurtzman replaced them during filming on the fifth episode . The season is expected to debut in 2019 , and will consist of 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Music 4 Release 5 References Episodes ( edit ) Showrunner Alex Kurtzman directed the first episode of the season . Jonathan Frakes is directing the second and tenth episodes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Main ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham Doug Jones as Saru Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly Recurring ( edit ) Tig Notaro as Jet Reno Notable guests ( edit ) Wilson Cruz as Hugh Culber Alan van Sprang as Leland Anson Mount as Christopher Pike Mary Chieffo as L'Rell James Frain as Sarek Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . In February 2016 , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner . CBS did not have a plan for what the new show would be when Fuller joined , and he proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series . CBS told Fuller to just start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first , and he began further developing the prequel concept . By the end of 2016 , Fuller had left the series due to further conflicts with CBS and other commitments , with Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts replacing him as showrunner . In June 2017 , co-creator Alex Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed plans for future seasons before the latter 's departure . Executive producer Akiva Goldsman stated in August 2017 that though the series is not an anthology as Fuller first proposed , `` it 's kind of a hybridized approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman elaborated that the Federation - Klingon War story arc of the first season would not continue in a second , saying `` each season needs to be about a different thing '' . However , he was not interested in a full anthology series because `` I would n't necessarily want to throw ( the characters ) away at the end of the season for a new show '' , and instead felt that the aftereffects of the first season would be felt moving forward : `` The results of the war are going to allow for a lot of new storytelling '' , with `` the casualties , the things that have grown in Starfleet as a result of the war '' carrying over to the next season . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season . After the premiere of the first season , Kurtzman explained that a `` big idea '' had been proposed mid-way through production on that season which became the `` spine '' of the second season , with the writers ' `` emotional compass '' having pointed them to using that idea . He added that the series ' producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates for the season , just to delay them due to the external pressure that caused with the first season . However , he hoped the second season would be available in early 2019 , as long as the quality and scope of the series was not compromised to achieve that . On October 23 , a second season was officially ordered by All Access . CBS Interactive President Marc DeBevoise cited the increased subscriptions for All Access since the series ' debut , as well as critical acclaim and fan interest , when announcing the renewal . The season consists of 13 episodes . In June 2018 , during production on the season , CBS Television Studios fired Berg and Harberts . This was not due to creative concerns , as the studio and network were pleased with the scripts for the season and early cuts of already filmed episodes , but due to a combination of the first episode of the season going significantly over budget -- to the point that the budgets for later episodes of the season would have to be cut to cover the difference -- and alleged abusive behavior by the pair directed at the series ' writing staff ; multiple writers had become uncomfortable working with the pair , and had apparently been threatened by Harberts after stating their intention to file a formal complaint . With the pair removed from the series , Kurtzman was made sole showrunner . He was described as the `` glue holding Discovery together '' . With this change came news that Goldsman did not ultimately return as executive producer for the second season , after serving as Kurtzman 's `` right - hand man '' , because he had a `` management style and personality that clashed with the writing staff '' . Writing ( edit ) The series ' writers began work on the second season in December 2017 , and were considering `` science vs. faith '' as the main theme of the season . Harberts said that , unlike the first season , the second would not be a `` war season '' and would have more time `` to do things like more away missions , newer planets , stories that might fall a little bit more into a framework of allegory that people love to get from Trek '' while retaining the serialized structure introduced in the first season . He added that the season would be `` jam packed '' with things that they were not able to do in the first season . In March 2018 , Harberts clarified that the series would not just be looking at religion , but also `` patterns in our lives . It means connections you ca n't explain . Who enters your life and who leaves your life and these indelible impressions people make ... that is one of our biggest ideas now and it is threading through all of our characters ' lives . '' With the Federation - Klingon War storyline not carrying through to the second season , Kurtzman said that there would be much less of a focus on the Klingons in the second season and far fewer Klingon - only scenes , but that Klingon characters would still appear . A goal of the showrunners for the season was to `` cement Discovery firmly in the timeline '' by reconciling some of the apparent continuity errors caused by the first season , such as why protagonist Michael Burnham has never been mentioned by her adoptive brother Spock , or why the advanced spore - drive technology used on the USS Discovery is not used in later Star Trek series . Casting ( edit ) The season stars the returning Sonequa Martin - Green as Burnham , Doug Jones as Saru , Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler , Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets , and Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly . Several recurring guest stars also return from the first season , including Wilson Cruz as Hugh Culber , despite his character 's death in the first season ; Mary Chieffo as L'Rell ; and James Frain as Sarek . Additionally , Emily Coutts returns as Keyla Detmer . Kurtzman said in February 2018 that it was possible for Jason Isaacs and Michelle Yeoh to return in the second season as their respective characters of Gabriel Lorca and Philippa Georgiou . After the first season concluded with the Discovery receiving a distress call from the USS Enterprise , specifically from Captain Christopher Pike , Harberts expressed interest in exploring that character in the second season , feeling that he had not been seen much in Star Trek previously and so `` there 's an interesting opportunity that we might have to delve into and flesh out a character who I think is a pretty darn heroic and selfless captain . '' Spock is also a crew member of the Enterprise , but Harberts felt that he was less of an interesting character for the series to explore given his many appearances throughout previous iterations of Star Trek , and was reluctant to have an actor other than Leonard Nimoy or Zachary Quinto portray the character . In April 2018 , Anson Mount was cast as Pike , which was described as a `` key role '' for the season , and a young Spock was confirmed to be appearing in flashbacks . In March 2018 , an alternate ending to the first season was revealed in which a Section 31 agent named Leland is introduced , portrayed by Alan van Sprang . The producers confirmed that Sprang would be portraying the character in the second season . Van Sprang had worked with Berg and Harberts on the series Reign , and they had been trying to find a character for him to play throughout production on the first season . The actor described his role in the second season as a `` massive part of it '' . The next month , Tig Notaro was cast in the guest role of Denise Reno ; she later revealed that this would be a recurring role for the season , and that she had been able to rename her character to Jet Reno . Design ( edit ) Several new sets for the Discovery were built for the second season , adding to the ones constructed for the first . These included a new `` loop corridor '' and new entrances to the mess hall and sick bay sets . The engineering set from the first season was also renovated for the second , with production designer Tamara Deverell explaining that the cinematography department had been complaining about the large amount of light coming from the spore chamber in that set in contrast to the rest of the room . Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios , who provide prosthetics and armor for the series , teased in May 2018 that the season would feature a `` truly alien '' for which they had to figure out new ways to reduce the weight of the prosthetics and make it breathable for the actor , as well as try improve the actor 's vision because the eyes of the creature did not align with where human eyes are positioned . Hetrick added that there would be more interesting background characters in terms of prosthetics for extras on set , while the pair were able to use a species from earlier Star Trek canon that had not been in the first season of Discovery after producing a list for the executive producers featuring all the species they would like to use . John Eaves and Scott Schneider , designers of the starships for the series , were required to redesign the USS Enterprise for Star Trek : Discovery , making it 25 percent different from Matt Jeffries ' original design due to legal concerns regarding the ownership of different Star Trek elements . CBS ultimately confirmed that they were free to reuse Jeffreies ' design in Star Trek : Discovery , but stood by the changes made by Eaves and Schneider as creative improvements that took advantage of modern visual effects . These changes included adding elements that could realistically be removed or replaced in the time between this series and the beginning of the original series . The visual effects department made further adjustments to the design after Eaves and Schneider completed their work . The final version of the ship seen in the series also adopts some of the characteristics of the Enterprise from the films , such as being `` a little bit fatter , a little bit bigger '' , to fit into the aesthetic of the series . Elaborating on this , Kurtzman explained that the original designs for the Enterprise would look out of place within the series due to the far more advanced modern technology being used to produce the show . He added that any sets designed for the Enterprise would bridge the look of the original series and Discovery while still trying to adhere to canon and remain consistent with the original designs where possible . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began at Pinewood Toronto Studios on April 16 , 2018 , under the working title Green Harvest . Production was set to take place on the series at the studio until November 8 . At the time of Berg and Harberts ' firing , production was underway on the fifth episode of the season , and a hiatus in filming was planned to follow that . This allowed Kurtzman to take the time to `` regroup '' the series ' writing staff without delaying the series ' production . Music ( edit ) Composer Jeff Russo planned to begin work on the second season in May 2018 , after receiving the first script for the season . He did not expect to significantly change the tone of his music for the season , feeling that so much work in the first season had gone towards creating a unique sound for the series within the Star Trek franchise which he would like to continue moving forward . Russo did feel that the score for the second season would focus more on the `` swashbuckling '' aspects he wrote at times for the first season . Russo generally works directly with the showrunners rather than any of the episodic directors , but discussed his score for the season 's second episode with director Jonathan Frakes . Release ( edit ) The season is expected to debut in 2019 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman to Direct ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 Premiere ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jonathan Frakes Reveals Details On Second Episode Of ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com. April 14 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery 's Sonequa Martin - Green On An Inclusive Series That Was `` Always About Universality '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Doug ( @ actordougjones ) ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` Welp ... so begins season 2 filming tomorrow . @ startrekcbs @ StarTrekNetflix # StarTrekDiscovery '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer on that finale twist , season 2 plans '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Cast Reunites Ahead of Season 2 Production Start '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tig Notaro Joins ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . Tig Notaro Does n't Know What She 's Saying On ' Star Trek ' . YouTube . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Knobler , Cecily ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Speaking Out '' . Emmys . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WATCH : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Bonus Scene Reveals A Familiar Storyline For Season Two '' . TrekMovie.com . March 24 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Adds Anson Mount In Key Role For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rideout , Christine ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Mary Chieffo Talks Klingon Sex And L'Rell's Future On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frain , James ( @ britjfrain ) ( April 14 , 2018 ) . `` Am leaving 91 degrees in LA to go to a freezing ice storm in Toronto . Why ? To don the pointy ears my friends -- Sarek rises . # StarTrekDiscovery '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com Staff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' TV Series : Bryan Fuller To Serve As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Star Trek ' Showrunner Bryan Fuller on Progressiveness , Number of Episodes , Filming Details , and Much More '' . Collider . United States : Complex Media Inc . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New EW Issue Details Bryan Fuller 's DISCOVERY Departure '' . TrekCore.com . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ; Ryan , Maureen ; Littleton , Cynthia ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Named the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Lead and Redesigned the Klingons ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery boss hints at `` Klingon war '' in season 1 -- and what 's to come in season 2 `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Confirm Number Of Episodes In Season 2 , Give Production Update '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Out ; Alex Kurtzman to Take Over ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 is About Science vs. Faith ( TCA 2018 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rideout , Christine ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Reveal Season 2 Theme , Plans For Burnham , Airiam And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunners Drop Season 2 Hints , Talk Cementing Canon , and Spock '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Showrunners Talk Captain Pike and Spock in ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris E. ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` What That Enterprising Finale Twist Means for ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Van Sprang Teases His Section 31 Role In ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com . March 31 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Tig Notaro on Happy to Be Here and why we should n't give famous abusers another chance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rideout , Christine ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Production Designer Tamara Deverell On Season 2 Changes And TOS Fit '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Designers Tease New And Reimagined Aliens For Season 2 '' . TrekMovie.com . March 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATE : Changes to Enterprise in ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Were Creative , Not Legal '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Nathan ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` 7 Things We Learned About ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Season 2 At WonderCon ' Visionaries ' Panel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Cast And Crew Welcome Anson Mount As They Prep For Season 2 Production Start '' . TrekMovie.com. April 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rideout , Christine ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Composer Jeff Russo Talks New Soundtrack Release , Season 2 And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Score : A Film Music Documentary . 🎵 Score : The Podcast # 12 Jeff Russo , Behind the Score & Name That Score . YouTube . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . hide Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Season 2 Other After Trek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery_(season_2)&oldid=846453427 '' Categories : Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does star trek discovery season 2 air	[ "The season is expected to debut in 2019, and will consist of 13 episodes." ]	[ "2019" ]
-6436458472417364987	Facial hair in the military	Facial hair in the military - wikipedia Facial hair in the military hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the 19th century , soldiers and officers sported various type of moustaches , goatees , beards or sideburns . Facial hair in the military has been at various times common , prohibited , or an integral part of the uniform . Contents 1 Asia 1.1 India 1.2 Iran 1.3 Iraq 1.4 Israel 1.5 Lebanon 1.6 Pakistan 1.7 Nepal 1.8 South Korea 1.9 Sri Lanka 1.10 Syria 2 Europe 2.1 Belgium 2.2 Austria 2.3 Croatia 2.4 Denmark 2.5 Finland 2.6 France 2.7 Germany 2.8 Greece 2.9 Ireland 2.10 Italy 2.11 Netherlands 2.12 Norway 2.13 Portugal 2.14 Russia 2.15 Spain 2.16 Serbia 2.17 Sweden 2.18 Turkey 2.19 Ukraine 2.20 United Kingdom 3 Americas 3.1 Mexico 3.2 Argentina 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 Colombia 3.6 United States 3.6. 1 Exceptions for religious accommodation 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 5 References Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Out of respect to their religion , Sikhs are allowed to grow beards in the Indian army An Indian Army Para ( SF ) operator with a full beard . General Bikram Singh of the Indian Army Admiral D.K. Joshi of the Indian Navy with a five o'clock shadow In the armed forces and police of India , male Sikh servicemen are allowed to wear full beards as their religion expressly requires followers to do so . However , they are specifically required to `` dress up their hair and beard properly '' . In fact , in Sikh - only units such as the Indian Army 's Sikh Regiment and Sikh Light Infantry there have been instances of personnel being transferred out of the unit by their commanding officer for their refusal to wear a beard and grow their hair out as required by the Sikh religion , although no official regulation exists on this . Non-Sikh personnel are allowed to grow whiskers and moustaches , with the only regulation being that `` will be of moderate length '' . In December 2003 , the Supreme Court of India ruled that Muslims in uniform can grow beards . Thus , non-Muslims and non-Sikhs serving in the Indian Army or the Indian Air Force are not permitted to wear beards . However , Army personnel on active duty are sometimes exempt from facial hair regulations for the duration of their tour of duty if their deployment makes access to such facilities difficult . Indian Navy personnel are allowed to grow beards subject to the permission of their commanding officer . Exceptions for other religions are made in the case of special forces operatives like the army 's Para ( Special Forces ) soldiers and the navy 's MARCOS commandos who are allowed to grow beards . Iran ( edit ) Beards are permitted in the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran . As a sign of their ideological motivation , Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps ( Sepah ) personnel used to tend to wear full beards but now they usually shave them . while the Islamic Republic of Iran Army ( Artesh ) personnel are usually trimmed or wear mustaches . Iraq ( edit ) Beards to a certain length were traditionally permitted in the Iraqi security forces , however a ban was brought into effect in April 2012 due to public associations between beards and certain sectarian militias in Iraq . As a result of the change Iraqi soldiers and police must now be clean shaven . Under the rule of Saddam Hussein , beards were not allowed in the army and in military service , only a mustache . Hussein did not allow any one to grow a beard under his rule . Israel ( edit ) The IDF prohibits the growing of facial hair unless a special request form has been filed and approved . The requests can be for religious reasons ( full beard only ) , health reasons such as acne ( no restrictions on facial hair styles ) , and on the grounds of `` free will '' , which means the facial hair ( mustache , a goatee or a full beard all of which must be well groomed ) has to be part of the soldiers identity and part of his self - esteem . If the request is due to health reasons , it must be approved by the military doctor and lasts up to half a year . if the request is due to religious reasons or `` free will '' , it must be approved by an officer at the rank of Major , that is acquainted with the soldier , for religious requests the form must be approved additional by a military Rabbi , who usually conducts an interview , and finally by an Adjutant officer . The exemption from shaving expires only if the soldier shaves his facial hair willingly . Lebanon ( edit ) Beards are not allowed in the Lebanese Armed Forces . Only trimmed moustaches that do n't pass the upper lip are permitted . Pakistan ( edit ) Beards are permitted in Pakistan Army . They are allowed only on special request is approved . The requests are generally for religious reasons and for health reasons , such as acne or skin allergy . Once the form has been approved applicant is not allowed to shave back . There is a special allowance for bigger moustaches but they must be neat and trimmed . Nepal ( edit ) Currently , moustaches and beards are not within regulations in the Nepal Army . In the past , moustaches was popular in the Gorkhali Army commanders and soldiers . Military commanders of Kshatriya order ( called Kshetri in Nepal ) especially of five Kaji noble family Thapa , Pande , Kunwar , Basnet and Bista used to linked moustaches to dignity . However , with changing times , it became apparent that facial hair can break seals on gas masks , and thus a liability . Thus regulations do not allow for facial hair . Despite this , many soldiers can still be spotted with facial hair , especially when stationed in remote areas , away from the eyes of the press , and if their unit commanders are willing to look the other way . Mul kaji ( Chief Kazi ) General Damodar Pande Portrait of Prime Minister and Commander - In - Chief , Mathabar Singh Thapa in National Museum of Nepal , Chhauni Sardar General Ram Krishna Kunwar Mulkaji General Abhiman Singh Basnet , leader of the Basnyat family Moustasched Hindu Gorkhali soldier with Khukuri - in - mouth pose photographed 1915 AD at France South korea ( edit ) Beards are not allowed in the South Korean Armed Forces . Sri lanka ( edit ) The Navy does not allow moustaches alone , but does allow full - set beards . Moustaches but not beards are permitted in the Army and Air Force . However , members of the Commando and Special Forces regiments are allowed to wear beards if based outside their home camps . Syria ( edit ) Beards are not allowed in the Syrian Army . Trimmed moustaches , however , are allowed . Europe ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) The Belgian Armed Forces permits moustaches and beards , but they have to be properly trimmed . Austria ( edit ) The Austrian Armed Forces permits moustaches , beards and sideburns , as long as they are neatly trimmed . Croatia ( edit ) The Republic of Croatia Armed Forces permits moustaches for soldiers and non-commissioned officers . Officers are allowed to wear neatly trimmed beards . Furthermore , beards are not only allowed , but fully recommended for members of special operations teams when deployed . Denmark ( edit ) Danish Army personnel are generally allowed to wear any well - kept beard . Stubble , however , is not allowed . Full beards are popular among units deployed in Afghanistan , as it is easier to maintain when in the field . This also helps break down cultural barriers between the Danish and the Afghans , as most Afghan men wear full beards , and because many Danes grow red - coloured beards , an Afghan symbol of bravery . Soldiers who belong to Den Kongelige Livgarde ( The Royal Life Guards ) are not allowed to have beards when on guard duty . Additionally , Danish soldiers are not required to have short haircuts , though most have . Finland ( edit ) The regulations of the Finnish Defence Forces ( Rule 91 ) prohibit the growing of a moustache , a beard or long hair . Reservists can grow moustache , beard or long hair . France ( edit ) The sappers ( `` sapeurs '' ) of the French Foreign Legion traditionally wear large beards . Since the Napoleonic era and throughout the 19th century , sappers ( combat engineers ) of the French Army could wear full beards . Elite troops , such as grenadiers , had to wear large moustaches . Infantry chasseurs were asked to wear moustaches and goatees ; and hussars , in addition to their moustache , usually wore two braids in front of each ear , to protect their neck from sword slashes . These traditions were gradually abandoned since the beginning of the 20th century , except for the French Foreign Legion sappers ( see below ) . The `` decree No 75 - 675 regarding regulations for general discipline in the Armies of 28 July 1975 , modified '' regulates facial hair in the French armed forces . Military personnel are allowed to grow a beard or moustache only during periods when they are out of uniform . The beard must be `` correctly trimmed '' , and provisions are stated for a possible ban of beards by the military authorities to ensure compatibility with certain equipment . However , within the Foreign Legion , sappers are traditionally encouraged to grow a large beard . Sappers chosen to participate in the Bastille Day parade are in fact specifically asked to stop shaving so they will have a full beard when they march down the Champs - Élysées . The moustache was an obligation for gendarmes until 1933 . By tradition , some gendarmes may still grow a moustache . Submariners may be bearded , clean - shaven , or `` patrol - bearded '' , growing a beard for the time of a patrol in reminiscence of the time of the diesel submarines whose cramped space allowed for rustic and minimal personal care . French soldiers of the First World War were known by the nickname poilu , meaning `` hairy one '' in reference to their facial hair . Germany ( edit ) In the Third Reich - era Wehrmacht , facial hair beyond a small neatly trimmed moustache was against regulations , though such regulations were often relaxed under field conditions . The latter was particularly true in the case of the Kriegsmarine and Gebirgsjäger . Growth of a full beard was the norm for U-boat crews on active duty , though facial hair was expected to be shaved off soon after reaching port . The present - day regulations of the Bundeswehr allow soldiers to grow a beard on condition that it be trimmed , unobtrusive and well - kept . Beards must not impact the proper use of any military equipment , such as a gas mask . Moreover , stubble may not be shown ; thus a clean - shaven soldier who wants to start growing a beard must do so during his furlough . Greece ( edit ) In the Greek armed forces , only the navy permits military personnel to wear a beard . Neatly trimmed moustaches are the only facial hair permitted in the army and air force . Ireland ( edit ) The growing of beards is not permitted in any branch of the Irish Defence Forces with exception of the Army Ranger Wing . Moustaches are permitted with permission . Sideburns are not allowed beyond ear length . The Irish police force similarly does not allow any uniformed members to grow beards , but does allow moustaches on the upper lip and ear length sideburns . Italy ( edit ) In the Italian armed forces , beards or moustaches are allowed , but well taken care of it ; without beards , the sideburns should reach the middle of the tragus . In the various branches of the police , same specific law is in force . Stubble is permitted outside of ceremonial occasions . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Royal Netherlands Army , officers and soldiers may only grow beards after permission has been obtained . As in many other armies , automatic permission is given for certain medical conditions . Mustaches may be grown without asking permission . Beards are worn at times by the Royal Netherlands Marines and by Royal Netherlands Navy personnel . All facial hair in the Netherlands armed forces is subject to instant removal when operational circumstances demand it . Recent operations in Afghanistan under the ISAF have seen a trend of growing `` tour beards '' , both for bonding and as a way of advancing contacts with the Afghan population , who regard a full beard as a sign of manhood . A beard without a mustache is uncommon in the Netherlands . Norway ( edit ) The Royal Guard is required to be clean - shaven . Most operative personnel are not allowed to wear beards ( so as not to interfere with gas masks ) unless : The soldier obtains express permission to grow his beard from a high - ranking officer . The soldier already has a beard upon his enlistment and requests to continue growing it or maintain it at its present length . Although , in the enduring operations in Afghanistan , many soldiers have grown full beards Portugal ( edit ) ( Details unknown . ) Russia ( edit ) Traditionally , Russian soldiers of Russian Tsardom wore beards , but during the reign of Peter the Great they were completely banned in the army and even for civilians , except members of the clergy . Peter did however make moustaches a requirement for every soldier excluding officers , and all of the Russian infantry of the imperial reign could be seen sporting them , often growing beyond the upper - lip . Although the typical image of the imperial Russian soldier shown him with a beard , they were not universally permitted until 1895 . Cavalrymen also met these requirements . Officers and staff on the other hand grew whatever hair they wished , and generally kept with the fashion of the time . Spain ( edit ) The Spanish Armed Forces allow facial hair , under article 40 of the Royal Ordinances . Dress and grooming standards for Spanish ISAF forces have been relaxed to help the troops blend in better with the local Muslim population . Serbia ( edit ) In the Serbian Armed Forces neatly trimmed mustaches are the only facial hair permitted , remaining of the face must be cleanly shaved in every occasion except when legitimate reasons prevent it ( e.g. winter field operations , war operations ) , but soldiers do have to shave the first chance that situation permits . Priests of any denomination are allowed to have beards if their religion requires it , but it still have to be trimmed and well groomed . Sweden ( edit ) The regulations require personnel to be `` well shaved '' ( välrakad ) . Within the Royal Guard ( Högvakten ) , the royal companies ( Livkomp ) and other personnel performing ceremonial duties , temporary or on a regular basis , the regulations are strictly enforced . Within other units , beards tend to be allowed under the discretion of the company commander ( or other higher ranking commander ) . The general provisions of well - managed appearance is enforced also when it comes to beards . Soldiers are however by practice allowed to grow beards during service abroad , for example in Afghanistan . The motivation for the regulation prohibiting beard is that it interferes with the gas - mask and makes it difficult to achieve a perfect air - tight fit . Shorter beard and gun grease or ointment is one remedy but will increase the time for the application of the gas - mask which in turn will put bearded personnel at increased risk of exposure . Turkey ( edit ) All Turkish Armed Forces personnel are required to be clean - shaven at all times . Ukraine ( edit ) Illustration of Sviatoslav the prince of Kyevan Rus ' Ukrainian Cossacks traditionally have a distinctive facial hair style - long `` cossack '' moustache was very popular across Ukraine during Middle Ages until modern times . The tradition allegedly dates back at least to the times of prince of Kyevan Rus ' Sviatoslav I of Kiev famous for his military campaigns in the east and south . Sviatoslav had distinctive moustache and hair style ( oseledets or chupryna ) that almost every Ukrainian cossack had centuries after his times ( although Svyatoslav had lived in 10th century , while Cossacks appear on the historical scene only since the 15th century ) . The length of the cossack moustache was important - the longer the better . Sometimes one had to tuck them away behind one 's ears . Some cossacks were wearing beards as well , but this type of facial hair was not very popular in Ukraine in general and in Ukraine 's military in particular . United kingdom ( edit ) By the second half of the 19th century , beards were largely allowed in the British military . Until the mid-19th century , facial hair was unusual in the British Army , except for the infantry pioneers , who traditionally grew beards . A small minority of officers wore moustaches . During the 1800s , the attitude to facial hair changed as a result of the Indian and Asian Wars . Many Middle Eastern and Indian cultures associated facial hair with wisdom and power . As a result , facial hair , moustaches and side whiskers in particular , became increasingly common on British soldiers stationed in Asia . In the mid-19th century , during the Crimean War , all ranks were encouraged to grow large moustaches , and full beards during winter . After the Crimean war , regulations were introduced that prevented serving soldiers of all ranks from shaving above their top lip , in essence making moustaches compulsory for those who could grow them , although beards were later forbidden . This remained in place until 1916 , when the regulation was abolished by an Army Order dated 6 October 1916 . It was issued by Nevil Macready , Adjutant - General to the Forces , who loathed his own moustache and immediately shaved it off . However , there is considerable evidence in photographs and film footage that the earlier regulations were widely ignored and that many British soldiers of all ranks were clean - shaven even before 1916 . This was often because the penalty for not growing a moustache was rarely enforced , as it would n't hold in military court for court - martialling . Since that time , the British Army , Royal Air Force , and Royal Marines have allowed moustaches and connected side whiskers only . Exceptions are beards grown for medical reasons , such as temporary skin irritations , or for religious reasons ( usually by Sikhs or Muslims ) , although in the event of conflict in which the use of chemical or biological weapons is likely , they may be required to shave a strip around the seal of a respirator . Infantry pioneer warrant officers , colour sergeants and sergeants also traditionally wear and are permitted to wear beards ; although not compulsory , most do wear them . In some Scottish infantry regiments , it is either permitted or expected , by regimental tradition , for the drum major , pipe major , and / or commanding officer 's piper to wear a beard . Beards are also permitted to special forces when on covert intelligence operations or behind enemy lines . More recently , the British Army has been seen sporting a full range of stubble , moustaches and beards in Afghanistan in an effort to blend in with the generally bearded Afghan men , for whom a beard is seen as a sign of virility and authority . The Royal Navy has always allowed beards , but never moustaches alone , and since at least the early 20th century has permitted its members to wear only a `` full set '' ( i.e. a full beard and moustache ) . A beard or moustache may not be worn without the other and the beard must be full ( i.e. cover the whole jawline ) and joined to the moustache . If , after a period without shaving , it becomes clear that the individual can not grow a proper full set , his commanding officer may order him to shave it off . Any style of facial hair is allowed to British police officers , as long as it is neatly trimmed . Americas ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Beards and sideburns are not permitted by the regular Mexican military , without exception . Soldiers at any rank must be clean - shaven and short haired . Argentina ( edit ) Beards and sideburns are banned in all military and police forces since the early 20th century . A clean - shaved face is considered part of a spirit of order , hygiene and discipline . Stubble is also considered unacceptable and controlled with severity . Well - trimmed moustaches are allowed in most of these branches , although in some cases this is a privilege of officers and sub-officers , and it 's not allowed to be grown while on duty . Before the end of 20th century , the Navy became a singularity within the Argentine Armed Forces as Adm. Joaquín Stella , then Navy Chief of Staff allowed beards in 2000 for officers with ranks above Teniente de Corbeta ( Ensign ) , according to Section 1.10. 1.1 of the Navy Uniform regulations ( R.A - 1 - 001 ) . Adm. Stella gave the example himself by becoming the first bearded Argentine admiral since Adm. Sáenz Valiente in the 1920s . Non commissioned officers can wear beards from Suboficial Segundo ( Petty Officer ) rank , and upwards . Protocol still requires officers to appear clean - shaved on duty , thus forcing those who choose to sport beards to grow them while on leave . Both full beards and goatees are allowed , as long as they proffer a professional , non-eccentric image . Nowadays , bearded Argentine naval and marine officers and senior NCO 's are a relatively common sight . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian Army , Brazilian Navy and Brazilian Air Force permit moustaches , as long as they are trimmed to just above the upper lip . Recruits , however , may not wear moustaches . Beards are generally not allowed except for special exceptions , such as covering a deformity . In such cases , a beard is permitted under authorization . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Forces permits moustaches , provided they be neatly trimmed , a maximum of 2 centimetres in bulk , and that the unshaven part does not pass beyond the corners of the mouth . Otherwise , the moustache must be styled horizontally and can not go beyond the face . Generally speaking , beards are not permitted to CF personnel with the following exceptions : Members of the navy are allowed full beards Members of an infantry pioneer platoon ( tradition ) Members who must maintain a beard due to religious requirements ( Muslims , Sikhs or orthodox Jews , for example ) Members with a medical condition which precludes shaving These exceptions notwithstanding , in no case is a beard permitted without a moustache , and only full beards may be worn ( not goatees , van dykes , etc . ) . Personnel with beards may still be required to modify or shave off the beard , as environmental or tactical circumstances dictate ( e.g. , to facilitate the wearing of a gas mask ) . Beards are also allowed to be worn by personnel conducting OPFOR duties . Colombia ( edit ) Only after the rank of captain , officers are allowed to wear a well trimmed moustache that does n't grow over the upper lip . Beards and sideburns are not allowed . United States ( edit ) Ambrose Burnside wore a large moustache and sideburns Excluding limited exemptions for religious accommodation , the United States Army , Air Force , and Marine Corps have policies that prohibit beards on the basis of hygiene and the necessity of a good seal for chemical weapon protective masks . The official position is that uniform personal appearance and grooming contribute to discipline and a sense of camaraderie . All branches of the U.S. Military currently prohibit beards for a vast majority of recruits , although some mustaches are still allowed , based on policies that were initiated during the period of World War I . On 10 November 1970 , Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Elmo Zumwalt explicitly authorized beards for active duty Naval personnel , in his Z - gram number 57 , `` Elimination of Demeaning or Abrasive Regulation , '' although his position was that they were already implicitly allowed based on policy changes made by his predecessor , Thomas H. Moorer : 1 . Those demeaning or abrasive regulations generally referred to in the fleet as `` Mickey Mouse '' or `` Chicken '' regs have , in my judgment , done almost as much to cause dissatisfaction among our personnel as have extended family separation and low pay scales . I desire to eliminate many of the most abrasive policies , standardize others which are inconsistently enforced , and provide some general guidance which reflects my conviction that if we are to place the importance and responsibility of `` the person '' in proper perspective in the more efficient Navy we are seeking , the worth and personal dignity of the individual must be forcefully reaffirmed . The policy changes below are effective immediately and will be amplified by more detailed implementing directives to be issued separately . 2 . It appears that my predecessor 's guidance in May on the subject of haircuts , beards and sideburns is insufficiently understood and , for this reason , I want to restate what I believed to be explicit : in the case of haircuts , sideburns , and contemporary clothing styles , my view is that we must learn to adapt to changing fashions . I will not countenance the rights or privileges of any officers or enlisted men being abrogated in any way because they choose to grow sideburns or neatly trimmed beards or moustaches or because preferences in neat clothing styles are at variance with the taste of their seniors , nor will I countenance any personnel being in any way penalized during the time they are growing beards , moustaches , or sideburns . The Navy ban on beards on Naval installations and operational vessels , including its submarine fleet , was reinstated in 1984 by CNO James D. Watkins . However , this rule is generally ignored on board deployed submarines at the Captain 's discretion . The U.S. Coast Guard allowed beards until 1986 , when they were banned by Commandant Admiral Paul Yost . The majority of police forces in the United States still ban their officers from wearing beards . Mustaches are generally allowed in both the military and police forces ( except for those undergoing basic training ) , so long as they are well - groomed . U.S. Army regulations , for example , require that a mustaches be `` neatly trimmed , tapered , and tidy '' , and that `` no portion of the mustache will cover the upper lip line , extend sideways beyond a vertical line drawn upward from the corners of the mouth ... or extend above a parallel line at the lowest portion of the nose . '' Those with skin conditions such as pseudofolliculitis barbae or severe acne are allowed to maintain short facial hair with the permission of a doctor or medic , but no shaping is allowed , only trimming with an electric razor , or approved regular razor . 1 / 8 - 1 / 4 of an inch ( 3.2 mm ) is usually the standard for this condition . Additionally , for almost a decade , ending with a `` deauthorization '' order that took effect on 7 September 2010 , many Special Forces members in Afghanistan were allowed to wear beards . Exceptions for religious accommodation ( edit ) Main article : Religious symbolism in the United States military § Religious apparel and grooming U.S. Army Captain Tejdeep Singh Rattan , 2010 In 2010 , the U.S. Army granted waivers for a number of Sikh soldiers and one Muslim soldier , permitting them to have beards ( and in the case of the Sikh soldiers , to have `` unshorn '' hair covered by turbans ) . In 2010 , a rabbi filed suit against the Army for permission to be commissioned as a Jewish chaplain without shaving his beard , noting ( among other issues ) that another Jewish Chaplain , Colonel Jacob Goldstein , has been serving ( first in the New York State National Guard and later in the United States Army Reserve ) since 1977 with a beard . Effective 22 January 2014 , the US military expanded its policies on religious accommodation and allowed all officer and enlisted personnel to request permission to wear beards and articles of clothing for religious reasons . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Beards are normally not allowed in the Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force , however , neatly trimmed moustaches and sideburns are allowed . Regulations apply , however . The moustache can not be grown past the top lip . The sideburns are not to be past the point where the bottom of the ear connects to the facial skin . In some circumstances though , such as medical or religious reasons beards may be permitted . Exceptions to this rule however are assault pioneers and special forces in Afghanistan . In the Royal Australian Navy , members may grow a beard but only with approval from their commanding officer . The beard must be complete , joined from sideburns , covering the chin and joining the moustache . A moustache on its own is not permitted . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/RTI/rti/DSR/DSR_VOLUME_2/CHAPTER_15/272.htm Jump up ^ `` Muslims in uniform can keep beard '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Muslims in Indian Army Can Wear Beards , Court Rules '' . arabnews.com. 14 December 2003 . Jump up ^ http://armedforces.nic.in/navy/beard.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rita J. ; Abdel - Moneim , Mohamed Alaa ( 2011 ) , A Handbook of Military Conscription and Composition the World Over , Lexington Books , pp. 152 -- 153 , ISBN 0739167529 Jump up ^ `` Iraq military beard edict stirs religion debate '' . Reuters. 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Finnish Defence Forces '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Les Arquebusiers de Visé , le 19e siècle , 1ère partie '' . Jump up ^ Décret No 75 - 675 portant règlement de discipline générale dans les armées du 28 juillet 1975 , modifié Jump up ^ Wise , Marsh ( 1998 ) . `` German Reenactor 's Appearance '' . Reenactor.net . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Gebirgsjager '' . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Gordon ; Darko Pavlović ( 2001 ) . Grey Wolf : U-Boat Crewman of World War II . Warrior Series . 36 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 312 - 8 . p 26 , 32 . Jump up ^ Littell , E ( 1841 ) . Museum of Foreign Literature , Science and Art , Volume 42 . E. Littell & Co . Jump up ^ `` How the moustache won an empire '' , Daily Mail , 11 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Army Moustache : Optional under a New Order '' , The Times , 7 October 1916 Jump up ^ Annals of an Active Life by Sir Nevil Macready , pp 258 - 259 . Jump up ^ For example , many clean - shaven soldiers are shown in contemporary film footage from 1914 and 1915 shown in the acclaimed 2003 British TV series The First World War . Jump up ^ http://www.sedena.gob.mx/pdf/reglamentos/rglmto_deb_mil.pdf Jump up ^ Portaria No 310 . Diretoria de Serviço Militar . Exército Brasileiro . Jump up ^ www.nytimes.com , 1984 , retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia '' ( PDF ) . Army Publishing Directorate . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ www.npr.org , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www. army ,. mil , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www.armytimes.com , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ www.dtic.mil , retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. military giving troops more leeway for religious clothing , beards , David Alexander , Reuters , 23 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` DOD Instruction 1300.17 , amended as of January 2014 '' , retrieved 26 January 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facial_hair_in_the_military&oldid=854633570 '' Categories : Facial hair Uniforms Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the navy do away with beards	[ "The Navy ban on beards on Naval installations and operational vessels, including its submarine fleet, was reinstated in 1984 by CNO James D. Watkins.[citation needed] However, this rule is generally ignored on board deployed submarines at the Captain's discretion.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "1984" ]
-3806140761128968425	Iphigenia	Iphigenia - wikipedia Iphigenia Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Iphigenia ( disambiguation ) . François Perrier 's The Sacrifice of Iphigenia ( 17th century ) , depicting Agamemnon 's sacrifice of his daughter Iphigenia In Greek mythology , Iphigenia ( / ɪfɪdʒɪˈnaɪ. ə / ; Ancient Greek : Ἰφιγένεια , Iphigeneia ) was a daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra , and thus a princess of Mycenae . Agamemnon offends the goddess Artemis , who retaliates by commanding him to kill Iphigenia as a sacrifice so his ships can sail to Troy . In some versions , Iphigenia is sacrificed at Aulis , but in others , Artemis rescues her . In the version where she is saved , she goes to the Taurians and meets her brother Orestes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 1.1 Iphianassa 2 Mythology 2.1 Among the Taurians 2.2 Among the Etruscans 3 Adaptations of the story 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Modern sources 8 External links Name ( edit ) `` Iphigenia '' means `` strong - born , '' `` born to strength , '' or `` she who causes the birth of strong offspring . '' Iphianassa ( edit ) Iphianassa ( Ἰφιάνασσα ) is the name of one of Agamemnon 's three daughters in Homer 's Iliad ( ix. 145 , 287 ) The name Iphianassa may be simply an older variant of the name Iphigenia . `` Not all poets took Iphigenia and Iphianassa to be two names for the same heroine , '' Kerenyi remarks , `` though it is certain that to begin with they served indifferently to address the same divine being , who had not belonged from all time to the family of Agamemnon . '' Mythology ( edit ) Iphigenia as a priestess of Artemis in Tauris sets out to greet prisoners , amongst which are her brother Orestes and his friend Pylades ; a Roman fresco from Pompeii , 1st century AD In Greek mythology , Iphigenia appears as the Greek fleet gathers in Aulis to prepare for war against Troy . At Aulis , the leader of the Greeks , Agamemnon , accidentally kills a deer in a grove sacred to the goddess Artemis . She punishes him by interfering with the winds so that his fleet can not sail to Troy . The seer Calchas reveals that , to appease Artemis , Agamemnon must sacrifice his eldest daughter , Iphigenia . Agamemnon at first refuses but , pressured by the other commanders , eventually agrees . Iphigenia and her mother Clytemnestra are brought to Aulis under the pretext of a marriage to Achilles , but soon discover the marriage is a ruse . In some versions of the story , Iphigenia remains unaware of her imminent sacrifice until the last moment , believing that she is led to the altar to be married . In some versions , Iphigenia is not actually sacrificed . According to Hyginus ' Fabulae , Iphigenia was not sacrificed . Some sources claim that Iphigenia was taken by Artemis to Tauris in Crimea at the moment of the sacrifice , and that the goddess left a deer or a goat ( the god Pan transformed ) in her place . The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women called her Iphimede ( Ἰφιμέδη ) and told that Artemis transformed her into the goddess Hecate . Antoninus Liberalis said that Iphigenia was transported to the island of Leuke , where she was wedded to immortalized Achilles under the name Orsilochia . Iphigenie ( 1862 ) by Anselm Feuerbach In Aeschylus 's Agamemnon , the first play in the Oresteia , the sacrifice of Iphigenia is given as one of the reasons that Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus plan to murder Agamemnon . In Euripides ' Iphigenia at Aulis , it is Menelaus who convinces Agamemnon to heed the seer Calchas 's advice . After Agamemnon sends a message to Clytemnestra informing her of Iphigenia 's supposed marriage , he immediately regrets his decision and tries to send another letter telling them not to come . Menelaus intercepts the letter and he and Agamemnon argue . Menelaus insists that it is Agamemnon 's duty to do all he can to aid the Greeks . Clytemnestra arrives at Aulis with Iphigenia and the infant Orestes . Agamemnon tries to convince Clytemnestra to go back to Argos , but Clytemnestra insists on staying for the wedding . When she sees Achilles , Clytemnestra mentions the marriage ; Achilles , however , appears to be unaware of it , and she and Iphigenia gradually learn the truth . Achilles , angry that Agamemnon has used him in his plot , vows to help prevent the murder of Iphigenia . Iphigenia and Clytemnestra plead with Agamemnon to spare his daughter 's life . Achilles informs them that the Greek army , eager for war , has learned of the seer 's advice and now demand that Iphigenia be sacrificed . If Agamemnon refuses , it is likely they will turn on him and kill him and his family . Iphigenia , knowing she is doomed , decides to be sacrificed willingly , reasoning that as a mere mortal , she can not go against the will of a goddess . She also believes that her death will be heroic , as it is for the good of all Greeks . Iphigenia exits , and the sacrifice takes place offstage . Later , Clytemnestra is told of her daughter 's purported death -- and how at the last moment , the gods spared Iphigenia and whisked her away , replacing her with a deer . Euripides ' other play about Iphigenia , Iphigenia in Tauris , takes place after the sacrifice , and after Orestes has killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus . Apollo orders Orestes -- to escape persecution by the Erinyes for killing his mother , Clytemnestra , and her lover -- to go to Tauris . While in Tauris , Orestes is to carry off the xoanon ( carved wooden cult image ) of Artemis , which had fallen from heaven , and bring it to Athens . When Orestes arrives at Tauris with Pylades , son of Strophius and intimate friend of Orestes , the pair are immediately captured by the Tauri , who have a custom of sacrificing all Greek strangers to Artemis . Iphigenia is the priestess of Artemis , and it is her duty to perform the sacrifice . Iphigenia and Orestes do n't recognize each other ( Iphigenia thinks her brother is dead -- a key point ) . Iphigenia finds out from Orestes , who is still concealing his identity , that Orestes is alive . Iphigenia then offers to release Orestes if he will carry home a letter from her to Greece . Orestes refuses to go , but bids Pylades to take the letter while Orestes will stay to be slain . After a conflict of mutual affection , Pylades at last yields , but the letter makes brother and sister recognize each other , and all three escape together , carrying with them the image of Artemis . After they return to Greece -- having been saved from dangers by Athena along the way -- Athena orders Orestes to take the Xoanon to the town of Halae , where he is to build a temple for Artemis Tauropolos . At the annual festival held there in honor of Artemis , a single drop of blood must be drawn from the throat of a man to commemorate Orestes 's near - sacrifice . Athena sends Iphigenia to the sanctuary of Artemis in Brauron where she is to be the priestess until she dies . According to the Spartans , however , they carried the image of Artemis to Laconia , where the goddess was worshipped as Artemis Orthia . These close identifications of Iphigenia with Artemis encourage some scholars to believe that she was originally a hunting goddess whose cult was subsumed by the Olympian Artemis . Among the Taurians ( edit ) The people of Tauris / Taurica facing the Euxine Sea worshipped the maiden goddess Artemis . Some very early Greek sources in the Epic Cycle affirmed that Artemis rescued Iphigenia from the human sacrifice her father was about to perform , for instance in the lost epic Cypria , which survives in a summary by Proclus : `` Artemis ... snatched her away and transported her to the Tauroi , making her immortal , and put a stag in place of the girl ( Iphigenia ) upon the altar . '' The goddess swept the young princess off to Tauris where she became a priestess at the Temple of Artemis . The earliest known accounts of the purported death of Iphigenia are included in Euripides ' Iphigenia at Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris , both Athenian tragedies of the fifth century BC set in the Heroic Age . In the dramatist 's version , the Taurians worshipped both Artemis and Iphigenia in the Temple of Artemis at Tauris . Other variants include her being rescued at her sacrifice by Artemis and transformed into the goddess Hecate . Another example includes Iphigenia 's brother , Orestes , discovering her identity and helping him steal an image of Artemis . Possible reasons for key discrepancies in the telling of the myth by playwrights such as Euripides are to make the story more palatable for audiences and to allow sequels using the same characters . Many traditions arose from the sacrifice of Iphigenia . One prominent version is credited to the Spartans . Rather than sacrificing virgins , they would whip a male victim in front of a sacred image of Artemis . However , most tributes to Artemis inspired by the sacrifice were more traditional . Taurians especially performed sacrifices of bulls and virgins in honour of Artemis . Among the Etruscans ( edit ) The myth was retold in classical Greece and Italy , but it became most popular in Etruria , especially in Perusia . In the second and first centuries BC the Etruscans adorned their cremation - urns with scenes from the sacrifice . The most common scene : `` Iphigenia , a little girl , is held over the altar by Odysseus while Agamemnon performs the aparchai . Clytemnestra stands beside Agamemnon and Achilles beside Odysseus and each one begs for the life of Iphigenia . '' This version is closest to the myth as the Romans told it . Adaptations of the story ( edit ) Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Euripides . Iphigénie en Aulide , play by Jean Racine . Iphigénie en Aulide , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigenia , film by Michael Cacoyannis . The Songs of the Kings , novel by Barry Unsworth . Iphigenia , play by Mircea Eliade . Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters ) Ifigeneia , a rewrite of the play by Finn Iunker Iphigenia at Aulis , the first part of The Greeks trilogy , adapted and directed by John Barton for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980 . Iphigenia 2.0 , modern adaptation of the play by Charles L. Mee Iph ... , adapted by Colin Teevan . Iphigenia in Tauris , play by Euripides . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Henri Desmarets and André Campra . Ifigenia in Tauride , opera by Tommaso Traetta . Iphigenie auf Tauris , play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Niccolò Piccinni Iphigenia at Tauris , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters ) Metamorphoses , narrative poem by Ovid ( books 12 and 13 ) Daughters of Atreus , play by Robert Turney Iphigenia in Brooklyn , a solo cantata by Peter Schickele under the guise of P.D.Q. Bach . Iphigénie , ballet by Charles le Picq . Iphigenia , play by Samuel Coster . Iphigenia in Orem , part of Bash : Latter - Day Plays , a collection of three plays by Neil LaBute . A Memory of Wind , story by Rachel Swirsky . Agamemnon 's Daughter , novel by Ismail Kadare . Iphigenia at Aulis , a poem by Walter Savage Landor A Fair Wind For Troy , novel by Doris Gates Iphigenia , a 1977 Greek film directed by Michael Cacoyannis Iphigenia in Crimea , BBC Radio 3 play by Tony Harrison Iphigenia in Splott , play by Gary Owen House of Names , novel by Colm Toibin The Killing of a Sacred Deer , a 2017 film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos In popular culture ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Atlantic speculates that Shireen Baratheon , a young girl from the TV series Game of Thrones who was sacrificed to a God by her father , was based on Iphigenia . Slate similarly writes : `` Every beat of the Greek myth is the same as Stannis 's story : The troops are stuck and starving and the general , Agamemnon , must sacrifice his own daughter to turn the fates to their favor . The mother begging for mercy , the disapproving second - in - command who can do nothing to stop it , the daughter who says she will do whatever it takes to help -- it 's all a clear echo . '' In Sacrifice , the second volume of Eric Shanower 's Age of Bronze comic book series , the substitution of a deer for Iphigenia is a pious lie invented by Odysseus to comfort the grieving Clytemnestra . However , it does not work and Clytemnestra angrily curses the whole Achaean army , wishing they all die in the war . Sheri S. Tepper 's The Gate to Women 's Country contains a similar idea , with a play named Iphigenia at Ilium running through the novel as a leitmotif . Within the novel , the ghost of Iphigenia tells Achilles that all the poets lied . Iphigenia says that she did not die willingly , nor was a hind sent to take her place . Iphigenia also realizes that these myths no longer have any power over her . Achilles then attempts to claim her as his wife , but she reminds him that `` women are no good to you dead '' . There is also speculation that Iphigenia was actually the daughter of Helen and Theseus . In Madeline Miller 's The Song of Achilles , Iphigenia comes to Aulis under the belief that she is to marry Achilles . Instead she is unwillingly sacrificed to appease Artemis . The full ( rarely used ) name of the fictional private investigator V.I. Warshawski , created by Sara Paretsky , is Victoria Iphigenia Warshawski . In the 1985 novel Killing Orders , third in the series , the protagonist identifies herself with the character of Greek myth , and recognizes the similarity of a traumatic event of her childhood with the act of Iphigenia 's sacrifice . In Yorgos Lanthimos ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer , the myth of Iphigenia is given a modern re-telling . See also ( edit ) Depictions of the Death of Iphigenia Jephthah -- a similar Biblical story Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Evans ( 1970 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , s.v. `` Iphigenia '' and Rush Rehm , The Play of Space ( 2002 , 188 ) . Karl Kerenyi , aware of Iphigenia 's obscure pre-history as an autonomous goddess rather than a mere marriageable girl in the house of Agamemnon , renders her name `` she who governs births mightily '' ( Kerenyi 1959 : 331 ) . Jump up ^ The three are Chrysothemis , Laodice ( the double of Electra ) and Iphianassa . In Iliad ix , the embassy to Achilles is empowered to offer him one of Agamemnon 's three daughters , implying that Iphianassa / Iphigenia is still living , as Friedrich Solmsen 1981 : 353 points out . Jump up ^ Kerenyi 1959 : 331 , noting Sophocles , Elektra 157 . Kerenyi clearly distinguishes between parallel accounts of Iphigenia . `` It is possible in the Cypria Agamemnon was given four daughters , Iphigenia being distinguished from Iphianassa , '' Friedrich Solmsen remarks , ( Solmsen 1981 : 353 note 1 ) also noting the scholium on Elektra 157 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Herbert ( 1981 ) . `` Agamemnon in Euripides ' `` Iphigenia at Aulis '' `` . Hermes. 109 : 257 -- 65 . JSTOR 4476212 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mortal women of the Trojan War : Iphigenia '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When his wife had sent Iphigenia , Agamemnon placed her on the altar and was about to sacrifice her when Artemis spirited her off to the Taurians , where she set her up as her own priestess ; she put a deer on the altar in the girl 's place . In addition , according to some , she made Iphigenia immortal . '' Pseudo-Apollodorus , Epitome of the Library 3.21 . Jump up ^ This fragmentary passage ( fr. 23 ( a ) 17 -- 26 ) , found among the Oxyrhynchus Papyri , has been restored to its proper place in the Ehoeae , the Hesiodic Catalogue , in modern times ; the awkward insertion of eidolon -- the image of Iphimede -- and lines where Artemis saves her are considered a later interpolation by Friedrich Solmsen , `` The Sacrifice of Agamemnon 's Daughter in Hesiod 's ' Ehoeae '' The American Journal of Philology 102. 4 ( Winter 1981 ) , pp. 353 -- 58 . Jump up ^ this does n't appear in any of the surviving passages of the Hesiodic catalogue but is attested for it by Pausanias , 1.43. 1 . Jump up ^ Tauris is now the Crimea . Jump up ^ J. Donald Hughes , `` Goddess of Conservation . '' Forest and Conservation History 34.4 ( 1990 ) : 191 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Taurica ( Greek : Ταυρίς , Ταυρίδα , Latin : Taurica ) also known as the Tauric Chersonese and Chersonesus Taurica , was the name of Crimea in Antiquity . Jump up ^ Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta , ed . G. Kinkel , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hesiod , The Catalogues , TRANS . by H.G. Evelyn - White , fragment 71 Jump up ^ Euripides , Iphigenia in Tauris Jump up ^ Robert Graves , The Greek Myths , London : Penguin , 1955 ; Baltimore : Penguin pp. 73 -- 75 : `` Iphigenia Among the Taurians '' Jump up ^ George Dennis ( 1848 ) . The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria. 2 . London : John Murray . , 463 Jump up ^ Pilo , Chiara ; Giuman , Marco ( 2015 ) . `` Greek Myth on Etruscan Urns from Perusia : the sacrifice of Iphigenia '' . Etruscan Studies . 18.2 : 97 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Helen Evangeline Devlin ( 1914 ) . The Development and Treatment of the Iphigenia Myth in Greek and Roman Literature . University of Wisconsin. , page 24 Jump up ^ Mee , Charles L. `` Iphigenia 2.0 '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metamorphoses '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metamorphoses '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 554 . Iphigeneia . Walter Savage Landor. 1909 -- 14 . English Poetry II : From Collins to Fitzgerald . The Harvard Classics '' . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer . `` The Most Disturbing Thing About the Shireen Scene on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Jump up ^ Marcotte , Amanda ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` Do n't Be So Shocked by the Deaths on Game of Thrones : The Show Is a Classical Tragedy '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ Shanower , Eric ( 2004 ) . Age of Bronze : Sacrifice . Berkley , California : Image Comics . ISBN 1 - 58240 - 399 - 6 . Jump up ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses 27 ( online text ) Iphigenia is called a daughter of Theseus and Helen , raised by Clytemnestra . Modern sources ( edit ) Bonnard , A. ( 1945 ) Iphigénie à Aulis , Tragique et Poésie , Museum Helveticum , Basel , v. 2 , pp. 87 -- 107 Croisille , J-M ( 1963 ) Le sacrifice d'Iphigénie dans l'art romain et la littérature latine , Latomus , Brussels , v. 22 pp. 209 -- 25 Decharme , P. `` Iphigenia '' In : C. d'Auremberg and E. Saglio , Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines v. 3 ( 1ère partie ) , pp. 570 -- 72 ( 1877 -- 1919 ) Evans , Bergen ( 1970 ) . Dictionary of Mythology . New York : Dell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 440 - 20848 - 3 . Graves , Robert ( 1955 ) The Greek Myths , Penguin , London , pp. 73 -- 75 Jouan , F. ( 1966 ) `` Le Rassemblement d'Aulis et le Sacrifice d'Iphigénie '' , In : ______ , Euripide et les Légendes des Chants Cypriens , Les Belles Lettres , Pris , pp. 73 -- 75 Kahil , L. ( 1991 ) `` Le sacrifice d'Iphigénie '' In : Mélanges de l'École française de Rome , Antiquité , Rome , v. 103 pp. 183 -- 96 Kerenyi , Karl ( 1959 ) The Heroes of the Greeks , Thames and Hudson , London and New York , pp. 331 -- 36 et passim Kjelleberg , L. ( 1916 ) `` Iphigenia '' In : A.F. Pauly and G. Wissowa , Real - Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft , J.B. Metzler , Stuttgart , v. 9 , pp. 2588 -- 622 Lloyd - Jones , H. ( 1983 ) `` Artemis and Iphigenia '' , Journal of Hellenic Studies 103 , pp. 87 -- 102 Peck , Harry ( 1898 ) `` Iphigenia '' in Harper 's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities , Harper and Brothers , New York Séchen , L. ( 1931 ) `` Le Sacrifice d'Iphigénie '' , Revue des Études Grecques , Paris , pp. 368 -- 426 West , M.L. ( 1985 ) The Hesiodic Catlogue of Women , The Clarendon Press , Oxford External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iphigeneia . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Iphigenia . Contemporary interpretation of Gluck by Australian Barrie Kosky at the Komische Oper Berlin , May 1 , 2007 `` Iphigenia '' on Theoi.com Iphigenia in Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides Iphigenia 's family Agamemnon ( father ) Clytemnestra ( mother ) Aegisthus ( stepfather ) Orestes ( brother ) Electra ( sister ) Chrysothemis ( sister ) Iphigenia in Aulis Operas Iphigénie en Aulide ( 1774 , Gluck ) Plays Iphigénie ( 1674 ) Film Iphigenia ( 1977 ) Novel The Songs of the Kings Trilogy The Bacchae Alcmaeon in Corinth Related Bash : Latter - Day Plays The Killing of a Sacred Deer Iphigenia in Tauris Operas Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1699 , Desmarets and Campra ) Ifigenia in Tauride ( 1771 , Jommelli ) Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1779 , Gluck ) discography Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1781 , Piccinni ) Plays Iphigenia in Tauris ( 1779 ) Electra Family Agamemnon ( father ) Clytemnestra ( mother ) Aegisthus ( stepfather ) Orestes ( brother ) Iphigenia ( sister ) Chrysothemis ( sister ) Films Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1947 ) Electra ( 1962 ) Sandra ( 1965 ) The Forgotten Pistolero ( 1969 ) Electra , My Love ( 1974 ) The Travelling Players ( 1975 ) Ellie ( 1984 ) Electra ( 2010 ) Operas Idoménée ( 1712 , Campra ) Idomeneo ( 1780 , Mozart ) Oresteia ( 1895 , Taneyev ) Elektra ( 1909 , Strauss / von Hofmannsthal ) discography Leben des Orest ( 1930 , Krenek ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1967 , Levy / Butler ) Literature Oresteia ( 458 BC , Aeschylus ) Electra ( c. 413 BC , Euripides ) Orestes ( c. 408 BC , Euripides ) Electra ( c. 405 BC , Sophocles ) Electra ( 1937 , Giraudoux ) The Flies ( 1943 , Sartre ) Elektra ( 1971 , Wijesinha ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1931 , O'Neill ) Elektra ( 1981 , Marvel ) Art Orestes and Electra GND : 118555723 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iphigenia&oldid=827521907 '' Categories : Princesses in Greek mythology Ancient Crimea Greek mythological priestesses Greek mythological heroes Human sacrifice Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 05 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the sacrifice of iphianassa (iphigenia) take place	[ "In Greek mythology, Iphigenia (/ɪfɪdʒɪˈnaɪ.ə/; Ancient Greek: Ἰφιγένεια, Iphigeneia) was a daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra, and thus a princess of Mycenae. Agamemnon offends the goddess Artemis, who retaliates by commanding him to kill Iphigenia as a sacrifice so his ships can sail to Troy. In some versions, Iphigenia is sacrificed at Aulis, but in others, Artemis rescues her.[1] In the version where she is saved, she goes to the Taurians and meets her brother Orestes.[1]" ]	[ "Aulis" ]
3047113500325516414	Scalable Vector Graphics	Scalable vector graphics - Wikipedia Scalable vector graphics Jump to : navigation , search `` SVG '' redirects here . For other uses , see SVG ( disambiguation ) . Scalable Vector Graphics Filename extensions . svg . svgz Internet media type image / svg + xml Uniform Type Identifier ( UTI ) public. svg - image Developed by W3C Initial release 4 September 2001 ( 16 years ago ) ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ) Latest release 1.1 ( Second Edition ) ( 16 August 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) ) Type of format Vector graphics Extended from XML Standard W3C SVG Open format ? Yes Website www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/ Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) is an XML - based vector image format for two - dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation . The SVG specification is an open standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) since 1999 . SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files . This means that they can be searched , indexed , scripted , and compressed . As XML files , SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor , as well as with drawing software . All major modern web browsers -- including Mozilla Firefox , Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , Opera , Safari , and Microsoft Edge -- have SVG rendering support . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Printing 1.2 Scripting and animation 1.3 Compression 2 Development history 2.1 Version 1. x 2.2 Version 2. x 2.3 Mobile profiles 2.3. 1 Differences from non-mobile SVG 2.4 Related work 3 Functionality 3.1 Example 4 SVG on the web 4.1 Native browser support 4.2 Plug - in browser support 4.3 Mobile support 5 Online SVG converters 6 Application support 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) This image illustrates the difference between bitmap and vector images . The bitmap image is composed of a fixed set of pixels , while the vector image is composed of a fixed set of shapes . In the picture , scaling the bitmap reveals the pixels while scaling the vector image preserves the shapes . SVG has been in development within the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) since 1999 , after six competing proposals for vector graphics languages had been submitted to the consortium during 1998 . The early SVG Working Group decided not to develop any of the commercial submissions , but to create a new markup language that was informed by but not really based on any of them . SVG allows three types of graphic objects : vector graphic shapes such as paths and outlines consisting of straight lines and curves , bitmap images , and text . Graphical objects can be grouped , styled , transformed and composited into previously rendered objects . The feature set includes nested transformations , clipping paths , alpha masks , filter effects and template objects . SVG drawings can be interactive and can include animation , defined in the SVG XML elements or via scripting that accesses the SVG Document Object Model ( DOM ) . SVG uses CSS for styling and JavaScript for scripting . Text , including internationalization and localization , appearing in plain text within the SVG DOM enhances the accessibility of SVG graphics . The SVG specification was updated to version 1.1 in 2011 . There are two ' Mobile SVG Profiles , ' SVG Tiny and SVG Basic , meant for mobile devices with reduced computational and display capabilities . Scalable Vector Graphics 2 became a W3C Candidate Recommendation on 15 September 2016 . SVG 2 incorporates several new features in addition to those of SVG 1.1 and SVG Tiny 1.2 . Printing ( edit ) Though the SVG Specification primarily focuses on vector graphics markup language , its design includes the basic capabilities of a page description language like Adobe 's PDF . It contains provisions for rich graphics , and is compatible with CSS for styling purposes . SVG has the information needed to place each glyph and image in a chosen location on a printed page . Scripting and animation ( edit ) Main article : SVG animation SVG drawings can be dynamic and interactive . Time - based modifications to the elements can be described in SMIL , or can be programmed in a scripting language ( e.g. ECMAScript or JavaScript ) . The W3C explicitly recommends SMIL as the standard for animation in SVG . A rich set of event handlers such as onmouseover and onclick can be assigned to any SVG graphical object . Compression ( edit ) SVG images , being XML , contain many repeated fragments of text , so they are well suited for lossless data compression algorithms . When an SVG image has been compressed with the industry standard gzip algorithm , it is referred to as an `` SVGZ '' image and uses the corresponding . svgz filename extension . Conforming SVG 1.1 viewers will display compressed images . An SVGZ file is typically 20 to 50 percent of the original size . W3C provides SVGZ files to test for conformance . Development history ( edit ) SVG was developed by the W3C SVG Working Group starting in 1998 , after six competing vector graphics submissions were received that year : Web Schematics , from CCLRC PGML , from Adobe , IBM , Netscape , and Sun VML , by Autodesk , Hewlett - Packard , Macromedia , and Microsoft Hyper Graphics Markup Language , by Orange , PCSL , and PRP WebCGM , from Boeing , CCLRC , Inso , JISC , and Xerox DrawML , from Excosoft The working group was chaired at the time by Chris Lilley of the W3C . Version 1 x ( edit ) SVG 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 4 September 2001 . SVG 1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 14 January 2003 . The SVG 1.1 specification is modularized in order to allow subsets to be defined as profiles . Apart from this , there is very little difference between SVG 1.1 and SVG 1.0 . SVG Tiny and SVG Basic ( the Mobile SVG Profiles ) became W3C Recommendations on 14 January 2003 . These are described as profiles of SVG 1.1 . SVG Tiny 1.2 became a W3C Recommendation on 22 December 2008 . It was initially drafted as a profile of the planned SVG Full 1.2 ( which has since been dropped in favor of SVG 2 ) , but was later refactored as a standalone specification . SVG 1.1 Second Edition , which includes all the errata and clarifications , but no new features to the original SVG 1.1 was released on 16 August 2011 . Version 2 x ( edit ) SVG 2 will completely rework draft 1.2 , with more integration with new web features such as CSS , HTML5 , and WOFF . Mobile profiles ( edit ) Because of industry demand , two mobile profiles were introduced with SVG 1.1 : SVG Tiny ( SVGT ) and SVG Basic ( SVGB ) . These are subsets of the full SVG standard , mainly intended for user agents with limited capabilities . In particular , SVG Tiny was defined for highly restricted mobile devices such as cellphones ; it does not support styling or scripting . SVG Basic was defined for higher - level mobile devices , such as smartphones . In 2003 , the 3GPP , an international telecommunications standards group , adopted SVG Tiny as the mandatory vector graphics media format for next - generation phones . SVGT is the required vector graphics format and support of SVGB is optional for Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS ) and Packet - switched Streaming Service . It was later added as required format for vector graphics in 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem ( IMS ) . Differences from non-mobile SVG ( edit ) Neither mobile profile includes support for the full Document Object Model ( DOM ) , while only SVG Basic has optional support for scripting , but because they are fully compatible subsets of the full standard , most SVG graphics can still be rendered by devices which only support the mobile profiles . SVGT 1.2 adds a microDOM ( μDOM ) , styling and scripting . Related work ( edit ) The MPEG - 4 Part 20 standard - Lightweight Application Scene Representation ( LASeR ) and Simple Aggregation Format ( SAF ) is based on SVG Tiny . It was developed by MPEG ( ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC29 / WG11 ) and published as ISO / IEC 14496 - 20 : 2006 . SVG capabilities are enhanced in MPEG - 4 Part 20 with key features for mobile services , such as dynamic updates , binary encoding , state - of - art font representation . SVG was also accommodated in MPEG - 4 Part 11 , in the Extensible MPEG - 4 Textual ( XMT ) format - a textual representation of the MPEG - 4 multimedia content using XML . Functionality ( edit ) The SVG 1.1 specification defines 14 functional areas or feature sets : Paths Simple or compound shape outlines are drawn with curved or straight lines that can be filled in , outlined , or used as a clipping path . Paths have a compact coding . For example , M ( for `` move to '' ) precedes initial numeric x and y coordinates , and L ( for `` line to '' ) precedes a point to which a line should be drawn . Further command letters ( C , S , Q , T , and A ) precede data that is used to draw various Bézier and elliptical curves . Z is used to close a path . In all cases , absolute coordinates follow capital letter commands and relative coordinates are used after the equivalent lower - case letters . Basic shapes Straight - line paths and paths made up of a series of connected straight - line segments ( polylines ) , as well as closed polygons , circles , and ellipses can be drawn . Rectangles and round - cornered rectangles are also standard elements . Text Unicode character text included in an SVG file is expressed as XML character data . Many visual effects are possible , and the SVG specification automatically handles bidirectional text ( for composing a combination of English and Arabic text , for example ) , vertical text ( as Chinese was historically written ) and characters along a curved path ( such as the text around the edge of the Great Seal of the United States ) . Painting SVG shapes can be filled and / or outlined ( painted with a color , a gradient , or a pattern ) . Fills may be opaque , or have any degree of transparency . `` Markers '' are line - end features , such as arrowheads , or symbols that can appear at the vertices of a polygon . Color Colors can be applied to all visible SVG elements , either directly or via fill , stroke , and other properties . Colors are specified in the same way as in CSS2 , i.e. using names like black or blue , in hexadecimal such as # 2f0 or # 22ff00 , in decimal like rgb ( 255,255,127 ) , or as percentages of the form rgb ( 100 % , 100 % , 50 % ) . Gradients and patterns SVG shapes can be filled or outlined with solid colors as above , or with color gradients or with repeating patterns . Color gradients can be linear or radial ( circular ) , and can involve any number of colors as well as repeats . Opacity gradients can also be specified . Patterns are based on predefined raster or vector graphic objects , which can be repeated in x and / or y directions . Gradients and patterns can be animated and scripted . Since 2008 , there has been discussion among professional users of SVG that either gradient meshes or preferably diffusion curves could usefully be added to the SVG specification . It is said that a `` simple representation ( using diffusion curves ) is capable of representing even very subtle shading effects '' and that `` Diffusion curve images are comparable both in quality and coding efficiency with gradient meshes , but are simpler to create ( according to several artists who have used both tools ) , and can be captured from bitmaps fully automatically . '' The current draft of SVG 2 includes gradient meshes . Clipping , masking and compositing Graphic elements , including text , paths , basic shapes and combinations of these , can be used as outlines to define both inside and outside regions that can be painted ( with colors , gradients and patterns ) independently . Fully opaque clipping paths and semi-transparent masks are composited together to calculate the color and opacity of every pixel of the final image , using alpha blending . Filter effects Main article : SVG filter effects Interactivity SVG images can interact with users in many ways . In addition to hyperlinks as mentioned below , any part of an SVG image can be made receptive to user interface events such as changes in focus , mouse clicks , scrolling or zooming the image and other pointer , keyboard and document events . Event handlers may start , stop or alter animations as well as trigger scripts in response to such events . Linking SVG images can contain hyperlinks to other documents , using XLink . Through the use of the < view > element or a fragment identifier , URLs can link to SVG files that change the visible area of the document . This allows for creating specific view states that are used to zoom in / out of a specific area or to limit the view to a specific element . This is helpful when creating sprites . XLink support in combination with the < use > element also allow linking to and re-using internal and external elements . This allows to do more with less markup and makes for cleaner code . Scripting All aspects of an SVG document can be accessed and manipulated using scripts in a similar way to HTML . The default scripting language is ECMAScript ( closely related to JavaScript ) and there are defined Document Object Model ( DOM ) objects for every SVG element and attribute . Scripts are enclosed in < script > elements . They can run in response to pointer events , keyboard events and document events as required . Animation Main article : SVG animation SVG content can be animated using the built - in animation elements such as < animate > , < animateMotion > and < animateColor > . Content can be animated by manipulating the DOM using ECMAScript and the scripting language 's built - in timers . SVG animation has been designed to be compatible with current and future versions of Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language ( SMIL ) . Animations can be continuous , they can loop and repeat , and they can respond to user events , as mentioned above . Fonts As with HTML and CSS , text in SVG may reference external font files , such as system fonts . If the required font files do not exist on the machine where the SVG file is rendered , the text may not appear as intended . To overcome this limitation , text can be displayed in an SVG font , where the required glyphs are defined in SVG as a font that is then referenced from the < text > element . Metadata In accord with the W3C 's Semantic Web initiative , SVG allows authors to provide metadata about SVG content . The main facility is the < metadata > element , where the document can be described using Dublin Core metadata properties ( e.g. title , creator / author , subject , description , etc . ) . Other metadata schemas may also be used . In addition , SVG defines < title > and < desc > elements where authors may also provide plain - text descriptive material within an SVG image to help indexing , searching and retrieval by a number of means . An SVG document can define components including shapes , gradients etc. , and use them repeatedly . SVG images can also contain raster graphics , such as PNG and JPEG images , and further SVG images . Example ( edit ) This code will produce the shapes shown in the image ( excluding the grid ) : < ? xml version = `` 1.0 '' encoding = `` UTF - 8 '' ? > < svg xmlns = `` http://www.w3.org/2000/svg '' version = `` 1.1 '' > < rect x = `` 25 '' y = `` 25 '' width = `` 200 '' height = `` 200 '' fill = `` lime '' stroke - width = `` 4 '' stroke = `` pink '' / > < circle cx = `` 125 '' cy = `` 125 '' r = `` 75 '' fill = `` orange '' / > < polyline points = `` 50,150 50,200 200,200 200,100 '' stroke = `` red '' stroke - width = `` 4 '' fill = `` none '' / > < line x1 = `` 50 '' y1 = `` 50 '' x2 = `` 200 '' y2 = `` 200 '' stroke = `` blue '' stroke - width = `` 4 '' / > < / svg > SVG on the Web ( edit ) SVG exported from KOMPAS - Graphic ( Wikidata ) The use of SVG on the web was limited by the lack of support in older versions of Internet Explorer ( IE ) . Many web sites that serve SVG images , such as Wikipedia , also provide the images in a raster format , either automatically by HTTP content negotiation or by allowing the user directly to choose the file . Google announced on 31 August 2010 that it had started to index SVG content on the web , whether it is in standalone files or embedded in HTML , and that users would begin to see such content listed among their search results . It was announced on 8 December 2010 that Google Image Search would also begin indexing SVG files . On 28 January 2011 , it was discovered that Google was allowing Image Search results to be restricted exclusively to SVG files . This feature was announced officially on 11 February 2011 . Native browser support ( edit ) Konqueror was the first browser to support SVG in release version 3.2 in February 2004 . As of 2011 , all major desktop browsers , and many minor ones , have some level of SVG support . Other browsers ' implementations are not yet complete ; see comparison of layout engines for further details . Some earlier versions of Firefox ( e.g. versions between 1.5 and 3.6 ) , as well as a smattering of other now - outdated web browsers capable of displaying SVG graphics , needed them embedded in < object > or < iframe > elements to display them integrated as parts of an HTML webpage instead of using the standard way of integrating images with < img > . However , SVG images may be included in XHTML pages using XML namespaces . Tim Berners - Lee , the inventor of the World Wide Web , has been critical of ( earlier versions of ) Internet Explorer for its failure to support SVG . Opera ( since 8.0 ) has support for the SVG 1.1 Tiny specification while Opera 9 includes SVG 1.1 Basic support and some of SVG 1.1 Full . Opera 9.5 has partial SVG Tiny 1.2 support . It also supports SVGZ ( compressed SVG ) . Browsers based on the Gecko layout engine ( such as Firefox , Flock , Camino , and SeaMonkey ) all have had incomplete support for the SVG 1.1 Full specification since 2005 . The Mozilla site has an overview of the modules which are supported in Firefox and of the modules which are in progress in the development . Gecko 1.9 , included in Firefox 3.0 , adds support for more of the SVG specification ( including filters ) . Pale Moon , which uses the Goanna layout engine ( a fork of the Gecko engine ) , supports SVG . Browsers based on WebKit ( such as Apple 's Safari , Google Chrome , and The Omni Group 's OmniWeb ) have had incomplete support for the SVG 1.1 Full specification since 2006 . Amaya has partial SVG support . Internet Explorer 8 and older versions do not support SVG . IE9 ( released 14 March 2011 ) supports the basic SVG feature set . IE10 extended SVG support by adding SVG 1.1 filters . Microsoft Edge supports much of SVG 1.1 . The Maxthon Cloud Browser also supports SVG . There are several advantages to native and full support : plugins are not needed , SVG can be freely mixed with other content in a single document , and rendering and scripting become considerably more reliable . Plug - in browser support ( edit ) Internet Explorer , up to and including IE8 , was the only major browser not to provide native SVG support . IE8 and older require a plug - in to render SVG content . There are a number of plug - ins available to assist , including : Ample SDK Open - Source JavaScript GUI Framework provides partial support for SVG 1.1 , SMIL , DOM and style scripting in Internet Explorer ( 5.5 - 8.0 ) too . It is not dependent on any plugins and relies on presence of alternative Vector Graphics format VML in Internet Explorer . Batik , a widely deployed Java plugin Google Chrome Frame from Google can support all web elements supported by WebKit , including SVG 1.0 and partially SVG 1.1. ( discontinued ) GPAC , targets SVGT 1.2 Adobe SVG Viewer from Adobe Systems plugin supports most of SVG 1.0 / 1.1. ( discontinued ) Corel SVG Viewer ( discontinued ) Raphaël is another JavaScript library that takes advantage of the intersection between VML 's and SVG 's features to create vector graphics and animate them . Renesis Player for Internet Explorer from examotion GmbH , supports SVG 1.1 on IE 6 and 7 ( discontinued ) SVG Web is a JavaScript library for Web developers , targeted at Internet Explorer and dependent on the presence of an installed Adobe Flash plugin on the client machine . SVG Web provides partial support for SVG 1.1 , SVG Animation ( SMIL ) , Fonts , Video and Audio , DOM and style scripting . On 5 January 2010 , a senior manager of the Internet Explorer team at Microsoft announced on his official blog that Microsoft had just requested to join the SVG Working Group of the W3C in order to `` take part in ensuring future versions of the SVG spec will meet the needs of developers and end users , '' although no plans for SVG support in Internet Explorer were mentioned at that time . Internet Explorer 9 beta supported a basic SVG feature set based on the SVG 1.1 W3C recommendation . Functionality has been implemented for most of the SVG document structure , interactivity through scripting and styling inline and through CSS . The presentation elements , attributes and DOM interfaces that have been implemented include basic shapes , colors , filling , gradients , patterns , paths and text . Mobile support ( edit ) SVG Tiny ( SVGT ) 1.1 and 1.2 are mobile profiles for SVG . SVGT 1.2 includes some features not found in SVG 1.1 , including non-scaling strokes , which are supported by some SVG 1.1 implementations , such as Opera , Firefox and WebKit . As shared code bases between desktop and mobile browsers increased , the use of SVG 1.1 over SVGT 1.2 also increased . Support for SVG may be limited to SVGT on older or more limited smart phones , or may be primarily limited by their respective operating system . Adobe Flash Lite has optionally supported SVG Tiny since version 1.1 . At the SVG Open 2005 conference , Sun demonstrated a mobile implementation of SVG Tiny 1.1 for the Connected Limited Device Configuration ( CLDC ) platform . Mobiles that use Opera Mobile , as well as the iPhone 's built in browser , also include SVG support . However , even though it used the WebKit engine , the Android built - in browser did not support SVG prior to v3. 0 ( Honeycomb ) . Prior to v3. 0 , Firefox Mobile 4.0 b2 ( beta ) for Android was the first browser running under Android to support SVG by default . The level of SVG Tiny support available varies from mobile to mobile , depending on the SVG engine installed . Many newer mobile products support additional features beyond SVG Tiny 1.1 , like gradient and opacity ; this is sometimes referred as `` SVGT 1.1 + '' , though there is no such standard . Rim 's BlackBerry has built - in support for SVG Tiny 1.1 since version 5.0 . Support continues for WebKit - based BlackBerry Torch browser in OS 6 and 7 . Nokia 's S60 platform has built - in support for SVG . For example , icons are generally rendered using the platform 's SVG engine . Nokia has also led the JSR 226 : Scalable 2D Vector Graphics API expert group that defines Java ME API for SVG presentation and manipulation . This API has been implemented in S60 Platform 3rd Edition Feature Pack 1 and onward . Some Series 40 phones also support SVG ( such as Nokia 6280 ) . Most Sony Ericsson phones beginning with K700 ( by release date ) support SVG Tiny 1.1 . Phones beginning with K750 also support such features as opacity and gradients . Phones with Sony Ericsson Java Platform - 8 have support for JSR 226 . Windows Phone has supported SVG since version 7.5 SVG is also supported on various mobile devices from Motorola , Samsung , LG , and Siemens mobile / BenQ - Siemens . eSVG , an SVG rendering library mainly written for embedded devices , is available on some mobile platforms . OpenVG is an API designed for hardware - accelerated 2D vector graphics . Its primary platforms are handheld devices , mobile phones , gaming or media consoles , and consumer electronic devices including operating systems with Gallium3D based graphics drivers . Online SVG converters ( edit ) This is an incomplete list of web applications that can convert SVG files to raster image formats ( this process is known as rasterization ) , or raster images to SVG ( this process is known as image tracing or vectorization ) - without the need of installing a desktop software or browser plug - in . Autotracer.org . Online raster image vectorizer using the AutoTrace library . BMP , GIF , JPEG , or PNG to DXF , EPS , PDF , or SVG . Upload limit : 1MB . FileFormat.info - Converts SVG to PNG , JPEG , TIFF . Output resolution can be specified . No batch processing . Upload limit : 5MB . Online - Convert - Converts to / from BMP , EPS , GIF , HDR , ICO , JPEG , PNG , SVG , TGA , TIFF , WBMP , WebP . No batch processing . The output ( e.g. image size ) is customizable ; the conversion to SVG is handled by Potrace . SVGConv - Converts SVG to JPEG , PNG , GIF , BMP , TGA , TIFF , PDF , PS , EPS . Allows the user to customize the output ( like image size , background color ) and has batch processing features ( converting multiple files in a single step ) . Upload limit : 10MB SVG2Android - Converts SVG to an Android VectorDrawable ( introduced in API 21 ) Free Online Converter - Converts most raster images to SVG via tracing . When converting from raster images such as PNG to SVG or JPG to SVG , converter will convert the forms and objects in black - and - white images in vector graphics form . The conversion to SVG is handled by Potrace . Application support ( edit ) SVG images can be produced by the use of a vector graphics editor , such as Inkscape , Adobe Illustrator , Adobe Flash Professional , or CorelDRAW , and rendered to common raster image formats such as PNG using the same software . Inkscape uses a ( built - in ) potrace to import raster image formats . Software can be programmed to render SVG images by using a library such as librsvg used by GNOME since 2000 , or Batik . SVG images can also be rendered to any desired popular image format by using ImageMagick , a free command - line utility ( which also uses librsvg under the hood ) . Other uses for SVG include embedding for use in word processing ( e.g. with LibreOffice ) and desktop publishing ( e.g. Scribus ) , plotting graphs ( e.g. gnuplot ) , and importing paths ( e.g. for use in GIMP or Blender ) . Microsoft Office 2016 added support for importing and editing SVG images in January 2017 . The Uniform Type Identifier for SVG used by Apple is public. svg - image and conforms to public. image and public. xml . See also ( edit ) Scalable Vector Graphics sXBL SVG Working Group SVG filter effects Precision Graphics Markup Language Vector Markup Language XHTML + MathML + SVG SVG animation Comparison of layout engines ( SVG ) Canvas element Comparison of graphics file formats Comparison of raster - to - vector conversion software Comparison of vector graphics editors Computer graphics Computer Graphics Metafile Image file formats Resolution independence SVG files in MediaWiki on Commons : Help : SVG References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Media Type Registration for image / svg + xml '' . W3C . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` XML Media Types '' . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secret Origin of SVG '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) 1.1 ( Second Edition ) '' . W3C . Jump up ^ Capin , Tolga . `` Mobile SVG Profiles : SVG Tiny and SVG Basic '' . W3C . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) 2 '' . W3C . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex , Danilo ; Fujisawa , Jun ( 2002 ) . `` SVG as a Page Description Language '' . svgopen.org . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul , Festa ( 9 January 2003 ) . `` W3C releases scripting standard , caveat '' . CNet . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ See www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/conform.html # ConformingSVGViewers which states , `` SVG implementations must correctly support gzip - encoded ( RFC1952 ) and deflate - encoded ( RFC1951 ) data streams , for any content type ( including SVG , script files , images ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Saving compressed SVG ( SVGZ ) '' . SVG Zone . Adobe Systems . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ For example , dev.w3.org/SVG/profiles/1.1F2/test/harness/htmlObject/conform-viewers-01-t.html Jump up ^ Ferraiolo , Jon ( 4 September 2001 ) . `` Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) 1.0 Specification '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ferraiolo , Jon ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) 1.1 Specification '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Capin , Tolga ( 15 June 2009 ) . `` Mobile SVG Profiles : SVG Tiny and SVG Basic '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Andersson , Ola ( 22 December 2008 ) . `` Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) Tiny 1.2 Specification '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Dengler , Patrick ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` Getting to SVG 2.0 : A report from the SVG Working Group Face - to - Face ( May 24th -- June 1st 2010 ) '' . Microsoft Developer Network . Microsoft . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` SVG Tiny 1.2 '' . Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) Tiny 1.2 Specification . W3C. 2008 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SVG in 3GPP Multimedia Messaging and Streaming Services ( version March 2003 ) '' . SVG Open . 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS ) ; Media formats and codecs ( Release 5 ) ; 3GPP TS 26.140 V5. 2.0 ( 2002 - 12 ) ; Technical Specification '' ( zipped doc ) . 3GPP. 2 January 2003 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Generation Partnership Project ; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects ; Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS ) ; Media formats and codecs ( Release 5 ) '' ( zipped doc ) . 3GPP TS 26.140 V5. 2.0 ( 2002 - 12 ) . 3GPP . March 2003 . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP Specification detail - 3GPP TS 26.141 : IP Multimedia System ( IMS ) Messaging and Presence ; Media formats and codecs '' . 3GPP. 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Listing of phones that support SVG '' . Svg.org . Archived from the original on 28 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Concolato , Cyril ( July 2005 ) . `` MPEG - 4 LASeR white paper '' . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ISO / IEC 14496 - 20 : 2008 - Information technology -- Coding of audio - visual objects -- Part 20 : Lightweight Application Scene Representation ( LASeR ) and Simple Aggregation Format ( SAF ) '' . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LASeR - the MPEG standard for Rich Media Services '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiariglione , Leonardo ( 8 March 2005 ) . `` Riding the media bits - Bits and bytes '' . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Paths '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Basic Shapes '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Text '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Painting : Filling , Stroking and Marker Symbols '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Color '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Gradients and Patterns '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IRC log of svg on 2008 - 11 - 17 '' . W3C. 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . DS : Priorities should be layout , diffusion curves , 2.5 D and make sure we work well with CSS on that Jump up ^ `` Propositions for the next SVG spec '' . W3C. 16 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Indeed , we do plan to add new gradient capabilities to SVG in the next version , and we are looking into diffusion curves , which I think will meet your needs ... * Diffusion curves * seems really a great idea . Jump up ^ Rusin , Zack ( 2008 ) . `` SVG in KDE : Freedom of Beauty '' . SVG Open . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Orzan , Alexandrina ; Bousseau , Adrien ; Winnemöller , Holger ; Barla , Pascal ; Thollot , Joëlle ; Salesin , David ( 2008 ) . `` Diffusion Curves : A Vector Representation for Smooth - Shaded Images '' ( PDF ) . ACM Transactions on Graphics ( Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2008 ) . 27 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scalable Vector Graphics ( SVG ) 2 , W3C Editor 's Draft 13 June 2013 '' . SVG WG. 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Clipping , Masking and Compositing '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Filter Effects '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Interactivity '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Linking '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Scripting '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Animation '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Fonts '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium. 14 January 2003 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVG specification , `` Metadata '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanescu , Bogdan ; Sarapata , John ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Google now indexes SVG '' . Webmaster central blog . Google , Inc . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` googleimages '' . Google , Inc. 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitu , Alex ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Google Image Search Indexes SVG Files '' . Google Operating System blog . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Singhal , Amit ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` This week in search 2 / 11 / 11 '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Streichardt , Andreas ( 16 September 2003 ) . `` KDE Conquers the Vectors with KSVG '' . KDE News . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bug 276431 - external SVG not loaded from img tag '' . Mozilla ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ Lusotec ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` SVG image not shown by Firefox '' . mozilla. dev. tech. svg . Google Groups . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Brettz9 ( 25 August 2008 ) . `` SVG In HTML Introduction '' . Mozilla Developer Center . Mozilla . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Svensson , Peter ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Creator of Web spots a flaw in Internet Explorer '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SVG in Firefox '' . Mozilla Developer Center . Mozilla. 23 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mozilla SVG Status '' . Mozilla . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Mgjbot ( 15 January 2008 ) . `` SVG improvements in Firefox 3 '' . Mozilla Developer Center . Mozilla . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WebKit SVG Status '' . WebKit. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Internet Explorer 8 Expert Zone Chat ( 19 June 2008 ) '' . Microsoft . 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Jeff ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` SVG Support '' . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Internet Explorer 9 '' . Microsoft Developer Network . Microsoft . 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SVG ( Windows ) '' . Internet Explorer Dev Center . Microsoft . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/status/ Jump up ^ `` Get ready for plug - in free browsing '' . MSDN. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Download Batik '' . Apache Software Foundation . 9 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Features '' . GPAC Multimedia Open Source Project . GPAC. 11 March 2014 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GPAC 0.4. 5 released '' . GPAC Multimedia Open Source Project . GPAC. 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe SVG Viewer download area '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe SVG Viewer End of Life announcement '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corel SVG Viewer '' . Corel Corporation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Renesis Player -- Fast , easy and smart '' . examotion GmbH . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 30 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` svgweb - Scalable Vector Graphics for Web Browsers using Flash '' . Google Code . 11 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Google to slip SVG into Internet Explorer '' . The Register . The Register . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dengler , Patrick ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Joins W3C SVG Working Group '' . MSDN Blogs . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Explorer 9 Beta Guide for Developers '' . Microsoft Developer Network . Microsoft . 15 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SVG Open 2005 Conference and Exhibition - Proceedings - Cartoon Oriented User Interfaces '' . svgopen.org . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Browser does n't render SVG images '' . Google . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Firefox Mobile 4.0 b2 ( beta ) for Android supports SVG images '' . Android Issue 1376 . 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Support for SVG '' . RIM . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Torch The HTML5 Developer Scorecard '' . Sencha . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` S60 Product info '' . S60.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Jezic , Damir ( 15 -- 17 July 2002 ) . `` SVG for Embedded Systems '' . Zurich 2002 . svgopen.org . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` eSVG '' . Intesis Intelligent Embedded Software . 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Reinhardt , Tobias . `` Converts your raster images to vector graphics '' . autotracer.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . This tool is using the fantastic autotrace library developed by Martin Weber Jump up ^ `` FileFormat.info - SVG to raster image conversion '' . FileFormat.Info . Jump up ^ `` Free online file converter '' . online-convert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Selinger , Peter ( 2001 -- 2013 ) . `` Potrace -- Transforming bitmaps into vector graphics '' . SourceForge project Potrace . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Secundus , Blasius ( 2012 ) . `` SVGConv - The free online SVG converter '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Novák , Juraj . `` Android SVG to VectorDrawable '' . Juraj Novák . Jump up ^ `` Online image converter to SVG format ( JPG to SVG , PNG to SVG , EPS to SVG and more image format ) '' . online-converting.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Vectorize / trace '' . Inkscape wiki. 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . 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224958198719007228	2017 Africa Cup of Nations	2017 Africa Cup of Nations - wikipedia 2017 Africa Cup of Nations 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Coupe d'Afrique des Nations 2017 Tournament details Host country Gabon Dates 14 January -- 5 February 2017 Teams 16 ( from 1 confederation ) Venue ( s ) 4 ( in 4 host cities ) Final positions Champions Cameroon ( 5th title ) Runners - up Egypt Third place Burkina Faso Fourth place Ghana Tournament statistics Matches played 32 Goals scored 66 ( 2.06 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Junior Kabananga ( 3 goals ) Best player Christian Bassogog Fair play award Egypt ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations , known as the Total Africa Cup of Nations , Gabon 2017 ( also referred to as AFCON 2017 or CAN 2017 ) , was the 31st edition of the Africa Cup of Nations , the biennial international men 's football championship of Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . The tournament was scheduled to be hosted by Libya , until CAF rescinded its hosting rights in August 2014 due to ongoing war in the country . The tournament was instead hosted by Gabon . This event was also part of the Africa Cup of Nations 60th Anniversary . Cameroon won their fifth title after defeating seven - time champions Egypt 2 -- 1 in the final . As champions , Cameroon qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia . Tournament hosts Gabon and defending champions Ivory Coast were both eliminated in the group stage after failing to win any of their three group games . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 First bidding 1.2 Second bidding 2 Qualification 2.1 Qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Format 7 Draw 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Quarter - finals 9.3 Semi-finals 9.4 Third place play - off 9.5 Final 10 Winners 11 Statistics 11.1 Goalscorers 11.2 Awards 11.3 Tournament team rankings 12 Sponsorship 13 Mascot 14 Controversy 14.1 Website attack 15 Media 15.1 Broadcasting 16 References 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) First bidding ( edit ) Bids : Nation Last hosted Botswana - Cameroon 1972 DR Congo - Guinea - Morocco 1988 South Africa Zambia - Zimbabwe - CAF received 3 bids before 30 September 2010 , the deadline , to host either the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations or 2017 from DR Congo , Morocco and South Africa . All three bids were originally put on a shortlist . CAF then began an inspection procedure , on November and December 2010 , intending to visit each bidding country to view stadiums , infrastructure , and football interest . They inspected the DR Congo first . Shortly after the inspection , DR Congo informed CAF that they would be withdrawing their bids for both the 2015 and 2017 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . Morocco was the next country to be inspected , with CAF visiting the country in early November 2010 . South Africa was inspected in December 2010 . Nation Last hosted Morocco 1988 South Africa On 29 January , during the 2011 CAF Super Cup , the CAF executive committee decided that Morocco would host 2015 Africa Cup of Nations , while the 2017 edition would be held in South Africa . However , due to the Libyan Civil War , Libya and South Africa traded years with South Africa hosting in 2013 and Libya hosting in 2017 . Second bidding ( edit ) Bids : Algeria Egypt Gabon Ghana After Libya was withdrawn as the venue on 22 August 2014 , the CAF announced that they would be receiving applications for the new hosts until 30 September 2014 . Algeria , Egypt , Gabon , and Ghana , were determined by the CAF to be compliant with the host criteria . Later , Egypt withdrew . Other countries which expressed an interest but did not bid included Ethiopia , Mali , and Tanzania . Kenya discussed a joint bid with neighbors Rwanda and Uganda , but eventually bid alone . On 8 April 2015 , CAF President Issa Hayatou announced Gabon as the replacement hosts following votes by the CAF Executive Committee . Results Nation Votes Gabon 9 Algeria Ghana 0 Egypt Withdrew Total votes 13 Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Qualified Failed to qualify Withdrew or did not enter Not part of CAF The draw for the qualification stage took place on 8 April 2015 , immediately after the announcement of the host nation . The host nation team were also drawn into a group and would play games against those in that group ; however , those matches would only be considered as friendlies and not counted for the standings . 51 nations entered the qualifying stage with Eritrea and Somalia declining to enter and Chad withdrawing . Due to the cancellation of Morocco being hosts of the 2015 edition , the national team of Morocco were originally banned by CAF from entering the 2017 and 2019 Africa Cups of Nations . However , the ban was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport , allowing Morocco to enter the tournament . Three - time champions Nigeria did not qualify . Qualified teams ( edit ) The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament . Team Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Previous best performance FIFA ranking at start of event Gabon Hosts 8 April 2015 7th 2015 Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2012 ) 108 Morocco Group F winners 29 March 2016 16th 2013 Winners ( 1976 ) 57 Algeria Group J winners 2 June 2016 17th 2015 Winners ( 1990 ) 39 Cameroon Group M winners 3 June 2016 18th 2015 Winners ( 1984 , 1988 , 2000 , 2002 ) 62 Senegal Group K winners 4 June 2016 14th 2015 Runners - up ( 2002 ) 33 Egypt Group G winners 4 June 2016 23rd Winners ( 1957 , 1959 , 1986 , 1998 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 ) 35 Ghana Group H winners 5 June 2016 21st 2015 Winners ( 1963 , 1965 , 1978 , 1982 ) 54 Guinea - Bissau Group E winners 5 June 2016 1st none Debut 68 Zimbabwe Group L winners 5 June 2016 3rd 2006 Group stage ( 2004 , 2006 ) 103 Mali Group C winners 5 June 2016 10th 2015 Runners - up ( 1972 ) 64 Ivory Coast Group I winners 3 September 2016 22nd 2015 Winners ( 1992 , 2015 ) 34 Uganda Group D runners - up 4 September 2016 6th 1978 Runners - up ( 1978 ) 73 Burkina Faso Group D winners 4 September 2016 11th 2015 Runners - up ( 2013 ) 53 Tunisia Group A winners 4 September 2016 18th 2015 Winners ( 2004 ) 36 DR Congo Group B winners 4 September 2016 18th 2015 Winners ( 1968 , 1974 ) 49 Togo Group A runners - up 4 September 2016 8th 2013 Quarter - finals ( 2013 ) 90 Venues ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX The four venues were confirmed in October 2016 . Libreville Franceville Libreville Franceville Port - Gentil Oyem Oyem Port - Gentil Stade de l'Amitié Stade de Franceville Stade d'Oyem Stade de Port - Gentil Capacity : 40,000 Capacity : 25,000 Capacity : 20,500 Capacity : 20,000 Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads Each team can register a squad of 23 players . Match officials ( edit ) The following referees were chosen for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations . Referees Mehdi Abid Charef Joshua Bondo Sidi Alioum Denis Dembélé Gehad Grisha Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Eric Otogo - Castane Bakary Gassama Hamada Nampiandraza Redouane Jiyed Mahamadou Keita Ali Lemghaifry Daniel Bennett Malang Diedhiou Bernard Camille Youssef Essrayri Janny Sikazwe Assistant referees Albdelhak Etchiali Jerson Emiliano Dos Santos Jean - Claude Birumushahu Evarist Menkouande Elvis Guy Noupue Nguegoue Marius Donatien Tan Tahssen Abo El Sadat Bedyer Théophile Vinga Aboubacar Doumbouya Marwa Range Redouane Achik Arsénio Chadreque Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Abel Baba Olivier Safari Kabene Djibril Camara El Hadji Malick Samba Zakhele Siwela Ali Waleed Ahmed Mohammed Abdallah Ibrahim Anouar Hmila Format ( edit ) Only the hosts received an automatic qualification spot , the other 15 teams qualified through a qualification tournament . At the finals , the 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four teams each . The teams in each group play a single round robin . After the group stage , the top two teams from each group will advance to the quarterfinals . The quarterfinal winners will advance to the semifinals . The semifinal losers will play in third place match , while semifinal winners will play in final . Draw ( edit ) The draw took place on 19 October 2016 , 18 : 30 UTC + 1 , in Libreville , Gabon . The seedings approved by the Organising Committee of the Africa Cup of Nations at its meeting on Monday , 26 September 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo , Egypt , was determined taking into account the performance of the qualified teams during the following competitions : Africa Cup of Nations final tournaments ( 2012 , 2013 , 2015 ) Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers ( 2013 , 2015 , 2017 ) FIFA World Cup ( 2014 ) FIFA World Cup qualifiers ( 2014 ) Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Gabon ( 22 pts ; hosts , assigned to A1 ) Ivory Coast ( 63.5 pts ; title holders , assigned to C1 ) Ghana ( 56.5 pts ) Algeria ( 43.5 pts ) Tunisia ( 34.5 pts ) Mali ( 33.5 pts ) Burkina Faso ( 33.5 pts ) DR Congo ( 29.5 pts ) Cameroon ( 29 pts ) Senegal ( 24 pts ) Morocco ( 18.5 pts ) Egypt ( 15.5 pts ) Togo ( 15.5 pts ) Uganda ( 12 pts ) Zimbabwe ( 10 pts ) Guinea - Bissau ( 8.5 pts ) Group stage ( edit ) Group winners and runners - up advance to the quarter - finals . All times are local , WAT ( UTC + 1 ) . Tiebreakers ( edit ) The teams are ranked according to points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) . If tied on points , tiebreakers are applied in the following order ( Regulations Article 74 ) : Number of points obtained in games between the teams concerned ; Goal difference in games between the teams concerned ; Goals scored in games between the teams concerned ; If , after applying criteria 1 to 3 to teams concerned , two or three teams still have an equal ranking , criteria 1 to 3 are reapplied exclusively to the matches between these teams in question to determine their final rankings . If this procedure does not lead to a decision , criteria 5 to 7 will apply ; Goal difference in all games ; Goals scored in all games ; Drawing of lots . Group A ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Burkina Faso 0 + 2 5 Advance to knockout stage Cameroon 0 + 1 5 Gabon ( H ) 0 0 0 Guinea - Bissau 0 5 − 3 Source : CAF ( H ) Host . 14 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Gabon 1 -- 1 Guinea - Bissau Aubameyang 52 ' Report Juary 90 + 1 ' Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Attendance : 39,230 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 14 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Burkina Faso 1 -- 1 Cameroon Dayo 75 ' Report Moukandjo 35 ' Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Gabon 1 -- 1 Burkina Faso Aubameyang 38 ' ( pen . ) Report Nakoulma 23 ' Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Guinea - Bissau Siani 61 ' Ngadeu - Ngadjui 78 ' Report Piqueti 13 ' Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Youssef Essrayri ( Tunisia ) 22 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Cameroon 0 -- 0 Gabon Report Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Daniel Bennett ( South Africa ) 22 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Guinea - Bissau 0 -- 2 Burkina Faso Report Rudinilson 12 ' ( o.g. ) B. Traoré 58 ' Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Senegal 0 6 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Tunisia 0 6 5 + 1 6 Algeria 0 5 6 − 1 Zimbabwe 0 8 − 4 Source : CAF 15 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 17 : 00 Algeria 2 -- 2 Zimbabwe Mahrez 12 ' , 82 ' Report Mahachi 17 ' Mushekwi 29 ' ( pen . ) Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) 15 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 20 : 00 Tunisia 0 -- 2 Senegal Report Mané 10 ' ( pen . ) Mbodji 30 ' Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Sidi Alioum ( Cameroon ) 19 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 17 : 00 Algeria 1 -- 2 Tunisia Hanni 90 + 2 ' Report Mandi 50 ' ( o.g. ) Sliti 66 ' ( pen . ) Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Bernard Camille ( Seychelles ) 19 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 20 : 00 Senegal 2 -- 0 Zimbabwe Mané 9 ' Saivet 13 ' Report Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Redouane Jiyed ( Morocco ) 23 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 20 : 00 Senegal 2 -- 2 Algeria Diop 43 ' Sow 53 ' Report Slimani 10 ' , 52 ' Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Joshua Bondo ( Botswana ) 23 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 20 : 00 Zimbabwe 2 -- 4 Tunisia Musona 42 ' Ndoro 58 ' Report Sliti 9 ' Msakni 22 ' Khenissi 36 ' Khazri 45 ' ( pen . ) Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Denis Dembélé ( Ivory Coast ) Group C ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification DR Congo 0 6 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Morocco 0 + 2 6 Ivory Coast 0 − 1 Togo 0 6 − 4 Source : CAF 16 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Togo Report Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Eric Otogo - Castane ( Gabon ) 16 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 20 : 00 DR Congo 1 -- 0 Morocco Kabananga 55 ' Report Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 17 : 00 Ivory Coast 2 -- 2 DR Congo Bony 25 ' Dié 67 ' Report Kebano 10 ' Kabananga 28 ' Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 20 : 00 Morocco 3 -- 1 Togo Bouhaddouz 14 ' Saïss 21 ' En - Nesyri 72 ' Report Dossevi 5 ' Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Mahamadou Keita ( Mali ) 24 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 20 : 00 Morocco 1 -- 0 Ivory Coast Alioui 64 ' Report Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Sidi Alioum ( Cameroon ) 24 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 20 : 00 Togo 1 -- 3 DR Congo Laba 69 ' Report Kabananga 29 ' Mubele 54 ' M'Poku 80 ' Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Group D ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Egypt 0 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 + 1 6 Mali 0 − 1 Uganda 0 − 2 Source : CAF 17 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 1 -- 0 Uganda A. Ayew 32 ' ( pen . ) Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Joshua Bondo ( Botswana ) 17 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 0 -- 0 Egypt Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Daniel Bennett ( South Africa ) 21 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 1 -- 0 Mali Gyan 21 ' Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) 21 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 20 : 00 Egypt 1 -- 0 Uganda Said 89 ' Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Egypt 1 -- 0 Ghana M. Salah 11 ' Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Uganda 1 -- 1 Mali Miya 70 ' Report Bissouma 73 ' Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Ali Lemghaifry ( Mauritania ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match was level at the end of normal playing time , extra time was played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by kicks from the penalty mark to determine the winner , except for the play - off for third place where no extra time was played ( Regulations Article 75 ) . Bracket ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 28 January -- Libreville Burkina Faso 1 February -- Libreville Tunisia 0 Burkina Faso 1 ( 3 ) 29 January -- Port - Gentil Egypt ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Egypt 5 February -- Libreville Morocco 0 Egypt 28 January -- Franceville Cameroon Senegal 0 ( 4 ) 2 February -- Franceville Cameroon ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) Cameroon 29 January -- Oyem Ghana 0 Third place play - off DR Congo 4 February -- Port - Gentil Ghana Burkina Faso Ghana 0 Quarter - finals ( edit ) 28 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Burkina Faso 2 -- 0 Tunisia Bancé 81 ' Nakoulma 85 ' Report Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Daniel Bennett ( South Africa ) 28 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 20 : 00 Senegal 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Cameroon Report Penalties Koulibaly Kara Sow Saivet Mané 4 -- 5 Moukandjo Oyongo Teikeu Zoua Aboubakar Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 17 : 00 DR Congo 1 -- 2 Ghana M'Poku 68 ' Report J. Ayew 63 ' A. Ayew 78 ' ( pen . ) Stade d'Oyem , Oyem Referee : Bernard Camille ( Seychelles ) 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 20 : 00 Egypt 1 -- 0 Morocco Kahraba 88 ' Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Referee : Eric Otogo - Castane ( Gabon ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 1 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 20 : 00 Burkina Faso 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Egypt Bancé 73 ' Report M. Salah 66 ' Penalties Al . Traoré Diawara Yago Koffi B. Traoré 3 -- 4 Said Sobhi Hegazy M. Salah Warda Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 2 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 20 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 0 Ghana Ngadeu - Ngadjui 72 ' Bassogog 90 + 3 ' Report Stade de Franceville , Franceville Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Third place play - off ( edit ) 4 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 20 : 00 Burkina Faso 1 -- 0 Ghana Al . Traoré 89 ' Report Stade de Port - Gentil , Port - Gentil Attendance : 20,720 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Final 5 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) 20 : 00 Egypt 1 -- 2 Cameroon Elneny 22 ' Report Nkoulou 59 ' Aboubakar 88 ' Stade de l'Amitié , Libreville Attendance : 38,250 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Winners ( edit ) 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Champions Cameroon Fifth title Statistics ( edit ) Goalscorers ( edit ) 3 goals Junior Kabananga 2 goals Riyad Mahrez Islam Slimani Aristide Bancé Préjuce Nakoulma Michael Ngadeu - Ngadjui Paul - José M'Poku Mohamed Salah Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang André Ayew Sadio Mané Naïm Sliti 1 goal Sofiane Hanni Issoufou Dayo Alain Traoré Bertrand Traoré Vincent Aboubakar Christian Bassogog Benjamin Moukandjo Nicolas Nkoulou Sébastien Siani Neeskens Kebano Firmin Ndombe Mubele Mohamed Elneny Kahraba Abdallah Said Jordan Ayew Asamoah Gyan Piqueti Juary Soares Wilfried Bony Serey Dié Yves Bissouma Rachid Alioui Aziz Bouhaddouz Youssef En - Nesyri Romain Saïss Papakouli Diop Kara Mbodji Henri Saivet Moussa Sow Mathieu Dossevi Kodjo Fo - Doh Laba Wahbi Khazri Taha Yassine Khenissi Youssef Msakni Farouk Miya Kudakwashe Mahachi Tendai Ndoro Nyasha Mushekwi Knowledge Musona Own goals Aïssa Mandi ( against Tunisia ) Rudinilson Silva ( against Burkina Faso ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament : Total Man of the Competition Christian Bassogog Top Scorer Junior Kabananga ( 3 goals ) Fair Play prize Egypt CAF Team of the tournament Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Substitutes Fabrice Ondoa Kara Mbodji Ahmed Hegazi Michael Ngadeu - Ngadjui Charles Kaboré Wakaso Mubarak Bertrand Traoré Christian Atsu Mohamed Salah Christian Bassogog Junior Kabananga Essam El - Hadary Cheikhou Kouyaté Préjuce Nakoulma Aristide Bancé Benjamin Moukandjo Zezinho Mbark Boussoufa Tournament team rankings ( edit ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Group stage As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Final result Cameroon 6 0 7 + 4 12 Champions Egypt 6 5 + 2 11 Runner - up Burkina Faso 6 0 8 + 5 12 Third place Ghana 6 0 5 − 1 9 Fourth place 5 Senegal 0 6 + 4 8 Eliminated in Quarter - finals 6 DR Congo 7 5 + 2 7 7 Morocco 0 + 1 6 8 Tunisia 0 6 7 − 1 6 9 Gabon ( H ) 0 0 0 Eliminated in Group stage 10 Algeria 0 5 6 − 1 11 Ivory Coast 0 − 1 12 Mali 0 − 1 13 Uganda 0 − 2 14 Guinea - Bissau 0 5 − 3 15 Zimbabwe 0 8 − 4 16 Togo 0 6 − 4 Source : linternaute ( H ) Host . Sponsorship ( edit ) In July 2016 , Total secured an eight - year sponsorship package from the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) to support ten of its principal competitions , including the Africa Cup of Nations ( renamed the Total Africa Cup of Nations ) . Mascot ( edit ) The official mascot of the tournament was `` Samba '' , a black panther . Controversy ( edit ) Website attack ( edit ) On 21 January , Russian hacking group New World Hackers claimed to have taken the official CAF website down in response to CAF 's decision to choose Gabon as host nation . `` We did this in protest against Gabon '' , the person claiming to be one of the hackers wrote in an email . `` They are running the Africa Cup in a country where the dictator Ali Bongo is killing innocent people ! '' Media ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) Territory Channel Ref Asia Fox Networks Group Australia beIN Sports Bangladesh Sony SIX Sony ESPN Benin ORTB Bhutan Sony SIX Sony ESPN Brazil SporTV Canada beIN Sports ( English ) Univision Canada ( Spanish ) RDS ( French ) Cape Verde RTC Caribbean Flow Sports Central America ESPN Colombia Caracol TV RCN Television Democratic Republic of the Congo RTNC DOMTOM France Télévisions Equatorial Guinea RTVGE France beIN Sports Gabon GTV Ghana GTV / KTV India Sony SIX Sony ESPN Indonesia beIN Sports Ireland Eurosport Ireland RTÉ Sport Israel Sport 5 Italy Fox Sports Italia Ivory Coast RTI Cameroon CRTV Japan NHK Maldives Sony SIX Sony ESPN Mali ORTM MENA beIN Sports Mexico Televisa ESPN Nepal Sony SIX Sony ESPN Netherlands Fox Sports Netherlands New Zealand Sky Sport Pacific Islands Sky Sport Pakistan Sony SIX Sony ESPN Portugal Eurosport Portugal San Marino Fox Sports Italia Senegal RTS South Africa SABC South America ( except Brazil ) ESPN South Korea JTBC3 Fox Sports Southeastern Europe Arena Sport Spain Eurosport Spain Sri Lanka Sony SIX Sony ESPN Sub-Saharan Africa SuperSport ( English and Portuguese ) TV5Monde Afrique ( French ) Canal+ Sport Afrique Thailand beIN Sports Togo TVT international Turkey Tivibu Spor United Kingdom Eurosport United States beIN Sports ( English and Spanish ) Vatican City Fox Sports Italia ^ 1 - Available in the following countries : Serbia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro and Macedonia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa replace Libya as 2013 Nations Cup hosts '' . BBC . 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libya stripped of right to host 2017 Nations Cup '' . Reuters. 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gabon named hosts of 2017 Africa Cup of Nations after beating rival bids '' . The Guardian . Reuters. 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afcon 2017 : Cameroon 's Aboubakar wins final with late goal against Egypt '' . Guardian . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BFA eyes new stadium to host 2015 AFCON '' . Mmegi Online . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon to host African Cup of Nations ? '' . global post . 26 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DR Congo name local committee to back 2015 nations cup bid '' . Star Africa . 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guinea Wants To Host 2015 Africa Cup Of Nations '' . goal.com. 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco to host African Cup of Nations ? '' . global post . 26 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SA bids for 2015 Nations Cup '' . KickOff Magazine . 29 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ At the time of bidding , 1996 was South Africa 's previous time hosting . They would later step in to host the 2013 AFCON in place of war - torn Libya . Jump up ^ `` Zambia Bids to Host 2015 Africa Cup Of Nations '' . Zambian Watchdog. 5 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zim 's Afcon bid faces SA challenge '' . Zimbabwe Independent . 30 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CAN 2015 , 2017 bid applications closed '' . CAF Online . 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Organisation de la Can 2015 : Une commission de la Caf en Rdc le 12 novembre prochain en visite d'inspection '' . Groupelaviner. 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DR Congo withdraws CAN 2015 , 2017 bid '' . CAF Online . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFCO 2015 and 2017 / Morocco : CAF for inspection in Casablanca '' . Star Africa . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nations Cup : Seven countries bid to host finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Other Resolutions of the Executive Committee Meeting of 11 - 11 - 2015 '' . CAF. 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nations Cup : Four nations left to bid to host tournament '' . BBC.com. 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Cup of Nations : Egypt confirms 2017 bid withdrawal '' . BBC.com. 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia to bid for 2017 African Cup '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mali to bid for 2017 Africa Cup of Nations '' . Yahoo ! News . AFP . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzania to bid for the 2017 Cup of Nations '' . Goal.com. 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya , Rwanda and Uganda stage joint bid for 2017 Nations Cup '' . New Vision . 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Format of 2017 AFCON Qualifiers and 2018 World Cup '' . CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Fined , Banned From Two AFCON Tournaments '' . CAF Online . 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco win appeal over Afcon 2017 and 2019 bans '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afcon 2017 : Nigeria fail to qualify after defeat by Egypt '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Total Africa Cup of Nations , Gabon 2017 : Media guide '' ( PDF ) . CAF . Jump up ^ `` TOURNAMENT DETAILS FINALIZED AT TEAMS WORKSHOP '' . CAFonline.com. 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the Africa Cup of Nations '' ( PDF ) . Confederation of African Football . Jump up ^ `` Accreditation for the Draw of the Final Tournament of the Total Africa Cup of Nations Gabon 2017 '' . CAF. 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Results of the draw '' . CAF. 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gabon , Cote d'Ivoire , Ghana , Algeria named top seeds '' . CAF. 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draw procedure '' ( PDF ) . CAF. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Final Ranking Africa Cup of Nations '' ( PDF ) . CAF. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fixtures of the Final Tournament '' ( PDF ) . CAF . Jump up ^ `` Africa Cup of Nations - Gabon vs Guinea - Bissau - Soccer - Scoresway - Results , fixtures , tables and statistics '' . Jump up ^ `` Bassogog named Total Man of the Competition '' . CAF. 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total to sponsor CAF competitions for the next eight years '' . Africa News . Africa News . 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAMBA , the mascot of AFCON Gabon 2017 '' . CAF. 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers in Russia claim to shut down African Cup website '' . The Big Story ( AP ) . 21 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ullal , Naveen ( 5 February 2017 ) . `` Egypt vs Cameroon , Afcon 2017 final : Watch live on TV , mobile , prediction , betting odds and live streaming information '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurosport lifts Africa Cup of Nations 2017 and 2019 rights '' . Eurosport.com. 30 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Africa Cup of Nations . 2017 Africa Cup of Nations , CAFonline.com 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads Statistics Venues Stade d'Angondjé Stade de Franceville Stade d'Oyem Stade de Port - Gentil Africa Cup of Nations Tournaments Sudan 1957 United Arab Republic 1959 Ethiopia 1962 Ghana 1963 Tunisia 1965 Ethiopia 1968 Sudan 1970 Cameroon 1972 Egypt 1974 Ethiopia 1976 Ghana 1978 Nigeria 1980 Libya 1982 Ivory Coast 1984 Egypt 1986 Morocco 1988 Algeria 1990 Senegal 1992 Tunisia 1994 South Africa 1996 Burkina Faso 1998 Ghana / Nigeria 2000 Mali 2002 Tunisia 2004 Egypt 2006 Ghana 2008 Angola 2010 Gabon / Equatorial Guinea 2012 South Africa 2013 Equatorial Guinea 2015 Gabon 2017 Cameroon 2019 Ivory Coast 2021 Guinea 2023 Qualification 1957 1959 1962 1963 1965 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2013 2015 2017 2019 Finals 1957 1959 1962 1963 1965 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2013 2015 2017 Squads 1957 1959 1962 1963 1965 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2013 2015 2017 Statistics Appearances Records and statistics No qualification took place in 1957 and 1959 as places were given by invitation only . In 1959 and 1976 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Knockout stage Final General information Squads Statistics Venues Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Otkritie Arena ( Moscow ) Qualification World Cup AFC CAF CONCACAF 2013 2015 Play - off CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Africa_Cup_of_Nations&oldid=849760374 '' Categories : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Africa Cup of Nations 2017 in African football 2017 in Gabon International association football competitions hosted by Gabon January 2017 sports events in Africa February 2017 sports events in Africa Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 04 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who took the african cup of nations 2017	[ "Cameroon won their fifth title after defeating seven-time champions Egypt 2–1 in the final.[4]\n" ]	[ "Cameroon" ]
3955020904330266088	Olive	Olive - wikipedia Olive Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tree and the fruit . For other uses , see Olive ( disambiguation ) . For olive oil , see Olive oil . `` Olive grove '' and `` Olive tree '' redirect here . For other uses , see Olive grove ( disambiguation ) and Olive tree ( disambiguation ) . Olive Temporal range : Late Pleistocene to recent , 0.06 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Olea europaea , near the Dead Sea , Jordan Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Lamiales Family : Oleaceae Genus : Olea Species : O. europaea Binomial name Olea europaea L . Distribution map This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . The olive , known by the botanical name Olea europaea , meaning `` European olive '' , is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae , found in the Mediterranean Basin from Portugal to the Levant , the Arabian Peninsula , and southern Asia as far east as China , as well as the Canary Islands and Réunion . The species is cultivated in many places and considered naturalized in all the countries of the Mediterranean coast , as well as in Argentina , Saudi Arabia , Java , Norfolk Island , California , and Bermuda . Olea europeana sylvestris is a subspecies that corresponds to a smaller tree bearing noticeably smaller fruit . The olive 's fruit , also called the olive , is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil ; it is one of the core ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine . The tree and its fruit give their name to the plant family , which also includes species such as lilacs , jasmine , Forsythia , and the true ash trees ( Fraxinus ) . The word derives from Latin ŏlīva ( `` olive fruit '' , `` olive tree '' ; `` olive oil '' is ŏlĕum ) a borrowing from the Greek ἐλαία ( elaía , `` olive fruit '' , `` olive tree '' ) and ἔλαιον ( élaion , `` olive oil '' ) in the archaic form * ἐλαίϝα . The oldest attested forms of the Greek words are the Mycenaean 𐀁𐀨𐀷 , e-ra - wa , and 𐀁𐀨𐀺 , e-ra - wo or 𐀁𐁉𐀺 , e-rai - wo , written in the Linear B syllabic script . The word `` oil '' in multiple languages ultimately derives from the name of this tree and its fruit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Cultivars 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 Outside the Mediterranean 4 Symbolic connotations 4.1 Ancient Israel and Hebrew Bible 4.2 Ancient Greece 4.3 Ancient Rome 4.4 New Testament 4.5 Islam 5 Oldest known trees 6 Uses 6.1 Table olives 6.2 Traditional fermentation and curing 6.3 Olive wood 7 Cultivation 7.1 Growth and propagation 7.2 Pests , diseases , and weather 7.3 As an invasive species 7.4 Harvest and processing 8 Global production 9 Nutrition 10 Allergenic potential 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Description ( edit ) 19th - century illustrations The olive tree , Olea europaea , is an evergreen tree or shrub native to the Mediterranean , Asia , and Africa . It is short and squat , and rarely exceeds 8 -- 15 m ( 26 -- 49 ft ) in height . ' Pisciottana ' , a unique variety comprising 40,000 trees found only in the area around Pisciotta in the Campania region of southern Italy often exceeds this , with correspondingly large trunk diameters . The silvery green leaves are oblong , measuring 4 -- 10 cm ( 1.6 -- 3.9 in ) long and 1 -- 3 cm ( 0.39 -- 1.18 in ) wide . The trunk is typically gnarled and twisted . The small , white , feathery flowers , with ten - cleft calyx and corolla , two stamens , and bifid stigma , are borne generally on the previous year 's wood , in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves . The fruit is a small drupe 1 -- 2.5 cm ( 0.39 -- 0.98 in ) long , thinner - fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars . Olives are harvested in the green to purple stage . Canned black olives have often been artificially blackened ( see below on processing ) and may contain the chemical ferrous gluconate to improve the appearance . Olea europaea contains a seed commonly referred to in American English as a pit or a rock , and in British English as a stone . Taxonomy ( edit ) The six natural subspecies of Olea europaea are distributed over a wide range : Olea europaea subsp . europaea ( Mediterranean Basin ) O. e. subsp . cuspidata ( from South Africa throughout East Africa , Arabia to South West China ) O. e. subsp . guanchica ( Canaries ) O. e. subsp . cerasiformis ( Madeira ) O. e. subsp . maroccana ( Morocco ) O. e. subsp . laperrinei ( Algeria , Sudan , Niger ) The subspecies O. e. maroccana and O. e. cerasiformis are respectively hexaploid and tetraploid . Wild growing forms of the olive are sometimes treated as the species Olea oleaster . Cultivars ( edit ) Main article : List of olive cultivars Hundreds of cultivars of the olive tree are known . An olive 's cultivar has a significant impact on its colour , size , shape , and growth characteristics , as well as the qualities of olive oil . Olive cultivars may be used primarily for oil , eating , or both . Olives cultivated for consumption are generally referred to as table olives . Since many olive cultivars are self - sterile or nearly so , they are generally planted in pairs with a single primary cultivar and a secondary cultivar selected for its ability to fertilize the primary one . In recent times , efforts have been directed at producing hybrid cultivars with qualities such as resistance to disease , quick growth , and larger or more consistent crops . History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) Fossil evidence indicates the olive tree had its origins some 20 -- 40 million years ago in the Oligocene region corresponding to Italy and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. The olive plant later was first cultivated some 7,000 years ago in Mediterranean regions . The edible olive seems to have coexisted with humans for about 5,000 to 6,000 years , going back to the early Bronze Age ( 3150 to 1200 BC ) . Its origin can be traced to the Levant based on written tablets , olive pits , and wood fragments found in ancient tombs . At least one cookbook writer notes that the most ancient evidence of olive cultivation is found in Lebanon , Syria , Israel , and Crete . The immediate ancestry of the cultivated olive is unknown . O. europaea may have arisen from O. chrysophylla in northern tropical Africa and was introduced into the countries of the Mediterranean Basin via Egypt and then Crete or the Levant , Tunisia , and Asia Minor . Fossil Olea pollen has been found in Macedonia and other places around the Mediterranean , indicating that this genus is an original element of the Mediterranean flora . Fossilized leaves of Olea were found in the palaeosols of the volcanic Greek island of Santorini ( Thera ) and were dated about 37,000 BP . Imprints of larvae of olive whitefly Aleurolobus ( Aleurodes ) olivinus were found on the leaves . The same insect is commonly found today on olive leaves , showing that the plant - animal co-evolutionary relations have not changed since that time . Other leaves found on the same island are dated back to 60,000 BP , making them the oldest known olives from the Mediterranean . As far back as 3000 BC , olives were grown commercially in Crete ; they may have been the source of the wealth of the Minoan civilization . Outside the Mediterranean ( edit ) Olives are not native to the Americas . Spanish colonists brought the olive to the New World , where its cultivation prospered in present - day Peru and Chile . The first seedlings from Spain were planted in Lima by Antonio de Rivera in 1560 . Olive tree cultivation quickly spread along the valleys of South America 's dry Pacific coast where the climate was similar to the Mediterranean . Spanish missionaries established the tree in the 18th century in California . It was first cultivated at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 or later around 1795 . Orchards were started at other missions , but in 1838 , an inspection found only two olive orchards in California . Cultivation for oil gradually became a highly successful commercial venture from the 1860s onward . In Japan , the first successful planting of olive trees happened in 1908 on Shodo Island , which became the cradle of olive cultivation . An estimated 865 million olive trees are in the world today ( as of 2005 ) , and the vast majority of these are found in Mediterranean countries , with traditionally marginal areas accounting for no more than 25 % of olive - planted area and 10 % of oil production . Symbolic connotations ( edit ) See also : Peace symbols Olive oil has long been considered sacred . The olive branch was often a symbol of abundance , glory , and peace . The leafy branches of the olive tree were ritually offered to deities and powerful figures as emblems of benediction and purification , and they were used to crown the victors of friendly games and bloody wars . Today , olive oil is still used in many religious ceremonies . Over the years , the olive has been the symbol of peace , wisdom , glory , fertility , power , and purity . Ancient Israel and Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The olive was one of the main elements in ancient Israelite cuisine . Olive oil was used for not only food and cooking , but also lighting , sacrificial offerings , ointment , and anointment for priestly or royal office . The olive tree is one of the first plants mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and in the Christian Old Testament , and one of the most significant . An olive branch was brought back to Noah by a dove to demonstrate that the flood was over ( Book of Genesis , 8 : 11 ) . The olive is listed in Deuteronomy 8 : 8 as one of the seven species that are noteworthy products of the Land of Israel . Ancient Greece ( edit ) The ancient Greeks smeared olive oil on their bodies and hair as a matter of grooming and good health . Olive oil was used to anoint kings and athletes in ancient Greece . It was burnt in the sacred lamps of temples and was the `` eternal flame '' of the original Olympic games . Victors in these games were crowned with its leaves . In Homer 's Odyssey , Odysseus crawls beneath two shoots of olive that grow from a single stock , and in the Iliad , ( XVII. 53ff ) is a metaphoric description of a lone olive tree in the mountains , by a spring ; the Greeks observed that the olive rarely thrives at a distance from the sea , which in Greece invariably means up mountain slopes . Greek myth attributed to the primordial culture - hero Aristaeus the understanding of olive husbandry , along with cheese - making and bee - keeping . Olive was one of the woods used to fashion the most primitive Greek cult figures , called xoana , referring to their wooden material ; they were reverently preserved for centuries . It was purely a matter of local pride that the Athenians claimed that the olive grew first in Athens . In an archaic Athenian foundation myth , Athena won the patronship of Attica from Poseidon with the gift of the olive . According to the fourth - century BC father of botany , Theophrastus , olive trees ordinarily attained an age around 200 years , he mentions that the very olive tree of Athena still grew on the Acropolis ; it was still to be seen there in the second century AD ; and when Pausanias was shown it , c. 170 AD , he reported `` Legend also says that when the Persians fired Athens the olive was burnt down , but on the very day it was burnt it grew again to the height of two cubits . '' Indeed , olive suckers sprout readily from the stump , and the great age of some existing olive trees shows that it was perfectly possible that the olive tree of the Acropolis dated to the Bronze Age . The olive was sacred to Athena and appeared on the Athenian coinage . Theophrastus , in On the Causes of Plants , does not give as systematic and detailed an account of olive husbandry as he does of the vine , but he makes clear ( in 1.16. 10 ) that the cultivated olive must be vegetatively propagated ; indeed , the pits give rise to thorny , wild - type olives , spread far and wide by birds . Theophrastus reports how the bearing olive can be grafted on the wild olive , for which the Greeks had a separate name , kotinos . In his Enquiry into Plants ( 2.1. 2 -- 4 ) he states that the olive can be propagated from a piece of the trunk , the root , a twig , or a stake . Ancient Rome ( edit ) According to Pliny the Elder , a vine , a fig tree , and an olive tree grew in the middle of the Roman Forum ; the latter was planted to provide shade ( the garden plot was recreated in the 20th century ) . The Roman poet Horace mentions it in reference to his own diet , which he describes as very simple : `` As for me , olives , endives , and smooth mallows provide sustenance . '' Lord Monboddo comments on the olive in 1779 as one of the foods preferred by the ancients and as one of the most perfect foods . Storing olives on Dere Street ; Tacuinum Sanitatis , 14th century , Vitruvius describes of the use of charred olive wood in tying together walls and foundations in his De Architectura : The thickness of the wall should , in my opinion , be such that armed men meeting on top of it may pass one another without interference . In the thickness there should be set a very close succession of ties made of charred olive wood , binding the two faces of the wall together like pins , to give it lasting endurance . For that is a material which neither decay , nor the weather , nor time can harm , but even though buried in the earth or set in the water it keeps sound and useful forever . And so not only city walls but substructures in general and all walls that require a thickness like that of a city wall , will be long in falling to decay if tied in this manner . New Testament ( edit ) The Mount of Olives east of Jerusalem is mentioned several times in the New Testament . The Allegory of the Olive Tree in St. Paul 's Epistle to the Romans refers to the scattering and gathering of Israel . It compares the Israelites to a tame olive tree and the Gentiles to a wild olive branch . The olive tree itself , as well as olive oil and olives , play an important role in the Bible . Islam ( edit ) The olive tree and olive oil are mentioned seven times in the Quran , and the olive is praised as a precious fruit . Olive tree and olive - oil health benefits have been propounded in Prophetic medicine . Muhammad is reported to have said : `` Take oil of olive and massage with it -- it is a blessed tree '' ( Sunan al - Darimi , 69 : 103 ) . Olives are substitutes for dates ( if not available ) during Ramadan fasting , and olive tree leaves are used as incense in some Muslim Mediterranean countries . Oldest known trees ( edit ) Olive trees in the groves around the Mediterranean Sea are centuries old , with some dated to 2000 years . The olive tree on the island of Brijuni ( Brioni ) , Istria in Croatia , has a radiocarbon dating age of about 1,600 years . It still gives fruit ( about 30 kg or 66 lb per year ) , which is made into olive oil . An olive tree in west Athens , named `` Plato 's Olive Tree '' , is thought to be a remnant of the grove where Plato 's Academy was situated , making it an estimated 2,400 years old . The tree comprised a cavernous trunk from which a few branches were still sprouting in 1975 , when a traffic accident caused a bus to uproot it . Following that , the trunk was preserved and displayed in the nearby Agricultural University of Athens . In 2013 , it was reported that the remaining part of the trunk was uprooted and stolen , allegedly to serve as firewood . A supposedly older tree , the `` Peisistratos Tree '' , is located by the banks of the Cephisus River , in the municipality of Agioi Anargyroi , and is said to be a remnant of an olive grove that was planted by Athenian tyrant Peisistratos in the sixth century BC . Numerous ancient olive trees also exist near Pelion in Greece . The age of an olive tree in Crete , the Finix Olive , is claimed to be over 2,000 years old ; this estimate is based on archaeological evidence around the tree . The olive tree of Vouves , also in Crete , has an age estimated between 2000 and 4000 years . An olive tree called Farga d'Arió in Ulldecona , Catalonia , Spain , has been dated ( with laser - perimetry methods ) as being 1,701 years old , estimating that it was planted when Constantine the Great was Roman emperor . Some Italian olive trees are believed to date back to Ancient Rome ( 8th century BC to 5th century AD ) , although identifying progenitor trees in ancient sources is difficult . A tree located in Santu Baltolu di Carana , in the municipality of Luras in Sardinia , Italy , is respectfully named in Sardinian as the Ozzastru by the islanders , and is claimed to be between 3,000 and 4,000 years old according to different studies . Several other trees of about 1,000 years old are within the same garden . The 15th - century trees of Olivo della Linza , at Alliste in the Province of Lecce in Apulia on the Italian mainland , were noted by Bishop Ludovico de Pennis during his pastoral visit to the Diocese of Nardò - Gallipoli in 1452 . The town of Bshaale , Lebanon claims to have the oldest olive trees in the world ( 4000 BC for the oldest ) , but no scientific study supports these claims . Other trees in the towns of Amioun appear to be at least 1,500 years old . Throughout Israel and Palestine , dozens of ancient olive trees are found with estimated ages of 1,600 -- 2,000 years ; however , these estimates could not be supported by current scientific practices . Ancient trees include two giant olive trees in Arraba and five trees in Deir Hanna , both in the Galilee region , which have been determined to be over 3,000 years old , although no available data support the credibility of the study that produced these age estimates , and as such , the 3000 years age estimate can not be considered valid . All seven trees continue to produce olives . Several trees in the Garden of Gethsemane ( from the Hebrew words gat shemanim or olive press ) in Jerusalem are claimed to date back to the purported time of Jesus . A study conducted by the National Research Council of Italy in 2012 used carbon dating on older parts of the trunks of three trees from Gethsemane and came up with the dates of 1092 , 1166 , and 1198 AD , while DNA tests show that the trees were originally planted from the same parent plant . According to molecular analysis , the tested trees showed the same allelic profile at all microsatellite loci analyzed which furthermore may indicate attempt to keep the lineage of an older species intact . However , Bernabei writes , `` All the tree trunks are hollow inside so that the central , older wood is missing ... In the end , only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated . The dated ancient olive trees do , however , not allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the remaining five giant olive trees . '' Babcox concludes , `` The roots of the eight oldest trees are possibly much older . Visiting guides to the garden often state that they are two thousand years old . '' The 2,000 - year - old Bidni olive trees , which have been confirmed through carbon dating , have been protected since 1933 , and are also listed in UNESCO 's Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws . In 2011 , after recognising their historical and landscape value , and in recognition of the fact that `` only 20 trees remain from 40 at the beginning of the 20th century '' , Maltese authorities declared the ancient Bidni olive grove at Bidnija , limits of Mosta , as a Tree Protected Area , in accordance with the provisions of the Trees and Woodlands Protection Regulations , 2011 , as per Government Notice number 473 / 11 . Kaštela , Croatia Canneto Sabino , Italy Karystos , Euboia , Greece Uses ( edit ) See also : Olive oil and Mediterranean cuisine The olive tree , Olea europaea , has been cultivated for olive oil , fine wood , olive leaf , and the olive fruit . About 90 % of all harvested olives are turned into oil , while about 10 % are used as table olives . The olive is one of the `` trinity '' or `` triad '' of basic ingredients in Mediterranean cuisine , the other two being wheat for bread , pasta , and couscous , and the grape for wine . Olives in a plastic cup green olives black olives Table olives ( edit ) Table olives are classified by the IOC into three groups according to the degree of ripeness achieved before harvesting : Green olives are picked when they have obtained full size , but before the ripening cycle has begun ; they are usually shades of green to yellow . Semiripe or turning - colour olives are picked at the beginning of the ripening cycle , when the colour has begun to change from green to multicolour shades of red to brown . Only the skin is coloured , as the flesh of the fruit lacks pigmentation at this stage , unlike that of ripe olives . Black olives or ripe olives are picked at full maturity when fully ripe . They are found in assorted shades of purple to brown to black . Traditional fermentation and curing ( edit ) An olive vat room used for curing Raw or fresh olives are naturally very bitter ; to make them palatable , olives must be cured and fermented , thereby removing oleuropein , a bitter phenolic compound that can reach levels of 14 % of dry matter in young olives . In addition to oleuropein , other phenolic compounds render freshly picked olives unpalatable and must also be removed or lowered in quantity through curing and fermentation . Generally speaking , phenolics reach their peak in young fruit and are converted as the fruit matures . Once ripening occurs , the levels of phenolics sharply decline through their conversion to other organic products which render some cultivars edible immediately . One example of an edible olive native to the island of Thasos is the throubes black olive , which when allowed to ripen in sun , shrivel , and fall from the tree , is edible . The curing process may take from a few days , with lye , to a few months with brine or salt packing . With the exception of California style and salt - cured olives , all methods of curing involve a major fermentation involving bacteria and yeast that is of equal importance to the final table olive product . Traditional cures , using the natural microflora on the fruit to induce fermentation , lead to two important outcomes : the leaching out and breakdown of oleuropein and other unpalatable phenolic compounds , and the generation of favourable metabolites from bacteria and yeast , such as organic acids , probiotics , glycerol , and esters , which affect the sensory properties of the final table olives . Mixed bacterial / yeast olive fermentations may have probiotic qualities . Lactic acid is the most important metabolite , as it lowers the pH , acting as a natural preservative against the growth of unwanted pathogenic species . The result is table olives which can be stored without refrigeration . Fermentations dominated by lactic acid bacteria are , therefore , the most suitable method of curing olives . Yeast - dominated fermentations produce a different suite of metabolites which provide poorer preservation , so they are corrected with an acid such as citric acid in the final processing stage to provide microbial stability . The many types of preparations for table olives depend on local tastes and traditions . The most important commercial examples are : Spanish or Sevillian type ( olives with fermentation ) : Most commonly applied to green olive preparation , around 60 % of all the world 's table olives are produced with this method . Olives are soaked in lye ( dilute NaOH , 2 -- 4 % ) for 8 -- 10 hours to hydrolyse the oleuropein . They are usually considered `` treated '' when the lye has penetrated two - thirds of the way into the fruit . They are then washed once or several times in water to remove the caustic solution and transferred to fermenting vessels full of brine at typical concentrations of 8 -- 12 % NaCl . The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds . Fermentation is carried out by the natural microbiota present on the olives that survive the lye treatment process . Many organisms are involved , usually reflecting the local conditions or `` Terroir '' of the olives . During a typical fermentation gram - negative enterobacteria flourish in small numbers at first , but are rapidly outgrown by lactic acid bacteria species such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides , Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus damnosus . These bacteria produce lactic acid to help lower the pH of the brine and therefore stabilize the product against unwanted pathogenic species . A diversity of yeasts then accumulate in sufficient numbers to help complete the fermentation alongside the lactic acid bacteria . Yeasts commonly mentioned include the teleomorphs Pichia anomala , Pichia membranifaciens , Debaryomyces hansenii and Kluyveromyces marxianus . Once fermented , the olives are placed in fresh brine and acid corrected , to be ready for market . Sicilian or Greek type ( olives with fermentation ) : Applied to green , semiripe and ripe olives , they are almost identical to the Spanish type fermentation process , but the lye treatment process is skipped and the olives are placed directly in fermentation vessels full of brine ( 8 -- 12 % NaCl ) . The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds . As the caustic treatment is avoided , lactic acid bacteria are only present in similar numbers to yeast and appear to be outcompeted by the abundant yeasts found on untreated olives . As very little acid is produced by the yeast fermentation , lactic , acetic , or citric acid is often added to the fermentation stage to stabilize the process . Picholine or directly - brined type ( olives with fermentation ) : Applied to green , semiripe , or ripe olives , they are soaked in lye typically for longer periods than Spanish style ( e.g. 10 -- 72 hours ) until the solution has penetrated three - quarters of the way into the fruit . They are then washed and immediately brined and acid corrected with citric acid to achieve microbial stability . Fermentation still occurs carried out by acidogenic yeast and bacteria , but is more subdued than other methods . The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds and a series of progressively stronger concentrations of salt are added until the product is fully stabilized and ready to be eaten . Water - cured type ( olives with fermentation ) : Applied to green , semiripe , or ripe olives , these are soaked in water or weak brine and this solution is changed on a daily basis for 10 -- 14 days . The oleuropein is naturally dissolved and leached into the water and removed during a continual soak - wash cycle . Fermentation takes place during the water treatment stage and involves a mixed yeast / bacteria ecosystem . Sometimes , the olives are lightly cracked with a hammer or a stone to trigger fermentation and speed up the fermentation process . Once debittered , the olives are brined to concentrations of 8 -- 12 % NaCl and acid corrected , and are then ready to eat . Salt - cured type ( olives with minor fermentation ) : Applied only to ripe olives , they are usually produced in Morocco , Turkey , and other eastern Mediterranean countries . Once picked , the olives are vigorously washed and packed in alternating layers with salt . The high concentrations of salt draw the moisture out of olives , dehydrating and shriveling them until they look somewhat analogous to a raisin . Once packed in salt , fermentation is minimal and only initiated by the most halophilic yeast species such as Debaryomyces hansenii . Once cured , they are sold in their natural state without any additives . So - called Oil - cured olives are cured in salt , and then soaked in oil . California or `` artificial ripening '' type ( olives without fermentation ) : Applied to green and semiripe olives , they are placed in lye and soaked . Upon their removal , they are washed in water injected with compressed air . This process is repeated several times until both oxygen and lye have soaked through to the pit . The repeated , saturated exposure to air oxidises the skin and flesh of the fruit , turning it black in an artificial process that mimics natural ripening . Once fully oxidised or `` blackened '' , they are brined and acid corrected and are then ready for eating . Olive wood ( edit ) Olive wood is very hard and is prized for its durability , colour , high combustion temperature , and interesting grain patterns . Because of the commercial importance of the fruit , and the slow growth and relatively small size of the tree , olive wood and its products are relatively expensive . Common uses of the wood include : kitchen utensils , carved wooden bowls , cutting boards , fine furniture , and decorative items . The yellow or light greenish - brown wood is often finely veined with a darker tint ; being very hard and close - grained , it is valued by woodworkers . Cultivation ( edit ) Potential distribution of olive tree over the Mediterranean Basin . The earliest evidence for the domestication of olives comes from the Chalcolithic period archaeological site of Teleilat Ghassul in what is today modern Jordan . Farmers in ancient times believed that olive trees would not grow well if planted more than a certain distance from the sea ; Theophrastus gives 300 stadia ( 55.6 km or 34.5 mi ) as the limit . Modern experience does not always confirm this , and , though showing a preference for the coast , they have long been grown further inland in some areas with suitable climates , particularly in the southwestern Mediterranean ( Iberia , northwest Africa ) where winters are mild . Olive plantation in Andalucía , Spain Olives are now cultivated in many regions of the world with Mediterranean climates , such as South Africa , Chile , Peru , Australia , and California and in areas with temperate climates such as New Zealand , under irrigation in the Cuyo region in Argentina which has a desert climate . They are also grown in the Córdoba Province , Argentina , which has a temperate climate with rainy summers and dry winters ( Cwa ) . The climate in Argentina changes the external characteristics of the plant but the fruit keeps its original features . The northernmost olive grove is placed in Anglesey , an island off the north west coast of Wales , in the United Kingdom : but it is too early to say if the growing will be successful , having been planted in 2006 . Olives at a market in Toulon , France Growth and propagation ( edit ) Olive trees on Thassos , Greece Olive trees show a marked preference for calcareous soils , flourishing best on limestone slopes and crags , and coastal climate conditions . They grow in any light soil , even on clay if well drained , but in rich soils , they are predisposed to disease and produce poorer oil than in poorer soil . ( This was noted by Pliny the Elder . ) Olives like hot weather and sunny positions without any shade , while temperatures below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) may injure even a mature tree . They tolerate drought well , due to their sturdy and extensive root systems . Olive trees can live for several centuries and can remain productive for as long if they are pruned correctly and regularly . Only a handful of olive varieties can be used to cross-pollinate . ' Pendolino ' olive trees are partially self - fertile , but pollenizers are needed for a large fruit crop . Other compatible olive tree pollenizers include ' Leccino ' and ' Maurino ' . ' Pendolino ' olive trees are used extensively as pollenizers in large olive tree groves . Phenological development of olive flowering , following BBCH standard scale . a-50 , b - 51 , c - 54 , d - 57 , ( < 15 % open flowers ) ; f - 65 , ( > 15 % open flowers ) ; g - 67 , ( < 15 % open flowers ) ; h - 68 . Olives are propagated by various methods . The preferred ways are cuttings and layers ; the tree roots easily in favourable soil and throws up suckers from the stump when cut down . However , yields from trees grown from suckers or seeds are poor ; they must be budded or grafted onto other specimens to do well . Branches of various thickness cut into lengths around 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) planted deeply in manured ground soon vegetate . Shorter pieces are sometimes laid horizontally in shallow trenches and , when covered with a few centimetres of soil , rapidly throw up sucker - like shoots . In Greece , grafting the cultivated tree on the wild tree is a common practice . In Italy , embryonic buds , which form small swellings on the stems , are carefully excised and planted under the soil surface , where they soon form a vigorous shoot . The olive is also sometimes grown from seed . To facilitate germination , the oily pericarp is first softened by slight rotting , or soaked in hot water or in an alkaline solution . In situations where extreme cold has damaged or killed the olive tree , the rootstock can survive and produce new shoots which in turn become new trees . In this way , olive trees can regenerate themselves . In Tuscany in 1985 , a very severe frost destroyed many productive , and aged , olive trees and ruined many farmers ' livelihoods . However , new shoots appeared in the spring , and once the dead wood was removed , became the basis for new fruit - producing trees . In this way , an olive tree can live for centuries or even millennia . Olives grow very slowly , and over many years , the trunk can attain a considerable diameter . A.P. de Candolle recorded one exceeding 10 m ( 33 ft ) in girth . The trees rarely exceed 15 m ( 49 ft ) in height , and are generally confined to much more limited dimensions by frequent pruning . Olea europaea is very hardy : drought - , disease - and fire - resistant , it can live to a great age . Its root system is robust and capable of regenerating the tree even if the above - ground structure is destroyed . The older the olive tree , the broader and more gnarled the trunk becomes . Many olive trees in the groves around the Mediterranean are said to be hundreds of years old , while an age of 2,000 years is claimed for a number of individual trees ; in some cases , this has been scientifically verified . See paragraph dealing with the topic . The crop from old trees is sometimes enormous , but they seldom bear well two years in succession , and in many cases , a large harvest occurs every sixth or seventh season . Where the olive is carefully cultivated , as in Languedoc and Provence , the trees are regularly pruned . The pruning preserves the flower - bearing shoots of the preceding year , while keeping the tree low enough to allow the easy gathering of the fruit . The spaces between the trees are regularly fertilized . Pests , diseases , and weather ( edit ) Various pathologies can affect olives . The most serious pest is the olive fruit fly ( Dacus oleae or Bactrocera oleae ) which lays its eggs in the olive most commonly just before it becomes ripe in the autumn . The region surrounding the puncture rots , becomes brown , and takes a bitter taste , making the olive unfit for eating or for oil . For controlling the pest , the practice has been to spray with insecticides ( organophosphates , e.g. dimethoate ) . Classic organic methods have now been applied such as trapping , applying the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis , and spraying with kaolin . Such methods are obligatory for organic olives . A fungus , Cycloconium oleaginum , can infect the trees for several successive seasons , causing great damage to plantations . A species of bacterium , Pseudomonas savastanoi pv . oleae , induces tumour growth in the shoots . Certain lepidopterous caterpillars feed on the leaves and flowers . A pest which spreads through olive trees is the black scale bug , a small black scale insect that resembles a small black spot . They attach themselves firmly to olive trees and reduce the quality of the fruit ; their main predators are wasps . The curculio beetle eats the edges of leaves , leaving sawtooth damage . Rabbits eat the bark of olive trees and can do considerable damage , especially to young trees . If the bark is removed around the entire circumference of a tree , it is likely to die . Voles and mice also do damage by eating the roots of olives . At the northern edge of their cultivation zone , for instance in Southern France and north - central Italy , olive trees suffer occasionally from frost . Gales and long - continued rains during the gathering season also cause damage . As an invasive species ( edit ) Olives as invasive weeds , Adelaide Hills , Australia Since its first domestication , O. europaea has been spreading back to the wild from planted groves . Its original wild populations in southern Europe have been largely swamped by feral plants . In some other parts of the world where it has been introduced , most notably South Australia , the olive has become a major woody weed that displaces native vegetation . In South Australia , its seeds are spread by the introduced red fox and by many bird species , including the European starling and the native emu , into woodlands , where they germinate and eventually form a dense canopy that prevents regeneration of native trees . As the climate of South Australia is very dry and bushfire prone , the oil - rich feral olive tree substantially increases the fire hazard of native sclerophyll woodlands . Harvest and processing ( edit ) Forecasting olive crop production based on aerobiological method Olives are harvested in the autumn and winter . More specifically in the Northern Hemisphere , green olives are picked from the end of September to about the middle of November . Blond olives are picked from the middle of October to the end of November , and black olives are collected from the middle of November to the end of January or early February . In southern Europe , harvesting is done for several weeks in winter , but the time varies in each country , and with the season and the cultivar . Most olives today are harvested by shaking the boughs or the whole tree . Using olives found lying on the ground can result in poor quality oil , due to damage . Another method involves standing on a ladder and `` milking '' the olives into a sack tied around the harvester 's waist . This method produces high quality oil . A third method uses a device called an oli - net that wraps around the tree trunk and opens to form an umbrella - like catcher from which workers collect the fruit . Another method uses an electric tool , the oliviera , that has large tongs that spin around quickly , removing fruit from the tree . Olives harvested by this method are used for oil . Table olive varieties are more difficult to harvest , as workers must take care not to damage the fruit ; baskets that hang around the worker 's neck are used . In some places in Italy , Croatia , and Greece , olives are harvested by hand because the terrain is too mountainous for machines . As a result , the fruit is not bruised , which leads to a superior finished product . The method also involves sawing off branches , which is healthy for future production . The amount of oil contained in the fruit differs greatly by cultivar ; the pericarp is usually 60 -- 70 % oil . Typical yields are 1.5 -- 2.2 kg ( 3.3 -- 4.9 lb ) of oil per tree per year . Global Production ( edit ) Olives are one of the most extensively cultivated fruit crops in the world . In 2011 , about 9.6 million hectares were planted with olive trees , which is more than twice the amount of land devoted to apples , bananas , or mangoes . Only coconut trees and oil palms command more space . Cultivation area tripled from 2,600,000 to 7,950,000 hectares ( 6,400,000 to 19,600,000 acres ) between 1960 and 1998 and reached a 10 - million - ha peak in 2008 . The 10 largest producing countries , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization , are all located in the Mediterranean region and produce 95 % of the world 's olives . Main countries of production ( Year 2011 per FAOSTAT ) Rank Country / Region Production ( in 1000s tonnes ) Cultivated area ( in 1000s hectares ) Yield ( q / Ha ) -- World 19,894 9,635 20.598 01 Spain 7,869 2,330 29.781 02 Italy 3,182 1,144 27.806 03 Greece 2,000 850 23.529 04 Turkey 1,750 799 21.916 05 Morocco 1,416 598 22.839 06 Syria 1,095 684 15.997 07 Algeria 611 295 14.237 08 Tunisia 562 1,780 4.848 09 Egypt 460 53 87.273 10 Portugal 444 343 12.931 Nutrition ( edit ) Olives , green Marinated green olives Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 609 kJ ( 146 kcal ) Carbohydrates 3.84 g Sugars 0.54 g Dietary fiber 3.3 g Fat 15.32 g Saturated 2.029 g Monounsaturated 11.314 g Polyunsaturated 1.307 g Protein 1.03 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin ( 3 % ) 20 μg ( 2 % ) 231 μg 510 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 2 % ) 0.021 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 1 % ) 0.007 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 2 % ) 0.237 mg Vitamin B6 ( 2 % ) 0.031 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 1 % ) 3 μg Choline ( 3 % ) 14.2 mg Vitamin E ( 25 % ) 3.81 mg Vitamin K ( 1 % ) 1.4 μg Minerals Calcium ( 5 % ) 52 mg Iron ( 4 % ) 0.49 mg Magnesium ( 3 % ) 11 mg Phosphorus ( 1 % ) 4 mg Potassium ( 1 % ) 42 mg Sodium ( 104 % ) 1556 mg Other constituents Water 75.3 g Full Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database One hundred grams of cured green olives provide 146 calories , are a rich source of vitamin E ( 25 % of the Daily Value , DV ) , and contain a large amount of sodium ( 104 % DV ) ; other nutrients are insignificant . Green olives are 75 % water , 15 % fat , 4 % carbohydrates and 1 % protein ( table ) . The polyphenol composition of olive fruits varies during fruit ripening and during processing by fermentation when olives are immersed whole in brine or crushed to produce oil . In raw fruit , total polyphenol contents , as measured by the Folin method , are 117 mg / 100 g in black olives and 161 mg / 100 g in green olives , compared to 55 and 21 mg / 100 g for extra virgin and virgin olive oil , respectively . Olive fruit contains several types of polyphenols , mainly tyrosols , phenolic acids , flavonols and flavones , and for black olives , anthocyanins . The main bitter flavor of olives before curing results from oleuropein and its aglycone which total in content , respectively , 72 and 82 mg / 100 g in black olives , and 56 and 59 mg / 100 g in green olives . During the crushing , kneading and extraction of olive fruit to obtain olive oil , oleuropein , demethyloleuropein and ligstroside are hydrolyzed by endogenous beta - glucosidases to form aldehydic aglycones . The aglycones become soluble in the oil phase , whereas the glycosides remain in the water phase . Polyphenol content also varies with olive cultivar ( Spanish Manzanillo highest ) and the manner of presentation , with plain olives having higher contents than those that are pitted or stuffed . Allergenic potential ( edit ) Olive tree pollen is extremely allergenic , with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10 . Olea europaea is primarily wind - pollinated , and their light , buoyant pollen is a strong trigger for asthma . One popular variety , `` Swan Hill '' , is widely sold as an `` allergy - free '' olive tree ; however , this variety does bloom and produce allergenic pollen . Gallery ( edit ) Olive tree trunk Olive flowers Olivo della Linza . 15th century A young olive plant , germinated from a seed Cailletier cultivar , with an olive harvest net on the ground , Contes , France Olive trees on Shōdo Island , Japan See also ( edit ) Food portal Trees portal Moria ( tree ) Oil - tree References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Olea europaea '' . Kew Royal Botanic Gardens . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olea europaea ( map ) '' . Biota of North America Program . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olea sylvestris Mill . -- The Plant List Jump up ^ oliva , oleum . Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short . A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project . Jump up ^ ἐλαία , ἔλαιον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ OLD s.v. oliva , Ernout & Meillet s.v. oleum . Jump up ^ `` Mycenaean ( Linear b ) -- English Glossary '' ( PDF ) . www.explorecrete.com . Jump up ^ `` The Linear B word e-ra - wa '' . `` The Linear B word e-ra - wo '' . Palaeolexicon . Word study tool of ancient languages . `` e-ra3 - wo '' . Raymoure , K.A. `` e-ra - wo '' . Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . Jump up ^ Eddo Rugini , Luciana Baldoni , Rosario Muleo , Luca Sebastiani ( 2016 ) . The Olive Tree Genome . Springer . p. 14 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Apostolos Kiritsakis and Fereidoon Shahidi ( 2017 ) . Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods : Bioactivity , Chemistry and Processing . John Wiley & Sons . p. 129 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Richard Blatchly , Zeynep Delen , and Patricia O'Hara ( 2017 ) . The Chemical Story of Olive Oil : From Grove to Table . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 82 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jozef M. Pacyna and Elisabeth G. Pacyna ( 2016 ) . Environmental Determinants of Human Health . Springer . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Susan Featherstone ( 2015 ) . A Complete Course in Canning and Related Processes : Volume 3 Processing Procedures for Canned Food Products . Woodhead Publishing . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Green PS ( 2002 ) . `` A revision of Olea L. ( Oleaceae ) '' . Kew Bulletin . 57 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 140 . doi : 10.2307 / 4110824 . JSTOR 4110824 . Jump up ^ Besnard G , Rubio de Casas R , Christin PA , Vargas P ( 2009 ) . `` Phylogenetics of Olea ( Oleaceae ) based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences : Tertiary climatic shifts and lineage differentiation times '' . Annals of Botany. 104 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 60 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcp105 . PMC 2706730 . PMID 19465750 . Jump up ^ Besnard G , Garcia - Verdugo C , Rubio de Casas R , Treier UA , Galland N , Vargas P ( 2008 ) . `` Polyploidy in the Olive Complex ( Olea europaea ) : Evidence from Flow Cytometry and Nuclear Microsatellite Analyses '' . Annals of Botany. 101 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcm275 . PMC 2701839 . PMID 18024415 . ^ Jump up to : World Olive Encyclopedia , International Olive Council , 1996 , ISBN 8401618819 Jump up ^ Lanza , Fabrizia ( 15 March 2012 ) . Olive : A Global History . Reaktion Books . pp. 106 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 972 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Garrido Fernandez , A. ; Fernandez - Diez , M.J. ; Adams , M.R. ( 31 July 1997 ) . Table Olives : Production and Processing . Springer . pp. 23 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 71810 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Boskou , D. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Olive Oil . Chemistry and Technology . AOCS Press . Jump up ^ Therios , Ioannis Nikolaos ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . Olives : Volume 18 of Crop Production Science in Horticulture ( History of Olive Growing , page 1 ) . CABI . ISBN 9781845936204 . Jump up ^ Di Giovacchino , Luciano ( 2013 ) . `` 3 '' . Handbook of Olive Oil : Analysis & Properties ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media New York . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Vossen , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` Olive Oil : History , Production , and Characteristics of the World 's Classic Oils '' . HortScience. 42 ( 5 ) : 1093 -- 1100 . Jump up ^ Lanza , Fabrizia ( 2011 ) . Olive : a global history . London : Reaktion Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 972 - 9 . Jump up ^ Friedrich W.L. ( 1978 ) Fossil plants from Weichselian interstadials , Santorini ( Greece ) II , published in the `` Thera and the Aegean World II '' , London , pp. 109 -- 128 . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean Museums of Olive '' . www.oliveoilmuseums.gr . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gooch , Ellen ( 2005 ) . `` 10 + 1 Things you may not know about olive oil '' . Epikouria Magazine ( Fall / Spring ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred W. ( 2003 ) . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequencies of 1492 . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 27598 - 092 - 4 . Jump up ^ Carter , Nancy Carol ( 2008 ) . `` San Diego Olives : Origins of a California Industry '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of San Diego History . 54 ( 3 ) : 138 -- 140 . Jump up ^ `` Shodoshima Town '' . shodoshima.lg.jp . Jump up ^ `` Olive Growing and Nursery Production '' . International Olive Council . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Nathan ( 2008 ) What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat ? . William B. Eerdmans . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6298 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John ( 1993 ) . Eat and Be Satisfied : A Social History of Jewish Food . New Jersey : Jason Aronson Inc . pp. 4 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 87668 - 316 - 2 ... See also both the Hebrew and English text in : Deut 8 : 8 Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , book 5 `` . Jump up ^ `` He learned from the Nymphai how to curdle milk , to make bee - hives , and to cultivate olive - trees , and was the first to instruct men in these matters . '' ( Diodorus Siculus , 4 . 81 . 1 ) . Jump up ^ Toward the end of the 2nd century AD , the traveler Pausanias saw many such archaic cult figures . Jump up ^ `` Indeed it is said that at that ( ancient ) time there were no olives anywhere save at Athens . '' ( Herodotus , 5 . 82 . 1 ) . Jump up ^ Theophrastus , On the Causes of Plants , , 4.13. 5. , noted by Isager , Signe and Skydsgaard , Jens Erik ( 1992 ) Ancient Greek Agriculture , An introduction . Routledge . p. 38 . ISBN 0415001641 . Jump up ^ `` ... which is still shown in the Pandroseion '' ( pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliotheke , 3.14. 1 ) . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece 1 . 27 . 1 . Jump up ^ Isager , Signe and Skydsgaard , Jens Erik ( 1992 ) Ancient Greek Agriculture , An introduction . Routledge . p. 35 . ISBN 0415001641 Jump up ^ Hort , Sir Arthur ( 1916 ) . Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants . William Heinemann . p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Ficus Ruminalis '' . uchicago.edu . Jump up ^ `` Me pascunt olivae , me cichorea levesque malvae . '' Horace , Odes 1.31. 15 , c. 30 BC Jump up ^ Letter from Lord Monboddo to John Hope , 29 April 1779 ; reprinted by William Knight 1900 ISBN 1 - 85506 - 207 - 0 Jump up ^ Pollio , Vitruvius ( 1914 ) The Ten Books on Architecture . Harvard University Press , Book1 , Ch. V , Sec. 3 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Balfour , John Hutton ( 1885 ) `` Plants of the Bible '' . T. Nelson and sons Jump up ^ Hassouna , Viktoria ( 2010 ) . Virgin Olive Oil . Books on Demand . p. 23 . ISBN 3839175054 . Jump up ^ `` Olive Leaf Burning '' . cyprus44.com . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Olive Tree '' . Brijuni National Park . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vasilopoulos , Costas ( 17 January 2013 ) . `` Plato 's Sacred Olive Tree Vanished '' . Olive Oil Times . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Koutoudis , Dennis . `` The Pelion Estates '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver Rackham ; Jennifer Alice Moody ( 1996 ) . The making of the Cretan landscape . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3647 - 7 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . cited in F.R. Riley ( 2002 ) . `` Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete : Nutritional properties , Processing methods , and Storage life of Minoan olive oil '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 21 : 63 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0092.00149 . Jump up ^ `` Crete Lore '' . CreteWest.com . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ARA , June 18 , 2015 . ARA - diari ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Diocese of Nardò -- Gallipoli . GCatholic.org Jump up ^ Al - BAB ( August 2011 ) . `` Ancient Olive Tree '' . Jump up ^ Drinkwater , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Olive Route . Weidenfeld & Nicholson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84789 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kislew , M. ; Tabak , Y. and Simhoni , O. Identifying the Names of Fruits in Ancient Rabbinic Literature , Leshonenu ( Hebrew ) , vol. 69 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Lewington , A. , & Parker , E. ( 1999 ) Ancient Trees. , pp 110 -- 113 , London : Collins & Brown Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85585 - 704 - 9 Jump up ^ Reuters ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Jerusalem olive trees among oldest in world '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ Petruccelli , R ; Giordano , C ; Salvatici , M.C. ; Capozzoli , L ; Ciaccheri , L ; Pazzini , M ; Lain , O ; Testolin , R ; Cimato , A ( 2014 ) . `` Observation of eight ancient olive trees ( Olea europaea L . ) growing in the Garden of Gethsemane '' . Comptes Rendus Biologies. 337 ( 5 ) : 311 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2014.03. 002 . PMID 24841957 . Jump up ^ Bernabei , Mauro ( 2015 ) . `` The age of the olive trees in the Garden of Gethsemane '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 53 : 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2014.10. 011 . Jump up ^ Babcox , Wendy ( 2014 ) . `` Every Olive Tree in the Garden of Gethsemane '' . Departures in Critical Qualitative Research . 3 ( 2 ) : 111 . doi : 10.1525 / dcqr. 2014.3. 2.111 . Jump up ^ `` 2,000 - year - old Trees still producing olives '' . The Malta Independent . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Race to save endemic olive tree intensifies '' . The Times of Malta . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Historical Trees Having an Antiquarian Importance '' . Government of Malta . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Historical Trees Having an Antiquarian Importance '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs . 2009 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trees and Woodlands Protection Regulations , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Government of Malta Gazette. 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Renfrew , Colin ( 1972 ) . The Emergence of Civilization ; The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C . Taylor & Francis . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Essid , Mohamed Yassine ( 2012 ) . Chapter 2 . History of Mediterranean Food . MediTerra : The Mediterranean Diet for Sustainable Regional Development . Presses de Sciences Po . p. 29 . ISBN 9782724612486 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Olives '' . International Olive Council . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Omar , S.H. ( 2010 ) . `` Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects '' . Scientia Pharmaceutica. 78 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 54 . doi : 10.3797 / scipharm. 0912 - 18 . PMC 3002804 . PMID 21179340 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unusual Olives '' , Epikouria Magazine , Spring / Summer 2006 Jump up ^ `` Throubes '' . Olives South Africa . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Eat Like a Man '' . Esquire . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Yada , Sylvia ; Harris , Linda . `` Olives : Safe Methods for Home Pickling '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kailis , Stanley G. , and David John Harris ( 2007 ) . Producing table olives . Landlinks Press . Jump up ^ Bautista - Gallego , J. ; Arroyo - López , F.N. ; Rantsiou , K. ; Jiménez - Díaz , R. ; Garrido - Fernández , A. ; Cocolin , L. ( 2013 ) . `` Screening of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented table olives with probiotic potential '' ( PDF ) . Food Research International . 50 : 135 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodres. 2012.10. 004 . Jump up ^ Silva , T. ; Reto , M. ; Sol , M. ; Peito , A. ; Peres , C.M. ; Peres , C. ; Malcata , F. Xavier ( 2011 ) . `` Characterization of yeasts from Portuguese brined olives , with a focus on their potentially probiotic behavior '' . LWT - Food Science and Technology . 44 ( 6 ) : 1349 . doi : 10.1016 / j. lwt. 2011.01. 029 . Jump up ^ Botta , C ; Cocolin , L ( 2012 ) . `` Microbial dynamics and biodiversity in table olive fermentation : Culture - dependent and - independent approaches '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 3 : 245 . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2012.00245 . PMC 3390769 . PMID 22783248 . Jump up ^ University of Catania PhD in Food Science and Technology , Food Microbiology : `` Isolation and characterization of yeasts isolated from naturally fermented olives with brine bioprotective function '' Laboratory of Food Microbiology , DISPA , Agrarian Faculty . Jump up ^ `` Oil - Cured Olives : A Kalamata Substitute ? '' . Cooks Illustrated . May 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ EDIBLE TREES . AnVi OpenSource Knowledge Trust . 1969 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Oteros , Jose ( 2014 ) Modelización del ciclo fenológico reproductor del olivo . PhD Thesis . University of Córdoba ( Spain ) Jump up ^ Enciclopedia Universal Europeo Americana . Volume 15 . Madrid . 1981 . Espasa - Calpe S.A. ISBN 84 - 239 - 4500 - 6 ( Complete Encyclopedia ) and ISBN 84 - 239 - 4515 - 4 ( Volume 15 ) Jump up ^ Cavagnaro P. , J. Juárez , M Bauza & R.W. Masuelli ( 2001 ) . `` Discriminación de variedades de olivo a través del uso de caracteres morfológigos y de marcadores moleculares '' . AGRISCIENTA. 18 : 27 -- 35 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` First Welsh olive grove planted on Anglesey '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Oteros , J. , García - Mozo , H. , Vázquez , L. , Mestre , A. , Domínguez - Vilches , E. , Galán , C. ( 2013 ) . `` Modelling olive phenological response to weather and topography '' . Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 179 : 62 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. agee. 2013.07. 008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( Lewington and Parker , 114 ) . Jump up ^ ' ' Ecosfera ' ' , Público , May 13 , 2010 . Ecosfera.publico.clix.pt ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 07 Archived May 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Janse , J.D. ( 1982 ) . `` Pseudomonas syringae subsp . savastanoi ( ex Smith ) subsp . nov. , nom . rev. , the bacterium causing excrescences on Oleaceae and Nerium oleander L '' . Int. J. Syst . Bacteriol. 32 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 169 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713 - 32 - 2 - 166 . Jump up ^ Burr , M. ( 1999 ) . Australian Olives . A guide for growers and producers of virgin oils , 4th edition . ISBN 0 - 9577583 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lumaret , Roselyne ; Ouazzani , Noureddine ( 2001 ) . `` Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests '' . Nature . 413 ( 6857 ) : 700 . doi : 10.1038 / 35099680 . PMID 11607022 . Jump up ^ Spennemann , D.H.R. ; Allen , L.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Feral olives ( Olea europaea ) as future woody weeds in Australia : a review '' . Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture . 40 ( 6 ) : 889 -- 901 . doi : 10.1071 / EA98141 . Jump up ^ Olives as Weeds Archived February 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Animal and Plant Control Commission of South Australia Jump up ^ Oteros , J. , Orlandi , F. , García - Mozo , H. , Aguilera , F. , Dhiab , A.B. , Bonofiglio , T. , ... & Galán , C. ( 2014 ) . Better prediction of Mediterranean olive production using pollen - based models . Agronomy for sustainable development , 34 ( 3 ) , 685 -- 694 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Methods for harvesting olive fruit '' . olivemuseum.com . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FAO , 2004 '' . Apps3.fao.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Faostat.fao.org ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 07 - 08 Jump up ^ FAOSTAT ^ Jump up to : `` Olives and olive oil '' . Phenol - Explorer . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romero C , Brenes M , Yousfi K , García P , García A , Garrido A ( 2004 ) . `` Effect of cultivar and processing method on the contents of polyphenols in table olives '' . J Agric Food Chem. 52 ( 3 ) : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1021 / jf030525l . PMID 14759136 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ogren , Thomas ( 2015 ) . The Allergy - Fighting Garden . Berkeley , CA : Ten Speed Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60774 - 491 - 7 . Jump up ^ Polito , V. `` Pollination and Fruit Set '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Look up olive in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olea europaea and Olives . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Olive Blue planet biomes : Olive trees -- Olea europaea -- cultivation history + horticulture . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) ; Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) : Olea europaea -- species treatment , native range , + links . USDA Plants Profile for Olea europaea ssp . europaea ( European olive ) USDA Plants Profile for Olea europaea ssp . cuspidata ( African olive ) Olive trees ( Olea europaea ) -- U.C. Photo gallery Olives at DMOZ `` Olive '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Olea europaea ssp . europaea ( Olive Scientific Information ) Reproduction of the olive tree Olives Cultivars Aglandau Arbequina Arbosana Bidni Bosana Bouteillan Cailletier Cayon Cerignola Empeltre Gemlik - Tirilye Germaine Grossane Hojiblanca Kalamata Koroneiki Leccino Lucques Meslalla Mission Nocellara del Belice Oliana Olivière Patrinia Picholine Picual Sabine Salonenque Sikitita Tanche Topics Amurca Castile soap International Olive Council Olive color Olive leaf Olive oil extraction regulation and adulteration Olive pomace oil Orujo Commons Mediterranean cuisine Regions Southern Maghreb Regional Couscous Algeria Chakhchoukha Libya Bazin Morocco Méchoui Tagine Tunisia Shakshouka Egypt Duqqa Ful medames Kushari Mulukhiyah Levant Regional Baba ghanoush Falafel Hummus Tabbouleh Israel Hamin Lebanon Kibbeh Palestine Musakhan Syria Apricot paste Northern Ottoman Regional Coffee Pita Shish kebab Yogurt Balkan Jota Cyprus Halloumi Greece Kleftiko Moussaka Turkey Börek Italian Regional Pasta Pizza Liguria Ciuppin Focaccia Pesto Ravioli Abruzzo Gnocchi Naples Neapolitan ragù Pasta e fagioli Rome Carbonara Tuscany Ribollita Sicily Caponata Marsala Pasta alla Norma Scaccia Veneto Polenta Risotto French Corsica Capicollu Occitan Cassoulet Provence Bouillabaisse Ratatouille Salade niçoise Spanish Andalusia Gazpacho Sherry Balearics Caldereta Tombet Catalonia Escalivada Escudella Ollada Valencia Paella Staples Wheat Bread Couscous Pasta Pizza Semolina Olive Olive oil Grape Wine Shared Bottarga Lamb Anise spirits Exemplars Elizabeth David A Book of Mediterranean Food Taxon identifiers Wd : Q37083 EoL : 579181 FloraBase : 6503 FOC : 200017804 GBIF : 5415040 GRIN : 25555 iNaturalist : 57140 IPNI : 610675 - 1 ITIS : 32990 NCBI : 4146 Plant List : kew - 355112 PLANTS : OLEU Tropicos : 23000814 ARKive : olive / olea - europaea GND : 4172414 - 8 NDL : 00568922 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive&oldid=809411266 '' Categories : Olives Angiosperms of Metropolitan France Cocktail garnishes Drought - tolerant trees Flora of Macaronesia Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa Flora of East Tropical Africa Flora of South Tropical Africa Flora of Southern Africa Flora of the Western Indian Ocean Flora of the Arabian Peninsula Flora of Western Asia Flora of Southeastern Europe Flora of Southwestern Europe Garden plants of Africa Garden plants of Asia Garden plants of Europe Invasive plant species in Australia Medicinal plants Ornamental trees Plants used in bonsai Plants described in 1753 Trees of Africa Trees of Europe Trees of the Middle East Trees of Ethiopia Trees of Mediterranean climate Trees of Morocco Trees of Turkey Crops Mediterranean cuisine Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Mycenaean Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first olive trees come to the new world	[ "Olives are not native to the Americas. Spanish colonists brought the olive to the New World, where its cultivation prospered in present-day Peru and Chile. The first seedlings from Spain were planted in Lima by Antonio de Rivera in 1560. Olive tree cultivation quickly spread along the valleys of South America's dry Pacific coast where the climate was similar to the Mediterranean.[28] Spanish missionaries established the tree in the 18th century in California. It was first cultivated at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 or later around 1795. Orchards were started at other missions, but in 1838, an inspection found only two olive orchards in California. Cultivation for oil gradually became a highly successful commercial venture from the 1860s onward.[29] In Japan, the first successful planting of olive trees happened in 1908 on Shodo Island, which became the cradle of olive cultivation.[30] An estimated 865 million olive trees are in the world today (as of 2005), and the vast majority of these are found in Mediterranean countries, with traditionally marginal areas accounting for no more than 25% of olive-planted area and 10% of oil production.[31]" ]	[ "1560" ]
2709075532473020038	Olfactory nerve	Olfactory nerve - wikipedia Olfactory nerve Jump to : navigation , search Olfactory nerve Head bisection showing location of olfactory mucosa and cribriform plate . Olfactory nerves are too small to be seen in a gross section . ( Suarez , C.A. and Vilensky , J. , All - in - One Anatomy Exam Review . Vol. 1 Back and Upper Limb ) The Olfactory Nerve Details Identifiers Latin nervus olfactorius MeSH A08. 800.800. 120.640 TA A14. 2.01. 004 A14. 2.01. 005 FMA 46787 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table The olfactory nerve is typically considered the first cranial nerve , or simply CN I , that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to smell . The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons , transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system , where they are perceived by the sense of smell ( olfaction ) . Derived from the embryonic nasal placode , the olfactory nerve is somewhat unusual among cranial nerves because it is capable of some regeneration if damaged . The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity . From the olfactory mucosa , the nerve ( actually many small nerve fascicles ) travels up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the surface of the brain . Here the fascicles enter the olfactory bulb and synapse there ; from the bulbs ( one on each side ) the olfactory information is transmitted into the brain via the olfactory tract . The fascicles of the olfactory nerve are not visible on a cadaver brain because they are severed upon removal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Examination 3.2 Lesions 3.3 Aging and smell 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity . The olfactory nerves consist of a collection of many sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb , passing through the many openings of the cribriform plate , a sieve - like structure of the ethmoid bone . The sense of smell arises from the stimulation of receptors by small molecules in inspired air of varying spatial , chemical , and electrical properties that reach the nasal epithelium in the nasal cavity during inhalation . These stimulants are transduced into electrical activity in the olfactory neurons , which then transmit these impulses to the olfactory bulb and from there to the rest of the central nervous system via the olfactory tract . The olfactory nerve is the shortest of the twelve cranial nerves and , similar to the optic nerve , does not emanate from the brainstem . Function ( edit ) The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons , transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system , where they are perceived by the sense of smell ( olfaction ) . The functional components of the olfactory nerve include SVA , special visceral afferent , which carries the modality of smell . Clinical significance ( edit ) Examination ( edit ) Damage to this nerve impairs the sense of smell . To simply test the function of the olfactory nerve , each nostril is tested with a pungent odor . If the odor is smelt , the olfactory nerve is likely functioning . On the other hand , the nerve is only one of several reasons that could explain if the odor is not smelt There are olfactory testing packets in which strong odors are embedded into cards and the responses of the patient to each odor can be determined . Lesions ( edit ) Lesions to the olfactory nerve can occur because of `` blunt trauma '' , such as coup - contra - coup damage , meningitis , and tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain . These injuries often lead to a reduced ability to taste and smell . Lesions of the olfactory nerve do not lead to a reduced ability to sense pain from the nasal epithelium . This is because pain from the nasal epithelium is not carried to the central nervous system by the olfactory nerve - it is carried to the central nervous system by the trigeminal nerve . Aging and smell ( edit ) Decreases in the ability to smell is a normal consequence of human aging , and usually is more pronounced in men than in women . It is often unrecognized in patients except that they may note a decreased ability to taste ( much of taste is actually based on reception of food odor ) . Some of this decrease results from repeated damage to the olfactory nerve receptors due likely to repeated upper respiratory infections . Patients with Alzheimer 's disease almost always have an abnormal sense of smell when tested . Additional images ( edit ) Olfactory nerve . Deep dissection . Inferior view . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olfactory nerve . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Phantosmia Anterior olfactory nucleus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mcgraw Hill 's Anatomy and Physiology Revealed ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Old Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1118492017 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth . `` The Cranial Nerves . '' Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . 6th ed . New York City : Mcgraw - Hill , 2012 . 548 . External links ( edit ) `` 1 - 1 '' . Cranial Nerves . Yale School of Medicine . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( I ) Notes on Olfactory Nerve Anatomy of smell Microanatomy Epithelium glands mucosa Sustentacular cell Tufted cell Olfactory nerve : 1 ° neuron Olfactory receptor neurons ( Olfactory receptor ) → Olfactory bulb ( Glomeruli ) Olfactory nerve : 2 ° neuron Mitral cells → Olfactory tract → Olfactory trigone Lateral olfactory stria / Primary olfactory cortex Piriform cortex EC - hippocampus system Entorhinal cortex Hippocampal formation Prepyriform area Periamygdaloid cortex Stria medullaris → Habenular nuclei Amygdala → Stria terminalis → Hypothalamus Medial forebrain bundle → Hypothalamus Medial olfactory stria Anterior olfactory nucleus The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olfactory_nerve&oldid=815158325 '' Categories : Olfactory system Cranial nerves Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 03 : 26 . About Wikipedia	where is the olfactory nerve located in the brain	[ "The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons, transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived by the sense of smell (olfaction). Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is somewhat unusual among cranial nerves because it is capable of some regeneration if damaged. The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity.[1] From the olfactory mucosa, the nerve (actually many small nerve fascicles) travels up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the surface of the brain. Here the fascicles enter the olfactory bulb and synapse there; from the bulbs (one on each side) the olfactory information is transmitted into the brain via the olfactory tract.[2] The fascicles of the olfactory nerve are not visible on a cadaver brain because they are severed upon removal.[3] :548" ]	[ "olfactory mucosa" ]
-5612292459666231783	I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)	I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Based on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Presented by Chris Brown Julia Morris Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 125 ( as of 12 March 2018 ) Production Location ( s ) Kruger National Park , in South Africa Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Australia Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 1 February 2015 -- present External links Website Production website I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contastants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom United States Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor Bachelor in Paradise Australia The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 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( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=832646853 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2010s Australian television series 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian reality television series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 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About Wikipedia	who won celebrity get me out of here australia	[ "\n\nSeason\nPresenters\nStart date\nEnd date\nDays in camp\nCampmates\nHonour places\n\n\nWinner\nSecond place\nThird place\n\n\n1\nChris Brown and Julia Morris\n1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)\n15 March 2015 (2015-03-15)\n45\n14\nFreddie Flintoff\nBarry Hall\nChrissie Swan\n\n\n2\n31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)\n13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)\n45\n12\nBrendan Fevola\nPaul Harragon\nLaurina Fleure\n\n\n3\n29 January 2017 (2017-01-29)\n13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)\n46\n14\nCasey Donovan\nDane Swan\nNatalie Bassingthwaighte\n\n\n4\n28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12)\n45\n15\nFiona O'Loughlin\nShannon Noll\nDanny Green\n\n", "\n\nSeason\nPresenters\nStart date\nEnd date\nDays in camp\nCampmates\nHonour places\n\n\nWinner\nSecond place\nThird place\n\n\n1\nChris Brown and Julia Morris\n1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)\n15 March 2015 (2015-03-15)\n45\n14\nFreddie Flintoff\nBarry Hall\nChrissie Swan\n\n\n2\n31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)\n13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)\n45\n12\nBrendan Fevola\nPaul Harragon\nLaurina Fleure\n\n\n3\n29 January 2017 (2017-01-29)\n13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)\n46\n14\nCasey Donovan\nDane Swan\nNatalie Bassingthwaighte\n\n\n4\n28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12)\n45\n15\nFiona O'Loughlin\nShannon Noll\nDanny Green\n\n", "\n\nSeason\nPresenters\nStart date\nEnd date\nDays in camp\nCampmates\nHonour places\n\n\nWinner\nSecond place\nThird place\n\n\n1\nChris Brown and Julia Morris\n1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)\n15 March 2015 (2015-03-15)\n45\n14\nFreddie Flintoff\nBarry Hall\nChrissie Swan\n\n\n2\n31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)\n13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)\n45\n12\nBrendan Fevola\nPaul Harragon\nLaurina Fleure\n\n\n3\n29 January 2017 (2017-01-29)\n13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)\n46\n14\nCasey Donovan\nDane Swan\nNatalie Bassingthwaighte\n\n\n4\n28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12)\n45\n15\nFiona O'Loughlin\nShannon Noll\nDanny Green\n\n", "\n\nSeason\nPresenters\nStart date\nEnd date\nDays in camp\nCampmates\nHonour places\n\n\nWinner\nSecond place\nThird place\n\n\n1\nChris Brown and Julia Morris\n1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)\n15 March 2015 (2015-03-15)\n45\n14\nFreddie Flintoff\nBarry Hall\nChrissie Swan\n\n\n2\n31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)\n13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)\n45\n12\nBrendan Fevola\nPaul Harragon\nLaurina Fleure\n\n\n3\n29 January 2017 (2017-01-29)\n13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)\n46\n14\nCasey Donovan\nDane Swan\nNatalie Bassingthwaighte\n\n\n4\n28 January 2018 (2018-01-28)\n12 March 2018 (2018-03-12)\n45\n15\nFiona O'Loughlin\nShannon Noll\nDanny Green\n\n" ]	[ "Freddie Flintoff", "Brendan Fevola", "Casey Donovan", "Fiona O'Loughlin" ]
4532493856173935700	Eve of Destruction (song)	Eve of Destruction ( song ) - wikipedia Eve of Destruction ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Eve of Destruction '' Single by Barry McGuire from the album Eve of Destruction Released August 1965 Format 7 '' Recorded July 15 , 1965 Genre Folk rock Length 3 : 38 Label Dunhill ( U.S. ) RCA ( Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) P.F. Sloan Producer ( s ) Lou Adler , P.F. Sloan , Steve Barri Barry McGuire singles chronology `` Upon a Painted Ocean '' ( 1965 ) `` Eve of Destruction '' ( 1965 ) `` This Precious Time '' ( 1965 ) `` Upon a Painted Ocean '' ( 1965 ) `` Eve of Destruction '' ( 1965 ) `` This Precious Time '' ( 1965 ) Audio sample file help `` Eve of Destruction '' is a protest song written by P.F. Sloan in mid-1964 . Several artists have recorded it , but the best - known recording was by Barry McGuire . This recording was made between July 12 and July 15 , 1965 and released by Dunhill Records . The accompanying musicians were top - tier LA session players : P.F. Sloan on guitar , Hal Blaine ( of Phil Spector 's `` Wrecking Crew '' ) on drums , and Larry Knechtel on bass . The vocal track was thrown on as a rough mix and was not intended to be the final version , but a copy of the recording `` leaked '' out to a DJ , who began playing it . The song was an instant hit and as a result the more polished vocal track that was at first envisioned was never recorded . McGuire 's single hit # 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and # 3 on the UK Singles Chart in September 1965 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Use 4 Lyrical references 5 Other 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The song had initially been presented to The Byrds as a Dylanesque potential single , but they rejected it . The Turtles , another L.A. group who often recorded The Byrds ' discarded or rejected material , recorded a version instead . Their version was issued as a track on their 1965 debut album It Ai n't Me Babe , shortly before McGuire 's version was cut ; it was eventually released as a single and hit # 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1970 . The song was also recorded by Jan and Dean on their album Folk ' n Roll in 1965 , using the same backing track as the McGuire version , and by The Grass Roots on their first album Where Were You When I Needed You in 1966 . McGuire recalled in later years that `` Eve of Destruction '' had been recorded in one take on a Thursday morning , reading lyrics scrawled on a crumpled piece of paper . The following Monday morning he got a phone call from the record company at 7 : 00 am , telling him to turn on the radio -- his song was playing . After becoming a born - again Christian , McGuire re-recorded `` Eve of Destruction '' as the lead track on his second contemporary Christian release : `` Lighten Up '' . He updated the lyrics when he performed at a reunion of folksingers , with the line about the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches replaced by the words `` Columbine , Colorado '' , referring to the student massacre of 1999 . On March 12 , 2008 , McGuire appeared on the Australian music comedy / game show Spicks and Specks , performing an updated version of `` Eve of Destruction '' , with new lines such as `` You 're old enough to kill / you just started voting '' and `` ... can live for ten years in space '' . The reference to `` Red China '' was also removed , and in its place were the more generic `` Now think of all the hate , still living inside us / it 's never too late , to let love guide us '' . Reception ( edit ) In the first week of its release , the single was at # 103 on the Billboard charts . By August 12 Dunhill released the LP , Eve of Destruction . It reached its peak of # 37 on the Billboard album chart during the week ending September 25 . That same day the single went to # 1 on the chart , and repeated the feat on the Cashbox chart , where it had debuted at # 30 . McGuire would never again break into the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 . It went to # 1 in Norway for two weeks . The American media helped popularize the song by using it as an example of everything that was wrong with the youth of that time . The song also drew flak from conservatives . A group called The Spokesmen released a partial parody and answer record entitled `` The Dawn of Correction '' . A few months later , Green Beret medic SSgt . Barry Sadler released the patriotic `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' . Johnny Sea 's spoken word recording , `` Day For Decision '' , was also a response to the song . Due to its controversial lyrics , some American radio stations , `` claiming it was an aid to the enemy in Vietnam '' , and Radio Scotland banned the song . It was placed on a `` restricted list '' by the BBC , and could not be played on `` general entertainment programmes '' . Use ( edit ) In the late 1970s Los Angeles punk band The Dickies recorded a cover of `` Eve of Destruction '' . The Undead ( Fronted by Ex-Misfits guitarist Bobby Steele ) recorded a cover of `` Eve of Destruction '' in 1986 and was released on their album `` Act Your Rage '' in 1989 . New wave group Red Rockers covered the song in their 1984 album Schizoprenic Circus . Johnny Thunders recorded it on his 1984 album Hurt Me and also frequently covered the song in concert ( a live version is included on his 2000 CD , Belfast Nights ) , while veteran Canadian punk outfit D.O.A. also covered the song on their 2004 album Live Free Or Die . Tiny Tim included a 23 - minute cover of the song as the final track of his 1993 album Rock . The song has also been covered by Australian band Screaming Jets on their 1997 album World Gone Crazy . Christian rock pioneer Larry Norman released his cover version on a maxi - single CD in 2004 . Left - wing Christian punk band Crashdog also covered it on their album Cashists , Fascists , and Other Fungus . Post-Industrial psychedelic rock outfit Psychic TV released `` Eve Of Destruction '' as a limited edition single in the late 1980s . In 2003 , the reggae singer Luciano recorded a version of the song . The band Bishop Allen also released a song titled `` Eve of Destruction '' on their 2003 album , Charm School , which takes its chorus from this song . The Cookeville , Tennessee , rock band MerseySide released a rocked up version in 2012 with the lyric `` Think of all the hate there is in Al Qaeda '' , with the Mayan Calendar as the cover . Irish singer - songwriter Eleanor McEvoy also covered the song on her 2011 album Alone , and often performs the song live with the lyrics altered to acknowledge more contemporary issues . The Temptations ' song `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' mentions the song title . The song was briefly featured on Stephen King 's 1994 miniseries The Stand . With a burning Des Moines , Iowa , as a backdrop , Larry Underwood sits atop the hood of a car , belting out the song to amuse himself until interrupted by another survivor of the superflu . It also appeared in The Simpsons episode GABF16 , `` The Girl Who Slept Too Little '' , and was featured in Michael Winterbottom 's 1997 film Welcome to Sarajevo . A Joey Scarbury cover was played repeatedly in the original airing of The Greatest American Hero episode `` Operation Spoil Sport '' to encourage the hero to prevent an automated nuclear strike being triggered by a renegade U.S. general ( the aliens who provided the hero 's super-powers commandeered his car radio and tuned it to stations playing the song ) . Due to copyright issues , the song does not appear in the DVD version of the episode . A French translation is used in the closing credits of Michael Moore 's film Sicko . An Italian version , `` Questo vecchio pazzo mondo '' ( `` This old crazy world '' ) , was recorded by Gino Santercole in 1967 ; a 1984 recording by Adriano Celentano was included in his album I miei americani ( a collection of US hits translated into Italian ) . This song also makes an appearance in The Doors ( directed by Oliver Stone ) , as the opening act performs it before The Doors take the stage in Miami . Public Enemy covered the song on their 2007 How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul album . The song is played during the fourth - season finale of The A-Team , `` The Sound of Thunder , '' when the team returns to Vietnam and flashbacks recall their tours of duty . The song is featured in the fourth level of the Vietnam War video game Men of Valor . While the song is playing , the main character 's lieutenant is dying of his wound on the battlefield . The song , like many other popular songs of the day , gave its name to a gun truck used by United States Army Transportation Corps forces during the Vietnam War . The truck is on display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum and is believed to be the only surviving example of a Vietnam era gun truck . `` Eve of Destruction '' is featured in the video game Mafia III , released October 7 , 2016 . Lyrical references ( edit ) `` You 're old enough to kill , but not for votin ' '' refers to the United States law requiring registration for the draft at age 18 , while the minimum voting age ( in all but four states ) was 21 , until a Constitutional amendment changed it in July 1971 . `` And even the Jordan River has bodies floatin ' '' refers to The War over Water . `` If the button is pushed , there 's no runnin ' away . '' Refers to the threat of a nuclear war at any moment , and the damages that this would cause . The song 's mention of Selma , Alabama pertains to the Selma to Montgomery marches and `` Bloody Sunday '' in March 1965 . ( The Jan and Dean version substitutes `` Watts , California '' in the lyrics , in apparent reference to the Watts Riots . ) `` You may leave here for four days in space , but when you return it 's the same old place '' refers to the June 1965 mission of Gemini 4 , which lasted just over four days . The lyric `` The pounding of the drums , the pride and disgrace '' refers to the November 1963 John F. Kennedy assassination and his funeral , which featured muffled drumming as the casket was slowly taken to Arlington National Cemetery . Other ( edit ) ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman , famous for inventing nicknames for sports figures , and often bringing song titles into the play on words , dubbed slugger Mark McGwire as `` Mark ' Eve of Destruction ' McGwire '' . The indie rock group Bishop Allen performs a version of `` Eve of Destruction '' borrowing heavily from the original , but with an even more sharply apocalyptic theme . It includes the lyrics `` And if this moment is gone in a flash / And my hand in yours becomes ash in ash '' , followed in the next verse by an imagining of rejection from Heaven : `` Then we 'll have a dance , yeah a dance , on the head of a pin / Then God will grin , and shoo us away '' . See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P.F. Sloan . `` P.F. Sloan : In His Own Words -- The Stories Behind the Songs '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Monday , 10 October 2005 4.24 p.m. NZ time Eve of ... barrymcguire 's Xanga Site - Weblog Jump up ^ McGuire stated this on Spicks and Specks , Australian ABC TV shown on March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barry McGuire . `` Eve of Destruction '' . BarryMcGuire.com . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barry McGuire - Eve of Destruction '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : P.F. Sloan ( 1999 - 02 - 19 ) . `` P.F. Sloan - Stories Behind The Songs '' . The P.F. Sloan Website . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 33 - Revolt of the Fat Angel : American musicians respond to the British invaders . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Chapman , Robert ; Selling the Sixties : The Pirates and Pop Music Radio ; Routledge , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07970 - 5 Jump up ^ Blecha , Peter ; Taboo Tunes / A History of Banned Bands & Censored Songs ; Backbeat Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 792 - 7 Jump up ^ Unfit for Auntie 's airwaves : The artists censored by the BBC . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` The Dickies -- Eve Of Destruction '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schizophrenic Circus '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny ThundersHurt Me '' . Thunders.ca . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eve Of Destruction '' . Meetjesushere.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Truck page '' . U.S. Army Transportation Museum site . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . External links ( edit ) MerseySide itunes link Barry McGuire Homepage Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Help ! '' by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 25 , 1965 Succeeded by `` Hang On Sloopy '' by The McCoys ( hide ) The Turtles Howard Kaylan Mark Volman Don Murray Jim Tucker Joel Larson John Barbata Chip Douglas Jim Pons Al Nichol Chuck Portz John Seiter Studio albums It Ai n't Me Babe You Baby Happy Together The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands Turtle Soup Wooden Head Compilations Golden Hits More Golden Hits Singles `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Happy Together '' `` She 'd Rather Be with Me '' `` You Know What I Mean '' `` Elenore '' `` You Showed Me '' `` Grim Reaper of Love '' `` Eve of Destruction '' Related articles Discography Flo & Eddie My Dinner with Jimi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eve_of_Destruction_(song)&oldid=807862442 '' Categories : 1965 singles 1965 songs Anti-war songs Barry McGuire songs The Screaming Jets songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Jan and Dean songs Number - one singles in Norway Protest songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Lou Adler Songs about nuclear war and weapons Songs against racism and xenophobia Songs critical of religion Songs of the Vietnam War Songs written by P.F. Sloan The Turtles songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song on the eve of destruction	[ "\"Eve of Destruction\" is a protest song written by P. F. Sloan in mid-1964.[1] Several artists have recorded it, but the best-known recording was by Barry McGuire. This recording was made between July 12 and July 15, 1965 and released by Dunhill Records. The accompanying musicians were top-tier LA session players: P. F. Sloan on guitar, Hal Blaine (of Phil Spector's \"Wrecking Crew\") on drums, and Larry Knechtel on bass. The vocal track was thrown on as a rough mix and was not intended to be the final version, but a copy of the recording \"leaked\" out to a DJ, who began playing it.[2] The song was an instant hit and as a result the more polished vocal track that was at first envisioned was never recorded." ]	[ "P. F. Sloan" ]
-4832619444741774226	Ross Stores	Ross stores - wikipedia Ross stores Ross Stores , Inc . Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : ROST NASDAQ - 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Retail Founded 1982 ; 36 years ago ( 1982 ) Pacifica , California , U.S. Founder Bill Isackson Headquarters Dublin , California , U.S. Key people Barbara Rentler , CEO Products Clothing , footwear , bedding , furniture , jewelry , beauty products , and housewares . Revenue US $ 11.94 billion ( FY 2015 ) Operating income US $ 1.61 billion ( FY 2015 ) Net income US $ 1.02 billion ( FY 2015 ) Total assets US $ 4.87 billion ( FY 2015 ) Total equity US $ 2.47 billion ( FY 2015 ) Number of employees 77,800 ( January 2016 ) Subsidiaries dd 's Discounts Website www.rossstores.com Ross Stores , Inc. is an American chain of off - price department stores headquartered in Dublin , California , officially operating under the brandname , Ross Dress for Less . It is the largest off - priced retailer in the U.S. As of August 2015 , Ross operates 1,412 stores in 37 U.S. states , the District of Columbia and Guam , covering much of the country , but with no presence in New England , New York , northern New Jersey , Alaska , and areas of the Midwest . Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) A Ross store in Hillsboro , Oregon Ross Department Store was first opened in San Bruno , California , in 1950 by Morris `` Morrie '' Ross . Morris would work 85 hours a week doing all of the buying and bookkeeping for his department store . In 1958 Ross sold his store to William Isackson to become a residential and commercial real estate developer . Isackson built the company to six stores , located in San Bruno , Pacifica , Novato , Vacaville , Redwood City , and Castro Valley . In 1982 a group of investors , including Mervin Morris , founder of the Mervyns chain of department stores , purchased the six Ross Department Stores in San Francisco , changed the format to off - price retail units , and within three years rapidly expanded the chain to 107 stores under Stuart Moldaw and Don Rowlett . By the end of 1995 the chain reached an annual sales of $1.4 billion with 292 stores in 18 states . By 2012 Ross reached $9.7 billion for the fiscal year with 1,091 stores in 33 states with an additional 108 for Dd 's Discounts in 8 states . Ross moved its headquarters from Newark to Pleasanton , California , in the Tri-Valley area , in 2003 . Barbara Rentler took the place of CEO Michael Balmuth on June 1 , 2014 ; she was the 25th female CEO of a Fortune 500 company . Ross moved its headquarters from Pleasanton to neighboring Dublin , California in 2014 . See also ( edit ) T.J. Maxx Marshalls Burlington References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 10 - K '' . www.sec.gov . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Ross Stores . Retrieved on July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ross investor presentation dated November 2014 , downloaded Feb. 15 , 2015 '' . Jump up ^ rvl . `` Ross locations & hours '' . www.storesinfo.com . Jump up ^ Pimsleur , J.L. ( December 5 , 1997 ) . `` Obituary -- Morris Ross '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ross Stores , Inc . -- FundingUniverse '' . www.fundinguniverse.com . Jump up ^ `` Ross Stores , Inc . - Company Profile , Information , Business Description , History , Background Information on Ross Stores , Inc '' . referenceforbusiness.com . referenceforbusiness . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overview : Historical Highlights '' . Ross Dress for Less . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rupp , Lindsey ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ross Stores ' Rentler to Be 25th Female CEO in Fortune 500 '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ross moving corporate headquarters to Dublin in 2014 - January 27 , 2012 - Pleasanton Weekly - PleasantonWeekly.com - '' . www.pleasantonweekly.com . External links ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Companies portal Official website Business data for Ross : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Companies of the NASDAQ - 100 index 21st Century Fox Activision Blizzard Adobe Inc . Alexion Pharmaceuticals Align Technology Alphabet Amazon.com American Airlines Group Amgen Analog Devices Apple Applied Materials ASML Holding Autodesk Automatic Data Processing Baidu Biogen BioMarin Pharmaceutical Booking Holdings Broadcom Inc . CA Technologies Cadence Design Systems Celgene Cerner Charter Communications Check Point Cintas Cisco Systems Citrix Systems Cognizant Comcast Costco CSX Ctrip.com International Dentsply Sirona Dollar Tree eBay Electronic Arts Expedia Express Scripts Facebook Fastenal Fiserv Gilead Sciences Hasbro Henry Schein Hologic Idexx Laboratories Illumina Incyte Intel Intuit Intuitive Surgical J.B. Hunt Transport Services JD.com KLA - Tencor Kraft Heinz Lam Research Liberty Global Marriott International Maxim Integrated Products MercadoLibre Microchip Technology Micron Technology Microsoft Mondelez International Monster Beverage Mylan NetEase Netflix Nvidia O'Reilly Auto Parts Paccar Paychex PayPal PepsiCo Qualcomm Qurate Retail Group Regeneron Ross Stores Seagate Technology Shire Sirius XM Holdings Skyworks Solutions Starbucks Symantec Synopsys T - Mobile US Take - Two Interactive Tesla , Inc . Texas Instruments Ulta Beauty Verisk Analytics Vertex Pharmaceuticals Vodafone Walgreens Boots Alliance Western Digital Workday Wynn Resorts Xilinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Stores&oldid=864594830 '' Categories : Companies in the NASDAQ - 100 Index Companies listed on NASDAQ Clothing retailers of the United States Retail companies established in 1950 Discount stores of the United States Companies based in Pleasanton , California 1950 establishments in California Department stores based in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 07 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many dd's discount stores are there	[ "Ross Department Store was first opened in San Bruno, California, in 1950 by Morris \"Morrie\" Ross. Morris would work 85 hours a week doing all of the buying and bookkeeping for his department store. In 1958 Ross sold his store to William Isackson to become a residential and commercial real estate developer.[5] Isackson built the company to six stores, located in San Bruno, Pacifica, Novato, Vacaville, Redwood City, and Castro Valley. In 1982 a group of investors, including Mervin Morris, founder of the Mervyns chain of department stores, purchased the six Ross Department Stores in San Francisco, changed the format to off-price retail units, and within three years rapidly expanded the chain to 107 stores under Stuart Moldaw and Don Rowlett.[6][7] By the end of 1995 the chain reached an annual sales of $1.4 billion with 292 stores in 18 states. By 2012 Ross reached $9.7 billion for the fiscal year with 1,091 stores in 33 states with an additional 108 for Dd's Discounts in 8 states.[8] Ross moved its headquarters from Newark to Pleasanton, California, in the Tri-Valley area, in 2003.\n" ]	[ "108" ]
-5472945028673361186	iPod Touch (5th generation)	IPod Touch ( 5th generation ) - Wikipedia IPod Touch ( 5th generation ) Jump to : navigation , search iPod Touch iPod Touch ( 5th Generation ) in Blue Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Apple Inc . Product family iPod Type Handheld PC Release date October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) Retail availability October 11 , 2012 - July 15 , 2015 Discontinued July 15 , 2015 Operating system Original : iOS 6.0 Current : iOS 9.3. 5 , Released August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) System - on - chip used Dual - core Apple A5 CPU ARM Dual - core Cortex - A9 Apple A5 1 Ghz ( underclocked to 800 MHz ) Memory 512 MB DRAM Storage 16 , 32 or 64 GB flash memory Display 4 in ( 100 mm ) diagonal ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) , multi-touch display , LED backlit IPS TFT LCD , 1136 × 640 px at 326 PPI 800 : 1 contrast ratio ( typical ) , 500 cd / m max . brightness ( typical ) , Fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating on value = 150 + front Graphics PowerVR SGX543MP2 Input Multi-touch touchscreen display Volume buttons Microphone Built - in speaker voice control 3 - axis gyroscope 3 - axis Accelerometer Camera Rear : 5 MP back - side illuminated sensor HD video recording 1080p up to 30 frames / s with audio Aperture f / 2.4 Facial recognition ( stills only ) Panorama Front : FaceTime HD camera with 1.2 MP HD video recording 720p up to 30 frames / s with audio Connectivity Wi - Fi 802.11 b / g / n ( 802.11 n 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ) Bluetooth 4.0 Online services App Store , iTunes Store , iBookstore , iCloud , Passbook - iOS 8 and below , Wallet - iOS 9 only 123.4 mm ( 4.86 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) D Weight 88 g ( 3.1 oz ) Predecessor iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) Successor iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) Related articles iPhone 5 iPhone 5C iPhone 5S This article is part of a series on the iPod Classic Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 5th 6th List of iPod models The fifth generation iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as the iPod touch , and colloquially known as the iPod Touch 5G or iPod Touch 5 ) was unveiled at Apple 's media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12 , 2012 and was released on October 11 , 2012 . An all - purpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen - based user interface , it succeeded the 4th generation iPod Touch . It is compatible with up to iOS 9.3. 5 which was released on the 25th of August 2016 Like the iPhone 5 , the fifth generation iPod Touch is a slimmer , lighter model that introduces a higher - resolution , 4 - inch screen to the series with 16 : 9 widescreen aspect ratio . Other improvements include support for recording 1080p video and panoramic still photos via the rear camera , an LED flash , Apple 's A5 chip ( the same chip used in the iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) , iPad 2 , and iPhone 4S ) and support for Apple 's Siri . Additionally , unlike its predecessors , the iPod Touch was made available in space grey , silver , pink , gold , blue , and Product Red . The device was initially only sold in 32GB and 64GB models . The first 16GB model , introduced on May 30 , 2013 , was only available in one color and lacks the rear iSight camera and the iPod Touch Loop that is included in the 32 GB models . On June 26 , 2014 , it was replaced with a new 16GB model that no longer omits the rear camera and full range of color options . The pricing for the iPod Touch had also changed . The 16GB model is $199 instead of $229 , the 32 GB model is $249 instead of $299 , and the 64 GB model is $299 instead of $399 . The iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) was officially discontinued by Apple on July 15 , 2015 with the release of its successor , iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Software 1.2 Hardware 1.3 Design 1.4 Accessories 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Features ( edit ) Software ( edit ) Main articles : iOS , iOS 6 , iOS 7 , iOS 8 , and iOS 9 Further information : iOS version history The fifth generation iPod Touch features iOS , Apple 's mobile operating system . The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it vertically ( one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode ) . Initially shipped with iOS 6 , which was released on September 19 , 2012 , it can play music , movies , television shows , eBooks , audiobooks , and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs , artists , albums , videos , playlists , genres , composers , podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations . Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow . This feature shows the different album covers in a scroll - through photo library . Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen . Alternatively , headset controls can be used to pause , play , skip , and repeat tracks . However , the earpods that comes with the iPod does not include a remote and mic . The Voice Control feature can also be used to identify a track , play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist , or create a Genius playlist . Like the iPhone 4S and later models , the fifth generation iPod Touch was the first in the iPod Touch line - up to include Siri , that allows the user to operate the device by spoken commands . The software was improved in iOS 6 to include the ability to make restaurant reservations , launch apps , dictate Facebook or Twitter updates , retrieve movie reviews and detailed sports statistics . Typing can be aided by the voice assistant , which converts speech to text , and also supports iMessage , a specialised instant messaging program and service that allows unlimited texting to other Apple devices running iOS 5 or later . Some newer applications and features that came with iOS 6 included Apple Maps , Passbook and screen mirroring . Apple Maps which replaced the former map application ( powered by Google Maps ) lacks many features present in competing maps apps and is also known to give wrong directions to users which still not fixed after the iOS 7 updates . The new Apple Maps app uses Apple 's new vector - based engine that eliminates lag , making for smoother zooming . New to Maps is turn - by - turn navigation spoken directions , 3D views in some major cities and real - time traffic . The new Passbook app is able to retrieve documents such as boarding passes , admission tickets , coupons and loyalty cards . An iOS device with Passbook can be scanned under a reader to process a mobile payment at locations that have compatible hardware . AirPlay was made available , which allows screen mirroring through an Apple TV or other supported external device allows the screen of the iPod Touch to be mirrored , and was the first generation of the iPod Touch to support it . iOS 7 was released on September 18 , 2013 to all iOS devices . This generation was the only iPod Touch in the iPod Touch line - up to run iOS 7 . On June 2 , 2014 , it was announced that the iPod Touch 5th generation would receive iOS 8 that fall . It was released on September 17 , 2014 . It was confirmed on June 8 , 2015 at Apple 's WWDC that the iPod Touch 5th generation would support iOS 9 . This makes it the first and only iPod touch to support 4 major versions of iOS being iOS 6 , iOS 7 , iOS 8 and iOS 9 . iOS 9 is said to feature performance improvements that may help the aging device function more smoothly . Other A5 - based devices will also support iOS 9 including the iPad 2 ( 6 major iOS versions ) , the iPhone 4S ( 5 major iOS versions ) and the iPad Mini ( 4 major iOS versions ) . iOS 9.3. 5 is the last update that supports the iPod Touch 5th generation as it did not receive iOS 10 along with the iPhone 4S , iPad 2 and 3 , and iPad Mini 1st generation due to hardware limitations . Hardware ( edit ) The fifth generation iPod Touch features the Apple A5 chip which is similar to the one on the iPhone 4S , iPad 2 and the iPad Mini . The chip comprises a 1 GHz dual core ARM Cortex - A9 processor and a PowerVR SGX543MP2 ( 2 - core ) GPU making it faster than the fourth generation iPod Touch , which uses the Apple A4 chip . Storage capacities are available at 32 or 64 GB with a 16 GB announced at a later date to replace the previous generation . The Retina Display of the iPod is similar to the one on the iPhone 5 , measuring 1,136 by 640 pixels with an aspect ratio of almost exactly 16 : 9 . Measuring 4 inches diagonally , it has a display size of 6.7 square inches and a pixel density of 326 ppi which remains the same as the fourth generation . Screen icons are arranged in a matrix of 6 rows of 4 icons each . With a larger screen than the previous generation model , the fifth generation iPod Touch allows a 6th row of icons to be added to the 5 rows that were present in the fourth generation iPod Touch . However , the fifth generation iPod Touch does not include an ambient light sensor which was included in the previous generation . The new iSight camera has 5 megapixels and is capable of 1080p video recording with an illuminated sensor and a LED flash . The front - facing camera was also upgraded to 1.2 megapixels capable of 720p video compared to the VGA 0.3 megapixels front camera on the fourth generation . Design ( edit ) iPod touch 5th gen next to iPhone 6 Fifth generation iPod touch in black . The fifth generation iPod Touch 's finish features an aluminum unibody , which is made from the same kind of anodized aluminium used in the MacBook line . With a new iSight camera and LED flash , the iPod Touch includes a new feature known as the iPod Touch Loop . At the bottom left corner of the back of the iPod Touch , there is a button which can be pressed to allow a wrist strap to attach to the iPod Touch . Other changes to the iPod Touch include the addition of colors . It is available in five : Space Grey ( Replacing the Slate colour variant as of September 2013 ) , Silver , Pink , Yellow , Blue and ( Product ) RED . The Space Grey ( or Slate ) version comes with a black front while the rest of the color variants of the iPod come with a white front . The fifth generation iPod Touch was initially released in 32GB and 64GB models . A 16GB version that did not include the iSight camera , LED flash and Loop was released on May 30 , 2013 . This model was replaced with a 16GB model of the original design on June 26 , 2014 . Accessories ( edit ) Main article : Lightning ( connector ) Apple Lightning connector The fifth generation iPod Touch , as well as the iPhone 5 , iPod Nano ( 7th generation ) , iPad ( 4th generation ) , and iPad Mini feature a new dock connector named Lightning , replacing the 30 - pin Apple connector which was first introduced by Apple in 2003 on the third generation iPod . The Apple Lightning connector has eight pins and all signaling is digital . The new connector also can be inserted either way , unlike the 30 - pin connector which can only be inserted in one way . Adapters will be released by Apple to convert the Apple Lightning connector to the older 30 - pin Apple Dock connector or USB , although not all accessories will work with the adapter as not all signals are available , in particular video output and the iPod Out feature for BMW automobiles . Earphones known as Apple EarPods are also included with the fifth generation iPod touch and other devices announced at the Apple media event on September 12 , 2012 . They superseded earphones that were included with previous generation iPhones and iPods . According to technology commentators , the redesign of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely . Apple states that the redesign of their earphones allows it to `` rival high - end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more '' . Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the redesigned earphones sounded better than its predecessor , reviewers felt that the quality of sound produced was still underwhelming . Both have further stated that the EarPods pale in comparison to other earphones of a similar price . Other accessories that were sold with the iPod Touch include the lanyard for the iPod Touch loop ( not available for the 16 GB model ) . See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iPod models List of iOS devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/10/11/ipod-touch-5th-generation-review/ Jump up ^ Apple Inc . `` Apple - iPod Touch - Technical Specifications '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ FCC Office of Engineering and Technology . `` OET List Exhibits Report '' . US Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Jeremy ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` iPod touch 5G 's Battery Is Bigger , But Is It Better ? '' . iLounge . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iPod touch -- Technical specifications for iPod touch '' . Apple . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Donald ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Camera compromise makes Apple 's new 16GB iPod Touch a mixed bag '' . CNET . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Apple adds cameras and colors to now $199 16GB iPod touch , drops 32 / 64GB to $249 / $299 '' . 9to5Mac . June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPod Touch User Guide '' ( PDF ) . Apple Inc . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple ships mic-less EarPods with new iPod Touch '' . CNET . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple - iPod touch - Features '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Siri comes to iPod Touch '' . CNET . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Maps Fails Again : Alaska Drivers Directed Onto Airport Taxiway , No Fix In Sight '' . International Business TImes . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Apple iOS 6 Here Next Week , iTunes Update Today , New iTunes in October '' . Time . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iOS 7 arrives September 18th '' . Engadget . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Apple 's iOS 8 is now available on iPhone , iPad , and iPod touch '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Pete ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Apple iPod Touch 5th generation review '' . T3 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple iPod touch ( 5th generation ) '' . The Verge . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple announces new $229 16GB iPod touch : 4 - inch Retina display , no rear - facing camera '' . The Verge . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamerson , Joshua ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Apple Cuts Prices on iPod Touch '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Apple Lightning Adaptor Kills iPod Out on BMW , Mini Models '' . Wired . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlaun , Shane ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` iPhone 5 wo n't work with some accessories even with Apple Lightning adapter '' . SlashGear . R3 Media . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Jason ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Apple 's Old Headphones Are Getting The Heave - Ho , And That 's More Exciting Than The iPhone 5 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Ben ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Apple 's signature earbuds rebranded for iPhone 5 as ' EarPods ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple EarPods review '' . TechRadar . September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Mario ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Apple EarPods Review : Better ! ( But Still Garbage ) '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) iPod Touch -- official site iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV Apple Watch Series 2 Series 3 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC iPod Models Classic Photo iPod + HP Mini Shuffle Nano Touch Accessories Earbuds iPod Hi - Fi Nike + iPod Software Comparison of iPod managers iOS Store iPod game iTunes Store version history Other Advertising Click wheel Dock Connector Italics indicate discontinued products . Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks PowerBook G3 G4 MacBook Pro Consumer electronics Apple TV Apple Watch 1st 2nd 3rd Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio iPad 1st 3rd 4th 5th iPad Air 1st iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Accessories AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule iPod Click Wheel iPod Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Trackpad Magic Magic 2 Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Pencil AirPods Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive USB Modem Xserve RAID AirPower Apple hardware before 1998 Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Phil Schiller Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Dan Riccio Johny Srouji Lisa Jackson Former Steve Jobs Fred D. Anderson John Browett Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Nancy R. Heinen Ron Johnson Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Gil Amelio Ellen Hancock David Nagel Guerrino De Luca Bruce Sewell Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores Apple Store App Store iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Products Hardware Macintosh Intel transition iPod Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Apple TV Apple Watch Apple SIM Apple Mobile Processors Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Siri Spotsetter Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Book Portal Preceded by iPod Touch ( 4th generation ) iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) 5th generation Succeeded by iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPod_Touch_(5th_generation)&oldid=807632696 '' Categories : IPod IOS ( Apple ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using Infobox information appliance with unknown parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 05 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the ipod 5th generation come out	[ "The fifth generation iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as the iPod touch, and colloquially known as the iPod Touch 5G or iPod Touch 5) was unveiled at Apple's media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12, 2012 and was released on October 11, 2012. An all-purpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface, it succeeded the 4th generation iPod Touch. It is compatible with up to iOS 9.3.5 which was released on the 25th of August 2016" ]	[ "October 11, 2012" ]
-2450366907109308459	Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad	Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad - Wikipedia Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad Jump to : navigation , search Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Orissa ( 1717 -- 1880 ) and Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad ( 1882 -- 1971 ) Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad 1717 -- 1765 Coat of arms Motto Nil Desperandum `` There is no cause for despair , never despair '' Capital Murshidabad Languages English Persian Bengali Hindi Urdu Arabic Government Nobility Historical era Mughal Empire Company rule in India Emergence of the Mughal Empire 1526 Established 1717 Battle of Plassey 23 June 1757 Battle of Buxar 22 October 1764 Abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal 1880 Abdication of Mansoor Ali Khan , the last Nawab of Bengal 1 November 1880 Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad 17 February 1882 Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolishes titles , except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields 26 January 1950 Disestablished 1765 Population 1901 est . 75 million Preceded by Succeeded by Bengal Sultanate Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Company rule in India Bengal Presidency British Raj Today part of India Bangladesh a . Title abolished in 1880 b . After Indian independence in 1947 , followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950 , which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India , the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles , except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields . However , under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles . However , this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty - sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India . Thus the title of the `` Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad '' was officially , constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971 . c . Murshidabad was the capital for both the Nawabs of Bengal and the Nawabs of Murshidabad . Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Ancient ( show ) Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bronze Age , c. 3300 -- c. 1200 BCE Iron Age , c. 1200 -- c. 200 BCE Janapada , c. 1200 -- c. 600 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware , c. 700 -- c. 200 BCE Pundra Kingdom , c. 700 -- c. 200 BCE Bengal in Mahabharata , c. 400 -- c. 325 BCE Gangaridai Kingdom , c. 350 -- c. 325 BCE Mauryan Empire , c. 325 -- c. 185 BCE Samatata Kingdom , c. 232 BCE -- c. 800 AD Shunga - Kushan Period , c. 185 BCE -- c. 75 AD Southwestern Silk Road , c. 114 BCE -- c. 1450 AD Indo - Roman trade relations , c. 30 BCE -- c. 600 AD Classical ( show ) Gupta Empire , c. 240 -- c. 550 AD Sylhet - Assam Varmans , c. 350 -- c. 650 Gauda Kingdom , c. 590 -- c. 626 Khadga dynasty , c. 650 -- c. 750 Pala Empire , c. 750 -- c. 1100 Arrival of Islam , c. 800 -- c. 1050 Harikela Kingdom , c. 900 -- c. 1050 Candra dynasty , c. 900 -- c. 1050 Sena dynasty , c. 1070 -- c. 1320 Deva dynasty , c. 1100 -- c. 1250 Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1204 -- c. 1338 Mamluk Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sonargaon Sultanate , c. 1338 -- c. 1352 Bengal Sultanate , c. 1352 -- c. 1576 Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 Twelve Bhuyans , c. 1550 -- c. 1620 Porto Grande de Bengala , c. 1528 -- c. 1666 Chittagong - Arakan Kingdom , c. 1530 -- c. 1666 Mughal Empire , c. 1576 -- c. 1717 Bengal Subah Modern ( show ) Nawabs of Bengal , c. 1717 -- c. 1757 Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 Faraizi Movement , c. 1818 -- c. 1884 The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 Bengal Renaissance Eastern Bengal and Assam Prime Minister of Bengal East Bengal , c. 1947 -- c. 1955 Bengali Language Movement East Pakistan , c. 1955 -- c. 1971 Six Point Movement 1969 uprising in East Pakistan Pakistani general election , 1970 Bangladesh Liberation War , c. 1971 Declaration of Independence Provisional Government of Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Bangladesh Forces Bangladeshi Republic , c. 1972 -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Bangladeshi history Bangladeshi art History of Bengali literature Bangladesh portal Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Nawabs of Bengal ( full title , the Nawab Nizam of Bengal and Orissa ) were the rulers of the then provinces of Bengal and Orissa . Between 1717 and 1765 , they served as the rulers of the subah ( or province ) of Bengal . However , they were only nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire . Siraj ud - Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jafar . He lost to the British , who took over the charge of Bengal in 1757 , installed Mir Jafar on the Masnad ( throne ) and established itself to a political power in Bengal . In 1765 the system of Dual Government was established , in which the Nawabs ruled on behalf of the British and were mere puppets to the British . In 1772 the system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British . In 1793 , when the Nizamat ( governorship ) of the Nawab was also taken away from them , they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company . The last Nawab of Bengal , Mansur Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son , Hassan Ali Mirza . Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad , following Mansur Ali Khan 's abdication They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880 . They had little or no say in the share of the revenue collected and were ceased to use any force . After Indian Independence in 1947 it was declared that the princely states must accede to either India or Pakistan ( East / West Pakistan ) . Murshidabad ( the capital city ) became a part of East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) for two days , as it had a Muslim majority . It became a part of India on 17 August 1947 , following which the Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop it . After merging with India , they had no power as the Government of India took over all the princely states in India . The house of the Nawabs appeared to have come to end in 1969 with Waris Ali Mirza being the last reigning Nawab and with no clear succession . Although he left three sons and three daughters there was no clear successor to the title after his death because he disinherited one and the others disputed his will . Eventually , in August 2014 , the Supreme Court of India declared Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza ( born 1942 ) to be the heir to the erstwhile Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad and lawful heir to the Nawab 's property and office which had been in abeyance since the death of Abbas Ali Mirza 's maternal uncle Waris Ali Mirza ( the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad ) in 1969 . However , it is to be noted that after Indian independence in 1947 , followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950 , which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India , the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles , except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields . However , under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles . But this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty - sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India . Thus the title of the `` Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad '' was officially , constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bengal 2 History before the Nawab 's rule 2.1 Sultans of Bengal 2.2 Mughal Empire 2.3 Emergence of the Nawab Nizam of Bengal 3 History during the Nawab 's rule 3.1 Dynasties 3.2 Under the Mughals 3.3 Maratha expeditions 3.4 Nawabs of Bengal under British rule and their decline 3.5 Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad and the Nawabs post Indian independence 4 List of the Nawabs of Bengal 5 List of the Nawabs of Murshidabad 6 Notes 7 External links Bengal ( edit ) Main articles : Bengal , Bengal Presidency , and Bengal Subah The term `` Bengal '' incorporates to delineate the ethno - linguistic region of Bengal which including but not limited is all districts within the People 's Republic of Bangladesh , as well as West Bengal , India . During the first partition of Bengal in the early 20th century a new province , Eastern Bengal was created as a Lieutenant - Governorship along with Assam . In 1911 , East Bengal ( now Bangladesh ) was reunited with Bengal , and the new provinces in the east became : Assam , Bengal Province . The Nawab thus gained rule over Orissa , which were earlier part of Bengal . So sometimes That is why the Nawabs of Bengal were also mentioned as `` Nawab of Bengal '' - where Nazim ( or , Subahdar ) means the provincial governor - as they ruled over three subahs while the Nawabs of Murshidabad were the local ruler of the city of Murshidabad . The majority of modern Bengal is inhabited by Bengali people who speak the Bengali language . Modern Bengal include the present day country of Bangladesh and the present day Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura 1893 map of Bengal 1831 map of Hindustan showing the then Bengal in green in the north east History before the Nawab 's rule ( edit ) Sultans of Bengal ( edit ) The early Sultans of Bengal ruled until 1282 which was followed by the rule of several successive dynasties . Ilyas Shah founder of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty , took complete charge of the then Bengal and the capital was shifted to Sonargaon ( near present day , Dhaka in Bangladesh ) . He was one of the independent rulers of Bengal . His son , Sikandar Shah , who succeeded him , built the Adina Mosque at Pandua , near Gour , Adina Mosque in the medieval times , was considered to be the largest in undivided Bengal , as well as the entire Indian subcontinent . Mughal Empire ( edit ) Emperor Akbar celebrates the Mughal conquest of Bengal The Mughal Empire emerged as a powerful Empire in northern India . Babur , who was related to two legendary warriors -- Timur and Genghis Khan , invaded north India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty . Babur thus became the first Mughal emperor . He was succeeded by his son , Humayun . At the same time , Sher Shah Suri ( alias Farid Khan ) of the Suri dynasty rose to prominence and established himself as the ruler of the present day Bihar by defeating Ghiyasuddin Shah . But he lost to capture the kingdom because of sudden expedition of Humayun . In 1539 , Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa . He forced Humayun out of India . Assuming the title Sher Shah , he ascended the throne of Delhi . He also captured Agra and established control from Bengal in the east , to the Indus River in the west . After his death he was succeeded by his son , Islam Shah Suri . But in 1544 the Suris were torn apart by internal conflicts . Humayun took this advantage and captured Lahore and Delhi , but he died in 1556 AD . He was succeeded by Akbar , who defeated Daud Khan Karrani of Bengal 's Karrani Dynasty ( or , Karnani Dynasty ) . After this , the administration of the entire region of Bengal passed into the hands of governors appointed by the Mughal emperors , who ruled Bengal till 1716 AD . There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system during Akbar 's reign . Diwani was a system of provincial revenue administration under the Mughals . Nizamat ( civil administration ) and Diwani ( revenue administration ) were the two main branches of the provincial administration under the Mughals . A Subahdar ( provincial viceroy or governor ) , also called a Nizam was in - charge of the Nizamat . There was a chain of subordinate officials under the Nizams on the executive side and under Diwans on the revenue and judicial side . Emergence of the Nawab Nizam of Bengal ( edit ) Early nineteenth century view of Murshidabad , with the Katra Mosque in the backdrops . Murshid Quli Khan arrived as the Diwan of Bengal in 1717 AD . Before his arrival , there were four Diwans . And , after his arrival , Azim - ush - Shan held the Nizam 's office . Azim got into conflict with Murshid Quli Khan over imperial financial control . Considering the complaint of Khan , the then Mughal emperor , Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar . Upon his departure the two posts united in one and Murshid Quli Khan became the first Nizam cum Diwan of Bengal . Murshid Khan was appointed the `` Nawab Nizam of Bengal '' and he emerged as the ruler of Bengal under the Mughals . Murshidabad remained the capital of the Nawabs of Bengal until their rule . The Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah , was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jaffer . He lost to the British East India Company , who took installed Mir Jaffer on the Masnad ( throne ) , as a `` puppet ruler '' and established itself to a political power in Bengal . In 1765 , Robert Clive , of the British East India Company , became the first British Governor of Bengal . He secured in perpetuity for the Company the Diwani ( revenue and civil justice ) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor , Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed . In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British . In 1793 , when the Nizamat ( military power and criminal justice ) of the Nawab was also taken away from them , they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company . After the Revolt of 1857 , Company rule in India ended and the British Crown took over the territories which were under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1858 , which marked the beginning of the British Raj . These territories , including the territory of the Nawab Nazims came under the direct rule of the British Crown and British Raj was established in India . Thus , the Nawab Nizams remained just the titular heads of their territory , which was now ruled by the British Crown , and they had no political or any other kind of control over the territory . The last Nawab of Bengal , Mansoor Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son . History during the Nawab 's rule ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Bengal Ancient Geopolitical units ( show ) Pundravardhana Vanga Gangaridai Samatata Anga Suhma Harikela Kamarupa Ancient and Classical dynasties ( show ) Nanda dynasty Maurya dynasty Shunga dynasty Gupta dynasty Varman dynasty Gauda dynasty Mallabhum dynasty Khadga dynasty Pala dynasty Chandra dynasty Chola dynasty Sena dynasty Deva dynasty Medieval and Early Modern periods ( show ) Delhi Sultanate City states Sonargaon Lakhnauti Satgaon Bengal Sultanate Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Sur Empire Twelve Bhuyan Confederacy Kingdom of Mrauk U Jaintia Kingdom Koch dynasty Kingdom of Tripura Kingdom of Bhurshut Mughal Empire Bengal Subah Burdwan Raj Rajshahi Raj Nadia Raj Bettiah Raj Nawabs of Bengal Zamindars Maratha expeditions in Bengal European colonisation ( show ) Portuguese Chittagong Dutch Bengal French Bengal Danish Bengal Austrian Bengal British India Company rule Bengal Presidency Bengal famine of 1770 Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Bengal famine of 1943 Direct Action Day Indian Mutiny of 1857 British Raj Bengal Renaissance Eastern Bengal and Assam Anti-colonial struggle Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) East Bengal ( show ) East Bengali refugees East Pakistan ( show ) 1964 East Pakistan riots Language Movement Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Liberation War 1971 Genocide Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Bangladesh ( show ) People 's Republic Military coups Bangladesh famine of 1974 Indian Bengal ( show ) West Bengal Tripura merger Left Front Naxalism Barak Valley Language Movement Gorkhaland Calendar ( show ) Bengali calendar Malla calendar Related ( show ) Bengali literary history Architecture of Bengal Bangamata Dynasties ( edit ) Tomb of Siraj - ud - Daulah at Khushbagh From 1717 until 1880 , three successive Islamic dynasties -- Nasiri , Afshar and Najafi -- ruled what was then known as Bengal . The first dynasty , the Nasiri , ruled from 1717 until 1740 . The founder of the Nasiri , Murshid Quli Khan , was born a poor Deccani Odia Brahmin before being sold into slavery and bought by one Haji Shafi Isfahani , a Persian merchant from Isfahan who converted him to Islam . He entered the service of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and rose through the ranks before becoming the Nawab Nizam of Bengal in 1717 , a post he held until his death in 1727 . He in turn was succeeded by his son - in - law , Shuja - ud - Din Muhammad Khan . After Shuja - ud - Din 's death in 1739 he was succeeded by his son , Sarfaraz Khan , who held the rank , until he was killed in the Battle of Giria in 1741 , and was succeeded by Alivardi Khan , former ruler of Patna , of the Afshar Dynasty in 1740 . The second dynasty , the Afshar , ruled from 1740 to 1757 . Siraj ud - Daulah ( Alivardi Khan 's grandson ) , the last Afshar Nawab was killed in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 . They were succeeded by the third and final dynasty to rule the whole Bengal , the Najafi . Under the Mughals ( edit ) Bengal Subah was one of the wealthiest parts of the Mughal empire . As the Mughal empire began to decline , the Nawabs grew in power , although nominally subordinate to the Mughal emperor . They wielded great power in their own right and finally became independent rulers of the Bengal region , for all practical purposes , by the early 1700s . Maratha expeditions ( edit ) Raghuji Bhonsle of Nagpur Kingdom of the Maratha Empire led the Maratha expeditions in Bengal . Marathas undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741 -- 1748 . Maratha general , Raghunath Rao was able to annex Orissa to his kingdom and the larger confederacy permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal , Bihar and Orissa after the death of Murshid Quli Khan in 1727 . Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles , Orissa , Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined . Alivardi Khan made peace with Raghunathrao in 1751 ceding in perpetuity Orissa up to the river Suvarnarekha , and agreeing to pay ₹ 12 lacs annually in lieu of the Chauth of Bengal and Bihar . The treaty included ₹ 20 lacs as Chauth for Bengal ( includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh ) and ₹ 12 lacs for Bihar ( including Jharkhand ) . After this , Maratha promised never to cross the boundary of the Nawab of Bengal 's territory . Thus , Baji Rao is hailed as the greatest Maratha chief after Shivaji because of his success in subjecting Muslim rulers of east India in states such as Bengal , Bihar and Orissa to the Maratha rule . Nawabs of Bengal under British rule and their Decline ( edit ) Mir Jaffer meeting with Sir Robert Clive after the Battle of Plassey The break - up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750 , led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms ( all provinces of the former Mughal empire ) . Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 . Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a `` puppet ruler '' depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne . Siraj - ud - Daulah was replaced by Mir Jaffer . He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive , after triumph of the British in the battle . He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch , but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah . After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani ( revenue collection ) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773 , the Nawabs authority became restricted . By 1773 , British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal subah , along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government . In 1793 ( during Nawab Mubarak ud - Daulah 's reign ) , the Nizamat ( military power , civil and criminal justice ) was abolished , British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region , and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company . All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished . After the Revolt of 1857 , Company rule in India ended , and all the territories which were under the rule of the British East India Company came under the British Crown in 1858 , which marked the beginning of the British Raj . And administrative control of India came under the Indian Civil Service , which had administrative control over all areas in India , except the Princely States . Mansoor Ali Khan ( aka Feradun Jah ) was the last Nawab of Bengal . During his reign the Nizamat at Murshidabad became involved in debts . The then Government of India involved it into an action of preventing further claims . Feradun Jah left Murshidabad in February 1869 and started living in England . The title of `` Nawab of Bengal '' was abolished in 1880 . He returned to Bombay in October 1880 but spent most of his time pleading his case against the orders of the Government of India . After it was not resolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles of Nawab Nizam of Bengal , Bihar and Orissa and abdicated in favour of his eldest son at St. Ives , Maidenhead , on 1 November 1880 . Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad and the Nawabs post Indian independence ( edit ) The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nizams of Bengal , Bihar and Orissa as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad , following Mansoor Ali Khan 's abdication Nawabs of Murshidabad were the successors of the Nawabs of Bengal . After Lord Clive secured the Diwani of Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 for the East India Company they did not have any effective authority . So they lavishly enjoyed their title , privileges alongside with the honours they received . They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880 . They had little or no say and ceased to control any significant force . After Indian Independence in 1947 , all the non-princely states were subject to a test of religious majority in which the Muslim majority areas formed the Dominion of Pakistan , while the other regions formed the Dominion of India . Murshidabad ( the capital city for both , the Nawabs of Bengal and the Nawabs of Murshidabad ) became a part of East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) for two days , as it had a Muslim majority . However , it became a part of India on 17 August 1947 . The Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop the palace . The Nawabs , after the takeover by the British had no actual power and after merging with India too , they had yielded power , as the Government of India took over control of all the areas that merged with India . Furthermore , with the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950 , the Dominion of India was transformed into the Republic of India , and the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution ( which is a part of the Right to Equality , a fundamental right in India ) , titles were abolished . The Article prevents the state from confirming any title except those titles given by the Government to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields . Such titles and awards include the Bharat Ratna , the Padma Shri and the Padma Vibhushan ( the Supreme Court of India , on 15 December 1995 , upheld the validity of such awards ) . Thus , with the promulgation of the Constitution , the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad was abolished . And although , the Nawab Waris Ali Meerza held titles such as Raes ud - Daulah , they were not officially or legally recognised . Although , the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad had no political power the office continued to be held by the second Nawab Bahadur Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur , who had held the office since 1906 , and after his death in 1959 , he was succeeded by his son , Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur . Waris Ali Meerza died in 1969 , survived by his three sons and three daughters . According to the Nawab 's law , the eldest son of the Nawab succeeded him , however , Waris Ali 's eldest son , Wakif Ali Meerza Bahadur , was excluded from the succession by his father for contracting a non-Muslim marriage and for not professing the Muslim religion . Waris Ali Meerza , the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad , died in 1969 , and he took no steps during his lifetime to establish his succession . And before declaring his successor Waris Ali died . There was no clear successor to Waris Ali . Since then there was no clear successor to Waris Ali and the titular office / post was in dispute , and a legal battle ensued . And following this as the title was in dispute , a legal battle ensued . Abbas Ali Meerza claimed to be the legal heir of Waris Ali on the basis of being the son of the daughter of Waris Alis ' father , the second Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad , Wasif Ali Meerza ; while Sajid Ali Meerza claimed the same on the basis of being the son by mut'ah marriage of Wasif Ali . The case reached the Supreme Court and finally , the Supreme Court judges , Justice Ranjan Gogoi and Justice RK Agrawal , gave their judgement on 13 August 2014 , declaring the then 72 - year - old Abbas Ali Meerza ( full name , Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Meerza ) , who happened to be the son of the only daughter of Waris Ali 's father , Wasif Ali Meerza ( the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad ) , the successor and the legal heir to the former Nawab of Murshidabad , Waris Ali Meerza . The Court directed Abbas Ali Meerza , son of Syed Muhammad Sadeque Ali Meerza , to be the direct descendant of Waris Ali Meerza . However , the case against the state 's annexation of the Murshidabad Estate , which is worth several thousand crores , is still on , as of 2014 . However , it is to be noted that after Indian independence in 1947 , followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950 , which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India , the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles , except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields . However , under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles . But this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty - sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India . Thus the title of the `` Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad '' was officially , constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971 . Thus , as titles have been abolished in India , the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad no longer exists . However , Abbas Ali Meerza can now succeed Waris Ali Meerza 's office legally , but his title of the fourth Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad would be unofficial , as the title is not legally and officially recognised . List of the Nawabs of Bengal ( edit ) The following is a list of all the Nawabs of Bengal . Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan ( Mir Jaffer ) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice . The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1881 with Mansoor Ali Khan 's abdication . Portrait Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death Nasiri Dynasty Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri Murshid Quli Khan 1665 1717 -- 1727 1727 Ala - ud - Din Haidar Jung Sarfaraz Khan After 1700 1727 - 1731 29 April 1740 Shuja ud - Daula Shuja - ud - Din Muhammad Khan Around 1670 ( date not available ) July 1731 -- 26 August 1739 26 August 1739 Ala - ud - Din Haidar Jung Sarfaraz Khan After 1700 13 March 1739 -- April 1740 29 April 1740 Afshar Dynasty Hashim ud - Daula Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur Before 10 May 1671 29 April 1740 -- 9 April 1756 9 April 1756 Siraj ud - Daulah Muhammad Siraj - ud - Daulah 1733 April 1756 -- 2 June 1757 2 July 1757 Najafi Dynasty Ja'afar ' Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan Bahadur 1691 June 1757 -- October 1760 17 January 1765 Itimad ud - Daulah Mir Qasim Ali Khan Bahadur ? 20 October 1760 -- 1763 8 May 1777 Ja'afar ' Ali Khan Bahadur Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan Bahadur 1691 25 July 1763 -- 17 January 1765 17 January 1765 Nazam - ud - Daulah Najimuddin Ali Khan Bahadur 1750 5 February 1765 -- 8 May 1766 8 May 1766 Saif ud - Daulah Najabut Ali Khan Bahadur 1749 22 May 1766 -- 10 March 1770 10 March 1770 Mubarak ud - Daulah Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur 1759 21 March 1770 -- 6 September 1793 6 September 1793 Azud ud - Daulah Babar Ali Khan Bahadur ? 1793 -- 28 April 1810 28 April 1810 Ali Jah Zain - ud - Din Ali Khan Bahadur ? 5 June 1810 -- 6 August 1821 6 August 1821 Walla Jah Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur ? 1821 -- 30 October 1824 30 October 1824 Humayun Jah Mubarak Ali Khan Bahadur 29 September 1810 1824 -- 3 October 1838 3 October 1838 Feradun Jah Syed Mansoor Ali Khan Bahadur 29 October 1830 29 October 1838 -- 1 November 1880 ( abdicated ) 5 November 1884 List of the Nawabs of Murshidabad ( edit ) The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal after the abdication in 1881 and the abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal in 1880 . There have been four Nawabs of Murshidabad , as of 2014 , as follows . However , it is to be noted that Waris Ali Mirza was the last official Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad , for titles like these were abolished in 1971 . Though Abbas Ali Mirza is the legal heir to Waris Ali Mirza 's office , the title no longer enjoys legal sanctity owing to the abolition of the policy of Privy Purse by the twenty - sixth amendment to the Indian Constitution : Picture Titular Name Personal Name Birth Reign Death Najafi Dynasty Ali Kadir Syed Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 25 August 1846 17 February 1882 -- 25 December 1906 25 December 1906 Amir ul - Omrah Syed Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 7 January 1875 December 1906 -- 23 October 1959 23 October 1959 Raes ud - Daulah Syed Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur 14 November 1901 1959 -- 20 November 1969 20 November 1969 N / A N / A Disputed / In abeyance N / A 20 November 1969 -- 13 August 2014 N / A N / A Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur Circa 1942 13 August 2014 -- Present N / A Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Chaudhury , Sushil ; Mohsin , KM ( 2012 ) . `` Sirajuddaula '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vipul ( 2009 ) . Longman History & Civics ( Dual Government in Bengal ) . Pearson Education India . pp. 29 -- . Jump up ^ Madhya Pradesh National Means - Cum - Merit Scholarship Exam ( Warren Hasting 's system of Dual Government ) . Upkar Prakashan. 2009 . pp. 11 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7482 - 744 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murshidabad.net ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal '' . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Murshidabad.net ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Hassan Ali Mirza 's succession '' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lumby 1954 , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : `` The last reigning Nawab of Murshidabad , Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mahato , Sukumar ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Murshidabad gets a Nawab again , but fight for assets ahead '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 18 of the Indian Constitution '' . Indiankanoon.org . Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty Sixth Amendment to the Indian Constitution '' . Indiacode.nic.in. 28 December 1971 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Perween ( 15 August 2007 ) . Sultans and Mosques : The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh . I.B. Tauris . p. 4 . ISBN 9781845113810 . Jump up ^ Knight , Lisa I. ( 1 June 2011 ) . Contradictory Lives : Baul Women in India and Bangladesh . Oxford University Press . p. 191 . ISBN 9780199773619 . Jump up ^ Chakraborty , Mridula Nath ( 26 March 2014 ) . Being Bengali : At Home and in the World . Routledge . p. 141 . ISBN 9781317818908 . Jump up ^ Ray , Asok Kumar ; Chakraborty , Satyabrata ( 2008 ) . Society , Politics , and Development in North East India : Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray . Concept Publishing Company . p. 195 . ISBN 9788180695728 . ^ Jump up to : David Gilmour , The Ruling Caste : Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj ( 2007 ) pp. 46 , 135 Jump up ^ Sir James Bourdillon The Partition of Bengal ( London : Society of Arts ) 1905 Jump up ^ `` History of Bangladesh '' . Bangladesh Student Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britain Proposes Indian Partition '' . Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada : The Leader - Post . BUP. 2 June 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Nawabs of Bengal were also known as Nawabs of Bengal and Orissa '' . Murshidabad.nic.in . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nawabs of Murshidabad ruled only over Murshidabad '' . Royal Ark . 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Columbia Encyclopedia . 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Islam Shah the Successor of Sher Shah '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nawabs ruled earlier under the Mughal and later under the British '' . Murdhidabad.net. 8 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , ABM Shamsuddin ( 2012 ) . `` Daud Khan Karrani '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ The History of India : The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone , Edward Byles Cowell , Published by J. Murray , 1889 , Public Domain Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Anjali ( 2012 ) . `` Azim - us - Shan '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emergence of the Nawab of Bengal with Murshid Quli khan being the first Nawab '' . Murshidabad.net . Archived from the original on 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Mohsin , KM ( 2012 ) . `` Murshidabad '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hist & Civics Viii Mat Board . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . 2005 . p. 10 . ISBN 9780070604452 . Jump up ^ Review Projector ( India ) . T.R. Kesava Murthy. 1985 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Chaudhury , Sushil ; Mohsin , KM ( 2012 ) . `` Sirajuddaula '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Vipul ( 1 September 2009 ) . Longman History & Civics ( Dual Government in Bengal ) . Pearson Education India . ^ Jump up to : Madhya Pradesh National Means - Cum - Merit Scholarship Exam ( Warren Hasting 's system of Dual Government ) . Upkar Prakashan. 1 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal '' . Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Urmi ( 23 December 2014 ) . Bangladesh - Culture Smart ! : The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture . Bravo Limited . ISBN 9781857336962 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Murshid Quli Khan '' . Murshidabad.net. 20 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defeat of Sarfaraz Khan in the Battle of Giria '' . Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defeat of Siraj ud - Daulah in the Battle of Plassey '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasties of The Nawabs '' . Murshidabad.net. 8 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bengal subah was one the richest subahs of the Mughal Empire '' . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : History Modern India -- S.N. Sen -- Google Books . Books.google.co.in . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ SNHM . Vol. II , pp. 209 , 224 . Jump up ^ Wernham , R.B. ( 1 Nov 1968 ) . The New Cambridge Modern History : Volume 3 , Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution , 1559 -- 1610 ( Maratha invasion of Bengal ) . CUP Archive . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Jadunath ( 1 Jan 1991 ) . Fall Of The Mughal Empire - Vol . I ( 4Th Edn . ) ( Maratha Chauth from Bihar ) . Orient Blackswan . 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ISBN 9788178356617 . Jump up ^ `` Nawabs ' Murshidabad House lies in tatters '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Article 18 of Indian Constitution and Abolition of Titles '' . GK Today . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decline of the Nawabs of Murshidabad '' . Murshidabad.net. 24 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portrait of an accidental Nawab '' . The Times of India . 22 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The last Nawab of Murshidabad , Waris Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nawabs of Bengal ( chronologically ) '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . 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External links ( edit ) The arrival of the Nawabs of Bengal and their decline Nawab Nizams of Bengal , Bihar and Orissa and Nawab Bahadurs of Murshidabad Posts under the Nawabs ( hide ) Bengal Nobility Topics History of Bengal Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 and 1888 East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950 Sovereign Rulers Middle kingdoms of India ( 3rd century BC - 1279 ) Sultanate of Bengal ( 1342 - 1576 ) Mughal emperors ( 1576 - 1707 ) Nawabs of Bengal ( 1717 - 1880 ) Nawabs of Murshidabad ( 1882 - 1969 ) British Raj ( 1880 - 1857 ) Emperor of India ( 1857 - 1948 ) Nawabs of Bengal Murshid Quli Khan ( 1717 -- 1727 ) Sarfaraz Khan ( 1727 -- 1727 ) Shuja - ud - Din Muhammad Khan ( 1727 -- 1739 ) Sarfaraz Khan ( 1739 -- 1740 ) Alivardi Khan ( 1740 -- 1756 ) Siraj ud - Daulah ( 1756 -- 1757 ) Mir Jafar Ali Khan ( 1757 -- 1760 ) Mir Qasim ( 1760 -- 1763 ) Mir Jafar Ali Khan ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Najmuddin Ali Khan ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Najabat Ali Khan ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Ashraf Ali Khan ( 1770 ) Mubarak Ali Khan ( 1770 -- 1793 ) Baber Ali Khan ( 1793 -- 1810 ) Zain - ud - Din Ali Khan ( 1810 -- 1821 ) Ahmad Ali Khan ( 1821 -- 1824 ) Mubarak Ali Khan II ( 1824 -- 1838 ) Mansur Ali Khan ( 1838 -- 1880 ) Nawabs of Murshidabad Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur ( 1882 -- 1906 ) Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur ( 1906 -- 1959 ) Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur ( 1959 -- 1969 ) Zamindars of Bengal Bhawal Estate Burdwan Raj Chakma Raj Nawabs of Dhaka Dighapatia Raj Dinajpur Raj Gayen Estate of Dhanyakuria Gouripur Raj Homnabad - Pashchimgaon Estate Kandi Raj Kirtipasha Raj Lalgola Raj Muktagacha Raj Nadia Raj Padamdi Nawab Estate Panchkot Raj Prithimpassa Raj Puthia Raj Natore Raj Rajshahi Raj Ramgopalpur Raj Ratanpur Nawab Estate Singranatore family Susanga Raj Teota Estate ( See : Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury and Raja Shyama Sankar Roy Choudhury ) Uttarpara Raj Establishments and Heirlooms Hazarduari Palace Uttara Gano Bhaban Ahsan Manzil Israt Manzil Palace Tajhat Palace Natore Palace Bhawal Estate University of Dacca Varendra Research Society Varendra Research Museum Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Gole Afroz College Rahmat Iqbal College Rose Garden Palace Ghughudanga Palace Moyez Manzil Palace Puthia Temple Complex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad&oldid=843568548 '' Categories : Former countries in Asia States and territories established in 1717 States and territories disestablished in the 1765 Nawabs of Bengal History of Bengal History of West Bengal Rulers of Bengal Murshidabad district 1717 establishments in Asia Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2012 Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from November 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Català Esperanto हिन्दी Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Português Русский Українська اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who introduced the dual system of administration in bengal	[ "In 1765, Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, became the first British Governor of Bengal.[37] He secured in perpetuity for the Company the Diwani (revenue and civil justice) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed. In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (military power and criminal justice) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended and the British Crown took over the territories which were under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. These territories, including the territory of the Nawab Nazims came under the direct rule of the British Crown and British Raj was established in India. Thus, the Nawab Nizams remained just the titular heads of their territory, which was now ruled by the British Crown, and they had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.[38][39] The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansoor Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son.[40]" ]	[ "Robert Clive" ]
5788721809727005476	Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)	Just Dropped in ( to See What Condition My Condition was in ) - wikipedia Just Dropped in ( to See What Condition My Condition was in ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' Single by Mickey Newbury from the album Harlequin Melodies Genre Psychedelic pop Songwriter ( s ) Mickey Newbury `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury & first a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition in 1968 . Said to reflect the LSD experience , the song was intended to be a warning against the danger of using LSD . First recorded on October 10 , 1967 by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records ( Rice 5028 b / w `` Stagger Lee '' ) and produced by Norro Wilson , Jerry Lee Lewis soon covered the song for his album Soul My Way . In 1968 , `` Just Dropped In ... '' was a hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition ( with Kenny Rogers on lead vocals ) . It was Rogers ' first top ten hit on the Billboard charts , where it peaked at number five . The song captures the short - lived psychedelic era of the late 1960s , and stands apart from the country folk harmonies that characterized most of the First Edition 's catalog , and got the group their first national TV audience on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour . The song features Rogers on lead vocals and was the group 's second single from the band 's eponymous album The First Edition . Producer Mike Post reversed a few riffs to create the intro , and the solo played by Glen Campbell was heavily compressed and used a tremolo effect to achieve its sound . Another studio guitarist , Mike Deasy , provided the acoustic lead guitar parts . When Rogers signed to United Artists Records in the mid-1970s after the group split , he re-recorded the track for his Ten Years of Gold album . Covers ( edit ) Bettye LaVette , Karen Records ( KA 1544 ) , 1968 , flip side to `` Get Away '' . On that release it is called `` What Condition My Condition Is In '' Styvar Manor , British group , 1970 , issued as single on Polydor . Jim Turner of comedy troupe Duck 's Breath Mystery Theatre performed ( as his character Randee of the Redwoods ) a surprisingly faithful version on the Ducks ' 1986 album Born To Be Tiled . Die Haut , 1988 , with Nick Cave as guest singer . Supergrass as a B - Side to their 1995 single Alright / Time The Raymen , Death - Country / Goth - Americana - Billy band , 1998 Willie Nelson , on his 2001 album `` Rainbow Connection '' and his 2002 album The Great Divide Mojo Nixon , 2001 Children of Bodom , melodic death metal band , on the Japanese release of their `` Blooddrunk '' album as a bonus track and on their 2009 cover album `` Skeletons in the Closet '' Tom Jones , on the Deluxe Edition of `` Spirit in the Room '' in 2012 Murder by Death , Americana band , 2012 the Launderettes , Norwegian rock group , 2013 , The Fantastics , Donegal - based band , 2014 . Sinister Dexter , San Francisco soul / funk group , 2014 White Denim exclusively for the black comedy -- crime drama television series Fargo , which played over the credits of the `` Did you do this ? No , you did it ! '' episode of the second season in 2015 . Abe Diddy and The Krautboys on the album Follow in 2016 Sharon Jones & The Dap - Kings , on the original motion picture soundtrack for the film Soul Men Reef for their compilation album Together . Jeff Walker Und Die Fluffers ( former lead singer of Carcass ) , on album Welcome to Carcass Cuntry In popular culture ( First Edition version ) ( edit ) The song is featured in a dream sequence from the Coen Brothers ' 1998 film The Big Lebowski . Additionally , it plays during the end credits of the 2000 video game Driver 2 ; the title screen and end credits of the 2013 video game Stick It To The Man and is featured in the 2010 action movie Faster . It is also used is season 3 , episode 1 of Chuck : `` Chuck Versus the Pink Slip '' . A short clip is heard in the 2015 HBO documentary Going Clear : Scientology and the Prison of Belief . It is also on the TV series Fargo , season 2 episode 7 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pemberton , Pat ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` 10 Artists Who Switched Genres '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 536 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Awards '' . AllMusic. 1938 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Getaway - The Launderettes Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` White Denim -- `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' ( Mickey Newbury Cover ) `` . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Together , the Best of Reef '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Kenny Rogers and The First Edition Kenny Rogers Mary Arnold Thelma Camacho Jimmy Hassell John Hobbs Mickey Jones Gene Lorenzo Mike Settle Kin Vassy Terry Williams Studio albums The First Edition ( 1967 ) Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( 1969 ) Something 's Burning ( 1970 ) Tell It All Brother ( 1970 ) Transition ( 1971 ) The Ballad of Calico ( 1972 ) I 'm Not Making Music for Money ( 1974 ) Singles `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dropped_In_(To_See_What_Condition_My_Condition_Was_In)&oldid=798474452 '' Categories : 1967 songs Songs about drugs Kenny Rogers and The First Edition songs Songs written by Mickey Newbury Psychedelic pop songs Counterculture of the 1960s Lysergic acid diethylamide Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Français Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 05 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song what condition my condition is in	[ "\"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury & first a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition in 1968. Said to reflect the LSD experience, the song was intended to be a warning against the danger of using LSD. First recorded on October 10, 1967 by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b/w \"Stagger Lee\") and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis soon covered the song for his album Soul My Way.", "\"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury & first a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition in 1968. Said to reflect the LSD experience, the song was intended to be a warning against the danger of using LSD. First recorded on October 10, 1967 by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b/w \"Stagger Lee\") and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis soon covered the song for his album Soul My Way.", "\"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury & first a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition in 1968. Said to reflect the LSD experience, the song was intended to be a warning against the danger of using LSD. First recorded on October 10, 1967 by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b/w \"Stagger Lee\") and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis soon covered the song for his album Soul My Way." ]	[ "Kenny Rogers and the First Edition", "Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul", "Jerry Lee Lewis" ]
-1264073400455689948	E.G. Daily	E.G. Daily - wikipedia E.G. Daily Jump to : navigation , search E.G. Daily Daily in 2018 Elizabeth Ann Guttman ( 1961 - 09 - 11 ) September 11 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names E.G. Daily Occupation Actress , voice actress , singer Years active 1979 -- present Spouse ( s ) Rick Salomon ( m . 1995 ; div. 2000 ) Children Elizabeth Ann Guttman ( born September 11 , 1961 ) , known professionally as E.G. Daily ( and sometimes credited as Elizabeth Daily ) , is an American actress , voice actress and singer known for her portrayal of voicing Tommy Pickles in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats , its spin - off All Grown Up ! and in the Rugrats film series . She also provided the voice of Buttercup in Cartoon Network 's The Powerpuff Girls and the title pig in the live - action feature film Babe : Pig in the City . Daily is also well known for her roles in a variety of live action films such as Valley Girl , Dogfight , No Small Affair , Fandango , Streets of Fire , The Devil 's Rejects , My Sister 's Keeper , and most famously Pee - wee 's Big Adventure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting career 1.1 Voice acting 1.2 Live acting 1.3 Stand - up comic 2 Singing career 2.1 The Voice 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Short subjects 4.3 Television 4.4 Video games 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Singles 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Acting career ( edit ) Voice Acting ( edit ) She has voiced television characters such as Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and its spin - off All Grown Up ! and in the Rugrats film series , Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls , Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone , and Freefall / Roxy Spaulding in the film Gen13 and Private Isabel `` Dizzy '' Flores in Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles . She provided the voice for the title role in the live - action feature film Babe : Pig in the City , replacing Christine Cavanaugh . More recently in 2013 , she began doing the voice of Julius Jr. on the self - titled Nick Jr. television show . In a 2000 article from LA Weekly , in reference to how she portrays Buttercup on The Powerpuff Girls , Daily says : `` Spicy Buttercup is feisty . She 's passionate about things , and a little bit aggressive I get to rage out every now and then . You have to be pretty contained a lot of the time , and Buttercup sometimes gets a little leaky . '' Live Acting ( edit ) Besides doing voice - overs , Daily has acted in film and on TV . She played Sandy Burns on the PBS series The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981 . In 1985 , she starred as Dottie in Pee - wee 's Big Adventure as well as Loryn in Valley Girl and as a singer in the comedy Better Off Dead . She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley , CHiPs , Fame and Friends . She was also in the video for Rod Stewart 's song `` Young Turks '' as Patti , one of the runaway teens . She has been cast in several Rob Zombie films , most recently in 2015 as Sex - Head in Rob Zombie 's 31 , the woman on the side of Torsten Voges , who plays Death - Head . Stand - up comic ( edit ) Daily created and performed a one - woman stand - up comedy tour about the ups and downs of her career and life . Singing career ( edit ) Daily signed with A&M Records in 1985 , working with Madonna 's frequent collaborators John `` Jellybean '' Benitez and Stephen Bray . In 1986 , that label released the R&B / Rock single `` Say It , Say It '' . The song made it to No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the No. 1 spot on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . ( Other versions of the song appeared as early as 1981 ) . Her songs `` Shake It Up '' and `` I 'm Hot Tonight '' were included in the soundtrack to the film Scarface . Those same songs were later included in the lineup of fictional radio station Flashback 95.6 FM in the Grand Theft Auto III video game . They were also included in the Scarface : The World Is Yours video game , based on the 1983 film . Her hit `` Love in the Shadows '' was featured in the films Thief of Hearts and Circuit . Also in 1985 , she provided back - up vocals for The Human League front - man Philip Oakey 's debut solo album , Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder . That same year , she appeared in the comedy film Better Off Dead , singing the songs `` One Way Love ( Better Off Dead ) '' and `` A Little Luck '' as a member of a band performing at a high school dance . Both songs were included on the soundtrack album credited to E.G. Daily . She performed a song on The Breakfast Club soundtrack called `` Waiting '' . In 1987 , she released the song `` Mind over Matter '' , which is featured in the film Summer School . Daily plays guitar , harmonica , keyboards , and percussion instruments . In her 1988 song , `` Some People '' , from her Lace Around the Wound album , produced by Lotti Golden and Tommy Faragher , she plays guitar and harmonica . In 1999 , she released her third studio album Tearing Down the Walls . Daily released a song titled `` Changing Faces '' in 2003 . The song was used on the end credits of Rugrats Go Wild . She also released a single titled `` Beautiful '' which she made available through iTunes on April 29 , 2008 . She also sang the song `` Dawn 's Theme '' , which was used at the end of the movie Streets . From 2003 to 2011 , Daily did the voice - over of Jake Harper singing the Two and a Half Men song . Her genres are country , dance , pop and rock . The voice ( edit ) In fall 2013 , Daily sang as a contestant on the fifth season of the NBC reality show The Voice . In the blind audition broadcast on September 24 , 2013 , she sang `` Breathe '' from Faith Hill . Two of the four judges on the show , Blake Shelton and CeeLo Green , turned around their chairs for her . She chose to be on Team Blake . Daily proceeded to win her battle in the shows battle round 's singing the song `` Something to Talk About '' . She lost in the Knockout Rounds , with a performance of Bonnie Raitt 's , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' . Personal life ( edit ) Daily was dating actor Jon - Erik Hexum of the television show Cover Up at the time of his death in 1984 . She was rumored to have dated actor and comedian Paul Reubens while filming Pee - wee 's Big Adventure , and has also been in a brief relationship with actor Brad Pitt . Daily was married to Rick Salomon from 1995 to 2000 . They had two daughters , Hunter ( born in 1996 ) and Tyson ( born in 1998 ) . Daily also owns 2 dogs which are a chihuahua and a rottweiler . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1978 Jukebox Audition Dancer Credited as Elizabeth Guttman 1981 Street Music Sadie Deleward 1982 One Dark Night Leslie Winslow The Escape Artist Sandra Wacko Bambi Ladies and Gentlemen , The Fabulous Stains Motel Maid Funny Money Cass Valley Girl Loryn 1984 Streets of Fire Baby Doll No Small Affair Susan 1985 Fandango Judy Pee - wee 's Big Adventure Dottie Better Off Dead Singer Bad Dreams Lana 1989 Loverboy Linda 1991 Dutch Hailey Dogfight Marcie 1992 Lorenzo 's Oil Vocal effects for Lorenzo The Little Rascals Dubbing voice of Froggy The Flintstones Dubbing voice of Bamm - Bamm Uncredited 1995 A Goofy Movie Additional Voices Jungle Cubs Bagheera First season only 1998 The Rugrats Movie Tommy Pickles Babe : Pig in the City Babe 1999 Gen13 Freefall Unreleased in US , but direct - to - video in Europe and Australia 2000 Bob 's Video V.C. Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman Nathan Direct - to - video Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost Additional Voices Direct - to - video Rugrats in Paris : The Movie Tommy Pickles 2001 Recess : School 's Out Cap'n Sticky The Trumpet of the Swan Ella 2002 The Making and Meaning of ' We Are Family ' Documentary The Powerpuff Girls Movie Buttercup The Country Bears Beary Barrington ( singing voice ) 2003 Rugrats Go Wild Tommy Pickles 2005 Potheads : The Movie Mrs. B Johnson The Devil 's Rejects Candy 2006 Cutting Room ( film ) Joanne Kramer Mustang Sally Mustang Sally Happy Feet Baby Mumble National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! Catherine Johnson 2007 White Air Alex 's Mother 2008 Gnomes and Trolls : The Secret Chamber Junior 2009 My Sister 's Keeper Nurse Susan Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Catherine 's Niece , Patches & Scrumptious ( voice ) Gnomes and Trolls : The Forest Trial Junior 2011 Boy Toy Helen Video credited as `` E.G. Daily Happy Feet Two Erik ( vocals ) / Additional Voices 2012 Yellow Aunt Netty Wreck - It Ralph Additional Voices 2013 I Know That Voice Herself Documentary film on voice acting 2014 The Hero of Color City Ben 2015 Toy Soldier Young Logan 2016 31 Sex - Head Pizza Mouse Alice Mouse Mothers and Daughters Momma Quinn 2017 The Emoji Movie Additional Voices Short subjects ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1985 The Orkly Kid Carrissa Stop That Cycle Mom Wait 2007 Up - In - Down Town Binko ( voice ) 2015 Father Mud Mary Toy Soldier Young Logan ( voice ) 2020 Underlings Arthur Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1982 CHiPs Caroll Sweeney Season 5 , Episode 17 1986 Saturday Night Live Herself ( as E.G. Daily ) Musical guest ( episode 212 , May 17 , 1986 ) Popples Potato Chip Live - action pilot 1989 Camp Candy Rick / Alex / Binky Season 3 1991 -- 2004 Rugrats Tommy Pickles , Baby Stu Pickles , Various Voices 172 episodes 1992 Darkwing Duck Lightwave Episode : The Frequency Fiends 1992 -- 97 Eek ! The Cat Wendy Elizabeth ( voice ) 30 episodes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Quarx ( voice ) Episode : `` The Star Child '' 1994 -- 97 Duckman Mambo ( voice ) 15 episodes 1995 Bump in the Night Germ Girls ( voice ) 1 episode 1995 -- 96 What - a-Mess Voice 3 episodes 1995 -- 97 The What - A-Cartoon ! Show Buttercup ( voice ) 2 episodes Timon & Pumbaa Girl ( voice ) Episode : `` Shopping Mauled / Library Brouhaha '' Cave Kids Bamm - Bamm Rubble ( singing voice ) 8 episodes Jungle Cubs Bagheera ( voice ) 13 episodes 1996 -- 97 Quack Pack Louie ( voice ) 39 episodes 1997 Friends Leslie ( as E.G. Daily ) Episode : `` The One with Phoebe 's Ex-Partner '' Spicy City Nisa , Darleen ( voice ) Episode : `` Love is a Download '' 1997 -- 98 The Crayon Box Piggy Banks ( voice ) Voice 1997 -- 2001 Recess Various Voices 4 episodes 1998 The New Batman Adventures Thrift Store Manager ( voice ) Episode : `` Beware the Creeper '' 1998 -- 2005 The Powerpuff Girls Buttercup , Various Voices 81 episodes 1999 -- 2000 Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles Private Isabelle `` Dizzy '' Flores ( voice ) 40 episodes 1999 -- 2002 The New Woody Woodpecker Show Knothead ( voice ) 15 episodes 2000 -- 02 Baby Blues Zoe 2000 -- 03 Clifford the Big Red Dog Cousin Laura ( voice ) 1 episode 2001 -- 07 What 's with Andy ? Additional Voices 5 episodes 2002 -- 08 ChalkZone Rudy Tabootie ( voice ) , Various Voices 42 episodes 2003 -- 08 All Grown Up ! Tommy Pickles ( voice ) , Various Voices 52 episodes 2003 -- 10 Two and a Half Men Jake Harper ( voice -- opening theme song ) Game Over Billy Smashenburn , Zenna 6 episodes 2005 Danger Rangers Bobby , Kid , and Sparky 2006 -- 2015 Curious George Steve , Various Voices 44 episodes 2007 The Land Before Time Rhett , Shorty ( voice ) Episodes : `` The Brave Longneck Scheme '' ( as Rhett ) , `` The Big Longneck Test '' ( as Shorty ) Random ! Cartoons Victor , One - Eyed Bird , Co-Worker No. 1 ( voice ) Episode : `` Victor '' 2007 -- 08 Ni Hao , Kai - Lan Mr. Hoppy ( voice ) 2 episodes 2008 Rahan The Shadow Queen 26 episodes 2010 -- 12 The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird / Veranke 5 episodes 2010 -- 13 Pound Puppies Dolly , Mom ( 2 ) , Tipper , Scout , Various Voices 22 episodes 2013 The Voice Herself / Contestant 2013 -- 15 Julius Jr . Julius Junior ( voice ) 51 episodes 2014 TripTank Anthony , Sean , Kids 2 - 6 ( voice ) 3 episodes 2016 Avengers : Ultron Revolution Moonstone / Meteorite ( voice ) 3 episodes The Middle Daphne Episode : `` The Wisdom Teeth '' 2017 Adam Ruins Everything Student ( voice ) Episode : `` Adam Ruins What We Learned in School '' Video games ( edit ) Year Video game Role Notes 1995 Stonekeep Sweetie Surly 1997 Duckman : The Graphic Adventures of a Private Dick Mambo 1998 Rugrats Adventure Game Tommy Pickles , Parade Lady Rugrats : Search for Reptar Tommy Pickles 2000 Rugrats in Paris : The Movies Tommy Pickles 2001 Nicktoons Racing Tommy Pickles The Powerpuff Girls : Mojo Jojo 's Pet Project Buttercup The Powerpuff Girls : Chemical X-traction Buttercup 2002 Rugrats : Royal Ransom Tommy Pickles The Powerpuff Girls : Relish Rampage Buttercup , Male Child 5 , Female Child 5 2003 Rugrats Go Wild ! Tommy Pickles The Incredibles Helen Parr / Elastigirl 2006 Baten Kaitos Origins Wacho Downhill Jam Fei Liu Happy Feet Toddler Mumble , Toddler Gloria 2008 Speed Racer : The Videogame Rosey Blaze 2009 Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall Buttercup Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Spider - Woman ( Jessica Drew ) 2012 Skylanders : Giants Sprocket 2013 Skylanders : Swap Force Sprocket 2014 Skylanders : Trap Team Sprocket 2015 Skylanders : SuperChargers Sprocket Fire Emblem Fates Hinoka , Peri , Selkie credited as `` Lizzy Hunter '' 2016 Doom UAC Facility voice , additional voices credited as `` E.G. Daily '' Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Title Album details Wild Child Released : 1985 Label : A&M Formats : CD , LP , cassette Lace Around the Wound Released : May 25 , 1989 Label : A&M Formats : CD , LP , cassette Tearing Down the Walls Released : April 13 , 1999 Label : EGDP Formats : CD Changing Faces Released : 2008 Label : EGDP Formats : CD Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US Club US Dance US R&B CAN FR IT NL NZ 1986 `` Say It , Say It '' 70 71 46 -- 22 13 14 Wild Child `` Love in the Shadows '' -- 6 14 -- -- -- -- 37 -- `` Mind over Matter '' -- 7 17 -- -- -- -- -- -- Summer School soundtrack 1989 `` Some People '' -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Lace Around the Wound `` This Time '' -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- 1999 `` Do n't Even Care '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Tearing Down the Walls `` Breath of Heaven '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2003 `` Changing Faces '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Changing Faces 2008 `` Beautiful '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Somebody 's Loving You '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ E.G. Daily 's interview from LA Weekly 's review on The Powerpuff Girls Jump up ^ Official site of EG Daily -- Film and TV Archived July 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 80 's Babe and Voice Actor E.G. Daily Joins Rob Zombie 's ' 31 ' '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Jump up ^ `` More Footage of Rob Zombie Prepping ' 31 ' '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Jump up ^ `` Giorgio Moroder - The Electropop Years ( 1980 - 85 ) '' . www.discog.info . Jump up ^ `` Watch me on The Voice ! '' . EG Daily 's Homepage . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pam Anderson Weds Rick Salomon '' . US Magazine . October 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . Among the guests were ... his daughters Hunter , 11 , and Tyson , 9 . Jump up ^ I Know That Voice. 2013 . Jump up ^ Blazenhoff , Rusty ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) . `` I Know That Voice , A Documentary About the World of Voice Acting '' . Laughing Squid . Jump up ^ Vicarious Visions . Skylanders : SuperChargers . Activision . Scene : Closing credits , 7 : 13 in , Voice Actors . External links ( edit ) Official website Elizabeth Daily on IMDb The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' `` Walk My Way '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Britton Buchanan Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams The Powerpuff Girls Original series Blossom , Bubbles , and Buttercup secondary characters episodes soundtracks The Powerpuff Girls Movie Video games Bad Mojo Jojo Paint the Townsville Green Chemical X-traction Related media Powerpuff Girls Z characters episodes 2016 reboot characters Bliss episodes See also What a Cartoon ! `` Angels with Dirty Faces '' BNE : XX4785395 BNF : cb13992921x ( data ) GND : 1029691274 ISNI : 0000 0001 1645 4283 LCCN : n91079306 MusicBrainz : aa263df5 - 9507 - 43de - ba1d - 77448d456b16 SUDOC : 145021777 VIAF : 54342290 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E.G._Daily&oldid=841661425 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people American dance musicians American female pop singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American film actresses American video game actresses American television actresses American voice actresses The Voice ( TV series ) contestants 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Actresses from Los Angeles Musicians from Los Angeles Singers from California 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American impressionists ( entertainers ) Songwriters from California Comedians from California 20th - century women musicians 21st - century women singers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2014 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska اردو 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang better off dead in the movie better off dead	[ "Also in 1985, she provided back-up vocals for The Human League front-man Philip Oakey's debut solo album, Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder.[5] That same year, she appeared in the comedy film Better Off Dead, singing the songs \"One Way Love (Better Off Dead)\" and \"A Little Luck\" as a member of a band performing at a high school dance. Both songs were included on the soundtrack album credited to E. G. Daily. She performed a song on The Breakfast Club soundtrack called \"Waiting\"." ]	[ "E. G. Daily" ]
-940008040145343793	Daniel Hale Williams	Daniel Hale Williams - wikipedia Daniel Hale Williams Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Daniel Williams , see Daniel Williams ( disambiguation ) . Daniel Hale Williams ( 1856 - 01 - 18 ) January 18 , 1856 Hollidaysburg , Pennsylvania , US August 4 , 1931 ( 1931 - 08 - 04 ) ( aged 75 ) Idlewild , Michigan , US Alma mater Chicago Medical College Scientific career Fields Cardiology Institutions Provident Hospital Meharry Medical College Freedman 's Hospital St. Lukes Hospital Cook County Hospital Daniel Hale Williams ( January 18 , 1856 -- August 4 , 1931 ) was an African - American general surgeon , who in 1893 performed the first documented , successful pericardium surgery in the United States to repair a wound . He founded Chicago 's Provident Hospital , the first non-segregated hospital in the United States , and also founded an associated nursing school for African Americans . The heart surgery at Provident , which his patient survived for the next twenty years , is referred to as `` the first successful heart surgery '' by Encyclopedia Britannica . In 1913 , Williams was elected as the only African - American charter member of the American College of Surgeons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Legacy 4 Legacy and honors 5 Representation in other media 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Career ( edit ) At the time that Williams graduated from medical school , black doctors were not allowed to work in Chicago hospitals . As a result , in 1891 , Williams founded the Provident Hospital and training school for nurses in Chicago . This was established mostly for the benefit of African - American residents , to increase their accessibility to health care . In 1893 , Williams became the first African American on record to have successfully performed pericardium surgery to repair a wound . On September 6 , 1891 , Henry Dalton had successfully performed pericardium surgery to repair a wound , with the patient fully recovering . Earlier successful surgeries to drain the pericardium , by performing a pericardiostomy were done by Francisco Romero in 1801 and Dominique Jean Larrey in 1810 . On July 10 , 1893 , Williams repaired the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient , James Cornish . Cornish , who was stabbed directly through the left fifth costal cartilage , had been admitted the previous night . Williams decided to operate the next morning in response to continued bleeding , cough and `` pronounced '' symptoms of shock . He performed this surgery , without the benefit of penicillin or blood transfusion , at Provident Hospital , Chicago . It was not reported until 1897 . He undertook a second procedure to drain fluid . About fifty days after the initial procedure , Cornish left the hospital . In 1893 , during the administration of President Grover Cleveland , Williams was appointed surgeon - in - chief of Freedman 's Hospital in Washington , D.C. , a post he held until 1898 . That year he married Alice Johnson , who was born in the city and graduated from Howard University , and moved back to Chicago . In addition to organizing Provident Hospital , Williams also established a training school for African - American nurses at the facility . Williams was a Professor of Clinical Surgery at Meharry Medical College in Nashville , Tennessee and was an attending surgeon at Cook County Hospital in Chicago . He worked to create more hospitals that admitted African Americans . In 1895 he co-founded the National Medical Association for African American doctors , and in 1913 he became a charter member and the only African - American doctor in the American College of Surgeons . Personal life ( edit ) Daniel Hale Williams was born in 1856 and raised in the city of Hollidaysburg , Pennsylvania . His father , Daniel Hale Williams Jr. was the son of a black barber and a Scots - Irish woman . His mother was African American and likely also mixed race . The fifth child born , Williams lived with his parents , a brother and five sisters . His family eventually moved to Annapolis , Maryland . Shortly after when Williams was nine , his father died of tuberculosis . Williams ' mother realized she could not manage the entire family and sent some of the children to live with relatives . Williams was apprenticed to a shoemaker in Baltimore , Maryland but ran away to join his mother , who had moved to Rockford , Illinois . He later moved to Edgerton , Wisconsin , where he joined his sister and opened his own barber shop . After moving to nearby Janesville , Wisconsin , Williams became fascinated by the work of a local physician and decided to follow his path . He began working as an apprentice to Dr. Henry W. Palmer , studying with him for two years . In 1880 Williams entered Chicago Medical College , now known as Northwestern University Medical School . After graduation from Northwestern in 1883 , he opened his own medical office in Chicago , Illinois . Williams was married in 1898 to Alice Johnson , natural daughter of American sculptor Moses Jacob Ezekiel and a mixed - race maid . Williams died of a stroke in Idlewild , Michigan on August 4 , 1931 . His wife , Alice Johnson , had died in 1924 . Legacy ( edit ) In the 1890s several attempts were made to improve cardiac surgery . On September 6 , 1891 the first successful pericardial sac repair operation in the United States of America was performed by Henry C. Dalton of Saint Louis , Missouri . The first successful surgery on the heart itself was performed by Norwegian surgeon Axel Cappelen on September 4 , 1895 at Rikshospitalet in Kristiania , now Oslo . The first successful surgery of the heart , performed without any complications , was by Dr. Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt , Germany , who repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle on September 7 , 1896 . Despite these improvements , heart - related surgery was not widely accepted in the field of medical science until during World War II . Surgeons were forced to improve their methods of surgery in order to repair severe war wounds . Although they did not receive early recognition for their pioneering work , Dalton and Williams were later recognised for their roles in cardiac surgery . Legacy and honors ( edit ) Williams received honorary degrees from Howard and Wilberforce Universities , was named a charter member of the American College of Surgeons , and was a member of the Chicago Surgical Society . A Pennsylvania State Historical Marker was placed at U.S. Route 22 eastbound ( Blair St. , 300 block ) , Hollidaysburg , Pennsylvania , to commemorate his accomplishments and mark his boyhood home . Representation in other media ( edit ) The Stevie Wonder song `` Black Man '' honors the achievements of Williams , among others . Tim Reid Plays Dr. Williams in the TV series Sister , Sister season 5 episode 18 `` I Have a Dream '' ( February 25 , 1998 ) . In 2002 , scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Daniel Hale Williams on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . See also ( edit ) Biography portal The Knick Vivien Thomas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although a half dozen biographical dictionaries place Daniel Hale Williams 's birth date in 1858 , 1856 is the date given in the U.S. Census records of Hollidaysburg , Pennsylvania , for 1860 and of Janesville , Wisconsin , for 1880 ; these agree on 1856 , and the former was given by his parents . Also , when Dr. Dan Williams registered officially with the Illinois State Board of Health as a physician , on April 18 , 1883 , he gave his age as twenty - eight . This too points to 1856 , making him at his registration twenty - seven years and three months old , or in his twenty - eighth year . Buckler , Helen . Daniel Hale Williams : Negro Surgeon , Pitman Publishing Company , 1954 ( 2nd edition 1968 ) , pp287 - 288 . Full text at https://archive.org/stream/danielhalfwillia013550mbp/danielhalfwillia013550mbp_djvu.txt Jump up ^ Weisse , Allen B. ( 2011 ) . `` Cardiac Surgery : A Century of Progress '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 38 ( 5 ) : 486 -- 490 . PMC 3231540 . PMID 22163121 . ^ Jump up to : Shumacker , Harris B. ( 1992 ) . The Evolution of Cardiac Surgery . Indiana University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , H.C. ( 1895 ) . `` III . Report of a Case of Stab - Wound of the Pericardium , Terminating in Recovery after Resection of a Rib and Suture of the Pericardium '' . Annals of Surgery . 21 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 152 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000658 - 189521060 - 00016 . PMC 1494048 . PMID 17860132 . Jump up ^ Organ , Claude . A Century of Black Surgeons , The U.S.A. Experience , Chapter 8 , p. 311 Daniel Hale Williams , MD ; Transcript Press , Norman OK , 1987 ISBN 0 - 9617380 - 0 - 6 ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Hale Williams American Physician '' . Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2008 ) . `` Reference Room : Daniel Hale Williams '' . African American World . PBS . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Hale Williams '' . The Black Inventor Online Museum . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Wood , Horatio C. ( 1895 ) . `` American Medico - Surgical Bulletin '' . 8 ( 24 ) . The Bulletin Publishing Company : 306 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Aris A ( September 1997 ) . `` Francisco Romero , the first heart surgeon '' . Ann . Thorac . Surg. 64 : 870 -- 1 . doi : 10.1016 / s0003 - 4975 ( 97 ) 00760 - 1 . PMID 9307502 . Jump up ^ Shumacker HB Jr . `` When did cardiac surgery begin ? '' . J Cardiovasc Surg ( Torino ) . 30 : 246 -- 9 . PMID 2651455 . Jump up ^ `` History : Provident Hospital - The Provident Foundation '' . The Provident Foundation . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bigelow ( 1992 ) , p. 254 Jump up ^ `` First Open Heart Surgeon '' . History : Dr. Daniel Hale Williams . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Hale Williams '' . The Black Inventor Online Museum . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington , Booker Taliaferro ( 1907 ) . Harlan , Louis R. , ed . The Booker T. Washington Papers . vol. 9 : 1906 - 1908 ( The Open Book ed . ) . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . p. 396 , . OCLC 58644475 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://mail.blockyourid.com/~gbpprorg/invention/heartsurgery.html Archived 2015 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Westaby , Stephen ; Bosher , Cecil . Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery . ISBN 1 - 899066 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ Baksaas ST , Solberg S ( January 2003 ) . `` Verdens første hjerteoperasjon '' . Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen. 123 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Absolon KB , Naficy MA ( 2002 ) . First successful cardiac operation in a human , 1896 : a documentation : the life , the times , and the work of Ludwig Rehn ( 1849 -- 1930 ) . Rockville , Maryland : Kabel , 2002 Jump up ^ Johnson SL ( 1970 ) . History of Cardiac Surgery , 1896 -- 1955 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : American Experience . `` Timeline : Heart in History '' . PBS.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Hale Williams - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com '' . Waymarking.com . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Asante , Molefi Kete ( 2002 ) . 100 Greatest African Americans : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Amherst , New York . Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bigelow , Barbara Carlisle , Contemporary Black biography : profiles from the international Black community , Gale Research Inc. , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8554 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Yenser , Thomas ( 1933 ) . Who 's Who in Colored America : 1930 - 1931 - 1932 . Brooklyn : T. Yenser . OCLC 26073112 . Buckler , Helen ( 1968 ) . Daniel Hale Williams : Negro Surgeon . New York : Pitman . OCLC 220544784 . Chenrow , Fred ; Chenrow , Carol ( 1973 ) . Reading Exercises in Black History , Volume 1 . Elizabethtown , PA : The Continental Press , Inc. p. 60 . ISBN 08454 - 2107 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Daniel Hale Williams at the African American Registry ( archived by the Wayback Machine ) Daniel Hale Williams at Find a Grave The Provident Foundation The Provident Foundation History : Dr. Daniel Hale Williams Obituary in the Journal of the National Medical Association ( PDF file ) . LCCN : n50015723 SNAC : w6ff587p SUDOC : 076736288 VIAF : 84797575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Hale_Williams&oldid=838545841 '' Categories : 1858 births 1931 deaths African - American physicians American cardiac surgeons American hospital administrators American people of Scotch - Irish descent People from Janesville , Wisconsin People from Hollidaysburg , Pennsylvania Burials at Graceland Cemetery ( Chicago ) Feinberg School of Medicine alumni Physicians from Pennsylvania People from Lake County , Michigan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Français Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who performed the first open heart surgery in america	[ "Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856[1] – August 4, 1931) was an African-American general surgeon, who in 1893 performed the first documented, successful pericardium surgery in the United States to repair a wound.[2][3][4][5] He founded Chicago's Provident Hospital, the first non-segregated hospital in the United States, and also founded an associated nursing school for African Americans." ]	[ "Daniel Hale Williams" ]
4819181556913540271	Spanish American wars of independence	Spanish American wars of Independence - wikipedia Spanish American wars of Independence See also : Latin American wars of independence Spanish American Wars of Independence Decisive events of the war : Cortes de Cádiz ( 1812 ) ( top left ) ; Congress of Cúcuta ( 1821 ) ( bottom left ) ; Crossing of the Andes ( 1817 ) ( bottom right ) ; Battle of Tampico ( 1829 ) ( top right ) . Date 25 September 1808 -- 29 September 1833 ( 25 years and 4 days ) Location Spanish America Result Independentist states victory End of the majority of Spanish rule in the Americas . Territorial changes Spain loses dominion over most of its American possessions , retaining only the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico . Belligerents Monarchy of Spain : Spain Spanish America Viceroyalty of New Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Viceroyalty of New Granada Hispanic American Independentists : United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Chile Venezuela Gran Colombia After 1820 : Free Province of Guayaquil Mexican Empire Republic of Peru Units involved Royalists : Royal Army Native American Quechua nobility Mapuches Guajira Indians Portuguese Army in Cisplatina ( 1811 ) Patriots : Army of the North ( United Provinces ) Army of the Andes United Army ( Argentine - Chilean ) Army of Great Colombia . Army of the Three Guarantees Indigenous peoples of Mexico British Legions Insurgent Privateers Others Foreign volunteers Strength 44,400 soldiers ( total deployment ) Unknown The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century , after the French invasion of Spain during Europe 's Napoleonic Wars . These conflicts started in 1809 with short - lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito in opposing the government of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville . In 1810 , numerous new juntas appeared across the Spanish domains in the Americas when the Central Junta fell to the French invasion . Although various regions of Spanish America objected to many crown policies , `` there was little interest in outright independence ; indeed there was widespread support for the Spanish Central Junta formed to lead the resistance against the French . '' While some Spanish Americans believed that independence was necessary , most who initially supported the creation of the new governments saw them as a means to preserve the region 's autonomy from the French . Over the course of the next decade , the political instability in Spain and the absolutist restoration under Ferdinand VII convinced many Spanish Americans of the need to formally establish independence from the mother country . These conflicts were fought both as irregular warfare and conventional warfare , and as wars of national liberation and civil wars . The conflicts among the colonies and with Spain eventually resulted in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south to Mexico in the north in the first third of the 19th century . Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . The new republics from the beginning abolished the formal system of racial classification and hierarchy , casta system , the Inquisition , and noble titles . Slavery was not abolished immediately but ended in all of the new nations within a quarter century . Criollos ( those of Spanish descent born in the New World ) and mestizos ( those of mixed American Indian and Spanish blood or culture ) replaced Spanish - born appointees in most political governments . Criollos remained at the top of a social structure that retained some of its traditional features culturally , if not legally . For almost a century thereafter , conservatives and liberals fought to reverse or to deepen the social and political changes unleashed by those rebellions . The events in Spanish America were related to the wars of independence in the former French colony of St - Domingue , Haiti , and the transition to independence in Brazil . Brazil 's independence , in particular , shared a common starting point with that of Spanish America , since both conflicts were triggered by Napoleon 's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula , which forced the Portuguese royal family to flee to Brazil in 1807 . The process of Latin American independence took place in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment and that influenced all of the Atlantic Revolutions , including the earlier revolutions in the United States and France . A more direct cause of the Spanish American wars of independence were the unique developments occurring within the Kingdom of Spain and its monarchy during this era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 Creation of new ruling institutions in Spain and Americas , 1808 -- 1810 2.1 Collapse of the Bourbon dynasty 2.2 Spanish institutional revolution 2.3 Response in Spanish America 3 Civil wars for disputed sovereignty , 1810 -- 14 3.1 Major cities and regional rivalries 3.2 Social and racial tensions 4 King 's war against independence , 1814 -- 20 4.1 Restoration of Ferdinand VII 4.2 Royalist military 4.3 Pro-independence advances 5 Independence consolidated , 1820 -- 33 5.1 New Spain and Central America 5.2 South America 5.3 Last royalist bastions 6 Effects of independence 6.1 Economics 6.2 Society 6.3 Role of women 6.4 Government and politics 7 Overview 7.1 Wars , battles and revolts 7.2 Pro-independence 7.3 Royalists 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Foreign involvement 10.2 Historiography Historical context ( edit ) Development of Spanish American Independence Government under traditional Spanish law Loyal to Supreme Central Junta or Cortes American junta or insurrection movement Independent state declared or established Height of French control of the Peninsula Political independence was not necessarily the foreordained outcome of the political turmoil in Spanish America . `` There was little interest in outright independence . '' As historians R.A. Humphreys and John Lynch note , `` it is all too easy to equate the forces of discontent or even the forces of change with the forces of revolution . '' Since `` by definition , there was no history of independence until it happened , '' because Spanish American independence did occur , explanations for why it came about have been sought . There are a number of factors that have been identified . First , increasing control by the Crown of its overseas empire via the Bourbon Reforms of the mid-eighteenth century introduced changes to the relationship of Spanish Americans to the Crown . The language used to describe the overseas empire shifted from `` kingdoms '' with independent standing with the crown to `` colonies '' subordinate to Spain . In an effort to better control the administration and economy of the overseas possessions the Crown reintroduced the practice of appointing outsiders , almost all peninsulars , to the royal offices throughout the empire . This meant that Spanish American elites were thwarted in their expectations and ambitions by the crown 's upending of long - standing practices of creole access to office holding . The regalist and secularizing policies of the Bourbon monarchy were aimed at decreasing the power of the Roman Catholic Church . The crown had already expelled the Jesuits in 1767 , which saw many creole members of the Society of Jesus go into permanent exile . Later in the eighteenth century the crown sought to decrease the privileges ( fueros ) of the clergy , restricting clerical authority to spiritual matters and undermining the power of parish priests , who often acted as agents of the crown in rural parishes . By desacralizing power and frontal attacks on the clergy , the crown , according to William B. Taylor , undermined its own legitimacy , since parish priests had been traditionally the `` natural local representatives of their Catholic king . '' In the economic sphere , the crown sought to gain control over church revenues . In a financial crisis of 1804 , the crown attempted to call in debts owed the church , mainly in the form of mortgages for haciendas owned by the elites . The Act of Consolidation simultaneously threatened the wealth of the church , whose capital was mainly lent for mortgages , as well as threatening the financial well - being of elites , who depended on mortgages for acquiring and keeping their estates . Shortening the repayment period meant many elites were faced with bankruptcy . The crown also sought to gain access to benefices elite families set aside to support a priest , often their own family members , by eliminating these endowed funds ( capellanías ) that the lower clergy depended on disproportionately . Prominently in Mexico , lower clergy participated in the insurgency for independence with priests Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos . The reforms had mixed results . In some areas -- such as Cuba , Río de la Plata and New Spain -- the reforms had positive effects , improving the local economy and the efficiency of the government . In other areas , the changes in the crown 's economic and administrative policies led to tensions with locals , which at times erupted into open revolts , such as the Revolt of the Comuneros in New Granada and the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II in Peru . The loss of high offices to Criollos and the eighteenth - century revolts in Spanish South America were the direct causes of the wars of independence , which took place decades later , but they have been considered important elements of the political background in which the wars took place . Other factors may include Enlightenment thinking and the examples of the Atlantic Revolutions . The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social and economic reform to spread throughout Spanish America and the Iberian Peninsula . Ideas about free trade and physiocratic economics were raised by the Enlightenment in Spain and spread to the overseas empire and a homegrown Spanish American Enlightenment . The political reforms implemented and the many constitutions written both in Spain and throughout the Spanish world during the wars of independence were influenced by these factors . Creation of new ruling institutions in Spain and Americas , 1808 -- 1810 ( edit ) Collapse of the Bourbon dynasty ( edit ) Main articles : Abdications of Bayonne , Kingdom of Spain ( Napoleonic ) , and Peninsular War The Peninsular War was the trigger for conflicts in Spanish America in the absence of a legitimate monarch . The Peninsular War began an extended period of instability in the worldwide Spanish monarchy that lasted until 1823 . Napoleon 's capture of the Bourbon monarchs precipitated a political crisis in Spain and Spanish America . Although the Spanish world almost uniformly rejected Napoleon 's plan to place his brother , Joseph , on the throne , there was no clear solution to the lack of a king . Following traditional Spanish political theories on the contractual nature of the monarchy ( see Philosophy of Law of Francisco Suárez ) , the peninsular provinces responded to the crisis by establishing juntas . The move , however , led to more confusion , since there was no central authority and most juntas did not recognize the claim of some juntas to represent the monarchy as a whole . The Junta of Seville , in particular , claimed authority over the overseas empire , because of the province 's historic role as the exclusive entrepôt of the empire . This impasse was resolved through negotiations between the several juntas in Spain counted with the participation of the Council of Castile , which led to the creation of a main government : the `` Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies '' on September 25 , 1808 . It was agreed that the kingdoms of the peninsula would send two representatives to this Supreme Central Junta , and that the overseas kingdoms would send one representative each . These kingdoms were defined as `` the viceroyalties of New Spain ( Mexico ) , Peru , New Granada , and Buenos Aires , and the independent captaincies general of the island of Cuba , Puerto Rico , Guatemala , Chile , Province of Venezuela , and the Philippines . '' This plan was criticized for providing unequal representation to Spanish America ; nevertheless , throughout the end of 1808 and early 1809 , the regional capitals elected candidates , whose names were forwarded to the capitals of the viceroyalties or captaincies general . Several important and large cities were left without direct representation in the Supreme Junta . In particular Quito and Chuquisaca , which saw themselves as the capitals of kingdoms , resented being subsumed in the larger Viceroyalty of Peru . This unrest led to the establishment of juntas in these cities in 1809 , which were eventually quashed by the authorities within the year . An unsuccessful attempt at establishing a junta in New Spain was also stopped . Spanish institutional revolution ( edit ) Main articles : Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom , Cádiz Cortes , Trienio Liberal , and Provincial deputation in Spanish America Deputies of Cádiz Cortes by territories The escape to Cádiz and the dissolution of the Supreme Central Junta on January 29 , 1810 , because of the reverses suffered after the Battle of Ocaña by the Spanish forces paid with Spanish American money , set off another wave of juntas being established in the Americas . French forces had taken over southern Spain and forced the Supreme Junta to seek refuge in the island - city of Cádiz . The Supreme Junta replaced itself with a smaller , five - man council , called the Regency , or the Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies . Next , in order to establish a more legitimate government system , the Regency called for the convening of an `` extraordinary and general Cortes of the Spanish Nation '' : the `` Cádiz Cortes '' . The plan for the election of the Cortes , based on provinces , and not kingdoms , was more equitable and provided more time to determine what would be considered an overseas province . The Cádiz Cortes was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain . It represented the abolition of the old kingdoms . The opening session was held on 24 September 1810 , in the building now known as the Real Teatro de las Cortes under the siege of French army . It met as one body and its members represented the entire Spanish empire . Response in Spanish America ( edit ) Main articles : Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people , Junta ( Spanish American Independence ) , Chuquisaca Revolution , La Paz revolution , and Luz de América Most Spanish Americans saw no reason to recognize a rump government that was under the threat of being captured by the French at any moment , and began to work for the creation of local juntas to preserve the region 's independence from the French . Junta movements were successful in New Granada ( Colombia ) , Venezuela , Chile and Río de la Plata ( Argentina ) . Less successful , though serious movements , also occurred in Central America . Ultimately , Central America , along with most of New Spain , Quito ( Ecuador ) , Peru , Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) , the Caribbean and the Philippine Islands remained in control of royalists for the next decade and participated in the Spanish Cortes effort to establish a liberal government for the Spanish Monarchy . Civil wars for disputed sovereignty , 1810 -- 14 ( edit ) See also : Supreme Junta , First Republic of Venezuela , Patria Vieja , May Revolution , Patria Boba , 1811 Independence Movement , España Boba , Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , José María Morelos , José Gervasio Artigas , and Second Republic of Venezuela The creation of juntas in Spanish America , such as the Junta Suprema de Caracas on April 19 , 1810 , set the stage for the fighting that would afflict the region for the next decade and a half . Political fault lines appeared , and were often the causes of military conflict . On the one hand the juntas challenged the authority of all royal officials , whether they recognized the Regency or not . On the other hand , royal officials and Spanish Americans who desired to keep the empire together were split between liberals , who supported the efforts of the Cortes , and conservatives ( often called `` absolutists '' in the historiography ) , who did not want to see any innovations in government . Finally , although the juntas claimed to carry out their actions in the name of the deposed king , Ferdinand VII , their creation provided an opportunity for people who favored outright independence to promote their agenda publicly and safely . The proponents of independence called themselves patriots , a term which eventually was generally applied to them . The idea that independence was not the initial concern is evidenced by the fact that few areas declared independence in the years after 1810 . The congresses of Venezuela and New Granada did so in 1811 and also Paraguay in same year ( 14 and 15 of May 1811 ) . Some historians explain the reluctance to declare independence as a `` mask of Ferdinand VII '' : that is , that patriot leaders felt that they needed to claim loyalty to the deposed monarch in order to prepare the masses for the radical change that full independence eventually would entail . Nevertheless , even areas such as Río de la Plata and Chile , which more or less maintained de facto independence from the peninsular authorities , did not declare independence until quite a few years later , in 1816 and 1818 , respectively . Overall , despite achieving formal or de facto independence , many regions of Spanish America were marked by nearly continuous civil wars , which lasted well into the 1820s . In Mexico , where the junta movement had been stopped in its early stages by a coalition of Peninsular merchants and government officials , efforts to establish a government independent of the Regency or the French took the form of rebellion , under the leadership of Miguel Hidalgo . Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811 , but a resistance movement continued , which declared independence from Spain in 1813 . In Central America , attempts at establishing juntas were also put down , but resulted in significantly less violence . The Caribbean islands , like the Philippines on the other side of the world , were relatively peaceful . Any plots to set up juntas were denounced to the authorities early enough to stop them before they gained widespread support . Major cities and regional rivalries ( edit ) Main article : Royalist ( Spanish American independence ) The Battle of San Lorenzo in 1813 Major cities and regional rivalry played an important role in the wars . The disappearance of a central , imperial authority -- and in some cases of even a local , viceregal authority ( as in the cases of New Granada and Río de la Plata ) -- initiated a prolonged period of balkanization in many regions of Spanish America . It was not clear which political units should replace the empire , and there were no new national identities to replace the traditional sense of being Spaniards . The original juntas of 1810 appealed first to a sense of being Spanish , which was counterposed to the French threat ; second , to a general American identity , which was counterposed to the Peninsula lost to the French ; and third , to a sense of belonging to the major cities or local province , the patria in Spanish . More often than not , juntas sought to maintain a province 's independence from the capital of the former viceroyalty or captaincy general as much as from the Peninsula itself . Armed conflicts broke out between the provinces over the question of whether some cities or provinces were to be subordinate to others as they had been under the crown . This phenomenon was particularly evident in South America . This rivalry also led some regions to adopt the opposite political cause to that chosen by their rivals . Peru seems to have remained strongly royalist in large part because of its rivalry with Río de la Plata , to which it had lost control of Upper Peru when the latter was elevated to a viceroyalty in 1776 . The creation of juntas in Río de la Plata allowed Peru to regain formal control of Upper Peru for the duration of the wars . Social and racial tensions ( edit ) Exodus from the town of Caracas 1814 Underlying social and racial tensions also had a great impact on the nature of the fighting . Rural areas were pitted against urban centers , as grievances against the authorities found an outlet in the political conflict . This was the case with Hidalgo 's peasant revolt , which was fueled as much by discontent over several years of bad harvests as with events in the Peninsular War . Hidalgo was originally part of a circle of liberal urbanites in Querétaro , who sought to establish a junta . After this conspiracy was discovered , Hidalgo turned to the rural people of the Mexican Bajío to build his army , and their interests soon overshadowed those of the urban intellectuals . A similar tension existed in Venezuela , where the Spanish immigrant José Tomás Boves formed a powerful , though irregular , royalist army out of the Llaneros , mixed - race slave and plains people , by attacking the white landowning class . Boves and his followers often disregarded the command of Spanish officials and were not concerned with actually re-establishing the toppled royal government , choosing instead to keep real power among themselves . Finally , in the back country of Upper Peru , the republiquetas kept the idea of independence alive by allying with disenfranchised members of rural society and native groups , but were never able to take the major population centers . Increasingly violent confrontations developed between Spaniards and Spanish Americans , but this tension was often related to class issues or fomented by patriot leaders to create a new sense of nationalism . After being incited to rid the country of the gachupines ( a disparaging term for Peninsulares ) , Hidalgo 's forces indiscriminately massacred hundreds of Criollos and Peninsulares who had taken refuge at the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato . In Venezuela during his Admirable Campaign , Simón Bolívar instituted a policy of a war to the death , in which royalist Spanish Americans would be purposely spared but even neutral Peninsulares would be killed , in order to drive a wedge between the two groups . This policy laid the ground for the violent royalist reaction under Boves . Often though , royalism or patriotism simply provided a banner to organize the aggrieved , and the political causes could be discarded just as quickly as they were picked up . The Venezuelan Llaneros switched to the patriot banner once the elites and the urban centers became securely royalist after 1815 , and it was the royal army in Mexico that ultimately brought about that nation 's independence . King 's war against Independence , 1814 -- 20 ( edit ) Main article : Reconquista ( Spanish America ) Part of a series of articles on Monarchy Central concepts ( show ) Monarch Monarchism Divine right of kings Mandate of Heaven Types ( show ) Absolute Composite Constitutional Diarchy Dual Elective Emirate Ethnarch Federal Hereditary Legalist ( Chinese ) Non-sovereign Popular Regency Tetrarch Universal History ( show ) Birth of the Roman Empire Magna Carta Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Glorious Revolution French Revolution Trienio Liberal First French Empire Liberal Wars Second French Empire Italian unification Meiji Restoration German unification 5 October 1910 Revolution Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution Siamese revolution of 1932 Birth of the Italian Republic Spanish transition to democracy Iranian Revolution Modern Cambodia Nepalese Civil War Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Autocracy Crowned republic Conservatism Thomas Hobbes Legitimists Orléanist Oligarchy Philosopher king Primogeniture Royalism Regicide Regnal number Royal family Ultra-royalist Politics portal Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael J. Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution 1935 Greek coup d'état attempt Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal By 1815 the general outlines of which areas were controlled by royalists and pro-independence forces were established and a general stalemate set in the war . In areas where royalists controlled the main population centers , most of the fighting by those seeking independence was done by isolated guerrilla bands . In New Spain , the two main guerrilla groups were led by Guadalupe Victoria in Puebla and Vicente Guerrero in Oaxaca . In northern South America , New Granadan and Venezuelan patriots , under leaders such as Simón Bolívar , Francisco de Paula Santander , Santiago Mariño , Manuel Piar and José Antonio Páez , carried out campaigns in the vast Orinoco River basin and along the Caribbean coast , often with material aid coming from Curaçao and Haiti . Also , as mentioned above , in Upper Peru , guerrilla bands controlled the isolated , rural parts of the country . Restoration of Ferdinand VII ( edit ) In March 1814 , following with the collapse of the First French Empire , Ferdinand VII was restored to the Spanish throne . This signified an important change , since most of the political and legal changes made on both sides of the Atlantic -- the myriad of juntas , the Cortes in Spain and several of the congresses in the Americas , and many of the constitutions and new legal codes -- had been made in his name . Before entering Spanish territory , Ferdinand made loose promises to the Cortes that he would uphold the Spanish Constitution . But once in Spain he realized that he had significant support from conservatives in the general population and the hierarchy of the Spanish Catholic Church ; so , on May 4 , he repudiated the Constitution and ordered the arrest of liberal leaders on May 10 . Ferdinand justified his actions by stating that the Constitution and other changes had been made by a Cortes assembled in his absence and without his consent . He restored the former legal codes and political institutions and promised to convene a new Cortes under its traditional form ( with separate chambers for the clergy and the nobility ) , a promise never fulfilled . News of the events arrived through Spanish America during the next three weeks to nine months , depending on time it took goods and people to travel from Spain . Ferdinand 's actions constituted a definitive de facto break both with the autonomous governments , which had not yet declared formal independence , and with the effort of Spanish liberals to create a representative government that would fully include the overseas possessions . Such a government was seen as an alternative to independence by many in New Spain , Central America , the Caribbean , Quito , Peru , Upper Peru and Chile . Yet the news of the restoration of the `` ancien régime '' did not initiate a new wave of juntas , as had happened in 1809 and 1810 , with the notable exception of the establishment of a junta in Cuzco demanding the implementation of the Spanish Constitution . Instead most Spanish Americans were moderates who decided to wait and see what would come out of the restoration of normalcy . In fact , in areas of New Spain , Central America and Quito , governors found it expedient to leave the elected constitutional ayuntamientos in place for several years in order to prevent conflict with the local society . Liberals on both sides of the Atlantic , nevertheless , continued to conspire to bring back a constitutional monarchy , ultimately succeeding in 1820 . The most dramatic example of transatlantic collaboration is perhaps Francisco Javier Mina 's expedition to Texas and northern Mexico in 1816 and 1817 . Spanish Americans in royalist areas who were committed to independence had already joined the guerrilla movements . However , Ferdinand 's actions did set areas outside of the control of the crown on the path to full independence . The governments of these regions , which had their origins in the juntas of 1810 , and even moderates there , who had entertained a reconciliation with the crown , now saw the need to separate from Spain if they were to protect the reforms they had enacted . Royalist military ( edit ) Main article : Spanish expeditionary army ( Spanish American independence ) order of battle The Battle of Rancagua in 1814 During this period , royalist forces made advances into New Granada , which they controlled from 1815 to 1819 , and into Chile , which they controlled from 1814 to 1817 . Except for royalist areas in the northeast and south , the provinces of New Granada had maintained independence from Spain since 1810 , unlike neighboring Venezuela , where royalists and pro-independence forces had exchanged control of the region several times . To pacify Venezuela and to retake New Granada , Spain organized in 1815 the largest armed force it ever sent to the New World , consisting of 10,500 troops and nearly sixty ships . ( See , Spanish reconquest of New Granada . ) Although this force was crucial in retaking a solidly pro-independence region like New Granada , its soldiers were eventually spread out throughout Venezuela , New Granada , Quito , and Peru and were lost to tropical diseases , diluting their impact on the war . More importantly , the majority of the royalist forces were composed , not of soldiers sent from the peninsula , but of Spanish Americans . Overall , Europeans formed only about a tenth of the royalist armies in Spanish America , and only about half of the expeditionary units , once they were deployed in the Americas . Since each European soldier casualty was replaced by a Spanish American soldier , over time , there were more and more Spanish American soldiers in the expeditionary units . For example , Pablo Morillo , commander in chief of the expeditionary force sent to South America , reported that he had only 2,000 European soldiers under his command in 1820 ; in other words , only half the soldiers of his expeditionary force were European . It is estimated that in the Battle of Maipú only a quarter of the royalist forces were European soldiers , in the Battle of Carabobo about a fifth , and in the Battle of Ayacucho less than 1 % was European . The American militias reflected the racial make - up of the local population . For example , in 1820 the royalist army in Venezuela had 843 white ( español ) , 5,378 Casta and 980 Indigenous soldiers . Royalist army Pro-independence advances ( edit ) Main articles : Crossing of the Andes and Bolívar 's campaign to liberate New Granada Towards the end of this period the pro-independence forces made two important advances . In the Southern Cone , a veteran of the Spanish army with experience in the Peninsular War , José de San Martín , became the governor of the Province of Cuyo . He used this position to begin organizing an army as early as 1814 in preparation for an invasion of Chile . This was an important change in strategy after three United Provinces campaigns had been defeated in Upper Peru . San Martín 's army became the nucleus of the Army of the Andes , which received crucial political and material support in 1816 when Juan Martín de Pueyrredón became Supreme Director of the United Provinces . In January 1817 , San Martín was finally ready to advance against the royalists in Chile . Ignoring an injunction from the congress of the Río de la Plata not to move against Chile , San Martín together with General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme , later Supreme Director of Chile , led the Army over the Andes in a move that turned the tables on the royalists . By February 10 , San Martín had control of northern and central Chile , and a year later , after a war with no quarter , the south . With the aid of a fleet under the command of former British naval officer Thomas Cochrane , Chile was secured from royalist control and independence was declared that year . San Martín and his allies spent the next two years planning an invasion of Peru , which began in 1820 . In northern South America , after several failed campaigns to take Caracas and other urban centers of Venezuela , Simón Bolívar devised a similar plan in 1819 to cross the Andes and liberate New Granada from the royalists . Like San Martín , Bolívar personally undertook the efforts to create an army to invade a neighboring country , collaborated with pro-independence exiles from that region , and lacked the approval of the Venezuelan congress . Unlike San Martín , however , Bolívar did not have a professionally trained army , but rather a quickly assembled mix of Llanero guerrillas , New Granadan exiles led by Santander and British recruits . From June to July 1819 , using the rainy season as cover , Bolívar led his army across the flooded plains and over the cold , forbidding passes of the Andes , with heavy losses -- a quarter of the British Legion perished , as well as many of his Llanero soldiers , who were not prepared for the nearly 4,000 - meter altitudes -- but the gamble paid off . By August Bolívar was in control of Bogotá and its treasury , and gained the support of many in New Granada , which still resented the harsh reconquest carried out under Morillo . Nevertheless , Santander found it necessary to continue the policy of the `` war to the death '' and carried out the execution of thirty - eight royalist officers who had surrendered . With the resources of New Granada , Bolívar became the undisputed leader of the patriots in Venezuela and orchestrated the union of the two regions in a new state called Colombia ( Gran Colombia ) . Independence consolidated , 1820 -- 33 ( edit ) Further information : Trienio Liberal January 1 , 1820 , Rafael Riego headed a rebellion of Spanish expeditionary force to be sent to the Americas To counter the advances the pro-independence forces had made in South America , Spain prepared a second , large , expeditionary force in 1819 . This force , however , never left Spain . Instead , it became the means by which liberals were finally able to reinstate a constitutional regime . On January 1 , 1820 , Rafael Riego , commander of the Asturias Battalion , headed a rebellion among the troops , demanding the return of the 1812 Constitution . His troops marched through the cities of Andalusia with the hope of extending the uprising to the civilian population , but locals were mostly indifferent . An uprising , however , did occur in Galicia in northern Spain , and from there it quickly spread throughout the country . On March 7 , the royal palace in Madrid was surrounded by soldiers under the command of General Francisco Ballesteros , and three days later , on March 10 , the besieged Ferdinand VII , now a virtual prisoner , agreed to restore the Constitution . Riego 's Revolt had two significant effects on the war in the Americas . Militarily , the large numbers of reinforcements , which were especially needed to retake New Granada and defend the Viceroyalty of Peru , would never arrive . Furthermore , as the royalists ' situation became more desperate in region after region , the army experienced wholesale defections of units to the patriot side . Politically , the reinstitution of a liberal regime changed the terms under which the Spanish government sought to engage the insurgents . The new government naively assumed that the insurgents were fighting for Spanish liberalism and that the Spanish Constitution could still be the basis of reconciliation between the two sides . The government implemented the Constitution and held elections in the overseas provinces , just as in Spain . It also ordered military commanders to begin armistice negotiations with the insurgents with the promise that they could participate in the restored representative government . New Spain and Central America ( edit ) Main articles : First Mexican Empire and Federal Republic of Central America Part of a series on the History of New Spain Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Columbian Exchange History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Piracy in the Caribbean Spanish missions in the Americas Queen Anne 's War Bourbon Reforms Spanish -- Moro conflict Spanish American wars of independence Casta New Spain portal In effect , the Spanish Constitution of 1812 adopted by the Cortes de Cadiz served as the basis for independence in New Spain and Central America , since in both regions it was a coalition of conservative and liberal royalist leaders who led the establishment of new states . The restoration of the Spanish Constitution and representative government was enthusiastically welcomed in New Spain and Central America . Elections were held , local governments formed and deputies sent to the Cortes . Among liberals , however , there was fear that the new regime would not last ; and conservatives and the Church worried that the new liberal government would expand its reforms and anti-clerical legislation . This climate of instability created the conditions for the two sides to forge an alliance . This alliance coalesced towards the end of 1820 behind Agustín de Iturbide , a colonel in the royal army , who at the time was assigned to destroy the guerrilla forces led by Vicente Guerrero . Vicente Guerrero and Agustín de Iturbide in the `` Abrazo of Acatempan '' , when they agreed to combine forces to fight the royalist army . Oil painting by Román Sagredo , collection of the Museo Nacional de Historia , INAH , México ) . In January 1821 , Iturbide began peace negotiations with Guerrero , suggesting they unite to establish an independent New Spain . The simple terms that Iturbide proposed became the basis of the Plan of Iguala : the independence of New Spain ( now to be called the Mexican Empire ) with Ferdinand VII or another Bourbon as emperor ; the retention of the Catholic Church as the official state religion and the protection of its existing privileges ; and the equality of all New Spaniards , whether immigrants or native - born . The following month the other important guerrilla leader , Guadalupe Victoria , joined the alliance , and on March 1 Iturbide was proclaimed head of a new Army of the Three Guarantees . The representative of the new Spanish government , Superior Political Chief Juan O'Donojú , who replaced the previous viceroys , arrived in Veracruz on July 1 , 1821 , but he found that royalists held the entire country except for Veracruz , Mexico City and Acapulco . Since at the time that O'Donojú had left Spain , the Cortes was considering greatly expanding the autonomy of the overseas Spanish possessions , O'Donojú proposed to negotiate a treaty with Iturbide on the terms of the Plan of Iguala . The resulting Treaty of Córdoba , which was signed on August 24 , kept all existing laws , including the 1812 Constitution , in force until a new constitution for Mexico could be written . O'Donojú became part of the provisional governing junta until his death on October 8 . Both the Spanish Cortes and Ferdinand VII rejected the Treaty of Córdoba , and the final break with the mother country came on May 19 , 1822 , when the Mexican Congress conferred the throne on Itrubide . Central America gained its independence along with New Spain . On September 15 , 1821 , an Act of Independence was signed in Guatemala City which declared Central America ( Guatemala , Honduras , El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica ) independent from Spain . The regional elites supported the terms of the Plan of Iguala and orchestrated the union of Central America with the Mexican Empire in 1821 . Two years later , following Iturbide 's downfall , the region , with the exception of Chiapas , peacefully seceded from Mexico on July 1 , 1823 , establishing the Federal Republic of Central America . The new state existed for seventeen years , centrifugal forces pulling the individual provinces apart by 1840 . South America ( edit ) Main articles : Libertadores , Military career of Simón Bolívar , José de San Martín , and Antonio José de Sucre The First Chilean Navy Squadron engaged in the liberation of Peru and sailed as far as to Baja California raiding Spanish ships . Unlike in New Spain and Central America , in South America independence was spurred by the pro-independence fighters who had held out for the past half decade . José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar inadvertently led a continent - wide pincer movement from southern and northern South America that liberated most of the Spanish American nations on that continent . After securing the independence of Chile in 1818 , San Martín concentrated on building a naval fleet in the Pacific to counter Spanish control of those waters and reach the royalist stronghold of Lima . By mid-1820 San Martín had assembled a fleet of eight warships and sixteen transport ships under the command of Admiral Cochrane . The fleet set sail from Valparaíso to Paracas in southern Peru . On September 7 , the army landed at Paracas and successfully took Pisco . After this , San Martín , waiting for a generalized Peruvian revolt , chose to avoid direct military confrontation . San Martín hoped that his presence would initiate an authentic Peruvian revolt against Spanish rule , believing that otherwise any liberation would be ephemeral . In the meantime , San Martín engaged in diplomacy with Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela , who was under orders from the constitutional government to negotiate on the basis of the 1812 Constitution and to maintain the unity of the Spanish Monarchy . However , these efforts proved fruitless , since independence and unity of the monarchy could not be reconciled , so the army sailed in late October to a better strategic position in Huacho , in northern Peru . During the next few months , successful land and naval campaigns against the royalists secured the new foothold , and it was at Huacho that San Martín learned that Guayaquil ( in Ecuador ) had declared independence on October 9 . Bolívar , learning about the collapse of the Cádiz expedition , spent the year 1820 preparing a liberating campaign in Venezuela . Bolívar was aided by Spain 's new policy of seeking engagement with the insurgents , which Morillo implemented , renouncing to the command in chief , and returning to Spain . Although Bolívar rejected the Spanish proposal that the patriots rejoin Spain under the Spanish Constitution , the two sides established a six - month truce and the regularization of the rules of engagement under the law of nations on November 25 and 26 . The truce did not last six months . It was apparent to all that the royalist cause had been greatly weakened by the lack of reinforcements . Royalist soldiers and whole units began to desert or defect to the patriots in large numbers . On January 28 , 1821 , the ayuntamiento of Maracaibo declared the province an independent republic that chose to join the new nation - state of Gran Colombia . Miguel de la Torre , who had replaced Morillo as head of the army , took this to be a violation of the truce , and although the republicans argued that Maracaibo had switched sides of its own volition , both sides began to prepare for renewed war . The fate of Venezuela was sealed when Bolívar returned there in April leading an army of 7,000 from New Granada . At the Battle of Carabobo on June 24 , the Gran Colombian forces decisively defeated the royalist forces , assuring control of Venezuela save for Puerto Cabello and guaranteeing Venezuelan independence . Bolívar could now concentrate on Gran Colombia 's claims to southern New Granada and Quito . Battle of Carabobo , painting by Martín Tovar y Tovar In Peru , on January 29 , 1821 , Viceroy Pezuela was deposed in a coup d'état by José de la Serna , but it would be two months before San Martín moved his army closer to Lima by sailing it to Ancón . During the next few months San Martín once again engaged in negotiations , offering the creation of an independent monarchy ; but La Serna insisted on the unity of the Spanish monarchy , so the negotiations came to nothing . By July La Serna judged his hold on Lima to be weak , and on July 8 the royal army abandoned the coastal city in order to reinforce positions in the highlands , with Cuzco as new capital of the viceroyalty . On the 12th San Martín entered Lima , where he was declared `` Protector of the Country '' on July 28 , an office which allowed him to rule the newly independent state . To ensure that the Presidency of Quito became a part of Gran Colombia and did not remain a collection of small , divided republics , Bolívar sent aid in the form of supplies and an army under Antonio José de Sucre to Guayaquil in February 1821 . For a year Sucre was unable to take Quito , and by November both sides , exhausted , signed a ninety - day armistice . The following year , at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24 , 1822 , Sucre 's Venezuelan forces finally conquered Quito ; Gran Colombia 's hold on the territory was secure . The following year , after a Peruvian patriot army was destroyed in the Battle of Ica , San Martín met with Simón Bolívar in Guayaquil on July 26 and 27 . Thereafter San Martín decided to retire from the scene . For the next two years , two armies of Rioplatense ( Argentinian ) , Chilean , Colombian and Peruvian patriots were destroyed trying to penetrate the royalist bastion in the Andean regions of Peru and Upper Peru . A year later a Peruvian congress resolved to make Bolívar head of the patriot forces in the country . An internecine conflict between La Serna and General Pedro Antonio Olañeta , which was an extension of the Liberal Triennium , proved to be the royalists ' undoing . La Serna lost control of half of his best army by the beginning of 1824 , giving the patriots an opportunity . The Battle of Ayacucho , in Peru , ensured the independence of South America in 1824 Under the command of Bolívar and Sucre , the experienced veterans of the combined army , mainly Colombians , destroyed a royalist army under La Serna 's command in the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9 , 1824 . La Serna 's army was numerically superior but consisted of mostly new recruits . The only significant royalist area remaining on the continent was the highland country of Upper Peru . Following the Battle of Ayacucho , the royalist troops of Upper Peru under the command of Olañeta surrendered after he died in Tumusla on April 2 , 1825 . Bolívar tended to favor maintaining the unity of Upper Peru with Peru , but the Upper Peruvian leaders -- many former royalists , like Casimiro Olañeta , nephew of General Olañeta -- gathered in a congress under Sucre 's auspices supported the country 's independence . Bolívar left the decision to Sucre , who went along with the congress . Sucre proclaimed Upper Peru 's independence in the city which now bears his name on August 6 , bringing the main wars of independence to an end . As it became clear that there was to be no reversal of Spanish American independence , several of the new states began to receive international recognition . Early , in 1822 , the United States recognized Chile , the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , Peru , Gran Colombia , and Mexico . Britain waited until 1825 , after the Battle of Ayacucho , to recognize Mexico , Gran Colombia , and Río de la Plata . Both nations recognized more Spanish American states in the next few years . Last royalist bastions ( edit ) Spain fails to reconquer Mexico at the Battle of Tampico in 1829 The Spanish coastal fortifications in Veracruz , Callao and Chiloé were the footholds that resisted until 1825 and 1826 respectively . In the following decade , royalist guerrillas continued to operate in several countries and Spain launched a few attempts to retake parts of the Spanish American mainland . In 1827 Colonel José Arizabalo started an irregular war with Venezuelan guerrillas , and Brigadier Isidro Barradas led the last attempt with regular troops to reconquer Mexico in 1829 . The Pincheira brothers moved to Patagonia and remained there as royalist outlaws until defeated in 1832 . But efforts like these did not reverse the new political situation . The increasing irrelevance of the Holy Alliance after 1825 and the fall of the Bourbon dynasty in France in 1830 during the July Revolution eliminated the principal support of Ferdinand VII in Europe , but it was not until the king 's death in 1833 that Spain finally abandoned all plans of military reconquest , and in 1836 its government went so far as to renounce sovereignty over all of continental America . During the course of the 19th century , Spain would recognize each of the new states . Only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Effects of Independence ( edit ) Economics ( edit ) The nearly decade and a half of wars greatly weakened the Spanish American economies and political institutions , which hindered the region 's potential economic development for most of the nineteenth century and resulted in the enduring instability the region experienced . Independence destroyed the de facto trade bloc that was the Spanish Empire - Manila galleons and Spanish treasure fleets in particular . After independence , trade among the new Spanish American nations was less than it had been in the colonial period . Once the ties were broken , the small populations of most of the new nations provided little incentive to entice Spanish American producers to recreate the old trade patterns . In addition , the protection against European competition , which the Spanish monopoly had provided to the manufacturing sectors of the economy , ended . Due to expediency , protective tariffs for these sectors , in particular textile production , were permanently dropped and foreign imports beat out local production . This greatly affected Native communities , which in many parts of Spanish America , specialized in supplying finished products to the urban markets , albeit using pre-industrial techniques . The wars also greatly affected the principal economic sector of the region , mining . Silver production in Bolivia halved after independence and it dropped by three quarters in Mexico . Cities dependent on seaborne trade like Valdivia plunged into depression as the intracolonial trade system collapsed . Foreign trade policies varied among the new countries , some like the United Provinces of Río de la Plata and Peru applied initially protectionist policies while Chile was more open to foreign trade while still applying a kind of neomercantilism . To compensate for the lack of capital , foreign investment -- in particular from Great Britain -- was courted , but it was not sizable enough to initiate an economic recovery . Finally the new nations entered the world economy after the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , when the economies of Europe and the United States were recovering and aggressively seeking new markets to sell their products after more than two decades of disruption . Ultimately Spanish America could only connect to the world markets as an exporter of raw materials and a consumer of finished products . Society ( edit ) See also : Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America In addition to improving the economy , the lower social classes also had to be integrated into the new body politic , although they often got few rewards from independence . The political debate seeking answers to these questions was marked by a clash -- at times on the battlefield -- between liberalism and conservatism . Conservatives sought to maintain the traditional social structures in order to ensure stability ; liberals sought to create a more dynamic society and economy by ending ethnically - based social distinctions and freeing property from economic restrictions . In its quest to transform society , liberals often adopted policies that were not welcome by Native communities , who had benefited from unique protections afforded to them by traditional Spanish law . Independence , however , did initiate the abolition of slavery in Spanish America , as it was seen as part of the independence struggle , since many slaves had gained their manumission by joining the patriot armies . In areas where slavery was not a major source of labor ( Mexico , Central America , Chile ) , emancipation occurred almost immediately after independence was achieved . In areas where slavery was a main labor source ( Colombia , Venezuela , Peru , Argentina ) , emancipation was carried out in steps over the next three decades , usually first with the creation of free - womb laws and programs for compensated emancipation . By the early 1850s , slavery had been abolished in the independent nations of Spanish America . Role of women ( edit ) Juana Azurduy de Padilla Women were not simply spectators throughout the Independence Wars of Latin America . Many women took sides on political issues and joined independence movements in order to participate on many different levels . Women could not help but act as caring relatives either as mother , sister , wives or daughters of the men who were fighting . Women created political organizations and organized meetings and groups to donate food and supplies to the soldiers . Some women supported the wars as spies , informants and combatants . Manuela Sáenz was a long term lover of Simón Bolívar and acted as his spy and confidante and was secretary of his archive . She saved his life on two occasions , nursed wounded soldiers and has even been believed some historians to have fought in a few battles . Sáenz followed Bolívar and his army through the independence wars and became to be known in Latin America as the `` mother of feminism and women 's emancipation and equal rights . '' Bolívar himself was a supporter of women 's rights and suffrage in Latin America . It was Bolívar who allowed for Sáenz to become the great pioneer of women 's freedom . He wanted to set the women of Latin America free from the oppression and inferiority of what the Spanish regime had established . Bolívar even made Sáenz a Colonel of the Colombian Army due to her heroics which caused controversy because there were no women in the army at the time . Another woman who gained prominence in the fight for independence was Juana Azurduy de Padilla , a mixed - race woman who fought for independence in the Río de la Plata region . Argentine President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner posthumously promoted her to the rank of general . According to gender stereotypes , women were not meant to be soldiers ; only men were supposed to engage in fighting and conflict . There were still plenty of women present on the battlefields to help rescue and nurse soldiers . Some women fought alongside their husbands and sons on the battlefield . The majority of women assumed supportive and non-competitive roles such as fundraising and caring for the sick . Revolution for women meant something different than for men . Women saw revolution as a way to earn equal rights , such as voting , and to overcome the suppression of subordination of women to men . Women were usually identified as victims during the independence wars since the women of Latin America were forced to sacrifice for the cause . The ideals of womanhood meant that women must sacrifice what the situation required such as a mother sacrificing her son or a virgin knowing she might be sacrificing motherhood or marriage due to the loss of many young men . This view meant that women were meant to contribute to independence in a supportive role while leaving the combat and politics in the hands of the men . Government and politics ( edit ) See also : Treaties to recognise the Spanish American independence Map of territories that became independent during those wars ( blue ) Independence also did not result in stable political regimes , save in a few countries . First , the new nations did not have well - defined identities , but rather the process of creating identities was only beginning . This would be carried out through newspapers and the creation of national symbols , including new names for the countries ( `` Mexico '' , `` Colombia '' , `` Ecuador '' , `` Bolivia '' , `` Argentina '' ) , that broke with the past . In addition , the borders were not firmly established , and the struggle between federalism and centralism , which began in independence , continued throughout the rest of the century . Two large states that emerged from the wars -- Gran Colombia and the Federal Republic of Central America -- collapsed after a decade or two , and Argentina would not consolidate politically until the 1860s . The wars destroyed the old civilian bureaucracy that had governed the region for centuries , as institutions such as the audiencias were eliminated and many Peninsular officials fled to Spain . The Catholic Church , which had been an important social and political institution during the colonial period , initially came out weakened by the end of the conflicts . As with government officials , many Peninsular bishops abandoned their dioceses and their posts were not filled for decades until new prelates could be created and relations between the new nations and the Vatican were regularized . Then as the Church recovered , its economic and political power was attacked by liberals . Despite the fact that the period of the wars of independence itself was marked by a rapid expansion of representative government , for several of the new nations the nineteenth century was marked by militarism because of the lack of well - defined political and national institutions . The armies and officers that came into existence during the process of independence wanted to ensure that they got their rewards once the struggle was over . Many of these armies did not fully disband once the wars were over and they proved to be one of the stabler institutions in the first decades of national existence . These armies and their leaders effectively influenced the course of political development . Out of this new tradition came the caudillos , strongmen who amassed formal and informal economic , military and political power in themselves . Overview ( edit ) Wars , battles and revolts ( edit ) National Wars , Battles and Revolts New Spain and Guatemala New Granada , Venezuela , and Quito Mexico Mexican War of Independence Battle of Calderón Bridge Expedition of Mina Army of the Three Guarantees Central America 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America Venezuelan War of Independence First Republic of Venezuela Second Republic of Venezuela Congress of Angostura Patria Boba United Provinces of New Granada Gran Colombia Bolívar 's campaign to liberate New Granada Battle of Boyacá Battle of Carabobo Congress of Cúcuta Ecuadorian War of Independence Luz de América Battle of Pichincha Río de la Plata , Paraguay and Upper Peru Chile and Peru May Revolution Argentine War of Independence United Provinces of South America Paraguay campaign Army of the North Jujuy Exodus Battle of Tucumán Battle of Salta Battle of San Lorenzo Army of the Andes Argentine Declaration of Independence Independence of Uruguay Battle of Las Piedras Second Banda Oriental campaign Liga Federal Independence of Paraguay Paraguay campaign Bolivian War of Independence War of the Republiquetas Army of the North First Upper Peru campaign Second Upper Peru campaign Third Upper Peru campaign Patria Vieja Patria Nueva Chilean War of Independence Battle of Rancagua Battle of Chacabuco Battle of Maipú Capture of Valdivia Peruvian War of Independence Freedom Expedition of Perú Battle of Junín Battle of Ayacucho Pro-independence ( edit ) Liberators and Other Independence Leaders New Spain , Guatemala , Cuba & Puerto Rico José María Morelos Venezuela , New Granada & Quito Simón Bolívar Río de la Plata & Paraguay José Gervasio Artigas Chile & Peru José de San Martín Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Ignacio Allende Juan Aldama José María Morelos y Pavón Ignacio López Rayón Mariano Matamoros Guadalupe Victoria Vicente Guerrero Agustín de Iturbide Antonio Valero de Bernabé Francisco de Miranda Simón Bolívar Santiago Mariño Rafael Urdaneta José Félix Ribas José Antonio Páez Carlos Soublette Manuel Piar Luis Brión Gregor MacGregor Antonio José de Sucre José Tadeo Monagas Camilo Torres Tenorio Antonio Nariño Francisco de Paula Santander José Prudencio Padilla Eugenio Espejo José Joaquín de Olmedo Mariano Moreno Juan José Castelli Manuel Belgrano José Gervasio Artigas José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia Fulgencio Yegros Pedro Juan Caballero Carlos María de Alvear José Rondeau Antonio González de Balcarce Juan Martín de Pueyrredón Martín Miguel de Güemes Juana Azurduy de Padilla William Brown José de San Martín Bernardo O'Higgins José Miguel Carrera Ramón Freire José de la Riva Agüero José Bernardo de Tagle Ramón Castilla Andrés de Santa Cruz Juan Gregorio de las Heras Royalists ( edit ) Royalist leaders New Spain , Guatemala , Cuba & Puerto Rico Félix María Calleja del Rey , 1st Count of Calderón New Granada , Venezuela & Quito Pablo Morillo Río de la Plata , Montevideo & Paraguay Santiago de Liniers , 1st Count of Buenos Aires Chile , Peru & Upper Peru José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa José de Iturrigaray Gabriel J. de Yermo Francisco Javier Venegas Félix María Calleja del Rey Juan Ruiz de Apodaca Juan O'Donojú Torcuato Trujillo Isidro Barradas José de Bustamante y Guerra Ángel Laborde Fernando Miyares y Gonzáles Domingo de Monteverde José Tomás Boves Juan Manuel Cajigal Pablo Morillo Juan de los Reyes Vargas Francisco Montalvo Juan de Sámano , Viceroy of New Granada Miguel de la Torre y Pando Francisco Tomás Morales Sebastián de la Calzada José María Barreiro Manjón Melchor Aymerich , President of the Quito Audiencia José de Canterac Basilio García , Coronel Agustín Agualongo Francisco Javier de Elío Gaspar de Vigodet Bernardo de Velasco Santiago de Liniers y Bremond Vicente Nieto , President of the Charcas Audiencia José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa José Manuel de Goyeneche Pío Tristán Joaquín de la Pezuela Pedro Antonio Olañeta José de la Serna e Hinojosa José de Canterac Jerónimo Valdés José Ramón Rodil y Campillo Vicente Benavides Antonio Pareja Juan Francisco Sánchez Gabino Gaínza Mariano Osorio José Ordóñez Rafael Maroto Casimiro Marcó del Pont Antonio de Quintanilla See also ( edit ) Spanish American wars of independence portal New Spain portal Latin America portal politics portal Libertadores British Legions Philippine Revolution Spanish reconquest of Mexico Royalist Latin American wars of independence Wars of national liberation History of South America History of Mexico New Spain Spanish East Indies Timeline of the Spanish American wars of independence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garret , David T ( 2003 ) . `` Los incas borbónicos : la elite indígena cuzqueña en vísperas de Tupac Amaru '' . Revista Andina. 36 . ISSN 0259 - 9600 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . See also : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ First invasion of Cisplatina by the Portuguese army led by Diogo de Sousa in 1811 to annex the Banda Oriental to themselves , a colonial territory disputed between Spain and Portugal . Not for destroy the independent government of Buenos Aires . Jump up ^ Irish and British volunteers or mercenaries under Latin American flags . Jump up ^ Sailors were from United States , British , Irish , or French . Jump up ^ `` Victimario Histórico Militar '' . Jump up ^ David Bushnell , `` Wars of Independence : South America '' in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5 , p. 446 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ David Bushnell , `` Wars of Independence : South America '' in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5 , p. 446 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ R.A. Humphreys and John Lynch , `` Introduction '' , The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions , 1808 - 1826 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf 1965 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Adelman , `` Independence in Latin America '' in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History , José C. Moya , ed . New York : Oxford University Press 2011 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Burkholder , ( 2016 ) `` Spain 's America : from kingdoms to colonies , Colonial Latin American Review , 25 : 2 , 125 - 153 , DOI : 10.1080 / 10609164.2016. 1205241 Jump up ^ Mark A. Burkholder and D.S. Chandler , From Impotence to Authority : The Spanish Crown and the American Audiencias , 1687 - 1808 . Columbia : University of Missouri Press 1977 . Jump up ^ Nancy Farriss , Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico , 1759 - 1821 . London : Athlone Press 1968 . Jump up ^ William B. Taylor , `` Early Latin American Social History '' in Reliving the Past : The Worlds of Social History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press 1985 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Margaret Chowning , `` The Consolidación de Vales Reales in the Bishopric of Michoacán . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 69 : 3 ( 1989 ) 451 - 78 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Costeloe , Church Wealth in Mexico : A Study of the `` Juzgado de Capellanías '' in the Archbishopric of Mexico , 1800 -- 1856 . Cambridge University Press 1967 . Jump up ^ Lynch , The Spanish American Revolutions , 17 -- 19 , 334 -- 335 . Rodríguez , The Independence of Spanish America , 19 -- 27 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 7 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 5 -- 17 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 24 -- 25 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 12 -- 14 , 17 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 27 -- 34 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 14 -- 18 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 14 -- 17 , 23 . Jump up ^ William Spence Robertson , `` The Juntas of 1808 and the Spanish Colonies , '' English Historical Review ( 1916 ) 31 # 124 pp. 573 -- 585 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 36 -- 37 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 51 -- 56 , 58 -- 59 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 12 , 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Royal Order of the Central Junta of January 22 , 1809 , cited in Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 60 . Jump up ^ `` Batalla de Ocaña '' . Bicentenario de las independencias iberoaméricanas . Ministerio de Educación , Cultura y Deporte ( Spain ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 50 -- 52 , 236 -- 239 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 53 -- 55 , 61 -- 70 , 80 -- 81 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Ezquerra , Jaime Alvar ( 2001 ) . Diccionario de historia de España . Ediciones Akal . pp. 209 -- . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7090 - 366 - 3 . Cortes of Cádiz ( 1812 ) was the first parliament of Spain with sovereign power Jump up ^ El `` Manifiesto de los persas '' una alternativa ante el liberalismo español. Alexandra Wilhelmsen. 1979 Jump up ^ Rodríguez O. , Jaime E. ( 13 May 1998 ) . The Independence of Spanish America . Cambridge University Press . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62673 - 6 . citation : `` It met as one body , and its members represented the entire Spanish world '' Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 43 -- 45 , 52 -- 56 , 132 -- 133 , 195 -- 196 , 239 -- 240 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 75 -- 82 , 110 -- 112 , 123 -- 125 , 136 -- 139 , 150 -- 153 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 36 -- 37 , 46 , 52 -- 53 , 58 -- 59 , 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 36 -- 37 , 134 -- 135 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 52 -- 53 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 45 -- 46 , 53 . Jump up ^ The phrase is used by Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 56 -- 58 , 133 . For a similar analysis without the phrase , see Crow , John A ( 1946 ) . The Epic of Latin America . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . pp. 425 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 107 -- 111 , 134 -- 137 , 162 -- 172 , 195 -- 200 , 238 -- 240 , 313 -- 319 , 335 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 93 -- 111 , 115 , 123 -- 126 , 136 -- 144 , 147 -- 156 , 164 -- 165 , 168 , 176 -- 177 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 46 , 50 , 52 -- 53 , 66 -- 67 , 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 121 , 131 -- 132 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 13 -- 19 , 22 , Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 57 -- 71 , 162 -- 163 , 240 -- 242 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 111 -- 113 , 126 -- 136 , 153 -- 159 , 176 -- 179 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 53 , 59 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 118 -- 121 , 197 -- 198 , 200 , 204 -- 207 , 306 -- 313 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 113 -- 122 , 132 , 159 -- 167 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 54 , 66 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 168 , 184 , Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 70 , 97 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 169 -- 172 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 336 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 106 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 162 . 171 -- 172 , 207 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 173 -- 175 , 192 -- 194 Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 209 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 122 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 57 . Jump up ^ Small contingents from Spain had been arriving in the Americas since 1810 . On August 25 , 1810 , a group of Spanish Marines arrived in Veracruz from Cádiz on the frigate , Nuestra señora de Atocha under the command of Rosendo Porlier and accompanying Viceroy Francisco Javier Venegas . These were the first Spaniards to have come from Europe in support of royalists . Frieyro de Lara . Guerra ejército y sociedad en el nacimiento de la España contemporánea. ( 2009 , Universidad de Granada ) p. 660 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Earle , `` ' A Grave for Europeans ' ? Disease , Death , and the Spanish - American Revolutions '' in Christon I. Archer , ed . The Wars of Independence in Spanish America , 283 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 138 -- 141 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 179 -- 182 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 209 -- 218 . MacKenzie , S.P. ( 1997 ) . Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era : A Revisionist Approach . London : Routledge . pp. 54 , 61 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09690 - 1 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 184 -- 192 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 78 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 194 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 88 , 114 , 120 -- 121 , 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 335 -- 340 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 194 -- 195 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 89 . Jump up ^ Lynch analyzes the events through the older theory of a `` conservative revolution '' : Spanish American Revolutions , 319 -- 320 . Compare to Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 196 -- 197 , 199 -- 205 , 241 -- 242 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 97 -- 98 . Peter F. Guardino , `` The War of Independence in Guerrero , New Spain , 1808 -- 1821 '' in Archer , The Wars of Independence in Spanish America , 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 320 -- 323 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 206 -- 210 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 98 -- 99 . Guardino , `` The War of Independence in Guerrero , '' 121 , 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 333 -- 340 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 210 -- 213 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 100 , 146 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 172 -- 178 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 213 -- 214 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 76 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 218 -- 219 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 219 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 178 -- 179 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 214 -- 219 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 185 -- 189 , 247 -- 249 , 267 -- 272 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 219 -- 220 , 222 -- 231 . Timothy E. Anna , `` Chaos and the Military Solution : The Fall of Royalist Government in Peru '' in Archer , The Wars of Independence in Spanish America , 272 -- 273 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 77 -- 78 , 90 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , David ( 1970 ) . The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia . Westport : Greenwood Press . pp. 325 -- 335 . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 2981 - 8 . Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 272 -- 273 , 279 -- 284 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 232 -- 234 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 95 -- 96 . Chasteen , John Charles ( 2008 ) . Americanos : Latin America 's Struggle for Independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517881 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Costeloe , Michael P. Response to Revolution , 100 Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 344 -- 347 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 245 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 131 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Bernedo Pinto , Patricio ( 1999 ) , `` Los industriales alemanes de Valdivia , 1850 - 1914 '' ( PDF ) , Historia ( in Spanish ) , 32 : 5 -- 42 Jump up ^ Salazar , Gabriel ; Pinto , Julio ( 2002 ) . Historia contemporánea de Chile III . La economía : mercados empresarios y trabajadores . LOM Ediciones . ISBN 956 - 282 - 172 - 2 pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 343 -- 344 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 244 -- 245 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 133 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 347 -- 351 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 245 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 347 -- 349 . Jump up ^ The Argentine President promotes Juana Azurduy to General in the Argentine Army.www.szmm.gov.hu/download.php ? ctag = download&docID = 14380 Jump up ^ '' O'Connor , Mothers Making Latin America '' , 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 342 -- 343 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 146 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 351 -- 352 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 145 -- 146 , 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 3 -- 5 , 213 , 239 . Kinsbruner states , `` ( I ) n Mexico between 1820 and 1835 a larger percentage of adult males were permitted to vote than was the case in the United States , Great Britain , or France . '' Independence in Spanish America , 90 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Spanish American Revolutions , 341 -- 342 , 352 -- 355 . Rodríguez , Independence of Spanish America , 219 -- 222 , 240 -- 244 . Kinsbruner , Independence in Spanish America , 143 -- 144 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , George Reid . `` Spanish American independence : A structural analysis . '' Latin American Perspectives ( 1985 ) : 105 - 132 . online Andrien , Kenneth J. and Lyman L. Johnson . The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution , 1750 -- 1850 . Albuquerque , University of New Mexico Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1489 - 5 Anna , Timothy ... Spain & the Loss of Empire . Lincoln , University of Nebraska Press , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1014 - 1 Archer , Christon I. , ed ... The Wars of Independence in Spanish America . Willmington , SR Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2469 - 7 Brading , D.A. The First America : The Spanish Monarchy , Creole Patriots and the Liberal State , 1492 -- 1867 . Cambridge University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44796 - 8 Chasteen , John Charles . Americanos : Latin America 's Struggle for Independence . Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517881 - 4 Costeloe , Michael P. Response to Revolution : Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions , 1810 -- 1840 . Cambridge University Press , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32083 - 2 Domínguez , Jorge I. Insurrection or Loyalty : The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire . Cambridge , Harvard University Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 45635 - 8 Graham , Richard . Independence in Latin America : A Comparative Approach ( 2nd edition ) . McGraw - Hill , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 024008 - 6 Harvey , Robert . `` Liberators : Latin America ` s Struggle For Independence , 1810 -- 1830 '' . John Murray , London ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5566 - 3 Higgins , James ( editor ) . The Emancipation of Peru : British Eyewitness Accounts , 2014 . Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu Humphreys , R.A. , and John Lynch ( editors ) . The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions , 1808 -- 1826 . New York , Alfred A. Knopf , 1965 . Kinsbruner , Jay . The Spanish - American Independence Movement . ( Krieger Publishing Company , 1976 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88275 - 428 - 4 Kinsbruner , Jay . Independence in Spanish America : Civil Wars , Revolutions , and Underdevelopment ( 2nd ed . University of New Mexico Press , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2177 - 1 Lynch , John . Caudillos in Spanish America , 1800 -- 1850 . Oxford , Clarendon Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821135 - X Lynch , John . The Spanish American Revolutions , 1808 -- 1826 ( 2nd edition ) . New York , W.W. Norton & Company , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95537 - 0 Lynch , John , ed . Latin American Revolutions , 1808 - 1826 : Old and New World Origins ( 1995 ) 424pp ; essays by scholars McFarlane , Anthony . War and Independence in Spanish America ; ; . Routledge , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 782 - 0 Rodríguez O. , Jaime E. The Independence of Spanish America . Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62673 - 0 Foreign involvement ( edit ) Brown , Matthew . Adventuring through Spanish Colonies : Simón Bolívar , Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations . Liverpool University Press , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84631 - 044 - X Hasbrouck , Alfred . Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America . New York : Octagon Books , 1969 . Kaufman , William W. British Policy and the Independence of Latin America , 1804 -- 1828 . New Haven , Yale University Press , 1951 . Robertson , William Spence . France and Latin American Independence . ( 1939 ) Rodríguez , Moises Enrique . Freedom 's Mercenaries : British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America , 2 vols . Lanham , Hamilton Books , University Press of America , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3438 - 0 Whitaker , Arthur P . The United States and the Independence of Latin America , 1800 -- 1830 . Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . Historiography ( edit ) Adelman , Jeremy . `` Independence in Latin America '' in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History , José C. Moya , ed . New York : Oxford University Press 2011 , pp. 153 - 180 . Hensel , Silke . `` Was There an Age of Revolution in Latin America ? : New Literature on Latin American Independence . '' Latin American Research Review ( 2003 ) 38 # 3 pp : 237 - 249 . online Uribe , Victor M. `` The Enigma of Latin American Independence : Analyses of the Last Ten Years , '' Latin American Research Review ( 1997 ) 32 # 1 pp. 236 -- 255 in JSTOR Spanish Empire Timeline -- immersed Catholic Monarchs Treaty of Tordesillas Italian Wars Habsburgs Golden Age War of the League of Cognac Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman -- Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Bruneian - Spanish conflict Anglo - Spanish War ( 1585 -- 1604 ) Piracy in the Caribbean Eighty Years ' War Spanish -- Moro conflict Thirty Years ' War Franco - Spanish War ( 1635 -- 59 ) Portuguese Restoration War War of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne 's War Bourbons Bourbon Reforms War of Jenkins ' Ear Treaty of Madrid ( 1750 ) Seven Years ' War Nootka Convention Napoleonic invasion Third Treaty of San Ildefonso Independence of Spanish continental Americas Adams -- Onís Treaty 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Peñón of Algiers , Western Sahara , Spanish Morocco , Ifni and Cape Juby ) Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces Trial of residence School of Salamanca Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida Luisiana New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513 ) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Economy Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires Military Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Ships of the line Royalists Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Blas de Lezo Bernardo de Gálvez Sailors Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Notable battles Old World Won Comuneros Bicocca Rome ( 1527 ) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Vienna ( 1529 ) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan ( 1595 ) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros ( Paraguay ) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan ( 1797 ) Lost La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Comuneros ( New Granada ) Trinidad ( 1797 ) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca The Philippines Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación ( which allowed slaves to buy their freedom , and that of others ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Lima Group ( LG ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_American_wars_of_independence&oldid=843071966 '' Categories : 19th - century revolutions Spanish colonization of the Americas Rebellions against the Spanish Empire Spanish American wars of independence Wars involving the states and peoples of North America Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Good articles Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 17 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the spanish american war of independence take place	[ "The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, after the French invasion of Spain during Europe's Napoleonic Wars." ]	[ "Spanish America" ]
7287500184224955168	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)	Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 4 ) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Season 4 ) television season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 4 ) Promotional poster for the season 's first `` pod '' , Ghost Rider , and home media cover art Starring Clark Gregg Ming - Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons John Hannah Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fourth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they deal with various enhanced individuals following the signing of the Sokovia Accords . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in March 2016 , with production taking place from that July until the following April . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons while John Hannah was promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role in season three . Due to its broadcast schedule , the season was split into three `` pods '' : Ghost Rider for the first eight episodes , featuring recurring guest star Gabriel Luna as the supernatural Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider to coincide with the film Doctor Strange ( which explores mysticism in the MCU ) ; LMD , referring to the new Life Model Decoy program , for the next seven episodes , focusing on recurring guest star Mallory Jansen as the LMD Aida ; and Agents of Hydra for the final seven episodes , partly set in a `` what if '' virtual reality that allows the return of former series regular Brett Dalton as Grant Ward . The season is also affected by the events of the film Captain America : Civil War , and continues storylines established in the canceled series Agent Carter . The first episode premiered at a screening on September 19 , 2016 , with the season then airing for 22 episodes on ABC , from September 20 , 2016 until May 16 , 2017 . The premiere debuted to 3.58 million viewers , down from previous season premieres but average for the series . Critical response to the season was positive , with many feeling that each pod was better than the last and in particular praising the visual effects and tone of Ghost Rider , the writing and acting for LMD , and the character development and political commentary explored during Agents of Hydra . The season saw series low viewership , but was still considered to have solved ABC 's problem during its timeslot , and the show was renewed for a fifth season on May 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2. 1 Ghost Rider 3.2. 2 LMD 3.2. 3 Agents of Hydra 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Analysis 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Ghost Rider 67 `` The Ghost '' Billy Gierhart Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 Former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Daisy Johnson , now the vigilante `` Quake '' , is hunting gang affiliates of the terrorist group Watchdogs in Los Angeles when Aryan Brotherhood members are murdered by the fiery `` Ghost Rider '' . Agents Phil Coulson and Mack , who were forbidden from searching for Johnson by new S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Jeffrey Mace , are tipped off to her location by Agent Melinda May . Agent Leo Fitz discovers that S.H.I.E.L.D. ally Holden Radcliffe has created the android Aida , and agrees to help perfect her . He keeps this from his girlfriend Agent Jemma Simmons , who is in the Director 's inner circle . Simmons discovers that Coulson and Mack are investigating Johnson , and orders May to stop them . The latter arrives to find them surveilling Chinese gangsters who bought a weapon off the Brotherhood : a mystical figure , who turns the gang members berserk , and secretly infects May as well . Johnson tracks down the Ghost Rider , but it defeats her . She later sees its human form , mechanic Robbie Reyes , looking after his disabled brother Gabe . 68 `` Meet the New Boss '' Vincent Misiano Drew Z . Greenberg September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 2.95 S.H.I.E.L.D. and Johnson independently investigate the figure , an apparent ghost of a woman named Lucy Bauer , both concluding that she worked at an abandoned facility , Momentum Energy . Johnson confronts Reyes again , and he once more overpowers her . Restraining her , Reyes searches Johnson 's belongings and discovers her research on Momentum . He leaves , and Johnson escapes her restraints . As Mace plans to officially announce S.H.I.E.L.D. as a legitimate organization again , the infected May grows increasingly paranoid , seeing all people as monsters , and eventually attacking other agents . Mace restrains May with his Inhuman strength , and promises to take care of her . Mack and Fitz arrive at Momentum to find more ghosts , who attempt to blow it up with them inside . Ghost Rider intervenes , destroying one of the ghosts , and Johnson arrives to stop S.H.I.E.L.D. from taking him in . Rather than rejoin S.H.I.E.L.D. , Johnson agrees to work with Reyes , who believes that the actions of the ghosts and Watchdogs may be tied to him . 69 `` Uprising '' Magnus Martens Craig Titley October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 2.68 Inhuman S.H.I.E.L.D. asset Elena Rodriguez is caught in a blackout in Miami . Reyes and Johnson are caught in another in Los Angeles . A group claiming to be the Inhuman resistance , fighting registration with the Sokovia Accords , take responsibility . Reyes explains that his uncle , Eli Morrow , was imprisoned for causing an explosion at Momentum that apparently created the ghosts ; he believes that atoning for Morrow 's sins will pay his debt to the Devil , and rid Reyes of the Ghost Rider . At the Reyes ' house , Gabe realizes that Johnson is Quake and asks her to leave Robbie alone . Radcliffe and Simmons `` cure '' May by killing and reviving her . Coulson , Mack , and Fitz save Rodriguez from a group of Watchdogs , and find the EMP that caused the blackout -- it was set off by the Watchdogs , who had access to S.H.I.E.L.D. 's list of registered Inhumans , and have backing from Senator Ellen Nadeer , whose brother Vijay is encased in an Inhuman terrigen cocoon . Hoping to assuage public fears of the Inhumans , Mace announces the return of S.H.I.E.L.D. 70 `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' Brad Turner Matt Owens October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 2.34 Johnson coerces Simmons to help track the Watchdogs ' actions , discovering that the group hacked the Inhuman list using an Inhuman 's monitoring device . Coulson visits Morrow in prison , but gets no answers . Reyes arrives to talk to Morrow , and Mack recognizes him as the Ghost Rider ; they capture Reyes and earn his trust . He visits Morrow , and learns that the Momentum explosion was caused by a group of scientists studying the Darkhold , a mysterious book . Only Lucy 's husband Joseph , whom Morrow had put in a coma trying to stop the experiments , survived . Johnson and Simmons find the next Inhuman on the list , J.T. James , and destroy his monitor , but he betrays them -- he hates being an Inhuman and is aiding the Watchdogs . Coulson and Mack , alerted by the monitor 's destruction , arrive to save Johnson and Simmons . The Ghost Rider defeats James . They then get May to help find the Darkhold . Aida supervised May 's recovery as a Turing test by Radcliffe , but Simmons deduces her true nature , while being set to take a lie - detection test for Mace . 71 5 `` Lockup '' Kate Woods Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 2.30 Lucy uses her ghostly state to wake Joseph and ask where he hid the Darkhold . Coulson arrives , and is able to learn of this before Joseph dies from her ' infection ' . Coulson decides to use Morrow against Lucy , but does n't tell Mace . The latter , whose public approval was high after heroics during a bombing in Vienna , becomes more popular after he reveals his Inhuman status in a television debate with Nadeer . However , Simmons threatens to reveal the truth about his Vienna actions , and he agrees to exempt her from any lie - detection tests . At the prison , Lucy infects the staff , who attack Coulson and May . Johnson saves them while Mack and Reyes break Morrow out . Reyes confronts the last member of the `` Fifth Street Locos '' gang who had paralyzed Gabe in a paid hit . Reyes loses control , and the Ghost Rider kills the prisoner . This allows Lucy to kidnap Morrow , whose help she needs . Mace secretly meets with Nadeer , and agrees to help her when she blackmails him with footage of the Ghost Rider 's actions while working with S.H.I.E.L.D. 72 6 `` The Good Samaritan '' Billy Gierhart Jeffrey Bell November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 2.43 Mace sends Simmons on a secret assignment , then takes a team to board Coulson 's plane and arrest Reyes and Johnson . The pair hide with a newly picked up Gabe , where Robbie explains that he and Gabe sneaked out to race in Morrow 's car , but they were attacked by the Locos . Gabe was paralyzed and Robbie was killed . Robbie promised an unknown voice that he would seek vengeance if given a second chance , and was resurrected when the spirit of the Ghost Rider was passed to him by a stranger . Mace finds the fugitives , but is overpowered by the Ghost Rider . He agrees to use Robbie against Lucy , and Fitz tracks her to an abandoned Roxxon power plant . May takes and hides the Darkhold while Robbie destroys Lucy , after the latter reveals that Morrow craves the Darkhold 's power himself -- his own experiments created the ghosts , and Joseph had ordered the hit on Morrow 's car to stop him . Morrow now uses an improved version of the Momentum machine to gain the power to create matter . Robbie , Fitz , and Coulson disappear . 73 7 `` Deals with Our Devils '' Jesse Bochco DJ Doyle November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 2.41 Coulson , Fitz , and Reyes are trapped between dimensions , and helplessly watch as Morrow kills several agents and escapes . Fitz overhears Mace arguing with Nadeer ; he needs Simmons to understand Morrow 's technology , but she has been taken to Nadeer 's brother , who she helps escape from his terrigen cocoon . In Simmons ' absence , Radcliffe studies the technology , and is presented with the Darkhold by May in her desperation to save Coulson . Radcliffe believes the book contains too much knowledge for a person to process , but Aida is able to read it , revealing her android nature to Coulson and May . Aida constructs a portal through which Coulson and Fitz return . During this time , the Ghost Rider spirit had left Reyes and possessed Mack to avoid the other dimension , where it had been before . Reyes confronts the spirit , promising to serve it even after they defeat Morrow if it leaves Mack . It agrees , and Reyes returns with it through the portal . Secretly , Aida begins experimenting with her new knowledge from the Darkhold , creating an artificial brain . 74 8 `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' Kevin Tancharoen Paul Zbyszewski December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 2.37 Coulson tells Mace that Aida is an android and he agrees to use her in the fight against Morrow . He also approves a strike team consisting of Rodriguez , Reyes , and Johnson , as long as the latter two keep a low profile . The team attempts to enter an abandoned building in which Morrow has barricaded himself via his growing abilities but , at first , only Reyes can make it through Morrow 's initial trap . By viewing Reyes ' body - cam , Fitz deduces that Morrow is drawing his power from the other dimension and has created a demon core that could destroy half the city if activated . Aida creates a new dimensional portal beneath the demon core , through which the device and Morrow are dragged . Reyes also falls through the portal after using the Ghost Rider to hold Morrow in place . Johnson is seen by local media and Mace publicly clears her name , reinstating her as an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. He then allows Radcliffe to continuing working on his Life Model Decoy ( LMD ) program after his success with Aida , who has secretly replaced May with an LMD . LMD 75 9 `` Broken Promises '' Garry A. Brown Brent Fletcher January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 2.72 Fitz and Radcliffe are sent to clear Aida 's memory of the Darkhold , but she reveals her new - found sentience and overpowers them . Taking control of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's systems , Aida finds the Darkhold after Coulson gives its location to the May LMD ( which does n't know it is n't the real May ) . Fitz is able to take control of the systems before Aida escapes and Mack beheads her . Radcliffe later laments about this to a new model of Aida , as he had programmed the original 's apparent sentience in an attempt to steal the Darkhold for himself . Senator Nadeer orders a group of Watchdogs to kill a now recovered Vijay , but he convinces her to spare him as his long terrigenesis appears not to have affected him . Simmons , having identified Vijay from photographs , arrives with Mace and Johnson , as Vijay discovers he now has super-reflexes . Ellen convinces him to leave with her , but then shoots him in the stomach . Ellen asks the Watchdogs for reinforcements from `` The Superior '' as Vijay 's body is dropped into a lake and enveloped by another terrigenesis cocoon . 76 10 `` The Patriot '' Kevin Tancharoen James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 2.03 Mace holds a press conference for Johnson , celebrating her `` undercover '' actions , until a sniper attempts to assassinate him . Coulson and Mack escort Mace and PR agent Burrows -- who is often seen near Mace with a mysterious briefcase -- to a quinjet , but it explodes mid-flight . Burrows is flung from the plane with the briefcase and the others crash land in a forest . There , they find ex-Hydra agents , hired by the Watchdogs , who have recovered Burrows ' body . In the ensuing fight , Mace tries to get a serum from the briefcase , but it is destroyed and he is injured . Mace explains that he is not an Inhuman and that he was given his abilities by a super-serum from the government to create a trustworthy , enhanced leader of S.H.I.E.L.D. After their rescue by Johnson and the May LMD , Coulson tells Mace to continue as `` the Patriot '' , the face and political leader of S.H.I.E.L.D , while Coulson takes back command of operations . The May LMD discovers her robotic skeleton from a wound and Fitz secretly begins studying Aida 's decapitated head . 77 11 `` Wake Up '' Jesse Bochco Drew Z . Greenberg January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 2.00 Johnson and Mace attend a Senate hearing to ratify the former 's signing of the Sokovia Accords , with Senator Nadeer questioning Johnson 's undercover actions . Coulson and Rodriguez infiltrate Nadeer 's office to install surveillance devices , but are caught , giving Nadeer an excuse to start a full investigation of S.H.I.E.L.D. The May LMD realizes that she subconsciously leaked the details of Coulson 's plan and confronts Radcliffe , as Fitz discovers Radcliffe 's treachery from the original Aida 's programming . Radcliffe explains to the LMD that her programming will not allow her to reveal her nature to anyone else , just before S.H.I.E.L.D. arrives and arrests him . Fitz later confronts Radcliffe in his cell and deduces that he is also an LMD -- the real Radcliffe sought protection from Nadeer after Aida 's initial failure . He and Aida have May captive with them , her mind in a virtual reality simulation of a tragic past event . Meanwhile , Mack and Rodriguez have grown close and he tells her of his daughter Hope from a past marriage who died as an infant . 78 12 `` Hot Potato Soup '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Craig Titley January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 2.15 Agent Billy Koenig , whom Coulson entrusted with the Darkhold , is abducted by the Watchdogs . Nadeer directs Radcliffe to the Superior , reclusive industrialist Anton Ivanov , and Radcliffe scans Koenig 's brain to learn that the Darkhold was hidden in the Labyrinth , a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility known only to the Koenig family . Coulson secures the rest of the Koenig family , who take him , the May LMD , and Johnson to get the book . The Radcliffe LMD reveals that Radcliffe knows Fitz 's estranged father and has created another LMD . Simmons remembers that Radcliffe scanned May 's brain when they were curing her of Lucy 's influence and warns Johnson of the May LMD in time to stop it from taking the Darkhold and killing Coulson . The Watchdogs arrive with Billy and Radcliffe steals the Darkhold in the ensuing fight . S.H.I.E.L.D. later destroys the remains of the first Aida and the Radcliffe LMD . Ivanov explains to Radcliffe that he plans to use the Darkhold to destroy both the Inhumans and the man who appears to be behind the recent alien crises -- Coulson . 79 13 `` BOOM '' Billy Gierhart Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 2.08 Coulson and Mack locate Agnes Kitsworth , Radcliffe 's former lover and partner . Radcliffe left Kitsworth after she was diagnosed with terminal cancer , and modeled Aida after her . Coulson convinces Kitsworth to meet with Radcliffe . In case Nadeer is an Inhuman like her brother , Ivanov sends Watchdog Tucker Shockley to expose her to terrigen ( provided by Radcliffe ) , but the substance transforms him instead . Shockley explodes , killing Nadeer , and then his molecules reassemble . Ivanov agrees to use Shockley 's new ability against S.H.I.E.L.D. Radcliffe meets with Kitsworth and convinces her he can save her life if she escapes with him before S.H.I.E.L.D. captures them . Johnson confronts Shockley , and distracts him long enough for Fitz and Simmons to contain him in a specially - made device . Ivanov uses this as a distraction to attack and kidnap Mace , who has learned that each time he uses his super-serum there is a chance that it will kill him . As Kitsworth dies of the cancer , Radcliffe places her consciousness in the virtual `` Framework '' with May . 80 14 `` The Man Behind the Shield '' Wendey Stanzler Matt Owens February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 2.13 Years ago , Coulson and May recovered an unknown object from a Russian outpost , besting an SVR team that included Ivanov . For the failure , the SVR agents other than Ivanov were tortured and killed . Now , Ivanov leads S.H.I.E.L.D. on a treasure hunt around the world , including to that outpost , in their search for Mace . Ivanov has been torturing Mace , disgusted at his attempts to emulate the Inhumans . The team eventually finds Ivanov , and Johnson overpowers him . Coulson and Mack save a near - death Mace while Fitz and Simmons attempt to locate any sign of the Framework in hopes of finding May . Unsuccessful , the pair reunite with the others and they return to base . Aida , whom Radcliffe has left to carry out his plans while he spends time in the Framework , finds a crippled Ivanov . At base , Fitz and Simmons are alerted by their LMD security system , learning that four agents were replaced with LMDs by Aida while Fitz and Simmons were separated from the group . This includes Coulson , as the Coulson LMD wakes the May LMD from storage . 81 15 `` Self Control '' Jed Whedon Jed Whedon February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 2.01 The new LMDs are aware of their nature , and plan to carry out Ivanov 's goal of destroying all Inhumans . Simmons discovers that Mace , Mack , and Fitz are the other new LMDs , and overpowers Fitz . Johnson also discovers them , and plans with Simmons to hack into the Framework remotely to find the others from the inside . Aida kills Radcliffe 's body , but lets his consciousness live in the Framework . Johnson overpowers the Mace , Mack , and Coulson LMDs , but they find the May LMD waiting for them at the base entrance , tasked with detonating a large explosive to prevent their escape . The May LMD instead lets them leave , and destroys the base with the LMDs inside . In the Framework , the agents find an altered reality : Johnson is in a relationship with an alive Grant Ward ; Coulson is teaching about Inhumans ; Hope is alive with Mack ; Fitz is rich ; Simmons is dead ; and May works for Hydra , which has replaced S.H.I.E.L.D. In the real world , Aida is able to sever Ivanov 's living head from his crippled body and builds android bodies for his mind to control . Agents of Hydra 82 16 `` What If ... '' Oz Scott DJ Doyle April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 2.15 In the Framework , Johnson discovers that she and Ward are agents of Hydra , working under May and Fitz . The tragic event from May 's past has no longer happened ; in the real world , she killed a young Inhuman girl but , in the Framework , she brought the girl back to America as a refugee who then became a mass murderer and the catalyst for Hydra to take power . Simmons awakens in a mass grave of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and eventually comes across Coulson , who is teaching a Hydra - approved curriculum that warns against the dangers of Inhumans . Simmons is unable to convince Coulson that he is inside a virtual simulation and he calls Hydra . Johnson races to find Simmons before the rest of Hydra and is followed by Ward , who reveals himself to be a mole inside Hydra for the Resistance . Johnson and Simmons try to exit the Framework using a safeguard the latter created , but it has been blocked by Aida , who has entered the Framework as the Director of Hydra and Fitz 's lover . Johnson then goes to Coulson and he remembers her name . 83 17 `` Identity and Change '' Garry A. Brown George Kitson April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 2.32 Hoping Radcliffe can help them escape , Johnson returns to Hydra and locates him , but May gives her a new mission on the orders of Fitz and Aida , the latter choosing to go by Ophelia , or Madame Hydra . Ward directs Coulson ( who can remember some things , thanks to previous tampering with his mind ) and Simmons to the Resistance , the remnants of S.H.I.E.L.D. under the command of an Inhuman Mace . Ward , Simmons , and Coulson take a stolen Hydra quinjet to extract Radcliffe . May and Johnson arrest Mack , and May forces him to trick Johnson into confessing her true allegiance . The others find Radcliffe living in seclusion with Kitsworth , and he explains that he and Kitsworth can not leave the Framework due to their real bodies having died . Fitz and Madame Hydra arrive , and Radcliffe attempts to appeal to Fitz , though Fitz already knows of the `` other world '' and that Radcliffe had enslaved Aida there . He kills Kitsworth and imprisons Radcliffe , torturing him and Johnson . Regretting his actions , Mack joins the Resistance . 84 18 `` No Regrets '' Eric Laneuville Paul Zbyszewski April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2.43 Mace and Coulson infiltrate a Hydra `` Enlightenment Camp '' to free an undercover agent -- Antoine Triplett , a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who died in the real world . They are tracked there by May , who uses a super serum to fight Mace . Through the vents in their holding cells , Daisy learns from Radcliffe of a backdoor he installed to escape the Framework that Aida is unable to disable . Coulson attempts to save one of his former students who he sees being held in the camp , and Mace follows him into a building to help . Hydra uses a missile to bring the building down , and May enters the rubble to ensure Mace is dead . She finds him stopping debris from crushing the student , with Coulson and Triplett helping other children escape the building . May is horrified to find children being victimized by Hydra . With the others to safety , Mace is crushed beneath the debris , and in the real world Aida finds his physical body dead as well . Turning on Hydra , May sneaks a Terrigen crystal to Johnson so she can gain her Inhuman abilities within the Framework . 85 19 `` All the Madame 's Men '' Billy Gierhart James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2.15 May and Johnson escape Hydra , with Johnson using her abilities to break Ophelia 's back . Ophelia insists that Fitz complete work on their secret Project : Looking Glass , after which her Framework body will no longer matter . May and Johnson join up with S.H.I.E.L.D. , who are struggling to regroup after Mace 's death . May provides them with body cam footage from the attack on the Enlightenment Center , which Coulson broadcasts to the world to counteract Hydra 's propaganda . Meanwhile , Simmons and Triplett investigate a Russian oil platform which he believes is the location of Looking Glass from his time undercover ; the platform is the Framework equivalent of Ivanov 's oil platform in the real world , from where Aida is running the Framework . The pair find the platform empty , and Simmons deduces that Looking Glass consists of a machine built on the real world platform , to be connected to a machine in the Framework using knowledge from the Darkhold , allowing Ophelia to go from the Framework to a true human body in the real world . 86 20 `` Farewell , Cruel World ! '' Vincent Misiano Brent Fletcher May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2.15 After Johnson and Simmons entered the Framework , their bodies were protected by Rodriguez aboard the S.H.I.E.L.D. aircraft Zephyr One . With their connection to the Framework draining the plane 's power , Rodriguez chose to shut off its cloaking ability , revealing their location to Ivanov and his men . In the Framework , Simmons visits and accidentally kills Fitz 's father Alistair , and Fitz begins hunting her with help from Radcliffe ( Fitz offers to send Radcliffe through the machine , restoring his living body ) . Ophelia initiates her transference into her new body . Johnson takes the group to Radcliffe 's exit point , where she , Coulson , and May cross back into the real world . Fitz arrives and confronts Simmons , but is overpowered by Radcliffe , who regrets all his actions since he first saw and wanted the Darkhold . Radcliffe sends Fitz through , followed by Simmons . Mack decides to stay , not wanting to live in a world without Hope . At Ivanov 's platform , the newly human Ophelia confronts Coulson , May , and Fitz , teleporting away with the latter . 87 21 `` The Return '' Kevin Tancharoen Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2.14 The agents on Zephyr One fight off Ivanov 's men and race to the platform to save Coulson and May from Ivanov 's android bodies . Ivanov launches torpedoes at the platform that threaten Mack 's body , but the latter is saved by Ophelia , convinced by Fitz to put to good use the Inhuman abilities his machine had given her new body . In isolation at S.H.I.E.L.D. , Fitz and Ophelia discuss her newly discovered human emotions and the fact that he remembers all the terrible things he did inside the Framework . He admits that he ultimately still loves Simmons over her , outraging Ophelia . Talbot arrives at the ruined S.H.I.E.L.D. base , where Ophelia kills several of his soldiers and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . Coulson and the others flee in the Zephyr once more , while Ophelia returns to Ivanov , who plans to use knowledge from the Darkhold to apply the changed reality of the Framework to the real world . Meanwhile , Rodriguez enters the Framework herself to try convince Mack to leave , and the Ghost Rider returns through a portal from the other dimension . 88 22 `` World 's End '' Billy Gierhart Jeffrey Bell May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 Ivanov takes the Darkhold to an international meeting on S.H.I.E.L.D. and the recent events . He proposes to use the book against the Inhumans , which is timed with an attack on the group by an LMD of Johnson , who shoots Talbot in the head leaving him comatose . In the ensuing fight , S.H.I.E.L.D. is able to retrieve the Darkhold with Reyes ' help . In the Framework , Rodriguez is unable to convince Mack to leave , but he returns with her after Hope 's code is deleted as a result of Ophelia shutting down the Framework . Radcliffe is also deleted , after accepting that immortality without Kitsworth would not have been worth it . Ophelia comes for the Darkhold , and Coulson surprises her by unleashing the Spirit of Vengeance himself , having made a deal to become the Ghost Rider for a short time . He incinerates Ophelia . Reyes , now the Ghost Rider again , takes the Darkhold through a portal . The S.H.I.E.L.D. agents then wait to be arrested by the government , but are instead taken by a mysterious group . Some time later , Coulson is working on a space station . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming - Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie John Hannah as Holden Radcliffe Recurring ( edit ) Gabriel Luna as Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Lorenzo James Henrie as Gabe Reyes Mallory Jansen as Aida `` Ophelia '' / Madame Hydra Lilli Birdsell as Lucy Bauer Jason O'Mara as Jeffrey Mace / Patriot Parminder Nagra as Ellen Nadeer Patrick Cavanaugh as Burrows José Zúñiga as Eli Morrow Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot Zach McGowan as Anton Ivanov / The Superior Brett Dalton as Grant Ward Jordan Rivera as Hope MacKenzie Notable guests ( edit ) Axle Whitehead as J.T. James / Hellfire Patton Oswalt as Billy , Sam and Thurston Koenig B.J. Britt as Antoine Triplett Adam Kulbersh as Kenneth Turgeon Simon Kassianides as Sunil Bakshi Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on March 3 , 2016 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Jed Whedon said on this , `` We 're thrilled to know going into the end of ( season 3 ) with certainty that we will be returning , because we can build our story accordingly . '' Executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen also noted that logistics for hiring directors for the season in advance would be easier , `` which is a very nice privilege to have ... that 's a luxury . '' The end of the episode `` What If ... '' features an onscreen tribute to Bill Paxton , who died in February 2017 and had portrayed John Garrett in the series ' first season . The series paid additional tribute to Paxton in `` All the Madame 's Men '' with promos during The Bakshi Report news segment showcasing John Garrett as a fallen American hero . The end of `` World 's End '' features a similar onscreen tribute to Powers Boothe , who died in May 2017 and had portrayed Gideon Malick in the series ' third season . Writing ( edit ) The season shifted to the later 10 pm timeslot , allowing it to take on a darker , more mature tone than previous seasons . According to Tancharoen , `` The whole tagline for this year is ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. After Dark ' . '' The timeslot gave the series the opportunity to present an increased level of violence and partial nudity , as well as take more risks and present edgier themes . Following the third - season finale , Tancharoen stated that the fourth season would explore the guilt Daisy Johnson has over Lincoln Campbell 's death . Executive producer Jeffrey Bell noted the writers tried to continue the tradition of `` finding new combinations and new conflicts '' between different sets of characters , given `` a lot of procedurals ( see ) the same people doing the same thing for five years '' . Pairings that would be explored included Coulson and Mack , continuing from the end of season three , who have a mutual respect for one another due to their relationships with Johnson , and Leo Fitz and Holden Radcliffe , who work together . The Fitz - Simmons relationship was also explored more , examining the new challenges it presented for the two `` working together , loving each other and living together . '' Following the third season 's dealing with the themes of Captain America : Civil War , such as the opposing reactions to the Inhumans , Whedon said that the question of `` How do you deal with a war with powered people at that level , a government level ? '' was one that they wanted to answer in the fourth season . Tancharoen called the Inhumans `` a permanent part of our universe now '' , with Whedon adding , `` we have a quick - fire way of introducing people with powers . It gives us a lot of leeway in our world , and it lets us explore the metaphors of what it is like to be different . We will never close that chapter . '' With the Inhumans film being removed from Marvel Studios ' release schedule , the series had `` a little more freedom '' and were `` able to do a little bit more '' with the species , including the potential of introducing some of the `` classic '' Inhumans , though the series would focus less on Inhumans than the third season which saw `` a real significant Inhuman agenda story '' . It was not intended to be a spin - off of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. On the evolution of S.H.I.E.L.D. to featuring so many powered characters , Whedon said `` the dynamic in the world has changed . There was one person with powers , and then by The Avengers there were maybe six total ... now they 're much more prevalent , so there 's reaction from the public based on that . '' The season is structured into three `` pods '' based on its airing schedule : the first eight episodes , subtitled Ghost Rider ; LMD ( Life Model Decoy ) for the subsequent seven episodes ; and a third pod for the final seven episodes called Agents of Hydra . Elements and characters cross over between the different pods , but the sections `` definitely have a different feel '' from one another , as Tancharoen explained that 22 episodes `` is a long time to hold a big bad or a single plot line , especially for an audience '' , and for the past two seasons , the series was able to have two separated halves that `` allows us to introduce a big bad . And then , something happens and we rise somebody new ... Now , there 's three of those . '' `` Financial considerations '' were also taken into account in creating the pods for the season , as using LMDs does not `` cost as much as setting a guy 's head on fire via CGI '' . In terms of writing the `` complicated season '' , Whedon said the writers were `` aware that our fans are our fans and have spent some time with these characters and are clever and see things coming sometimes ... Part of our job is to create not just what we are presenting on plot , but letting the audience be one step ahead of us and being one step ahead of that . '' He added that the writers knew that they wanted to tell a Ghost Rider story , an LMD story , and a `` what if '' scenario , and the hardest part was making each pod still fit together as a single season . The major connection ultimately became the Darkhold , which leads from the magic of Ghost Rider to the advanced science of LMD and then the Framework in Agents of Hydra . Ghost Rider also reappears in the final episode of the season , `` World 's End '' , as an additional connection . Ghost Rider ( edit ) While planning the fourth season , Marvel suggested that the series introduce Ghost Rider , after the character 's film rights had returned to Marvel from Sony in May 2013 . Loeb felt that this made the season unquestionably `` the series ' biggest '' with the `` most ambitious story yet '' . He added that `` one of the things that we talked about is , S.H.I.E.L.D. always looked out for the weird , the unusual , the things that were and could be a problem for the public , '' and Marvel realized that Ghost Rider 's abilities , which are more mystical than anything seen in the series to date , opened up `` a quarter of the universe that we have n't really spent a lot of time exploring ... what happens if our very real , our very grounded agents who are very much a family have to take on something that is as bizarre and powerful and unique as Ghost Rider . '' Bell added that the producers would have been willing to give an entire season of the show to a Ghost Rider arc if the season was 13 episodes or less , but 22 episodes seemed too long to `` feel like one flavor '' . The Robbie Reyes version of Ghost Rider was chosen over other versions of the character from the comics because of his relationship with his brother Gabe , which Loeb said harkened back to the familial nature of the series . This also helped the series distance itself from the Ghost Rider films from Sony that starred Nicolas Cage as the Johnny Blaze version of the character , with Bell describing the series ' take as more grounded than Cage 's `` larger - than - life version '' . During the series ' take on Reyes ' origin story , another Ghost Rider appears . While unnamed onscreen , Luna believed it was meant to be Johnny Blaze and that unspecified legal issues prevented this from being made explicit . Given the disparity between the other science - based aspects of the series and the mystical Ghost Rider in the season , Whedon noted that `` some very advanced technology ( would be developed ) this season , and maybe -- as that becomes more advanced and we have strange people ... possessed people -- those things somehow merge down the line . '' As part of combining technology and mysticism , the series depicts Hell as another dimension that can be reached through a portal , and the Ghost Rider 's Spirit of Vengeance as a being from that other dimension . Marvel trusted the producers of S.H.I.E.L.D. with creating and using Ghost Rider how they wanted to , but did ask them `` to be true to what it is '' in the comics . They looked to do this by taking the original elements from the comic , but putting their own spin on them . This included Reyes ' uncle Eli , who is the spirit possessing Reyes in the comic , appearing as an external villain . Reyes is instead possessed by the Spirit of Vengeance , which is passed to him by another Ghost Rider ; in the comics , multiple Ghost Riders exist at once , but for the series this was changed so the power can only be used by one at a time , and they pass it on to the next Ghost Rider . LMD ( edit ) Promotional poster for the season 's second `` pod '' , LMD Since the beginning of the show , the producers had wanted to introduce the concept of LMDs , which Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb noted `` have always been part of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's history in the comics '' . However , they were unable to before Avengers : Age of Ultron , which sees the introductions of Ultron and Vision in a similar manner to LMDs . For the fourth season , they particularly pushed the idea , and Whedon noted that the introduction of Ghost Rider and mysticism allowed the series to introduce new technology that could launch LMDs in a way deemed rewarding , so the Ghost Rider storyline `` dovetails '' into the LMD storyline . The S.H.I.E.L.D. program is introduced through the character Aida , an android . Additionally , with LMDs chosen as one of the pods for the season , Whedon said the writers questioned , `` what are all the things we could do ? You do n't want to do the ones that have been done ( in similar tropes ) , and you do n't want to leave any on the table . '' One idea that `` we knew we wanted to have early on '' was to reveal that the majority of S.H.I.E.L.D. have been replaced at once . Tancharoen hinted that the series would continue Age of Ultron 's theme of `` diving into the world of A.I. ( and ) things may not go as planned '' . On what makes Aida different from the villain Ultron , Whedon explained that `` Aida started as something that was supposed to mimic human behavior . Ultron came out almost a fully fleshed - out creature with his own agenda , where she 's been discovering hers along the way . '' He added that instead of thousands of robots , the LMDs would be presented as android versions of the other characters in the series . Whedon said of themes that are raised in the second pod , `` there are issues of reality and identity . Trust is always an issue in a spy organization . It 's much worse when you do n't know if the person next to you is the person next to you ... When you get into trust , that 's when things get emotional . '' The pod ends with the Melinda May LMD seemingly destroying herself and all the other known LMDs besides Aida , concluding her specific arc which explored the nature of humanity and identity . Asked if any of these LMDs survived this act , and could carry over to the third pod of the season , Whedon said `` We 'll see , but the idea was to put that chapter behind us . '' Agents of Hydra ( edit ) Promotional poster for Agents of Hydra , replacing the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo from the Ghost Rider poster with the green Hydra logo of the Framework . The third pod of the season `` ties together ( the season ) thematically '' , taking the characters into the virtual world of the Framework , where their lives are different from the real world . This explores `` what if '' scenarios for many of the characters by showing who they may have been if a major regret of their life was changed , hence the pod 's title , Agents of Hydra . This continues the season 's focus on the nature of identity and reality , having `` payoff ( s ) to all the reflection ( s ) on the past '' such as Mack 's tragic loss of his daughter and Fitz 's troubled relationship with his father . Bennet called the pod `` very relevant . It 's definitely a theme that I think has been kind of hopping around in pop culture at the moment . But it 's kind of like a fun Marvel take on that . For all those people who wished to see these characters in a different light , this is going to be the time for that to happen . '' Whedon felt that this storyline would not be interesting early in a series , but is rewarding after spending `` 80 - plus episodes with these characters '' . Whedon said they replaced S.H.I.E.L.D. with Hydra in the Framework to show `` that this world was not what was intended , and what really symbolizes the opposite of S.H.I.E.L.D. or the ultimate evil in our world is Hydra . It 's more about our people than it is about the organization itself this time around . '' It was noted that `` the bad guy ( Hydra ) is in charge and Inhumans are being hunted '' could be taken as a commentary on the political climate under the Presidency of Donald Trump . On approaching this subject , Tancharoen said that there was no nervousness in the writer 's room , and Whedon said that the similarities to Trump 's America was simply an attempt to `` paint the reality where , what if the world just turned upside down ? '' The pod sees Hydra based out of the Triskelion , a S.H.I.E.L.D. building that was destroyed by Hydra previously in the MCU . It also features the return of the character Grant Ward to the series , with Whedon explaining , `` We figured when you get dropped into an alternate reality , what better way to show that it might not be everything you imagined than the return of one of our most loved and most hated characters . '' Whedon noted that the pod does not entirely take place in the Framework , and that the characters `` have their full memories of what happened '' once they return to the real world . Some , such as Fitz , struggle with their actions in the Framework . The producers felt the impact of the `` what if '' scenario comes from rooting the changes in character choices , with Bell saying , `` I will give the writers room credit that everything that was chosen had an emotional resonance . It was something you had n't seen , or wanted to see or wondered about , so for us it was really rich territory to mine . '' Whedon added , `` It was n't just , ' OK , let 's go Wacky World ! ' It was , ' What if you 'd made different decisions ? ' That made it for us a much more fun puzzle . '' Regarding the season finale and setting up the next season , Bell said that `` Each year we 've tried to reinvent the series in some way ... I think the end ( of the finale ) really does suggest something quite different . '' Casting ( edit ) John Hannah joined the series ' main cast for the season , promoted from his previously recurring role . Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming - Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson , Melinda May , Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz , Jemma Simmons , and Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie , respectively . They are joined by John Hannah as Holden Radcliffe , promoted from his third season recurring role . Within the Framework reality , Johnson is referred to by her original name , Skye , while Fitz is also known as `` The Doctor '' . Also returning from earlier in the series are Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez , Axle Whitehead as J.T. James / Hellfire , Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot , Ava Acres as Katya Belyakov , Patton Oswalt as Billy , Sam and Thurston Koenig , and Briana Venskus , Maximilian Osinski , and Alexander Wraith as Agents Piper , Davis , and Anderson , respectively . Agents of Hydra also sees the return of former series regular Brett Dalton as Grant Ward , along with the return of B.J. Britt as Antoine Triplett , Adam Kulbersh as Kenneth Turgeon , and Simon Kassianides as Sunil Bakshi . Advertisements for the show ahead of the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con featuring a flaming chain led to speculation that the character Ghost Rider would be joining the series during the season , though it was noted that the image could just indicate an increased role for Whitehead after he was introduced as James in the third season , and also wields a flaming chain . When casting for two Latino brothers , `` one of whom is always the most dangerous person in the room , the other paralyzed in a wheelchair '' , was revealed to be underway for the series in June , further speculation pointed to the inclusion of Ghost Rider , with those character descriptions resembling those for Marvel Comics ' All - New Ghost Rider Robbie Reyes and his brother Gabe , respectively . At the series ' Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed -- Gabriel Luna was announced to be cast as Robbie Reyes , and Lorenzo James Henrie was later revealed to be cast as Gabe . Also in June , the series was looking to cast an actress for the recurring role of Aida , a robot whose artificial intelligence was briefly voiced by Amanda Rea during the third - season finale ; Mallory Jansen was cast in the role that August . Jansen also portrays Agnes Kitsworth , Radcliffe 's former lover and partner after whom he modeled Aida . Within the Framework reality , Aida appears as `` Ophelia '' / Madame Hydra , portrayed as well by Jansen . Other recurring guests revealed were Lilli Birdsell as Lucy Bauer , a worker at Momentum Energy ; Jason O'Mara as Jeffrey Mace / Patriot , the new director of S.H.I.E.L.D. ; Parminder Nagra as Ellen Nadeer , an anti-Inhuman politician ; and Patrick Cavanaugh as S.H.I.E.L.D. PR agent Burrows . In October 2016 , José Zúñiga was revealed to be portraying Eli Morrow , the Reyes ' uncle , while in January 2017 , Zach McGowan was revealed as Anton Ivanov , `` The Superior '' of the Watchdogs . In April 2017 , Jordan Rivera was revealed as Hope MacKenzie , Mack 's daughter in the Framework reality . Additionally , Blaise Miller and Ricardo Walker make multiple appearances as S.H.I.E.L.D. lab tech Nathanson and S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Prince . In May 2016 , Tancharoen said `` we 're always open '' to the possibility of Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood appearing in the season , after they left the series ' cast during the third season for the spin - off series Marvel 's Most Wanted , which ultimately did not get picked up . Whedon reiterated in January 2017 that `` Once an agent , always an agent , so it 's always out there in the ether '' , but stated that the pair were unlikely to return during the fourth season . Design ( edit ) Each pod of the season introduces new title graphics for the series : a `` hellfire '' - based title card for Ghost Rider ; a graphic constructed from robot circuitry for LMD ; and a more traditional Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. logo for the third pod that changes onscreen to Agents of Hydra for episodes primarily set in the Framework , but remains Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. during `` The Return '' . The Ghost Rider title card was used again for the season finale . For the Framework setting , the production team chose a specific , more `` washed '' out palette to clearly differentiate those scenes from the real world . This was realized through a combination of production and costume design , and cinematography . Ghost Rider was designed by Marvel Television creative director Joshua Shaw , based on Felipe Smith 's design from the comics . His jacket was then custom made by costume designer Ann Foley and her team . The character 's skull design includes exhaust - type jets of flames coming from the temples to mimic the effects on his car . Foley worked with the visual effects department to ensure that the costume would not interfere with their work . Aida 's costume was also custom made , and inspired by the works of Alexander McQueen . The costume evolves through the season , becoming a darker shade of gray when the more ruthless `` Aida 2.0 '' is introduced . Foley left the show after the thirteenth episode of the season , to work on a television adaptation of Altered Carbon , and was replaced with Amanda Riley . Riley used her previous experience recreating costumes to `` blend in '' with Foley 's established look , and also noted that the majority of her work was designing for the Framework reality which allowed her to not exactly match with previous designs . Riley took Foley 's costumes for Aida as the base shape of the Madame Hydra costume , but looked to make it feel `` stronger '' and more military-esque than those costumes by having the shoulders of the costume evoke epaulettes . The costume uses the color green , which is closely tied with the character in the comics . For the Darkhold , writer Lilla Zuckerman suggested that the book 's cover should feature the word `` Darkhold '' as an ambigram , with the series ' props department designing a new font to achieve this . Prop master Scott Bauer was inspired by elements from the Kree weaponry designed for the previous season when designing the cover of the Darkhold . Multiple versions of the book were created for the show , with the frames created by 3D - printing molds to create durable rubber casts . These were then given to a bookbinder with aged , vellum pages , who assembled the props and created the leather cover . The pages were filled with text and illustrations inspired by Leonardo DaVinci 's Vitruvian Man . Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began on July 21 , 2016 , in Los Angeles . Whedon made his directorial debut with `` Self Control '' . Whedon noted he had decided at the end of season three to direct an episode in season four after doing some second unit work on `` Spacetime '' under Kevin Tancharoen . He credited his brother and series creator Joss Whedon along with Tancharoen , and his `` years working with S.H.I.E.L.D. 's directors from a showrunning perspective and his close relationship with the cast and crew '' for why now was the right time for him to direct an episode . The cast expressed enthusiasm with Whedon directing `` Self Control '' , given he also wrote the episode , with Bennet feeling , `` The vision is so clear . There 's a lot more room to play , like ' what about this ? ' and the enthusiasm because he wrote these words , he knows what 's coming next . It 's been so much fun . '' Ahead of filming the final episode of the season , Wen injured her leg in an on set accident with `` a fairly severe injury '' . Wen noted the production was able to work around her injury with no delay and that she would still be involved with the episode . Production on the season concluded on April 17 , 2017 . Marvel Cinematic universe tie - ins ( edit ) In March 2016 , Tancharoen stated that there was a possibility the season could continue the story of Agent Carter in some way , given it was not renewed for the 2016 -- 17 season . Whedon added that `` We are linked to them through history ( but ) whether or not we 'll tell their stories remains to be seen . '' The Momentum Energy Labs group introduced in the season is eventually revealed to be a successor to the Isodyne Energy company from the second season of Agent Carter . The two companies are connected by the parent company Roxxon , a mainstay of the MCU , and deal with supernatural entities : Isodyne discovered the extra-dimensional Darkforce , while Momentum is shown experimenting on extra-dimensional energy using the Darkhold , the Book of Sins from the comics . In December , Whedon said that Peggy Carter `` is a part of the universe , and she 's a character we care about '' , and that there was a good chance of having bigger connections to her show moving forward after the Ghost Rider pod . The season 's exploring of supernatural and mystical concepts ties - in with the release of Doctor Strange , the first MCU film to explore magic . In addition to the Darkhold , this includes the introduction of Ghost Rider , with Whedon explaining in July 2016 , that `` the Marvel ( Cinematic ) Universe is moving into new waters ( with the upcoming release of Doctor Strange ) . We felt that ( Ghost Rider ) was obviously a great character that we 'd love to have on our show that we feel fits with that shift . '' Whedon pointed out that the previous tie - ins were sometimes `` very direct '' , and other times `` more thematic . The tie this year will feel more of a reflection of ( Doctor Strange ) , less an interweaving plot . '' He added , `` Hopefully some of the questions that we 're asking will be answered by ( the film , which can ) then pose some new themes and ideas for us to explore . '' `` Deals with Our Devils '' , aired after the release of Doctor Strange , sees Aida create a portal to rescue Coulson and Fitz from another dimension . The visuals for these are intentionally reminiscent of those used in the film . Bell added that the Darkhold `` feels like it belongs in the library in Kathmandu '' , referring to the Kamar - Taj library seen in Doctor Strange . On the season having a big crossover in early 2017 like previous seasons , Bell said that any crossover will not be as large scale as the first season crossover with Captain America : The Winter Soldier , which changed the premise of the series , and noted that the MCU film being released at that time is Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , which would be difficult to tie - in with as it is not set on Earth , and takes place earlier in the MCU continuity than the season is set . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on September 20 , 2016 , and completed its 22 - episode run on May 16 , 2017 . Unlike the previous two seasons , which were split into `` two little mini-seasons '' based on their airing schedule , this season was broken into three different sections by the schedule . This led to the season 's three pod story structure , which Tancharoen said `` has made our lives easier , to break it down in that way . '' Marketing ( edit ) In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the season . The trolly used to transport attendees at San Diego Comic - Con was covered in advertisements for the series , highlighting the addition of Ghost Rider . Also , Ghost Rider 's 1969 Dodge Charger was revealed on the show floor . The first teaser trailer for the season was released in early September 2016 , as `` found footage '' showing Ghost Rider 's car `` peeling out '' , followed shortly after by a teaser with actual footage from the series . The premiere episode `` The Ghost '' was first screened on September 19 , 2016 , and the episode `` Uprising '' was screened on October 7 , when Gregg , Bennet , and Luna were promoting the series at New York Comic Con . A six - part web series , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot , debuted on ABC.com on December 13 , 2016 . It follows Elena `` Yo -- Yo '' Rodriguez on a secret mission , with Cordova - Buckley reprising her role , shortly before the start of season four . Gregg , O'Mara , Simmons , Bennet , Wen , De Caestecker and Henstridge all reprise their roles in the series . In March 2017 , Marvel re-released previous posters for the series , updated to show what they would have looked like had the series taken place in the Framework reality . They also released faux propaganda posters highlighting Hydra 's surveillance state within the Framework , and their focus on hunting Inhumans . The episode `` What If ... '' was screened on April 1 , 2017 at WonderCon , with members of the cast , including Dalton , and the show 's executive producers promoting the series . Home media ( edit ) The season began streaming on Netflix in the United States on June 15 , 2017 , and will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in Region 2 on July 2 , 2018 by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Ghost '' September 20 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.44 1.1 2.79 2.2 6.24 `` Meet the New Boss '' September 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.95 1.0 2.43 1.9 5.39 `` Uprising '' October 11 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.68 1.0 2.21 1.9 4.89 `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' October 18 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.34 1.1 2.44 1.8 4.78 5 `` Lockup '' October 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.30 0.9 2.25 1.7 4.55 6 `` The Good Samaritan '' November 1 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.43 0.9 2.14 1.7 4.57 7 `` Deals with Our Devils '' November 29 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.41 0.9 2.22 1.7 4.63 8 `` The Laws of Inferno Dynamics '' December 6 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.37 0.9 2.12 1.6 4.49 9 `` Broken Promises '' January 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.94 1.6 4.66 10 `` The Patriot '' January 17 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.03 0.9 2.02 1.5 4.05 11 `` Wake Up '' January 24 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.00 0.8 1.97 1.4 3.97 12 `` Hot Potato Soup '' January 31 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.15 0.9 2.08 1.5 4.23 13 `` BOOM '' February 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.08 0.8 2.04 1.5 4.13 14 `` The Man Behind the Shield '' February 14 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.13 0.9 2.03 1.5 4.16 15 `` Self Control '' February 21 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.01 0.8 1.87 1.4 3.88 16 `` What If ... '' April 4 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.15 0.8 2.07 1.5 4.22 17 `` Identity and Change '' April 11 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.32 0.8 1.68 1.5 4.01 18 `` No Regrets '' April 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.43 0.7 1.82 1.5 4.25 19 `` All the Madame 's Men '' April 25 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.15 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Farewell , Cruel World ! '' May 2 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.15 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.75 21 `` The Return '' May 9 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.14 0.9 1.88 1.6 4.02 22 `` World 's End '' May 16 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.08 0.8 1.99 1.5 4.07 The season 's new timeslot , 10 p.m. on Tuesday , was nicknamed the `` death slot '' for ABC by commentators , with nine different series being scheduled in the slot between 2011 and 2017 , and all of them dropping in viewership while airing then . This was the same for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 , which reached series ' lows of 0.6 live ratings and around 2 million viewers , a drop from the third season of around 30 percent . However , by the season finale it was described as having `` helped solve ( ABC ) 's problem '' in the timeslot , while being `` a solid DVR performer '' and draw for international viewership . This led to the renewal of the series for a fifth season . The season averaged 4.22 million total viewers , including from DVR , ranking 110th among network series in the 2016 -- 17 television season . It also had an average total 18 - 49 rating of 1.5 , which was 70th . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 94 % approval rating with an average score of 7.61 / 10 , based on 18 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. explores darker territory in its fourth season with the thrilling introduction of Ghost Rider , setting up an action - packed new chapter of Marvel 's edgier mythologies . '' The season 's recurring guests , including ( L-R ) Gabriel Luna ( Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider ) and Jason O'Mara ( Jeffrey Mace / Patriot ) , were highlighted by critics . Reviewing the premiere , Terri Schwartz of IGN praised the introduction of Ghost Rider and subsequent darker tone which `` will eventually allow ( the series ) to sit more comfortably beside its corporate cousins over on Netflix '' , but did feel that there were some `` growing pains '' with the transition to more mature material . The A.V. Club 's Alex McCown - Levy called it `` a standard first episode back , in that it once again does a lot of table - setting , and not always in the most compelling manner '' . Levy felt that Ghost Rider 's introduction was handled well for non-comic fans discovering the character with the show , but that the new positions of the series ' main characters were more interesting and should have been focused on more . Kevin Fitzpatrick of Screen Crush said , `` I 'm nervous for Season 4 overall , especially if said reinvention does n't goose the ratings like Marvel and ABC hope , but `` The Ghost '' is reason enough for some casual optimism . '' He was positive about the new similarities to the darker series Daredevil , but felt that the series `` does n't have the firmest handle '' on Ghost Rider yet . Evan Valentine , writing for Collider , said that the series `` certainly benefits somewhat from taking a page from '' the Marvel Netflix series , highlighting the number of more mature elements in the episode 's opening as `` a nice introduction that shows you this may not exactly be the same show you 've gotten to know over the years . '' For the change from Ghost Rider to LMD , Joseph McCabe at Nerdist said that any doubts he had about the change `` are more or less eliminated '' by the series take on a robotic antagonist , which he called `` Avengers : Age of Ultron done right ... where it most obviously improves on the overstuffed second Avengers film is in the humor department '' . Schwartz called the transition smooth , and felt the series ' ongoing Inhuman subplot complimented the LMD storyline well . Valentine said that the beginning of LMD `` does n't maintain the heights of ( the series ' ) days with Ghost Rider in the driver 's seat , but it does manage to remain a solid entry on the airwaves . '' He was very critical of the Inhuman subplot , calling the Watchdogs `` pretty much played out at this point '' and feeling the Inhumans had become stale after the previous two seasons . Fitzpatrick also criticized the `` flat '' Inhuman storyline , but felt the change to LMD `` got off to the best possible start '' given the `` obviously less of an immediate hook '' than Ghost Rider . Beginning the Agents of Hydra pod , Schwartz said `` this return episode more than delivered '' on the previous episode 's cliffhanger . She was satisfied that the Framework reality was not undone within a single episode , and was hopeful that the remaining episodes of the season would offer `` similar surprises ( that circumvent ) our expectations '' . Valentine felt `` What If ... '' `` made for a very good start '' to the pod , feeling it `` continues to build on the goodwill created by season 4 of S.H.I.E.L.D. presenting an interesting concept and world to be explored '' . McCown - Levy continued the praise , saying `` This could 've been a sodden slog through too - obvious reveals and portentous doom and gloom . Instead , S.H.I.E.L.D. kept its fleet and efficient pacing , but bent it to the service of a dark and compelling narrative arc already paying dividends in terms of rewarding long - time viewers with deep - pull references and stories '' . Fitzpatrick , however , felt the episode `` stumbled '' and was `` something of a bumpy reentry into season 4 , and doubly so for anyone who lost sight of the Life Model Decoy conflict in play , or harbor concern ABC might not order a fifth season . '' He found it difficult to determine the rules at play in the Framework , and felt the storyline was done more so because the `` producers missed working with Brett Dalton '' . By `` All the Madame 's Men '' , McCown - Levy felt that Agents of Hydra was `` the most consistently entertaining arc the series has ever done . The show has had higher highs , but never this constant a level of quality . I 've argued several times of late that Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has been getting steadily better each season , and even in a year that had strong arcs like Ghost Rider and LMD , this final storyline tops them all ... the show has essentially managed to create an alternate reality where it can work out longstanding issues and address unfinished character beats , all while smartly delivering action and thrills ... And insofar as this keeps working , it 's managed to turn the TV equivalent of a fun B - movie into a superior television show . '' Overall , Schwartz awarded the season an 8.8 out of 10 , stating the season was `` the best ( the series has ) ever been , maturing as a show and learning the right lessons from what 's come before . '' She praised the pod format , saying it `` helped tighten the season and give it a stronger throughline '' and added that each new pod the season introduced was more successful than the previous , with the Agents of Hydra pod and Framework story arc possibly the strongest of the entire series . Schwartz also spoke fondly of the guest stars throughout the season , particularly Jansen , who she called `` the season 's MVP '' and felt `` stole the show '' with Aida , who was `` the standout new character '' of the season . Some negatives on the season were the additional villains , Eli Morrow and the Superior ( not `` a particularly standout villain '' , and never `` as imposing or terrifying as he should have been '' , respectively ) , and some of the early effects work , though she also praised `` the great CGI work '' with Ghost Rider . Den of Geek 's Rob Leane also praised the pod format , saying it `` fixed the 22 - episode problem '' . He felt the Ghost Rider pod had amazing visual effects , and was a `` natural '' length that other series may have stretched further . He also highlighted Wen 's performance as LMD May in the LMD pod and the Agents of Hydra pod 's Mack and Hope storyline , and praised the guest performances of Luna and Jansen ( feeling that bringing the latter two together in the finale `` was the perfect way to wrap things up '' ) . Leane called the season `` a master class in how Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. can thrive going forward ... the writers keep throwing in more sci - fi concepts , the special effects team keep delivering , and the cast keep stepping up their game to keep up with it all . '' Analysis ( edit ) Many critics noted the commentary on the Trump administration during the Agents of Hydra pod , including Hydra leader Fitz wanting to `` make society great again '' and saying of Johnson `` Nevertheless , she persisted '' , news reporter Bakshi offering to take a female colleague furniture shopping , and Coulson referring to Hydra 's approved history as `` alternative facts '' . Valentine described this as `` one of the prevalent themes '' of the pod , and felt that `` S.H.I.E.L.D. has managed to throw in some biting commentary this season . '' McCown - Levy said that during the pod , `` it became clear the show was leaving behind its former tactic of satisfying itself with coy allusions and nods to the contemporary political reality in the U.S. The Framework is giving this series an opportunity to express its displeasure with the current administration . '' He also noted that Fitz 's Framework upbringing was justified in comparison to the actions of Nazis , which he found to be more effective than the other commentary since tied to character development . Salon 's Amanda Marcotte felt that by May 2017 , there `` has n't been time for most of pop culture to react to ( Trump 's election ) but there is one truly remarkable exception to the rule : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ... the writers and producers did a remarkable job shaping the latter half of this season into a horror - show mirror of what it feels like for liberals living in Trump 's America . '' Marcotte noted that the `` Resistance '' is lead , for the audience , by two women in Johnson and Simmons , reflecting the 2017 Women 's March , and also that Hydra gained power using fear of Inhumans just as `` Trump was able to ride a wave of anti-immigrant sentiment into power '' . She also highlighted Simmons ' warning to a young boy that all Hydra agent are Nazis , calling this a warning `` to the audience , reminding them not to forget exactly what kind of authoritarian monster has been put in the White House . '' Michal Schick of Hypable noted that the political commentary had been running throughout the season , with Nadeer and the Humans First movement , but that `` in the face of murderous demons with combustable craniums and body - swapping LMD 's , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. largely kept the commentary in the background . That changed -- drastically -- as the show entered '' the final pod . Schick highlighted the fact that `` for all of the clear allusions to Trump 's America , the president himself remains unparodied . The mistress of the Framework 's perversities is Aida , as Madame Hydra , and it 's hard to imagine a more different figure from Trump ... By omitting this easiest and most obvious point of satire , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. broadens its message beyond straight contemporary commentary . It is easy ( and desperately tempting ) to place blame all of our ills and evils on a current administration , and easy to pin all the ills of the Framework on Aida . But an element of individual responsibility burns through , both in our own lives and in this fiction . '' Writing for Polygon , Eric Watson said that `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's fourth season pulls the best elements from the MCU and the most over-the - top elements from comics to remind me why I love Marvel : superheroes punching Nazis . '' He said this was refreshing after the controversial comic storyline Secret Empire which sees the patriotic Captain America revealed to be a sleeper agent for Hydra . Carli Velocci at TheWrap also discussed the season in relation to Secret Empire , noting that Agents of Hydra `` has n't spawned a digital mountain of outrage '' like the commic event . She said that Secet Empire `` all but ignores ( the ) real world context , minus acknowledging that Nazis tend to like concentration camps . If anything , it treats the subject matter like window dressing , background for a plot intended to blow readers ' minds ... Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , however , embraces that real world context . It does everything it can to ensure that the real world still matters and that the audience understands the negative consequences of a Nazi - driven society . And unlike the comic book counterpart , it does n't shy away from the fact that Hydra is definitely rooted in the Third Reich . '' She continued that the series `` manages to create a world where Hydra is the establishment , but every other plot point is about questioning it explicitly '' and `` what 's more inspiring than seeing an actual symbol of America not taking crap from Nazis ? Wherever the comic series takes Captain America , it should n't have lost sight of that . Fortunately , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. did n't . '' Accolades ( edit ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. was included on Laura Hurley of Cinema Blend 's Top 10 Shows of 2016 list , ranking 2nd . Comic Book Resources named `` The Ghost '' as the 15th best episode in 2016 among comic book - related television series . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2017 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` Broken Promises '' Henry Simmons and Natalia Cordova - Buckley Nominated Performance in `` Hot Potato Soup '' Patton Oswalt Nominated Golden Reel Awards TV -- Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR `` Deals with Our Devils '' Nominated TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` Self Control '' Elizabeth Henstridge and Iain De Caestecker Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Family TV Show Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nominated TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Return '' Mallory Jansen Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action TV Show Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nominated Choice Action TV Actor Gabriel Luna Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nominated TVLine 's Performer of the Year Iain De Caestecker Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luna believed this was meant to be the Johnny Blaze version of the Ghost Rider character and that unspecified legal issues prevented this from being made explicit . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lovett , Jaimie ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Ghost Rider 's Agents Of SHIELD Debut Draws Middling Ratings '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Caleb ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Comic - Con 17 : Teddy Spears , Ciara Renee and Gabriel Luna Panels '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 Synopsis Released '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents Of SHIELD '' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Gabriel Luna as Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 401 ) `` The Ghost '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Madame Hydra to appear on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holub , Christian ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. recap : ' Identity and Change ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 405 ) `` Lockup '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Casts Lilli Birdsell In Recurring Role For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. officially reveals new director 's identity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Parminder Nagra Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' in a Recurring Role '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Prison Break '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 403 ) `` Uprising '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 404 ) `` Let Me Stand Next to Your Fire '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Adrian Pasdar Will Return To Agents Of SHIELD For Season 4 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 412 ) `` Hot Potato Soup '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 418 ) `` No Regrets '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , James ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of SHIELD Season 4 Episode 4 : Let Me Stand Next To Your Fire Recap With Spoilers '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Patton Oswalt returns to reveal Koenig family secret ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McLevy , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. gets sharply political -- and a surprisingly moving guest star '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hurley , Laura ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Is Bringing A Former Villain Back '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Renewed For Season 4 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Address Flash - Forward Mystery , ' Agent Carter ' Integration '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` WonderCon : Agents of SHIELD Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pays Tribute to Bill Paxton in ' All the Madame 's Men ' '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of SHIELD Pays Tribute To Powers Boothe '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 4 Will Move Timeslots , ' Go a Little Darker ' '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Teases Sexier Season 4 ( With Equal FitzSimmons Sideboob ) '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' After Dark ' Preview : A ' Sexy ' New Star , Naked ( Spoiler ) and Hashtag # Sideboob '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on death twist and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Showrunners on Captain America : Civil War Crossover and Finale Death '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cairns , Bryan ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Executive Producers Talk Heroes ' Last Stand Against Hive `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` How Doctor Strange Brought Ghost Rider to Agents of SHIELD '' . io9 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' EPs on That Eventful Midseason Finale and What Comes Next '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel , ABC Set ' The Inhumans ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghost Rider Burns Your Soul in First ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 4 Footage '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : What 's happened to Agent May ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Sets ' Slingshot ' Digital Series for December Hiatus '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jed Whedon Makes Directorial Debut On Marvel 's Agents Of SHIELD '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on those shocking LMD twists '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : ( Spoiler ) Set to Return in Season 4 Finale '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' EPs Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen on Season 4 , Ghost Rider , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ghost Rider Blazes Back to Marvel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boone , Josh ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Head of TV Reveals How ' The Defenders ' Will Be Different From ' The Avengers ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . 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Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Showrunner Addresses Hydra 's Return , Simmons ' Fate and Framework Changes '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. bosses on aftermath of Framework escape '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. EPs Take Us Inside Creation of Framework Arc -- Including the Evil Haircut They Did n't Ask For '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McLevy , Alex ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. turns the world inside out , in the best possible way '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Wake Up `` '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Complete First Season ( Disc 02 ) '' . LowPro.net . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Could Ghost Rider Be Headed to Agents of SHIELD Season Four ? '' . SuperheroHype ! . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Once Upon a Time , Legends , POI , Rizzoli & Isles and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Is Agents Of SHIELD Casting Ghost Rider After All ? '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 321 / 322 ) `` Absolution / Ascension '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Taps Galavant Star Mallory Jansen to Do the Robot '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 413 ) `` BOOM '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Jason O'Mara Cast as New Director for Season 4 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD EP Jeff Bell on Mockingbird and Hunter Departure and Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supernatural , Scandal , Hawaii Five - 0 and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mangione , Nick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. gives us the Ghost Rider we did n't know we wanted '' . Geek.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Joseph ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : `` Broken Promises '' is an Exhilarating Evil AI Thriller `` . Nerdist . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brand , Dana Leigh ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Review : `` What If ... '' `` . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of SHIELD Season 4 Episode 21 : The Return Recap '' . Metawitches . May 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agents of Shield Season 4 Episode 22 : World 's End / Season Finale Recap '' . Metawitches . May 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Discusses Creating a Hydra World '' ( Podcast ) . SoundCloud. April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Costume Designer Gives Details On Ghost Rider And AIDA 's TV Look '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Kolpack ( @ @ MarkKolpack ) ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Another name all of you should learn is Joshua James Shaw . He 's Marvel TV 's creative concept designer . He designed the skull . VFX made it CG '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( September 22 , 2016 ) . Creating the Ghost Rider -- Forging Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. YouTube . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Week in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Returns With a LMD Uprising '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Gregg ( @ @ clarkgregg ) ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` After 80 eps of # AgentsofSHIELD @ afoley24 leaves us . Farewell u incredible artist / collaborator / geek . Ca n't wait for # alteredcarbon ❤ ️ 🔥 👾 👽 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Nora ( @ NoraZuckerman ) ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Yes , the # darkhold book cover is an ambigram - reads the same way upside down ! @ lillazuck 's idea , our art department 's awesome execution ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( @ AgentsofSHIELD ) ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` It 's an ambigram . # AgentsofSHIELD # Darkhold '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chan , Robert ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Props to the Prop Master '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ming - Na Wen ( @ @ MingNa ) ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Day one . # AgentsofSHIELD Season 4 begins filming . Early calltime . The Cavalry is back on her horse , peeps ! Yeah , still hate waking so early '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Set Videos Show Ghost Rider 's Car in Action '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lauren ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Ming - Na Wen 's Injury Wo n't Affect Agents of SHIELD Production '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tancharoen , Maurissa ( @ MoTancharoen ) ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Last day of shooting on Season 4 ( with director Billy Gierhart ) . # AgentsofSHIELD '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Canceled at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` S.H.I.E.L.D. Recap : Catch the Spirit -- Plus , the New Director Is ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lachenal , Jessica ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Debrief Season 4 , Episode 6 : `` The Good Samaritan '' `` . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. chose this Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. reveals what happened to the team '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : Marvel 's `` Agents of SHIELD '' Cast & Crew Declassify Season 4 `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bosses ' Season 4 Finale Preview Will Make You Very Thankful There 's a Season 5 to Look Forward to '' . E !. Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Television Returns To San Diego Comic - Con '' . Marvel.com . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 : Ghost Rider 's Car Revealed at SDCC '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` First Image Of Ghost Rider From Agents Of SHIELD Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ghost Rider Stars in New ' Found Footage ' Agents of SHIELD Teaser '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : What 's in the box ? ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brownfield , Paul ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Previews Episode & Pranks Fans -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot , Cast , Characters and Stars '' . ABC.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Posters Reimagine Past Seasons in the Framework '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Hypes Hydra 's Return With New Propaganda Posters '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix June 2017 Movie and TV Titles Announced '' . ComingSoon.net . May 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK & Ireland ( @ MarvelUK ) ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` The robot apocalypse is finally here on Blu - ray and DVD ... Season 4 of Marvel 's @ AgentsofSHIELD ( is ) available July 2nd ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Tuesday ' Death Slot ' : A Brief History of Its Put - Upon Occupants '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` The Ghost '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCown - Levy , Alex ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. is back , and confronting an iconic antihero '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Review : ' The Ghost ' Rides High on Season 4 's Dark Energy '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Evan ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 4 Premiere Recap : `` The Ghost '' -- Highway to Hell `` . Collider . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Broken Promises '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Evan ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Recap : `` Broken Promises '' -- W.E.S.T.W.O.R.L.D. ? `` . Collider . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Jokes Away ' LMD ' Reboot With ' Broken Promises ' '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` What If ... '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Evan ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Recap : `` What If ... '' -- The Wonderful World of Hydra `` . Collider . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Returns With a Convoluted ' What If ' Hydra Twist '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` '' Agents of Hydra '' is the most consistently strong arc S.H.I.E.L.D. has ever done `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leane , Rob ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` How Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. fixed the 22 - episode problem '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Valentine , Evan ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Recap : `` All the Madame 's Men '' -- Unusual Politics `` . Collider . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` '' Nevertheless , She Persisted '' -- Anti-Trump Slogan Dropped Into Marvel 's Agents Of SHIELD `` . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of SHIELD Writers Takes A Few More Shots At Trump '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLevy , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. gets sharply political -- and a surprisingly moving guest star '' . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcotte , Amanda ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's `` Agents of SHIELD '' is the glorious anti-Trump satire you 've been longing for `` . Salon . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schick , Michal ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' is the political fairytale we need right now '' . Hypable . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Eric ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD 's fourth season was all about punching Nazis -- and it was the best yet '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Is Tackling the Nazi Problem Better Than Marvel Comics ( Commentary ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( December 2016 ) . `` The Top 10 Shows Of 2016 , According To Laura -- 2 . Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. , ABC '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bejar , Christian ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 's 16 Best Episodes In Comic Book TV '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : black - ish 's Anthony Anderson '' . TVLine . January 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gotham 's Cameron Monaghan '' . TVLine . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Westworld ' Lead MPSE Sound Editing Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performers of the Week : Charles Esten and Ron Cephas Jones '' . TVLine . February 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Michael McKean '' . TVLine . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Dragon Awards Winners '' . Locus Online . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Performer of the Year Finalists '' . TVLine . December 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . General references `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z - Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Founding Members Peggy Carter Chester Phillips Howard Stark Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Alphonso Mackenzie Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonist Organizations A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliated Agencies Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Ultimate Marvel Universe Ultimate Nick Fury Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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2980528212322063033	Paavo Nurmi	Paavo Nurmi - wikipedia Paavo Nurmi Jump to : navigation , search Paavo Nurmi Nurmi at the 1920 Summer Olympics Full name Paavo Johannes Nurmi ( 1897 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1897 Turku , Finland 2 October 1973 ( 1973 - 10 - 02 ) ( aged 76 ) Helsinki , Finland Height 174 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) Weight 65 kg ( 143 lb ) Sport Country Finland Sport Athletics Medal record ( hide ) Olympic Games 1920 Antwerp 10,000 m 1920 Antwerp Individual cross country 1920 Antwerp Team cross country 1924 Paris 1500 m 1924 Paris 5000 m 1924 Paris Individual cross country 1924 Paris Team cross country 1924 Paris 3000 m team 1928 Amsterdam 10,000 m 1920 Antwerp 5000 m 1928 Amsterdam 5000 m 1928 Amsterdam 3000 m steeplechase Updated on 11 June 2015 . Paavo Johannes Nurmi ( Finnish pronunciation : ( ˈpɑːʋo ˈnurmi ) ( listen ) ; 13 June 1897 -- 2 October 1973 ) was a Finnish middle - and long - distance runner . He was nicknamed the `` Flying Finn '' as he dominated distance running in the early 20th century . Nurmi set 22 official world records at distances between 1500 metres and 20 kilometres , and won nine gold and three silver medals in his twelve events in the Olympic Games . At his peak , Nurmi was undefeated at distances from 800 m upwards for 121 races . Throughout his 14 - year career , he remained unbeaten in cross country events and the 10,000 m . Born into a working - class family , Nurmi left school at 12 to provide for his family . In 1912 , he was inspired by the Olympic feats of Hannes Kolehmainen and began developing a strict training program . Nurmi started to flourish during his military service , setting national records en route to his international debut at the 1920 Summer Olympics . After a silver medal in the 5000 m , he took gold in the 10,000 m and the cross country events . In 1923 , Nurmi became the first , and so far only , runner to hold the world record in the mile , the 5000 m and the 10,000 m races at the same time . He went on to set new world records for the 1500 m and the 5000 m with just an hour between the races , and take gold medals in the distances in less than two hours at the 1924 Olympics . Seemingly untouched by the Paris heat wave , Nurmi won all his races and returned home with five gold medals , but embittered , as Finnish officials had refused to enter him for the 10,000 m . Struggling with injuries and motivation issues after his exhaustive U.S. tour in 1925 , Nurmi found his long - time rivals Ville Ritola and Edvin Wide ever more serious challengers . At the 1928 Summer Olympics , Nurmi recaptured the 10,000 m title but was beaten for the gold in the 5000 m and the 3000 m steeplechase . He then turned his attention to longer distances , breaking the world records for events such as the one hour run and the 25 - mile marathon . Nurmi intended to end his career with a marathon gold medal , as his idol Kolehmainen had done . In a controversial case that strained Finland -- Sweden relations and sparked an inter-IAAF battle , Nurmi was suspended before the 1932 Games by an IAAF council that questioned his amateur status . Two days before the opening ceremonies , the council rejected his entries . Although he was never declared a professional , Nurmi 's suspension became definite in 1934 and he retired from running . Nurmi later coached Finnish runners , raised funds for Finland during the Winter War , and worked as a haberdasher , building contractor , and share trader , eventually becoming one of Finland 's richest people . In 1952 , he was the lighter of the Olympic Flame at the Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Nurmi 's speed and elusive personality spawned nicknames such as the `` Phantom Finn '' , while his achievements , training methods and running style influenced future generations of middle and long distance runners . Nurmi , who rarely ran without a stopwatch in his hand , has been credited for introducing the `` even pace '' strategy and analytic approach to running , and for making running a major international sport . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Olympic career 2.1 1920 -- 1924 Olympics 2.2 U.S. tour and 1928 Olympics 2.3 Move to longer distances 2.4 1932 Olympics and later career 3 Later life 4 Personal life and public image 5 Legacy 6 Career summary ( 1920 -- 34 ) 6.1 Seasons 6.2 Events 6.3 Olympics 7 World records 7.1 IAAF - ratified 7.2 Unofficial 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Nurmi with his family in 1924 Nurmi was born in Turku , Finland , to carpenter Johan Fredrik Nurmi and his wife Matilda Wilhelmiina Laine . Nurmi 's siblings , Siiri , Saara , Martti and Lahja , were born in 1898 , 1902 , 1905 and 1908 , respectively . In 1903 , the Nurmi family moved from Raunistula into a 40 - square - meter apartment in central Turku , where Paavo Nurmi would live until 1932 . The young Nurmi and his friends were inspired by the English long - distance runner Alfred Shrubb . They regularly ran or walked six kilometres ( four miles ) to swim in Ruissalo , and back , sometimes twice a day . By the age of eleven , Nurmi ran the 1500 metres in 5 : 02 . Nurmi 's father Johan died in 1910 and his sister Lahja a year later . The family struggled financially , renting out their kitchen to another family and living in a single room . Nurmi , a talented student , left school to work as an errand boy for a bakery . Although he stopped running actively , he got plenty of exercise pushing heavy carts up the steep slopes in Turku . He later credited these climbs for strengthening his back and leg muscles . At 15 , Nurmi rekindled his interest in athletics after being inspired by the performances of Hannes Kolehmainen , who was said to `` have run Finland onto the map of the world '' at the 1912 Summer Olympics . He bought his first pair of sneakers a few days later . Nurmi trained primarily by doing cross country running in the summers and cross country skiing in the winters . In 1914 , Nurmi joined the sports club Turun Urheiluliitto and won his first race on the 3000 metres . Two years later , he revised his training program to include walking , sprints and calisthenics . He continued to provide for his family through his new job at the Ab. H. Ahlberg & Co workshop in Turku , where he worked until he started his military service at a machine gun company in the Pori Brigade in April 1919 . During the Finnish Civil War in 1918 , Nurmi remained politically passive and concentrated on his work and his Olympic ambitions . After the war , he decided not to join the newly founded Finnish Workers ' Sports Federation , but wrote articles for the federation 's chief organ and criticized the discrimination against many of his fellow workers and athletes . Nurmi at the 1920 Olympic trials In the army , Nurmi quickly impressed in the athletic competitions : While others marched , Nurmi ran the whole distances with a rifle on his shoulder and a backpack full of sand . Nurmi 's stubbornness caused him difficulties with his non-commissioned officers , but he was favoured by the superior officers , despite his refusal to take the soldier 's oath . As the unit commander Hugo Österman was a known sports aficionado , Nurmi and few other athletes were given free time to practice . Nurmi improvised new training methods in the army barracks ; he ran behind trains , holding on to the rear bumper , to stretch his stride , and used heavy iron - clad army boots to strengthen his legs . Nurmi soon began setting personal bests and got close for the Olympic selection . In March 1920 , he was promoted to corporal ( alikersantti ) . On 29 May 1920 , he set his first national record on the 3000 m and went on to win the 1500 m and the 5000 m at the Olympic trials in July . Olympic career ( edit ) 1920 -- 1924 Olympics ( edit ) Nurmi at the 1924 Summer Olympics Nurmi made his international debut in August at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , Belgium . He took his first medal by finishing second to Frenchman Joseph Guillemot in the 5000 m . This would remain the only time that Nurmi lost to a non-Finnish runner in the Olympics . He went on to win gold medals in his other three events : the 10,000 m , sprinting past Guillemot on the final curve and improving his personal best by over a minute , the cross country race , beating Sweden 's Eric Backman , and the cross country team event where he helped Heikki Liimatainen and Teodor Koskenniemi defeat the British and Swedish teams . Nurmi 's success brought electric lighting and running water for his family in Turku . Nurmi , however , was given a scholarship to study at the Teollisuuskoulu industrial school in Helsinki . Buoyed by his defeat to Guillemot , Nurmi 's races became a series of experiments which he analyzed meticulously . Previously known for his blistering pace on the first few laps , Nurmi started to carry a stopwatch and spread his efforts more uniformly over the distance . He aimed to perfect his technique and tactics to a point where the performances of his rivals would be rendered meaningless . Nurmi set his first world record on the 10,000 m in Stockholm in 1921 . In 1922 , he broke the world records for the 2000 m , the 3000 m and the 5000 m . A year later , Nurmi added the records for the 1500 m and the mile . His feat of holding the world records for the mile , the 5000 m and the 10,000 m at the same time has not been matched by any other athlete before or since . Nurmi also tested his speed in the 800 m , winning the 1923 Finnish Championships with a new national record . After excelling in mathematics , Nurmi graduated as an engineer in 1923 and returned home to prepare for the upcoming Olympic Games . Nurmi 's trip to the 1924 Summer Olympics was endangered by a knee injury in the spring of 1924 , but he recovered and resumed training twice a day . On 19 June , Nurmi tried out the 1924 Olympic schedule at the Eläintarha Stadium in Helsinki by running the 1500 m and the 5000 m inside an hour , setting new world records for both distances . In the 1500 m final at the Olympics in Paris , Nurmi ran the first 800 m almost three seconds faster . His only challenger , Ray Watson of the United States , gave up before the last lap and Nurmi was able to slow down and coast to victory ahead of Willy Schärer , H.B. Stallard and Douglas Lowe , still breaking the Olympic record by three seconds . The 5000 m final started in less than two hours , and Nurmi faced a tough challenge from countryman Ville Ritola , who had already won the 3000 m steeplechase and the 10,000 m . Ritola and Edvin Wide figured that Nurmi must be tired and tried to burn him off by running at world - record pace . Realizing that he was now racing the two men and not the clock , Nurmi tossed his stopwatch onto the grass . The Finns later passed the Swede as his pace faded and continued their duel . On the home straight , Ritola sprinted from the outside but Nurmi increased his pace to keep his rival a metre behind . In the cross country events , the heat of 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) , caused all but 15 of the 38 competitors to abandon the race . Eight finishers were taken away on stretchers . One athlete began to run in tiny circles after reaching the stadium , until setting off into the stands and knocking himself unconscious . Early leader Wide was among those who blacked out along the course , and was incorrectly reported to have died at the hospital . Nurmi exhibited only slight signs of exhaustion after beating Ritola to the win by nearly a minute and a half . As Finland looked to have lost the team medal , the disoriented Liimatainen staggered into the stadium , but was barely moving forward . An athlete ahead of him fainted 50 metres from the finish , and Liimatainen stopped and tried to find his way off the track , thinking he had reached the finish line . After having ignored shouts and kept the spectators in suspense for a while , he turned into the right direction , realised his situation and reached the finish in 12th place and secured team gold . Those present at the stadium were shocked by what they had witnessed , and Olympic officials decided to ban cross country running from future Games . In the 3000 m team race on the next day , Nurmi and Ritola again finished first and second , and Elias Katz secured the gold medal for the Finnish team by finishing fifth . Nurmi had won five gold medals in five events , but he left the Games embittered as the Finnish officials had allocated races between their star runners and prevented him from defending his title in the 10,000 m , the distance that was dearest to him . After returning to Finland , Nurmi set a 10,000 m world record that would last for almost 13 years . He now held the 1500 m , the mile , the 3000 m , the 5000 m and the 10,000 m world records simultaneously . U.S. tour and 1928 Olympics ( edit ) Nurmi with President Calvin Coolidge during his 1925 U.S. tour In early 1925 , Nurmi embarked on a widely publicised tour of the United States . He competed in 55 events ( 45 indoors ) during a five - month period , starting at a sold - out Madison Square Garden on 6 January . His debut was a copy of his feats in Helsinki and Paris . Nurmi defeated Joie Ray and Lloyd Hahn to win the mile and Ritola to win the 5000 m , again setting new world records for both distances . Nurmi broke ten more indoor world records in regular events and set several new best times for rarer distances . He won 51 of the events , abandoned one race and lost two handicap races along with his final event ; a half - mile race at the Yankee Stadium , where he finished second to American track star Alan Helffrich . Helffrich 's victory ended Nurmi 's 121 - race , four - year win streak in individual scratch races at distances from 800 m upwards . Although he hated losing more than anything , Nurmi was the first to congratulate Helffrich . The tour made Nurmi extremely popular in the United States , and the Finn agreed to meet President Calvin Coolidge at the White House . Nurmi left America fearing that he had competed too often and burned himself out . Nurmi struggled to maintain motivation for running , heightened by his rheumatism and Achilles tendon problems . He quit his job as a machinery draughtsman in 1926 and began studying business intensively . As Nurmi started a new career as a share dealer , his financial advisors included Risto Ryti , director of the Bank of Finland . In 1926 , Nurmi broke Wide 's world record for the 3000 m in Berlin and then improved the record in Stockholm , despite Nils Eklöf repeatedly trying to slow his pace down in an effort to aid Wide . Nurmi was furious at the Swedes and vowed never to race Eklöf again . In October 1926 , he lost a 1500 m race along with his world record to Germany 's Otto Peltzer . This marked the first time in over five years and 133 races that Nurmi had been defeated at a distance over 1000 m . In 1927 , Finnish officials barred him from international competition for refusing to run against Eklöf at the Finland - Sweden international , cancelling the Peltzer rematch scheduled for Vienna . Nurmi ended his season and threatened , until late November , to withdraw from the 1928 Summer Olympics . At the 1928 Olympic trials , Nurmi was left third in the 1500 m by eventual gold and bronze medalists Harri Larva and Eino Purje , and he decided to concentrate on the longer distances . He added steeplechase to his program , although he had only tried the event twice before , the latest being a two - mile steeplechase victory at the 1922 British Championships . At the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam , Nurmi competed in three events . He won the 10,000 m by staying right behind Ritola until sprinting past him on the home straight . Before the 5000 m final , Nurmi injured himself in his qualifying heat for the 3000 m steeplechase . He fell on his back at the water jump , spraining his hip and foot . Lucien Duquesne stopped to help him up , and Nurmi thanked the Frenchman by pacing him past the field and offered him the heat win , which Duquesne gracefully refused . In the 5000 m , Nurmi tried to repeat his move on Ritola but had to watch his teammate pull away instead . Nurmi , looking more exhausted than ever before , only barely managed to keep Wide behind and take silver . Nurmi had little time to rest or nurse his injuries as the 3000 m steeplechase started the next day . Struggling with the hurdles , Nurmi let Finland 's steeplechase specialist Toivo Loukola escape into the distance . On the final lap , he sprinted clear of the others and finished nine seconds behind the world - record setting Loukola ; Nurmi 's time also bettered the previous record . Although Ritola did not finish , Ove Andersen completed a Finnish sweep of the medals . Move to longer distances ( edit ) Nurmi checks his stopwatch in 1928 Nurmi stated to a Swedish newspaper that `` this is absolutely my last season on the track . I am beginning to get old . I have raced for fifteen years and have had enough of it . '' However , Nurmi continued running , turning his attention to longer distances . In October , he broke the world records for the 15 km , the 10 miles and the one hour run in Berlin . Nurmi 's one - hour record stood for 17 years , until Viljo Heino ran 129 metres further in 1945 . In January 1929 , Nurmi started his second U.S. tour from Brooklyn . He suffered his first - ever defeat in the mile to Ray Conger at the indoor Wanamaker Mile . Nurmi was seven seconds slower than in his world record run in 1925 , and it was immediately speculated if the mile had become too short a distance for him . In 1930 , he set a new world record for the 20 km . In July 1931 , Nurmi showed he still had pace for the shorter distances by beating Lauri Lehtinen , Lauri Virtanen and Volmari Iso - Hollo , and breaking the world record on the now - rare two miles . He was the first runner to complete the distance in less than nine minutes . Nurmi planned to compete only in the 10,000 m and the marathon in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , stating that he `` wo n't enter the 5000 metres for Finland has at least three excellent men for that event . '' In April 1932 , the executive council of the International Amateur Athletics Federation ( IAAF ) suspended Nurmi from international athletics events pending an investigation into his amateur status by the Finnish Athletics Federation . The Finnish authorities criticized the IAAF for acting without a hearing , but agreed to launch an investigation . It was customary of the IAAF to accept the final decision of its national branch , and the Associated Press wrote that `` there is little doubt that if the Finnish federation clears Nurmi the international body will accept its decision without question . '' A week later , the Finnish Ahletics Federation ruled in favor of Nurmi , finding no evidence for the allegations of professionalism . Nurmi was hopeful that his suspension would be lifted in time for the Games . Nurmi running his only marathon On 26 June 1932 Nurmi started his first marathon at the Olympic trials . Not drinking a drop of liquid , he ran the old - style ' short marathon ' of 40.2 km ( 25 miles ) in 2 : 22 : 03.8 -- on the pace to finish in about 2 : 29 : 00 , just under Albert Michelsen 's marathon world record of 2 : 29 : 01.8 . At the time , he led Armas Toivonen , the eventual Olympic bronze medalist , by six minutes . Nurmi 's time was the new unofficial world record for the short marathon . Confident that he had done enough , Nurmi stopped and retired from the race owing to problems with his Achilles tendon . The Finnish Olympic Committee entered Nurmi for both the 10,000 m and the marathon . The Guardian reported that `` some of his trial times were almost unbelievable , '' and Nurmi went on to train at the Olympic Village in Los Angeles despite his injury . Nurmi had set his heart on ending his career with a marathon gold medal , as Kolehmainen had done shortly after the First World War . 1932 Olympics and later career ( edit ) Less than three days before the 10,000 m , a special commission of the IAAF , consisting of the same seven members that had suspended Nurmi , rejected the Finn 's entries and barred him from competing in Los Angeles . Sigfrid Edström , president of the IAAF and chairman of its executive council , stated that the full congress of the IAAF , which was scheduled to start the next day , could not reinstate Nurmi for the Olympics but merely review the phases and political angles related to the case . The AP called this `` one of the slickest political maneuvers in international athletic history '' , and wrote that the Games would now be `` like Hamlet without the celebrated Dane in the cast . '' Thousands protested against the action in Helsinki . Details of the case were not released to the press , but the evidence against Nurmi was believed be the sworn statements from German race promoters that Nurmi had received $250 -- 500 per race when running in Germany in autumn 1931 . The statements were produced by Karl Ritter von Halt after Edström had sent him increasingly threatening letters , warning that if evidence against Nurmi is not provided , he `` will unfortunately have to take stringent action against the German Athletics Association . '' On the eve of the marathon , all the entrants of the race except for the Finns , whose positions were known , filed a petition asking Nurmi 's entry to be accepted . Edström 's right - hand man Bo Ekelund , secretary general of the IAAF and head of the Swedish Athletics Federation , approached the Finnish officials and stated that he might be able to arrange for Nurmi to participate in the marathon outside the competition . However , Finland maintained that as long as the athlete is not declared a professional , he must have the right to participate in the race officially . Although he had been diagnosed with a pulled Achilles tendon two weeks earlier , Nurmi stated he would have won the event by five minutes . The congress concluded without Nurmi being declared a professional , but the council 's authority to disbar an athlete was upheld on a 13 -- 12 vote . However , due to the close vote , the matter was postponed until the 1934 meet in Stockholm . Finns charged that the Swedish officials had used devious tricks in their campaign against Nurmi 's amateur status , and ceased all athletic relations with Sweden . A year earlier , controversies on the track and in the press had led Finland to withdraw from the Finland - Sweden athletics international . After Nurmi 's suspension , Finland did not agree to return to the event until 1939 . Nurmi refused to turn professional , and continued running as amateur in Finland . In 1933 , he ran his first 1500 m in three years and won the national title with his best time since 1926 . At the IAAF meet in August 1934 , Finland launched two proposals that lost . The council then brought forward its resolution empowering it to suspend athletes that it finds in violation of the IAAF amateur code . With a 12 -- 5 vote , with many not voting , Nurmi 's suspension from international amateur athletics became definite . Less than three weeks later , Nurmi retired from running with a 10,000 m victory in Viipuri on 16 September 1934 . Nurmi remained undefeated in the distance throughout his 14 - year top - level career . In cross country running , his win streak lasted 19 years . Later life ( edit ) Nurmi in his store in 1939 While active as a runner , Nurmi was known to be secretive about his training methods . Always running alone , he upped his pace and quickly exhausted anyone who was bold enough to join him . Even his club mate Harri Larva had learned little from him . After ending his career , Nurmi became a coach for the Finnish Athletics Federation and trained runners for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . In 1935 , Nurmi along with the entire board of directors quit the federation after a heated 40 -- 38 vote to resume athletic relations with Sweden . However , Nurmi returned to coaching three months later and the Finnish distance runners went on to take three gold medals , three silvers and a bronze at the Games . In 1936 , Nurmi also opened a men 's clothing store ( haberdashery ) in Helsinki . It became a popular tourist attraction , and Emil Zátopek was among those who visited the store trying to meet Nurmi . The Finn spent his time in the back room , running another new business venture ; construction . As a contractor , Nurmi built forty apartment buildings in Helsinki with about a hundred flats in each . Within five years , he was rated a millionaire . His fiercest rival Ritola ended up living in one of Nurmi 's flats , at half price . Nurmi also made money on the stock market , eventually becoming one of Finland 's richest people . In February 1940 , during the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union , Nurmi returned to the United States with his protégé Taisto Mäki , who had become the first man to run the 10,000 m under 30 minutes , to raise funds and rally support to the Finnish cause . The relief drive , directed by former president Herbert Hoover , included a coast - to - coast tour by Nurmi and Mäki . Hoover welcomed the two as `` ambassadors of the greatest sporting nation in the world . '' While in San Francisco , Nurmi received news that one of his apprentices , 1936 Olympic champion Gunnar Höckert , had been killed in action . Nurmi left for Finland in late April , and later served in the Continuation War in a delivery company and as a trainer in the military staff . Before he was discharged in January 1942 , Nurmi was promoted first to a staff sergeant ( ylikersantti ) and later to a sergeant first class ( vääpeli ) . Nurmi lights the Olympic Flame In 1952 , Nurmi was persuaded by Urho Kekkonen , Prime Minister of Finland and former chairman of the Finnish Athletics Federation , to carry the Olympic torch into the Olympic Stadium at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . His appearance astonished the spectators , and Sports Illustrated wrote that `` his celebrated stride was unmistakable to the crowd . When he came into view , waves of sound began to build throughout the stadium , rising to a roar , then to a thunder . When the national teams , assembled in formation on the infield , saw the flowing figure of Nurmi , they broke ranks like excited schoolchildren , dashing toward the edge of the track . '' After lighting the flame in the Olympic Cauldron , Nurmi passed the torch to his idol Kolehmainen , who lighted the beacon in the tower . In the cancelled 1940 Summer Olympics , Nurmi had been planned to lead a group of fifty Finnish gold medal winners . Nurmi felt that he got too much credit as an athlete and too little as a businessman , but his interest in running never died . He even returned to the track himself a few times . In 1946 , he faced his old rival Edvin Wide in Stockholm in a benefit for the victims of the Greek Civil War . Nurmi ran for the last time on 18 February 1966 at the Madison Square Garden , invited by the New York Athletic Club . In 1962 , Nurmi predicted that welfare countries would start to struggle in the distance events : `` The higher the standard of living in a country , the weaker the results often are in the events which call for work and trouble . I would like to warn this new generation : ' Do not let this comfortable life make you lazy . Do not let the new means of transport kill your instinct for physical exercise . Too many young people get used to driving in a car even for small distances . ' '' In 1966 , he took the microphone in front of 300 sports club guests and criticised the state of distance running in Finland , reproaching the sports executives as publicity seekers and tourists , and demanding athletes sacrifice everything to accomplish something . Nurmi lived to see the renaissance of Finnish running in the 1970s , led by athletes such as the 1972 Olympic gold medalists Lasse Virén and Pekka Vasala . He had complimented the running style of Virén , and advised Vasala to concentrate on Kipchoge Keino . Although he accepted an invitation from President Lyndon B. Johnson to revisit the White House in 1964 , Nurmi lived a very secluded life until the late 1960s when he began granting some press interviews . On his 70th birthday , Nurmi agreed to an interview for Yle , Finland 's national public - broadcasting company , only after learning that President Kekkonen would act as the interviewer . Suffering from health problems , with at least one heart attack , a stroke and failing eyesight , Nurmi at times spoke bitterly about sports , calling it a waste of time compared to science and art . He died in 1973 in Helsinki and was given a state funeral . Kekkonen attended the funeral and praised Nurmi : `` People explore the horizons for a successor . But none comes and none will , for his class is extinguished with him . '' At the request of Nurmi , who enjoyed classical music and played the violin , Konsta Jylhä 's Vaiennut viulu ( The Silenced Violin ) was played during the ceremony . Nurmi 's last record fell in 1996 ; his 1925 world record for the indoor 2000 m lasted as the Finnish national record for 71 years . Personal life and public image ( edit ) Nurmi in a calisthenic pose Nurmi was married to socialite Sylvi Laaksonen from 1932 to 1935 . Laaksonen , who was not interested in athletics , opposed Nurmi raising their newborn son Matti to be a runner and stated to the Associated Press in 1933 , `` ( H ) is concentration on athletics at last forced me to go to the judge for a divorce . '' Matti Nurmi did become a middle - distance runner , and later a `` self - made '' businessman . Nurmi 's relationship with his son was termed `` uneasy '' . Matti admired his father more as a businessman than as an athlete , and the two never discussed his running career . As a runner , Matti was at his best in the 3000 m , where he equaled his father 's time . In the famous race on 11 July 1957 when the `` three Olavis '' ( Salsola , Salonen and Vuorisalo ) broke the world record for the 1500 m , Matti Nurmi finished a distant ninth with his personal best , 2.2 seconds slower than his father 's world record from 1924 . Hollywood actress Maila Nurmi , best known as the horror icon `` Vampira '' , was often referred to as Paavo Nurmi 's niece . However , the kinship is not supported by official documents . Nurmi enjoyed the Finnish sports massage and sauna - bathing traditions , crediting the Finnish sauna for his performances during the Paris heat wave in 1924 . He had a versatile diet , although he had practiced vegetarianism between the ages of 15 and 21 . Nurmi , who identified as neurasthenic , was known to be `` taciturn '' , `` stony - faced '' and `` stubborn '' . He was not believed to have had any close friends , but he had occasionally socialized and showed his `` sarcastic sense of humour '' among the small circles he knew . Acclaimed the biggest sporting figure in the world at his peak , Nurmi was averse to publicity and the media , stating later on his 75th birthday , `` ( W ) orldly fame and reputation are worth less than a rotten lingonberry . '' French journalist Gabriel Hanot questioned Nurmi 's intensive approach to sports and wrote in 1924 that Nurmi `` is ever more serious , reserved , concentrated , pessimistic , fanatic . There is such coldness in him and his self - control is so great that never for a moment does he show his feelings . '' Some contemporary Finns nicknamed him Suuri vaikenija ( The Great Silent One ) , and Ron Clarke noted that Nurmi 's persona remained a mystery even to Finnish runners and journalists : `` Even to them , he was never quite real . He was enigmatic , sphinx - like , a god in a cloud . It was as if he was all the time playing a role in a drama . '' Nurmi was more responsive to his fellow athletes than to the media . He exchanged ideas with sprinter Charley Paddock and even trained with his rival Otto Peltzer . Nurmi told Peltzer to forget his opponents : `` Conquering yourself is the greatest challenge of an athlete . '' Nurmi was known to emphasize the importance of psychological strength : `` Mind is everything ; muscle , pieces of rubber . All that I am , I am because of my mind . '' Regarding Nurmi 's track antics , Peltzer found that `` in his impenetrability he was a Buddha gliding on the track . Stopwatch in hand , lap after lap , he ran towards the tape , subject only to the laws of a mathematical table . '' Marathoner Johnny Kelley , who first met his idol at the 1936 Olympics , said that while Nurmi appeared cold to him at first , the two chatted for quite a while after Nurmi had asked for his name : `` He grabbed ahold of me -- he was so excited . I could n't believe it ! '' Nurmi 's speed and elusive personality led to nicknames such as the `` Phantom Finn '' , the `` King of Runners '' and `` Peerless Paavo '' , while his mathematical prowess and use of a stopwatch led the press to characterize him as a running machine . One newspaperman dubbed Nurmi `` a mechanical Frankenstein created to annihilate time . '' Phil Cousineau noted that `` his own innovation -- the tactic of pacing himself with a stopwatch -- both inspired and troubled people in an era when the robot was becoming symbolic of the modern soulless human being . '' Among the popular newspaper rumours about Nurmi was that he had a `` freakish heart '' with a very low pulse rate . During the debate over his amateur status , Nurmi was joked to have `` the lowest heartbeat and the highest asking price of any athlete in the world . '' Legacy ( edit ) Nurmi , Aaltonen and the statue of Nurmi in the Ateneum Nurmi broke 22 official world records on distances between 1500 m and 20 km ; a record in running . He also set several more unofficial ones for a total of 58 . His indoor world records were all unofficial as the IAAF did not ratify indoor records until the 1980s . Nurmi 's record for most Olympic gold medals was matched by gymnast Larisa Latynina in 1964 , swimmer Mark Spitz in 1972 and fellow track and field athlete Carl Lewis in 1996 , and broken by swimmer Michael Phelps in 2008 . Nurmi 's record for most medals in the Olympic Games stood until Edoardo Mangiarotti won his 13th medal in fencing in 1960 . Time selected Nurmi as the greatest Olympian of all time in 1996 , and IAAF named him among the first twelve athletes to be inducted into the IAAF Hall of Fame in 2012 . Nurmi introduced the `` even pace '' strategy to running , pacing himself with a stopwatch and spreading his energy uniformly over the race . He reasoned that `` when you race against time , you do n't have to sprint . Others ca n't hold the pace if it is steady and hard all through to the tape . '' Archie Macpherson stated that `` with the stopwatch always in his hand , he elevated athletics to a new plane of intelligent application of effort and was the harbinger of the modern scientifically prepared athlete . '' Nurmi was considered a pioneer also in regards to training ; he developed a systematic all - year - round training program that included both long - distance work and interval running . Peter Lovesey wrote in The Kings of Distance : A Study of Five Great Runners that Nurmi `` accelerated the progress of world records ; developed and actually came to personify the analytic approach to running ; and he was a profound influence not only in Finland , but throughout the world of athletics . Nurmi , his style , technique and tactics were held to be infallible , and really seemed so , as successive imitators in Finland steadily improved the records . '' Cordner Nelson , founder of Track & Field News , credited Nurmi for popularizing running as a spectator sport : `` His imprint on the track world was greater than any man 's before or after . He , more than any man , raised track to the glory of a major sport in the eyes of international fans , and they honored him as one of the truly great athletes of all sports . Nurmi 's achievements and training methods inspired future track stars of many generations . Emil Zátopek chanted `` I am Nurmi ! I am Nurmi ! '' when he trained as a child , and based his training system on what he was able to find out about Nurmi 's methods . Lasse Virén idolized Nurmi and was scheduled to meet him for the first time on the day that Nurmi died . Hicham El Guerrouj was inspired to become a runner so that he could `` repeat the achievements of the great man of whom his grandfather spoke . '' He became the first man after Nurmi to win the 1500 m and the 5000 m at the same Games . Nurmi 's influence stretched further than running on the Olympic arena . At the 1928 Olympics , Kazimierz Wierzyński won the lyric gold medal with his poem Olympic Laurel that included a verse on Nurmi . In 1936 , Ludwig Stubbendorf and his horse Nurmi won the individual and team gold medals in eventing . Nurmi on the ten - mark bill A bronze statue of Nurmi was sculpted by Wäinö Aaltonen in 1925 . The original is held at the art museum Ateneum , but copies cast from the original mould exist in Turku , in Jyväskylä , in front of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium and at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland . In a widely publicized prank by the students of the Helsinki University of Technology , a miniature copy of the statue was discovered from the 300 - year - old wreck of the Swedish war ship Vasa when it was lifted from the bottom of the sea in 1961 . Statues of Nurmi were also sculpted by Renée Sintenis in 1926 and by Carl Eldh , whose 1937 work Löpare ( Runners ) depicts a battle between Nurmi and Edvin Wide . Boken om Nurmi ( The Book about Nurmi ) , released in Sweden in 1925 , was the first biographical book on a Finnish sportsman . Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä named the main belt asteroid 1740 Paavo Nurmi after Nurmi in 1939 , while Finnair named its first DC - 8 Paavo Nurmi in 1969 . Nurmi 's former rival Ville Ritola boarded the plane when he moved back to Finland in 1970 . Paavo Nurmi Marathon , held annually since 1969 , is the oldest marathon in Wisconsin and the second - oldest in the American Midwest . In Finland , another marathon bearing the name has been held in Nurmi 's hometown of Turku since 1992 , along with the athletics competition Paavo Nurmi Games that was started in 1957 . Finlandia University , an American college with Finnish roots , named their athletic center after Nurmi . A ten - mark bill featuring a portrait of Nurmi was issued by the Bank of Finland in 1987 . The other revised bills honored architect Alvar Aalto , composer Jean Sibelius , Enlightenment thinker Anders Chydenius and author Elias Lönnrot , respectively . The Nurmi bill was replaced by a new 20 - mark note featuring Väinö Linna in 1993 . In 1997 , a historic stadium in Turku was renamed the Paavo Nurmi Stadium . Twenty world records have been set at the stadium , including John Landy 's records on the 1500 m and the mile , Nurmi 's record on the 3000 m and Zátopek 's record on the 10,000 m . In fiction , Nurmi appears in William Goldman 's 1974 novel Marathon Man as the idol of the protagonist , who aims to become a greater runner than Nurmi . The opera on Nurmi , Paavo the Great . Great Race . Great Dream. , written by Paavo Haavikko and composed by Tuomas Kantelinen , debuted at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium in 2000 . In a 2005 episode of The Simpsons , Mr. Burns brags that he once outraced Nurmi in his antique motorcar . Career summary ( 1920 -- 34 ) ( edit ) Seasons ( edit ) Nurmi beats Wide to a win in Stockholm Nurmi starts a race in Berlin Season Distances Starts Wins Podiums DNF 1920 1500 m -- 10,000 m 14 13 14 0 1921 800 m -- 10,000 m 17 15 16 0 1922 800 m -- 4 miles 20 20 20 0 1923 800 m -- 5000 m 23 23 23 0 1924 800 m -- 10,000 m 25 25 25 0 1925 800 m -- 10,000 m 58 56 57 1926 1000 m -- 10,000 m 19 16 19 0 1927 1500 m -- 5000 m 12 12 12 0 1928 1500 m -- One hour run 15 12 15 0 1929 Mile -- 6 miles 14 12 14 0 1930 1500 m -- 20,000 m 11 11 11 0 1931 2 miles -- 7 miles 16 14 14 1932 10,000 m -- Marathon 1933 1500 m -- 25,000 m 16 13 15 1934 3000 m -- 10,000 m 8 8 8 0 Events ( edit ) Event Years Starts Wins Podiums DNF 800 m / 880 yd 1921 -- 1925 8 6 8 0 1500 m 1920 -- 1933 33 30 32 0 Mile 1920 -- 1929 10 9 10 0 3000 m 1920 -- 1934 29 27 29 0 2 miles 1922 -- 1931 23 22 23 0 5000 m 1920 -- 1934 71 67 69 10,000 m 1920 -- 1934 17 17 17 0 Cross country 1920 -- 1934 23 23 23 0 Olympics ( edit ) Nurmi returns to the track for the 1952 Olympic ceremonies . Year Date Event Mark Result 1920 16 August 5000 m -- heat 3 15 : 33.0 Q ( 2nd ) 17 August 5000 m -- final 15 : 00.5 2nd 19 August 10,000 m -- heat 1 33 : 46.3 Q ( 2nd ) 20 August 10,000 m -- final 31 : 45.8 1st 22 August Individual cross country 27 : 15.0 1st Team cross country 10 pts 1st 1924 8 July 5000 m -- heat 2 15 : 28.6 Q ( 1st ) 9 July 1500 m -- heat 3 4 : 07.6 Q ( 1st ) 10 July 1500 m -- final 3 : 53.6 ( OR ) 1st 5000 m -- final 14 : 31.2 ( OR ) 1st 11 July 3000 m team race -- heat 1 8 : 47.8 ( 1st ) Q ( 1st ) 12 July Individual cross country 32 : 54.8 1st Team cross country 11 pts 1st 13 July 3000 m team race -- final 8 : 32.0 ( 1st ) 1st 1928 29 July 10,000 m 30 : 18.8 ( OR ) 1st 31 July 5000 m -- heat 3 15 : 08.0 Q ( 4th ) 1 August 3000 m steeplechase -- heat 2 9 : 58.8 Q ( 1st ) 3 August 5000 m -- final 14 : 40.0 2nd 4 August 3000 m steeplechase -- final 9 : 31.2 2nd World records ( edit ) IAAF - ratified ( edit ) Nurmi breaks the 1500 m world record in Helsinki in 1924 Nurmi on his way to a 3000 m world record in Berlin in 1926 Distance Mark Date Location 01500 ! 1500 m 3 : 52.6 1924 - 06 - 19 ! 19 June 1924 Helsinki 01609 ! Mile 4 : 10.4 1923 - 08 - 23 ! 23 August 1923 Stockholm 02000 ! 2000 m 5 : 26.3 1922 - 09 - 04 ! 4 September 1922 Tampere 02000 ! 2000 m 5 : 24.6 1927 - 06 - 18 ! 18 June 1927 Kuopio 03000 ! 3000 m 8 : 28.6 1922 - 08 - 27 ! 27 August 1922 Turku 03000 ! 3000 m 8 : 25.4 1926 - 05 - 24 ! 24 May 1926 Berlin 03000 ! 3000 m 8 : 20.4 1926 - 07 - 13 ! 13 July 1926 Stockholm 03218 ! 2 miles 8 : 59.6 1931 - 07 - 24 ! 24 July 1931 Helsinki 04827 ! 3 miles 14 : 11.2 1923 - 08 - 24 ! 24 August 1923 Stockholm 05000 ! 5000 m 14 : 35.4 1922 - 09 - 12 ! 12 September 1922 Stockholm 05000 ! 5000 m 14 : 28.2 1924 - 06 - 19 ! 19 June 1924 Helsinki 06436 ! 4 miles 19 : 15.4 1924 - 10 - 01 ! 1 October 1924 Viipuri 08045 ! 5 miles 24 : 06.2 1924 - 10 - 01 ! 1 October 1924 Viipuri 09654 ! 6 miles 29 : 36.4 1930 - 06 - 08 ! 8 June 1930 London 10000 ! 10,000 m 30 : 40.2 1921 - 06 - 22 ! 22 June 1921 Stockholm 10000 ! 10,000 m 30 : 06.2 1924 - 08 - 31 ! 31 August 1924 Kuopio 15000 ! 15000 m 46 : 49.6 1928 - 10 - 07 ! 7 October 1928 Berlin 16090 ! 10 miles 50 : 15.0 1928 - 10 - 07 ! 7 October 1928 Berlin 19210 ! One hour run 19,210 m 1928 - 10 - 07 ! 7 October 1928 Berlin 20000 ! 20,000 m 1 : 04 : 38.4 1930 - 09 - 03 ! 3 September 1930 Stockholm relay ! 4 × 1500 m 16 : 26.2 1926 - 07 - 12 ! 12 July 1926 Stockholm relay ! 4 × 1500 m 16 : 11.4 1926 - 07 - 17 ! 17 July 1926 Viipuri Unofficial ( edit ) Distance Mark Date Location 01500 ! 1500 m 3 : 53.0 1923 - 08 - 23 ! 23 August 1923 Stockholm 01500 ! 1500 m ( indoor ) 3 : 56.2 1925 - 01 - 06 ! 6 January 1925 New York City 01609 ! Mile ( indoor ) 4 : 13.5 1925 - 01 - 06 ! 6 January 1925 New York City 01609 ! Mile ( indoor ) 4 : 12.0 1925 - 03 - 07 ! 7 March 1925 Buffalo 02000 ! 2000 m ( indoor ) 5 : 33.0 1925 - 01 - 17 ! 17 January 1925 New York City 02000 ! 2000 m ( indoor ) 5 : 30.2 1925 - 01 - 28 ! 28 January 1925 New York City 02000 ! 2000 m ( indoor ) 5 : 22.4 1925 - 02 - 12 ! 12 February 1925 Buffalo 03000 ! 3000 m 8 : 27.8 1923 - 09 - 17 ! 17 September 1923 Copenhagen 03000 ! 3000 m ( indoor ) 8 : 26.8 1925 - 01 - 15 ! 15 January 1925 New York City 03000 ! 3000 m ( indoor ) 8 : 26.4 1925 - 03 - 12 ! 12 March 1925 New York City 03218 ! 2 miles ( indoor ) 9 : 08.0 1925 - 02 - 07 ! 7 February 1925 New York City 03218 ! 2 miles ( indoor ) 8 : 58.2 1925 - 02 - 14 ! 14 February 1925 New York City 04827 ! 3 miles 14 : 14.4 1922 - 08 - 10 ! 10 August 1922 Kokkola 04827 ! 3 miles 14 : 08.4 1922 - 09 - 12 ! 12 September 1922 Stockholm 04827 ! 3 miles 14 : 02.0 1924 - 06 - 19 ! 19 June 1924 Helsinki 05000 ! 5000 m ( indoor ) 14 : 44.6 1925 - 01 - 06 ! 6 January 1925 New York City 06436 ! 4 miles 19 : 18.8 1924 - 08 - 31 ! 31 August 1924 Kuopio 08045 ! 5 miles 24 : 13.2 1924 - 08 - 31 ! 31 August 1924 Kuopio 09654 ! 6 miles 29 : 41.2 1921 - 06 - 22 ! 22 June 1921 Stockholm 09654 ! 6 miles 29 : 07.1 1924 - 08 - 31 ! 31 August 1924 Kuopio 40200 ! 25 - mile marathon 2 : 22 : 03.8 1932 - 06 - 26 ! 26 June 1932 Viipuri References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo Nurmi '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Railo , Raimo . `` Legendaarinen Paavo Nurmi -- sata vuotta ja ylikin suomalaista urheilua , osa 11 '' . Suomen Liikunta ja Urheilu ( SLU ) ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi 's home '' . The Sports Museum of Finland . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Luhtala , Seppo ( 2002 ) . Top Distance Runners of the Century . Meyer & Meyer Verlag . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1841260693 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 2001 , pp. 212 -- 213 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi -- A biography '' . The Sports Museum of Finland . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Autio , Veli - Matti ( 12 September 1997 ) . `` Nurmi , Paavo ( 1897 -- 1973 ) '' . Finnish Literature Society ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 432 . 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Retrieved 2 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Burnton ( 18 May 2012 ) . `` 50 stunning Olympic moments No31 : Paavo Nurmi wins 5000m in 1924 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Lovesey 1968 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Lovesey 1968 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi '' . CNN . 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 417 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Tour of 1925 '' . The Sports Museum of Finland . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alan Helffrich Hands Paavo Nurmi His First Defeat in Five Years '' . The Meriden Daily Journal . 27 May 1925 . p. 8 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , pp. 433 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Autio , Veli - Matti ; Fletcher , Roderich . `` Nurmi , Paavo ( 1897 -- 1973 ) '' . Finnish Literature Society . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Talks With Nurmi As They Pose for Pictures '' . The New York Times . 22 February 1925 . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi says he 's never coming back to America '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . 21 May 1925 . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Pears , Time ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` Otto the strange : The champion who defied the Nazis '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 260 -- 262 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 428 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi at the Olympic Games -- Amsterdam 1928 '' . The Sports Museum of Finland . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi Mark Has Been Bettered '' . Ottawa Citizen. 2 October 1945 . p. 15 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Getty , Frank ( 19 January 1929 ) . `` Paavo Nurmi runs tonight in Brooklyn '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Conger Beats Paavo Nurmi In Mile Run '' . The Day . 11 February 1929 . p. 8 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Conger Named Coach ; Noted Track Star to Direct the Teams at Penn State '' . The New York Times . 24 December 1942 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo May Quit Mile Run '' . The Milwaukee Journal . 11 February 1929 . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi Sets Record '' . The Milwaukee Journal . 25 July 1931 . p. 10 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Quercetani , Roberto ( 1964 ) . A World History of Track and Field Athletics . Oxford University Press . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo Nurmi on Finnish team of 25 for Olympics '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . 29 December 1931 . p. 8 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finns Aroused by Nurmi Suspension '' . St Petersburg Times . 4 April 1932 . p. 7 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi Cleared of Pro Charges , to Marry '' . Telegraph Herald . 11 April 1932 . p. 9 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi Hopes To Run in Olympics '' . The Border Cities Star . 8 June 1932 . p. 2 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , David E. ; Gynn , Roger W.H. ( 2000 ) . The Olympic Marathon . Human Kinetics . pp. 148 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0880119696 . Jump up ^ Luhtala , Seppo ( 2002 ) . Top Distance Runners of the Century . Meyer & Meyer Verlag . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1841260693 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi Claims Mark '' . San Jose News . 27 June 1932 . p. 2 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gould , Alan ( 23 July 1932 ) . `` U.S. opposes blanket law under I.A.A.F. '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 14 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 2001 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Gould , Alan ( 29 July 1932 ) . `` Paavo Nurmi barred from Olympic meet '' . Telegraph Herald . p. 11 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Nurmi barred from Olympic Games as teams prepare for big carnival '' . Reading Eagle . 29 July 1932 . p. 19 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finns Are Fretful Over Nurmi 's Case '' . The Vancouver Sun . 30 July 1932 . p. 16 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 280 : `` Falls ich die verlangten Angaben bis zum 10 . Februar nicht bekommen habe , sehe ich mich leider veranlasst strenge Massnahmen gegen die Deutsche Sportbehörde vorzunehmen ... '' ^ Jump up to : Kekkonen , Urho ( 9 September 1932 ) . `` Totuus Nurmen jutusta ja sen ajamisesta Amerikassa '' . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Daley , Arthur J. ( 21 July 1932 ) . `` Nurmi Is Ordered to Rest His Leg ; Dr. Martin Diagnoses Injury to Finnish Runner as a Pulled Achilles Tendon '' . The New York Times . p. 20 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi probably through as amateur '' . Reading Eagle . 10 August 1932 . p. 9 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland and Sweden renew old rivalry on the athletics track this weekend '' . Helsingin Sanomat. 29 August 2008 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Jalava , Juhani ( 15 March 2005 ) . `` 1925 -- 1935 : Yleisurheilu sai Suomen liikkeelle '' . Turun Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ `` Wo n't Turn '' . Saskatoon Star - Phoenix . 28 December 1932 . p. 10 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 443 . ^ Jump up to : `` Athletic Union Denies Nurmi Amateur Rank '' . Schenectady Gazette. 29 August 1934 . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 427 . ^ Jump up to : Lovesey 1968 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo Nurmi Resigns as Finnish Instructor '' . The Milwaukee Journal . 7 May 1935 . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi Resumes Coaching Finns '' . The Gettysburg Times . 2 August 1935 . p. 6 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmen herrainvaateliike oli Mikonkadulla '' . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sjoblom , Paul ( 5 June 1941 ) . `` ' Phantom Finn ' Will Coach Runners '' . The Calgary Herald . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandrock , Michael ( 1996 ) . Running with the Legends . Human Kinetics . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0873224932 . ^ Jump up to : Gillon , Doug ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` ' Nurmi on Nurmi ' -- son of ' Flying Finn ' legend speaks about his father '' . IAAF . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paavo Nurmi : a majestic runner but one thorny customer as a man '' . Helsingin Sanomat. 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tilden Returns to Tennis For Finnish Relief Fund '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 2 February 1940 . p. 39 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People , Feb. 12 , 1940 '' . Time . 12 February 1940 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ `` Maki Out To Redeem Self '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 19 April 1940 . pp. 2 -- 7 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Railo , Raimo . `` Sata vuotta ja ylikin suomalaista urheilua , 12 . osa '' . Suomen Liikunta ja Urheilu ( SLU ) ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , William ( 17 July 1972 ) . `` After The Golden Moment '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finns to Pay Tribute to Nurmi at Olympics '' . The Milwaukee Journal . 28 February 1939 . p. 6 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Karikko , Paavo ; Koski , Mauno ( 1975 ) . Yksin aikaa vastaan : Paavo Nurmen elämäkerta ( in Finnish ) . Weilin & Göös . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 9513514075 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Bob ( 2005 ) . `` Then Snell came past like a runaway horse '' ( PDF ) . BMC News . The British Milers ' Club . 4 ( 2 ) : 37 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 380 -- 381 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo Nurmi Welcomed to Washington by President '' . The New York Times . 25 January 1964 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famed Nurmi Dies at 73 '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle. 2 October 1973 . p. 15 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi Wants To Meet Jim Ryun '' . The Palm Beach Post . 14 June 1967 . p. 18 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi 's last record falls , one he set in Buffalo '' . The Buffalo News . 14 February 1996 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Athlete should never marry , says Mrs. Paavo Nurmi '' . The Calgary Daily Herald . 20 October 1933 . p. 8 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaseva , Tuomas . `` Maila Nurmi '' . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nurmi , Paavo ( 7 July 1932 ) . `` Kunnossaolosalaisuuteni . Sauna ja hieronta ihmelääkkeet . '' ( PDF ) . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Enrique Hank ( April 1974 ) . `` The Shoeless Mexicans Vs . The Flying Finn '' . American Heritage . 25 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nurmi as seen by others '' . The Sports Museum of Finland . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Olympic Review , Issues 195 -- 206 . International Olympic Committee . 1984 . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Pfitzinger , Pete ; Douglas , Scott ( 2008 ) . Advanced Marathoning . Human Kinetics . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0736074605 . ^ Jump up to : Pears , Tim ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` The time machine '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Frederick ; Johnson , Dick ( 2005 ) . Young at Heart : The Story of Johnny Kelley , Boston 's Marathon Man . Rounder Records . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1579401139 . Jump up ^ Sjoblom , Paul ( 5 June 1941 ) . `` Nurmi To Coach Athletes '' . The Leader - Post . p. 17 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Litell , Richard J. ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Peerless Paavo '' . Scandinavian Review . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Bale , John ( 2003 ) . Running Cultures : Racing in Time and Space . Routledge . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0714684246 . ^ Jump up to : Cousineau , Phil ( 2003 ) . The Olympic Odyssey : Rekindling the True Spirit of the Great Games . Quest Books . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0835608336 . Jump up ^ Salsinger , H.G. ( 5 March 1927 ) . `` Courage and Endurance -- Matters of Stomach , Not of Heart '' . The Dearborn Independent . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Gebrselassie approaching Record for Running Records '' . IAAF. 16 March 2006 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( 13 August 2008 ) . `` Phelps cements place in history '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Edoardo Mangiarotti , Olympian Fencer , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Owens , Nurmi among first in IAAF Hall of Fame '' . Reuters. 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kiell , Paul J. ( 2006 ) . American Miler : The Life and Times of Glenn Cunningham . Breakaway Books . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 1891369599 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Archie ( 13 December 1999 ) . `` Sport has become a matter of taste '' . The Herald . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Faster , Higher , Stronger -- Paavo Nurmi '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi pioneered modern long - distance running '' . Sports Illustrated . 8 August 2004 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovesey 1968 , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Bingham , Eugene ( 30 August 2004 ) . `` Athletics : Nurmi legend relived by El Guerrouj '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peltola , Vesa - Matti . `` Huomionosoituksia maassa ja taivaassa '' . Suomen Urheilutietäjät ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seiro , Arno ( 17 November 2009 ) . `` Sportsmen set in stone in the capital '' . Helsingin Sanomat . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ihamäki , Olli ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Teekkarien kuningasjäynästä puoli vuosisataa '' . Yle ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . Springer . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 3540002383 . Jump up ^ `` DC - 8 -- A big leap forward '' . Finnair . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Huhti , Thomas ( 2011 ) . Wisconsin . Avalon Travel . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 1598807455 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo Nurmen kisat '' . Paavo Nurmi Sports ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paavo Nurmi Athletic Center '' . Finlandia University . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask about money ! '' . Bank of Finland . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Rimpiläinen , Tuomas ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Turkuun pystytettiin kirjoitusvirheitä pursuava muistomerkki '' . Turun Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Gene ( 27 October 1974 ) . `` The Killing Of the King ; By William Goldman , 309 pp. New York : Delacorte Press . $7.95 . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sport and song combine in Paavo Nurmi Opera spectacle '' . Helsingin Sanomat. 7 August 2000 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons - sarjan tuoreessa olympialaisjaksossa vieraillaan Helsingissä '' . Dome ( in Finnish ) . 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 432 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 433 -- 434 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 436 -- 437 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 437 -- 438 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 439 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 440 -- 441 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 441 -- 442 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 442 -- 443 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 420 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 422 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 432 -- 444 . Jump up ^ Raevuori 1997 , pp. 423 -- 425 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Raevuori 1997 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Quercetani , Roberto ( 1964 ) . A World History of Track and Field Athletics . Oxford University Press . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` 3 world records broken by Nurmi on indoor track '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . 7 January 1925 . p. 8 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi sets record , runs mile in 4 : 12 '' . The New York Times . 7 March 1925 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rumbo a Helsinki 2012 -- Grandes Atletas Europeos : Capítulo 1 -- Non-Champions '' ( PDF ) . Real Federación Española de Atletismo . p. 13 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi 's new records '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 14 February 1925 . p. 17 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Peter ( 1986 ) . Track & Field Athletics : The Records . Guinness Books . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi smashes three more world marks '' . St. Petersburg Times . 16 January 1925 . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ray 's last record smashed by Nurmi '' . The New York Times . 8 February 1925 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Nurmi burns up boards to new two - mile record '' . The Sunday Morning Star . 15 February 1925 . p. 23 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kolkka , Sulo ; Nygrén , Helge ( 1974 ) . Paavo Nurmi . Otava . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ `` Nurmi breaks 2 world records '' . Providence News . 13 September 1922 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Lovesey , Peter ( 1968 ) . The Kings of Distance : A Study of Five Great Runners . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 3540002383 . Raevuori , Antero ( 1997 ) . Paavo Nurmi , juoksijoiden kuningas ( in Finnish ) ( 2nd ed . ) . WSOY . ISBN 978 - 9510218501 . Sears , Edward Seldon ( 2001 ) . Running Through the Ages . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786409716 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Paavo Nurmi at Wikimedia Commons Records Preceded by John Zander 1500 m world record holder 19 June 1924 -- 11 September 1926 Succeeded by Otto Peltzer Preceded by Norman Taber Mile world record holder 23 August 1923 -- 4 October 1931 Succeeded by Jules Ladoumègue Preceded by John Zander 3000 m world record holder 27 August 1922 -- 7 June 1925 Succeeded by Edvin Wide Preceded by Edvin Wide 3000 m world record holder 24 May 1926 -- 19 June 1932 Succeeded by Janusz Kusociński Preceded by Hannes Kolehmainen 5000 m world record holder 19 September 1922 -- 19 June 1932 Succeeded by Lauri Lehtinen Preceded by Jean Bouin 10,000 m world record holder 22 June 1921 -- 25 May 1924 Succeeded by Ville Ritola Preceded by Ville Ritola 10,000 m world record holder 31 August 1924 -- 18 July 1937 Succeeded by Ilmari Salminen Olympic Games Preceded by John Mark Final Summer Olympic torchbearer with Hannes Kolehmainen Helsinki 1952 Succeeded by Ron Clarke & Hans Wikne Preceded by Carl Osburn Most career Olympic medals 1928 -- 1960 Succeeded by Edoardo Mangiarotti Preceded by Ray Ewry Most career Olympic gold medals 1928 -- 2008 Succeeded by Michael Phelps Olympic champions in men 's individual cross country 1912 : Hannes Kolehmainen 1920 & 1924 : Paavo Nurmi Olympic champions in men 's 1500 metres 1896 : Edwin Flack ( AUS ) 1900 : Charles Bennett ( GBR ) 1904 : James Lightbody ( USA ) 1908 : Mel Sheppard ( USA ) 1912 : Arnold Jackson ( GBR ) 1920 : Albert Hill ( GBR ) 1924 : Paavo Nurmi ( FIN ) 1928 : Harri Larva ( FIN ) 1932 : Luigi Beccali ( ITA ) 1936 : Jack Lovelock ( NZL ) 1948 : Henry Eriksson ( SWE ) 1952 : Josy Barthel ( LUX ) 1956 : Ron Delany ( IRL ) 1960 : Herb Elliott ( AUS ) 1964 : Peter Snell ( NZL ) 1968 : Kip Keino ( KEN ) 1972 : Pekka Vasala ( FIN ) 1976 : John Walker ( NZL ) 1980 : Sebastian Coe ( GBR ) 1984 : Sebastian Coe ( GBR ) 1988 : Peter Rono ( KEN ) 1992 : Fermín Cacho ( ESP ) 1996 : Noureddine Morceli ( ALG ) 2000 : Noah Ngeny ( KEN ) 2004 : Hicham El Guerrouj ( MAR ) 2008 : Asbel Kiprop ( KEN ) 2012 : Taoufik Makhloufi ( ALG ) 2016 : Matthew Centrowitz Jr . ( USA ) Olympic champions in men 's 5000 metres 1912 : Hannes Kolehmainen ( FIN ) 1920 : Joseph Guillemot ( FRA ) 1924 : Paavo Nurmi ( FIN ) 1928 : Ville Ritola ( FIN ) 1932 : Lauri Lehtinen ( FIN ) 1936 : Gunnar Höckert ( FIN ) 1948 : Gaston Reiff ( BEL ) 1952 : Emil Zátopek ( TCH ) 1956 : Vladimir Kuts ( URS ) 1960 : Murray Halberg ( NZL ) 1964 : Bob Schul ( USA ) 1968 : Mohammed Gammoudi ( TUN ) 1972 : Lasse Virén ( FIN ) 1976 : Lasse Virén ( FIN ) 1980 : Miruts Yifter ( ETH ) 1984 : Saïd Aouita ( MAR ) 1988 : John Ngugi ( KEN ) 1992 : Dieter Baumann ( GER ) 1996 : Vénuste Niyongabo ( BDI ) 2000 : Million Wolde ( ETH ) 2004 : Hicham El Guerrouj ( MAR ) 2008 : Kenenisa Bekele ( ETH ) 2012 : Mo Farah ( GBR ) 2016 : Mo Farah ( GBR ) Olympic champions in men 's 5 miles and 10,000 metres 5 miles 1906 : Henry Hawtrey ( GBR ) 1908 : Emil Voigt ( GBR ) 10,000 metres 1912 : Hannes Kolehmainen ( FIN ) 1920 : Paavo Nurmi ( FIN ) 1924 : Ville Ritola ( FIN ) 1928 : Paavo Nurmi ( FIN ) 1932 : Janusz Kusociński ( POL ) 1936 : Ilmari Salminen ( FIN ) 1948 : Emil Zátopek ( TCH ) 1952 : Emil Zátopek ( TCH ) 1956 : Vladimir Kuts ( URS ) 1960 : Pyotr Bolotnikov ( URS ) 1964 : Billy Mills ( USA ) 1968 : Naftali Temu ( KEN ) 1972 : Lasse Virén ( FIN ) 1976 : Lasse Virén ( FIN ) 1980 : Miruts Yifter ( ETH ) 1984 : Alberto Cova ( ITA ) 1988 : Brahim Boutayeb ( MAR ) 1992 : Khalid Skah ( MAR ) 1996 : Haile Gebrselassie ( ETH ) 2000 : Haile Gebrselassie ( ETH ) 2004 : Kenenisa Bekele ( ETH ) 2008 : Kenenisa Bekele ( ETH ) 2012 : Mo Farah ( GBR ) 2016 : Mo Farah ( GBR ) IAAF Hall of Fame Jesse Owens Abebe Bikila Paavo Nurmi Sergey Bubka Sebastian Coe Carl Lewis Emil Zátopek Al Oerter Adhemar da Silva Edwin Moses Fanny Blankers - Koen Betty Cuthbert Jackie Joyner - Kersee Wang Junxia Irena Szewińska Michael Johnson Dan O'Brien Babe Zaharias Alberto Juantorena Kip Keino Peter Snell Vladimir Golubnichiy Iolanda Balaș Stefka Kostadinova Harrison Dillard Marjorie Jackson Hannes Kolehmainen Natalya Lisovskaya Svetlana Masterkova Noureddine Morceli Parry O'Brien Marie - José Pérec Viktor Saneyev Yuriy Sedykh Daley Thompson Grete Waitz Valeriy Brumel Glenn Davis Heike Drechsler Hicham El Guerrouj Marita Koch Robert Korzeniowski Jānis Lūsis Bob Mathias Wilma Rudolph Shirley Strickland de la Hunty Lasse Virén Cornelius Warmerdam New entry May 17 , 2012 June 6 , 2012 June 11 , 2012 July 2 , 2012 August 4 , 2012 September 15 , 2012 October 13 , 2012 November 16 , 2013 November 21 , 2014 VIAF : 10657664 LCCN : n90648571 ISNI : 0000 0000 3997 9739 GND : 119512645 SUDOC : 145200205 BNF : cb16630979d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paavo_Nurmi&oldid=803889043 '' Categories : 1897 births 1973 deaths Sportspeople from Turku People from Turku and Pori Province ( Grand Duchy of Finland ) Athletes ( track and field ) at the 1920 Summer Olympics Athletes ( track and field ) at the 1924 Summer Olympics Athletes ( track and field ) at the 1928 Summer Olympics Finnish male long - distance runners Finnish male middle - distance runners Finnish male steeplechase runners Finnish male marathon runners Olympic athletes of Finland Olympic gold medalists for Finland Olympic silver medalists for Finland Former world record holders in athletics ( track and field ) International Association of Athletics Federations Hall of Fame inductees Olympic cauldron lighters Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists in athletics ( track and field ) Olympic silver medalists in athletics ( track and field ) Paavo Nurmi Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Use dmy dates from August 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 09 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	finnish runner who won nine gold medals in 1920	[ "Paavo Johannes Nurmi (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpɑːʋo ˈnurmi] ( listen); 13 June 1897 – 2 October 1973) was a Finnish middle- and long-distance runner. He was nicknamed the \"Flying Finn\" as he dominated distance running in the early 20th century. Nurmi set 22 official world records at distances between 1500 metres and 20 kilometres, and won nine gold and three silver medals in his twelve events in the Olympic Games. At his peak, Nurmi was undefeated at distances from 800 m upwards for 121 races. Throughout his 14-year career, he remained unbeaten in cross country events and the 10,000 m." ]	[ "Paavo Johannes Nurmi" ]
-493783386738349510	Padmé Amidala	Padmé Amidala - wikipedia Padmé Amidala Jump to : navigation , search `` Padmé '' redirects here . For the film , see Padmé ( film ) . Padmé Amidala Star Wars character Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Natalie Portman Voiced by Catherine Taber ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars film and TV series , Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance , Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes , Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Forces of Destiny ) Grey DeLisle ( Star Wars : Clone Wars , Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( video game ) , Star Wars Episode I : Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds , Star Wars : Super Bombad Racing and Star Wars : The Clone Wars ) Montana Norberg ( Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) Information Occupation Queen of Naboo Senator of Naboo Co-founder of the Rebel Alliance Affiliation Galactic Senate of the Grand Republic Alliance to Restore the Republic Family Jobal Naberrie ( mother ) Ruwee Naberrie ( father ) Sola Naberrie ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Anakin Skywalker Children Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Relatives Canon : Han Solo ( son - in - law ) Ben Solo ( grandson ) Legends : Mara Jade ( daughter - in - law ) Ben Skywalker ( grandson ) Jacen Solo ( grandson ) Jaina Solo ( granddaughter ) Anakin Solo ( grandson ) Allana Solo ( great - granddaughter ) Homeworld Naboo Padmé Amidala ( born Padmé Naberrie ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , appearing in the prequel trilogy portrayed by actress Natalie Portman . She served as the Princess of Theed and later Queen of Naboo . After her reign , she became a senator in the Galactic Senate , an anti-war movement spokesperson , and co-founder of the opposition - faction that later emerged as the Rebel Alliance . She was secretly married to the Jedi Anakin Skywalker , and the biological mother of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa , which makes her the mother - in - law of Han Solo , and the grandmother of Kylo Ren . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 1.1 Casting 1.2 Costumes 1.3 Character overview 1.3. 1 Style 2 Appearances 2.1 Feature films 2.1. 1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1.1 Return of the Jedi 2.1. 2 Prequel trilogy 2.1. 2.1 Episode I : The Phantom Menace 2.1. 2.2 Episode II : Attack of the Clones 2.1. 2.3 Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars 2.2. 2 Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) 2.3 Legends 2.4 Novels 2.4. 1 Clone Wars ( 2003 ) 2.4. 2 Novels and comics 2.5 Video Games 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Concept and Creation ( edit ) Padmé Amidala cosplay at Japan Expo 2012 in France In initial drafts of the Star Wars story , Luke Skywalker 's and Princess Leia 's mother was not well developed . According to Dale Pollock , Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and `` Leia is the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke 's cousin -- together they visit the grave of his mother , who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star . In an interview , Lucas answered a question about the development of characters like Obi - Wan Kenobi , Luke , and Leia ; their mother was not a factor : The first ( version ) talked about a princess and an old general . The second version involved a father , his son , and his daughter ; the daughter was the heroine of the film . Now the daughter has become Luke , Mark Hamill 's character . There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister . The older brother was imprisoned , and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad . Film historian Laurent Bouzereau reports that the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi - Wan Kenobi explains to Luke that he has a twin sister . She and their mother were `` sent to the protection of friends in a distant system . The mother died shortly thereafter , and Luke 's sister was adopted by Ben 's friends , the governor of Alderaan and his wife . '' Lucas is quoted in Star Wars : The Annotated Scripts ( 1997 ) as saying : The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia 's mother . I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts , but it basically did n't survive . When I got to Jedi , I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I 'm writing . But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her . Revenge of the Sith does not explain how Leia remembers her `` real mother '' . Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone applauds Lucas 's attempt to link the two trilogies in Revenge of the Sith 's final scenes , but says , `` It 's too little and too late . '' He explains , `` To hail Revenge of the Sith as a satisfying bridge to a classic is not just playing a game of the Emperor 's New Clothes , it 's an insult to what the original accomplished . '' When Lucas drafted the script for The Phantom Menace , he envisioned a `` link between Padmé and Princess Leia , the daughter who follows so closely in her footsteps . '' According to Natalie Portman , `` It definitely did come into play how strong and smart a character Carrie Fisher portrayed , because I think that a lot of that is passed on from parent to child . I think George wrote Amidala as a strong , smart character , but it helped to know that I had this great woman before me who had portrayed her character as a fiery woman . '' Paul McDonald notes that there are `` inevitable comparisons '' between the two characters : `` both develop soft spots for rogue pilots , and both have a knack for slipping into and out of stilted British accents . '' Despite being diplomats , each is also the best marksman of her respective trilogy , rarely missing . Casting ( edit ) George Lucas , Rick McCallum , and casting director Robin Gurland auditioned over 200 actresses for the part of Padmé Amidala . They chose 16 - year - old actress Natalie Portman to play the role . According to The Phantom Menace production notes , `` The role required a young woman who could be believable as the ruler of that planet , but at the same time be vulnerable and open . '' Portman 's performances in The Professional ( 1994 ) and Beautiful Girls ( 1996 ) impressed Lucas . He stated , `` I was looking for someone who was young , strong , along the lines of Leia . Natalie embodied all those traits and more . '' Portman was a unique choice because she was unfamiliar with Star Wars . `` My cousins had always been obsessed with the films , yet I had n't even seen them before I got the part , '' she says . `` When it all happened for me , my cousins were exclaiming , ' Oh , my God , you 're in Star Wars ! ' '' She told a CNN interviewer , `` I really was n't aware of how big a deal Star Wars was ... and when I saw the films , I really liked them , but I still did n't really understand how many ... were passionate fans of this film . '' Portman was , however , enthusiastic over being cast as the queen of Naboo , a character she expected to become a role model : `` It was wonderful playing a young queen with so much power . I think it will be good for young women to see a strong woman of action who is also smart and a leader . '' In The Phantom Menace , Portman had to portray a character younger than herself . In Attack of the Clones , however , her character had aged 10 years . Portman had aged only five years between the two films . She remarks , `` ( Lucas ) wants to make sure I seem older than Anakin in Attack of the Clones , so it 's believable that I can be bossing him around , and he 's a little intimidated . She looks at him as a little boy -- at least for the first half of the film . '' Portman signed a contract to play Padmé in the three prequel films . Reactions by critics to her performances were mixed . James Berardinelli called her acting in The Phantom Menace `` effective , '' but Annlee Ellingson of Box Office Magazine said `` Portman 's delivery is stiff and flat , perhaps hindered by the gorgeous but cumbersome costumes . '' Mike Clark of USA Today complained about Portman and Hayden Christensen , claiming , `` Both speak in monotone for doubly deadly effect , though when not burdened by his co-star , Christensen often finds the emotion in his limited intonations . '' A Revenge of the Sith reviewer for The Village Voice accused `` computer - generated characters like wheezing cyborg baddie General Grievous and blippeting fireplug R2 - D2 '' of `` emot ( ing ) more convincingly than either Natalie Portman or Hayden Christensen . '' Nonetheless , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described Portman 's performance in the third episode as `` decorative and sympathetic . '' Critics have blamed Portman 's performance on Lucas ' direction and script . Roger Ebert , for example , charged that in Attack of the Clones `` too much of ... the film is given over to a romance between Padmé and Anakin in which they 're incapable of uttering anything other than the most basic and weary romantic clichés , while regarding each other as if love was something to be endured rather than cherished . '' He offered a similar critique for Revenge of the Sith : `` To say that George Lucas can not write a love scene is an understatement ; greeting cards have expressed more passion . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety likewise lamented that `` Lucas 's shortcomings as a writer and director of intimate , one - on - one scenes '' hampered Portman 's performance . Costumes ( edit ) Traditional Mongolian royal fashion ( left ) and the Senate Gown ( right ) inspired by such fashion An extensive wardrobe was designed for Padmé Amidala by Lucasfilm concept artists and costume designers . Like Leia Organa , one of the inspirations for Padmé was the Flash Gordon character Dale Arden . The wardrobe in The Phantom Menace was designed by concept artist Iain McCaig and costume designer Trisha Biggar ; concept artist Dermot Power joined McCaig and Biggar in the design process of Attack of the Clones . Biggar worked as costume designer on the three films . Many costumes were inspired by the historical royal fashions of different cultures . For example , in The Phantom Menace , the dress which Padmé wears when addressing the Senate is based on Mongolian imperial fashion worn by Empress Dondogdulam , the wife of Bogd Khan , and other monarchs into the early 20th century . Padmé 's travel gown in Attack of the Clones is based on 17th - century Russian fashion photographed on Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna at the Romanov Anniversary Ball in 1903 . The costumes of the prequel trilogy are purposefully more elaborate than those of the original trilogy . Lucas asserts that galactic society in the prequels is much more sophisticated . Commenting on the disparities between the two trilogies , Carrie Fisher mused , `` Harrison Ford wears the same outfit for three flicks , and I was complaining that I wear , like , six outfits . And my mother -- Natalie Portman -- she wears three million . She walks through a doorway and there 's another outfit . It 's like the Liberace of sci - fi changing of clothes . '' Trisha Biggar reveals that originally there were only three costumes planned for Amidala in The Phantom Menace , but `` ( Lucas ) decided that every time we saw ( her ) she was going to have a different costume . '' Lucas explains , `` Someone of that stature would automatically be changing their costumes to fit the occasion . '' Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia ( left ) and the Travel Gown ( right ) inspired by Russian fashion ( similar to a kokoshnik ) Aesthetics aside , the wardrobe was designed to reflect key plot developments . In Attack of the Clones , Lucas wanted Padmé 's wardrobe to mirror the romantic elements of the film . He suggested that her costumes be more `` sultry in nature . '' Trisha Biggar notes that Lucas wanted her to appear `` sexy , gorgeous , and young in skimpy clothes . '' Portman laughs , `` I got over the hump of 18 so I 'm allowed to show tummy now , I guess . '' , so during the battle of Geonosis the bottom part of her top is ripped off revealing her midriff . For Revenge of the Sith , Biggar says , `` We knew that Padmé was going to be pregnant through the whole film , and nobody in the outside world could know that . Because she 's pregnant , I wanted a soft quality to be apparent in the fabrics that were used . '' Some of the costumes created by Biggar 's staff did not appear in the final version of the films . In Revenge of the Sith , for example , a multi-colored `` Peacock Gown '' and a `` Green Cut Velvet Robe '' worn by Padmé in scenes featuring the Delegation of 2000 were deleted during post-production . Biggar remarks that the Peacock Gown had been one of her favorite designs and that much time and money had been invested in these particular costumes . Ultimately , the Peacock Gown would be used only for the film 's theatrical poster . The velvet robe was ultimately re-used for a short scene filmed during pick - up photography , thus appearing in the film , and features on the DVD cover art . Many of Padmé 's costumes in The Phantom Menace were featured in the Japanese magazine High Fashion in 1999 and the Attack of the Clones costumes were in Vogue in 2002 . The costumes went on display in the 2005 exhibit Dressing A Galaxy : The Costumes of Star Wars at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising ( FIDM ) in Los Angeles . Trisha Biggar won a Saturn Award for Best Costumes in 2000 for The Phantom Menace and in 2003 for Attack of the Clones . She was nominated in 2006 for Revenge of the Sith , but lost to Isis Mussenden , costume designer for The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) . Character overview ( edit ) Padmé Amidala is depicted in Star Wars fiction as beautiful and graceful . In Cloak of Deception , she is described as having `` a slight figure and a lovely , feminine face as one of the most beautiful , feminine women in Star Wars . She was remarkably solemn for one so young . It was clear that she took her responsibilities with the utmost seriousness . '' Terry Brooks details the alien Nute Gunray 's reaction to her appearance : `` She was considered beautiful , Gunray had been told , but he had no sense of human beauty and by Neimoidian standards she was simply colorless and small - featured . '' Brooks writes that she is `` young , beautiful , and serene . '' The Star Wars Databank describes her as `` one of Naboo 's best and brightest '' and `` interested in public service '' . She demonstrates a devotion to the disadvantaged and deprived beings of the galaxy . Her childhood and adolescence is sacrificed to public service . In the Attack of the Clones novelization , Padmé 's sister Sola Naberrie tells her , `` You 're so tied up in your responsibilities that you do n't give any weight to your desires . '' Padmé relies on diplomacy to resolve disputes , often appearing as a pacifist . She is not , however , an advocate of appeasement , as she is willing to use `` aggressive negotiations '' to preserve democracy . The Star Wars Databank notes , `` Despite her initial objections to a Republic army , Padmé nonetheless fought alongside the newly created clone troopers against the Separatist droid forces . '' Film critics Dominique Mainon and James Ursini classify her as a `` modern Amazon , '' a reference to the warrior women of ancient Greek mythology . Her combat skills are explored further through the Star Wars Universe . In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones she has fought squads of battle droids with hand - to - hand combat and a blaster . She is an expert markswoman and has managed to outgun Aurra Sing in the episode Assassin in Season 3 of Star Wars : The Clone Wars . As a ruler and politician , Padmé is distrustful of bureaucracy , opposed to corruption , and attached to the ideals of democracy and the rule of law . She tells Anakin , `` Popular rule is not democracy ... It gives the people what they want , not what they need . '' According to Mainon and Ursini , `` she tried to preach compromise and reason , ( but ) the disarray within the ( Republic ) ... led her to doubt the senate 's effectiveness . '' Her loyalty remains with the Republic until she suspects it no longer represents the democratic principles she espouses . In the novelization of Revenge of the Sith , Padmé advises Senator Bail Organa and Mon Mothma , `` Be good little Senators . Mind your manners and keep your heads down . And keep doing ... all those things we ca n't talk about . '' Padmé is sometimes mysterious and deceptive . She is described in Brooks ' The Phantom Menace novelization as a `` chameleon of sorts , masking herself to the world at large and finding companionship almost exclusively with a cadre of handmaidens who were always with her . '' Her decision to quietly marry Anakin and secret discussions with other senators about Palpatine add to the character 's duplicity . Paul F. McDonald of Space.com observes , `` Amidala ... embod ( ies ) many of the dualities that inform Episode I -- war and peace , queen and commoner , form and substance . Unlike other characters , whose personalities are divided and usually warring against one another , her dual nature works to her advantage . '' He explains , `` Amidala can be cold and commanding when she needs to be , or warm and loving as Padmé . '' Style ( edit ) In The Phantom Menace , Padmé Amidala , in her capacity as queen , is addressed as `` Your Majesty '' , `` Your Royal Highness '' and `` Your Highness '' . Contrary to usage in real monarchies , where the style is fixed and tied to the person 's rank , in Lucas 's Star Wars universe they are apparently interchangeable . After her tenure as monarch ended and she became a member of the Senate , Padmé Amidala was addressed as `` Senator Amidala '' with no formal style , although she continued to use her regnal name instead of her family name in accordance with Naboo custom . Appearances ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Original trilogy ( edit ) Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Return of the Jedi , the final film in the original trilogy , alludes to the character . While in the Ewok village on the forest moon of Endor , Luke Skywalker asked if Leia Organa remembers their `` real mother '' . Leia answers that `` she died when I was very young '' and also says that `` she was very beautiful ... kind ... but sad '' while Luke confesses to have no memories of their mother . In an extended scene of Return of the Jedi , when Obi - Wan Kenobi talks to Luke he explains in detail what happened to his mother . It differs from the prequels in that Luke and Leia 's mother snuck away as a handmaiden of Bail Organa and was with Leia until the Princess turned four , making the line Leia says to Luke about remembering their mother more believable . Prequel trilogy ( edit ) Episode I : the Phantom Menace ( edit ) Padmé Amidala makes her first film appearance in The Phantom Menace . She is introduced as the recently elected 14 - year - old queen of Naboo , dedicated to ending the planet 's occupation by the Trade Federation . She attempts to deal directly with Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray , who attempts to force her to sign a treaty which would legitimize the Trade Federation 's occupation of Naboo , her planet . Padmé escapes from Naboo with the help of Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn and Padawan Obi - Wan Kenobi , but they are forced to land on the desert planet of Tatooine . Disguised as a handmaiden , Padmé meets nine - year - old slave Anakin Skywalker and his mother Shmi Skywalker . Anakin gives her a hand - carved charm on a leather necklace . She witnesses Anakin win the Podrace at the Boonta Eve Classic that both aids her mission to Coruscant and secures his freedom . Arriving on Coruscant , Padmé consults with Senator Palpatine , who encourages her to appeal to the Senate to resolve Naboo 's dispute with the Trade Federation . Palpatine persuades her to make a motion in the Senate to have Supreme Chancellor Valorum removed from office , which later enables Palpatine to be elected in his place . ( She is unaware that he is in fact the Sith lord Darth Sidious , and is responsible for the crisis . ) Padmé returns to Naboo to fight for her planet 's freedom , enlisting the aid of Jar Jar Binks 's Gungan warriors and having the handmaiden Sabé pose as her . As Sabé attempts a peace deal between Naboo and the Gungans , Padmé intervenes and reveals her true identity . The Gungans agree to help and offer a diversion to lure the droid armies away from the palace . Once in the palace , Padmé 's forces storm the throne room and capture the Viceroy , ending the trade blockade of Naboo once and for all . A celebration is held to announce the unity between Naboo and the Gungans . Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( edit ) Padmé Amidala makes her second film appearance in Attack of the Clones , which is set a decade later . Now holding office as Senator following her term as queen , she represents Naboo in the Galactic Senate and leads a faction opposed to the Military Creation Act that would create an army of clones for the Republic , which has been threatened by a growing Separatist movement . As she arrives on Coruscant to cast her vote , assassins hired by the Trade Federation make an unsuccessful attempt on her life . Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi and Padawan Anakin Skywalker are assigned to protect Padmé . Chancellor Palpatine sends Padmé into hiding on Naboo , where she and Anakin struggle to maintain a platonic relationship despite their obvious mutual attraction . In a deleted scene , she introduces Anakin to her parents ( Ruwee and Jobal Naberrie ) and informs him of her charitable work with the Refugee Relief Movement , a galaxy - wide disaster relief and resettlement organization . When Anakin has a vision of his mother in danger , Padmé accompanies him to Tatooine in a failed attempt to rescue Shmi from a band of Tusken Raiders . Anakin returns with Shmi 's body and tearfully confesses to Padmé that he slaughtered the entire tribe . Padmé is troubled by what Anakin has done , but nevertheless comforts him . After they receive a message from Obi - Wan on the planet Geonosis , Padmé and Anakin rush to the Jedi Knight 's aid , only to be captured themselves and condemned to death in a Geonosian coliseum by Separatist leader and Sith Lord Count Dooku . They declare their love to each other , and are saved at the last minute by Jedi Masters Mace Windu and Yoda leading an army of Jedi and clone troopers , thus marking the opening salvo of the Clone Wars . Afterwards , Padmé and Anakin are married in a secret ceremony on Naboo witnessed by the droids R2 - D2 and C - 3PO . Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( edit ) Padmé Amidala makes her third film appearance in Revenge of the Sith , which is set three years later . After Anakin returns she informs him that she is pregnant . Padmé watches with increasing suspicion as Supreme Chancellor Palpatine uses the Clone War in control over the Senate and judiciary . In another deleted scene , Padmé is seen as a dissenter in Palpatine 's government and an early constituting member of the Alliance to Restore the Republic , joined by senators Bail Organa , Mon Mothma and Bana Breemu . Meanwhile , Padmé detects changes in Anakin after he begins having dreams about her dying in childbirth . Eventually , these fears lead to Anakin turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming Palpatine 's Sith apprentice , Darth Vader . As Palpatine declares martial law by transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire , Padmé remarks to Organa : `` So this is how liberty dies -- with thunderous applause '' . After Palpatine names himself emperor for life , Obi - Wan informs Padmé that her husband has turned to the dark side and killed everyone in the Jedi Temple . Unable to believe this , Padmé travels to the volcanic planet Mustafar ( with Obi - Wan a stowaway aboard her ship ) . Padmé begs Vader to escape Palpatine 's grasp and flee with her , but Vader insists that , together , they can overthrow Palpatine and rule the galaxy . Padmé recoils in horror , but still tries to persuade him to come back . When Obi - Wan emerges from her ship , Vader accuses Padmé of betrayal and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness . After Obi - Wan defeats Vader in a lightsaber duel , he brings Padmé to the secret asteroid base Polis Massa . Despite efforts of medical droids , Padmé dies after delivering twins , Luke and Leia . Just prior to her death , Padmé insists to Obi - Wan that she knows `` there is still good '' in her husband . After Padmé 's body is altered to appear still pregnant and given an elaborate funeral ceremony on Naboo , her twins are separated to be hidden from Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine : Leia is adopted by Senator Organa and his wife Queen Organa on Alderaan to be raised as a princess , while Luke is brought to Tatooine to be raised by his father 's step - family , Owen and Beru Lars . Animated series ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( edit ) Padmé Amidala makes her fourth film appearance on Star Wars : The Clone Wars . While Anakin and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano search for Jabba 's son Rotta , Padmé meets Jabba 's uncle Ziro the Hutt at his palace on Coruscant to convince him to side with the Jedi . After Ziro forcibly removes Padmé , she escapes and eavesdrops on his communication with Count Dooku and the Separatists about an elaborate scheme to kidnap Jabba 's son , frame the Jedi for his murder and force Jabba to attempt revenge , leaving Ziro as the Hutts ' ruler . After being discovered , Dooku suggests Ziro collect the bounty placed on her head . When battle droids confiscate Padmé 's comlink and blaster , she outwits and tricks one into activating her comlink as C - 3PO is attempting to contact her before a droid smashes the device . C - 3PO leads a squad of Coruscant Guard troopers to rescue her . Padmé then contacts Jabba just as the Hutt is about to execute Anakin and Ahsoka , and forces Ziro to confess his betrayal to Jabba . Padmé proceeds to negotiate an alliance between the Republic and the Hutts which would allow Republic warships to use unknown Hutt hyperspace lanes . In the subsequent TV series , Padmé is mostly portrayed working in the Senate toward a peaceful resolution to the Clone Wars , although a few episodes have portrayed her fighting the Separatists alongside Anakin , Ahsoka and Jar Jar Binks . She has appeared in seven episodes in the first season and third season , four episodes in the second season , nine episodes in the fourth season , and one episode in the fifth season . A trilogy of episodes were set with her as the main focus in which she meets with her old friend Rush Clovis ; these episode were later removed , however , and set to be bonus material . Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Padmé appears in the micro-series Star Wars : Forces of Destiny , voiced again by Catherine Taber . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Novels ( edit ) The novelizations of the Star Wars prequel films introduced material about Padmé Amidala that was not included in the films . Terry Brooks ' Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) includes a discussion between Qui - Gon Jinn and Obi - Wan Kenobi . Qui - Gon describes the then - queen of Naboo as `` something of an unknown '' before the Trade Federation blockade . In the Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) adaptation by R.A. Salvatore , there is a detailed conversation between Padmé and her sister Sola Naberrie shortly after Jamillia appoints her senator . Sola chides her for ignoring her personal life : `` What about Padmé Amidala ? Have you even thought about what might make your life better ? '' Matthew Stover 's Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) elaborates upon Padmé 's role in the formation of the Rebel Alliance . Stover narrates Darth Vader 's reaction to the death of his wife : Vader thinks to himself , `` You killed her because , finally , when you could have saved her , when you could have gone away with her , when you could have been thinking about her , you were thinking about yourself ... '' Clone Wars ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Padmé Amidala appears in eight chapters of the Star Wars : Clone Wars micro-series that aired on Cartoon Network from 2003 to 2005 . She is secluded on Coruscant and maintains a correspondence when Anakin Skywalker is fighting in the Clone Wars . In one chapter , Padmé travels with Yoda aboard her ship when he senses a disturbance in the Force coming from the ice planet Ilum . Despite Captain Typho 's protest , she accompanies Yoda and helps rescue Jedi Master Luminara Unduli and Padawan Barriss Offee . In another chapter , she is thrilled by Anakin 's graduation from Padawan to Jedi Knight . In the final chapter , she is briefly seen during General Grievous 's assault on Coruscant . Novels and comics ( edit ) Padmé 's background prior to her appearance in the prequel films is revealed in Star Wars novels and comics . In Terry Moore 's comic `` A Summer 's Dream '' printed in Star Wars Tales 5 ( 2000 ) and set a year before the events of The Phantom Menace , Padmé is the Princess of Theed , Naboo 's capital city . A young man , Ian Lago , falls in love with Padmé , but she places her duty to the people over her personal happiness and rejects him . Lago is the son of an advisor to King Veruna , the reigning monarch of Naboo . In the novel Cloak of Deception ( 2001 ) by James Luceno , King Veruna is forced to abdicate the throne following accusations of corruption . Padmé is elected Queen of Naboo and contacts Palpatine to inform him that Veruna has been mysteriously killed . She and Palpatine discuss the events that lead to the Trade Federation blockade of Naboo . She admits to him , `` Naboo can scarcely afford to become embroiled in a dispute that pits the Republic against the Trade Federation . '' Star Wars literature focuses on Padmé 's career as ruling monarch of Naboo . The young adult novel Star Wars Episode I Journal : Amidala ( 1999 ) by Jude Watson focuses on Padmé Amidala 's early career and narrow escape from the Trade Federation . The Queen 's Amulet ( 1999 ) by Julianne Balmain narrates the close friendship between Padmé and her handmaiden Sabé immediately before the events of The Phantom Menace . Erik Tiemens 's comic `` The Artist of Naboo '' details the story of a young , unnamed artist on Naboo who becomes captivated by Padmé 's beauty . The artist features her in a series of paintings and later risks his life to save her . Padmé 's role in the Delegation of 2000 -- the senatorial resistance movement to Palpatine 's growing absolutism -- is discussed in James Luceno 's Labyrinth of Evil ( 2005 ) . The Delegation of 2000 is primarily concerned with Palpatine 's calls for public surveillance and restrictions on freedom of movement and action . Still , Padmé is confident Palpatine will relinquish his power when the crisis is over : `` He 's not stubborn , '' she tells Bail Organa . `` You just do n't know him as I do . He 'll take our concerns to heart . '' Padmé appears in novels and comics set after the events of the original trilogy as holograms and flashbacks . In Troy Denning 's The Joiner King ( 2005 ) , the first book in the `` Dark Nest Trilogy '' set 35 years after the events of A New Hope , Luke Skywalker discovers a hologram recorded by R2 - D2 of Anakin Skywalker informing Padmé of his vision of her death in childbirth . This is the first time Luke sees his mother . Another hologram discovered in R2 - D2 chronicles a conversation between Padmé and Obi - Wan . In this hologram , Luke and Leia hear their mother 's name for the first time . In the final novel of the trilogy , The Swarm War , Luke and Leia see their mother 's death and their own births . Video games ( edit ) Padmé also appeared in console games based on the Star Wars franchise . Making prominent appearances in the ones based on the Clone Wars timeline and often appearing as a playable character . Family tree ( edit ) Main article : Skywalker family This Star Wars - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Women warriors in literature and culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars - Attack of the Clones - Deleted Scenes 1080p HD '' . YouTube . 2015 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dale Pollock , Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( New York : Da Capo Press , 1999 ) , p. 146 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Jump up ^ Claire Clouzot , `` The Morning of the Magician : George Lucas and Star Wars , '' The George Lucas Interviews , ed . Sally Kline ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 1999 ) , pp. 57 - 58 , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 125 - 3 . Jump up ^ Laurent Bouzereau , Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays ( New York : Del Rey , 1997 ) , p. 270 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Jump up ^ George Lucas , quoted in Bouzereau , The Annotated Screenplays , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Review : Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wise Beyond Her Years '' , part 2 of `` Natalie Portman : Forbidden Love , '' at Star Wars.com Archived June 30 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Natalie Portman , quoted in `` Wise Beyond Her Years . '' ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Paul F. ( 2000 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Amidala : The Goddess With Two Faces '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jonathan L. Bowen , Anticipation : The Real Life Story of Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace ( Lincoln , Neb. : iUniverse , 2005 ) , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 595 - 34732 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I Production Notes : The Actors and Characters -- Part I '' , at Star Wars.com Archived October 23 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ George Lucas , quoted in `` Production Notes '' . ^ Jump up to : Portman , quoted in `` Production Notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Return of the galaxy 's new beauty New look , love interest for Portman 's role in ' Star Wars ' '' at CNN ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` No Longer , '' in `` Natalie Portman : Forbidden Love , '' at Star Wars.com Archived December 2 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli , review of Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , available here `` Archived copy '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 01 . ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Annlee Ellingson , review of Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , Box Office Magazine , available here ( 1 ) Archived June 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mike Clark , review of Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones , May 15 , 2002 , available here ( 2 ) ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ed Halter , `` May the Force Be Over ; The end of the beginning : Lucas 's adolescent space opera concludes in a CGI Sith Storm , '' The Village Voice ( New York ) , May 11 , 2005 , available here ( 3 ) Archived June 28 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle , `` When ' Sith ' sticks to Darth , it 's brilliant . When it does n't , it lacks luster , '' San Francisco Chronicle , May 18 , 2005 , available here ( 4 ) ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , review of Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones , Chicago Sun - Times , May 10 , 2002 , available here ( 5 ) ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , review of Revenge of the Sith , Chicago Sun - Times , May 19 , 2005 , available here ( 6 ) ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy , review of Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , Variety , May 5 , 2005 , available here ( 7 ) ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ian McCaig Biography , at Star Wars.com Archived August 7 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dermot Power Biography , at Star Wars.com Archived September 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . 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Jump up ^ `` Crafting Revenge , '' in `` An Introduction to Episode III '' at StarWars.com ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Designs for an Expanding Universe '' , Web Documentary , Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , Special Features ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ) , disc 2 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Dressing a Galaxy Opens Monday , '' at Star Wars.com Archived June 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Luceno , Cloak of Deception , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Brooks , The Phantom Menace , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Brooks , The Phantom Menace , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Padmé Amidala , Expanded Universe , at the Star Wars Databank ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Padmé Amidala at the Star Wars Databank ; last accessed August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Attack of the Clones , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Attack of the Clones , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Dominique Mainon and James Ursini , The Modern Amazons : Warrior Women On - Screen ( book ) ( Pompton Plains , N.J. : Hal Leonard , 2006 ) , p. 199 , ISBN 0 - 87910 - 327 - 2 Jump up ^ Salvatore , Attack of the Clones , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Stover , Revenge of the Sith , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Brooks , The Phantom Menace , p. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Original script Return of the Jedi Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terry Brooks , Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 1999 ) , p. 28 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 . Jump up ^ R.A. Salvatore , Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2002 ) , p. 20 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 42882 - X . Jump up ^ Matthew Stover , Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2005 ) , p. 450 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 42884 - 6 Jump up ^ Terry Moore , `` A Summer 's Dream , '' in Star Wars Tales 5 ( Dark Horse Comics , September 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 59307 - 286 - 4 . Jump up ^ James Luceno , Cloak of Deception ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2002 ) , p. 323 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44297 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jude Watson , Star Wars Episode I Journal : Amidala ( New York : Scholastic , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 590 - 52101 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julianne Balmain , The Queen 's Amulet ( New York : Chronicle Books , 1999 ) , ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2462 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erik Tiemens , `` The Artist of Naboo , '' in Star Wars : Visionaries ( Dark Horse Comics , March 2005 ) , ISBN 1 - 59307 - 311 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Luceno , Labyrinth of Evil ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2005 ) , p. 57 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 47573 - 9 . Jump up ^ Troy Denning , The Joiner King ( paperback ; New York : Del Rey , 2005 ) , pp. 210 -- 211 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 46304 - 8 . Jump up ^ Denning , The Joiner King , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : The Swarm War ( Star Wars : Dark Nest , Book 3 ) : Troy Denning : Books Further reading ( edit ) Biggar , Trisha . Dressing a Galaxy : The Costumes of Star Wars . New York : Harry N. Abrams , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 6567 - 4 . Hanson , Michael J. , and Max S. Kay . Star Wars : The New Myth . Philadelphia : Xlibris , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 4010 - 3989 - 8 . Luceno , James . Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 . Reynolds , David West . Star Wars Episode I : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 . Reynolds , David West . Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary . New York : DK Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 . Wallace , Daniel . The New Essential Guide to Characters . New York : Del Rey , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 . Wallace , Daniel . `` Republic HoloNet News Special Inaugural Edition 16 : 5 : 24 . '' Star Wars Insider 84 ( September 2005 ) . Wallace , Daniel . `` Tatters of the Republic . '' Star Wars Insider 86 ( December 2005 ) . Wallace , Daniel . `` Who 's Who in the Delegation of 2000 . '' Star Wars Insider 85 ( November 2005 ) . Wallace , Daniel , and Kevin J. Anderson . The New Essential Chronology . New York : Del Rey , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49053 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Padmé Amidala . Padmé Amidala in the StarWars.com Databank Padmé Amidala on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Dressing A Galaxy : The Costumes of Star Wars , an exhibit at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising . Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays padme in star wars episode 2	[ "Padmé Amidala (born Padmé Naberrie) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, appearing in the prequel trilogy portrayed by actress Natalie Portman. She served as the Princess of Theed and later Queen of Naboo. After her reign, she became a senator in the Galactic Senate, an anti-war movement spokesperson, and co-founder of the opposition-faction that later emerged as the Rebel Alliance.[2] She was secretly married to the Jedi Anakin Skywalker, and the biological mother of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa, which makes her the mother-in-law of Han Solo, and the grandmother of Kylo Ren." ]	[ "Natalie Portman" ]
6053210068492150312	San Andreas Fault	San Andreas fault - wikipedia San Andreas fault Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see San Andreas ( disambiguation ) . San Andreas Fault The fault , right , and the Carrizo Plain , left Arrows show relative motion of the two plates Named by Andrew Lawson Year defined 1895 Country United States State California Cities San Francisco Characteristics Segments Calaveras , Hayward , Elsinore , Imperial , Laguna Salada , San Jacinto Length 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) Displacement 20 -- 35 mm ( 0.79 -- 1.38 in ) / yr Tectonics Plate North American & Pacific Status Active Earthquakes 1857 , 1906 ( M ~ 7.8 ) , 1957 ( M 5.7 ) , 1989 ( M ~ 6.9 ) , 2004 Type Transform fault Movement Dextral Age Neogene - Holocene Orogeny Gorda - California - Nevada The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers ( 750 mi ) through California . It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate , and its motion is right - lateral strike - slip ( horizontal ) . The fault divides into three segments , each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk . The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm ( 0.79 to 1.38 in ) / yr . The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley , who discovered the northern zone . It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake , a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates . However , according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908 , Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California . In 1953 , geologist Thomas Dibblee concluded that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault . A project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) near Parkfield , Monterey County , is drilling into the fault to improve prediction and recording of future earthquakes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fault zones 1.1 Northern 1.2 Central 1.3 Southern 2 Plate boundaries 3 Formation 4 Study 4.1 Early years 4.2 Current research 4.3 The next `` Big One '' 4.4 Cascadia connection 5 Earthquakes 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Fault zones ( edit ) Northern ( edit ) See also : Calaveras Fault and Hayward Fault Zone A map displaying each of the seven major fault lines in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the probability of an M6. 7 earthquake or higher occurring on each fault line between 2003 and 2032 . The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister , through the Santa Cruz Mountains , epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , then up the San Francisco Peninsula , where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895 , then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock . This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County . It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland , runs just east of the Bodega Heads through Bodega Bay and back underwater , returning onshore at Fort Ross . ( In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant `` sister faults '' run more - or-less parallel , and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes . ) From Fort Ross , the northern segment continues overland , forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows . It goes back offshore at Point Arena . After that , it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino , where it begins to bend to the west , terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction . Central ( edit ) The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister . While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes , the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep , where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes . Southern ( edit ) See also : Elsinore Fault Zone , Imperial Fault , Laguna Salada Fault , and San Jacinto Fault Zone Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain The Vasquez Rocks in Agua Dulce , California are evidence of the San Andreas Fault line and part of the 2,650 - mile Pacific Crest Trail . The Mormon Rocks within Cajon Pass show the physical movement of the San Andreas fault in southern California . 3 - D perspective view of Earth 's San Andreas Fault in the Temblor Range The southern segment ( also known as the Mojave segment ) begins near Bombay Beach , California . Box Canyon , near the Salton Sea , contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault . The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains , crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains . These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range . In Palmdale , a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway . The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake . As it passes the towns of Gorman , Tejon Pass and Frazier Park , the fault begins to bend northward , forming the `` Big Bend '' . This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California , with an earthquake - recurrence interval of roughly 140 -- 160 years . Northwest of Frazier Park , the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain , a long , treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible . The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain . The southern segment , which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea , is capable of an 8.1 - magnitude earthquake . At its closest , this fault passes about 35 miles ( 56 km ) to the northeast of Los Angeles . Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles , San Bernardino , Riverside , and surrounding areas , and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage . Plate boundaries ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pacific Plate , to the west of the fault , is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest , but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics . The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) a year across California . The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault . The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges . The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward . This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California , and to a lesser but still significant extent , the Santa Cruz Mountains ( the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 ) . Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults . The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone . The reason for this is not clear . Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing . One hypothesis -- which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 -- suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane . Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized , projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault , including Los Angeles , will eventually slide past San Francisco , then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench , over a period of perhaps twenty million years . Formation ( edit ) Tectonic evolution of the San Andreas Fault . The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya ( million years ago ) . At this time , a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate ( which is now mostly subducted , with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate , Rivera Plate , Cocos Plate , and the Nazca Plate ) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America . As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates , the spreading ridge began to be `` subducted '' , creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries . These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault . It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range , separation of the Baja California Peninsula , and rotation of the Transverse Range . The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years . The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well - Fenner - San Francisquito fault zone around 22 -- 13 Ma . This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10 -- 5 Ma . Currently , it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone . This complicated evolution , especially along the southern segment , is mostly caused by either the `` Big Bend '' and / or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and it surrounding branches . Study ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas , a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco . Eleven years later , Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Large - scale ( hundreds of miles ) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee . This idea , which was considered radical at the time , has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics . Current research ( edit ) Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years . Following recorded seismic events in 1857 , 1881 , 1901 , 1922 , 1934 , and 1966 , scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993 . It eventually occurred in 2004 . Due to the frequency of predictable activity , Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research . In 2004 , work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) . The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) into the Earth 's crust and into the San Andreas Fault . An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area . The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies . In particular , scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications . The next `` Big one '' ( edit ) Radar generated 3 - D view of the San Andreas Fault , at Crystal Springs Reservoir near San Mateo , California . A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur . This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed . Moreover , the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault , i.e. the region around Los Angeles , because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central ( 1857 ) and northern ( 1906 ) segments of the fault , while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years . According to this study , a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs - Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino , Riverside and Imperial counties in California , and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California . It would be strongly felt ( and potentially cause significant damage ) throughout much of Southern California , including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County , Ventura County , Orange County , San Diego County , Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality , Baja California , San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma , Arizona . Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse , as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high ( and thus subject to soil liquefaction ) . The paper concluded : The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we can not tell ( ... ) It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now . Nevertheless , in the ten years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area , and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events . The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive . The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast , known as UCERF3 ( Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3 ) , released in November 2013 , estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater ( i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake ) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide . The same report also estimated there is a 7 % probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault . A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical , social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California . That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage . Cascadia connection ( edit ) A 2008 paper , studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone , found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone ( which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California ) . Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years . The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time - correlated events . However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone . Earthquakes ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in California The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times : 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake : About 350 kilometers ( 220 mi ) were ruptured in central and southern California . Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake , the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north , just south of Parkfield . Two deaths were reported . The magnitude was about 7.9 . 1906 San Francisco earthquake : About 430 kilometers ( 270 mi ) were ruptured in Northern California . The epicenter was near San Francisco . At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires . The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8 . 1957 San Francisco earthquake : A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City . 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake : About 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) were ruptured ( although the rupture did not reach the surface ) near Santa Cruz , California , causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Moment magnitude was about 6.9 . This quake occurred on October 17 , 1989 , at approximately 5 : 04 PM PDT . 2004 Parkfield earthquake : On September 28 , 2004 at 10 : 15 a.m. PDT , a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area . It was felt across the state , including the San Francisco Bay Area . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Earthquakes portal California earthquake forecast Central Valley ( California ) Coast Range Geomorphic Province Garlock Fault Geologic timeline of Western North America North Anatolian Fault Ramapo Fault San Andreas ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` San Andreas Fault Zone '' . CalTech . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Facts '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Americansouthwest.net `` Box Canyon '' Jump up ^ Rong - Gong Lin II ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` San Andreas fault capable of magnitude 8.1 earthquake over 340 - mile swath of California , researchers say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert E. `` Present - Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation '' . The San Andreas Fault System , California . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Atwater , T. , 1970 , Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America Jump up ^ Powell , R.E. ; Weldon , R.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolution of the San Andreas fault '' . Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science . 20 : 431 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Mason L. Hill ; Thomas Dibblee ( April 1953 ) . `` San Andreas , Garlock , and Big faults , California '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin : 443 -- 458 . ISBN 9780813723389 . Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . USGS . Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Worldwide trends in research on the San Andreas Fault System '' ( PDF ) . Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 ( 12 ) : 10893 -- 10909 . doi : 10.1007 / s12517 - 015 - 1878 - 4 . Jump up ^ NASA ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` NASA Radar Provides 3 - D View of San Andreas Fault '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Fialko , Yuri ( 2006 ) . `` Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault System '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 441 ( 7096 ) : 968 -- 971 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 968F . doi : 10.1038 / nature04797 . PMID 16791192 . Jump up ^ Geller , Robert J. ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Earthquake prediction : a critical review '' . Geophysical Journal International . 131 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 450 . Bibcode : 1997GeoJI. 131 ... 425G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1997. tb06588. x . Jump up ^ `` New Long - Term Earthquake Forecast for California '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` The ShakeOut Scenario '' . USGS . Jump up ^ BSSA ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Earthquakes Along The Cascadia And San Andreas Faults May Be Linked , Affecting Risk To San Francisco Bay Region '' . Seismological Society of America . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Collier , Michael ( December 1 , 1999 ) . A Land in Motion . UC Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21897 - 3 . Stoffer , Philip W. ( 2006 ) . Where 's the San Andreas fault ? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region . USGS . General Interest Publication 16 . The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission , Andrew C. Lawson , chairman , Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87 , 2 vols. ( 1908 ) . Available online at this USGS webpage . Lynch , David K. ( 2006 ) . Field Guide to the San Andreas Fault : See and Touch the World 's Most Famous Fault on any one of Twelve Easy Day Trips . Thule Scientific . ISBN 0 - 9779935 - 0 - 7 . Full color , GPS coordinates , . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Andreas Fault . The Parkfield , California , Earthquake Experiment at the USGS San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program The San Andreas Fault by Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace Complete Report for San Andreas fault zone , Peninsula section ( Class A ) No. 1c from the USGS New Scripps Study Reveals San Andreas Fault Set for the ' Big One ' at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek -- Kite Aerial Photography from the USGS `` Scientists Search for a Pulse in Skies Above Earthquake Country '' at JPL The Day California Cracks at Bloomberg Businessweek Google Maps Satellite View on Geology.com San Andreas Fault in Southern California Seismically active fault zones and tectonic blocks of California Statewide Faults San Andreas Fault Faults , zones , and blocks of Southern California Brawley Seismic Zone Chino Fault Elsinore Fault Zone Elysian Park Fault Garlock Fault Hollywood fault Hosgri Fault Imperial Fault Zone Laguna Salada Fault Newport -- Inglewood Fault Peninsular Ranges Puente Hills Fault Raymond Fault Rose Canyon Fault Salton Trough Salinian Block San Cayetano Fault San Felipe Fault Zone San Gabriel Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone Santa Maria River Fault Santa Ynez Fault Shoreline Fault Sierra Madre Fault Zone Ventura Fault White Wolf Fault Whittier Fault Yorba Linda Fault Faults and zones of Northern California Bartlett Springs Fault Calaveras Fault Clayton - Marsh Creek - Greenville Fault Concord Fault Hayward Fault Zone Healdsburg Fault Maacama Fault Mendocino Fracture Zone Mendocino Triple Junction Mount Diablo Thrust Fault Monta Vista Fault Nacimiento Fault Pleasanton Fault Rinconada Fault San Gregorio Fault San Pablo Fault Seal Cove Fault Serra Fault Silver Creek Fault Tesla Fault West Napa Fault Sierra Nevada faults , zones , and blocks Death Valley Fault Zone Furnace Creek Fault Zone Honey Lake Fault Zone Kern Canyon Fault Maria fold and thrust belt Owens Valley Fault Rescue Lineament - Bear Mountains fault zone Sierra Nevada Batholith Sierra Nevada Fault Sierra Nevada - Great Valley Block Smartville Block Walker Lane California Geological Survey Seismic Hazards Mapping Act Mexico ( list ) State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music Myth Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Capitol Districts Governor Legislature Supreme Court Healthcare History Law National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Congressional delegations Elections People Protected areas State Parks State Historic Landmarks Symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Significant seismically active faults of North America North America ( crosses national borders ) Alaska - Aleutian megathrust ( US - RU ) Basin and Range Province ( US - MX ) Cascadia subduction zone ( US - CA ) Clarendon - Linden fault system ( US - CA ) Denali Fault ( US - CA ) Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( CA - US ) Puget Sound faults ( US - CA ) Rio Grande rift ( US - MX ) San Andreas Fault ( US - MX ) Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone ( US - CA ) Tintina Fault ( US - CA ) Canada Charlevoix Seismic Zone Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone Leech River Fault Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben Queen Charlotte Fault Saguenay Graben Saint Lawrence rift system Western Quebec Seismic Zone United States Washington and Oregon Brothers Fault Zone Olympic - Wallowa Lineament Puget Sound ( Seattle Fault , Tacoma Fault ) Walker Lane California Calaveras Fault Garlock Fault Hayward Fault Zone Mendocino Fracture Zone Newport -- Inglewood Fault Puente Hills Fault Rose Canyon Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone ( Elsinore Fault Zone ) Great Basin Independence Valley fault system Moab Fault Teton Fault Wasatch Fault Great Plains Central Oklahoma Fault Zone Humboldt Fault Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system Nemaha Fault Zone Wilzetta Fault Midwest Marianna Fault New Madrid Seismic Zone Sandwich Fault Zone Wabash Valley Seismic Zone Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast Aiken - Augusta Fault Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone Middleton Place - Summerville Seismic Zone ( Woodstock Fault ) Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone Ramapo Fault Virginia Seismic Zone Caribbean & Mexico Cayman Trough Chixoy - Polochic Fault Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden fault zone ( Cuba ) Gulf of California Rift Zone Lesser Antilles subduction zone Middle America Trench ( Central America ) Motagua Fault ( Central America ) Pedro Miguel Fault Puerto Rico Trench VIAF : 233720329 GND : 4105280 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&oldid=815644270 '' Categories : 1906 San Francisco earthquake Geography of Kern County , California Geography of Los Angeles County , California Geography of Marin County , California Geography of Monterey County , California Geography of Palmdale , California Geography of San Bernardino County , California Geography of San Francisco Geography of San Mateo County , California Geography of Santa Clara County , California Geography of Sonoma County , California Geography of the San Francisco Bay Area Geology of Imperial County , California Geology of Los Angeles County , California Geology of Riverside County , California Geology of San Bernardino County , California History of Southern California Landforms of Humboldt County , California National Natural Landmarks in California Salton Trough Seismic faults of California Strike - slip faults Active faults Hidden categories : M w All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of plate boundary is the san andrea's fault	[ "\n\nSan Andreas Fault\n\n\n\nThe fault, right,\nand the Carrizo Plain, left\n\n\n\n\nArrows show relative motion of the two plates\n\n\n\nNamed by\nAndrew Lawson\n\n\nYear defined\n1895\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nCalifornia\n\n\nCities\nSan Francisco\n\n\nCharacteristics\n\n\nSegments\nCalaveras, Hayward, Elsinore, Imperial, Laguna Salada, San Jacinto\n\n\nLength\n1,200 km (750 mi)\n\n\nDisplacement\n20–35 mm (0.79–1.38 in)/yr\n\n\nTectonics\n\n\nPlate\nNorth American & Pacific\n\n\nStatus\nActive\n\n\nEarthquakes\n1857, 1906 (Mw ~7.8), 1957 (Mw 5.7), 1989 (Mw ~6.9), 2004\n\n\nType\nTransform fault\n\n\nMovement\nDextral\n\n\nAge\nNeogene-Holocene\n\n\nOrogeny\nGorda-California-Nevada\n\n" ]	[ "Transform fault" ]
8026171449014655867	The End (Beatles song)	The End ( Beatles song ) - wikipedia The End ( Beatles song ) `` The End '' Song by the Beatles from the album Abbey Road Released 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) Recorded 23 July -- 18 August 1969 Genre Rock Length 2 : 20 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin `` The End '' is a song by the Beatles composed by Paul McCartney ( credited to Lennon -- McCartney ) for the album Abbey Road . It was the last song recorded collectively by all four Beatles , and is the final song of the medley that constitutes the majority of side two of the album . Contents 1 Composition and recording 2 Musical structure 3 Critical reception 4 Legacy 5 Cover versions 6 Personnel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Composition and recording ( edit ) McCartney said , `` I wanted ( the medley ) to end with a little meaningful couplet , so I followed the Bard and wrote a couplet . '' In his 1980 interview with Playboy , John Lennon acknowledged McCartney 's authorship by saying , `` That 's Paul again ... He had a line in it , ' And in the end , the love you get is equal to the love you give , ' which is a very cosmic , philosophical line . Which again proves that if he wants to , he can think . '' Lennon misquoted the line ; the actual words are , `` And in the end , the love you take is equal to the love you make . '' The closing lyrics of `` The End '' inspired this plaque Recording began on 23 July 1969 , when the Beatles recorded a one - minute , thirty - second master take that was extended via overdubs to two minutes and five seconds . At this point , the song was called `` Ending '' . The first vocals for the song were added on 5 August , additional vocals and guitar overdubs were added on 7 August , and bass and drums on 8 August , the day the Abbey Road cover picture was taken . Orchestral overdubs were added 15 August , and the closing piano and accompanying vocal on 18 August . All four Beatles have a solo in `` The End '' , including a Ringo Starr drum solo . Starr disliked solos , preferring to cater drumwork to whoever sang in a particular performance . His solo on `` The End '' was recorded with twelve microphones around his drum kit ; in his playing , he said he copied part of Ron Bushy 's drumming on the Iron Butterfly track `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida '' . The take in which Starr performed the solo originally had guitar and tambourine accompaniment , but other instruments were muted during mixing , giving the effect of a drum solo . The additional instruments were restored for a remix on the Anthology 3 compilation album . The drum solo was also later used at the beginning of `` Get Back '' on the 2006 album Love . McCartney , George Harrison and Lennon perform a rotating sequence of three , two - bar guitar solos . The idea for a guitar instrumental over this section was Harrison 's , and Lennon suggested that the three of them each play a section . The solos begin approximately 53 seconds into the song . Geoff Emerick , the Beatles ' recording engineer , later recalled : `` John , Paul and George looked like they had gone back in time , like they were kids again , playing together for the sheer enjoyment of it . More than anything , they reminded me of gunslingers , with their guitars strapped on , looks of steely - eyed resolve , determined to outdo one another . Yet there was no animosity , no tension at all -- you could tell they were simply having fun . '' The first two bars are played by McCartney , the second two by Harrison , and the third two by Lennon , then the sequence repeats . Each has a distinctive style which McCartney felt reflected their personalities . Immediately after Lennon 's third solo , the piano chords of the final line `` And in the end ... '' begin . Then the orchestration arrangement takes over with a humming chorus and Harrison playing a final guitar solo that ends the song . The compilation album Anthology 3 ( 1996 ) contains a remixed version of `` The End '' , restoring tambourine and guitar overdubs mixed out of the original , and edited to emphasize the guitar solos and orchestral overdub . The track is followed by a variant on the long piano chord that ends `` A Day in the Life '' , concluding the compilation . `` The End '' was initially intended to be the final track on Abbey Road , but it ended up being followed by `` Her Majesty '' . Although `` The End '' stands as the last known new recording involving all four members of the Beatles , one additional song , `` I Me Mine '' , would be recorded by three members of the group ( Lennon being absent due to being on holiday in Denmark ) in January 1970 for the album Let It Be . Musical structure ( edit ) The song commences in A major , with an initial I -- IV -- II -- V -- I structure matching the vocals on `` Oh , yeah , all right ! '' This is followed by a ♯ iv dim -- I pattern ( D ♯ dim to A chord ) on `` dreams tonight . '' During this , the accompanying bass and one guitar move chromatically from A to B and D ♯ , while the second guitar harmonises a minor third higher to reach F ♯ . An eight bar drum solo as a final statement of recognition to their `` steady , solid drummer '' ends with a crescendo of eighth notes and bass and rhythm guitar in seventh chords to the chant `` Love you . '' The sequential three guitar solos rotate through I ( A chord ) -- IV ( D chord ) changes in the key of A in a mix of `` major and minor pentatonic scales with slides , double - stops , repeated notes , low - bass string runs and wailing bends '' . Gould terms these live studio takes `` little character sketches '' : Paul opens with a characteristically fluid and melodically balanced line that sounds a high A before snaking an octave down the scale ; George responds by soaring to an even higher D and sustaining it for half a bar before descending in syncopated pairs of 16th notes ; John then picks upon the pattern of George 's 16ths with a series of choppy thirds that hammer relentlessly on the second and flattened seventh degrees of the scale . The second time through , Paul answers John 's blusey flattened 7ths with bluesy minor thirds and then proceeds to echo George 's earlier line , spiraling up to that same high D ; George responds with some minor thirds of his own , while mimicking the choppy rhythm of John 's part ; John then drops two octaves to unleash a growling single - note line . On this final two - bar solo , Paul plays almost nothing but minor thirds and flattened sevenths in a herky - jerky rhythm that ends with a sudden plunge to a low A ; George then reaches for the stars with a steeply ascending line that is pitched an octave above any notes heard so far ; and John finishes with a string of insistent and heavily distorted 4ths , phrased in triplets , that drag behind the beat and grate against the background harmony . The final `` Ah '' is in C with a spiritually evocative Plagal cadence IV -- I ( F -- C chord ) on piano while the voices do an F to E shift . `` And in the end the love you take '' is in A major , but the G / A chord supporting the word `` love '' begins to dissolve our certainty that we are in A , by adding a ♭ VII . The next line shifts us to the fresh key of C , with a iv ( F ) chord that threatens the dominance of the departing A key 's F ♯ : `` Is eq - ual '' ( supported successively by IV ( F ) -- iii ( Em ) chords with an A -- G bass line ) `` to the love '' ( supported successively by ii ( Dm ) -- vi ( Am ) -- ii ( Dm ) chords with a F -- E bass line ) `` you make '' ( supported by a V ( G ) chord ) . The final bars in the key of C involve a I -- II -- ♭ III rock - type progression and a IV -- I soothing cadence that appear to instinctively reconcile different musical genres . Critical reception ( edit ) Richie Unterberger of AllMusic considered `` The End '' to be `` the group 's take on the improvised jamming common to heavy rock of the late ' 60s , though as usual The Beatles did it with far more economic precision than anyone else . '' John Mendelsohn of Rolling Stone said it was `` a perfect epitaph for our visit to the world of Beatle daydreams : ' The love you take is equal to the love you make . ' '' In 2007 , `` The End '' was ranked at number 7 on Q magazine 's list `` The 20 Greatest Guitar Tracks '' . Legacy ( edit ) The song is included as the encore on The Beatles : Rock Band . McCartney 's second guitar solo , Lennon 's last guitar solo and Starr 's drum solo were used in the intro to `` Get Back '' in the Beatles ' Love . In Ralph Bakshi 's 1972 film Fritz the Cat , Fritz quotes the line `` the love you give is equal to the love you get '' when deciding not to plant a bomb in a nuclear power plant and rejecting violent revolutionary politics . The character 's creator , Robert Crumb , denounced this dialogue as `` red - neck and fascistic '' . The Beastie Boys sampled a portion of `` The End '' for their track `` The Sounds of Science '' from Paul 's Boutique . Chris Farley famously asked McCartney on the Chris Farley Show skit on Saturday Night Live , whether it was true that `` the love you take is equal to the love you make . '' McCartney replied , to Farley 's delight , that , in his experiences , it was , saying `` the more you give , the more you get . '' Paul McCartney performed the closing couplet of `` The End '' at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony just prior to closing the event with a performance of the song `` Hey Jude '' . Peter Brown used the song 's lyric as the title of his book about the Beatles , The Love You Make . The closing couplet is sung by k.d. lang and partly spoken by Robin Williams ( as the character Lovelace ) at the end of the movie Happy Feet . The final episode of the long - running , American TV series ER ( 1994 -- 2009 ) is titled after some of the song 's lyrics , `` And in The End ... '' The song was used as the final song played on the classic rock stations KMET and KSWD in Los Angeles as well as WNEW - FM in New York City . Cover versions ( edit ) When Mojo released Abbey Road Now ! in 2009 , part of a continuing series of CDs of Beatles albums covered track - by - track by modern artists , `` The End '' was covered by The Loose Salute . Beatallica covered the song using the melody of Metallica 's `` The End of the Line '' . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead and backing vocals , bass guitar , piano , guitar solo John Lennon -- backing vocals , rhythm guitar , guitar solo George Harrison -- backing vocals , rhythm and lead guitar , guitar solo Ringo Starr -- drums , backing vocals on the `` Love you '' chorus Personnel above per Ian MacDonald George Martin -- orchestration Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` The Beatles : Abbey Road -- Overview '' . AllMusic . RhythmOne . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 558 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Hal Leonard 1993 , pp. 252 -- 253 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 185 -- 186 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Larry King Show 2007 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 258 , 259 . Jump up ^ Apple Records 1996 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 23 . ' Abbey Road Medley ' '' . Rolling Stone . 19 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 258 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 - 1970 . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp. 392 -- 394 Jump up ^ Jonathan Gould . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America . Piatkus 2007 pp. 589 -- 590 . ^ Jump up to : Gould , p. 590 Jump up ^ Pedler , p. 669 Jump up ^ Pedler , p. 33 Jump up ^ Pedler , pp. 669 -- 670 Jump up ^ Pedler , p. 671 Jump up ^ Unterberger 2007 . Jump up ^ Mendelsohn 1969 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Maremaa , Thomas ( 2004 ) ( 1972 ) . `` Who Is This Crumb ? '' . In Holm , D.K. R. Crumb : Conversations . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 637 - 9 . Jump up ^ Search Jump up ^ `` KMET Rides The Wave , Becomes KTWV '' ( PDF ) . Radio and Records . 20 February 1987 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KMET Becomes Smooth Jazz 94.7 The Wave KTWV '' . Format Change Archive . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Peter ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` The Sound of silence : Classic rock station The Sound FM 100.3 played its final songs and left the air on Thursday '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KLOVE Comes To SoCal As ' The Sound ' Is Silenced '' . RBR . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( 14 September 1999 ) . `` WNEW - FM , Rock Pioneer , Goes to All - Talk Format '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Abbey Road Now - Track Listing - Mojo Cover CDs - The Definitive List '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beatallica - Carry That Weight is another Jaymz tune , so ... - Facebook '' . References ( edit ) Anthology 3 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . 1996 . 34451 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . The Beatles -- Complete Scores . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation . 1993 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 1832 - 6 . `` Interview Transcript '' . Larry King Show . 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2009 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Mendelsohn , John ( 15 November 1969 ) . `` Review of Abbey Road '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 March 2007 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2007 ) . `` Review of `` The End '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 1 March 2007 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Abbey Road Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Abbey Road Songs Side one `` Come Together '' `` Something '' `` Maxwell 's Silver Hammer '' `` Oh ! Darling '' `` Octopus 's Garden '' `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' Side two `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Because '' `` You Never Give Me Your Money '' `` Sun King '' `` Mean Mr. Mustard '' `` Polythene Pam '' `` She Came In Through the Bathroom Window '' `` Golden Slumbers '' `` Carry That Weight '' `` The End '' `` Her Majesty '' Non-album single `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' `` Old Brown Shoe '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Come and Get It '' `` Ai n't She Sweet '' Related articles Abbey Road , London The Beatles discography Break - up of the Beatles Iain Macmillan McLemore Avenue The Other Side of Abbey Road Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_(Beatles_song)&oldid=850797792 '' Categories : 1969 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney The Beatles songs Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2010 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the last song the beatles recorded	[ "\"The End\" is a song by the Beatles composed by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney) for the album Abbey Road. It was the last song recorded collectively by all four Beatles,[2] and is the final song of the medley that constitutes the majority of side two of the album.\n" ]	[ "\"The End\"" ]
5989805184879619535	Robert Louis Stevenson	Robert Louis Stevenson - wikipedia Robert Louis Stevenson Jump to : navigation , search Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson ( 1850 - 11 - 13 ) 13 November 1850 Edinburgh , Scotland 3 December 1894 ( 1894 - 12 - 03 ) ( aged 44 ) Vailima , Samoan Islands Occupation Novelist , poet , travel writer Nationality Scottish Citizenship United Kingdom Education 1857 Mr. Henderson 's School , Edinburgh 1857 Private tutors 1859 Return to Mr. Henderson 's School 1861 Edinburgh Academy 1863 Boarding school in Isleworth , Middlesex 1864 Robert Thomson 's School , Edinburgh 1867 University of Edinburgh Period Victorian era Notable works Treasure Island A Child 's Garden of Verses Kidnapped Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Spouse Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne Children Isobel Osbourne Strong ( stepdaughter ) Lloyd Osbourne ( stepson ) Relatives father : Thomas Stevenson mother : Margaret Isabella Balfour Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson ( 13 November 1850 -- 3 December 1894 ) was a British novelist , poet , essayist , and travel writer . His most famous works are Treasure Island , Kidnapped , Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , and A Child 's Garden of Verses . Stevenson was a literary celebrity during his lifetime , and now ranks as the 26th most translated author in the world . His works have been admired by many other writers , including Jorge Luis Borges , Bertolt Brecht , Marcel Proust , Arthur Conan Doyle , Henry James , Cesare Pavese , Emilio Salgari , Ernest Hemingway , Rudyard Kipling , Jack London , Vladimir Nabokov , J.M. Barrie , and G.K. Chesterton , who said that Stevenson `` seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen , like a man playing spillikins '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Childhood and youth 1.2 Education 1.3 Early writing and travels 1.4 Marriage 1.5 Attempted settlement in Europe and the US 1.6 Politics 1.7 Journey to the Pacific 1.8 Last years 2 Manuscripts 3 Musical compositions 4 Modern reception 5 Monuments and commemoration 6 Gallery 7 Bibliography 7.1 Novels 7.2 Short story collections 7.3 Short stories 7.4 Other works 7.5 Poetry 7.6 Travel writing 7.7 Island literature 8 See also 9 References 10 Secondary literature 11 External links Life ( edit ) Childhood and Youth ( edit ) Daguerreotype portrait of Robert Louis Stevenson as a young child Stevenson 's childhood home in Heriot Row Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place , Edinburgh , Scotland , on 13 November 1850 , to Thomas Stevenson ( 1818 -- 87 ) , a leading lighthouse engineer , and his wife Margaret Isabella ( born Balfour ; 1829 -- 97 ) . He was christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson . At about age 18 , Stevenson changed the spelling of `` Lewis '' to `` Louis '' , and in 1873 , he dropped `` Balfour '' . Lighthouse design was the family 's profession : Thomas 's father ( Robert 's grandfather ) was the famous civil engineer Robert Stevenson , and both of Thomas 's brothers ( Robert 's uncles ) Alan and David , were in the same field . Indeed , even Thomas 's maternal grandfather , Thomas Smith , had been in the same profession . However , Robert 's mother 's family were not of the same profession . Margaret 's natal family , the Balfours , were gentry , tracing their lineage back to a certain Alexander Balfour who had held the lands of Inchyra in Fife in the fifteenth century . Margaret 's father , Lewis Balfour ( 1777 -- 1860 ) , was a minister of the Church of Scotland at nearby Colinton , and her siblings included the physician George William Balfour and the marine engineer James Balfour . Stevenson spent the greater part of his boyhood holidays in his maternal grandfather 's house . `` Now I often wonder , '' wrote Stevenson , `` what I inherited from this old minister . I must suppose , indeed , that he was fond of preaching sermons , and so am I , though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them . '' Lewis Balfour and his daughter both had weak chests , so they often needed to stay in warmer climates for their health . Stevenson inherited a tendency to coughs and fevers , exacerbated when the family moved to a damp , chilly house at 1 Inverleith Terrace in 1851 . The family moved again to the sunnier 17 Heriot Row when Stevenson was six years old , but the tendency to extreme sickness in winter remained with him until he was eleven . Illness would be a recurrent feature of his adult life and left him extraordinarily thin . Contemporary views were that he had tuberculosis , but more recent views are that it was bronchiectasis or even sarcoidosis . Stevenson 's parents were both devout and serious Presbyterians , but the household was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles . His nurse , Alison Cunningham ( known as Cummy ) , was more fervently religious . Her Calvinism and folk beliefs were an early source of nightmares for the child , and he showed a precocious concern for religion . But she also cared for him tenderly in illness , reading to him from Bunyan and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the Covenanters . Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in `` The Land of Counterpane '' in A Child 's Garden of Verses ( 1885 ) , dedicating the book to his nurse . Robert Louis Stevenson at the age of seven An only child , strange - looking and eccentric , Stevenson found it hard to fit in when he was sent to a nearby school at age six , a problem repeated at age eleven when he went on to the Edinburgh Academy ; but he mixed well in lively games with his cousins in summer holidays at Colinton . In any case , his frequent illnesses often kept him away from his first school , so he was taught for long stretches by private tutors . He was a late reader , first learning at age seven or eight , but even before this he dictated stories to his mother and nurse . He compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood . His father was proud of this interest ; he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found them and told him to `` give up such nonsense and mind your business . '' He paid for the printing of Robert 's first publication at sixteen , an account of the Covenanters ' rebellion , which was published on its two hundredth anniversary , The Pentland Rising : A Page of History , 1666 ( 1866 ) . Education ( edit ) In September 1857 , Stevenson went to Mr Henderson 's School in India Street , Edinburgh , but because of poor health stayed only a few weeks and did not return until October 1859 . During his many absences he was taught by private tutors . In October 1861 , he went to Edinburgh Academy , an independent school for boys , and stayed there sporadically for about fifteen months . In the autumn of 1863 , he spent one term at an English boarding school at Spring Grove in Isleworth in Middlesex ( now an urban area of West London ) . In October 1864 , following an improvement to his health , he was sent to Robert Thomson 's private school in Frederick Street , Edinburgh , where he remained until he went to university . In November 1867 , Stevenson entered the University of Edinburgh to study engineering . He showed from the start no enthusiasm for his studies and devoted much energy to avoiding lectures . This time was more important for the friendships he made with other students in the Speculative Society ( an exclusive debating club ) , particularly with Charles Baxter , who would become Stevenson 's financial agent , and with a professor , Fleeming Jenkin , whose house staged amateur drama in which Stevenson took part , and whose biography he would later write . Perhaps most important at this point in his life was a cousin , Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson ( known as `` Bob '' ) , a lively and light - hearted young man who , instead of the family profession , had chosen to study art . Each year during vacations , Stevenson travelled to inspect the family 's engineering works -- to Anstruther and Wick in 1868 , with his father on his official tour of Orkney and Shetland islands lighthouses in 1869 , and for three weeks to the island of Erraid in 1870 . He enjoyed the travels more for the material they gave for his writing than for any engineering interest . The voyage with his father pleased him because a similar journey of Walter Scott with Robert Stevenson had provided the inspiration for Scott 's 1822 novel The Pirate . In April 1871 , Stevenson notified his father of his decision to pursue a life of letters . Though the elder Stevenson was naturally disappointed , the surprise can not have been great , and Stevenson 's mother reported that he was `` wonderfully resigned '' to his son 's choice . To provide some security , it was agreed that Stevenson should read Law ( again at Edinburgh University ) and be called to the Scottish bar . In his 1887 poetry collection Underwoods , Stevenson muses on his having turned from the family profession : Say not of me that weakly I declined The labours of my sires , and fled the sea , The towers we founded and the lamps we lit , To play at home with paper like a child . But rather say : In the afternoon of time A strenuous family dusted from its hands The sand of granite , and beholding far Along the sounding coast its pyramids And tall memorials catch the dying sun , Smiled well content , and to this childish task Around the fire addressed its evening hours . In other respects too , Stevenson was moving away from his upbringing . His dress became more Bohemian ; he already wore his hair long , but he now took to wearing a velveteen jacket and rarely attended parties in conventional evening dress . Within the limits of a strict allowance , he visited cheap pubs and brothels . More importantly , he had come to reject Christianity and declared himself an atheist . In January 1873 , his father came across the constitution of the LJR ( Liberty , Justice , Reverence ) Club , of which Stevenson and his cousin Bob were members , which began : `` Disregard everything our parents have taught us '' . Questioning his son about his beliefs , he discovered the truth , leading to a long period of dissension with both parents : What a damned curse I am to my parents ! As my father said `` You have rendered my whole life a failure '' . As my mother said `` This is the heaviest affliction that has ever befallen me '' . O Lord , what a pleasant thing it is to have damned the happiness of ( probably ) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world . Early writing and Travels ( edit ) The author , c. 1877 Stevenson was visiting a cousin in England in late 1873 when he met two people who became very important to him : Sidney Colvin and Fanny ( Frances Jane ) Sitwell . Sitwell was a 34 - year - old woman with a son , who was separated from her husband . She attracted the devotion of many who met her , including Colvin , who eventually married her in 1901 . Stevenson was also drawn to her , and they kept up a heated correspondence over several years in which he wavered between the role of a suitor and a son ( he addressed her as `` Madonna '' ) . Colvin became Stevenson 's literary adviser and was the first editor of Stevenson 's letters after his death . Soon after their first meeting , he had placed Stevenson 's first paid contribution in The Portfolio -- an essay entitled `` Roads '' . Stevenson was soon active in London literary life , becoming acquainted with many of the writers of the time , including Andrew Lang , Edmund Gosse , and Leslie Stephen , the editor of the Cornhill Magazine who took an interest in Stevenson 's work . Stephen in turn introduced him to a more important friend while visiting Edinburgh in 1875 . He took Stevenson with him to visit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary named William Ernest Henley , an energetic and talkative man with a wooden leg . Henley became a close friend and occasional literary collaborator , until a quarrel broke up the friendship in 1888 . Henley is often seen as the model for Long John Silver in Treasure Island . Stevenson was sent to Menton on the French Riviera in November 1873 to recuperate after his health failed . He returned in better health in April 1874 and settled down to his studies , but he returned to France several times after that . He made long and frequent trips to the neighborhood of the Forest of Fontainebleau , staying at Barbizon , Grez - sur - Loing , and Nemours and becoming a member of the artists ' colonies there , as well as to Paris to visit galleries and the theatres . He qualified for the Scottish bar in July 1875 , and his father added a brass plate to the Heriot Row house reading `` R.L. Stevenson , Advocate '' . His law studies did influence his books , but he never practised law ; all his energies were spent in travel and writing . One of his journeys was a canoe voyage in Belgium and France with Sir Walter Simpson , a friend from the Speculative Society , a frequent travel companion , and the author of The Art of Golf ( 1887 ) . This trip was the basis of his first travel book An Inland Voyage ( 1878 ) . Marriage ( edit ) Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne , c. 1876 The canoe voyage with Simpson brought Stevenson to Grez in September 1876 , where he first met Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne ( 1840 -- 1914 ) . Born in Indianapolis , she had married at age seventeen and moved to Nevada to rejoin husband Samuel after his participation in the American Civil War . That marriage produced three children : Isobel ( or `` Belle '' ) , Lloyd , and Hervey ( who died in 1875 ) . But anger over her husband 's infidelities led to a number of separations . In 1875 , she had taken her children to France , where she and Isobel studied art . Although Stevenson returned to Britain shortly after this first meeting , Fanny apparently remained in his thoughts , and he wrote an essay , `` On falling in love '' , for the Cornhill Magazine . They met again early in 1877 and became lovers . Stevenson spent much of the following year with her and her children in France . In August 1878 , Fanny returned to San Francisco , California . Stevenson at first remained in Europe , making the walking trip that would form the basis for Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes ( 1879 ) . But in August 1879 , he set off to join her , against the advice of his friends and without notifying his parents . He took second - class passage on the steamship Devonia , in part to save money but also to learn how others traveled and to increase the adventure of the journey . From New York City , he traveled overland by train to California . He later wrote about the experience in The Amateur Emigrant . Although it was good experience for his literature , it broke his health . French Hotel ( now `` Stevenson House '' ) , Monterey , California , where he stayed in 1879 He was near death when he arrived in Monterey , California , where some local ranchers nursed him back to health . In Monterey he stayed for a time at the French Hotel ( located at 530 Houston Street ) , now called the `` Stevenson House '' after him and now a museum dedicated to his memory . While there , he often dined `` on the cuff , '' as he said , at a nearby restaurant run by a Frenchman , Jules Simoneau , that stood at what is now Simoneau Plaza ; several years later , he sent Simoneau an inscribed copy of his novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1886 ) , writing that it would be a stranger case still if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau . While in Monterey , Stevenson wrote an evocative article about `` the Old Pacific Capital '' , Monterey . By December 1879 , Stevenson had recovered his health enough to continue to San Francisco , where for several months he struggled `` all alone on forty - five cents a day , and sometimes less , with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts , '' in an effort to support himself through his writing . But by the end of the winter , his health was broken again and he found himself at death 's door . Fanny , now divorced and recovered from her own illness , came to Stevenson 's bedside and nursed him to recovery . `` After a while , '' he wrote , `` my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy , and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success . '' When his father heard of his condition , he cabled him money to help him through this period . Fanny and Robert were married in May 1880 , although , as he said , he was `` a mere complication of cough and bones , much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom . '' With his new wife and her son , Lloyd , he travelled north of San Francisco to Napa Valley and spent a summer honeymoon at an abandoned mining camp on Mount Saint Helena . He wrote about this experience in The Silverado Squatters . He met Charles Warren Stoddard , co-editor of the Overland Monthly and author of South Sea Idylls , who urged Stevenson to travel to the South Pacific , an idea which would return to him many years later . In August 1880 , he sailed with Fanny and Lloyd from New York to Britain and found his parents and his friend Sidney Colvin on the wharf at Liverpool , happy to see him return home . Gradually , his new wife was able to patch up differences between father and son and make herself a part of the new family through her charm and wit . Attempted settlement in Europe and the us ( edit ) Stevenson 's `` Cure Cottage '' in Saranac Lake For the next seven years , between 1880 and 1887 , Stevenson searched in vain for a place of residence suitable to his state of health . He spent his summers at various places in Scotland and England , including Westbourne , Dorset , a residential area in Bournemouth . It was during his time in Bournemouth that he wrote the story Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , naming one of the characters ( Mr Poole ) after the town of Poole , which is situated next to Bournemouth . In Westbourne he named his house Skerryvore after the tallest lighthouse in Scotland , which his uncle Alan had built ( 1838 -- 1844 ) . In the wintertime , Stevenson travelled to France and lived at Davos Platz and the Chalet de Solitude at Hyères , where , for a time , he enjoyed almost complete happiness . `` I have so many things to make life sweet for me , '' he wrote , `` it seems a pity I can not have that other one thing -- health . But though you will be angry to hear it , I believe , for myself at least , what is is best . I believed it all through my worst days , and I am not ashamed to profess it now . '' In spite of his ill health , he produced the bulk of his best - known work during these years : Treasure Island , his first widely popular book ; Kidnapped ; Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , the story which established his wider reputation ; The Black Arrow ; and two volumes of verse , A Child 's Garden of Verses and Underwoods . At Skerryvore he gave a copy of Kidnapped to his friend and frequent visitor Henry James . When his father died in 1887 , Stevenson felt free to follow the advice of his physician to try a complete change of climate , and he started with his mother and family for Colorado . But after landing in New York , they decided to spend the winter at Saranac Lake , New York , in the Adirondacks at a cure cottage now known as Stevenson Cottage . During the intensely cold winter , Stevenson wrote some of his best essays , including Pulvis et Umbra , began The Master of Ballantrae , and lightheartedly planned , for the following summer , a cruise to the southern Pacific Ocean . `` The proudest moments of my life , '' he wrote , `` have been passed in the stern - sheets of a boat with that romantic garment over my shoulders . '' Politics ( edit ) Much like his father , Stevenson remained a staunch Tory for most of his life . His cousin and biographer , Sir Graham Balfour , said that `` he probably throughout life would , if compelled to vote , have always supported the Conservative candidate . '' In 1866 , Stevenson voted for Benjamin Disraeli , future Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , over Thomas Carlyle , for the role of Lord Rectorship of the University of Edinburgh . During his college years , he briefly identified himself as a `` red - hot socialist '' . By 1877 , at only twenty - six years of age and before having written most of his major fictional works , Stevenson reflected : `` For my part , I look back to the time when I was a Socialist with something like regret . I have convinced myself ( for the moment ) that we had better leave these great changes to what we call great blind forces : their blindness being so much more perspicacious than the little , peering , partial eyesight of men ( ... ) Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years , I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men 's opinions . I submit to this , as I would submit to gout or gray hair , as a concomitant of growing age or else of failing animal heat ; but I do not acknowledge that it is necessarily a change for the better -- I dare say it is deplorably for the worse . '' Journey to the Pacific ( edit ) Stevenson and King Kalākaua of Hawaii , c. 1889 The author with his wife and their household in Vailima , Samoa , c. 1892 Stevenson 's birthday fete at Vailima , Nov. 1894 Stevenson 's home at Vailima , Samoa showing him on the veranda c. 1893 Burial on Mount Vaea in Samoa , 1894 Stevenson 's tomb on Mt . Vaea , c. 1909 In June 1888 , Stevenson chartered the yacht Casco and set sail with his family from San Francisco . The vessel `` plowed her path of snow across the empty deep , far from all track of commerce , far from any hand of help . '' The sea air and thrill of adventure for a time restored his health , and for nearly three years he wandered the eastern and central Pacific , stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands , where he spent much time with and became a good friend of King Kalākaua . He befriended the king 's niece , Princess Victoria Kaiulani , who also had a link to Scottish heritage . He spent time at the Gilbert Islands , Tahiti , New Zealand , and the Samoan Islands . During this period , he completed The Master of Ballantrae , composed two ballads based on the legends of the islanders , and wrote The Bottle Imp . He witnessed the Samoan crisis . He preserved the experience of these years in his various letters and in his In the South Seas ( which was published posthumously ) , an account of the 1888 cruise which Stevenson and Fanny undertook on the Casco from the Hawaiian Islands to the Marquesas and Tuamotu islands . An 1889 voyage , this time with Lloyd , on the trading schooner Equator , visiting Butaritari , Mariki , Apaiang , and Abemama in the Gilbert Islands , ( also known as the Kingsmills ) now Kiribati . During the 1889 voyage , they spent several months on Abemama with the tyrant - chief Tem Binoka , of Abemama , Aranuka , and Kuria . Stevenson extensively described Binoka in In the South Seas . One particular open letter from this period stands as testimony to his activism and indignation at the pettiness of the `` powers that be '' , in the person of a Presbyterian minister in Honolulu called Charles McEwen Hyde . During his time in the Hawaiian Islands , Stevenson had visited Molokai and the leper colony there , shortly after the demise of Father Damien . When Dr. Hyde wrote a letter to a fellow clergyman speaking ill of Father Damien , Stevenson wrote a scathing open letter of rebuke to Dr. Hyde . Soon afterwards , in April 1890 , Stevenson left Sydney on the Janet Nicoll for his third and final voyage among the South Seas islands . While Stevenson intended to produce another book of travel writing to follow his earlier book In the South Seas , it was his wife who eventually published her journal of their third voyage . ( Fanny misnames the ship as the Janet Nichol in her account of the 1890 voyage , The Cruise of the Janet Nichol . ) A fellow passenger was Jack Buckland , whose stories of life as an island trader became the inspiration for the character of Tommy Hadden in The Wrecker ( 1892 ) , which Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne wrote together . Buckland visited the Stevensons at Vailima in 1894 . Last years ( edit ) In 1890 , Stevenson purchased a tract of about 400 acres ( 1.6 km2 ) in Upolu , an island in Samoa . Here , after two aborted attempts to visit Scotland , he established himself , after much work , upon his estate in the village of Vailima . He took the native name Tusitala ( Samoan for `` Teller of Tales '' , i.e. a storyteller ) . His influence spread to the Samoans , who consulted him for advice , and he soon became involved in local politics . He was convinced the European officials appointed to rule the Samoans were incompetent , and after many futile attempts to resolve the matter , he published A Footnote to History . This was such a stinging protest against existing conditions that it resulted in the recall of two officials , and Stevenson feared for a time it would result in his own deportation . When things had finally blown over he wrote to Colvin , who came from a family of distinguished colonial administrators , `` I used to think meanly of the plumber ; but how he shines beside the politician ! '' The Stevensons were on friendly terms with some of the colonial leaders and their families . At one point , he formally donated , by deed of gift , his birthday to the daughter of the American Land Commissioner Henry Clay Ide since she was born on Christmas Day and had no birthday celebration separate from the family 's Christmas celebrations . This led to a strong bond between the Stevenson and Ide families . In addition to building his house and clearing his land and helping the Samoans in many ways , he found time to work at his writing . He felt that `` there was never any man had so many irons in the fire '' . He wrote The Beach of Falesa , Catriona ( titled David Balfour in the US ) , The Ebb - Tide , and the Vailima Letters during this period . Stevenson grew depressed and wondered if he had exhausted his creative vein as he had been `` overworked bitterly '' . He felt that with each fresh attempt , the best he could write was `` ditch - water '' . He even feared that he might again become a helpless invalid . He rebelled against this idea : `` I wish to die in my boots ; no more Land of Counterpane for me . To be drowned , to be shot , to be thrown from a horse -- ay , to be hanged , rather than pass again through that slow dissolution . '' He then suddenly had a return of his old energy and he began work on Weir of Hermiston . `` It 's so good that it frightens me , '' he is reported to have exclaimed . He felt that this was the best work he had done . He was convinced , `` sick and well , I have had splendid life of it , grudge nothing , regret very little ... take it all over , damnation and all , would hardly change with any man of my time . '' On 3 December 1894 , Stevenson was talking to his wife and straining to open a bottle of wine when he suddenly exclaimed , `` What 's that ! '' , asked his wife `` Does my face look strange ? '' and collapsed . He died within a few hours , probably of a cerebral haemorrhage . He was forty - four years old . The Samoans insisted on surrounding his body with a watch - guard during the night and on bearing their Tusitala upon their shoulders to nearby Mount Vaea , where they buried him on a spot overlooking the sea on land donated by British Acting Vice Consul Thomas Trood . Stevenson had always wanted his ' Requiem ' inscribed on his tomb : Under the wide and starry sky , Dig the grave and let me lie . Glad did I live and gladly die , And I laid me down with a will . This be the verse you grave for me : Here he lies where he longed to be ; Home is the sailor , home from sea , And the hunter home from the hill . However , the piece is misquoted in many places , including his tomb : Home is the sailor , home from the sea , And the hunter home from the hill . Stevenson was loved by the Samoans , and his tombstone epigraph was translated to a Samoan song of grief which is well - known and still sung in Samoa . Manuscripts ( edit ) Half of Stevenson 's original manuscripts are lost , including those of Treasure Island , The Black Arrow , and The Master of Ballantrae . Stevenson 's heirs sold Stevenson 's papers during World War I ; many Stevenson documents were auctioned off in 1918 . Musical compositions ( edit ) Besides playing the piano and flageolet , Stevenson wrote over 123 original musical compositions or arrangements , including solos , duets , trios and quartets for various combinations of flageolet , flute , clarinet , violin , guitar , mandolin , and piano . His works include ten songs written to his own poetry and with original or arranged melodies . In 1968 , Robert Hughes arranged a number of Stevenson 's works for chamber orchestra , which toured the Pacific Northwest that year . Modern reception ( edit ) Robert Louis Stevenson Stevenson was a celebrity in his own time , but with the rise of modern literature after World War I , he was seen for much of the 20th century as a writer of the second class , relegated to children 's literature and horror genres . Condemned by literary figures such as Virginia Woolf ( daughter of his early mentor Leslie Stephen ) and her husband Leonard , he was gradually excluded from the canon of literature taught in schools . His exclusion reached a height when in the 1973 2,000 - page Oxford Anthology of English Literature Stevenson was entirely unmentioned ; and The Norton Anthology of English Literature excluded him from 1968 to 2000 ( 1st -- 7th editions ) , including him only in the 8th edition ( 2006 ) . The late 20th century saw the start of a re-evaluation of Stevenson as an artist of great range and insight , a literary theorist , an essayist and social critic , a witness to the colonial history of the Pacific Islands , and a humanist . Even as early as 1965 , the pendulum had begun to swing : he was praised by Roger Lancelyn Green , one of the Oxford Inklings , as a writer of a consistently high level of `` literary skill or sheer imaginative power '' and a co-originator with H. Rider Haggard of the Age of the Story Tellers . He is now being re-evaluated as a peer of authors such as Joseph Conrad ( whom Stevenson influenced with his South Seas fiction ) , and Henry James , with new scholarly studies and organisations devoted to Stevenson . Throughout the vicissitudes of his scholarly reception , Stevenson has remained popular worldwide . According to the Index Translationum , Stevenson is ranked the 26th most translated author in the world , ahead of fellow nineteenth - century writers Oscar Wilde and Edgar Allan Poe . Monuments and commemoration ( edit ) Head of RLS , Writer 's Museum , Edinburgh Statue of Robert Louis Stevenson as a child , outside Colinton Parish Church , Scotland The Writers ' Museum near Edinburgh 's Royal Mile devotes a room to Stevenson , containing some of his personal possessions from childhood through to adulthood . The Stevenson House at 530 Houston Street in Monterey , California , formerly the French Hotel , memorializes Stevenson 's 1879 stay in `` the Old Pacific Capital '' , as he was crossing the United States to join his future wife , Fanny Osbourne . The Stevenson House museum is graced with a superb bas relief depicting the sickly author writing in bed . Robert Louis Stevenson 's former home in Vailima , Samoa is now a museum dedicated to the later years of his life . The museum collection includes several original items belonging to Stevenson and his family . The path to Stevenson 's grave at the top of Mt Vaea commences from the museum . A bronze relief memorial to Stevenson , designed by the American sculptor Augustus Saint - Gaudens in 1904 , is mounted in the Moray Aisle of St Giles ' Cathedral , Edinburgh . Saint - Gaudens ' scaled - down version of this relief is in the collection of the Montclair Art Museum . Another small version depicting Stevenson with a cigarette in his hand rather than the pen he holds in the St. Giles memorial is displayed in the Nichols House Museum in Beacon Hill , Boston . Another memorial in Edinburgh stands in West Princes Street Gardens below Edinburgh Castle ; it is a simple upright stone inscribed with `` RLS -- A Man of Letters 1850 -- 1894 '' by sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay in 1987 . In 2013 , a statue of Stevenson as a child with his dog was unveiled by the author Ian Rankin outside Colinton Parish Church . The sculptor of the statue was Alan Herriot , and the money to erect it was raised by the Colinton Community Conservation Trust . A plaque above the door of a house in Castleton of Braemar states `` Here R.L. Stevenson spent the Summer of 1881 and wrote Treasure Island , his first great work '' . A garden was designed by the Bournemouth Corporation in 1957 as a memorial to Stevenson , on the site of his Westbourne house , `` Skerryvore '' , which he occupied from 1885 to 1887 . A statue of the Skerryvore lighthouse is present on the site . In 1966 , the Canadian actor Lloyd Bochner played Stevenson in the episode `` Jolly Roger and Wells Fargo '' of the syndicated American television series , Death Valley Days , hosted by Robert Taylor and directed by Denver Pyle . In 1994 , to mark the 100th anniversary of Stevenson 's death , the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a series of commemorative £ 1 notes which featured a quill pen and Stevenson 's signature on the obverse , and Stevenson 's face on the reverse side . Alongside Stevenson 's portrait are scenes from some of his books and his house in Western Samoa . Two million notes were issued , each with a serial number beginning `` RLS '' . The first note to be printed was sent to Samoa in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994 . At least five US elementary schools are named after Stevenson , in the Upper West Side of New York City , in Fridley , Minnesota , in Burbank , California , , in Grandview Heights , Ohio ( suburb of Columbus ) , and in San Francisco , California . There is an R.L. Stevenson middle school in Honolulu , Hawaii and in Saint Helena , California . Stevenson School in Pebble Beach , California , was established in 1952 and still exists as a college preparatory boarding school . Robert Louis Stevenson State Park near Calistoga , California , contains the location where he and Fanny spent their honeymoon in 1880 . A street in Honolulu 's Waikiki District , where Stevenson lived while in the Hawaiian Islands , was named after his Samoan moniker : Tusitala . In 2011 , Robert Louis Stevenson 's open letter defending Father Damien from Rev. Dr. Charles McEwen Hyde influenced the founding of the Saint Damien Advocates in Hawaii . The Chemin du Stevenson ( GR 70 ) is a popular long - distance footpath in France that approximately follows Stevenson 's route as described in Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes . There are numerous monuments and businesses named after him along the route , including a fountain in the town of Saint - Jean - du - Gard where Stevenson sold his donkey Modestine and took a stagecoach to Alès . The Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial is an outdoor memorial in Portsmouth Square , San Francisco , California . A memorial by Gutzon Borglum was unveiled , in 1915 , at Baker Cottage , Saranac Lake , New York . Gallery ( edit ) Photographic portrait , c. 1887 Platinum print , 1885 , by Albert George Dew - Smith ; from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland Stevenson paces in his dining room in an 1885 portrait by John Singer Sargent . His wife Fanny , seated in an Indian dress , is visible in the lower right corner . Portrait by John Singer Sargent , 1887 Portrait by William Blake Richmond , 1886 Portrait by Girolamo Nerli , 1892 by Henry Walter Barnett , 1894 Bibliography ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Illustration from Kidnapped . Caption : `` Hoseason turned upon him with a flash '' ( chapter VII , `` I Go to Sea in the Brig `` Covenant '' of Dysart `` ) The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth ( 1877 ) Unfinished and unpublished . An annotated edition of the original manuscript , edited and introduced by Roger G. Swearingen , was published as The Hair Trunk or The Ideal Commonwealth : An Extravaganza in August 2014 . Treasure Island ( 1883 ) His first major success , a tale of piracy , buried treasure , and adventure , has been filmed frequently . In an 1881 letter to W.E. Henley , he provided the earliest known title , `` The Sea Cook , or Treasure Island : a Story for Boys '' . Prince Otto ( 1885 ) Stevenson 's third full - length narrative , an action romance set in the imaginary Germanic state of Grünewald . Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1886 ) , a novella about a dual personality much depicted in plays and films , also influential in the growth of understanding of the subconscious mind through its treatment of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a psychopathic monster after imbibing a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality . Kidnapped ( 1886 ) is a historical novel that tells of the boy David Balfour 's pursuit of his inheritance and his alliance with Alan Breck Stewart in the intrigues of Jacobite troubles in Scotland . The Black Arrow : A Tale of the Two Roses ( 1888 ) An historical adventure novel and romance set during the Wars of the Roses . The Master of Ballantrae : A Winter 's Tale ( 1889 ) , a masterful tale of revenge , set in Scotland , America , and India . The Wrong Box ( 1889 ) ; co-written with Lloyd Osbourne . A comic novel of a tontine , also filmed ( 1966 ) . The Wrecker ( 1892 ) ; co-written with Lloyd Osbourne . Catriona ( 1893 ) , also known as David Balfour , is a sequel to Kidnapped , telling of Balfour 's further adventures . The Ebb - Tide ( 1894 ) ; co-written with Lloyd Osbourne . Weir of Hermiston ( 1896 ) . Unfinished at the time of Stevenson 's death , considered to have promised great artistic growth . St Ives : Being the Adventures of a French Prisoner in England ( 1897 ) . Unfinished at the time of Stevenson 's death , the novel was completed by Arthur Quiller - Couch . Short story Collections ( edit ) New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) More New Arabian Nights : The Dynamiter ( 1885 ) ; co-written with Fanny Van De Grift Stevenson The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables ( 1887 ) ; contains 6 stories . Island Nights ' Entertainments ( also known as South Sea Tales ) ( 1893 ) contains three longer stories . Fables ( 1896 ) contains 20 stories : The persons of the tale , The sinking ship , The two matches , The sick man and the fireman , The devil and the innkeeper , The penitent , The yellow paint , The house of Eld , The four reformers , The man and his friend , The reader , The citizen and the traveller , The distinguished stranger , The carthorse and the saddlehorse , The tadpole and the frog , something in it , Faith , half faith and no faith at all , The touchstone , The poor thing , The song of the morrow . Tales and Fantasies , 1905 , contains The Story of a Lie , The Body Snatcher , The Misadventures of John Nicholson . Short stories ( edit ) List of short stories sorted chronologically . Note : does not include collaborations with Fanny found in More New Arabian Nights : The Dynamiter . Title Date Collection Notes `` When the Devil was Well '' 1875 1921 , Boston Bibliophile Society `` An Old Song '' 1875 Uncollected Stevenson 's first Published Fiction , in London , 1877 . Anonymous . Republished in 1982 by R. Swearingen . `` Edifying Letters of the Rutherford Family '' 1877 Unfinished , uncollected . Not truly a short - story . First published in 1982 by R. Swearingen . `` Will O ' the Mill '' 1877 The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables , 1887 First published in the Cornhill Magazine , 1878 `` A Lodging for the Night '' 1877 New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) First published in Temple Bar in 1877 `` The Sire De Malétroits Door '' 1877 New Arabian Nights , 1882 First published in Temple Bar in 1878 `` Later - day Arabian Nights '' 1878 New Arabian Nights , 1882 First published in London in 1878 . Seven interconnected stories in two cycles : The Suicide Club ( 3 stories ) and The Rajah 's Diamond ( 4 stories ) . `` Providence and the Guitar '' 1878 New Arabian Nights , 1882 First published in London in 1878 `` The Story of a Lie '' 1879 The Novels and Tales of Robert Louis Stevenson , vol 3 , 1895 First published in New Quarterly Magazine in 1879 . `` The Pavilion on the Links '' 1880 With a few suppressions in New Arabian Nights , 1882 First Published in the Cornhill Magazine in 1880 . Told in 9 mini-chapters . Conan Doyle in 1890 called it the first English short story . `` Thrawn Janet '' 1881 The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables , 1887 First published in the Cornhill Magazine , 1881 `` The Body Snatcher '' 1881 Edinburgh Edition , 1895 First published in the Christmas 1884 edition of the Pall Mall Gazette . `` The Merry Men '' 1882 With changes in The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables , 1887 First published in the Cornhill Magazine in 1882 . `` The Treasure of Franchard '' 1883 The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables , 1887 First published in Longman 's Magazine , 1883 `` Markheim '' 1884 The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables , 1887 First published in the Broken Shaft . Unwin 's Annual. , 1885 `` Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde '' 1885 1886 Variously referred to as a short story or novella , or more rarely , a short novel . `` Olalla '' 1885 The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables , 1887 First published in the Court and Society Review , 1885 `` The Misadventures of John Nicholson : A Christmas Story '' 1885 -- 87 Edinburgh Edition , 1897 First published in Yule Tide , 1887 `` The Bottle Imp '' 1891 Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) First published in Black and White , 1891 `` The Beach of Falesá '' 1892 Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) First published in The Illustrated London News in 1892 `` The Isle of Voices '' 1892 Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) First published in National Observer , 1883 `` The Waif Woman '' 1892 1914 First published in the Scribner 's Magazine , 1914 Other works ( edit ) `` `` Béranger , Pierre Jean de '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . -- first published in the 9th edition ( 1875 -- 1889 ) . Virginibus Puerisque , and Other Papers ( 1881 ) , contains the essays Virginibus Puerisque i ( 1876 ) ; Virginibus Puerisque ii ( 1881 ) ; Virginibus Puerisque iii : On Falling in Love ( 1877 ) ; Virginibus Puerisque iv : The Truth of Intercourse ( 1879 ) ; Crabbed Age and Youth ( 1878 ) ; An Apology for Idlers ( 1877 ) ; Ordered South ( 1874 ) ; Aes Triplex ( 1878 ) ; El Dorado ( 1878 ) ; The English Admirals ( 1878 ) ; Some Portraits by Raeburn ( previously unpublished ) ; Child 's Play ( 1878 ) ; Walking Tours ( 1876 ) ; Pan 's Pipes ( 1878 ) ; A Plea for Gas Lamps ( 1878 ) . Familiar Studies of Men and Books ( 1882 ) containing Preface , by Way of Criticism ( not previously published ) ; Victor Hugo 's Romances ( 1874 ) ; Some Aspects of Robert Burns ( 1879 ) ; The Gospel According to Walt Whitman ( 1878 ) ; Henry David Thoreau : His Character and Opinions ( 1880 ) ; Yoshida - Torajiro ( 1880 ) ; François Villon , Student , Poet , Housebreaker ( 1877 ) ; Charles of Orleans ( 1876 ) ; Samuel Pepys ( 1881 ) ; John Knox and his Relations to Women ( 1875 ) . Memories and Portraits ( 1887 ) , a collection of essays . On the Choice of a Profession ( 1887 ) Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin ( 1888 ) Father Damien : an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu ( 1890 ) Vailima Letters ( 1895 ) The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock , Argyllshire ( 1995 ) . Based on an 1872 manuscript edited by R.G. Swearingen . California . Silverado Museum . Sophia Scarlet ( 2008 ) . Based on 1892 manuscript edited by Robert Hoskins . AUT Media ( AUT University ) . Poetry ( edit ) A Child 's Garden of Verses ( 1885 ) , written for children but also popular with their parents . Includes such favourites as `` My Shadow '' and `` The Lamplighter '' . Often thought to represent a positive reflection of the author 's sickly childhood . Underwoods ( 1887 ) , a collection of poetry written in both English and Scots . Ballads ( 1891 ) , included Ticonderoga : A Legend of the West Highlands ( 1887 ) . Based on a famous Scottish ghost story . Songs of Travel and Other Verses ( 1896 ) Poems Hitherto Unpublished , 3 vol. 1916 , 1916 , 1921 , Boston Bibliophile Society , republished in New Poems Travel writing ( edit ) An Inland Voyage ( 1878 ) , travels with a friend in a Rob Roy canoe from Antwerp ( Belgium ) to Pontoise , just north of Paris . Edinburgh : Picturesque Notes ( 1878 ) - a paean to his birthplace , it provides Stevenson 's personal introduction to each part of the city and some history behind the various sections of the city and its most famous buildings . Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes ( 1879 ) , two weeks ' solo ramble ( with Modestine as his beast of burden ) in the mountains of Cévennes ( south - central France ) , one of the first books to present hiking and camping as recreational activities . It tells of commissioning one of the first sleeping bags . The Silverado Squatters ( 1883 ) . An unconventional honeymoon trip to an abandoned mining camp in Napa Valley with his new wife Fanny and her son Lloyd . He presciently identifies the California wine industry as one to be reckoned with . Across the Plains ( written in 1879 -- 80 , published in 1892 ) . Second leg of his journey , by train from New York to California ( then picks up with The Silverado Squatters ) . Also includes other travel essays . The Amateur Emigrant ( written 1879 -- 80 , published 1895 ) . An account of the first leg of his journey to California , by ship from Europe to New York . Andrew Noble ( From the Clyde to California : Robert Louis Stevenson 's Emigrant Journey , 1985 ) considers it to be his finest work . The Old and New Pacific Capitals ( 1882 ) . An account of his stay in Monterey , California in August to December 1879 . Never published separately . See , for example , James D. Hart , ed. , From Scotland to Silverado , 1966 . Essays of Travel ( London : Chatto & Windus , 1905 ) Island literature ( edit ) Although not well known , his island fiction and non-fiction is among the most valuable and collected of the 19th century body of work that addresses the Pacific area . In the South Seas ( 1896 ) . A collection of Stevenson 's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific . A Footnote to History , Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa ( 1892 ) . See also ( edit ) Poetry portal Children 's literature portal Biography portal Book : Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson State Park Victorian literature Salvation Army Waiʻoli Tea Room ( Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Grass House on premises ) Writers ' Museum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Menikoff , Barry . The Complete Stories of Robert Louis Stevenson ; Introduction . Modern Library , 2002 , p. xx . Jump up ^ Menikoff , Barry . The Complete Stories of Robert Louis Stevenson ; Introduction . Modern Library , 2002 , p. xvii . ^ Jump up to : See the Index Translationum . Jump up ^ Dillard , R.H.W. ( 1998 ) . Introduction to Treasure Island . New York : Signet Classics . xiii . ISBN 0 - 451 - 52704 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Lisa ( 2006 ) . Hide - and - seek with Angels : The Life of J.M. Barrie . London : Arrow Books . ISBN 0 - 09 - 945323 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chesterton , Gilbert Keith ( 1913 ) . The Victorian Age in Literature . London : Henry Holt and Co. p. 246 . Jump up ^ Mehew ( 2004 ) . The spelling `` Lewis '' is said to have been rejected because his father violently disliked another person of the same name , and the new spelling was not accompanied by a change of pronunciation : Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 29 n . 1 . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 23 -- 4 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Paxton ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) , 10 -- 12 ; Furnas ( 1952 ) , 24 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Memories and Portraits ( 1887 ) , Chapter VII . The Manse . Jump up ^ `` A Robert Louis Stevenson Timeline ( born Nov. 13th 1850 in Edinburgh , died Dec. 3rd 1894 in Samoa ) '' . Robert-louis-stevenson.org . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 25 -- 8 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes , Lowell ( 2002 ) . Treasured Islands : Cruising the South Seas with Robert Louis Stevenson . Sheridan House , Inc . ISBN 1 - 57409 - 130 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sharma OP ( 2005 ) . `` Murray Kornfeld , American College of Chest Physician , and sarcoidosis : a historical footnote : 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture '' . Chest. 128 ( 3 ) : 1830 -- 35 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.3. 1830 . PMID 16162793 . Jump up ^ `` Stevenson 's Nurse Dead : Alison Cunningham ( '' Cummy `` ) lived to be over 91 years old '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 10 August 1913 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 28 -- 32 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Available at Bartleby and elsewhere . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 29 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 34 -- 6 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) . Alison Cunningham 's recollection of Stevenson balances the picture of an oversensitive child , `` like other bairns , whiles very naughty '' : Furnas ( 1952 ) , 30 . Jump up ^ Mehew ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 67 ; Furnas ( 1952 ) , pp. 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Robert Louis ( 1850 -- 1894 ) -- Childhood and schooling . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved : 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 51 -- 54 , 60 -- 62 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 86 -- 8 ; 90 -- 4 ; Furnas ( 1952 ) , 64 -- 9 Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 70 -- 2 ; Furnas ( 1952 ) , 48 -- 9 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 85 -- 6 Jump up ^ Underwoods ( 1887 ) , Poem XXXVIII Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 69 -- 70 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 53 -- 7 ; Mehew ( 2004 . Jump up ^ Theo Tait ( 30 January 2005 ) . `` Like an intelligent hare -- Theo Tait reviews Robert Louis Stevenson by Claire Harman '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . A decadent dandy who envied the manly Victorian achievements of his family , a professed atheist haunted by religious terrors , a generous and loving man who fell out with many of his friends -- the Robert Louis Stevenson of Claire Harman 's biography is all of these and , of course , a bed - ridden invalid who wrote some of the finest adventure stories in the language . ( ... ) Worse still , he affected a Bohemian style , haunted the seedier parts of the Old Town , read Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer , and declared himself an atheist . This caused a painful rift with his father , who damned him as a `` careless infidel '' . Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 69 with n . 15 ( on the club ) ; 72 -- 6 Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 81 -- 2 ; 85 -- 9 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 84 -- 5 Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 95 ; 101 Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 123 - 4 ; Furnas ( 1952 ) 105 -- 6 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 89 -- 95 Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 128 -- 37 Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 100 -- 1 Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 127 Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 122 -- 9 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 145 -- 6 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Furnas ( 1952 ) , 130 -- 6 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Balfour ( 1901 ) I , 164 -- 5 ; Furnas ( 1952 ) , 142 -- 6 ; Mehew ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Letter to Sidney Colvin , January 1880 , The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 1 , Chapter IV Jump up ^ `` To Edmund Gosse , Monterey , Monterey Co. , California , 8 October 1879 , '' The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 1 , Chapter IV Jump up ^ `` To P.G. Hamerton , Kinnaird Cottage , Pitlochry ( July 1881 ) , '' The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 1 , Chapter V Jump up ^ Isobel by this time was married , to artist Joseph Strong . Jump up ^ The physician who treated Stevenson there was Dr. Carl Rüedi . Jump up ^ `` To Sidney Colvin , Pitlochry , August 1881 , '' The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 1 , Chapter V Jump up ^ References to Skerryvore come from Leon Edel 's Henry James : A Life , c. 1985 , pp. 309 -- 310 Jump up ^ `` To W.E. Henley , Pitlochry , if you please , ( August ) 1881 , '' The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 1 , Chapter V Jump up ^ Terry , R.C. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Robert Louis Stevenson : Interviews and Recollections . Iowa City : U of Iowa P. p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87745 - 512 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reginald Charles Terry ( 1996 ) . `` Robert Louis Stevenson : Interviews and Recollections '' . p. 49 . University of Iowa Press , Jump up ^ Stevenson , Robert Louis ( 1907 ) ( originally written 1877 ) . `` Crabbed Age and Youth '' . Crabbed Age and Youth and Other Essays . Portland , Maine : Thomas B. Mosher . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Quoted from Stevenson 's diary in Overton , Jacqueline M. The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson for Boys and Girls . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1933 Jump up ^ In the South Seas ( 1896 ) & ( 1900 ) Chatto & Windus ; republished by The Hogarth Press ( 1987 ) . A collection of Stevenson 's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific ^ Jump up to : In the South Seas ( 1896 ) & ( 1900 ) Chatto & Windus ; republished by The Hogarth Press ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` Damien Father Damien -- Letter '' . Worldwideschool.org . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Cruise of the Janet Nichol Among the South Sea Islands , Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson , Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York , 1914 Jump up ^ The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson ( first published 1914 ) , republished 2004 , editor , Roslyn Jolly ( U. of Washington Press / U. of New South Wales Press ) Jump up ^ Hadden is described as being based upon Jack Buckland ( ' Tin Jack ' ) a well - known remittance man and copra trader in Sydney . Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , ed. by Ernest Mehew ( New Haven & London : Yale University Press , 2001 ) p. 418 , n . 3 Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson , The Wrecker , in Tales of the South Seas : Island Landfalls ; The Ebb - Tide ; The Wrecker ( Edinburgh : Canongate Classics , 1996 ) , ed. and introduced by Jenni Calder Jump up ^ ' Memories of Vailima ' by Isobel Strong & Lloyd Osbourne , Archibald Constable & Co : Westminster ( 1903 ) Jump up ^ Letter to Sidney Colvin , 17 April 1893 , Vailima Letters , Chapter XXVIII Jump up ^ Taylor Erwin Gauthier ( October 1923 ) . `` For Stevenson Lovers '' . The Rotarian . Rotary International . 23 ( 4 ) : 38 . ISSN 0035 - 838X . Jump up ^ Ann C. Colley ( 2004 ) . Robert Louis Stevenson and the colonial imagination . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3506 - 2 . Jump up ^ Letter to Sidney Colvin , 3 January 1892 , Vailima Letters , Chapter XIV . Jump up ^ `` Robert Louis Stevenson -- Bibliography : Detailed list of works '' . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Letter to Sidney Colvin , December 1893 , Vailima Letters , Chapter XXXV Jump up ^ `` To W.E. Henley , ( Trinity College , Cambridge , Autumn 1878 ) , '' The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 1 , Chapter III Jump up ^ Letter to Sidney Colvin , May 1892 , Vailima Letters , Chapter XVIII Jump up ^ Stevenson , Robert Louis ( 2006 ) . Robert Allen Armstrong , ed . An Inland Voyage , Including Travels with a Donkey . Cosimo , Inc. p. xvi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59605 - 823 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` To H.B. Baildon , Vailima , Upolu ( undated , but written in 1891 ). , '' The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson , Volume 2 , Chapter XI Jump up ^ Balfour , Graham ( 1906 ) . The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson London : Methuen. 264 Jump up ^ `` Stevenson 's tomb '' . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson at Find a Grave Jump up ^ `` Requiem '' . nls.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Roslyn ( 2009 ) . Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific : Travel , Empire , and the Author 's Profession . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6195 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bid to trace lost Robert Louis Stevenson manuscripts '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Arata ( 2006 ) . `` Robert Louis Stevenson '' . David Scott Kastan ( ed . ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature . Vol. 5 : 99 -- 102 Jump up ^ introduction to 1965 Everyman 's Library edition of the one - volume The Prisoner of Zenda and Rupert of Hentzau Jump up ^ `` Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial '' . St Giles ' Cathedral . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 50.199. 148.5 : 8081 / view / objects / asitem / 45 / 97 / primaryMaker - asc ? t : state : flow = 92095637 - f394 - 4ee3 - 9846 - f82e8985400e Saint - Gaudens , Augustus ( American , 1848 -- 1907 ) : Robert Louis Stevenson , 1887 -- 88 ( cast after 1895 ) ) , accessed 26 February 2015 Jump up ^ Petronella , Mary Melvin , ed. , Victorian Boston Today : Twelve Walking Tours ( Lebanon , N.H. : University Press of New England , 2004 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Grove '' . City of Edinburgh Council . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 27 October 2013 ) Robert Louis Stevenson statue unveiled by Ian Rankin BBC News Scotland , Retrieved 27 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` '' Jolly Roger and Wells Fargo '' on Death Valley Days `` . Internet Movie Data Base . 23 December 1966 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Bank Commemorative Notes '' . Rampant Scotland . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banknotes : Commemorative Banknote '' . The Royal Bank of Scotland . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Louis Stevenson School '' . stevenson-school.org . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` R.L. Stevenson Elementary School '' . Fridley Public Schools . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R.L. Stevenson Elementary '' , Burbank Unified School District . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary '' . robertlouisstevensonschool.org . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Louis Stevenson SP '' . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` saintdamienadvocates.org '' . saintdamienadvocates.org . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Alan ( 2007 ) . The Robert Louis Stevenson Trail ( 2nd ed . ) . Cicerone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 511 - 7 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Edd ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` Found : Louis Stevenson 's missing masterpiece '' . Sunday Herald . Glasgow . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales , Robert Louis Stevenson . Oxford World 's Classics . Secondary literature ( edit ) Graham Balfour , The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson , London : Methuen , 1901 John Jay Chapman `` Robert Louis Stevenson '' , Emerson , and Other Essays . New York : AMS Press , 1969 , ISBN 0 - 404 - 00619 - 1 ( reprinted from the edition of 1899 ) David Daiches , `` Robert Louis Stevenson and his World '' , London : Thames and Hudson , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 500 - 13045 - 0 J.C. Furnas , Voyage to Windward : The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson , London : Faber and Faber , 1952 Claire Harman , Robert Louis Stevenson : A Biography , HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 711321 - 8 ( reviewed by Matthew Sturgis in The Times Literary Supplement , 11 March 2005 , page 8 ) James Pope - Hennessy , Robert Louis Stevenson -- A Biography , London : Cape , 1974 , ISBN 0 - 224 - 01007 - 7 Rosaline Masson , Robert Louis Stevenson . London : The People 's Books , 1912 Rosaline Masson , The life of Robert Louis Stevenson . Edinburgh & London : W. & R. Chambers , 1923 Rosaline Masson ( editor ) , I can remember Robert Louis Stevenson . Edinburgh & London : W. & R. Chambers , 1923 Ernest Mehew , `` Robert Louis Stevenson '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : OUP , 2004 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 Roland Paxton , `` Stevenson , Thomas ( 1818 -- 1887 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : OUP , 2004 . Retrieved 11 October 2008 Eve Blantyre Simpson , Robert Louis Stevenson 's Edinburgh Days , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 1898 Eve Blantyre Simpson , The Robert Louis Stevenson Originals , ( With illustrations and facsimiles ) , London& Edinburgh : T.N. Foulis , 1912 Stephen , Leslie ( 1902 ) . `` Robert Louis Stevenson '' . Studies of a Biographer. 4 . London : Duckworth & Co. pp. 206 -- 246 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Robert Louis Stevenson Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikisource has original works written by or about : Robert Louis Stevenson Wikiquote has quotations related to : Robert Louis Stevenson Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Louis Stevenson . Literary works Works by Robert Louis Stevenson at Project Gutenberg Works by Robert Louis Stevenson at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Robert Louis Stevenson at Internet Archive Works by Robert Louis Stevenson at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Early works including books , collected and uncollected essays and serialisations from National Library of Scotland Works by Robert Louis Stevenson , at the Online Books Page ( plain text and HTML ) 151 poems by Robert Louis Stevenson , at Poetry Archive `` Henry David Thoreau : His Character and Opinions '' , by Robert Louis Stevenson Fables , by Robert Louis Stevenson , at The University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center . Works by Robert Louis Stevenson in PDF at Ria Press . Robert Louis Stevenson at the British Library Robert Louis Stevenson at the National Library of Scotland Musical works The Music of Robert Louis Stevenson About There are over 200 published biographies of RLS Robert Louis Stevenson : a record , an estimate , and a memorial , by Alexander H. Japp Robert Louis Stevenson , a biography by Sir Walter Alexander Raleigh Robert Louis Stevenson , biography from the Dictionary of Literary Biography , 1987 Archival material at Leeds University Library Websites The Robert Louis Stevenson Website at Edinburgh Napier University Robert Louis Stevenson Edinburgh House Journal of Stevenson Studies Robert Louis Stevenson trail GR70 Robert Louis Stevenson Museum , St. Helena , California ( devoted to Robert Louis Stevenson ) Robert Louis Stevenson on IMDb Robert Louis Stevenson Books An Inland Voyage ( 1878 ) Edinburgh : Picturesque Notes ( 1878 ) Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes ( 1879 ) The Silverado Squatters ( 1883 ) Memories and Portraits ( 1887 ) Across the Plains ( 1892 ) Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa ( 1892 ) The Amateur Emigrant ( 1895 ) Novels Treasure Island ( 1883 ) Prince Otto ( 1885 ) Kidnapped ( 1886 ) The Black Arrow ( 1888 ) The Master of Ballantrae ( 1889 ) The Wrong Box ( 1889 ) The Wrecker ( 1892 ) Catriona ( 1893 ) The Ebb - Tide ( 1894 ) Weir of Hermiston ( 1896 ) St. Ives ( 1897 ) Short story collections The Suicide Club ( 1878 ) The Rajah 's Diamond ( 1878 ) New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) More New Arabian Nights : The Dynamiter ( 1885 ) The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables ( 1887 ) Island Nights ' Entertainments ( 1893 ) Tales and Fantasies ( 1905 ) Short stories `` The Pavilion on the Links '' ( 1880 ) `` The Merry Men '' ( 1882 ) `` The Body Snatcher '' ( 1884 ) `` Markheim '' ( 1885 ) `` Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde '' ( 1886 ) `` The Bottle Imp '' ( 1891 ) `` The Beach of Falesá '' ( 1892 ) `` The Isle of Voices '' ( 1893 ) Poetry A Child 's Garden of Verses ( 1885 ) Underwoods ( 1887 ) Songs of Travel and Other Verses ( 1896 ) Related Lloyd Osbourne Fanny Stevenson Mount Vaea Writers ' Museum Robert Louis Stevenson State Park The Story of a Recluse ( unfinished ) Book Victorian - era children 's literature Authors Henry Cadwallader Adams R.M. Ballantyne Lucy Lyttelton Cameron Lewis Carroll Christabel Rose Coleridge Maria Edgeworth Evelyn Everett - Green Juliana Horatia Ewing Frederic W. Farrar G.E. Farrow Agnes Giberne Anna Maria Hall L.T. Meade G.A. Henty Frances Hodgson Burnett Thomas Hughes Richard Jefferies Charles Kingsley W.H.G. Kingston Rudyard Kipling Andrew Lang Frederick Marryat George MacDonald Mary Louisa Molesworth Kirk Munroe E. Nesbit Beatrix Potter William Brighty Rands Talbot Baines Reed Elizabeth Missing Sewell Anna Sewell Mary Martha Sherwood Flora Annie Steel Robert Louis Stevenson Hesba Stretton Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna Charlotte Maria Tucker Charlotte Mary Yonge Illustrators Eleanor Vere Boyle Gordon Browne Randolph Caldecott Thomas Crane Walter Crane George Cruikshank Thomas Dalziel ( engraver ) Richard Doyle H.H. Emmerson Edmund Evans ( engraver ) Kate Greenaway Sydney Prior Hall Edward Lear Harold Robert Millar Arthur Rackham J.G. Sowerby Millicent Sowerby John Tenniel Books List of 19th - century British children 's literature titles Types Toy book Publishers Marcus Ward & Co . Frederick Warne & Co Scots makars c. 1370 -- c. 1460 John Barbour Huchoun James I Sir Gilbert Hay Andrew of Wyntoun Richard Holland c. 1460 -- c. 1560 Blind Hary Robert Henryson Walter Kennedy William Dunbar Gavin Douglas David Lyndsay William Stewart c. 1560 -- 17th century Alexander Scott Alexander Montgomerie James VI Castalian Band William Fowler Elizabeth Melville Alexander Hume Robert Sempill Robert Sempill the younger Francis Sempill 18th century -- 20th century Allan Ramsay Robert Fergusson Robert Burns Robert Louis Stevenson Alicia Ann Spottiswoode William Soutar Robert Garioch Sydney Goodsir Smith Tom Scott George Campbell Hay Alexander Scott Hamish Henderson William Neill Official appointment ( from 2004 ) Edwin Morgan Liz Lochhead Jackie Kay Associated subjects Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Character Adaptations Films Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1908 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1912 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1913 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1920 ) The Head of Janus ( 1920 ) Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde ( 1925 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) The Son of Dr. Jekyll ( 1951 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll ( 1957 ) The Doctor 's Horrible Experiment ( 1959 ) The Ugly Duckling ( 1959 ) My Friend , Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll ( 1960 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1963 ) Karutha Rathrikal ( 1967 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) I , Monster ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo ( 1972 ) Dr. Black , Mr. Hyde ( 1976 ) Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot ( 1979 ) Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype ( 1980 ) Docteur Jekyll et les femmes ( 1981 ) Chehre Pe Chehra ( 1981 ) Jekyll and Hyde ... Together Again ( 1982 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde ( 1995 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 2006 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Animation The Impatient Patient ( 1942 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse ( 1947 ) Motor Mania ( 1950 ) Dr. Jerkyl 's Hide ( 1954 ) Hyde and Hare ( 1955 ) Hyde and Go Tweet ( 1960 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) The Pagemaster ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein ( 2008 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Video games Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1988 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2001 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Music `` Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive '' ( 1983 ) `` Bubba Hyde '' ( 1995 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2003 ) Jekyll & Hyde en Español ( 2004 ) Theatre Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1887 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1888 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Or a Mis - Spent Life ( 1897 ) Jekyll & Hyde ( 1990 ) Television Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jekyll ( 2007 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- present ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Jekyll and Hyde ( 2015 ) Comics Mister Hyde ( introduced 1963 ) Batman : Two Faces ( 1998 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 1999 -- present ) Novels The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner ( 1824 ) Knots and Crosses ( 1987 ) Mary Reilly ( 1990 ) Radio Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1932 ) Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island Characters Billy Bones Captain Alexander Smollett Captain Flint Ben Gunn Israel Hands Jim Hawkins Dr. Livesey Long John Silver Squire Trelawney Films Treasure Island ( 1918 ) Treasure Island ( 1920 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) The Secret of Treasure Island ( 1938 ) Treasure Island ( 1950 ) Long John Silver ( 1954 ) Return to Treasure Island ( 1954 ) Animal Treasure Island ( 1971 ) Treasure Island ( 1972 , live - action ) Treasure Island ( 1972 , animated ) The Treasure Planet ( 1982 ) Treasure Island ( 1982 ) Treasure Island ( 1985 ) Treasure Island ( 1987 ) Treasure Island ( 1988 ) Treasure Island ( 1990 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Treasure Island ( 1999 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Pirates of Treasure Island ( 2006 ) Hawkins and Silver ( TBA ) Television The Adventures of Long John Silver ( 1958 ) Treasure Island ( 1977 ) Treasure Island ( 1978 ) Return to Treasure Island ( 1986 ) Treasure Island in Outer Space ( 1987 ) The Legends of Treasure Island ( 1993 ) Treasure Island ( 2012 ) Black Sails ( 2014 ) Video games Pirate Adventure ( 1978 ) Treasure Island ( 1984 ) Treasure Planet : Battle at Procyon ( 2002 ) Destination Treasure Island ( 2007 ) Other adaptations Pieces of Eight ( musical ) Godspeed ( novel ) The Resurrection Casket ( novel ) Related Black Spot Legend of the Cybermen Silver `` Shiver my timbers '' `` Dead Man 's Chest '' Robert Louis Stevenson 's Kidnapped Films Kidnapped ( 1917 ) Kidnapped ( 1938 ) Kidnapped ( 1948 ) Kidnapped ( 1960 ) Kidnapped ( 1971 ) Kidnapped ( 1986 ) Kidnapped ( 1995 ) Other Kidnapped ( 2005 mini series ) Kidnapped ( graphic novel ) Catriona Appin Murder Parcel of Rogues VIAF : 95207986 LCCN : n78088964 ISNI : 0000 0001 2283 1567 GND : 118753711 SELIBR : 94215 SUDOC : 027149102 BNF : cb11925554s ( data ) BIBSYS : 90066540 ULAN : 500026199 MusicBrainz : c7379dd2 - 0908 - 4ef0 - 9bd5 - 9910b16aaaad NLA : 35524428 NDL : 00457698 NKC : jn19990008249 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 000439 BNE : XX900250 RKD : 75193 IATH : w63t9f52 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&oldid=812183848 '' Categories : Robert Louis Stevenson 1850 births 1894 deaths 19th - century Scottish novelists 19th - century Scottish poets 19th - century Scottish writers 19th - century British short story writers Alumni of the University of Edinburgh British non-fiction outdoors writers Fabulists Lallans poets Maritime writers People educated at Edinburgh Academy Samoan writers Scottish children 's writers Scottish historical novelists Scottish horror writers Scottish novelists Scottish poets Scottish Presbyterians Scottish short story writers Scottish travel writers Victorian novelists Writers from Edinburgh Children 's poets Writers of Gothic fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from July 2015 Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 17 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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-2029016612224676385	Columbia, South Carolina	Columbia , South Carolina - wikipedia Columbia , South Carolina This article is about the city in the U.S. state of South Carolina . For other uses , see Columbia . Not to be confused with Colombia . Capital of South Carolina State capital and city in South Carolina , United States Columbia , South Carolina State capital and city City of Columbia Clockwise from the top : Columbia skyline , Williams - Brice Stadium , Horseshoe at USC , Mainstreet from Statehouse steps , and SC Statehouse Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` Cola '' , `` The Capital of Southern Hospitality '' , `` Famously Hot '' , `` River City '' , `` Soda City '' Motto ( s ) : Justitia Virtutum Regina ( Latin ) `` Justice , the Queen of Virtues '' Location in Richland County and the state of South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina Location in South Carolina , United States & North America Columbia , South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina ( the US ) Columbia , South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina ( North America ) Show map of South Carolina Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 34 ° 0 ′ 2 '' N 81 ° 2 ′ 5 '' W / 34.00056 ° N 81.03472 ° W / 34.00056 ; - 81.03472 Coordinates : 34 ° 0 ′ 2 '' N 81 ° 2 ′ 5 '' W / 34.00056 ° N 81.03472 ° W / 34.00056 ; - 81.03472 Country United States State South Carolina County Richland , Lexington Approved March 22 , 1786 Chartered ( town ) 1805 Chartered ( city ) 1854 Named for Christopher Columbus Government Mayor Stephen K. Benjamin ( D ) Area Total 134.9 sq mi ( 349 km ) Land 132.2 sq mi ( 342 km ) Water 2.7 sq mi ( 7 km ) 2 % Elevation 292 ft ( 89 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 129,272 Estimate ( 2016 ) 134,309 Rank SC : 2nd ; US : 199th Density 977.8 / sq mi ( 377.5 / km ) Urban 549,777 ( US : 75th ) MSA ( 2015 ) 810,068 ( US : 71st ) CSA ( 2015 ) 937,288 ( US : 58th ) Time zone UTC - 5 ( Eastern ( EST ) ) Summer ( DST ) UTC - 4 ( EDT ) ZIP code ( s ) 29201 , 29203 - 6 , 29209 - 10 , 29212 , 29223 , 29225 , 29229 Area code ( s ) 803 FIPS code 45 - 16000 GNIS feature ID 1245051 Website www.columbiasc.net Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 134,309 as of 2016 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 817,488 by July 1 , 2016 , according to 2015 U.S. Census estimates . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 Recent history 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Metropolitan area 2.3 Neighborhoods 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Downtown revitalization 5 Arts and culture 5.1 Venues 5.1. 1 Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center 5.1. 2 Koger Center for the Arts 5.1. 3 Carolina Coliseum 5.1. 4 Township Auditorium 6 Sports 6.1 Sports venues 7 Parks and recreation 8 Government 8.1 Military installations 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.2 Private schools 9.3 Public school districts 10 Media 11 Transportation 11.1 Mass transit 11.2 Roads and highways 11.3 Air 11.4 Intercity rail 11.5 Intercity bus 12 Health care 13 Notable people 14 Accolades 15 Sister cities 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Columbia , South Carolina Early History ( edit ) At the time of European encounter , the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree . In May 1540 , a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward . The expedition produced the earliest written historical records of the area , which was part of the regional Cofitachequi chiefdom . From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786 , the site of Columbia was important to the overall development of the state . The Congarees , a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River , was the head of navigation in the Santee River system . A ferry was established by the colonial government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank . Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America , Columbia is on the fall line from the Piedmont region . The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream and where falling water downstream can power a mill . State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22 , 1786 , to create a new state capital . There was considerable argument over the name for the new city . According to published accounts , Senator Gervais said he hoped that `` in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA '' , for that was the name which he wished it to be called . One legislator insisted on the name `` Washington '' , but `` Columbia '' won by a vote of 11 -- 7 in the state senate . The Seibels House , c. 1796 , is the oldest in Columbia . The site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786 , due to its central location in the state . The State Legislature first met there in 1790 . After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence , Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854 . Columbia received a large stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal . This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22 - mile - long ( 35 km ) section . It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800 , making it one of the earliest canals in the United States . With increased railroad traffic , it ceased operation around 1850 . The commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2 - mile ( 3 km ) square along the river . The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres ( 2,000 m ) and sold to speculators and prospective residents . Buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long and 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) wide within three years or face an annual 5 % penalty . The perimeter streets and two through streets were 150 feet ( 46 m ) wide . The remaining squares were divided by thoroughfares 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide . The width was determined by the belief that dangerous and pesky mosquitoes could not fly more than 60 feet ( 18 m ) without dying of starvation along the way . Columbians still enjoy most of the magnificent network of wide streets . South Carolina Governor 's Mansion built 1855 South Carolina State House ( completed 1907 ) from the 15th floor of the Main and Gervais Tower The commissioners comprised the local government until 1797 when a Commission of Streets and Markets was created by the General Assembly . Three main issues occupied most of their time : public drunkenness , gambling , and poor sanitation . As one of the first planned cities in the United States , Columbia began to grow rapidly . Its population was nearing 1,000 shortly after the start of the 19th century . 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Columbia , South Carolina , in the American Civil War Ruins , as seen from the State House , 1865 Monument marking site of original South Carolina State House , designed and built from 1786 to 1790 by James Hoban and burned by the Union Army in 1865 Robert Mills House built 1823 In 1801 , South Carolina College ( now the University of South Carolina ) was founded in Columbia . The original building survives . The city was chosen as the site of the institution in part to unite the citizens of the Upcountry and the Lowcountry and to discourage the youth from migrating to England for their higher education . At the time , South Carolina sent more young men to England than did any other state . The leaders of South Carolina wished to monitor the progress and development of the school ; for many years after the founding of the university , commencement exercises were held in December while the state legislature was in session . Columbia received its first charter as a town in 1805 . An intendant and six wardens would govern the town . John Taylor , the first elected intendant , later served in both houses of the General Assembly , both houses of Congress , and eventually as governor . By 1816 , there were 250 homes in the town and a population of more than one thousand . Columbia became chartered as a city in 1854 , with an elected mayor and six aldermen . Two years later , Columbia had a police force consisting of a full - time chief and nine patrolmen . The city continued to grow at a rapid pace , and throughout the 1850s and 1860s Columbia was the largest inland city in the Carolinas . Railroad transportation served as a significant cause of population expansion in Columbia during this time . Rail lines that reached the city in the 1840s primarily transported cotton bales , not passengers . Cotton was the lifeblood of the Columbia community ; in 1850 virtually all of the city 's commercial and economic activity was related to cotton . `` In 1830 , approximately 1,500 slaves lived and worked in Columbia ; this population grew to 3,300 by 1860 . Some members of this large enslaved population worked in their masters ' households . Masters also frequently hired out slaves to Columbia residents and institutions , including South Carolina College . Hired - out slaves sometimes returned to their owner 's home daily ; others boarded with their temporary masters . '' During this period , `` legislators developed state and local statutes to restrict the movement of urban slaves in hopes of preventing rebellion . Although various decrees established curfews and prohibited slaves from meeting and from learning to read and write , such rulings were difficult to enforce . '' Indeed , `` several prewar accounts note that many Columbia slaves were literate ; some slaves even conducted classes to teach others to read and write . '' As well , `` many slaves attended services at local Baptist , Presbyterian , and Methodist churches , yet some struggled to obtain membership in these institutions . '' Columbia 's First Baptist Church hosted the South Carolina Secession Convention on December 17 , 1860 . The delegates drafted a resolution in favor of secession , 159 -- 0 . Columbia 's location made it an ideal location for other conventions and meetings within the Confederacy . The burning of Columbia during Sherman 's occupation , from Harper 's Weekly On February 17 , 1865 , in the last months of the Civil War , much of Columbia was destroyed by fire while being occupied by Union troops under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman . Jeff Goodwyn , mayor of Columbia , sent William B. Stanley and Thomas W. Radcliffe to surrender the city to Sherman 's troops . According to legend , Columbia 's First Baptist Church barely missed being torched by Sherman 's troops . The soldiers marched up to the church and asked the sexton if he could direct them to the First Baptist Church . The sexton directed the men to the nearby Washington Street Methodist Church ; thus , the historic landmark was saved from destruction by Union soldiers , and the sexton preserved his employment at the cost of another . Equestrian statue in Columbia of General and later Governor Wade Hampton , III , known for his opposition to Reconstruction Controversy surrounding the burning of the city started soon after the war ended . General Sherman blamed the high winds and retreating Confederate soldiers for firing bales of cotton , which had been stacked in the streets . General Sherman denied ordering the burning , though he did order militarily significant structures , such as the Confederate Printing Plant , destroyed . Firsthand accounts by local residents , Union soldiers , and a newspaper reporter offer a tale of revenge by Union troops for Columbia 's and South Carolina 's pivotal role in leading Southern states to secede from the Union . Today , tourists can follow the path General Sherman 's army took to enter the city and see structures or remnants of structures that survived the fire . During Reconstruction , Columbia became the focus of considerable attention . Reporters , journalists , travelers , and tourists flocked to South Carolina 's capital city to witness a Southern state legislature whose members included former slaves . The city also made somewhat of a rebound following the devastating fire of 1865 ; a mild construction boom took place within the first few years of Reconstruction , and repair of railroad tracks in outlying areas created jobs for area citizens . Following Reconstruction , the Columbia Music Festival Association ( CMFA ) was established in 1897 , by Mayor William McB. Sloan and the aldermen of the city of Columbia . It was headquartered in the Opera House on Main Street , which was also City Hall . Its role was to book and manage concerts and events in the opera house for the city . 20th century ( edit ) Palmetto Building ( 1913 ) Troops returning from WW I march through Columbia , April 1919 The first few years of the 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center . In 1907 , Columbia had six mills in operation : Richland , Granby , Olympia , Capital City , Columbia , and Palmetto . Combined , they employed over 3,400 workers with an annual payroll of $819,000 , giving the Midlands an economic boost of over $4.8 million . Columbia had no paved streets until 1908 , when 17 blocks of Main Street were surfaced . There were , however , 115 publicly maintained street crossings at intersections to keep pedestrians from having to wade through a sea of mud between wooden sidewalks . As an experiment , Washington Street was once paved with wooden blocks . This proved to be the source of much local amusement when they buckled and floated away during heavy rains . The blocks were replaced with asphalt paving in 1925 . The years 1911 and 1912 were something of a construction boom for Columbia , with $2.5 million worth of construction occurring in the city . These projects included the Union Bank Building at Main and Gervais , the Palmetto National Bank , a shopping arcade , and large hotels at Main and Laurel ( the Jefferson ) and at Main and Wheat ( the Gresham ) . In 1917 , the city was selected as the site of Camp Jackson , a U.S. military installation which was officially classified as a `` Field Artillery Replacement Depot '' . The first recruits arrived at the camp on September 1 , 1917 . In 1930 , Columbia was the hub of a trading area with approximately 500,000 potential customers . It had 803 retail establishments , 280 of them being food stores . There were also 58 clothing and apparel outlets , 57 restaurants and lunch rooms , 55 filling stations , 38 pharmacies , 20 furniture stores , 19 auto dealers , 11 shoe stores , nine cigar stands , five department stores and one book store . Wholesale distributors located within the city numbered 119 , with one - third of them dealing in food . In 1934 , the federal courthouse at the corner of Main and Laurel streets was purchased by the city for use as City Hall . Built of granite from nearby Winnsboro , Columbia City Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Designed by Alfred Built Millet , President Ulysses S. Grant 's federal architect , the building was completed in 1876 . Millet , best known for his design of the Executive Office Building in Washington , D.C. , had originally designed the building with a clock tower . Large cost overruns probably caused it to be left out . Copies of Mullet 's original drawings can be seen on the walls of City Hall alongside historic photos of Columbia 's beginnings . Federal offices were moved to the J. Bratton Davis United States Bankruptcy Courthouse . Reactivated Camp Jackson became Fort Jackson in 1940 , giving the military installation the permanence desired by city leaders at the time . The fort was annexed into the city in the fall of 1968 , with approval from the Pentagon . In the early 1940s , shortly after the attacks on Pearl Harbor which began America 's involvement in World War II , Lt. Colonel Jimmy Doolittle and his group of now - famous pilots began training for the Doolittle Raid over Tokyo at what is now Columbia Metropolitan Airport . They trained in B - 25 Mitchell bombers , the same model as the plane that now rests at Columbia 's Owens Field in the Curtiss - Wright hangar . The area 's population continued to grow during the 1950s , having experienced a 40 percent increase from 186,844 to 260,828 , with 97,433 people residing within the city limits of Columbia . The 1940s saw the beginning of efforts to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination in Columbia . In 1945 , a federal judge ruled that the city 's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts . However , in years following , the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials . Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation ( particularly regarding public schools ) . On August 21 , 1962 , eight downtown chain stores served blacks at their lunch counters for the first time . The University of South Carolina admitted its first black students in 1963 ; around the same time , many vestiges of segregation began to disappear from the city , blacks attained membership on various municipal boards and commissions , and a non-discriminatory hiring policy was adopted by the city . These and other such signs of racial progress helped earn the city the 1964 All - America City Award for the second time ( the first being in 1951 ) , and a 1965 article in Newsweek magazine lauded Columbia as a city that had `` liberated itself from the plague of doctrinal apartheid . '' Historic preservation has played a significant part in shaping Columbia into the city that it is today . The historic Robert Mills House was restored in 1967 , which inspired the renovation and restoration of other historic structures such as the Hampton - Preston House and homes associated with President Woodrow Wilson , Maxcy Gregg , Mary Boykin Chesnut , and noted free black Celia Mann . In the early 1970s , the University of South Carolina initiated the refurbishment of its `` Horseshoe '' . Several area museums also benefited from the increased historical interest of that time , among them the Fort Jackson Museum , the McKissick Museum on the campus of the University of South Carolina , and most notably the South Carolina State Museum , which opened in 1988 . Mayor Kirkman Finlay , Jr. , was the driving force behind the refurbishment of Seaboard Park , now known as Finlay Park , in the historic Congaree Vista district , as well as the compilation of the $60 million Palmetto Center package , which gave Columbia an office tower , parking garage , and the Columbia Marriott , which opened in 1983 . The year 1980 saw the Columbia metropolitan population reach 410,088 , and in 1990 this figure had hit approximately 470,000 . The 1970s and 1980s saw a rise in skyscrapers throughout Columbia . In 1973 , The Tower at 1301 Gervais was constructed . In 1983 , Hub at Columbia was constructed . In 1989 , Bank of America Plaza was constructed . In 1987 , Capitol Center ( BB&T Building ) was constructed , becoming the tallest building in South Carolina . Recent History ( edit ) View from Statehouse showing Main Street and Confederate statue The 1990s and early 2000s saw revitalization in the downtown area . The Congaree Vista district along Gervais Street , once known as a warehouse district , became a thriving district of art galleries , shops , and restaurants . The Colonial Life Arena ( formerly known as the Colonial Center ) opened in 2002 , and brought several big - named concerts and shows to Columbia . EdVenture , the largest children 's museum in the Southeast , opened in 2003 . The Village at Sandhill shopping center opened in 2004 in Northeast Richland County . The Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center opened in 2004 , and a new convention center hotel opened in September 2007 . A public - private City Center Partnership has been formed to implement the downtown revitalization and boost downtown growth . In 2009 , Columbia 's most recent skyscraper , The Tower at Main and Gervais , was completed . Mayor Stephen K. Benjamin started his first term in July 2010 , and is the first black mayor in the city 's history . Founders Park , home of USC baseball , opened in 2009 . The South Carolina Gamecocks baseball team won two National Championships in 2010 and in 2011 . The 2010 South Carolina Gamecocks football team , under coach Steve Spurrier , earned their first appearance in the SEC Championship . A Mast General Store was opened in 2011 . The Music Farm opened a location in Columbia on Senate Street in 2014 . In 2000 , the Confederate battle flag was moved from the South Carolina State House to the Confederate monument . On July 10 , 2015 , the flag was removed from the monument . The fallout from the historic flooding in October 2015 forced the South Carolina Gamecocks football team to move their October 10 home game . Spirit Communications Park , home of the Columbia Fireflies , opened in April 2016 . In 2017 , the Gamecocks women 's basketball team ( under coach Dawn Staley ) won their first NCAA championship , and the men 's basketball team went to the Final Four for the first time . Geography ( edit ) Photograph of Columbia taken from the International Space Station Gervais Street Bridge over the Congaree River One of Columbia 's more prominent geographical features is its fall line , the boundary between the upland Piedmont region and the Atlantic Coastal Plain , across which rivers drop as falls or rapids . Columbia grew up at the fall line of the Congaree River , which is formed by the convergence of the Broad River and the Saluda River . The Congaree was the farthest inland point of river navigation . The energy of falling water also powered Columbia 's early mills . The city has capitalized on this location which includes three rivers by christening itself `` The Columbia Riverbanks Region '' . Columbia is located roughly halfway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits at an elevation of around 292 ft ( 89 m ) . Soils in Columbia are well drained in most cases , with grayish brown loamy sand topsoil . The subsoil may be yellowish red sandy clay loam ( Orangeburg series ) , yellowish brown sandy clay loam ( Norfolk series ) , or strong brown sandy clay ( Marlboro series ) . All belong to the Ultisol soil order . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 134.9 square miles ( 349.5 km ) , of which 132.2 square miles ( 342.4 km ) is land and 2.7 square miles ( 7.0 km ) is water ( 2.01 % ) . Approximately 2⁄3 of Columbia 's land area , 81.2 square miles ( 210 km ) , is contained within the Fort Jackson Military Installation , much of which consists of uninhabited training grounds . The actual inhabited area for the city is slightly more than 50 square miles ( 130 km ) . Climate ( edit ) Columbia has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) , with mild winters , early springs , warm autumns , and very hot and humid summers . The area averages 53 nights below freezing , but extended cold or days where the temperature fails to rise above freezing are both rare . With an annual average of 5.4 days with 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) + and 77 days with 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + temperatures , the city 's current promotional slogan describes Columbia as `` Famously Hot '' . Precipitation , at 44.6 inches ( 1,130 mm ) annually , peaks in the summer months , and is the least during spring and fall . Snowfall averages 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) , but many years receive no snowfall . Like much of the southeastern U.S. , the city is prone to inversions , which trap ozone and other pollutants over the area . Official extremes in temperature have ranged from 109 ° F ( 43 ° C ) on June 29 and 30 , 2012 down to − 2 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , set on February 14 , 1899 , although a close second of − 1 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) was recorded on January 21 , 1985 , and the University of South Carolina campus reached 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) on June 29 , 2012 , establishing a new state record high . hide Climate data for Columbia , South Carolina ( Columbia Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1887 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 101 ( 38 ) 109 ( 43 ) 107 ( 42 ) 107 ( 42 ) 106 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 90 ( 32 ) 83 ( 28 ) 109 ( 43 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 83.9 ( 28.8 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 98.5 ( 36.9 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) 98.9 ( 37.2 ) 94.5 ( 34.7 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 101.6 ( 38.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 83.8 ( 28.8 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 90.7 ( 32.6 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 33.7 ( 0.9 ) 36.8 ( 2.7 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 64.2 ( 17.9 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 16.4 ( − 8.7 ) 20.6 ( − 6.3 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 33.2 ( 0.7 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 26.2 ( − 3.2 ) 19.1 ( − 7.2 ) 14.7 ( − 9.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 1 ( − 18 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) ( − 16 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 34 ( 1 ) 44 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 53 ( 12 ) 40 ( 4 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 12 ( − 11 ) ( − 16 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.58 ( 90.9 ) 3.61 ( 91.7 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 2.97 ( 75.4 ) 4.69 ( 119.1 ) 5.46 ( 138.7 ) 5.26 ( 133.6 ) 3.54 ( 89.9 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.22 ( 81.8 ) 44.59 ( 1,132.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 1.5 ( 3.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 7.7 10.5 11.8 10.5 7.3 7.0 7.3 9.0 106.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.2 65.8 64.6 62.1 68.2 70.8 73.4 76.5 75.9 73.0 71.6 70.7 70.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 172.7 180.7 237.3 269.6 292.9 280.0 286.0 263.3 239.8 235.0 193.8 175.0 2,826.1 Percent possible sunshine 55 59 64 69 68 65 65 63 64 67 62 57 64 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Metropolitan area ( edit ) Main article : Columbia , South Carolina metropolitan area The metropolitan statistical area of Columbia is the second - largest in South Carolina ; it has a population of 817,488 according to the 2016 Census estimates . Columbia 's metropolitan counties include : Richland County Lexington County Fairfield County Calhoun County Kershaw County Columbia 's suburbs and environs include : St. Andrews , Richland County : Pop . 20,493 ( unincorporated ) Seven Oaks , Lexington County : Pop . 15,144 ( unincorporated ) Lexington : Pop . 17,870 ( on Lake Murray ) Dentsville , Richland County : Pop . 14,062 ( unincorporated ) West Columbia : Pop . 14,988 Cayce , Lexington County : Pop . 12,528 Irmo : Pop . 11,097 ( partly on Lake Murray ) Forest Acres : Pop . 10,361 Woodfield , Richland County : Pop . 9,303 ( unincorporated ) Red Bank , Lexington County : Pop . 9,617 ( unincorporated ) Oak Grove , Lexington County : Pop. 10,291 ( unincorporated ) Camden , Kershaw County : Pop . 6,838 Lugoff , Kershaw County : Pop . 7,434 ( unincorporated ) Lake Murray of Richland , South Carolina : Pop . 5,484 ( unincorporated ) Ballentine : Pop . 2,500 ( on Lake Murray ) White Rock ( on Lake Murray ) Chapin : Pop . 1,575 ( on Lake Murray ) Neighborhoods ( edit ) Historic Hampton neighborhood Elmwood Park neighborhood Allen Benedict Court Arsenal Hill Ashley Hall Ashley Place Belvedere Bluff Estates Booker Washington Heights Brookstone Brandon Hall Burton Heights ( Standish Acres ) Colonial Heights Colonial Park Colony Congaree Vista Cottontown / Bellevue Historic District Crane Forest Earlewood Eau Claire Elmwood Park Five Points Forest Acres Forest Hills Gable Oaks Granby Mill Village Greenview Gregg Park Gonzales Gardens Hastings Pointe Harbison Heathwood Heritage Woods Highland Park Hollywood - Rose Hill Hollywood Hills Keenan Terrace Killian King 's Grant Lake Carolina Lake Katherine Lincolnshire Long Creek Plantation Magnolia Hall Martin Luther King ( Valley Park ) Melrose Heights Old Shandon Old Woodlands Olympia Mill Village Pinehurst Robert Mills Historic Neighborhood Rockgate Rosewood Sherwood Forest Shandon The Summit Summerhill Spring Valley University Hill Wales Garden Historic Waverly Villages at Longtown Wheeler Hill WildeWood Winchester Winslow Winterwood Woodcreek Farms Woodlake The Woodlands Yorkshire Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1830 3,310 -- 1840 4,340 31.1 % 1850 6,060 39.6 % 1860 8,052 32.9 % 1870 9,298 15.5 % 1880 10,036 7.9 % 1890 15,353 53.0 % 1900 21,108 37.5 % 1910 26,319 24.7 % 1920 37,524 42.6 % 1930 51,581 37.5 % 1940 62,396 21.0 % 1950 86,914 39.3 % 1960 97,433 12.1 % 1970 112,542 15.5 % 1980 101,208 − 10.1 % 98,052 − 3.1 % 2000 116,278 18.6 % 129,272 11.2 % Est. 2017 133,114 3.0 % U.S. Decennial Census 2016 Estimate As of the census of 2010 , there were 129,272 people , 52,471 total households , and 22,638 families residing in the city . The population density was 928.6 people per square mile ( 358.5 / km2 ) . There were 46,142 housing units at an average density of 368.5 per square mile ( 142.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 51.27 % White , 42.20 % Black , 2.20 % Asian , 0.25 % Native American , 0.30 % Pacific Islander , 1.50 % from other races , and 2.00 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.30 % of the population . There were 45,666 households out of which 22.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.7 % were married couples living together , 17.1 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 50.4 % were nonfamilies. 38.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.94 . In the city , the population was spread out with 20.1 % under the age of 18 , 22.9 % from 18 to 24 , 30.1 % from 25 to 44 , 16.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.3 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 29 years . For every 100 females , there were 96.2 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 93.4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $31,141 , and the median income for a family was $39,589 . Males had a median income of $30,925 versus $24,679 for females . The per capita income for the city was $18,853 . About 17.0 % of families and 22.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.7 % of those under the age of 18 and 16.9 % ages 65 or older . Religion ( edit ) The Southern Baptist Convention has 241 congregations and 115,000 members . The United Methodist Church has 122 congregations and 51,000 members . The Evangelical Lutheran Church has 71 congregations and 25,400 members . The PC ( USA ) has 34 congregations and 15,000 members ; the Presbyterian Church in America has 22 congregations and 8,000 members . The Catholic Church has 14 parishes . There are 3 Jewish synagogues . There are 3 different Islamic musjids providing places of worship for more than 600 Muslim families living in Columbia . Economy ( edit ) First Citizens Bank building at the corner of Main and Lady streets Columbia enjoys a diversified economy , with the major employers in the area being South Carolina state government , the Palmetto Health hospital system , Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Carolina , Palmetto GBA , and the University of South Carolina . The corporate headquarters of Fortune 1000 energy company , SCANA , are located in the Columbia suburb of Cayce . Other major employers in the Columbia area include Computer Sciences Corporation , Fort Jackson , the U.S. Army 's largest and most active initial entry training installation , Richland School District One , Humana / TriCare , and the United Parcel Service , which operates its Southeastern Regional Hub at the Columbia Metropolitan Airport . Major manufacturers such as Square D , CMC Steel , Spirax Sarco , Michelin , International Paper , Pirelli Cables , Honeywell , Westinghouse Electric , Harsco Track Tech , Trane , Intertape Polymer Group , Union Switch & Signal , FN Herstal , Solectron , and Bose Technology have facilities in the Columbia area . There are over 70 foreign affiliated companies and fourteen Fortune 500 companies in the region . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area as of 2010 was $31.97 billion , the highest among MSAs in the state . Several companies have their global , continental , or national headquarters in Columbia , including Colonial Life & Accident Insurance Company , the second - largest supplemental insurance company in the nation ; the Ritedose Corporation , a pharmaceutical industry services company ; AgFirst Farm Credit Bank , the largest bank headquartered in the state with over $30 billion in assets ( the non-commercial bank is part of the Farm Credit System , the largest agricultural lending organization in the United States which was established by Congress in 1916 ) ; South State Bank , the largest commercial bank headquartered in South Carolina ; Nexsen Pruet , LLC , a multi-specialty business law firm in the Carolinas ; Spectrum Medical , an international medical software company ; Wilbur Smith Associates , a full - service transportation and infrastructure consulting firm ; and Nelson Mullins , a major national law firm . CSC 's Financial Services Group , a major provider of software and outsourcing services to the insurance industry , is headquartered in the Columbia suburb of Blythewood . Downtown revitalization ( edit ) Lady Street in the historic Congaree Vista district downtown The city of Columbia has recently accomplished a number of urban redevelopment projects and has several more planned . The historic Congaree Vista , a 1,200 - acre ( 5 km ) district running from the central business district toward the Congaree River , features a number of historic buildings that have been rehabilitated since its revitalization begun in the late 1980s . Of note is the adaptive reuse of the Confederate Printing Plant on Gervais and Huger , used to print Confederate bills during the American Civil War . The city cooperated with Publix grocery stores to preserve the look . This won Columbia an award from the International Downtown Association . The Vista district is also where the region 's convention center and anchor Hilton hotel with a Ruth 's Chris Steakhouse restaurant are located . Other notable developments under construction and recently completed include high - end condos and townhomes , hotels , and mixed - use structures . A downtown lightpost banner heralds Columbia 's `` New Main Street '' as part of an effort to reinfuse life and vitality into Main Street . The older buildings lining the Vista 's main thoroughfare , Gervais Street , now house art galleries , restaurants , unique shops , and professional office space . Near the end of Gervais is the South Carolina State Museum and the EdVenture Children 's Museum . Private student housing and some residential projects are going up nearby ; the CanalSide development at the site of the old Central Correctional Institution , is the most high - profile . At full build - out , the development will have 750 residential units and provides access to Columbia 's waterfront . Lady Street between Huger and Assembly streets in the Vista and the Five Points neighborhood have undergone beautification projects , which mainly consisted of replacing curbs and gutters , and adding brick - paved sidewalks and angled parking . Special revitalization efforts are being aimed at Main Street , which began seeing an exodus of department and specialty stores in the 1990s . The goal is to re-establish Main Street as a vibrant commercial and residential corridor , and the stretch of Main Street home to most businesses -- - from Gervais to Blanding streets -- - has been streetscaped in recent years . Notable developments completed in recent years along Main Street include an 18 - story , $60 million tower at the high - profile corner of Main and Gervais streets , the renovation of the 1441 Main Street office building as the new Midlands headquarters for Wells Fargo Bank ( formerly Wachovia Bank ) , a new sanctuary for the Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church , the location of Mast General store in the historic Efird 's building , and the relocation of the Nickelodeon theater . A façade improvement program for the downtown business district , implemented in 2011 , has resulted in the restoration and improvement of the façades of several historic Main Street shopfronts . One of the most ambitious development projects in the city 's history is currently underway which involves old state mental health campus downtown on Bull Street . Known formally as Columbia Common , this project will consist of rehabbing several historic buildings on the campus for residential , hospitality , and retail use . A new minor league baseball stadium was recently built on the campus as well . Arts and culture ( edit ) Columbia Museum of Art South Carolina State Museum in textile mill built in 1894 EdVenture Richland County Public Library Town Theatre is the country 's oldest community theatre in continuous use . Located a block from the University of South Carolina campus , its playhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Since 1917 , the theatre has produced plays and musicals of wide general appeal . Trustus Theatre is Columbia 's professional theatre company . Founded more than 20 years ago , Trustus brought a new dimension to theatre in South Carolina 's capital city . Patrons have the opportunity to watch new shows directly from the stages of New York as well as classic shows rarely seen in Columbia . The Nickelodeon Theater is a 2 screen , store front theater located on Main Street between Taylor and Blanding Streets . In operation since 1979 , `` the Nick '' , run by the Columbia Film Society , is home to two film screenings each evening and an additional matinée three days a week . The Nick is the only non-profit art house film theater in South Carolina and is the home for 25,000 filmgoers each year . Columbia Marionette Theatre has the distinction of being the only free standing theatre in the nation devoted entirely to marionette arts . The South Carolina Shakespeare Company performs the plays of Shakespeare and other classical works throughout the state . Workshop Theatre of South Carolina opened in 1967 as a place where area directors could practice their craft . The theatre produces musicals and Broadway fare and also brings new theatrical material to Columbia . The South Carolina State Museum is a comprehensive museum with exhibits in science , technology , history , and the arts . It is the state 's largest museum and one of the largest museums in the Southeast . The Columbia Museum of Art features changing exhibits throughout the year . Located at the corner of Hampton and Main Streets , the museum offers art , lectures , films , and guided tours . EdVenture is one of the South 's largest children 's museums and the second largest in South Carolina . It is located next to the South Carolina State Museum on Gervais Street . The museum allows children to explore and learn while having fun . McKissick Museum is located on the University of South Carolina campus . The museum features changing exhibitions of art , science , regional history , and folk art . The Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum showcases an artifact collection from the Colonial period to the space age . The museum houses a diverse collection of artifacts from the South Carolina confederate period . The Richland County Public Library , named the 2001 National Library of the Year , serves area citizens through its main library and nine branches . The 242,000 - square - foot ( 22,500 m ) main library has a large book collection , provides reference services , utilizes the latest technology , houses a children 's collection , and displays artwork . The South Carolina State Library provides library services to all citizens of South Carolina through the interlibrary loan service utilized by the public libraries located in each county . The Columbia City Ballet is Columbia 's ballet company , offering more than 80 major performances annually . Artistic director William Starrett , formerly of the Joffrey Ballet and American Ballet Theatre , runs the company . The South Carolina Philharmonic Orchestra is Columbia 's resident orchestra . The Philharmonic produces a full season of orchestral performances each year . Renowned musicians come to Columbia to perform as guest artists with the orchestra . In April 2008 Morihiko Nakahara was named the new Music Director of the Philharmonic . The Columbia City Jazz Dance Company , formed in 1990 by artistic director Dale Lam , was named one of the `` Top 50 Dance Companies in the USA '' by Dance Spirit magazine . Columbia City Jazz specializes in modern , lyrical , and percussive jazz dance styles and has performed locally , regionally , and nationally in exhibitions , competitions , community functions , and international tours in Singapore , Plovdiv , Bulgaria , and Austria . The Palmetto Opera debuted in 2003 with a performance of `` Love , Murder & Revenge , '' a mixture of scenes from famous operas . The organization 's mission is to present professional opera to the Midlands and South Carolina . The Columbia Choral Society has been performing throughout the community since 1930 . Under the direction of Dr. William Carswell , the group strives to stimulate and broaden interest in musical activities and to actively engage in the rehearsal and rendition of choral music . Alternacirque is a professional circus that produces variety shows and full - scale themed productions . Formed in 2007 , Alternacirque is directed by Natalie Brown . Busted Plug Plaza is the location of Busted Plug , the world 's largest fire hydrant . The sculpture was erected in 2001 by Columbia artist known as Blue Sky . The sculpture is located on Taylor Street in downtown Columbia . Pocket Productions is an arts organization devoted to inspiring and expanding the arts community in Columbia , SC , through ArtRageous , Playing After Dark and other community - based collaborative events . Movies filmed in the Columbia area include The Program , Renaissance Man , Chasers , Death Sentence , A Guy Named Joe , and Accidental Love / Nailed . Venues ( edit ) Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center ( edit ) The Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center , which opened in September 2004 as South Carolina 's only downtown convention center , is a 142,500 - square - foot ( 13,240 m ) , modern , state - of - the - art facility designed to host a variety of meetings and conventions . Located in the historic Congaree Vista district , this facility is close to restaurants , antique and specialty shops , art galleries , and various popular nightlife venues . The main exhibit hall contains almost 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) of space ; the Columbia Ballroom over 18,000 square feet ( 1,700 m ) ; and the five meeting rooms ranging in size from 1500 to 4,000 square feet ( 400 m ) add another 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) of space . The facility is located next to the Colonial Life Arena . Koger Center for the arts ( edit ) Koger Center for the Arts provides Columbia with theatre , music , and dance performances that range from local acts to global acts . The facility seats 2,256 persons . The center is named for philanthropists Ira and Nancy Koger , who made a substantial donation from personal and corporate funds for construction of the $15 million center . The first performance at the Koger Center was given by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and took place on Saturday , January 14 , 1989 . The facility is known for hosting diverse events , from the State of the State Address to the South Carolina Body Building Championship and the South Carolina Science Fair . Koger Center for the Arts Carolina coliseum ( edit ) The Carolina Coliseum ( 1968 ) facing Assembly St . Carolina Coliseum , which opened in 1968 , is a 12,401 - seat facility which initially served as the home of the USC Gamecocks ' basketball teams . The arena could be easily adapted to serve other entertainment purposes , including concerts , car shows , circuses , ice shows , and other popular events . The versatility and quality of the coliseum at one time allowed the university to use the facility for performing arts events such as the Boston Pops , Chicago Symphony , Feld Ballet , and other performances by important artists . An acoustical shell and a state - of - the - art lighting system assisted the coliseum in presenting such activities . The coliseum was the home of the Columbia Inferno , an ECHL team . However , since the construction of the Colonial Life Arena in 2002 , the coliseum is no longer used for basketball , but is still used as classroom space for the Schools of Journalism and Hospitality , Retail , and Sport Management . Township auditorium ( edit ) Township Auditorium seats 3,099 capacity and is located in downtown Columbia . The Georgian Revival building was designed by the Columbia architectural firm of Lafaye and Lafaye and constructed in 1930 . The Township has hosted thousands of events from concerts to conventions to wrestling matches . The auditorium was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 28 , 2005 , and has recently undergone a $12 million extensive interior and exterior renovation . Sports ( edit ) Columbia sports teams Club Sport Founded League Venue Attendance SC Gamecocks football American football 1892 SEC Williams - Brice Stadium 78,822 SC Gamecocks women 's basketball Basketball SEC Colonial Life Arena 14,364 SC Gamecocks men 's basketball Basketball 1908 SEC Colonial Life Arena 11,995 Columbia Fireflies Baseball 2016 South Atlantic ( A ) Spirit Communications Park 7,500 SC United Bantams Soccer 2011 PDL Stone Stadium Columbia Olde Grey Rugby Union 1967 USA Rugby Patton Stadium Jump up ^ The Bantams base of operations is in Greenwood , South Carolina , though the team plays several home games in Columbia . The most popular sports in Columbia are the sports programs at the University of South Carolina . Columbia also offers minor league , semi-pro , and amateur sports . In April 2017 the women 's Gamecocks basketball team won the NCAA national championship , defeating Mississippi State 67 - 55 . Columbia has also hosted the women 's U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials in 1996 and 2000 and the 2007 Junior Wildwater World Championships , which featured many European canoe and kayak racers . The Colonial Life Arena has also hosted NBA exhibition games . Sports venues ( edit ) Williams - Brice Stadium is the home of the USC Gamecocks ' football team and is the 24th largest college football stadium in the nation . It seats 80,250 people and is located just south of downtown Columbia . The stadium was built in 1934 with the help of federal Works Progress Administration funds , and initially seated 17,600 . The original name was Carolina Stadium , but on September 9 , 1972 , it was renamed to honor the Williams and Brice families . Mrs. Martha Williams - Brice had left much of her estate to the university for stadium renovations and expansions . Her late husband , Thomas H. Brice , played football for the university from 1922 to 1924 . Williams - Brice Stadium opened in 1934 Colonial Life Arena Colonial Life Arena , opened in 2002 , is Columbia 's premier arena and entertainment facility . Seating 18,000 for college basketball , it is the largest arena in the state of South Carolina , and the tenth largest on - campus basketball facility in the nation , serving as the home of the men 's and women 's USC Gamecocks basketball teams . Located on the University of South Carolina campus , this facility features 41 suites , four entertainment suites , and the Frank McGuire Club , a full - service hospitality room with a capacity of 300 . The facility has padded seating , a sound system , and a four - sided video scoreboard . The $13 million Charlie W. Johnson Stadium is the home of Benedict College football and soccer . The structure was completed and dedicated in 2006 and seats 11,000 with a maximum capacity of 16,000 . The Founders Park opened in 2009 . Seating 8,400 permanently for college baseball and an additional 1,000 for standing room only , it is the largest baseball stadium in the state of South Carolina , and serves as the home of the University of South Carolina Gamecocks ' baseball team . Located near Granby Park near downtown Columbia , this facility features entertainment suites , a picnic terrace , and a dining deck . The facility also features a sound system and scoreboard . On January 6 , 2015 , developers broke ground on the $37 million Spirit Communications Park . The stadium is the home for the Columbia Fireflies , a Minor League Baseball team playing in the South Atlantic League . It opened in April 2016 and can seat up to 7,501 people . Columbia had been without minor league baseball since the Capital City Bombers relocated to Greenville , South Carolina , in 2004 . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Finlay Park The region 's most popular park , Finlay Park has hosted just about everything from festivals and political rallies to road races and Easter Sunrise services . This 18 - acre ( 73,000 m ) park has had two lives ; first dedicated in 1859 as Sidney Park , named in honor of Algernon Sidney Johnson , a Columbia City Councilman , the park experienced an illustrious but short tenure . The park fell into disrepair after the Civil War and served as a site for commercial ventures until the late 20th century . In 1990 , the park was reopened . It serves as the site for such events as Kids Day , The Summer Concert Series , plus many more activities . In 1992 , the park was renamed Finlay Park , in honor of Kirkman Finlay , a past mayor of Columbia who had a vision to reenergize the historic Congaree Vista district , between Main Street and the river , and recreate the site that was formerly known as Sidney Park . Memorial Park Riverbanks Zoo & Garden Congaree National Park swamp boardwalk Memorial Park is a 4 - acre ( 16,000 m ) tract of land in the Congaree Vista between Main Street and the river . The property is bordered by Hampton , Gadsden , Washington , and Wayne Streets and is one block south of Finlay Park . This park was created to serve as a memorial to those who served their country and presently has monuments honoring the USS Columbia warship and those that served with her during World War II , the China - Burma - India Theater Veterans of WWII , casualties of the Pearl Harbor attack of December 7 , 1941 , who were from South Carolina , Holocaust survivors who live in South Carolina as well as concentration camp liberators from South Carolina , and the State Vietnam War Veterans . The park was dedicated in November 1986 along with the unveiling of the South Carolina Vietnam Monument . In June 2000 , the Korean War Memorial was dedicated at Memorial Park . In November 2014 , Columbia native and resident of Boston , Henry Crede , gave a bronze statue and plaza in the park dedicated to his WWII comrades who served in the Navy from South Carolina . Granby Park opened in November 1998 as a gateway to the rivers of Columbia , adding another access to the many river activities available to residents . Granby is part of the Three Rivers Greenway , a system of green spaces along the banks of the rivers in Columbia , adding another piece to the long - range plan and eventually connecting to the existing Riverfront Park . Granby is a 24 - acre ( 97,000 m ) linear park with canoe access points , fishing spots , bridges , and 1⁄2 mile of nature trail along the banks of the Congaree River . In the Five Points district of downtown Columbia is the park dedicated to the legacy and memory of the most celebrated civil rights leader in America , Martin Luther King Jr . Park . Formerly known as Valley Park , it was historically known to be largely restricted to Whites . Renaming the park after Martin Luther King Jr. in the late 1980s was seen as a progressive and unifying event on behalf of the city , civic groups , and local citizens . The park features a beautiful water sculpture and a community center . An integral element of the park is the Stone of Hope monument , unveiled in January 1996 . Upon the monument is inscribed a portion of King 's 1964 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech : `` History is cluttered with the wreckage of nations and individuals that pursued that self - defeating path of hate . Love is the key to the solutions of the problems of the world . '' One of Columbia 's greatest assets is Riverbanks Zoo & Garden . Riverbanks Zoo is a sanctuary for more than 2,000 animals housed in natural habitat exhibits along the Saluda River . Just across the river , the 70 - acre ( 280,000 m ) botanical garden is devoted to gardens , woodlands , plant collections , and historic ruins . Riverbanks has been named one of America 's best zoos and the No. 1 travel attraction in the Southeast . It attracted over one million visitors in 2009 . Situated along the meandering Congaree River in central South Carolina , Congaree National Park is home to champion trees , primeval forest landscapes , and diverse plant and animal life . This 22,200 - acre ( 90 km ) park protects the largest contiguous tract of old - growth bottomland hardwood forest remaining in the United States . The park is an international biosphere reserve . Known for its giant hardwoods and towering pines , the park 's floodplain forest includes one of the highest canopies in the world and some of the tallest trees in the eastern United States . Congaree National Park provides a sanctuary for plants and animals , a research site for scientists , and a place to walk and relax in a tranquil wilderness setting . Sesquicentennial State Park is a 1,419 - acre ( 6 km ) park , featuring a beautiful 30 - acre ( 120,000 m ) lake surrounded by trails and picnic areas . The park 's proximity to downtown Columbia and three major interstate highways attracts both local residents and travelers . Sesquicentennial is often the site of family reunions and group campouts . Interpretive nature programs are a major attraction to the park . The park also contains a two - story log house , dating back to the mid 18th century , which was relocated to the park in 1969 . This house is believed to be the oldest building still standing in Richland County . The park was originally built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s . Evidence of their craftsmanship is still present today . In November 1996 , the River Alliance proposed that a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) linear park system be created to link people to their rivers . This was named the Three Rivers Greenway , and the $18 million estimated cost was agreed to by member governments ( the cities of Cayce , Columbia , and West Columbia ) with the proviso that the Alliance recommend an acceptable funding strategy . While the funding process was underway , an existing city of Columbia site located on the Congaree River offered an opportunity to be a pilot project for the Three Rivers Greenway . The Alliance was asked to design and permit for construction by a general contractor this component . This approximately one - half - mile segment of the system was opened in November 1998 . It is complete with 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) wide concrete pathways , vandal - proof lighting , trash receptacles , water fountains , picnic benches , overlooks , bank fishing access , canoe / kayak access , a public restroom and parking . These set the standards for the common elements in the rest of the system . Eventually , pathways will run from Granby to the Riverbanks Zoo . Boaters , sportspeople , and fisherpeople will have access to the area , and additional recreational uses are being planned along the miles of riverfront . Esplanade at Columbia Canal Lake Murray Dam Running beside the historic Columbia Canal , Riverfront Park hosts a two and a half - mile trail . Spanning the canal is an old railway bridge that now is a pedestrian walkway . The park is popular for walking , running , bicycling , and fishing . Picnic tables and benches dot the walking trail . Markers are located along the trail so that visitors can measure distance . The park is part of the Palmetto Trail , a hiking and biking trail that stretches the entire length of the state , from Greenville to Charleston . Other parks in the Columbia area include : W. Gordon Belser Arboretum Maxcy Gregg Park Hyatt Park Earlewood Park Granby Park Owens Field Park Guignard Park Southeast Park Harbison State Forest Government ( edit ) Columbia City Hall The city of Columbia has a council - manager form of government . The mayor and city council are elected every four years , with no term limits . Elections are held in the spring of even numbered years . Unlike other mayors in council - manager systems , the Columbia mayor has the power to veto ordinances passed by the council ; vetoes can be overridden by a two - thirds majority of the council , which appoints a city manager to serve as chief administrative officer . The current mayor is Stephen K. Benjamin , who succeeded longtime mayor and fellow Democrat Bob Coble in 2010 . Teresa Wilson is the current city manager . The city council consists of six members , four from districts and two elected at - large . The city council is responsible for making policies and enacting laws , rules , and regulations in order to provide for future community and economic growth , in addition to providing the necessary support for the orderly and efficient operation of city services . At - Large Tameika Isaac Devine Howard Duvall Jr . Districts 1 : Sam Davis 2 : Edward McDowell , Jr . 3 : Moe Baddourah 4 : Daniel J. Rickenmann See related article Past mayors of Columbia , South Carolina The city 's police force is the Columbia Police Department . The chief of police answers to the city manager . Presently , the chief of police is W.H. `` Skip '' Holbrook ; Holbrook was sworn in on April 11 , 2014 . The South Carolina Department of Corrections , headquartered in Columbia , operates several correctional facilities in Columbia . They include the Broad River Correctional Institution , the Goodman Correctional Institution , the Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution , the Stevenson Correctional Institution , and the Campbell Pre-Release Center . Graham houses the state 's female death row . The state of South Carolina 's execution chamber is located at Broad River . From 1990 to 1997 , Broad River housed the state 's male death row . Military installations ( edit ) Fort Jackson is the U.S. Army 's largest training post . McEntire Joint National Guard Station is under command of the South Carolina Air National Guard . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) Columbia is home to the main campus of the University of South Carolina , which was chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina . The university has 350 degree programs and enrolls 31,964 students throughout fifteen degree - granting colleges and schools . It is an urban university , located in downtown Columbia . The Horseshoe at USC ( est. 1801 ) Columbia is also home to : Allen University -- Allen University was founded in 1870 by the African Methodist Episcopal Church . Allen University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) to award baccalaureate degrees . Benedict College -- Founded in 1870 , Benedict is an independent coeducational college . Benedict is one of the fastest growing of the 39 United Negro College Fund schools . In addition to an increase in enrollment , Benedict has also seen an increase in average SAT scores , Honors College enrollee rates , capital giving dollars , and the number of research grants awarded . Recently , Benedict has been subject to a series of recent controversies , including basing up to 60 percent of grades solely on effort , which have nearly resulted in its losing its accreditation . However , in recent months the college has improved its financial standing and is seeking to boost its enrollment . Columbia College -- Founded in 1854 , Columbia College is a private , four - year , liberal arts college for women with a coeducational Evening College and Graduate School . The college has been ranked since 1994 by U.S. News & World Report as one of the top ten regional liberal arts colleges in the South . Columbia International University is a biblically based , private Christian institution committed to `` preparing men and women to know Christ and to make Him known . '' ECPI University has specialized in student - centered technology , business , criminal justice , and health science for 47 years -- A leading private university offering master 's , bachelor 's , associate degree and diploma programs . Continuing Education certification programs are also available . ECPI University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate , baccalaureate , and master 's degrees and diploma programs . ECPI University Columbia campus also has programmatic accreditation for Medical Assisting with the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools . Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary -- This institution , founded in 1830 , is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . One of the oldest Lutheran seminaries in North America , Southern is a fully accredited graduate school of theology preparing women and men for the ordained and lay ministries of the church . The wooded 17 - acre ( 69,000 m ) campus is situated atop Seminary Ridge in Columbia , the highest point in the Midlands area , near the geographic center of the city . Midlands Technical College -- Midlands Tech is part of the South Carolina Technical College System . It is a two - year , comprehensive , public , community college , offering a wide variety of programs in career education , four - year college - transfer options , and continuing education . Small classes , individualized instruction , and student support services are provided . Most of the college 's teaching faculty holds master 's or doctoral degrees . Fortis College -- Fortis College is part of the Educational Affiliates Inc , and offers many different career - based degrees . South Carolina School of Leadership -- Established in 2006 , South Carolina School of Leadership ( SCSL ) is a post-secondary `` gap year '' school with an intense focus on Christian discipleship and leadership development . SCSL uses curriculum from Southeastern University . Virginia College -- Virginia College received senior college recognition from the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools ( ACICS ) which now accredits all programs at the school 's campuses Columbia is also the site of several extension campuses , including those for Erskine Theological Seminary , South University , and the University of Phoenix . Private schools ( edit ) Ben Lippen School Bethel Learning Centers Cardinal Newman Central Carolina Christian Academy Cutler Jewish Day School Colonial Christian Academy Covenant Classical Christian School Glenforest School Grace Christian School Hammond School Harmony School Heathwood Hall Heritage Christian Academy Islamic Academy of Columbia Montessori School of Columbia Northside Christian Academy Palmetto Baptist Academy Sandhills School Saint John Neumann Catholic School Saint Joseph Catholic School Saint Martin de Porres Catholic School Saint Peter 's Catholic School Timmerman School V.V. Reid Elementary Public school districts ( edit ) Richland County School District One Richland County School District Two Lexington & Richland County School District Five Lexington County School District One Lexington County School District Two Lexington County School District Three Lexington County School District Four Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in South Carolina , List of radio stations in South Carolina , and List of television stations in South Carolina Columbia 's daily newspapers include The State and Cola Daily , and its alternative newspapers include Free Times , The Columbia Star , Carolina Panorama Newspaper , and SC Black News . Columbia Metropolitan Magazine is a bi-monthly publication about news and events in the metropolitan area . Greater Columbia Business Monthly highlights economic development , business , education , and the arts . Q - Notes , a bi-weekly newspaper serving the LGBT community and published in Charlotte , is distributed to locations in Columbia and via home delivery . Columbia is home to the headquarters and production facilities of South Carolina Educational Television and South Carolina Public Radio , the state 's public television and public radio networks . Columbia has the 78th largest television market in the United States . Network affiliates include WIS ( NBC ) , WLTX ( CBS ) , WACH ( FOX ) and WOLO ( ABC ) . Radio stations in the Columbia , South Carolina market By AM frequency 560 620 840 890 1170 1230 1320 1400 1470 By FM frequency 88.1 88.5 89.7 90.5 91.3 92.1 93.1 93.5 93.9 94.3 95.3 95.9 96.7 97.5 98.3 98.5 99.3 99.7 100.1 101.3 102.3 103.1 103.9 104.7 106.7 107.5 By callsign W259CL WARQ WBAJ WCEO WCFJ WCOS WCOS - FM WDEK WFMV WGCV WHXT WISW WLJI WLTR WLTY WLXC WMFX WMHK WNKT WNOK WOMG WPCO WQXL WRJA - FM WSCZ WTCB WUSC WVOC WWDM WWNQ WXBT WXRY - LP WYFV WZMJ South Carolina radio markets Charleston Columbia Florence Greenville -- Spartanburg Myrtle Beach Rock Hill Other South Carolina radio regions Hilton Head See also List of radio stations in South Carolina Broadcast television in the Midlands of South Carolina , including Columbia Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Network O&Os are in bold Digital television WIS ( 10.1 NBC , 10.2 Bounce , 10.3 Grit TV ) WLTX ( 19.1 CBS , 19.2 Justice , 19.3 ANT , 19.4 Quest ) WOLO - TV ( 25.1 ABC , 25.2 This TV , 25.3 QVC , 25.4 MeTV , 25.5 Start TV ) WRJA 27 / WRLK 35 ( xx. 1 PBS / SCETV , xx. 2 South Carolina , xx. 3 ETV World , xx. 4 ETV Kids ) WZRB ( 47.1 Ion , 47.2 qubo , 47.3 Ion Life , 47.4 Ion Shop , 47.5 QVC Over Air , 47.6 HSN ) WKDC - LD ( 50.1 Daystar ) WACH ( 57.1 Fox , 57.2 ASN , 57.3 Comet , 57.4 TBD ) WKTC ( 63.1 The CW / MNTV , 63.2 Telemundo , 63.3 Cozi TV , 63.4 Laff , 63.5 Escape ) Defunct channels W67DP 67 ( UPN / WB / MNTV / TMD ) South Carolina broadcast television areas by city Augusta , GA / Aiken Charleston Charlotte , NC Columbia Greenville , SC Myrtle Beach Savannah , GA / Hilton Head Transportation ( edit ) Mass transit ( edit ) The Comet , officially the Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority , is the agency responsible for operating mass transit in the greater Columbia area including Cayce , West Columbia , Forest Acres , Arcadia Lakes , Springdale , Lexington and the St. Andrews area . COMET operates express shuttles , as well as bus service serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs . The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the city of Columbia . Since 2003 , COMET has provided transportation for more than 2 million passengers , has expanded route services , and introduced 43 new ADA accessible buses offering a safer , more comfortable means of transportation . CMRTA has also added 10 natural gas powered buses to the fleet . COMET went under a name change and rebranding project in 2013 . Before then , the system was called the Columbia Metropolitan Rapid Transit Association or `` CMRTA '' . The Central Midlands Council of Governments is in the process of investigating the potential for rail transit in the region . Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden , Newberry , and Batesburg - Leesville are in consideration , as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two mainlines of the future Southeastern High Speed Rail Corridor . Roads and highways ( edit ) Columbia 's central location between the population centers of South Carolina has made it a transportation focal point with three interstate highways and one interstate spur . Interstates : I - 26 Interstate 26 travels from northwest to southeast and connects Columbia to the other two major population centers of South Carolina : the Greenville - Spartanburg area in the northwestern part of the state and North Charleston -- Charleston area in the southeastern part of the state . It also serves the nearby towns and suburbs of Chapin , Irmo , Harbison , Gaston , and Swansea . I - 20 Interstate 20 travels from west to east and connects Columbia to Atlanta and Augusta in the west and Florence in the east . It serves the nearby towns and suburbs of Pelion , Lexington , West Columbia , the Sandhill region , Pontiac , Elgin , Lugoff , and Camden . Interstate 20 is also used by travelers heading to Myrtle Beach , although the interstate 's eastern terminus is in Florence . I - 77 ( William Earle Berne Beltway ) Interstate 77 begins at a junction with Interstate 26 south of Columbia and travels north to Rock Hill and Charlotte . This interstate also provides direct access to Fort Jackson , the U.S. Army 's largest training base and one of Columbia 's largest employers . It serves the nearby towns and suburbs of Forest Acres , Gadsden , and Blythewood . I - 126 Interstate 126 begins downtown at Elmwood Avenue and travels west towards Interstate 26 and Interstate 20 . It provides access to Riverbanks Zoo . US routes : U.S. 1 U.S. 21 U.S. 76 U.S. 176 U.S. 321 U.S. 378 State highways : SC 12 SC 16 SC 48 SC 215 SC 262 SC 277 SC 555 SC 760 SC 768 Air ( edit ) The city and its surroundings are served by Columbia Metropolitan Airport ( IATA : CAE , ICAO : KCAE , FAA LID : CAE ) . The airport itself is serviced by American Eagle , Delta , and United Express airlines . In addition , the city is also served by the much smaller Jim Hamilton -- L.B. Owens Airport ( IATA : CUB , ICAO : KCUB , FAA LID : CUB ) located in the Rosewood neighborhood . It serves as the county airport for Richland County and offers general aviation . Intercity Rail ( edit ) The city is served daily by Amtrak station , with the Silver Star trains connecting Columbia with New York City , Washington , DC , Savannah , Jacksonville , Orlando , Tampa , and Miami . The station is located at 850 Pulaski St . Intercity bus ( edit ) Greyhound Lines formerly operated a station on Gervais Street , in the eastern part of downtown , providing Columbia with intercity bus transportation . The station relocated to 710 Buckner Road in February 2015 . MegaBus began operations in Columbia in 2015 . There routes include stops in Atlanta , Fayetteville , North Carolina , Richmond , Virginia , Washington , DC , and New York City , New York . The station is located on Sumter Street . Health care ( edit ) The Sisters of Charity Providence Hospitals is sponsored by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Augustine ( CSA ) Health System . The non-profit organization is licensed for 304 beds and comprises four entities : Providence Hospital , Providence Heart Institute , Providence Hospital Northeast , and Providence Orthopaedic & NeuroSpine Institute . Providence Hospital , located in downtown Columbia , was founded by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Augustine in 1938 . The facility offers cardiac care through Providence Heart Institute , which is considered a quality cardiac center in South Carolina . Providence Hospital Northeast is a 46 - bed community hospital established in 1999 that offers a range of medical services in surgery , emergency care , women 's and children 's services , and rehabilitation . Providence Northeast is home to Providence Orthopaedic & NeuroSpine Institute , which provides medical and surgical treatment of diseases and injuries of the bones , joints , and spine . Palmetto Health Baptist Hospital Palmetto Health is a South Carolina nonprofit public benefit corporation consisting of Palmetto Health Richland and Palmetto Health Baptist hospitals ( 2locations ; 1 downtown and 1 in the Harbison area ) in Columbia . Palmetto Health provides health care for nearly 70 percent of the residents of Richland County and almost 55 percent of the health care for both Richland and Lexington counties . Palmetto Health Richland is the primary teaching hospital for the University of South Carolina School of Medicine . Palmetto Health Baptist recently underwent a $40 million multi-phase modernization which included 37,000 square feet ( 3,400 m ) of new construction and 81,000 square feet ( 7,500 m ) of renovations . The extensive health system also operates Palmetto Health Children 's Hospital and Palmetto Health Heart Hospital , the state 's first freestanding hospital dedicated solely to heart care , which opened in January 2006 . The Palmetto Health South Carolina Cancer Center offers patient services at the Palmetto Health Baptist and Palmetto Health Richland campuses ; both are recognized by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer as a Network Cancer Program . Lexington Medical Center is a network of hospitals -- urgent care centers that are all located throughout Lexington County , South Carolina . There are currently six urgent care centers located in Lexington , Irmo , Batesburg - Leesville , Swansea , and Gilbert . The main hospital is in West Columbia . LMC opened in 1971 but quickly grew into a large center that has been growing every year since its opening . Currently , the main center offers an array of services from emergency treatments to the upcoming heart center . The Wm . Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center is a 216 - bed facility , encompassing acute medical , surgical , psychiatric , and long - term care . The hospital provides primary , secondary , and some tertiary care . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Columbia , South Carolina Accolades ( edit ) Columbia has been the recipient of several awards and achievements . In October 2009 , Columbia was listed in U.S. News & World Report as one of the best places to retire , citing location and median housing price as key contributors . As of July 2013 Columbia was named one of `` 10 Great Cities to Live In '' by Kiplinger Magazine . Most recently , the city has been named a top mid-sized market in the nation for relocating families , as well as one of 30 communities named `` America 's Most Livable Communities , '' an award given by the non-profit Partners for Livable Communities . Sister cities ( edit ) The city of Columbia has 5 sister cities : Kaiserslautern , Rhineland - Palatinate , Germany Cluj - Napoca , Romania Plovdiv , Bulgaria Chelyabinsk , Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia Yibin , Sichuan , China See also ( edit ) South Carolina portal Columbia High School ( Columbia , South Carolina ) Columbia , Newberry and Laurens Railroad , historic railroad Columbia Record , former afternoon daily newspaper Columbia Speedway Fort Jackson McEntire Joint National Guard Base Columbia South Carolina Temple , an operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Columbia Theological Seminary , formerly in Columbia , South Carolina , now in Decatur , Georgia George Stinney , youngest person to be executed in the United States Reformation Lutheran Church Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Columbia were kept at downtown from June 1887 to December 1947 , and at Columbia Airport since January 1948 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbia city , South Carolina '' . Census Bureau . Census Bureau . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanton , John R. ( 1952 ) , The Indian Tribes of North America , Smithsonian Institution , p. 93 , ISBN 0 - 8063 - 1730 - 2 , OCLC 52230544 Jump up ^ Charles Hudson ( September 1998 ) . Knights of Spain , Warriors of the Sun : Hernando de Soto and the South 's Ancient Chiefdoms . University of Georgia Press . pp. 234 -- 238 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2062 - 5 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Columbia . '' City of Columbia Official Web Site . www.columbiasc.net . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Slavery in Columbia '' . Slavery at South Carolina College , 1801 -- 1865 : The Foundations of the University of South Carolina . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sherman , William Tecumse ( 2009 ) . Burning of Columbia , South Carolina . Great Neck Publishing . p. 384 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Street Methodist Church - Our History '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mission '' . Columbia Music Festival Association . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Metropolitan Airport -- Columbia , SC -- Columbia 's airport '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ South Columbia Development Corporation Archived March 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official Series Description - ORANGEBURG Series . Soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Series Description - NORFOLK Series . Soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Series Description - MARLBORO Series . Soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia SC Official Website '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Overview - Annual 2012 - 2012 By The Numbers - State of the Climate - National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC COLUMBIA '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for COLUMBIA / METRO ARPT SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fort Jackson South Carolina Archived June 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jackson.army.mil . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ECONOMIC GROWTH WIDESPREAD ACROSS METROPOLITAN AREAS IN 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Archives -- Selling the North Columbia TIF , City Council Members Push On '' . Free Times . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ HSD , Inc . Holmessmith.com ( September 12 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CanalSide development '' . Canalside Lofts - Apartment Homes in Downtown Columbia , SC . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack Kuenzie ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` City officials announce plans for old Bull Street hospital - wistv.com - Columbia , South Carolina - '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit Communications Park / Columbia Fireflies '' . Ballpark Digest . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia City Ballet / / Company '' . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History - South Carolina Philharmonic '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Columbia City Jazz Dance Company Archived October 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Columbiacityjazz.com . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love . Jealousy . Rage . Murder . And that 's just Act One '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternacirque web site '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alternacirque 's Festival of Doom '' . Free Times . Resorts Media , LLC . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jasper Magazine on ArtRageous '' . Jump up ^ `` Playing After Dark , Digital & Analog '' . Free Times . Jump up ^ `` Pocket Productions site '' . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Convention Center '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Koger Center '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Otis R ... ( June 6 , 2010 ) The Township auditorium 's $12 million facelift -- Life & Style Archived June 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... TheState.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) . `` South Carolina Defeats Mississippi State to Win Women 's Title '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Macinnis , Roberta . ( March 2 , 2010 ) Marathoners making a run for 2012 Games to start here Houston & Texas News Chron.com -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Kayaking competition begins in Columbia -- Building Our City : Quality of Life '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BOBCATS : recap_pacers_061024 Archived January 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nba.com ( October 24 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ List of American football stadiums by capacity Jump up ^ Welcome to The Colonial Life Arena : About : General Information . Coloniallifearena.com . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Gamecocks Baseball '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Breaks Ground on Stadium for 2016 '' . Minor League Baseball . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archives -- America 's Best Zoos '' . Metro Spirit . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Financial Report for the fiscal year ended June 30 , 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holleman , Joey . ( January 16 , 2010 ) Zoo attracts more than a million visitors in ' 09 -- Local / Metro . TheState.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Beam , Adam . ( July 15 , 2010 ) Columbia council discusses unification proposal -- Local / Metro Archived July 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... TheState.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Institutions . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broad River Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goodman Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graham ( Camille Griffin ) Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . `` 4450 Broad River Road Columbia , SC 29210 - 4096 '' Jump up ^ `` Stevenson Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell Pre-Release Center . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graham ( Camille Griffin ) Correctional Institution . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . `` The institution also functions as a major special management unit with the ability to house female death row inmates and county safekeepers . '' Jump up ^ `` Death Row / Capital Punishment . '' South Carolina Department of Corrections . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Fort Jackson '' . jackson.armylive.dodlive.mil . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lesesne , Henry H , ( 2002 ) . A History of the University of South Carolina , 1940 - 2000 . University of South Carolina . Jump up ^ `` Top Five International Business Schools '' . Journal of Commerce ( Special Report ) : 6A. April 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Accreditation - Allen University '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Academic Halls of Stupidity : Success Equals Effort by Walter Williams -- Capitalism Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Fortis College -- Columbia '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina School of Leadership '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia College -- Columbia '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - The State '' . www.thestate.com . Jump up ^ `` About Us - ColaDaily.com - You need the news , not the paper '' . Jump up ^ Times , Free . `` free-times.com - Free Times - Columbia SC News , Events , Restaurants and Classifieds '' . Free Times . Jump up ^ `` www.thecolumbiastar.com - Columbia Star '' . www.thecolumbiastar.com . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Carolina Panorama Newspaper . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Black News - Local News , State News , and National News '' . www.scblacknews.com . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Metropolitan Magazine : THE city magazine for Columbia , SC '' . columbiametro.com . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Business Monthly - Your Business Resource for Columbia & The Midlands '' . www.columbiabusinessmonthly.com . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Jump up ^ `` About '' . April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CMRTA '' . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - The COMET '' . catchthecomet.org . Jump up ^ Rail Transit Study Jump up ^ `` CENTRAL MIDLANDS COMMUTER RAIL FEASIBILITY STUDY JULY 2006 '' ( PDF ) . CMCOG . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CENTRAL MIDLANDS COMMUTER RAIL FEASIBILITY STUDY ( EXEC SUMMARY ) MAY 2006 '' ( PDF ) . CMCOG . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Visit Opens Eyes For Rail Future '' ( PDF ) . The Central View . CMCOG . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greyhound Moving Away from Gervais Street '' . WLTX News . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wm . Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center '' . US Dept. of Veterans ' Affairs . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolgemuth , Liz . `` Best Places to Retire '' . U.S. News & World Report . 146 ( 9 ) : 38 . Jump up ^ Worldwide ERC and Primacy Relocation Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2007 Jump up ^ Interactive City Directory : Columbia , South Carolina . Sister Cities International Archived February 7 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Columbia , South Carolina Raj Chetty ; Nathaniel Hendren ( 2015 ) , City Rankings , Commuting Zones : Causal Effects of the 100 Largest Commuting Zones on Household Income in Adulthood , Equality of Opportunity Project , Harvard University , archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 , Rank # 96 : Columbia , South Carolina External links ( edit ) Find more aboutColumbia , South Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Columbia Metropolitan Convention & Visitors Bureau Columbia , South Carolina at Curlie Articles relating to Columbia , South Carolina Municipalities and communities of Lexington County , South Carolina , United States County seat : Lexington Cities Cayce ‡ Columbia ‡ West Columbia Towns Batesburg - Leesville ‡ Chapin ‡ Gaston Gilbert Irmo ‡ Lexington Pelion Pine Ridge South Congaree Springdale Summit Swansea CDPs Oak Grove Red Bank Seven Oaks Ghost town Granby Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Richland County , South Carolina , United States County seat : Columbia Cities Cayce ‡ Columbia ‡ Forest Acres Towns Arcadia Lakes Blythewood ‡ Eastover Irmo ‡ CDPs Dentsville Gadsden Hopkins Lake Murray of Richland St. Andrews Woodfield Unincorporated communities Ballentine Horrell Hill Pontiac White Rock Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - 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1314145063804895157	Christopher Hughes II	Christopher Hughes II - wikipedia Christopher Hughes II Chris Hughes Bailey Chase as Dr. Chris Hughes As the World Turns character Portrayed by Bailey Chase ( 2003 -- 05 ) Dylan Bruce ( 2007 -- 08 ) Daniel Cosgrove ( 2010 ) ( and others ) Duration 1986 -- 2005 2007 -- 08 First appearance August 30 , 1986 Last appearance September 17 , 2010 Created by Douglas Marland Introduced by Robert Calhoun ( 1986 ) Christopher Goutman ( 2007 ) Classification Final , regular Profile Occupation Doctor Interim Chief of Staff Head of Research Department Residence Oakdale , Illinois Dylan Bruce as Dr. Chris Hughes Daniel Cosgrove as Dr. Chris Hughes show Family Parents Bob Hughes Kim Sullivan Siblings Tom Hughes Frannie Hughes Sabrina Hughes Andy Dixon Children Unnamed child ( miscarriage w / Alison ) Grandparents Chris Hughes Nancy Hughes Frances Sullivan Aunts and uncles Susan Hughes Penny Hughes Cunningham Don Hughes Jennifer Sullivan Hughes Pearl Hughes Edith Hughes Frey John Hughes First cousins Ryder Hughes Christina Hughes Amy Lin Cunningham ( adoptive ) Rick Ryan Barbara Ryan Melinda Grey Paul Ryan Jennifer Munson Donovan Will Munson Johnny Dixon John Munson Donovan Jennifer Ryan Hallie Munson Other relatives Lien Hughes Adam Munson Casey Hughes Daniel Hughes Billy Norbeck Christopher Robert `` Chris '' Hughes II M.D. is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera As the World Turns . The role was most notably portrayed by Bailey Chase from 2003 to 2005 , Dylan Bruce from 2007 to 2008 and two - time Emmy nominee Daniel Cosgrove in 2010 . Contents 1 Casting and characterization 2 Actors that played Dr. Chris Hughes 3 Character history 3.1 Family and relationships 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting and characterization ( edit ) Dr. Chris Hughes was played by nine actors throughout the character 's run including Adam Hirshan from 1986 to 1990 , Eren Ross Cannata from 1990 to 1991 , Christian Siefert from 1992 to January 28 , 1998 , Ben Jorgenson in 1999 , Paul Korver from 1999 to March 8 , 2001 and Alan White from July 3 , 2002 , to September 17 , 2002 . The role was soon cast with actor Bailey Chase from January 29 , 2003 , to January 20 , 2005 . Chase eventually went on to star in various primetime series such as the MyNetworkTV telenovela series Watch Over Me and the FX drama Damages , among many other projects . Following Chase 's departure , Dylan Bruce took over the role from October 25 , 2007 , to October 15 , 2008 . Bruce had previously auditioned for a number of soap operas and played the role of a rat turned into a man by on NBC 's Passions in 2005 . Bruce 's agent Michael Bruno got him an audition for the role of `` Nate '' and his tape was sent to the show 's casting director Mary Clay Boland before he was hired for the role of Chris . Bruce sat down with Soap Opera Digest columnist Jennifer Lenhart to discuss his role and his enjoyment to be working with the show 's veterans . `` But I like that he 's a Hughes because I get to work with such great vets . And when they 're on - screen , hopefully the longtime fans love that having me back means seeing Don Hastings ( Bob ) and Kathryn Hays ( Kim ) more . '' -- Dylan Bruce , Soap Opera Digest After Bruce was let go from the show nearly a year later , the show cast Daniel Cosgrove in the role and he began airing in March 2010 until the final episode on September 17 , 2010 . Cosgrove joined ATWT following the finale of the long - running CBS soap opera Guiding Light after having played the role of Bill Lewis III from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 to 2009 . Cosgrove also played the role of Scott Chandler on the ABC soap opera All My Children from 1995 to 1997 before returning to the show from 2010 to 2011 after taking over for the departing Adam Mayfield . Before returning to AMC , Cosgrove was said to be in talks with One Life to Live to play the role of Joey Buchanan . Cosgrove led a long career outside of daytime , having appeared in shows such as Beverly Hills 90210 and Dirty Sexy Money . Actors that played Dr. Chris Hughes ( edit ) Daniel Cosgrove from March 11 , 2010 to September 17 , 2010 Dylan Bruce from October 2007 to October 14 , 2008 Bailey Chase from January 2003 to January 2005 Alan White from July 2002 to September 2002 Paul Korver from 1999 to March 2001 Ben Jorgenson 1999 Christian Siefert from 1992 to 1998 Eren Ross Cannata from 1990 to 1991 Adam Hirshan from 1987 to 1990 Character history ( edit ) Family and relationships ( edit ) Dr. Chris Hughes is a member of the long - standing Hughes family of Oakdale , Illinois . He is the son of Bob Hughes and Kim Hughes , the brother of Tom Hughes , Frannie Hughes , Sabrina Hughes and Andy Dixon . He is also the grandson of Chris Hughes and the town 's matriarch Nancy Hughes . Growing up in the town 's most respected family , Chris at times felt unwanted pressure to become a certain type of man and follow in the footsteps of his father in the medical profession . He eventually became a doctor at Oakdale Memorial Hospital and also traveled the world with the Global Health Association , medically assisting those less than fortunate . Chris ' relationships include Katie Peretti , Molly Conlan , Abigail Williams , Emily Stewart , Sofie Duran , and Alison Stewart before finally settling down with his first love Katie at the conclusion of the series in 2010 . At the end of the series , Chris battled a rare disease he was diagnosed with while overseas that resulted in heart failure . He eventually received a heart transplant from donor Reid Oliver in one of the show 's final major storylines . Reception ( edit ) The character of Chris Hughes came under some fire during Cosgrove 's run because of his character being saved from a heart ailment while his rival Dr. Reid Oliver ( Eric Sheffer Stevens ) was sacrificed and killed off in the final week of the show . Chris returned to town in 2010 after being diagnosed with a failing heart and Reid was the only person who knew of his condition and who could cure him . Reid became a close friend and with the assistance of Katie , Chris came to terms with the end of his life . However , while in pursuit of a donor heart Reid was killed when his car was struck by a train . With columnist Michael Fairman , Stevens praised his co-star Cosgrove over his professionalism and their character 's growing from rivals to friends . `` I love playing with Daniel Cosgrove . He is a great , great , guy . Reid will help Chris along the way , and that is part of story . '' -- Eric Sheffer Stevens , Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps The controversy arose because Reid , who was homosexual , was killed and his relationship with Luke Snyder was sacrificed while Chris was spared so that he could marry his girlfriend Katie . While Stevens himself dismissed the decision of the writers to intentionally kill off a gay character , both characters ' fan bases were at odds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DANIEL COSGROVE INTERVIEW - DAYTIME EMMY NOMINEE '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://sn.soapnet.go.com/galleries/2009-daytime-emmy-noms-lead-actor?page=0,3 ^ Jump up to : `` Bailey Chase '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Official : A&E Picks Up ' Longmire ' To Series '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As the World Turns News : Dylan Bruce Hired , Kelley Menighan Hensley Returning '' . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early Dylan '' . Soap Opera Digest . December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As the world turns - Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Cosgrove bio - Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rosa , Angela ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Cosgrove Returns to ' AMC ' '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinsey , Carolyn ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Soap star Patricia Mauceri walks from ' One Life to Live ' rather than act in gay storyline '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Chris Hughes '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eric Sheffer - Stevens Interview - The Follow Up - As the World Turns '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Christopher Hughes from soapcentral.com Chris Hughes from soaps.com As the World Turns Characters Hughes family Bob Hughes Kim Sullivan Hughes Chris Hughes Tom Hughes Margo Hughes Casey Hughes Snyder family Holden Snyder Jack Snyder Carly Snyder Lily Walsh Snyder Katie Snyder Luke Snyder Faith Snyder Natalie Snyder Ethan Snyder Parker Snyder Sage Snyder Jacob Snyder Ryan / Coleman family Barbara Ryan Coleman Henry Coleman Paul Ryan Eliza Ryan Stewart family Susan Burke Stewart Emily Stewart Ryan Alison Stewart Montgomery family Craig Montgomery Rosanna Cabot Johnny Montgomery Gabriel Caras Donovan / Ciccone Family Dusty Donovan Janet Ciccone Liberty Ciccone Lorenzo Donovan Teri Ciccone Other characters John Dixon Lisa Miller Grimaldi Noah Mayer Lucinda Walsh Notable previous characters Ameera Ali Aziz Kirk Anderson Samantha Anderson Dani Andropoulos Cleo Babbit Audrey Coleman Maddie Coleman Eve Coleman Browning Molly Conlan Rose D'Angelo Mick Dante Rick Decker Andy Dixon Matthew John Dixon Iris Dumbrowski Sofie Duran Sierra Estaban Kit Fowler Simon Frasier Gray Gerard Dallas Griffin Jessica Griffin Damian Grimaldi Ben Harris Marley Hudson Vicky Hudson Daniel Hughes Edith Hughes Nancy Hughes McCloskey Frannie Hughes Sabrina Hughes Lien Hughes Penny Hughes Sam Hutchins Vienna Hyatt Mike Kasnoff Nick Kasnoff Julia Larrabee Cheri Love Donna Love Ellen Lowell Lyon Hunter Bonnie McKechnie Jake McKinnon Winston Mayer Lucy Montgomery Keith Morrissey Adam Munson Hal Munson Will Munson Gwen Norbeck Munson Jennifer Munson Cole Norbeck Matt O'Connor Reid Oliver Aaron Snyder Brad Snyder Caleb Snyder Ellie Snyder Emma Snyder Iva Snyder J.J. Snyder Meg Snyder Seth Snyder James Stenbeck Betsy Stewart Jade Taylor Cass Winthrop Abigail Williams Main crew Creator : Irna Phillips Executive producer : Christopher Goutman Head writer : Jean Passanante Leah Laiman Related topics InTurn Our Private World Daytime Emmy Award History 1956 -- 1960 1961 -- 1965 1966 -- 1970 1971 -- 1975 1976 -- 1980 1981 -- 1990 1991 -- 1996 1997 -- 1999 2000 -- 2007 2008 2009 Related websites CBS Official website Procter & Gamble P&G ATWT Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Hughes_II&oldid=850573366 '' Categories : As the World Turns characters Fictional characters introduced in 1986 Fictional physicians Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played chris hughes on as the world turns	[ "Chris Hughes\nBailey Chase as Dr. Chris HughesAs the World Turns characterPortrayed by\nBailey Chase (2003–05)Dylan Bruce (2007–08)Daniel Cosgrove (2010)(and others)Duration\n\n1986–2005\n2007–08\n2010\nFirst appearance\nAugust 30, 1986Last appearance\nSeptember 17, 2010Created by\nDouglas MarlandIntroduced by\nRobert Calhoun (1986)Christopher Goutman (2007)Classification\nFinal, regularProfileOccupation\nDoctorInterim Chief of StaffHead of Research DepartmentResidence\nOakdale, Illinois\nDylan Bruce as Dr. Chris Hughes\nDaniel Cosgrove as Dr. Chris Hughes\nshowFamilyParents\nBob HughesKim SullivanSiblings\nTom HughesFrannie HughesSabrina HughesAndy DixonChildren\nUnnamed child (miscarriage w/ Alison)Grandparents\nChris Hughes Nancy Hughes Frances SullivanAunts and uncles\nSusan Hughes Penny Hughes Cunningham Don Hughes Jennifer Sullivan Hughes Pearl Hughes Edith Hughes Frey John HughesFirst cousins\nRyder HughesChristina HughesAmy Lin Cunningham (adoptive)Rick RyanBarbara RyanMelinda GreyPaul RyanJennifer Munson Donovan Will MunsonJohnny DixonJohn Munson DonovanJennifer Ryan Hallie MunsonOther relatives\nLien HughesAdam MunsonCasey HughesDaniel HughesBilly Norbeck", "Chris Hughes\nBailey Chase as Dr. Chris HughesAs the World Turns characterPortrayed by\nBailey Chase (2003–05)Dylan Bruce (2007–08)Daniel Cosgrove (2010)(and others)Duration\n\n1986–2005\n2007–08\n2010\nFirst appearance\nAugust 30, 1986Last appearance\nSeptember 17, 2010Created by\nDouglas MarlandIntroduced by\nRobert Calhoun (1986)Christopher Goutman (2007)Classification\nFinal, regularProfileOccupation\nDoctorInterim Chief of StaffHead of Research DepartmentResidence\nOakdale, Illinois\nDylan Bruce as Dr. Chris Hughes\nDaniel Cosgrove as Dr. Chris Hughes\nshowFamilyParents\nBob HughesKim SullivanSiblings\nTom HughesFrannie HughesSabrina HughesAndy DixonChildren\nUnnamed child (miscarriage w/ Alison)Grandparents\nChris Hughes Nancy Hughes Frances SullivanAunts and uncles\nSusan Hughes Penny Hughes Cunningham Don Hughes Jennifer Sullivan Hughes Pearl Hughes Edith Hughes Frey John HughesFirst cousins\nRyder HughesChristina HughesAmy Lin Cunningham (adoptive)Rick RyanBarbara RyanMelinda GreyPaul RyanJennifer Munson Donovan Will MunsonJohnny DixonJohn Munson DonovanJennifer Ryan Hallie MunsonOther relatives\nLien HughesAdam MunsonCasey HughesDaniel HughesBilly Norbeck", "Chris Hughes\nBailey Chase as Dr. Chris HughesAs the World Turns characterPortrayed by\nBailey Chase (2003–05)Dylan Bruce (2007–08)Daniel Cosgrove (2010)(and others)Duration\n\n1986–2005\n2007–08\n2010\nFirst appearance\nAugust 30, 1986Last appearance\nSeptember 17, 2010Created by\nDouglas MarlandIntroduced by\nRobert Calhoun (1986)Christopher Goutman (2007)Classification\nFinal, regularProfileOccupation\nDoctorInterim Chief of StaffHead of Research DepartmentResidence\nOakdale, Illinois\nDylan Bruce as Dr. Chris Hughes\nDaniel Cosgrove as Dr. Chris Hughes\nshowFamilyParents\nBob HughesKim SullivanSiblings\nTom HughesFrannie HughesSabrina HughesAndy DixonChildren\nUnnamed child (miscarriage w/ Alison)Grandparents\nChris Hughes Nancy Hughes Frances SullivanAunts and uncles\nSusan Hughes Penny Hughes Cunningham Don Hughes Jennifer Sullivan Hughes Pearl Hughes Edith Hughes Frey John HughesFirst cousins\nRyder HughesChristina HughesAmy Lin Cunningham (adoptive)Rick RyanBarbara RyanMelinda GreyPaul RyanJennifer Munson Donovan Will MunsonJohnny DixonJohn Munson DonovanJennifer Ryan Hallie MunsonOther relatives\nLien HughesAdam MunsonCasey HughesDaniel HughesBilly Norbeck", "Chris Hughes\nBailey Chase as Dr. Chris HughesAs the World Turns characterPortrayed by\nBailey Chase (2003–05)Dylan Bruce (2007–08)Daniel Cosgrove (2010)(and others)Duration\n\n1986–2005\n2007–08\n2010\nFirst appearance\nAugust 30, 1986Last appearance\nSeptember 17, 2010Created by\nDouglas MarlandIntroduced by\nRobert Calhoun (1986)Christopher Goutman (2007)Classification\nFinal, regularProfileOccupation\nDoctorInterim Chief of StaffHead of Research DepartmentResidence\nOakdale, Illinois\nDylan Bruce as Dr. Chris Hughes\nDaniel Cosgrove as Dr. Chris Hughes\nshowFamilyParents\nBob HughesKim SullivanSiblings\nTom HughesFrannie HughesSabrina HughesAndy DixonChildren\nUnnamed child (miscarriage w/ Alison)Grandparents\nChris Hughes Nancy Hughes Frances SullivanAunts and uncles\nSusan Hughes Penny Hughes Cunningham Don Hughes Jennifer Sullivan Hughes Pearl Hughes Edith Hughes Frey John HughesFirst cousins\nRyder HughesChristina HughesAmy Lin Cunningham (adoptive)Rick RyanBarbara RyanMelinda GreyPaul RyanJennifer Munson Donovan Will MunsonJohnny DixonJohn Munson DonovanJennifer Ryan Hallie MunsonOther relatives\nLien HughesAdam MunsonCasey HughesDaniel HughesBilly Norbeck" ]	[ "Bailey Chase", "Dylan Bruce", "Daniel Cosgrove", "others" ]
-5140818906566609542	Anne-Marie Johnson	Anne - Marie Johnson - wikipedia Anne - Marie Johnson Jump to : navigation , search Anne - Marie Johnson Anne - Marie Johnson in 2006 ( 1960 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Los Angeles , California , United States Occupation Actress , impressionist Years active 1976 -- present Spouse ( s ) Martin Grey ( 1996 -- present ) Anne - Marie Johnson ( born July 18 , 1960 ) is an American actress and impressionist who has starred in film and on television . Anne - Marie Johnson is perhaps best known for her roles as Nadine Hudson Thomas on What 's Happening Now ! ! , Aileen Lewis on Double Trouble , Althea Tibbs on In the Heat of the Night , and as a cast member on In Living Color during its final season . Anne - Marie is a former First Vice-President of the Screen Actor 's Guild . She ran for president of the actors ' union in 2009 on the Membership First ticket , but lost to eventual winner Ken Howard . Johnson has been married to Martin Grey since 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Career 2.1 Celebrity impressions on In Living Color 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Anne - Marie Johnson was born in Los Angeles , California . Her father is African American and her mother is Multiracial - American . She graduated from University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) with a degree in Acting and Theater . Her first role was as Aileen Lewis on the 1984 NBC comedy series Double Trouble . She played Raj 's wife Nadine Hudson Thomas in the 1985 syndicated series What 's Happening Now ! ! . Cast as Althea Tibbs on the NBC / CBS television series In the Heat of the Night , she became well known in this role , performing in series from 1988 through 1993 . While appearing on In the Heat of the Night , Johnson recorded the song `` Little Drummer Boy '' for the 1991 cast Christmas CD Christmas Time 's A Comin ' . Providing vocals behind her were country gospel legends The Marksmen Quartet and Nashville drummer Monty Hall . The song was produced by co-stars Randall Franks and Alan Autry . Career ( edit ) She joined the cast of the Fox Network sketch comedy series In Living Color in its last season ( 1993 -- 1994 ) ; afterwards she portrayed Alycia Barnett in one season of the Fox series Melrose Place ( 1995 -- 1996 ) . She had a recurring role on the CBS television series JAG as Representative Bobbi Latham . She has made guest appearances on other television series , including Diff'rent Strokes , Hill Street Blues , Hunter , Babylon 5 , Living Single , That 's So Raven , Leverage , Girlfriends , The Parkers and Rock Me Baby . Other appearances include playing fashion designer Donna Cabonna on That 's So Raven and television reporter Janet King on I 'm in the Band . She appeared on the game show Card Sharks , where her name was listed as `` Anne Johnson '' . She later appeared on the game show Child 's Play under her full name , as well as the pilot episode for the game show Body Language as Anne Marie Johnson , where she described herself as a `` struggling actress . '' She was elected First National Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild in 2005 . In 2010 , she was succeeded by Ned Vaughn . She is currently appearing in the new police procedural series Murder in the First on TNT . She plays the dying wife of homicide detective , Terry English . Celebrity impressions on In Living Color ( edit ) Boss Oprah Winfrey Regina King Mary Tyler Moore ( in a one - shot Mary Tyler Moore show parody featuring an all - black cast ) Lynn Whitfield Shari Belafonte Robin Givens Karyn Parsons Sally Struthers ( as `` Gloria Bunker - Stivic '' in All Up in The Family , an All in the Family parody that featured an all - black cast ) Whitney Houston Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hollywood Shuffle Lydia / Willie Mae / Hooker # 5 I 'm Gonna Git You Sucka Cherry 1989 Robot Jox Athena 1991 Five Heartbeats , The The Five Heartbeats Sydney Todd 1991 True Identity Kristi 1991 Strictly Business Diedre 1998 Down in the Delta Monica Sinclair 2001 Pursuit of Happiness Devin Quinn 2001 Apartment 12 Yvette Suicide Dolls Maria 2011 About Fifty Erin 2012 Freeloaders Lydia 2014 Knock ' em Dead Alex Hart 2015 Double Daddy Ms. Wolk 2015 Sister Code Mama Layne Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1971 Homicide Jenny Marshall `` Masquerade '' 1972 Matlock Police Debbie `` Sir '' 1973 Division 4 Susan Marshall `` Three Mouths to Feed '' Homicide Deborah Price `` Penelope '' Matlock Police Jenny Martin `` Prosperity Breeds Contempt '' Matlock Police Linda Watson `` What 's Best for the Kids '' 1976 Matlock Police Rebecca Grant `` Judgement Day '' 1984 High School U.S.A. Beth Franklin Unsold TV pilot 1984 Diff'rent Strokes Denise `` Undercover Lover '' 1984 - 85 Double Trouble Aileen Lewis `` Do You Believe in Magic ? '' , `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' , `` September Song '' 1984 - 85 Hill Street Blues Lynn Williams Recurring role 1985 - 88 What 's Happening Now ! ! Nadine Hudson Thomas Main role 1986 Hunter Isabel Teret / Nella Watkins `` Saturday Night Special '' 1988 - 93 In the Heat of the Night Althea Tibbs Main role 1989 Dream Date Donna TV film 1990 Lucky Chances Carrie Jones / Carolyn Dimes TV miniseries 1990 Singer & Sons Felicity Patterson `` Once Bitten '' Larry Sanders Show , The The Larry Sanders Show Barbara Kirsch `` The Guest Host '' 1993 - 94 In Living Color Various Characters Main role 1994 Living Single Sheila Kelly `` What 's Next ? '' 1994 Babylon 5 Mariah Cirrus `` The Long Dark '' 1995 Sirens Christine `` Color Blind '' 1995 Murder , She Wrote Priscilla Dauphin `` Big Easy Murder '' 1995 - 96 Melrose Place Alycia Barnett Recurring role 1996 - 97 Spider - Man Angela / Mousie ( voice ) 3 episodes 1997 Asteroid Karen Dodd TV film 1997 Smart Guy Ms. Williams `` Pilot '' 1997 - 2002 JAG Rep. Bobbi Latham Recurring role 1998 Any Day Now Aisha Bullock `` Making Music with the Wrong Man '' 1998 Pretender , The The Pretender Lt. Alison Fawkes `` Once in a Blue Moon '' 1999 Chicago Hope Mrs. Jamison `` Vanishing Acts '' 1999 It 's Like , You Know ... Cabil `` Two Days in the Valley '' 1999 Ally McBeal District Attorney Foster `` Love 's Illusions '' 1999 Hope Island Dr. Karen Dunbar `` You Ca n't Look at the Sea Without Wishing for Wings '' 2000 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child Verena ( voice ) `` The Frog Princess '' 2000 Chicken Soup for the Soul Elaine `` A Pearl of Great Value '' 2000 For Your Love Dr. Brown `` The Shrink Gets Shrunk '' 2000 X-Files , The The X-Files Vicky Wells `` Redrum '' 2001 Strong Medicine Nurse Doreen Collins `` Gray Matter '' 2001 Parkers , The The Parkers Lady Egyptian `` Nobody 's Fool '' 2001 District , The The District Renee Sawyer `` Rage Against the Machine '' 2002 Dharma & Greg Laura `` The Mamas and the Papas : Part 1 '' 2002 Through the Fire Anne - Marie TV film 2003 System , The The System Ms. Kimberly Trotter TV series 2003 District , The The District Rita Douglas `` Criminally Insane '' 2003 What I Like About You Olivia `` Loose Lips '' 2003 Division , The The Division Martha `` Castaways '' Rock Me , Baby Ms. Watson `` I Love You , You Do n't Love Me '' 2003 - 04 Girlfriends Sharon Upton Farley Recurring role 2006 That 's So Raven Donna Cabonna Recurring role 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ADA Jasmine Davis `` Leaving Las Vegas '' 2007 Bones Dr. Jasper `` Death in the Saddle '' 2007 NCIS Marine Col. Stacey Radcliffe `` Requiem '' 2007 - 09 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Liz Shelton `` Father Knows Best '' , `` Surprise , Surprise '' , `` A Grand Payne '' 2008 Boston Legal Vivian Stewart `` Juiced '' 2009 Uncorked Debra Miller TV film I 'm in the Band Janet King `` Slap Goes the Weasel '' 2011 Fairly Legal Jennifer `` The Two Richards '' 2011 Leverage Darlene Wickett `` The Grave Danger Job '' 2012 Days of Our Lives Dr. Patel 2 episodes 2014 Murder in the First Emily English `` Pilot '' 2014 Chasing Life Arianna `` Blood Cancer Sex Carrots '' 2015 Pretty Little Liars Claire `` Bloody Hell '' 2016 Childrens Hospital Dr. Parker `` The Grid : Parts 1 & 2 '' 2016 Grey 's Anatomy Judge `` Mama Tried '' 2016 Castle Mrs. Kramer `` Hell to Pay '' 2016 Major Crimes Jane Wolfe `` Present Tense '' 2017 Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later Burkhart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne - Marie Johnson '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ken Howard Elected '' . Sag.org . September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Classnotes '' . UCLA. 1981 . External links ( edit ) Anne - Marie Johnson on IMDb VIAF : 10059144 LCCN : no2001013162 BNF : cb14190779z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne-Marie_Johnson&oldid=803624915 '' Categories : 1960 births Living people Actresses from Los Angeles American film actresses American television actresses African - American actresses American actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American voice actresses UCLA Film School alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mrs. tibbs in the heat of the night	[ "Anne-Marie Johnson is perhaps best known for her roles as Nadine Hudson Thomas on What's Happening Now!!, Aileen Lewis on Double Trouble, Althea Tibbs on In the Heat of the Night, and as a cast member on In Living Color during its final season. Anne-Marie is a former First Vice-President of the Screen Actor's Guild. She ran for president of the actors' union in 2009 on the Membership First ticket, but lost to eventual winner Ken Howard.[2]" ]	[ "Anne-Marie Johnson" ]
6420112746884552028	History of Manchester City F.C.	History of Manchester City F.C. - Wikipedia History of Manchester City F.C. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the history of Manchester City Football Club . For an overview of the club , see Manchester City F.C. The History of Manchester City F.C. begins with Reverend Connell and William Beastow who founded the club as St. Mark 's in 1880 in Gorton , Manchester . The history of the club is split into separate pages spanning different eras of the club : History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1880 -- 1928 ) History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1928 -- 1965 ) History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1965 -- 2001 ) History of Manchester City F.C. ( 2001 -- present ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History synopsis 2 See also 3 External links 4 References History synopsis ( edit ) Main article : History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1880 -- 1928 ) The 1898 - 99 team that promoted to the first division The Manchester City team which won the FA Cup in 1904 Members of St. Mark 's Church of England , West Gorton , Manchester , founded the football club that would become known as Manchester City , for largely humanitarian purposes . Two church wardens sought to curb local gang violence and alcoholism by instituting new activities for local men , whilst high unemployment plagued East Manchester , specifically Gorton . All men were welcome to join , regardless of religion . A church cricket club had been formed in 1875 , but no equivalent for the winter months existed . To rectify this , and as part of Rector Arthur Connell 's general push to intervene in social ills , church wardens William Beastow and Thomas Goodbehere started a church football team called St Mark 's ( West Gorton ) ( sometimes written as West Gorton ( St Mark 's ) ) in the winter of 1880 . The team 's first recorded match occurred on 13 November 1880 , against a church team from Macclesfield . St. Marks lost the match 2 -- 1 , and only won one match during their inaugural 1880 -- 81 season , with a victory over Stalybridge Clarence in March 1881 . City gained their first honours by winning the Second Division in 1899 ; with it came promotion to the highest level in English football , the First Division . They went on to claim their first major honour on 23 April 1904 , beating Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 at Crystal Palace to win the FA Cup ; City narrowly missed out on a League and Cup double that season after finishing runners - up in the League but City became the first club in Manchester to win a major honour . In the seasons following the FA Cup triumph , the club was dogged by allegations of financial irregularities , culminating in the suspension of seventeen players in 1906 , including captain Billy Meredith , who subsequently moved across town to Manchester United . A fire at Hyde Road destroyed the main stand in 1920 , and in 1923 the club moved to their new purpose - built stadium at Maine Road in Moss Side . Main article : History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1928 -- 1965 ) In the 1930s , Manchester City reached two consecutive FA Cup finals , losing to Everton in 1933 , before claiming the Cup by beating Portsmouth in 1934 . During the 1934 cup run , Manchester City broke the record for the highest home attendance of any club in English football history , as 84,569 fans packed Maine Road for a sixth round FA Cup tie against Stoke City in 1934 -- a record which still stands to this day . The club won the First Division title for the first time in 1937 , but were relegated the following season , despite scoring more goals than any other team in the division . Twenty years later , a City team inspired by a tactical system known as the Revie Plan reached consecutive FA Cup finals again , in 1955 and 1956 ; just as in the 1930s , they lost the first one , to Newcastle United , and won the second . The 1956 final , in which Manchester City beat Birmingham City 3 -- 1 , is one of the most famous finals of all - time , and is remembered for City goalkeeper Bert Trautmann continuing to play on after unknowingly breaking his neck . Main article : History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1965 -- 2001 ) After relegation to the Second Division in 1963 , the future looked bleak with a record low home attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town in January 1965 . In the summer of 1965 , the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison was appointed . In the first season under Mercer , City won the Second Division title and made important signings in Mike Summerbee and Colin Bell . Two seasons later , in 1967 -- 68 , Manchester City claimed the League Championship for the second time , clinching the title on the final day of the season with a 4 -- 3 win at Newcastle United and beating their close neighbours Manchester United into second place . Further trophies followed : City won the FA Cup in 1969 , before achieving European success by winning the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1970 , beating Górnik Zabrze 2 -- 1 in Vienna . City also won the League Cup that season , becoming the second English team to win a European trophy and a domestic trophy in the same season . The club continued to challenge for honours throughout the 1970s , finishing one point behind the league champions on two occasions and reaching the final of the 1974 League Cup . One of the matches from this period that is most fondly remembered by supporters of Manchester City is the final match of the 1973 -- 74 season against arch - rivals Manchester United , who needed to win to have any hope of avoiding relegation . Former United player Denis Law scored with a backheel to give City a 1 -- 0 win at Old Trafford and confirm the relegation of their rivals . The final trophy of the club 's most successful period was won in 1976 , when Newcastle United were beaten 2 -- 1 in the League Cup final . A long period of decline followed the success of the 1960s and 1970s . Malcolm Allison rejoined the club to become manager for the second time in 1979 , but squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings , such as Steve Daley . A succession of managers then followed -- seven in the 1980s alone . Under John Bond , City reached the 1981 FA Cup final but lost in a replay to Tottenham Hotspur . The club were twice relegated from the top flight in the 1980s ( in 1983 and 1987 ) , but returned to the top flight again in 1989 and finished fifth in 1991 and 1992 under the management of Peter Reid . However , this was only a temporary respite , and following Reid 's departure Manchester City 's fortunes continued to fade . City were co-founders of the Premier League upon its creation in 1992 , but after finishing ninth in its first season they endured three seasons of struggle before being relegated in 1996 . After two seasons in Division One , City fell to the lowest point in their history , becoming the second ever European trophy winners to be relegated to their country 's third league tier , after 1 . FC Magdeburg of Germany . Main article : History of Manchester City F.C. ( 2001 -- present ) After relegation , the club underwent off - the - field upheaval , with new chairman David Bernstein introducing greater fiscal discipline . City were promoted at the first attempt , achieved in dramatic fashion in a play - off against Gillingham . A second successive promotion saw City return to the top division , but this proved to have been a step too far for the recovering club , and in 2001 City were relegated once more . Kevin Keegan arrived as the new manager in the close season , bringing an immediate return to the top division as the club won the 2001 -- 02 Division One championship , breaking club records for the number of points gained and goals scored in a season in the process . The 2002 -- 03 season was the last at Maine Road , and included a 3 -- 1 derby victory over rivals Manchester United , ending a run of 13 years without a derby win . City also qualified for European competition for the first time in 25 years . In the 2003 close season the club moved to the new City of Manchester Stadium . The first four seasons at the stadium all resulted in mid-table finishes . Former England manager Sven - Göran Eriksson became the club 's first manager from overseas when appointed in 2007 . After a bright start performances faded in the second half of the season , and Eriksson was sacked in June 2008 . Eriksson was replaced by Mark Hughes two days later on 4 June 2008 . By 2008 , the club was in a financially precarious position . Thaksin Shinawatra had taken control of the club a year before , but his political travails saw his assets frozen . Then , in August 2008 , the club was purchased by the Abu Dhabi United Group . The takeover was immediately followed by a flurry of bids for high - profile players ; the club broke the British transfer record by signing Brazilian international Robinho from Real Madrid for £ 32.5 million . Performances were not a huge improvement on the previous season despite the influx of money however , with the team finishing tenth , although they did well to reach the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup . During the summer of 2009 , the club took transfer spending to an unprecedented level , with an outlay of over £ 100 million on players Gareth Barry , Roque Santa Cruz , Kolo Touré , Emmanuel Adebayor , Carlos Tevez and Joleon Lescott . In December 2009 , Mark Hughes - who had been hired shortly before the change in ownership but was originally retained by the new board - was replaced as manager by Roberto Mancini . City finished the season in fifth position in the Premier League , narrowly missing out on a place in the Champions League , and competed in the UEFA Europa League in season 2010 -- 11 . Continued investment in players followed in successive seasons , and results began to match the upturn in player quality . City reached the 2011 FA Cup Final , their first major final in over thirty years , after defeating derby rivals Manchester United in the semi-final , the first time they had knocked their rival out of a cup competition since 1975 . They defeated Stoke City 1 -- 0 in the final , securing their fifth FA Cup , the club 's first major trophy since winning the 1976 League Cup . In the same week , the club qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1968 with a 1 -- 0 Premier League win over Tottenham Hotspur . On the last day of the 2010 -- 11 season , City passed Arsenal for third place in the Premier League , thereby securing qualification directly into the Champions League group stage . Strong performances continued to follow in the 2011 -- 12 season , with the club beginning the following season in commanding form , including beating Tottenham 5 -- 1 at White Hart Lane and humbling Manchester United by a 6 -- 1 scoreline in United 's own stadium . Although the strong form waned half - way through the season , and City at one point fell eight points behind their bitter rivals with only six games left to play , an unprecedented slump by the previous champions allowed the blue side of Manchester to draw back level with two games to go , setting up a thrilling finale to the season with both teams going into the last day equal on points . Despite City only needing a home win against a team in the relegation zone , they still managed to fall a goal behind by the end of normal time , leading some of United 's players to finish their game celebrating in the belief that they had won the league . Two goals in injury time - including one scored almost five minutes after normal time had elapsed - resulted in an almost - literal last - minute title victory , City 's first in 44 years , and became only the fifth team to win the Premier League since its creation in 1992 . In the aftermath that followed , the event was described by media sources from the UK and around the world as the greatest moment in Premier League history . The game was only made all the more notable for former player Joey Barton 's sending off , where he committed three separate red card - able incidents on three different players in the space of only a few seconds , resulting in a 12 - game ban which effectively forced him to leave English football . After an end to the season which many believed would only spur City on , however , the following season failed to capitalise on any of the gains made in the first two full seasons of Mancini 's reign . The transfer window saw virtually no players join the club until the last day of the season , when a last - minute burst of activity saw four different players all join in the space of around 10 hours . The free - flowing football of the previous season was suddenly rare to behold , and while City rarely seemed likely to drop below second in the table , they posed little title challenge all season . In the UEFA Champions League , the club was eliminated at the group stage for a second successive season , in a result which seemed to confirm Mancini 's reputation as far better at managing in domestic games than European , while a second FA Cup final in three seasons ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat to relegated Wigan Athletic . The loss resulted in Mancini 's dismissal , ostensibly as he had failed to reach his targets for the season but with many in the press suggesting a break - down of relations between Mancini and his players but also between the Italian and his board - level superiors , while a refusal to promote young players was also cited . In his place was appointed the Chilean Manuel Pellegrini , who boasted a far more impressive Champions League record but less of a reputation for trophy - winning . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester City . Book : Manchester City Football Club Manchester City F.C. seasons External links ( edit ) Manchester City Official Website - Club history mcfcstats.com - Website with records of all Manchester City matches and players References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James , Manchester City -- The Complete Record , p32 Jump up ^ James , Manchester : The Greatest City , pp 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 11 May 2003 ) . `` Maine Road through the ages '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward , The Manchester City Story , pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ James , Gary ( 22 April 2011 ) . `` FA Cup special : Thrills , spills and a cast of thousands at Maine Road '' . menmedia.co.uk . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` England 1937 / 38 '' . league table from RSSSF . Retrieved 29 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Rowlands , Trautmann -- The Biography , pp. 178 -- 184 Jump up ^ Ward , The Manchester City Story , p. 57 Jump up ^ Penney , Manchester City -- The Mercer - Allison Years , pp. 27 -- 36 Jump up ^ Penney , Manchester City -- The Mercer - Allison Years , pp. 37 -- 56 Jump up ^ Gardner , The Manchester City Football Book No. 2 , pp. 13 -- 22 Jump up ^ James , Manchester City -- The Complete Record , pp. 410 -- 420 Jump up ^ Other results meant United would have been relegated even if they had won or drawn , but neither team knew this at the time . Jump up ^ Ward , The Manchester City Story , p. 70 Jump up ^ Tossell , Big Mal , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ James , Manchester City -- The Complete Record , p. 68 Jump up ^ Buckley , Andy ; Burgess , Richard ( 2000 ) . Blue Moon Rising : The Fall and Rise of Manchester City . Bury : Milo . ISBN 0 - 9530847 - 4 - 4 . p. 177 Jump up ^ Manchester City -- The Complete Record , p. 265 Jump up ^ `` Goater double gives City derby win '' . RTÉ . Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eriksson named Man City manager '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eriksson 's reign at Man City ends '' . BBC Sport. 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City appoint Mark Hughes '' . Manchester City FC. 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Winrow , Ian ( 12 August 2008 ) . `` Thaksin Shinawatra 's crisis ends Manchester City 's European dream '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man City beat Chelsea to Robinho '' . BBC . 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lescott completes Man City move '' . BBC Sport. 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hughes sacked as Man City appoint Mancini manager '' . BBC Sport. 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 1 -- 0 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport. 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is Man City 's title win really the best Premier League moment ever ? See the Top 50 here ... and then tell us yours '' . The Mirror ( UK ) . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reconstructing The Most Exciting Day In The History Of Soccer ( And Maybe Sports , Period ) '' . deadspin.com. 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barton blow as bad boy is told he must serve ban at new club Marseille '' . The Daily Mail . 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REVEALED : Bitter dressing room battles that sealed the fate of preening Mancini '' . The Daily Mail . 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Statement '' . mcfc.co.uk. 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player power : Kompany , Hart and Silva threatened to quit Manchester City if Mancini did n't leave '' . The Mirror ( UK ) . 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-City boss Mancini reveals Soriano rift '' . Manchester Evening News . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Mancini : Man City exit because of poor relationships '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel Pellegrini : Manchester City appoint Chilean as manager '' . BBC Sport. 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ( hide ) Manchester City F.C. Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Honours Current season History Seasons 1880 -- 1928 1928 -- 1965 1965 -- 2001 2001 -- present Overview Strip Ownership and finances Europe People Players ( 100 + appearances ) 25 -- 99 appearances fewer than 25 appearances Managers Supporters Grounds Early grounds ( 1880 -- 1887 ) Hyde Road ( 1887 -- 1923 ) Maine Road ( 1923 -- 2003 ) City of Manchester Stadium ( 2003 -- ) Reserve grounds Academy Stadium Training ground Carrington Training Centre ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Etihad Campus ( 2014 -- ) Football teams First team Elite Development Squad Academy Women Affiliated football teams under CFG New York City FC Melbourne City FC Yokohama F. Marinos Club Atlético Torque Affiliated academies Sun Jihai Youth Training Football Base Media Media Blue Moon Rising Football Mania There 's Only One Jimmy Grimble Trautmann Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester City rivalries Manchester derby Schools Connell Sixth Form College Related articles Revie Plan The Kippax The Poznań `` Blue Moon '' `` Roll With It '' Famous matches Maine Road F.C. Manchester City F.C. ( Sierra Leone ) Book : Manchester City F.C. Category : Manchester City F.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Manchester_City_F.C.&oldid=800902590 '' Categories : Manchester City F.C. History of association football clubs in England Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did manchester city get promoted to the premier league	[ "A long period of decline followed the success of the 1960s and 1970s. Malcolm Allison rejoined the club to become manager for the second time in 1979, but squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings, such as Steve Daley.[15] A succession of managers then followed – seven in the 1980s alone. Under John Bond, City reached the 1981 FA Cup final but lost in a replay to Tottenham Hotspur. The club were twice relegated from the top flight in the 1980s (in 1983 and 1987), but returned to the top flight again in 1989 and finished fifth in 1991 and 1992 under the management of Peter Reid.[16] However, this was only a temporary respite, and following Reid's departure Manchester City's fortunes continued to fade. City were co-founders of the Premier League upon its creation in 1992, but after finishing ninth in its first season they endured three seasons of struggle before being relegated in 1996. After two seasons in Division One, City fell to the lowest point in their history, becoming the second ever European trophy winners to be relegated to their country's third league tier, after 1. FC Magdeburg of Germany." ]	[ "1992" ]
-5758606519729110627	Hot in Cleveland	Hot in Cleveland - wikipedia Hot in Cleveland Jump to : navigation , search Hot in Cleveland Genre Sitcom Created by Suzanne Martin Starring Valerie Bertinelli Jane Leeves Wendie Malick Betty White Composer ( s ) Ron Wasserman Emerson Swinford Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 128 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Suzanne Martin Sean Hayes Todd Milliner Lynda Obst Larry W. Jones Keith Cox Producer ( s ) Bob Heath Liz Feldman ( season 1 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time Approx. 22 minutes ( without commercials ) Approx. 46 + p ( hour - long final episode ) Production company ( s ) Hazy Mills Productions SamJen Productions TV Land Original Productions Distributor CBS Television Distribution ( USA ) Endemol ( Non-USA ) Release Original network TV Land Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 17 ) -- June 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 03 ) External links Website www.tvland.com/shows/hot-in-cleveland Hot in Cleveland is an American sitcom on TV Land starring Valerie Bertinelli , Jane Leeves , Wendie Malick and Betty White . The series , which was TV Land 's first original scripted series , premiered on June 16 , 2010 , and was TV Land 's highest rated telecast in the cable network 's 14 - year history . The series was picked up for ten episodes . On May 1 , 2014 , TV Land renewed Hot in Cleveland for a sixth season and confirmed the following November it would be the show 's last . The series ran for 128 episodes , with the hour - long final episode airing on June 3 , 2015 . The series was created by Suzanne Martin and is executive produced by Martin , Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner , through their production companies SamJen Productions and Hazy Mills Productions , and is produced in association with TV Land . The concept behind the show is based on an original idea by Lynda Obst , who serves as executive producer . The series was recorded in front of a live studio audience at CBS 's Studio Center in Studio City , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 2.3. 1 Season 1 2.3. 2 Season 2 2.3. 3 Season 3 2.3. 4 Season 4 2.3. 5 Season 5 2.3. 6 Season 6 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 4.1 Spin - off series and crossovers 5 Critical reception 5.1 Comparisons with The Golden Girls 6 Awards and nominations 7 Ratings 8 DVD releases 9 Broadcast 9.1 Syndication 9.2 International 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The series centers on three aging entertainment industry veterans from Los Angeles , Melanie ( Valerie Bertinelli ) , Joy ( Jane Leeves ) , and Victoria ( Wendie Malick ) . The three women find a more welcoming and less shallow and youth - obsessed community in Cleveland , Ohio , where , as seen in the pilot episode , their Paris - bound plane makes an emergency landing . They decide to stay and lease a home where a sassy caretaker Elka ( Betty White ) still lives in the guest house . Cast and characters ( edit ) Valerie Bertinelli , Wendie Malick , Jane Leeves , and Betty White in August 2012 Main cast ( edit ) Valerie Bertinelli as Melanie Hope Moretti , a writer and mother of college - age kids Will and Jenna . Depressed by her divorce , she boards a plane to Paris in the pilot episode to find love . However , when the plane makes an emergency landing in Cleveland , Melanie loves the city and its people so much that she decides to stay . Melanie discovers she is pregnant at the end of season 4 with Alec 's baby ; however , it turns out that she has a brain tumor , which caused symptoms that affected her pregnancy test . Jane Leeves as Rejoyla `` Joy '' Scroggs , a never - married beautician , known as the `` Eyebrow Queen of Beverly Hills '' , who counts among her clients stars such as Oprah Winfrey and Ryan Seacrest . Joy 's mother , who lives in England , is highly critical of her . She had a son , Owen , when she was 15 , but put him up for adoption . In the first season finale , Joy receives a message from her son , but a tornado prevents her from contacting him . Her son finally comes to visit her in Season 2 , with disastrous results . At the end of season 3 a baby is left on the women 's doorstep . This baby is revealed in season 4 as Joy 's grandson Wilbur . At the end of season 4 , Joy 's `` Baby - Daddy '' Simon shows up and wants to get back together . Joy eventually marries her quirky boss , Bob , in the series finale . Wendie Malick as Victoria Chase , a six - time - divorced , Daytime Emmy and Oscar Award - winning soap opera star who is famous for playing the lead role of Honor St. Raven in the 27 - year running show , Edge of Tomorrow . With the show recently canceled , Victoria laments that her only career opportunities are playing Megan Fox 's grandmother and Melanie Griffith 's mother ( in separate projects ) , and promoting adult underpants in Japan . She has also appeared in numerous Lifetime movies , the titles of which she brings up throughout the series . Her jobs in Cleveland have included high school drama teacher and reporter for Oh Hi , Ohio , a local news magazine program . In Season 4 , she stars in a fictional Woody Allen movie , later marrying her co-star Emmett Lawson while he is in prison . Also in Season 4 , someone reveals her real age , but it is bleeped and the character 's mouth is obscured . She has two daughters , Emmy ( an actress ) and Oscar ( a journalist ) , and one son named Tony ( a software developer ) . She is sworn enemies with Susan Lucci and has fought Melanie Griffith . Betty White as Elka Ostrovsky , an elderly Polish caretaker whose judgmental retorts to the other women in the pilot reveal an astringent demeanor and allude to a storied life , including escaping from the Nazis , an active sex life , heavy drinking , and possible marijuana use . It is revealed in the first season finale that her late husband had mob connections , and that the smell of marijuana came from the polish of his stolen goods . In the season 2 finale her `` dead '' husband surprisingly shows up at her wedding to Fred . White was only expected to have a guest role in the pilot episode , but her performance was so well - received that the producers decided to make her a regular . During season 3 , her age is revealed . At least once in several episodes she says , `` I 'm 90 . '' A running joke on the series is Elka 's ability to attract men better than Joy does . Elka is elected to a Cleveland City Council seat in Season 5 . Recurring cast ( edit ) Wayne Knight as Rick ( season 1 -- 2 ) , the women 's neighbor and a reporter for the Cleveland Plain Dealer . Rick has slept with Joy , but professes in Season 2 that he is more attracted to Melanie . Carl Reiner as Max ( season 1 -- 3 , 5 ) , Elka 's on - again / off - again ( mostly off ) boyfriend . Susan Lucci ( season 1 -- 3 ; 5 ) , as a fictionalized version of herself . A rival of Victoria 's from their soap opera days , who is constantly competing with her . Huey Lewis as Johnny Revere ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) , a famous musician who has an on / off sexual relationship with Victoria that dates back many years . Though the two have genuine affection for each other , career pursuits always got in the way of a lasting relationship . In the series finale , the two finally decide to settle down , and they get engaged . Joe Jonas as Will ( season 1 -- 3 ) , Melanie 's son , who is in college . Juliet Mills as Philippa ( season 1 ; 4 -- 5 ) , Joy 's uptight and critical mother Michael McMillian as Owen ( season 2 -- 6 ) , Joy 's son from a teenage pregnancy , whom she gave up for adoption . He has his own illegitimate son , Wilbur , in the fourth season . Jennifer Love Hewitt as Emmy Chase ( season 2 -- 3 ; 5 ) , Victoria 's actress daughter . In the fifth season , it is revealed she is married and eight months pregnant with a daughter , named Melon , to whom she gives birth in the same episode . She played a cop named Cole in the TV series Cole 's Law . John Mahoney as Roy ( season 2 -- 3 ; 5 ) , a waiter who flirts with Elka in season two . In season three , he fakes a murder investigation to get closer to Elka . The two start dating , and go on many adventures , including skydiving . They break up after Roy 's mother disapproves of Elka , but get back together in season 5 , albeit briefly . Buck Henry as Fred ( season 2 -- 3 ) , Elka 's fiancé in season 2 . Their wedding is halted before they say their vows after Elka 's `` dead '' husband shockingly shows up . James Patrick Stuart as Colin Cooper ( season 2 -- 3 ) , Victoria 's co-anchor on Oh Hi , Ohio , whom she finds annoying . He has an off / on relationship with Joy throughout the second and third seasons . Jon Lovitz as Artie Firestone ( season 2 -- 3 ) , a mentally unstable billionaire who is heir to the Firestone family fortune . In season two , while disowned by his family and homeless , he became engaged to Joy so she could get her green card . In season three , he began taking medication for his mental illness and was welcomed back into the Firestone family . The character 's name and personal fortune is a reference to another character played by Lovitz , Artie Ziff , on The Simpsons . Georgia Engel as Mamie - Sue Johnson ( season 3 -- 6 ) , a naïve friend of Elka 's . She and Elka run an illegal pharmacy in the fourth season . Dave Foley as Detective Bob Moore ( season 4 -- 6 ) , Joy 's strange employer at a private detective agency where she works as a college intern . He quickly becomes infatuated with Joy . By Season 6 , Joy finally reciprocates the feelings and the two get engaged . They get married and adopt a baby girl in the series finale . Craig Ferguson as Simon ( season 4 -- 6 ) , Joy 's former lover , Owen 's father , and Wilbur 's grandfather , who comes back into her life unexpectedly . Jay Harrington as Alec ( season 4 -- 5 ) , Melanie 's boss and love interest in the fourth season . He and Melanie break up amicably , so that he can have the chance to be a father . Heather Locklear as Chloe ( season 4 ) , Alec 's ex-wife who is still his business partner . Alan Dale as Emmett Lawson ( season 4 ) , Victoria 's on - screen and off - screen love interest during the fourth season . He proposes to Victoria , but is soon arrested for tax fraud . He and Victoria marry in prison in the season finale , but he escapes from prison disguised as her . He faked his death and is presumably still alive in a remote area of the world , but Victoria has decided to move on without him . Eddie Cibrian as Sean ( season 4 ) , Joy 's fireman love interest . Tim Daly as Mitch Turner ( season 5 ) , Joy 's new boss after he takes over the detective agency from Bob . He later becomes Joy 's boyfriend . Bill Bellamy as Councilman Powell ( season 5 ) , a wheelchair - bound , former Ohio State University football star who holds a city council seat that Elka seeks . Guest stars ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Guest stars during the first season included Shirley Knight as Melanie 's overprotective mother , Loretta ; Hal Linden as Victoria 's womanizing actor father , Alex ; singer Joe Jonas as Melanie 's son , Will ; Carl Reiner as Max , Elka 's boyfriend ; Bil Dwyer as Melanie 's ex-husband Anders ; and Juliet Mills as Joy 's critical mother , Philippa . Other first season guest stars include John Schneider , Wayne Knight , Robert Gant , Huey Lewis , Amy Yasbeck , Tim Conway , Mark Indelicato , David Starzyk , Gary Anthony Williams , Dave Foley and Susan Lucci . Season 2 ( edit ) For the second season , Mary Tyler Moore guest starred in the season premiere as Elka 's jail cellmate , in the wake of the latter 's arrest in the first season finale . This marked the first time since 1977 , when The Mary Tyler Moore Show ended , that White and Moore had worked together . Sherri Shepherd appeared in two episodes as the judge in Elka 's competency case . David Starzyk , John Schneider , Huey Lewis , Wayne Knight and Carl Reiner all reprised their roles from season 1 . Bonnie Franklin also guest starred as Melanie 's ex-boyfriend's mother , Franklin reuniting with One Day at a Time co-star Valerie Bertinelli . On July 20 , 2011 , Doris Roberts appeared as Lydia Dombrosky , Elka 's nemesis . Jennifer Love Hewitt guest starred as Victoria 's daughter Emmy , while Michael McMillian appeared as Joy 's son , Owen . Buck Henry appeared in multiple episodes as Elka 's love interest and eventual fiancé . Jimmy Kimmel , Susan Lucci , and Melanie Griffith made guest appearances as themselves . Michael E. Knight , Jon Lovitz , Isaiah Mustafa , Monica Horan , Frank Caliendo , Cedric the Entertainer , Darnell Williams and Jane Leeves ' Frasier co-stars Peri Gilpin and John Mahoney also appeared on the show as guest stars . Don Rickles made a surprise appearance as Elka 's dead husband in the Season 2 finale , `` Elka 's Wedding '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Season three features guest stars such as series producer Sean Hayes as a hand model boyfriend of Victoria 's , Gilles Marini as Captain Lebeau , Kathie Lee Gifford , Sandra Bernhard , Don Rickles as Elka 's late husband Bob , who faked his death , John Mahoney ( Leeves ' former Frasier costar ) as Roy , Elka 's boyfriend , and Laura San Giacomo as Melanie 's estranged sister , and Baron Davis and Josh Cribbs as themselves . In addition to Mary Tyler Moore guest starring in the second season premiere , the third season saw Betty White reunite with Ed Asner and Georgia Engel in two different episodes . The season includes the return of guests Jennifer Love Hewitt , Susan Lucci , Huey Lewis , Joe Jonas and Jon Lovitz . Cybill Shepherd , Curtis Armstrong , Doug Savant , Kristin Chenoweth , Barry Bostwick , Dan Cortese , Lee Corso , Regis Philbin , Joan Rivers , and David Spade -- who had co-starred with Malick in Just Shoot Me , as had San Giacomo -- also make guest appearances in the third season . Season 4 ( edit ) Season four recurring guests include Heather Locklear as Chloe , Jay Harrington as Alec , and Alan Dale as Emmett . Other guest stars include Craig Ferguson , who plays the ex-boyfriend that left Joy when she became pregnant , Eddie Cibrian as Sean , Fred Willard as Dr. Hill , and Gary Anthony Sturgis as Officer Davenport , while Ed Begley Jr. , Nicholas Bishop , Heather Dubrow , Dave Foley , Jesse Tyler Ferguson and George Hamilton also make guest appearances . Georgia Engel and Regis Philbin reprise their roles from the previous season , while Michael McMillian returns as Owen , Joy 's son and Juliet Mills returns for one episode as Joy 's mother . In the live episode for the mid-season premiere , Academy Award winner Shirley Jones makes a guest appearance , as does William Shatner as `` Sally from Cincinnati '' . Carol Burnett guest - starred as Victoria 's mother and Jean Smart guest - starred as Victoria 's sister in the second episode of the summer season . Tim Conway also reprised his role as Elka 's ex-boyfriend , Nick . The Mary Tyler Moore Show cast reunited on screen for the first time in 36 years , in an episode where Mary Tyler Moore , Valerie Harper , Cloris Leachman , Betty White and Georgia Engel were all members of a 1960s bowling team reuniting for the first time in 50 years . In the season finale , Melanie announces she is pregnant , Joy rekindles her love for her son 's father , and Victoria 's husband , Emmett , who is in jail , has escaped on the night of their jailhouse honeymoon . Season 5 ( edit ) Season 5 premiered with The Soul Man with two back - to - back live episodes on March 26 , 2014 ( 10 : 00PM EDT and 10 : 30PM EDT ) . Guest stars in the premiere episode included Dave Foley and Georgia Engel reprising their roles from the previous seasons , and Ken Jeong making a guest appearance , with Alex Trebek appearing as himself . Cedric the Entertainer made a special guest appearance reprising his role from the Hot in Cleveland spin - off The Soul Man , while Betty White reprised her role as Elka on The Soul Man . Jennifer Love Hewitt , Jay Harrington , Craig Ferguson , Michael McMillian , Susan Lucci and Juliet Mills reprised their roles from the previous seasons . Tim Daly was added as recurring character Mitch , Joy 's new boss and love interest . Additional guest appearances were made by Thomas Lennon , Jaime Pressly , Angela Kinsey , Chris Elliott , Jason Priestley , Sarah Hyland , Max Greenfield , Cheri Oteri , Chevy Chase , Rob Schneider , Nora Dunn , Morgan Fairchild , Coby Bell , Chris Colfer , Will Sasso , Steven Tyler ( in the special animated episode ) , Queen Latifah , Perez Hilton and Debra Monk . Season 6 ( edit ) The sixth season was announced by TV Land as the final season for the series . Guest stars for this season include : Ernie Hudson as one of Victoria 's ex-husbands who helps her come to terms with their once embarrassing legacy , Lesley Nicol who appeared in the Christmas episode ; Andrew J. West as a man who hits on Melanie , Timm Sharp as the producer of Victoria 's new TV show , and Robert Wagner as Jim , a new man in Elka 's life . Mario Lopez appears as himself , with newly appointed Councilwoman Elka trying to lure him into taping his TV show in Cleveland . Will Sasso reprises his role as Franky , Melanie 's co-host on the `` He Said / She Said '' radio program . Bob Newhart , Thomas Gibson and Huey Lewis all appear in the season and series finale . Stacy Keach plays Victoria 's father Alex in two episodes . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Hot in Cleveland episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Viewers ( in millions ) First aired Last aired 10 June 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 16 ) August 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) 3.12 22 January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) August 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) 2.09 24 November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) June 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) 1.52 24 November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) 1.34 5 24 March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) N / A 6 24 November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) June 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 03 ) 0.79 Development and production ( edit ) Hot in Cleveland is TV Land 's first attempt at a first - run scripted comedy ( the channel has rerun other sitcoms since its debut ) and is produced by Sean Hayes 's Hazy Mills Productions and written by Suzanne Martin , who also serves as the showrunner . It is shot with a multicamera setup in front of a live studio audience at the CBS Studio Center production studios . Martin initially got the idea from the period after Estelle Getty died in which clips of Getty 's sitcom , Golden Girls were being replayed on the news which cause Martin `` to think about women in their 50s and what the show meant for women now . '' She then devised a scenario in which `` women in that age group landed somewhere in America and they were `` hot again '' there ? '' Martin initially pitched the series to CBS who rejected it , due to what Martin believes was `` because it involved women older than the demo they were looking at '' At the time of the pick up Martin was unaware of TV Land 's existence . TV Land announced that the show was renewed for a second season on July 7 , 2010 . The 20 - episode second season began production on November 1 , 2010 , and premiered January 19 , 2011 . On February 28 , 2011 , TV Land renewed the show for a third season to consist of 22 episodes . On March 21 , 2011 , TV Land announced that the third season order was increased to 24 episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , TV Land renewed the series for a fourth season . Betty White was only meant to appear in the pilot of the show but was asked to stay on for the entire series . She reportedly earned $75,000 per episode for the series . Spin - off series and crossovers ( edit ) On April 18 , 2011 , It was announced that Cedric the Entertainer would guest star in a season 2 episode as a minister that gets caught up in the girls ' problems . The episode served as a backdoor pilot for a spin - off series to star Cedric . The episode entitled `` Bridezelka '' was written by Hot in Cleveland creator Suzanne Martin and aired on August 24 , 2011 . The spin - off series centers on Reverend Boyce ( Cedric ) as he moves from Cleveland to St. Louis and has to balance his wild past as an R&B singer with the expectations of his congregation and his family . On January 12 , 2012 , TV Land officially picked up the pilot to series , under the title Have Faith ; with the first season set to have 12 episodes . On March 11 , 2012 , it was announced that the series ' title was changed from Have Faith to The Soul Man . The series premiered on June 20 , 2012 . In the March 27 , 2014 premiere of Hot in Cleveland , Cedric the Entertainer reprises his role as Reverend Boyce ; however , he does n't appear to recognize the characters from his appearance in Season 2 of Hot in Cleveland . Betty White also reprises her role as Elka on The Soul Man . In the second season of Hot in Cleveland , the show crossed over with daytime soap opera All My Children , in the two - part episode ' I Love Lucci ' . Wendie Malick appeared on All My Children , where she was credited as Victoria Chase , while Susan Lucci appears as herself on Hot in Cleveland . The fifth season of Hot in Cleveland featured a crossover with the television show Kirstie , which also aired on TV Land in 2013 -- 14 . Critical reception ( edit ) The show has received positive reviews from critics . Wendie Malick and Betty White have both received extensive praise for their performances . The first season scored a 65 out of 100 on Metacritic . Comparisons with the Golden Girls ( edit ) Hot in Cleveland has been referred to as a modern spin on the classic 1980s television series The Golden Girls which also featured actress Betty White in a starring role . Craig Berman of Today stated that the show is `` as close as we 're likely to get to a repeat of White 's 1980s ensemble comedy hit , The Golden Girls ... ( TV Land ) the network known as the refuge for people looking to fall asleep to reruns of shows from their childhood has made its first scripted program a modern version of the classic sitcom premise . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented : `` This is the first original scripted comedy on TV Land , a network that was founded on reruns . So not surprisingly , Hot in Cleveland is a pastiche of classics -- a little bit Cheers and Frasier , a little bit The Golden Girls . '' Michael Musto of The Village Voice wrote : `` Wendy ( sic ) Malick is basically the modern - day Bea Arthur . Sweet - faced Valerie Bertinelli is the new Betty White . Been - around Jane Leeves is the nouveau Rue McClanahan . And witheringly sarcastic Golden Girl Betty White has turned into Estelle Getty . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Betty White received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role as Elka Ostrovsky , and went on to win the award . The cast received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . On May 17 , 2011 , TV Land entered the show in the race for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . The show submitted for Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for all four leading women , to reinforce the idea of an ensemble cast . The show also submitted in technical categories . On July 14 , 2011 , the show received two Primetime Emmy nominations , including Betty White getting nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Comedy Series . In December 2011 , Betty White received her second consecutive SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . She went on to win it . In 2012 Hot in Cleveland received 2 more Emmy nominations . Awards Year Nominee Result The Comedy Awards 2011 Best Actress in a TV Comedy Betty White Nominated Emmy Awards 2011 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Betty White Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series Michael Andrew Hynes and Maralee Zediker ( for `` Sisterhood of the Traveling SPANX © '' , `` I Love Lucci : Part Two '' , and `` LeBron is Le Gone '' ) Won Gracie Allen Awards 2011 Best Actress in a Comedy Series Betty White Won Screen Actors Guild Awards 2011 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Betty White Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Valerie Bertinelli , Jane Leeves , Wendie Malick and Betty White Nominated People 's Choice Awards 2012 Favorite Cable TV Comedy Hot in Cleveland Won Screen Actors Guild Awards 2012 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Betty White Won GLAAD Media Awards 2012 Outstanding Individual Episode ( in a series without a regular LGBT character ) Hot in Cleveland episode `` Beards '' Won People 's Choice Awards 2013 Favorite Cable TV Comedy Hot in Cleveland Nominated People 's Choice Awards 2014 Favorite Cable TV Comedy Hot in Cleveland Nominated Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere of Hot in Cleveland was a ratings success for TV Land . It earned a 1.9 rating and averaged 2 million viewers among the network 's target adults 25 -- 54 audience and also averaged 1.3 million among women 25 -- 54 . It drew a total of 4.75 million viewers making it the most watched show in TV Land history . Season Timeslot ( ET / PT ) # Ep . Premiere date Premiere viewers ( millions ) 18 - 49 rating Finale date Finale viewers ( millions ) 18 - 49 rating TV season Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 10 June 16 , 2010 4.75 1.5 August 18 , 2010 3.40 0.9 4.2 2.8 22 January 19 , 2011 2.95 0.7 August 31 , 2011 2.44 0.5 2011 2.08 24 November 30 , 2011 1.94 0.4 June 6 , 2012 1.95 0.5 2011 -- 2012 1.52 24 November 28 , 2012 1.70 0.4 September 4 , 2013 1.90 0.5 2012 -- 2013 1.34 5 24 March 26 , 2014 1.35 0.3 September 10 , 2014 0.91 0.2 2014 N / A 6 24 November 5 , 2014 0.66 0.2 June 3 , 2015 1.02 0.2 2014 -- 2015 N / A DVD releases ( edit ) Paramount Home Media Distribution has released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1 . DVD Name Region 1 Release Date Region 2 Release Date Region 4 Release Date # Ep . Discs Special features Season 1 January 11 , 2011 April 25 , 2011 February 17 , 2011 10 Original full - length pilot , bloopers , wardrobe featurette , `` We Love Our Age '' featurette , set tour , Victoria 's full - length Japanese `` lady pants '' commercial , episode of `` Retired at 35 '' . Season 2 November 29 , 2011 ( USA ) January 31 , 2012 ( Canada ) August 29 , 2011 ( Part 1 ) February 25 , 2013 ( Part 2 ) February 25 , 2013 ( Complete Season 2 ) January 19 , 2012 22 Interviews , The Cast Visits Cleveland , On the Set of Hot in Cleveland , The First Episode of TV Land 's Newest Sitcom , The Exes . Season 3 November 27 , 2012 N / A N / A 24 Season 4 December 3 , 2013 N / A N / A 24 Look Who 's Hot Now clip episode . Season 5 November 4 , 2014 N / A N / A 24 Season 6 April 26 , 2016 N / A N / A N / A N / A Broadcast ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) On March 20 , 2013 , TV Land announced that Hot in Cleveland was renewed for a 24 - episode fifth season , to begin in late fall of 2013 . With the fifth season bringing the total episodes in the series to 104 , TV Land also announced it had made deals in 92 % of the U.S. television markets for a syndication package , which premiered in the fall of 2015 . International ( edit ) On June 22 , 2010 , it was announced that Endemol will distribute Hot in Cleveland internationally , while CBS Television Distribution will own the US rights , with syndication to start in 2013 . The show began broadcasting on July 5 , 2010 , in Canada on CTV and on July 9 on The Comedy Network but only Season 1 and Part 1 of Season 2 have aired . It currently airs in strip on M3 . It began broadcasting on July 26 , 2010 , in Australia on the Nine Network . In the UK and Ireland , the series began airing on Sky Living on February 15 , 2011 . For season 3 , the show switched to Sony Entertainment Television ( UK & Ireland ) . In South Africa , it began broadcasting on M - Net on July 8 , 2011 . In India , Hot in Cleveland started airing from June 2012 on Comedy Central . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV Land picks up ' Hot in Cleveland ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hot In Cleveland ' Renewed for Season Six by TV Land -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hot In Cleveland ' To End Run After Six Seasons On TV Land '' . Deadline.com . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suzanne Martin ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Pilot '' . Hot in Cleveland . Season 1 . Episode 1 . TV Land . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Stay . Eat . Make Yourself at Home . Maybe Find a Man . '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hot in Cleveland Episode 2 -- Who 's Your Mama ? '' review at http://www.associated content.com , June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Martin ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Tornado '' . Hot in Cleveland . Season 1 . Episode 10 . TV Land . Jump up ^ `` Susan Lucci Throws Victoria Under the Bus on ' Hot in Cleveland ' ( VIDEO ) '' from tv. blogdig ( August 19 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Melanie Griffith Is Cast as Victoria Chase 's Daughter on ' Hot in Cleveland ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Victoria 's Japanese Lady Pants Commercial from TV Land ( July 14 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Betty White gets regular gig on sitcom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrated Actors Wayne Knight , Huey Lewis , Susan Lucci , Carl Reiner , John Schneider , Among Others to Guest Star in TV Land Original Series `` Hot in Cleveland '' `` . The Futon Critic . June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Joe Jonas Gets ' Hot in Cleveland ' '' . The Ausiello Files . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Soap Casting News : Susan Lucci 's Heading to ' Hot in Cleveland ' ... and More '' . TVSquad.com . Aol Television . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Tyler Moore to guest star on ' Hot in Cleveland ' '' . Cleveland.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : The View 's Sherri Shepherd to Declare Betty White Incompetent ? '' . TVGuide . Lionsgate . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guest Stars Announced As Tv Land Begins Production On Season Three On The Emmy ® Award - Winning Hot In Cleveland `` Tv Land Prime '' . Blogs.tvland.com . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Breaking News ! '' Heather Locklear , Regis Philbin , Jay Harrington , Georgia Engel and Michael McMillian to Appear on Season Four of TV Land 's `` Hot in Cleveland '' `` . Jump up ^ TV Land 's ' Hot In Cleveland ' & ' The Soul Man ' Starting New Seasons With Live Episodes deadline.com on 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland TV Pilot '' . InBaseline . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' attracts record ratings for TV Land '' . Hollywood Insider . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' embraces our fair city instead of bashing it , Valerie Bertinelli says '' . Cleveland.com . Cleveland Live , Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana . `` As the TV Land success hits 100 episodes , Suzanne Martin and the stars reveal the special ingredients to its quick success '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` TV Land 's ' Hot In Cleveland , '' Begins Production on 20 New Episodes ; Returns January 19 , 2011 `` . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Betty White Blitz : Hot in Cleveland Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Land . July 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` ' Hot In Cleveland ' Season 2 Premiere '' . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's ' Hot In Cleveland '' Renewed for Third Season `` . Deadline Hollywood . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land Greenlights Two New Sitcoms , Renews `` Retired at 35 , '' Expands Order for `` Hot in Cleveland '' - Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com `` . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` TV Land Renews ' Hot In Cleveland ' , Picks Up Cedric The Entertainer Spinoff To Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' to return with live episode '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Betty White Net Worth '' . TheRichest . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Cedric 's so hot in Cleveland that he 's got a spinoff before he 's on the show '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland : Episode Info -- `` Bridezelka '' `` . MSN TV . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Cedric the Entertainer to develop ' Hot in Cleveland ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land July 2011 Highlights ; MeTV Network Honors James Arnes '' . SitcomsOnline.com . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Niecy Nash To Star In TV Land 's Cedric Pilot , Summer Glau Joins TNT 's ' Scent ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official : TV Land Picks Up `` Have Faith '' Starring Cedric `` The Entertainer '' ; Renews Hot in Cleveland -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers `` . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bucket : We 're Going to New York '' . TVLand.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Craig Berman ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Cleveland ' puts modern twist on ' Golden Girls ' '' . Today . Jump up ^ Alessandra Stanley ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Hot in Cleveland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Musto ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Hot in Cleveland Is the New Golden Girls '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' no ' Golden Girls ' : All four ladies go supporting '' . Goldderby.com . May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmys '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Sagawards.org . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Comedy Awards 2011 Nominees '' . Thecomedyawards.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Betty White White Wins Another Honour For Hot In Cleveland '' . Contactmusic . February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees '' . PeoplesChoice.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Sagawards.org . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TGLAAD Media Awards 2012 Winners Include ' Modern Family , ' ' Becoming Chaz ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees Announced for PEOPLE 'S CHOICE AWARDS 2013 '' . P&G.com . November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 Nominees '' . PeoplesChoice.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Betty White Lightning Strikes ! '' Hot In Cleveland '' Draws Nearly 5 Million ; Breaks Records -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers `` . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : Psych , Hot in Cleveland , Dark Blue , Tosh. 0 Rise + Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . The Nielsen Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's ' Hot in Cleveland ' ( Starring Betty White ) Is a Global Sensation -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' Renewed by TV Land for Season 5 '' . TVbytheNumbers . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Hot In Cleveland , ' ' Storage Wars ' Lead Night + ' Mythbusters ' , ' Top Chef , ' ' Toddlers & Tiaras ' and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : ' Storage Wars ' Rules ; ' Royal Pains ' Finale , ' Necessary Roughness , ' ' Sons Of Guns ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Tops Night + Captain Kirk Boosts ' Psych ' ; ' Hot In Cleveland , ' ' Full Throttle Saloon ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Spurs / Thunder ' Leads ' CMT Music Awards ' + NHL Stanley Cup , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Challenge ' , ' Hot in Cleveland ' , ' South Beach Tow ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' Modern Dads ' , ' Futurama ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Modern Family '' Claims Top Spot in Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday 9 / 10 / 14 -- TV Media Insights -- TV Ratings & News -- Network TV Show Reviews and Daily Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.5. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland DVD news : Box Art and Extras for Hot in Cleveland -- Season 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland DVD news : Announcement for Hot in Cleveland -- Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland -- Season 1 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland -- Series 2 Vol 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland -- The Complete Series 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 25 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland DVD news : Announcement for Hot in Cleveland -- Season 3 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland -- ' Season 4 ' DVDs Announced : Date , Bonus , Packaging '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland -- ' Season 5 ' DVD Set Announced for this Hot Sitcom ! Taken from : http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-5/20136 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland - Studio Announces DVDs for ' Season 6 ' and ' The Complete Series ' ! Taken from : http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-6-and-Complete-Series/22016 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' Renewed by TV Land for Season 5 -- Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Endemol to distribute `` Hot in Cleveland '' `` . Deadline . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : CTD Hot for TV Land 's ' Hot in Cleveland ' '' from Broadcasting & Cable ( December 14 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hot in Cleveland ' going to Canada '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Sony Entertainment Television Acquires UK Rights To Hot In Cleveland Season Three '' . Tvwise.co.uk . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hot in Cleveland Official website Hot in Cleveland on IMDb Hot in Cleveland at TV.com Episode guide at TVGuide.com ( hide ) TV Land original programming Former Hot in Cleveland ( 2010 -- 15 ) Retired at 35 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Happily Divorced ( 2011 -- 13 ) The Exes ( 2011 -- 15 ) The Soul Man ( 2012 -- 16 ) Kirstie ( 2013 -- 14 ) Jennifer Falls ( 2014 ) The Jim Gaffigan Show ( 2015 -- 16 ) Impastor ( 2015 -- 16 ) Current Younger ( since 2015 ) Teachers ( since 2016 ) Lopez ( since 2016 ) Nobodies ( since 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_in_Cleveland&oldid=800034783 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2010s American comedy television series 2010 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings American television sitcoms English - language television programs Hot in Cleveland Television series by Endemol Television series by Hazy Mills Productions Television shows set in Cleveland TV Land network shows Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 06 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays melanie's son on hot in cleveland	[ "Joe Jonas as Will (season 1–3), Melanie's son, who is in college." ]	[ "Joe Jonas" ]
4230706759875544410	Kodak	Kodak - wikipedia Kodak Not to be confused with Kodiak . For other uses , see Kodak ( disambiguation ) . Eastman Kodak Company Type Public Traded as NYSE : KODK Industry Graphic arts Imaging technology Consumer products Predecessor The Eastman Dry Plate Company Founded September 4 , 1888 ; 129 years ago ( 1888 - 09 - 04 ) Founder George Eastman Henry A. Strong Headquarters Rochester , New York , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Jeffrey J. Clarke ( CEO ) James V. Continenza ( Chairman ) Products Digital imaging , photographic materials , equipment and services Revenue US $ 1.798 billion ( 2015 ) Operating income US $2 million ( 2015 ) Net income US $16 million ( 2016 ) Total assets US $2.138 billion ( 2015 ) Total equity US $103 million ( 2015 ) Number of employees 6,100 ( 2017 ) Website www.kodak.com Kodak 35mm film cartridge alongside Asahi Pentax film camera . The shift from film to digital greatly affected Kodak 's business . Kodacolor II 126 film cartridge , expiring date 1980 The Eastman Kodak Company ( referred to simply as Kodak ) is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography . The company is headquartered in Rochester , New York , and is incorporated in New Jersey . Kodak provides packaging , functional printing , graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world . Its main business segments are Print Systems , Enterprise Inkjet Systems , Micro 3D Printing and Packaging , Software and Solutions , and Consumer and Film . It is best known for photographic film products . Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A. Strong on September 4 , 1888 . During most of the 20th century , Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film . The company 's ubiquity was such that its `` Kodak moment '' tagline entered the common lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity . Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s , as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film and its slowness in transitioning to digital photography . As a part of a turnaround strategy , Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing , and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation . In January 2012 , Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . In February 2012 , Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras , pocket video cameras and digital picture frames and focus on the corporate digital imaging market . In August 2012 , Kodak announced its intention to sell its photographic film , commercial scanners and kiosk operations , as a measure to emerge from bankruptcy , but not its motion picture film operations . In January 2013 , the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013 . Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies ( including Apple , Google , Facebook , Amazon , Microsoft , Samsung , Adobe Systems and HTC ) under the names Intellectual Ventures and RPX Corporation . On September 3 , 2013 , the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses . Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris , a separate company owned by the UK - based Kodak Pension Plan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rivalry with Fujifilm 1.2 Shift to digital 1.3 New strategy 1.4 Timeline 1.4. 1 1880 -- 98 1.4. 2 1900 -- 99 1.4. 3 2000 -- 09 1.4. 4 2010 -- present 2 Products and services 2.1 Current 2.2 Digital printing and enterprise 2.2. 1 Flexo printing 2.2. 2 Functional printing 2.2. 3 Enterprise professional services 2.2. 4 Digital printing solutions 2.2. 5 Consumer inkjet ink cartridges 2.3 Graphics , Entertainment and Commercial Films ( GECF ) 2.3. 1 Graphics 2.3. 2 Global Technical Services 2.3. 3 Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film 2.3. 4 Motion picture and TV production 2.3. 5 Technical support and on - site service 2.3. 6 Other 2.4 Former 2.4. 1 Still film cameras 2.4. 2 Instant cameras 2.4. 3 Image sensors 2.4. 4 Digital cameras and video cameras 2.4. 5 Digital picture frames 2.4. 6 Kodak Gallery 2.4. 7 Document imaging 2.4. 8 Photographic film and paper 2.4. 9 Photo kiosks 3 Name 4 Operations 4.1 Subsidiaries 4.2 Kodak Research Laboratories 5 Notable people 5.1 Presidents and CEOs 5.2 Scientists 6 Archive donation 7 Controversies 7.1 Better Business Bureau 7.2 Patent litigation 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( Edit ) The Kodak factory and main office in Rochester , circa 1910 From the company 's founding by George Eastman in 1888 , Kodak followed the razor and blades strategy of selling inexpensive cameras and making large margins from consumables -- film , chemicals and paper . As late as 1976 , Kodak commanded 90 % of film sales and 85 % of camera sales in the U.S. Rivalry with Fujifilm ( Edit ) Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U.S. market ( via Fuji Photo Film U.S.A. ) with lower - priced film and supplies , but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand . Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics ; Fuji won these sponsorship rights , which gave it a permanent foothold in the marketplace . Fuji opened a film plant in the U.S. , and its aggressive marketing and price cutting began taking market share from Kodak . Fuji went from a 10 % share in the early 1990s to 17 % in 1997 . Fuji also made headway into the professional market with specialty transparency films such as Velvia and Provia , which competed successfully with Kodak 's signature professional product , Kodachrome , but used the more economical and common E-6 processing machines which were standard in most processing labs , rather than the dedicated machines required by Kodachrome . Fuji 's films soon also found a competitive edge in higher - speed negative films , with a tighter grain structure . In May 1995 , Kodak filed a petition with the US Commerce Department under section 301 of the Commerce Act arguing that its poor performance in the Japanese market was a direct result of unfair practices adopted by Fuji . The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization . On January 30 , 1998 , the WTO announced a `` sweeping rejection of Kodak 's complaints '' about the film market in Japan . Kodak 's financial results for the year ending December 1997 showed that company 's revenues dropped from $15.97 billion in 1996 to $14.36 billion in 1997 , a fall of more than 10 % ; its net earnings went from $1.29 billion to just $5 million for the same period . Kodak 's market share declined from 80.1 % to 74.7 % in the United States , a one - year drop of five percentage points that had observers suggesting that Kodak was slow to react to changes and underestimated its rivals . Although from the 1970s both Fuji and Kodak recognized the upcoming threat of digital photography , and although both sought diversification as a mitigation strategy , Fuji was more successful at diversification . Shift to digital ( Edit ) The Kodak ' K ' logo was introduced in 1971 . The version seen here -- with the ' Kodak ' name in a more modern typeface -- was used from 1987 until the logo 's discontinuation in 2006 . A revised version was reintroduced in 2016 . Kodak logo from 2006 to 2016 Although Kodak developed a digital camera in 1975 , the first of its kind , the product was dropped for fear it would threaten Kodak 's photographic film business . In the 1990s , Kodak planned a decade - long journey to move to digital technology . CEO George M.C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft and other new consumer merchandisers . Apple 's pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras , introduced in 1994 , had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak . The DC - 20 and DC - 25 launched in 1996 . Overall , though , there was little implementation of the new digital strategy . Kodak 's core business faced no pressure from competing technologies , and as Kodak executives could not fathom a world without traditional film there was little incentive to deviate from that course . Consumers gradually switched to the digital offering from companies such as Sony . In 2001 film sales dropped , which was attributed by Kodak to the financial shocks caused by the September 11 attacks . Executives hoped that Kodak might be able to slow the shift to digital through aggressive marketing . Under Daniel Carp , Fisher 's successor as CEO , Kodak made its move in the digital camera market , with its EasyShare family of digital cameras . Kodak spent tremendous resources studying customer behavior , finding out that women in particular loved taking digital photos but were frustrated in moving them to their computers . This key unmet consumer need became a major opportunity . Once Kodak got its product development machine started , it released a wide range of products which made it easy to share photos via PCs . One of their key innovations was a printer dock , where consumers could insert their cameras into this compact device , press a button , and watch their photos roll out . By 2005 , Kodak ranked No. 1 in the U.S. in digital camera sales that surged 40 % to $5.7 billion . Despite the high growth , Kodak failed to anticipate how fast digital cameras became commodities , with low profit margins , as more companies entered the market in the mid-2000s . In 2001 Kodak held the No. 2 spot in U.S. digital camera sales ( behind Sony ) but it lost $60 on every camera sold , while there was also a dispute between employees from its digital and film divisions . The film business , where Kodak enjoyed high profit margins , fell 18 % in 2005 . The combination of these two factors resulted in disappointing profits overall . Its digital cameras soon became undercut by Asian competitors that could produce their offerings more cheaply . Kodak had a 27 % market - leading share in 1999 , that dwindled to 15 % by 2003 . In 2007 Kodak was No. 4 in U.S. digital camera sales with a 9.6 % share , and by 2010 it held 7 % in seventh place behind Canon , Sony , Nikon and others , according to research firm IDC . Also an ever - smaller percentage of digital pictures were being taken on dedicated digital cameras , being gradually displaced in the late 2000s by cameras on cellphones , smartphones , and tablets . New strategy ( Edit ) Kodak 's main headquarters in Rochester , New York Kodak then began a strategy shift : Previously Kodak had done everything in - house , but CEO Antonio Pérez shut down film factories and eliminated 27,000 jobs as it outsourced its manufacturing . Pérez invested heavily in digital technologies and new services that capitalized on its technology innovation to boost profit margins . He also spent hundreds of millions of dollars to build up a high - margin printer ink business to replace shriveling film sales . Kodak 's ink strategy rejected the razor and blades business model used by the dominant market leader Hewlett - Packard in that Kodak 's printers were expensive but the ink was cheaper . As of 2011 , these new lines of inkjet printers were said to be on verge of turning a profit , although some analysts were skeptical as printouts had been replaced gradually by electronic copies on computers , tablets , and smartphones . Home photograph printers , high - speed commercial inkjet presses , workflow software , and packaging were viewed as the company 's new core businesses , with sales from those four businesses projected to double to nearly $2 billion in revenue in 2013 and account for 25 % of all sales . However , while Kodak named home printers as a core business as late as August 2012 , at the end of September declining sales forced Kodak to announce an exit from the consumer inkjet market . Kodak has also turned to litigation in order to generate revenue . In 2010 , it received $838 million from patent licensing that included a settlement with LG . In 2011 , despite the turnaround progress , Kodak rapidly used up its cash reserves , stoking fears of bankruptcy ; it had $957 million in cash in June 2011 , down from $1.6 billion in January 2001 . In 2011 , Kodak reportedly explored selling off or licensing its vast portfolio of patents in order to stave off bankruptcy . By January 2012 , analysts suggested that the company could enter bankruptcy followed by an auction of its patents , as it was reported to be in talks with Citigroup to provide debtor - in - possession financing . This was confirmed on January 19 , 2012 , when the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and obtained a $950 million , 18 - month credit facility from Citigroup to enable it to continue operations . Under the terms of its bankruptcy protection , Kodak had a deadline of February 15 , 2013 to produce a reorganization plan . In April 2013 , Kodak showed its first Micro Four Thirds camera , to be manufactured by JK Imaging . On September 3 , 2013 , Kodak announced that it emerged from bankruptcy as a technology company focused on imaging for business . Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics , Entertainment & Commercial Films . On March 12 , 2014 , Kodak announced that Jeffrey J. Clarke had been named as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors . On January 1 , 2015 , Kodak announced a new five business division structure ; Print Systems , Enterprise Inkjet Systems , Micro 3D Printing and Packaging , Software and Solutions , and Consumer and Film . Timeline ( Edit ) 1880 -- 98 ( Edit ) An original Kodak camera , complete with box , camera , case , felt lens plug , manual , memorandum and viewfinder card An advertisement from The Photographic Herald and Amateur Sportsman ( November 1889 ) Advertisement for a folding `` pocket '' Kodak camera ( August 1900 ) April 1880 : George Eastman leased the third floor of a building on State Street in Rochester N.Y. and began the commercial manufacture of dry plates . January 1 , 1881 : Eastman and businessman Henry A. Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company . Eastman resigned his position at the Rochester Savings Bank in order to work full - time at the Eastman Dry Plate Company . 1884 : The Eastman - Strong partnership was dissolved and the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company formed with 14 shareowners . The Eastman Dry Plate Company was responsible for the first cameras suitable for non expert use . 1885 : George Eastman bought David Houston 's patents for roll film and developed them further . These were the basis for the invention of motion picture film , as used by early filmmakers and Thomas Edison . September 4 , 1888 : Eastman registered the trademark Kodak . 1888 : The first model of the Kodak camera appeared . It took round pictures 6.4 cm ( 2.5 in ) in diameter , was of the fixed focus type , and carried a roll of film enough for 100 exposures . Its invention practically marked the advent of amateur photography , as before that time both apparatus and processes were too burdensome to classify photography as recreation . The roll film used in the first model of the Kodak camera had a paper base but was soon superseded by a film with a cellulose base , a practical transparent flexible film . The first films had to be loaded into the camera and unloaded in the dark room , but the film cartridge system with its protecting strip of opaque paper made it possible to load and unload the camera in ordinary light . The Kodak Developing Machine ( 1900 ) and its simplified successor , the Kodak Film Tank , provided the means for daylight development of film , making the dark room unnecessary for any of the operations of amateur photography . The earlier types of the Kodak cameras were of the box form and of fixed focus , and as various sizes were added , devices for focusing the lenses were incorporated . 1889 : The Eastman Company was formed . 1891 : George Eastman began to produce a second line of cameras , the Ordinary range . 1892 : It was renamed the Eastman Kodak Company in 1892 . Eastman Kodak Company of New York was organized . He coined the advertising slogan , `` You Press the Button , We Do the Rest . '' The Kodak company thereby attained its name from the first simple roll film cameras produced by Eastman Dry Plate Company , known as the `` Kodak '' in its product line . Early 1890s : The first folding Kodak cameras were introduced . These were equipped with folding bellows that permitted much greater compactness . 1895 : The first pocket Kodak camera , the $5 Pocket Kodak , was introduced . It was of the box form type , slipping easily into an ordinary coat pocket , and producing negatives 11⁄2 x 2 inches . 1897 : The first folding pocket Kodak camera was introduced , and was mentioned in the novel Dracula , published the same year . 1898 : George Eastman purchased the patent for Velox photographic paper from Leo Baekeland for $1,000,000 . After this time , Velox paper was then sold by Eastman Kodak . 1900 -- 99 ( Edit ) A Brownie No 2 . camera Eastman Kodak Non Curling 116 Film ( Expired : 1925 ) 1900 : The Brownie camera was introduced , creating a new mass market for photography . 1901 : The present company , Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey , was formed under the laws of that state . Eventually , the business in Jamestown was moved in its entirety to Rochester , and the plants in Jamestown were demolished . By 1920 : An `` Autographic Feature '' provided a means for recording data on the margin of the negative at the time of exposure . This feature was supplied on all Kodak cameras with the exception of a box camera designed for making panoramic pictures and was discontinued in 1932 . 1920 : Tennessee Eastman was founded as a wholly owned subsidiary . The company 's primary purpose was the manufacture of chemicals , such as acetyls , needed for Kodak 's film photography products . 1930 : Eastman Kodak Company was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average index on July 18 , 1930 . The company remained listed as one of the DJIA companies for the next 74 years , ending in 2004 . Kodak Camera Center , Tennessee , ca . 1930 - 1945 1932 : George Eastman dies at age 77 , taking his own life with a gun shot . Kodachrome II - Film for color slides 1935 : Kodak introduced Kodachrome , a color reversal stock for movie and slide film . 1936 : Kodak branches out into manufacture of hand - grenades . 1940 - 1944 : Eastman Kodak ranked 62nd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . 1934 - 1956 : Kodak introduces the Retina Series 35mm Camera Kodak Retina Series Cameras were produced between 1949 until 1956 . It also had the KodaChrome Technology 1959 : Kodak introduced the Starmatic camera , the first automatic Brownie camera , which sold 10 million units over the next five years . 1963 : Kodak introduced the Instamatic camera , an inexpensive , easy - to - load , point - and - shoot camera . 1970 : Kodak scientists disclose the continuous wave tunable dye laser . This becomes a product for several high - tech companies but not at Kodak . 1975 : Steven Sasson , then an electrical engineer at Kodak , invented a digital camera . 1976 : The Bayer Pattern color filter array ( CFA ) was invented by Eastman Kodak researcher Bryce Bayer . The order in which dyes are placed on an image sensor photosite is still in use today . The basic technology is still the most commonly used of its kind to date . 1976 : Kodak introduced the first Kodamatic , instant picture cameras , using a similar film and technology to that of the Polaroid company . 1976 : The company sold 90 % of the photographic film in the US along with 85 % of the cameras . New Kodak Moment : A $19 M profit . 1978 : Kodak introduces the Ektachem clinical chemistry testing system . The system employs dry film technology , and within 5 years was being used by most hospitals in the country . 1981 : Kodak was sued by Polaroid for infringement of its Instant Picture patents . The suit ran for five years , the court finally finding in favour of Polaroid in 1986 . 1982 : Kodak launched the Kodak Disc film format for consumer cameras . The format ultimately proved unpopular and was later discontinued . 1986 : Kodak scientists created the world 's first megapixel sensor , capable of recording 1.4 million pixels and producing a photo - quality 12.5 cm × 17.5 cm ( 4.9 in × 6.9 in ) print . 1987 : Dr. Ching W. Tang , a senior research associate , and his colleague , Steven Van Slyke , developed the first multi-layer OLEDs at the Kodak Research Laboratories , for which he later became a Fellow of the Society for Information Display ( SID ) 1988 : Kodak buys Sterling Drug for $5.1 Billion 1988 : Kodak scientists introduce the coumarin tetramethyl laser dyes also used in OLED devices . These become a successful product until the line of fine chemicals is sold . 1991 : The Kodak Professional Digital Camera System or DCS , the first commercially available digital single - lens reflex ( DSLR ) camera . A customized camera back bearing the digital image sensor was mounted on a Nikon F3 body and released by Kodak in May ; the company had previously shown the camera at photokina in 1990 . 1993 : Eastman Chemical , a Kodak subsidiary founded by George Eastman in 1920 to supply Kodak 's chemical needs , was spun off as a separate corporation . Eastman Chemical became a Fortune 500 company in its own right . 1994 : Apple Quicktake , a consumer digital camera was debuted by Apple Computer . Some models were manufactured by Kodak . 2000 -- 09 ( Edit ) 2003 : Kodak introduced the Kodak EasyShare LS633 Digital Camera , the first camera to feature an AMOLED display , and the Kodak EasyShare Printer Dock 6000 , the world 's first printer - and - camera dock combination . November 2003 : Kodak acquired the Israel - based company Algotec Systems , a developer of advanced picture archiving and communication systems ( PACS ) , which enable radiology departments to digitally manage and store medical images and information . January 2004 : Kodak announced that it would stop selling traditional film cameras in Europe and North America , and cut up to 15,000 jobs ( around a fifth of its total workforce at the time ) . April 8 , 2004 : Kodak was delisted from the Dow Jones Industrial Average index , having been a constituent for 74 consecutive years . May 2004 : Kodak signed an exclusive long - term agreement with Lexar Media , licensing the Kodak brand for use on digital memory cards designed , manufactured , sold , and distributed by Lexar . January 2005 : The Kodak EasyShare - One Digital Camera , the world 's first Wi - Fi consumer digital camera capable of sending pictures by email , was unveiled at the 2005 CES . January 2005 : Kodak acquired the Israel - based company OREX Computed Radiography , a provider of compact computed radiography systems that enable medical practitioners to acquire patient x-ray images digitally . January 2005 : Kodak acquired the Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada - based company Creo . January 2006 : Kodak unveiled the Kodak EasyShare V570 Dual Lens Digital Camera , the world 's first dual - lens digital still camera and smallest ultra-wide - angle optical zoom digital camera , at the CES . Using proprietary Kodak Retina Dual Lens technology , the V570 wrapped an ultra-wide angle lens ( 23 mm ) and a second optical zoom lens ( 39 -- 117 mm ) into a body less than 2.5 cm ( an inch ) thick . April 2006 : Kodak introduced the Kodak EasyShare V610 Dual Lens Digital Camera , at that time the world 's smallest 10 × ( 38 -- 380 mm ) optical zoom camera at less than 2.5 cm ( an inch ) thick . August 1 , 2006 : Kodak agreed to divest its digital camera manufacturing operations to Flextronics , including assembly , production and testing . As part of the sale it was agreed that Flextronics would manufacture and distribute consumer digital cameras for Kodak , and conduct some design and development functions for it . Kodak kept high - level digital camera design in house , continued to conduct research and development in digital still cameras , and retained all intellectual property and patents . Approximately 550 Kodak personnel transferred to Flextronics . January 10 , 2007 : Kodak agreed to sell Kodak Health Group to Onex Corporation for $2.35 billion in cash , and up to $200 million in additional future payments if Onex achieved specified returns on the acquisition . The sale was completed May 1 . Kodak used part of the proceeds to fully repay its approximately $1.15 billion of secured term debt . Around 8,100 employees transferred to Onex , and Kodak Health Group was renamed Carestream Health . Kodak Health Group had revenue of $2.54 billion for the 12 months to September 30 , 2006 . April 19 , 2007 : Kodak announced an agreement to sell its light management films business , which produced films designed to improve the brightness and efficiency of liquid crystal displays , to Rohm and Haas . The divested business comprised 125 workers . As part of the transaction Rohm and Haas agreed to license technology and purchase equipment from Kodak , and lease Building 318 at Kodak Park . The sale price was not disclosed . May 25 , 2007 : Kodak announced a cross-licensing agreement with Chi Mei Optoelectronics and its affiliate Chi Mei EL ( CMEL ) , enabling CMEL to use Kodak technology for active matrix OLED modules in a variety of small to medium size display applications . June 14 , 2007 : Kodak announced a two to fourfold increase in sensitivity to light ( from one to two stops ) compared to current sensor designs . This design was a departure from the classic `` Bayer filter '' by adding panchromatic or `` clear '' pixels to the RGB elements on the sensor array . Since these pixels are sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light , they collect a significantly higher proportion of the light striking the sensor . In combination with advanced Kodak software algorithms optimized for these new patterns , photographers benefited from an increase in photographic speed ( improving performance in low light ) , faster shutter speeds ( reducing motion blur for moving subjects ) , and smaller pixels ( higher resolutions in a given optical format ) while retaining performance . The technology was credited to Kodak scientists John Compton and John Hamilton . September 4 , 2007 : Kodak announced a five - year extension of its partnership with Lexar Media . November 2008 : Kodak released the Kodak Theatre HD Player , allowing photos and videos stored on a computer to be displayed on an HDTV . Kodak licensed technology from Hillcrest Labs for the interface and pointer , which allowed a user to control the player with gestures . January 2009 : Kodak posted a $137 million fourth - quarter loss and announced plans to cut up to 4,500 jobs . June 22 , 2009 : Kodak announced that it would cease selling Kodachrome color film by the end of 2009 , ending 74 years of production , after a dramatic decline in sales . December 4 , 2009 : Kodak sold its organic light - emitting diode ( OLED ) business unit to LG Electronics , resulting in the lay - off of 60 people . 2010 -- present ( Edit ) December 2010 : Standard & Poor 's removed Kodak from its S&P 500 index . September 2011 : Kodak hired law firm Jones Day for restructuring advice and its stock dropped to an all - time low of $0.54 a share . During 2011 , Kodak shares fell more than 80 percent . January 2012 : Kodak received a warning from the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) notifying it that its average closing price was below $1.00 for 30 consecutive days and that over the next 6 months it must increase the closing share price to at least $1 on the last trading day of each calendar month and have an average closing price of at least $1 over the 30 trading - days prior or it would be delisted . From the $90 range in 1997 , Kodak shares closed at 76 cents on January 3 , 2012 . On January 8 , 2012 , Kodak shares closed over 50 % higher after the company announced a major restructuring into two main divisions , one focused on products and services for businesses , and the other on consumer products including digital cameras . January 19 , 2012 : Kodak filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection . The company 's stock was delisted from NYSE and moved to OTC exchange . Following the news it ended the day trading down 35 % at $0.36 a share . February 7 , 2012 : The Image Sensor Solutions ( ISS ) division of Kodak was sold to Truesense Imaging Inc . February 9 , 2012 : Kodak announced that it would exit the digital image capture business , phasing out its production of digital cameras . Kodak sees home photo printers , high - speed commercial inkjet presses , workflow software and packaging with GlobalVision software integrated , as the core of its future business . Once the digital camera business is phased out , Kodak said its consumer business will focus on printing . It will seek a company to license its EasyShare digital camera brand . August 24 , 2012 : Kodak announced that it plans to sell its film , commercial scanner and kiosk divisions . September 10 , 2012 : Kodak announced plans to cut another 1,000 jobs by the end of 2012 and that it is examining further job cuts as it works to restructure its business in bankruptcy . September 28 , 2012 : Kodak announced that it is exiting the inkjet printer business . December 20 , 2012 Kodak announced that it plans to sell its digital imaging patents for about $525 million to some of the world 's biggest technology companies , thus making a step to end bankruptcy . April 29 , 2013 Kodak announced an agreement with the U.K. Kodak Pension Plan ( KPP ) to spin off Kodak 's Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging businesses and settle $2.8 Billion in KPP claims . September 3 , 2013 Kodak announces that it has emerged from Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection as a company focused on serving commercial customers . October 17 , 2013 Kodak brings European headquarters and the entire EAMER Technology Centre under one roof in Eysins , Switzerland . The relocation brings together the company 's European headquarters and Inkjet demo facilities , which were based in Gland , Switzerland , and the Kodak EAMER Technology and Solutions Centre , which was based in La Hulpe , Belgium . March 12 , 2014 Kodak names Jeffrey J. Clarke as its new Chief Executive Officer . July 30 , 2014 Kodak is negotiating with movie studios for an annual movie film order guarantee to preserve the last source of movie film manufacturing in the United States . December 2014 , Kodak announced its first phone , the Kodak Ektra smartphone made by Bullitt Group . The phone was expected to become available in December 2016 , initially in Europe . January 2016 , Kodak shows off a prototype of the new Super 8 Camera at CES . January 2017 , Kodak announced it was bringing back its Ektachrome film . May 2017 , Kodak released the Ektra smartphone to the US market . June 2017 , Kodak announced plans to release 7 '' and 10 '' tablets with ARCHOS in Europe . Products and services ( Edit ) Main article : List of products manufactured by Kodak Current ( Edit ) Kodak provides packaging , functional printing , graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world . Its main business segments are Print Systems , Enterprise Inkjet Systems , Micro 3D Printing and Packaging , Software and Solutions , and Consumer and Film . In January 2018 , Kodak announced plans to launch KodakCoin , a photographer - oriented blockchain cryptocurrency . Digital printing and Enterprise ( Edit ) Kodak provides high - speed , high - volume commercial inkjet , and color and black - and - white electrophotographic printing equipment and related consumables and services . It has an installed base of more than 5,000 units . Its Prosper platform uses Stream inkjet technology , which delivers a continuous flow of ink that enables constant and consistent operation , with uniform size and accurate placement , even at very high print speeds . Applications for Prosper include publishing , commercial print , direct mail , and packaging . The business also includes the customer base of Kodak VersaMark products . The NexPress platform is used for printing short - run , personalized print applications for purposes such as direct mail , books , marketing collateral and photo products . The Digimaster platform uses monochrome electrophotographic printing technology to create high - quality printing of statements , short - run books , corporate documentation , manuals and direct mail . Flexo printing ( Edit ) Kodak designs and manufactures products for flexography printing . Its Flexcel line of flexo printing systems allow label printers to produce their own digital plates for customized flexo printing and flexible printed packaging . Functional printing ( Edit ) The company currently has strategic relationships with worldwide touch - panel sensor leaders , such as the partnerships with UniPixel announced on April 16 , 2013 and Kingsbury Corp. launched on June 27 , 2013 . Enterprise professional services ( Edit ) Enterprise professional services offers print and managed media services , brand protection solutions and services , and document management services to enterprise customers , including government , pharmaceuticals , and health , consumer and luxury good products , retail and finance . Digital printing Solutions ( Edit ) In 1997 , Heidelberg Printing Machines AG and Eastman Kodak Co. had created the Nexpress Solutions LLC joint venture to develop a digital color printing press for the high - end market segment . Heidelberg acquired Eastman Kodak Co. 's Office Imaging black and white digital printing activities in 1999 . In 2000 , they had launched Digimaster 9110 - Black & White Production Printer and NexPress 2100 Digital Color Press . In March 2004 , Heidelberg transferred its Digital Print division to Eastman Kodak Co. under mutual agreement . Kodak continues to research and develop Digital Printing Systems and introduced more products . At present , Kodak has commercial Web - fed presses , commercial imprinting systems - Prosper , VersaMark and commercial sheet - fed press - NexPress digital production color press , DIGIMASTER HD digital black and white production printer . Consumer inkjet ink cartridges ( Edit ) Kodak entered into consumer inkjet photo printers in a joint venture with manufacturer Lexmark in 1999 with the Kodak Personal Picture Maker . In February 2007 , Kodak re-entered the market with a new product line of All - In - One ( AiO ) inkjet printers that employ several technologies marketed as Kodacolor Technology . Advertising emphasizes low price for ink cartridges rather than for the printers themselves . Kodak announced plans to stop selling inkjet printers in 2013 as it focuses on commercial printing , but will still sell ink . Graphics , Entertainment and commercial films ( gecf ) ( Edit ) Graphics ( Edit ) Kodak 's graphics business consists of computer to plate ( CTP ) devices , which Kodak first launched in 1995 when the company introduced the first thermal CTP to market . In CTP , an output device exposes a digital image using SQUAREspot laser imaging technology directly to an aluminum surface ( printing plate ) , which is then mounted onto a printing press to reproduce the image . Kodak 's Graphics portfolio includes front - end controllers , production workflow software , CTP output devices , and digital plates . Global Technical services ( Edit ) Kodak 's Global Technical Services ( `` GTS '' ) for Commercial Imaging is focused on selling service contracts for Kodak products , including the following service categories : field services , customer support services , educational services , and professional services . Entertainment Imaging and commercial film ( Edit ) Kodak 's Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film group ( `` E&CF '' ) encompasses its motion picture film business , providing motion imaging products ( camera negative , intermediate , print and archival film ) , services and technology for the professional motion picture and exhibition industries . E&CF also offers Aerial and Industrial Films including KODAK Printed Circuit Board film , and delivers external sales for the company 's component businesses : Polyester Film , Specialty Chemicals , Inks and Dispersions and Solvent Recovery . Motion picture and TV production ( Edit ) The Kodak company played a role in the invention and development of the motion picture industry . Many cinema and TV productions are shot on Kodak film stocks . The company helped set the standard of 35mm film , and introduced the 16mm film format for home movie use and lower budget film productions . The home market - oriented 8mm and Super 8 formats were also developed by Kodak . Kodak also entered the professional television production video tape market , briefly in the mid-1980s , under the product portfolio name of Eastman Professional Video Tape Products . In 1990 , Kodak launched a Worldwide Student Program working with university faculty throughout the world to help nurture the future generation of film - makers . Kodak formed Educational Advisory Councils in the US , Europe and Asia made up of deans and chairs of some of the most prestigious film schools throughout the world to help guide the development of their program . Kodak previously owned the visual effects film post-production facilities Cinesite in Los Angeles and London and also LaserPacific in Los Angeles . Kodak sold Cinesite to Endless LLP , an independent British private equity house . Kodak previously sold LaserPacific and its subsidiaries Laser - Edit , Inc , and Pacific Video , Inc. , in April 2010 for an undisclosed sum to TeleCorps Holdings , Inc . Kodak also sold Pro-Tek Media Preservation Services , a film storage company in Burbank , California , in October 2013 . Technical support and on - site service ( Edit ) Aside from technical phone support for its products , Kodak offers onsite service for other devices such as document scanners , data storage systems ( optical , tape , and disk ) , printers , inkjet printing presses , microfilm / microfiche equipment , photograph kiosks , and photocopiers , for which it despatches technicians who make repairs in the field . Other ( Edit ) Kodak markets Picture CDs and other photo products such as calendars , photo books and photo enlargements through retail partners such as CVS , Walmart and Target and through its Kodak Gallery online service , formerly known as Ofoto . Former ( Edit ) A Kodak Instamatic 104 Still film cameras ( Edit ) On January 13 , 2004 , Kodak announced it would stop marketing traditional still film cameras ( excluding disposable cameras ) in the United States , Canada and Western Europe , but would continue to sell film cameras in India , Latin America , Eastern Europe and China . By the end of 2005 , Kodak ceased manufacturing cameras that used the Advanced Photo System . Kodak licensed the manufacture of Kodak branded cameras to Vivitar in 2005 and 2006 . After 2007 Kodak did not license the manufacture of any film camera with the Kodak name . Instant cameras ( Edit ) After losing a patent battle with Polaroid Corporation , Kodak left the instant camera business on January 9 , 1986 . The Kodak instant camera included models known as the Kodamatic and the Colorburst . Polaroid was awarded damages in the patent trial in the amount of $909,457,567 , a record at the time . ( Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co. , U.S. District Court District of Massachusetts , decided October 12 , 1990 , case no . 76 - 1634 - MA . Published in the U.S. Patent Quarterly as 16 USPQ2d 1481 ) . See also the following cases : Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co. , 641 F. Supp. 828 ( 228 USPQ 305 ) ( D. Mass . 1985 ) , stay denied , 833 F. 2d 930 ( 5 USPQ2d 1080 ) ( Fed . Cir . ) , aff 'd , 789 F. 2d 1556 ( 229 USPQ 561 ) ( Fed . Cir . ) , cert . denied , 479 U.S. 850 ( 1986 ) . Kodak was the exclusive supplier of negatives for Polaroid cameras from 1963 until 1969 , when Polaroid chose to manufacture its own instant film . Image sensors ( Edit ) As part of its move toward higher end products , Kodak announced on September 15 , 2006 that the new Leica M8 camera incorporates Kodak 's KAF - 10500 image sensor . This was the second recent partnership between Kodak and the German optical manufacturer . In 2011 , Kodak sold its Image Sensor Solutions business to Platinum Equity , which subsequently renamed it Truesense Imaging , Inc . Digital cameras and Video cameras ( Edit ) Main articles : Kodak DCS and Kodak EasyShare A Kodak Easyshare Z1015 IS digital camera Many of Kodak 's early compact digital cameras were designed and built by Chinon Industries , a Japanese camera manufacturer . In 2004 , Kodak Japan acquired Chinon and many of its engineers and designers joined Kodak Japan . The Kodak DCS series of digital single - lens reflex cameras and digital camera backs were released by Kodak in the 1990s and 2000s , and discontinued in 2005 . They were based on existing 35mm film SLRs from Nikon and Canon and the range included the original Kodak DCS , the first commercially available digital SLR . In July 2006 , Kodak announced that Flextronics would manufacture and help design its digital cameras . Digital picture frames ( Edit ) Kodak first entered the digital picture frame market with the Kodak Smart Picture Frame in the fourth quarter of 2000 . It was designed by Weave Innovations and licensed to Kodak with an exclusive relationship with Weave 's StoryBox online photo network . Smart Frame owners connected to the network via an analog telephone connection built into the frame . The frame could hold 36 images internally and came with a six - month free subscription to the StoryBox network . Kodak re-entered the digital photo frame market at CES in 2007 with the introduction of four new EasyShare - branded models that were available in sizes from 200 to 280 mm ( 7.9 to 11.0 in ) , included multiple memory card slots , and some of which included Wi - Fi capability to connect with the Kodak Gallery -- that gallery functionality has now been compromised due to gallery policy changes ( see below ) . Kodak Gallery ( Edit ) Main article : Kodak Gallery In June 2001 , Kodak purchased the photo - developing website Ofoto , later renamed Kodak Gallery . The website enables users to upload their photos into albums , publish them into prints , and create mousepads , calendars , etc . On March 1 , 2012 , Kodak announced that it sold Kodak Gallery to Shutterfly for $23.8 million . Document Imaging ( Edit ) Kodak provides scanning technology . Historically this industry began when George Eastman partnered with banks to image checks in the 1920s . Through the development of microfilm technology , Eastman Kodak was able to provide long term document storage . Document imaging was one of the first imaging solutions to move to `` digital imaging '' technology . Kodak manufactured the first digital document scanners for high speed document imaging . Today Kodak has a full line of document scanners for banking , finance , insurance , healthcare and other vertical industries . Kodak also provides associated document capture software and business process services . Eastman Kodak acquired the Bowe Bell & Howell scanner division in September 2009 . Photographic film and paper ( Edit ) Kodak continues to produce specialty films and film for newer and more popular consumer formats , but it has discontinued the manufacture of film in older and less popular formats . Kodak is a leading producer of silver halide ( AgX ) paper used for printing from film and digital images . Minilabs located in retail stores and larger central photo lab operations ( CLOs ) use silver halide paper for photo printing . In 2005 Kodak announced it would stop producing black - and - white photo paper . Photo kiosks ( Edit ) A Kodak NexPress 2500 digital printing press Kodak is a manufacturer of self - service photo kiosks that produce `` prints in seconds '' from multiple sources including digital input , scanned prints , Facebook , the Kodak Gallery and orders placed on - line using thermosublimation printers . The company has placed over 100,000 Picture Kiosks in retail locations worldwide . Employing similar technology , Kodak also offers larger printing systems with additional capabilities including duplex greeting cards , large format poster printers , photobooks and calendars under the brand name `` APEX '' . Name ( Edit ) 1900 Kodak ad The letter k was a favorite of Eastman 's ; he is quoted as saying , `` it seems a strong , incisive sort of letter . '' He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagrams set . Eastman said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name : it should be short , easy to pronounce , and not resemble any other name or be associated with anything else . Operations ( Edit ) Subsidiaries ( Edit ) Kodak Limited ( UK ) the company 's sales and marketing headquarters are located in Watford , UK , with Kodak Alaris operating in Hemel Hempstead , Hertfordshire manufacturing facilities used to be sited at Harrow in north - west London ( closed in 2016 ) , Kirkby near Liverpool ( closed in 2007 ) and Annesley in Nottinghamshire ( closed in 2005 ) . FPC , Inc . FPC , US / Canada FPC Italy Kodak Research Laboratories ( Edit ) The Kodak Research Laboratories were founded in 1912 with Kenneth Mees as the first director . Principal components of the Kodak Research Laboratories were the Photographic Research Laboratories and then the Imaging Research Laboratories . Additional organizations included the Corporate Research Laboratories . Over nearly a century , scientists at these laboratories produced thousands of patents and scientific publications . Notable people ( edit ) Presidents and CEOs ( edit ) George Eastman Name Title Tenure Henry A. Strong President 1884 -- July 26 , 1919 George Eastman President 1921 -- April 7 , 1925 William G. Stuber President 1925 -- 1934 Frank W. Lovejoy President 1934 -- 1941 Thomas J. Hargrave President 1941 -- 1952 Albert K. Chapman President 1952 -- 1960 William S. Vaughn President and CEO 1960 -- December 31 , 1968 Louis K. Eilers President and CEO January 1 , 1969 -- May 17 , 1972 Gerald B. Zornow President then Chairman 1970 -- 1984 Walter A. Fallon President and CEO May 18 , 1972 -- 1983 Colby H. Chandler CEO May 1983 -- June 1990 Kay R. Whitmore CEO June 1990 -- October 27 , 1993 George M.C. Fisher CEO October 28 , 1993 -- December 31 , 1999 Daniel A. Carp CEO January 1 , 2000 -- May 31 , 2005 Antonio M. Pérez Chairman and CEO June 1 , 2005 -- 2014 Jeff Clarke CEO March 12 , 2014 -- present Scientists ( edit ) Bryce Bayer , color scientist ( 1929 -- 2012 ) Harry Coover , polymer chemist ( 1917 -- 2011 ) F.J. Duarte , laser physicist and author ( left in 2006 ) Loyd A. Jones , camouflage physicist ( 1884 -- 1954 ) Maurice Loyal Huggins , polymer scientist ( 1897 -- 1981 ) Rudolf Kingslake , optical designer ( 1903 -- 2003 ) David MacAdam , color scientist ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Kenneth Mees , film scientist and founder of the research laboratories ( 1882 -- 1960 ) Perley G. Nutting , physicist and founder of OSA ( 1873 -- 1949 ) Steven Sasson , electrical engineer Steven Van Slyke , OLED scientist ( left in 2010 ) Warren J. Smith , optical engineer ( 1922 -- 2008 ) Ching W. Tang , OLED scientist ( left in 2006 ) Arthur Widmer , Special Effects Film Pioneer and receiver of an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Award of Commendation ( 1914 - 2006 ) Archive donation ( Edit ) In 2005 , Kodak Canada donated its entire historic company archives to Ryerson University in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The Ryerson University Library also acquired an extensive collection of materials on the history of photography from the private collection of Nicholas M. & Marilyn A. Graver of Rochester , New York . The Kodak Archives , begun in 1909 , contain the company 's Camera Collection , historic photos , files , trade circulars , Kodak magazines , price lists , daily record books , equipment , and other ephemera . It includes the contents of the Kodak Heritage Collection Museum , a museum established in 1999 for Kodak Canada 's centennial that Kodak closed in 2005 along with the company 's entire ' Kodak Heights ' manufacturing campus in Mount Dennis , Toronto . See also : George Eastman House . Controversies ( Edit ) Better business Bureau ( Edit ) On March 26 , 2007 , the Council of Better Business Bureaus ( CBBB ) announced that Eastman Kodak was resigning its national membership in the wake of expulsion proceedings initiated by the CBBB board of directors . In 2006 , Kodak notified the BBB of Upstate New York that it would no longer accept or respond to consumer complaints submitted by them . In prior years , Kodak responded by offering consumers an adjustment or an explanation of the company 's position . The BBB file contains consumer complaints of problems with repairs of Kodak digital cameras , as well as difficulty communicating with Kodak customer service . Among other complaints , consumers say that their cameras broke and they were charged for repairs when the failure was not the result of any damage or abuse . Some say their cameras failed again after being repaired . Kodak said its customer service and customer privacy teams concluded that 99 % of all complaints forwarded by the BBB already were handled directly with the customer . Brian O'Connor , Kodak chief privacy officer , said the company was surprised by the news release distributed by the Better Business Bureau : It is inaccurate in the facts presented as well as those the BBB chose to omit . Ironically , we ultimately decided to resign our membership because we were extremely unhappy with the customer service we received from the local office of the BBB . After years of unproductive discussions with the local office regarding their Web site postings about Kodak , which in our view were consistently inaccurate , we came to the conclusion that their process added no value to our own . Our commitment to our customers is unwavering . That will not change . What has changed is that , for us , the BBB 's customer complaint process has become redundant , given the multiple and immediate ways that customers have to address their concerns directly with Kodak . Patent litigation ( Edit ) In 2010 , Apple filed a patent - infringement claim against Kodak . On May 12 , 2011 , Judge Robert Rogers rejected Apple 's claims that two of its digital photography patents were being violated by Kodak . On July 1 , 2011 , the U.S. International Trade Commission partially reversed a January decision by an administrative law judge stating that neither Apple nor Research in Motion had infringed upon Kodak 's patents . The ITC remanded the matter for further proceedings before the ALJ . See also ( edit ) List of products manufactured by Kodak Motion Picture Patents Company Kodak Heights Kodak Vision Award References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of Kodak '' . Kodak . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastman Kodak Company '' . US : Securities and Exchange Commission . 2015 . Jump up ^ http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/EK/4036710520x0x931960/431DF6B9-6BE0-4414-ACCD-EE404879B193/Kodak_Investor_Deck_v170307_1545et.pdf Jump up ^ `` Certificate of amendment to the restated certificate of incorporation of Eastman Kodak company '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey division of revenue . June 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` DISCLOSURE STATEMENT FOR DEBTORS ' JOINT PLAN OF REORGANIZATION UNDER CHAPTER 11 OF THE BANKRUPTCY CODE '' . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak Announces Emergence From Bankruptcy '' . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak creating new business divisions '' . Rochester Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` The end of our Kodak moment '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltzik , Michael ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Kodak 's long fade to black '' . latimes.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak embraces digital revolution '' . BBC News . January 13 , 2004 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dana Mattioli ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` At Kodak , Patents Hold the Key to the Future '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Business Standard . `` Kodak files for bankruptcy , plans biz overhaul '' . Business-standard.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCarty , Dawn ; Jinks , Beth ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Kodak Files for Bankruptcy Protection '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastman Kodak Files for Bankruptcy '' . The New York Times . January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak ditches digital camera business '' . CNN . February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak announces plans to sell still film , commercial scanner , and kiosk divisions '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Court approves Kodak financing , could exit bankruptcy by mid-2013 '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise and Fall of the Company that Invented Digital Cameras Patents & Patent Law '' . IPWatchdog.com Patents & Patent Law . 2014 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Apple i Google pośród firm , które zapłaciły za patenty Kodaka 525 milionów dolarów Newsy . Magazynt3.pl ( December 20 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak sells its imaging patents for $525 M '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak bankruptcy officially ends '' . USA Today . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak emerges from bankruptcy with focus on commercial printing '' . Reuters . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Exits Bankruptcy '' . New York Times . September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Henry C. ( 2012 ) . The Search for Survival : Lessons from Disruptive Technologies . ABC - CLIO . p. 16 . ISBN 9781440802775 . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The last Kodak moment ? '' . The Economist . January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ World Trade Organization . `` DS44 Japan -- Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper '' . WTO . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltzik , Michael ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Kodak 's long fade to black '' . latimes.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Kodak - Fuji Rivalry Business Strategy Case Studies Business , Management Strategies Cases Case Study '' . Icmrindia.org . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` fujicasestudy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of our brand logo '' . Eastman Kodak . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak 's Last Days '' . nst.com . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Sasson named to CE Hall of Fame '' . letsgodigital.org . September 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mistakes Made On The Road To Innovation '' . Businessweek.com . November 27 , 2006 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak : Mistakes Made on the Road to Innovation '' . Bloomberg . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jinks , Beth ; Childs , Mary ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Kodak Bankruptcy May Shed Photography , Bet on Digital Printing '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak : What led to bankruptcy - Hindustan Times '' . HindustanTimes.com . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheyder , Ernest ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` As Kodak struggles , Eastman Chemical thrives '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak , Yahoo and RIM : Death comes for us all '' . News . CBS . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Andrew ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Kodak 's Bet on Its Printers Fails to Quell the Doubters '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak quits printers , wants new deadline '' . USA Today . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak may file for bankruptcy '' . IBNLive ( Report ) . IN . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haunss , Kristen ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Kodak Said in Talks With Citigroup on Bankruptcy Financing '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak gets 2013 deadline to reorganise '' . IBNLive . IN . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 明 , 星编辑 ( April 19 , 2013 ) , P&E : 单电外观曝光柯达重现展会现场 ( in Chinese ) , CN : Zol Jump up ^ New pictures of the Kodak S1 MFT camera ... , Four Thirds Rumors , April 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Clarke Elected CEO of Kodak '' . March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak Names Tech Veteran as CEO '' . The Wall Street Journal . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak Names Oribitz Chairman Clarke as New CEO '' . Bloomberg . March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eastman Kodak Company : Private Company Information - Bloomberg '' . www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rochester University History Dept Archived November 14 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Eastman Dry Plate Jump up ^ `` Almanac : The birth of Kodak '' . CBS News . September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Rines , George Edwin , ed. ( 1920 ) . `` Kodak '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ Coe , Brian ( 1978 ) . Cameras . Crown Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53381 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gordon , John Steele ( October 2003 ) . `` What digital camera makers can learn from George Eastman '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brayer , Elizabeth ( 1996 ) . George Eastman . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5263 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dow Jones Industrial Average History '' ( PDF ) . Dow Jones Indexes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 619 Jump up ^ O.G. Peterson , S.A. Tuccio , B.B. Snavely , CW operation of an organic dye solution dye laser , Appl . Phys . Lett. 42 , 1917 - 1918 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` As Kodak struggles , Eastman Chemical thrives '' . Reuters . December 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daneman , Matthew ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` New Kodak Moment : A $19 M profit '' . democratandchronicle.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak To Buy Sterling Drug '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Jump up ^ C.H. Chen , J.L. Fox , F.J. Duarte , Lasing characteristics of new - coumarin - analog dyes : broadband and narrow - linewidth performance , Appl . Opt. 27 , 443 - 445 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Black , Larry ( June 16 , 1993 ) . `` Kodak to spin off chemicals : Eastman will become independent by the end of this year '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Eastman Chemical share set for 4 of Kodak '' . The New York Times . December 11 , 1993 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak acquires Algotec for $42.5 million '' . The Engineer . November 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak embraces digital revolution '' . BBC News . January 13 , 2004 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak cuts 15,000 jobs worldwide '' . BBC News . January 22 , 2004 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Teather , David ( January 23 , 2004 ) . `` Kodak pulls shutter down on its past '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak To Market Lexar Memory Cards '' . Forbes . May 17 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak to Purchase OREX , Leader in Computed Radiography Products for Specialty Markets '' . Diagnostico Journal . January 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Terry ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` Kodak 's Small , Sleek ... Superzoom ? '' . PC Mag . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak intros wireless digital cameras '' . Macworld. April 25 , 2006 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Posts a Wider Loss '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slumping film sales leave Kodak figures deep in red '' . London : The Guardian . August 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak to Sell Health Group to Onex for up to $2.55 billion '' . Eastman Kodak . January 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Completes Sale of Health Group to Onex '' . Eastman Kodak . May 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rohm and Haas to buy Kodak 's light management films unit '' . Reuters. April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chi Mei , Kodak ink deal to make slimmer screens '' . Taipei Times . May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Color Filter Array 2.0 '' . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Kodak and Lexar Announce New Extended Five - Year Agreement '' . Eastman Kodak . September 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal November 26 , 2008 . Katherine Boehret . Family Snapshots in the Splendor of HD . Jump up ^ Paul , Franklin ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Kodak to cut up to 4,500 jobs '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Will Retire Kodachrome , Its Oldest Color Film Stock '' . The New York Times . June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Topping , Alexandra ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Mama , they 've taken away my nice bright Kodachrome colours '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rocnow.com '' . Rocnow.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S&P ousts Kodak , but its shares rise '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Rochester , New York . December 12 , 2010 . ISSN 1088 - 5153 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spector , Mike ; Mattioli , Dana ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Kodak Hires Restructuring Lawyers '' . WSJ . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beleaguered Kodak faces delisting from NYSE '' . Chicago Tribune . January 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Humer , Caroline ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Struggling Kodak film group split up , shares soar '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jarzemsky , Matt ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Kodak separates business into consumer and commercial segments '' . The Australian . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photography icon Eastman Kodak has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . -- '' . Usatoday.com . January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Truesense Imaging Announces Independent Operation - Truesense Imaging , Inc '' . Truesenseimaging.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak to Cease Digital Camera Production '' . PC Magazine . February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Focuses Consumer Business On More Profitable Growth Opportunities '' . Kodak . February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak to sell film business that made its name '' . The Chicago Tribune . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Roland . `` Kodak plans to cut another 1,000 jobs '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak in $525 mln patent deal , eyes bankruptcy end '' . Reuters . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak selling two businesses to pension plan '' . USA Today . April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak emerges from Chapter 11 '' . Screen Daily . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Video `` The opening of the new Kodak '' `` . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video `` Jeff Clarke 's Message to Employees '' `` . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben , Movie film , at death 's door , gets a reprieve , Wall Street Journal , July 30 , 2014 , p. B1 Jump up ^ Chris Velazco . `` Kodak 's finally making smartphones ( sort of ) '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Matt ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Hands - on with Kodak 's £ 449 Ektra -- the camera maker 's first phone '' . Wired . Conde Nast UK . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loading site please wait ... '' www.kodak.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Todd C. Frankel ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Kodak says it 's bringing back Ektachrome film , and photographers everywhere are smiling '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` KODAK EKTRA , the Camera - First Smartphone , Launches in the United States '' . www.kodak.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` KODAK Tablets launch throughout Europe '' . www.kodak.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Herron , `` Kodak Surges After Announcing Plans to Launch Cryptocurrency Called ' Kodakcoin ' , '' Bloomberg Businessweek , January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ may bring / `` Kodak Proclaims , `` We Are Ready '' for Whatever Life after Chapter 11 May Bring '' Check url = value ( help ) . September 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update : Kodak exits Chapter 11 '' . September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP EXCLUSIVE : Kodak CEO talks company 's future '' . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Me & my : Kodak NexPress SX3900 '' . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tried & Tested : Kodak Digimaster '' . January 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KODAK FLEXCEL NX System - Kodak Graphic Communications Group '' . Graphics.kodak.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Sees Bright Future in Imaging for Business '' . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak , Kingsbury ink deal on touch - screen sensors '' . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak , UniPixel have renamed their touch - screen sensor line '' . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak To Buy Heidelberg 's Digital Business '' . In - plant graphics . April 1 , 2004 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Printing Solution - Kodak Graphics Communications Group '' . Eastman Kodak . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Revolutionizes the Inkjet Industry '' . Eastman Kodak . February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak to stop selling inkjet printers from 2013 '' . Reuters . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak Emerges From Bankruptcy '' . Variety . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak sells British visual effects house Cinesite '' . Los Angeles Times . May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAC Group Acquires Kodak 's PRO-TEK Film Preservation Subsidiary to Expand Information Curation and Stewardship Services '' . October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak embraces digital revolution '' . BBC News . January 13 , 2004 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co . '' October 12 , 1990 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Truesense Imaging , Inc '' . Jump up ^ `` Weave Innovations StoryBox '' . Gadget Central . April 4 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Scoblete , Greg ( March 12 , 2001 ) . `` Digital Frames Make Inroads In Consumer Market '' . Twice . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ben Fox ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Kodak Agrees to Sell Gallery to Shutterfly '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Insurance Case Studies Gore Success Story '' . Microdea.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kodak to Stop Making Black - and - White Paper '' . Fox News . June 16 , 2005 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` KODAK , Esprida offer Remote Business Manager for photo kiosks '' . Kiosk Marketplace . October 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` KODAK Adaptive Picture Exchange ( APEX ) '' . Kodak . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiplinger Washington Editors , Inc ( April 1962 ) . `` The story behind Kodak Trademark '' . Kiplinger 's Personal Finance . p. 40 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nemenoff , Ben . `` Houston , David Henderson '' . nd.gov . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ T.H. James , Journey : 75 Years of Kodak Research ( Eastman Kodak Company , Rochester , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ https://www.kodak.com/corp/aboutus/heritage/milestones/default.htm Jump up ^ Burley , Robert ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Back to the Future - Photography in the 21st Century , February 21 , 2007 '' . The Photographic Historical Society of Canada . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collections : Kodak Canada Corporate Archives and Heritage Collection '' . Ryerson University Library and Archives . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eastman Kodak Resigns from Council of Better Business Bureaus After Expulsion Proceedings are Initiated '' . Better Business Bureau . March 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rochester Business Journal , March 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ Don Reisinger , CNET . `` Kodak wins key battle in Apple patent case . '' May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Commission Determination '' ( PDF ) . Bibliography ( Edit ) ACKERMAN , Carl William , George Eastman : founder of Kodak and the photography business , Beard Books , Washington , D.C. , 2000 . BINANT , Philippe , Au coeur de la projection numérique , Actions , 29 , 12 - 13 , Kodak , Paris , 2007 . External links ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kodak . Kodak Kodak Alaris Kodak Camera Catalog Info at Historic Camera Eastman Kodak Subsidiaries Chinon Industries Creo Kodak Express Qualex ESL Federal Credit Union Cameras Brownie Canon EOS D2000 D6000 DCS 1 DCS 3 Cine - Kodak Cine Special 16mm Cameras Instamatic Kodak 35 Kodak 35 Rangefinder Brownie Number 2 Kodak DC Series DC215 DC3200 Kodak DCS 100 300 series 400 series Pro 14n Pro SLR / c Pro SLR / n Kodak DX7590 Zoom Digital Camera Kodak EasyShare C1013 C300 C330 C340 C613 C813 CX4200 CX4230 DX4530 DX6440 DX6490 P880 V570 Kodak Pony 828 Retina Retina Reflex Retinette Signet Starflash Stereo Camera Vigilant camera Z612 Zoom Digital Camera Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera Starmatic Camera film 110 120 126 127 135 616 828 Disc Ektachrome Ektar Kodachrome Eastmancolor Kodacolor Filmmaking Still photography High - Speed Infrared Portra T - MAX Tri-X Technical Pan Other products Approval proofer Autographic film Carousel slide projector Cinema Digital Sound Cineon Colorama KAF - 10500 Keykode Kodacolor Technology Kodak Ektaprint Electronic Publishing System Kodak Gallery Kodak Photo Printer 6800 Kodak Proofing Software Kodak S - mount Kodak Ultima Kodascope KPR Picture CD Super 8 film Versamat Media Changing Focus The Brownies Technical standards DX encoding Four Thirds system Micro Four Thirds system People George Eastman Places Eastman Business Park Kodak Heights ( Building 9 ) Kodak Park Railroad Kodak Photo Spot Kodak Picture Kiosk Kodak , Tennessee Kodak Tower Court cases Kodak v. 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Anthony House Rundel Memorial Library Federal Building / City Hall Powers Building Blue Cross Arena Frontier Field Capelli Sport Stadium Sibley 's , Lindsay and Curr Building First Federal Plaza Legacy Tower Kodak Tower Times Square Building Five Star Bank Plaza Xerox Tower Tower 280 ( Midtown Tower ) The Metropolitan Entertainment Sports in Rochester Strong National Museum of Play Rochester Museum and Science Center Memorial Art Gallery Rochester Contemporary Art Center Little Theatre Eastman Theatre Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra Water Street Music Hall Rochester Lilac Festival Rochester International Film Festival High Falls Film Festival Rochester International Jazz Festival Geva Theatre Center Food Nick Tahou Hots Zweigle 's White hot Abbott 's Frozen Custard DiBella 's Harts Local Grocers Mark 's Pizzeria Wegmans Genesee Brewing Company Research and education University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Medical Center Rochester Institute of Technology Center for Urban Entrepreneurship Rochester City School District Rochester Academy Charter School Aquinas Institute Monroe Community College Rochester Area Colleges Other Democrat and Chronicle Rochester Police Department List of tallest buildings in Rochester , New York Hickey Freeman Bausch & Lomb Eastman Kodak Xerox French 's Rochester Products ( defunct ) Midtown Plaza ( defunct ) McCurdy 's B. 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Eastman Kodak Fujifilm Hikvision Konica Minolta Kyocera Lexmark Nikon Olympus Corporation Panasonic Ricoh ( Pentax ) Samsung Electronics Seiko Epson Sharp Sony Toshiba Xerox See also Largest IT companies Category : Optics manufacturing companies Category : Photography companies New York portal Companies portal Photography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodak&oldid=850509719 '' Categories : Kodak 1888 establishments in New York ( state ) Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners American companies established in 1888 Battery manufacturers Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2012 Computer printer companies Consumer battery manufacturers Electronics companies of the United States Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Manufacturing companies based in New Jersey Manufacturing companies based in Rochester , New York Companies based in New York ( state ) by county Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Organizations awarded an Academy Honorary Award Photographic film makers Photography companies of the United States Technology companies established in 1888 Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 09 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did kodak introduce film photography to the commercial market	[ "1888: The first model of the Kodak camera appeared. It took round pictures 6.4 cm (2.5 in) in diameter, was of the fixed focus type, and carried a roll of film enough for 100 exposures. Its invention practically marked the advent of amateur photography, as before that time both apparatus and processes were too burdensome to classify photography as recreation. The roll film used in the first model of the Kodak camera had a paper base but was soon superseded by a film with a cellulose base, a practical transparent flexible film.[52] The first films had to be loaded into the camera and unloaded in the dark room, but the film cartridge system with its protecting strip of opaque paper made it possible to load and unload the camera in ordinary light. The Kodak Developing Machine (1900) and its simplified successor, the Kodak Film Tank, provided the means for daylight development of film, making the dark room unnecessary for any of the operations of amateur photography. The earlier types of the Kodak cameras were of the box form and of fixed focus, and as various sizes were added, devices for focusing the lenses were incorporated.[52]" ]	[ "1888" ]
7596901144979424805	Jean Hagen	Jean Hagen - wikipedia Jean Hagen Jean Hagen Hagen in 1955 Jean Shirley Verhagen ( 1923 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1923 Chicago , Illinois , U.S. August 29 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 29 ) ( aged 54 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Esophageal cancer Occupation Actress Years active 1945 -- 1977 Spouse ( s ) Tom Seidel ( m . 1947 -- 1965 ; divorced ; 2 children ) Children Christine Patricia ( b . 1950 ) Aric Phillip ( 1952 - 2012 ) Jean Hagen ( born Jean Shirley Verhagen , August 3 , 1923 -- August 29 , 1977 ) was an American actress best known for her role as Lina Lamont in Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Hagen was also nominated three times for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Margaret Williams ( 1953 -- 56 ) on the television series Make Room For Daddy . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio 2.2 Stage 2.3 Film and television 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Honors 6 Complete filmography 7 Television appearances 8 Radio appearances 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Hagen was born on August 3 , 1923 in Chicago , to Christian Verhagen , a Dutch immigrant , and his Chicago - born wife , Marie . The family moved to Elkhart , Indiana , when she was 12 and she subsequently graduated from Elkhart High School . She studied drama at Northwestern University , where she was a roommate of actress Patricia Neal . She graduated from Northwestern in 1945 . She also worked as a theater usherette . Career ( edit ) Hagen in Singin ' in the Rain Radio ( edit ) Hagen began her show business career in radio in the 1940s , performing in Light of the World , Hollywood Story , and other programs . Using her maiden name ( Jean Verhagen ) , she played Betty Webster on Those Websters . Stage ( edit ) Hagen first appeared on Broadway in Swan Song . She also acted in Another Part of the Forest , Ghosts , Born Yesterday , and The Traitor . Film and television ( edit ) Her film debut was as a comical femme fatale in the Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn 1949 classic Adam 's Rib , directed by George Cukor . The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) provided Hagen with her first starring role alongside Sterling Hayden . Hagen received excellent reviews playing `` Doll '' Conover , a woman who sticks by criminal Dix 's side until the bitter end . She appeared too in the film noir Side Street ( 1950 ) playing a gangster 's sincere but none - too - bright nightclub - singer girlfriend . Hagen is best remembered for her comic performance in Singin ' in the Rain as the vain and talentless silent movie star Lina Lamont . She received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for this memorable performance . Thomas and Hagen in `` Make Room for Daddy '' , 1955 By 1953 , she had joined the cast of the television sitcom Make Room for Daddy . For her portrayal as the first wife of Danny Thomas , Hagen received three Emmy Award nominations , but after three seasons , she grew dissatisfied with the role and left the series . Thomas , who also produced the show , reportedly did not appreciate Hagen 's departing the successful series , and her character was killed off rather than recast . This was the first TV character to be killed off in a family sitcom . Marjorie Lord was cast a year later as Danny 's second wife and played opposite Thomas successfully for the remainder of the series . In 1957 Hagen co-starred in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents titled `` Enough Rope for Two '' , portraying a woman who accompanies two thieves trying to retrieve stolen money from a desert mine shaft . She then appeared as Elizabeth in the 1960 episode `` Once Upon a Knight '' on CBS 's anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson ; and the following year she guest - starred on The Andy Griffith Show in the episode `` Andy and the Woman Speeder '' . Although she made frequent guest appearances in various television series , Hagen was unable to successfully resume her film career in starring roles . After appearing with Fred MacMurray in the Disney comedy The Shaggy Dog ( 1959 ) , Hagen for the remainder of her career played supporting roles , such as Marguerite LeHand , personal secretary to Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Sunrise at Campobello ( 1960 ) , and the friend of Bette Davis in Dead Ringer ( 1964 ) . In the 1960s , Hagen 's health began to decline and she spent many years hospitalized or under medical care . Much later , in 1976 , she made a comeback of sorts playing character roles in episodes of the television series Starsky and Hutch and The Streets of San Francisco . She , however , made her final acting appearance the next year in the television movie Alexander : The Other Side of Dawn . Personal life ( edit ) Jean Hagen married actor Tom Seidel , who originated the role of Dr. Sanderson in the play Harvey , on June 12 , 1947 , in Brentwood , and had two children , Christine Patricia Seidel ( b . 1950 ) and Aric Phillip Seidel ( 1952 -- 2012 ) . According to Lorraine LoBianco 's authoritative biography , Seidel , in his attempt to stop his wife from drinking , divorced her and gained custody of the children . It did not work . Hagen 's alcoholism only worsened , finally becoming so severe by 1968 that she was hospitalized and lapsed into a coma at UCLA Medical Center . She managed to survive the ordeal , and her daughter Christine said that after she emerged from the coma , Hagen never drank again . Unfortunately , another health problem arose : throat cancer . Patricia Neal wrote in her autobiography that Hagen went to Germany `` ' for laetrile , a supposed cure unavailable in the United States . But she was bubbly and bright and so much the way I remembered her from the old days . ' '' Death ( edit ) Hagen died at age 54 of esophageal cancer on August 29 , 1977 , at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital , and was buried in Chapel of the Pines Crematory . Honors ( edit ) Hagen was nominated for a 1956 Emmy Award in the `` Best actress ( continuing performance ) '' category . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1502 Vine Street for her contributions to television . Complete filmography ( edit ) Film Year Role Adam 's Rib 1949 Beryl Caighn Ambush 1950 Martha Conovan Side Street 1950 Hariette Sinton The Asphalt Jungle 1950 `` Doll '' Conovan A Life of Her Own 1950 Maggie Collins Night Into Morning 1951 Girl Next Door No Questions Asked 1951 Joan Brensen Shadow in the Sky 1952 Stella Murphy Singin ' in the Rain 1952 Lina Lamont Carbine Williams 1952 Maggie Williams Arena 1953 Meg Hutchins Latin Lovers 1953 Anne Kellwood Half a Hero 1953 Martha Dobson The Big Knife 1955 Connie Bliss Spring Reunion 1957 Barna Forrest The Shaggy Dog 1959 Freeda Daniels Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Marguerite `` Missy '' LeHand Panic in Year Zero 1962 Ann Baldwin Dead Ringer 1964 Dede Marshall Alexander : The Other Side of Dawn ( TV movie ) 1977 Landlady Television appearances ( edit ) Television series Role Year Notes Make Room for Daddy Margaret Williams 117 ( 3 seasons ) 1953 -- 1956 later called The Danny Thomas Show ; first family sitcom character to be killed off The Andy Griffith Show Elizabeth Crowley Season 2 episode 3 , Oct. 16 , 1961 `` Andy and the Woman Speeder '' The Streets Of San Francisco Landlady Season 4 episode 19 , Nov. 1976 `` Judgement Day '' Radio appearances ( edit ) Year Program Episode / source 1952 Stars in the Air The Yearling Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A variation on the spelling was ver Hagen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , September 7 , 1977 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ `` Northwestern Co-Eds Train For The Stage ; Inspired By Achievements Of Some Grads '' . Lubbock Evening Journal . January 12 , 1950 . p. 11 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jean Hagen , former actress , dies at 54 '' . The Lowell Sun . August 31 , 1977 . p. 43 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Those Websters , ' American Family Heard Fridays at 9 : 30 P.M. on WHP '' . Harrisburg Telegraph . March 3 , 1945 . p. 15 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Jean Hagen Is Delighted To Get Bad Woman Role '' . Corsicana Daily Sun . May 6 , 1955 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Openings : The Traitor '' . Billboard. April 9 , 1949 . p. 57 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Hagen Profile '' , Turner Classic Movies ( TCM ) , Turner Broadcasting System , New York , N.Y. Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emmy ' Award Nominations Announced '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . February 27 , 1956 . p. 93 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Walter ( February 10 , 1952 ) . `` Better Radio Programs for the Week '' . The Decatur Daily Review . p. 38 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean Hagen . Jean Hagen on IMDb Jean Hagen at the Internet Broadway Database Jean Hagen at Find a Grave BNE : XX1295526 BNF : cb14038993k ( data ) GND : 141115459 ISNI : 0000 0000 7778 1213 LCCN : n85067139 MusicBrainz : 16bfb8b7 - 994d - 479b - 8bf6 - a7fb2c593a5f SNAC : w6pc5zxd SUDOC : 061133302 VIAF : 61747401 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Hagen&oldid=853160505 '' Categories : 1923 births 1977 deaths American radio actresses American film actresses American television actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from esophageal cancer American people of Dutch descent Actresses from Indiana Actresses from Chicago People from Elkhart , Indiana Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players 20th - century American actresses Burials at Chapel of the Pines Crematory Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 20 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lina lamont in singin in the rain	[ "Jean Hagen (born Jean Shirley Verhagen,[a] August 3, 1923 – August 29, 1977) was an American actress best known for her role as Lina Lamont in Singin' in the Rain (1952), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Hagen was also nominated three times for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Margaret Williams (1953–56) on the television series Make Room For Daddy.[2]\n" ]	[ "Jean Hagen" ]
9134241527284286705	Ken Jennings	Ken Jennings - wikipedia Ken Jennings Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Jeopardy ! champion . For other people with the same name , see Ken Jennings ( disambiguation ) . Ken Jennings Jennings in 2007 Kenneth Wayne Jennings III ( 1974 - 05 - 23 ) May 23 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Edmonds , Washington , U.S. Residence Seattle , Washington , U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Brigham Young University Occupation Computer scientist Author Known for 74 - time Jeopardy ! champion Former ( and still 2nd ) all - time game show winnings leader ( US $4,023,414 ) Former ( and still 2nd ) highest - earning contestant on Jeopardy ! ( US $3,422,700 ) Spouse ( s ) Mindy Jennings Children Kenneth Wayne `` Ken '' Jennings III ( born May 23 , 1974 ) is an American game show contestant and author . Jennings holds the record for the longest winning streak on the U.S. syndicated game show Jeopardy ! and as being the second highest - earning contestant in game show history . In 2004 , Jennings won 74 Jeopardy ! games ( in a row ) before he was defeated by challenger Nancy Zerg on his 75th appearance . His total earnings on Jeopardy ! are $3,196,300 , consisting of $2,520,700 over his 74 wins , a $2,000 second - place prize in his 75th appearance , a $500,000 second - place prize in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions , a $100,000 win for second - place prize in the Jeopardy Battle of the Decades , as well as half of a $300,000 prize in the IBM Challenge , when he competed against Watson . During his first run of Jeopardy ! appearances , Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings . His total was surpassed by Brad Rutter , who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions ( first aired on May 25 , 2005 ) , adding $2,000,000 to Rutter 's existing Jeopardy ! winnings . Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows , culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( first aired on October 10 , 2008 ) , though Rutter retained the record for highest Jeopardy ! winnings and once again passed Jennings ' total after his victory in the 2014 Jeopardy Battle of the Decades tournament . After his success on Jeopardy ! , Jennings wrote about his experience and explored American trivia history and culture in his book Brainiac : Adventures in the Curious , Competitive , Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs , published in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Streak on Jeopardy ! 2.1 End of the streak 2.2 Effect of the streak on Jeopardy ! 2.2. 1 Ratings effect 2.3 Media appearances and coverage during the streak 3 Jeopardy ! Tournaments 4 After Jeopardy ! 4.1 Blog controversy 4.2 Other game show appearances 4.3 American Crossword Puzzle Tournament 4.4 Kennections 4.5 Tuesday trivia emails 4.6 Twitter 4.7 Omnibus Podcast 5 Endorsements 6 Personal life 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Edmonds , Washington , Jennings grew up in Seoul , South Korea ( 1981 -- 1992 ) and Singapore ( 1992 -- 1996 ) , where his father worked for an international law firm and then as Asia Pacific Division Counsel of Oracle Corporation . He watched Jeopardy ! on American Forces Network television while growing up . Jennings went to Seoul Foreign School where he completed an International Baccalaureate diploma and then graduated with a degree in Computer Science and English at Brigham Young University , where he played on the school 's quizbowl team for three and a half years . Jennings attended the University of Washington during his freshman year . Streak on Jeopardy ! ( edit ) Before 2003 , Jeopardy ! contestants were limited to five consecutive games . At the beginning of the show 's twentieth season ( in 2003 ) , the rules were changed to allow contestants to remain on the show as long as they continued to win . After this rule change , and until Jennings ' run , the record winning streak was set by Tom Walsh , who won $186,900 in eight games in January 2004 . Before his Jeopardy ! appearance , Jennings was a member of BYU 's Quiz Bowl Team . Jennings ' run began during Jeopardy ! 's 20th season with the episode aired on June 2 , 2004 , in which he unseated 2 - time returning champion Jerry Harvey , and continued into season 21 . In that first episode , Jennings 's entire winning streak nearly ended before it even began . The Final Jeopardy answer was , `` She 's the first female track & field athlete to win medals in 5 different events at a single Olympics . '' Jennings responded with `` Who is Jones ? '' , referring to Marion Jones ( the shows were recorded before she was stripped of her medals as a result of admitted doping ) . Host Alex Trebek said , `` We will accept that , in terms of female athletes , there are n't that many . '' If the response had not been accepted , Jennings would have finished in 3rd place , and challenger Julia Lazarus would have won the game instead . Jennings ' run was interrupted by the off - season break in July until September , 2004 Kids ' Week , the Tournament of Champions ( aired from September 20 , 2004 through October 1 , 2004 ) , the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election ( aired on Tuesday November 2 , 2004 , pushing his weeks of episodes to air from Wednesday to Saturday ) and the College Championship ( aired from November 10 , 2004 through November 23 , 2004 ) . He did not participate in the Tournament of Champions , as invitations are only extended to champions who have already been defeated ( with the exception of the winner ( s ) of the College Championship ) , which Jennings had not yet been . End of the streak ( edit ) On November 30 , 2004 , Jennings ' reign as Jeopardy ! champion ended when he lost his seventy - fifth game to challenger Nancy Zerg . Jennings responded incorrectly to both Double Jeopardy ! Daily Doubles , causing him to lose a combined $10,200 ( $5,400 and $4,800 , respectively ) and leaving him with $14,400 at the end of the round . As a result , for only the tenth time in 75 games , Jennings did not have an insurmountable lead going into the Final Jeopardy ! round . Only Jennings and Zerg , who ended Double Jeopardy ! with $10,000 , were able to play Final Jeopardy ! as third - place contestant David Hankins failed to finish with a positive score after Double Jeopardy ! . The Final Jeopardy ! category was Business & Industry , and the clue was `` Most of this firm 's 70,000 seasonal white - collar employees work only four months a year '' . Jennings appeared perplexed during the time allowed to write a response , while Zerg finished her response quickly . Zerg responded correctly with `` What is H&R Block ? '' and wagered $4,401 of her $10,000 , giving her a $1 lead over Jennings with his response still to be revealed . Jennings incorrectly responded with `` What is FedEx ? '' , and lost the game with a final score of $8,799 after his $5,601 wager was deducted from his score . After his response was revealed to be incorrect , the audience audibly gasped . He was awarded $2,000 for his second - place finish , which gave him a final total of $2,522,700 for his run on Jeopardy !. Zerg , whom Jennings called a `` formidable opponent '' , finished in third place on the next show . The audience gave a standing ovation in honor of both contestants , and Trebek called Zerg a `` giant killer '' as Jennings embraced her . Jennings ' 75 matches took place over a span of 182 calendar days . Effect of the streak on Jeopardy ! ( edit ) Jeopardy ! implemented some backstage changes during Jennings ' run . Normally , players only get a short time to practice , but more rehearsal time was added so that the new players could get comfortable with the buzzers . Additionally , the person who managed the buzzer system was changed . In his book Brainiac , Jennings says that the consistency of the original manager 's timing had given an increasing advantage to continuing players , and that the change made a noticeable difference in the second season that he was on the show . At one point , announcer Johnny Gilbert stopped announcing Jennings ' total wins during the show 's opening . On December 1 , 2004 , the day after his defeat , Jeopardy ! broke with tradition by having Jennings make a guest appearance at the start of the broadcast , during which host Alex Trebek acknowledged his success and enumerated the various game show records he had broken . Jennings appeared in The Guinness Book of World Records under `` Most cash won on a game show . '' Ratings effect ( edit ) According to the Nielsen TV National People Meter , Jeopardy ! 's ratings were 22 % higher during Jennings ' run than they were during the same period the previous year . For several weeks of the winnings streak , Jeopardy ! was ranked as TV 's highest - rated syndicated program . By the end of Jeopardy ! 's 20th season several weeks later , the show had surpassed Wheel of Fortune in the ratings but Wheel , which is usually paired with Jeopardy ! in programming , also benefited from Jennings ' streak . Media appearances and coverage during the streak ( edit ) Jennings has received a good deal of American media coverage . After his 38th win on Jeopardy ! , during the summer break between tapings , Jennings made a guest appearance on Live with Regis and Kelly . There Jennings revealed that he had failed to qualify for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , once hosted by Regis Philbin . During that guest appearance , Jennings said , `` Jeopardy ! is a man 's game ... it 's not like Millionaire . '' Jennings appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to present Letterman 's `` Top Ten List '' ( Top ten ways to irritate Alex Trebek ) . He appeared again on the program on the night his final show was televised , in addition to interview segments airing that night on local late evening news programming and on Nightline . Barbara Walters selected Jennings as one of the `` Ten Most Fascinating People of 2004 '' for her twelfth annual ABC News special , which aired on December 8 , 2004 . While on his media tour following his final game , Jennings taped a segment for Sesame Street . TV Guide featured a segment of `` The Top Ten TV Moments of 2004 '' , in which Ken Jennings ' loss placed third . On December 1 , 2004 , A&E aired an episode of Biography on Jennings and other Jeopardy ! notables , including Frank Spangenberg and Eddie Timanus . Jeopardy ! Tournaments ( edit ) On December 28 , 2004 , Sony announced a 15 - week , 75 - show Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . It featured Tournament of Champions , College Championship , and Teen Tournament winners from the show 's 21 - year run , as well as over 100 five - time champions . Jeopardy ! 's executive producer , Harry Friedman , explained : The 2003 rule change , which allows Jeopardy ! players to keep playing until they 're defeated , raised the question about how other five - time champions might have played under this rule . This tournament is an opportunity to give those past champions another chance to shine . The field totaled 145 players including Jennings , who , unlike the other competitors , was automatically placed in the finals . The Ultimate Tournament of Champions offered substantial cash prizes ; with a grand prize of $2,000,000 to the winner , $500,000 for the first runner - up , and $250,000 for the second runner - up . Guaranteed prize money was offered to all contestants . In the final round of the Ultimate Tournament , Brad Rutter decisively defeated Jennings and Jerome Vered , with respective final scores of $62,000 , $34,599 , and $20,600 . Jennings won the $500,000 prize for second place , but as a result of the Ultimate Tournament , Rutter temporarily displaced him as the highest overall winner of money on a game show . Jennings has said he is still happy with his second - place finish . From February 14 -- 16 , 2011 , Jeopardy 's `` IBM Challenge '' featured the computer company 's Watson against Jennings and Rutter in two matches played over three days . The winner of the competition was Watson , winning $1 million for two charities , while Jennings was second and Rutter was third , receiving $300,000 and $200,000 , respectively . Jennings and Rutter each pledged to donate half of their winnings to charity . This was the first ever man - versus - machine competition in the show 's history . At the end of the first episode , in which only the first match 's Jeopardy ! Round was aired , Rutter was tied with Watson at $5,000 , while Jennings was in third with $2,000 . After the second episode in which the first game was completed , Jennings remained at third with $4,800 while Rutter at second had $10,400 . The competition ended with Watson with $77,147 , Jennings with $24,000 , and Rutter with $21,600 . Below his response during the Final Jeopardy ! Round , Jennings wrote on his screen `` I for one welcome our new computer overlords . '' It was the first time Rutter had been defeated against any human player , although the defeat is not on Rutter 's Jeopardy ! official record , as the competition was deemed an exhibition . Jennings wrote about playing against Watson for Slate . In 2014 , Jeopardy ! aired a special 5 - week Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades tournament . Jennings made it to the finals along with Brad Rutter and Roger Craig . Jennings placed second , winning a $100,000 prize , and Rutter won first place , securing a $1,000,000 prize . After Jeopardy ! ( edit ) Ken Jennings in 2005 Taking advantage of the notoriety that Jennings 's losing Final Jeopardy ! answer afforded , H&R Block offered Jennings free tax planning and financial services for the rest of his life . H&R Block senior vice president David Byers estimated that Jennings owed approximately $1.04 million in taxes on his winnings . In a 2011 Reddit IAmA , Jennings recalled how in 2004 the Democratic politicians Chuck Schumer and Harry Reid unsuccessfully asked Jennings to run for the United States Senate from Utah . Jennings commented , `` That was when I realized the Democratic Party was f @ # $ ed in ' 04 . '' Jennings has written several books . Brainiac : Adventures in the Curious , Competitive , Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs details his experiences on Jeopardy ! and his research into trivia culture conducted after the completion of his run . Ken Jennings 's Trivia Almanac : 8,888 Questions in 365 Days , a hardcover book , is a compilation of trivia questions -- with 3 categories and about 20 questions per day of the year . Maphead : Charting the Wide , Weird World of Geography Wonks explores the world of map and geography enthusiasts . Because I said so ! is a humorous examination of ' The myths , tales & warnings every generation passes down to its kids ' . He also has written five books for his children 's series , Junior Genius Guides . Jennings also had a column in Mental Floss magazine called `` Six Degrees of Ken Jennings '' , in which readers submit two wildly different things and he has to connect them in exactly six moves , much in the same vein as the Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon game . The column ran from November 2005 ; to the September -- October 2010 issue . According to Variety.com , Jennings and television producer Michael Davies teamed up as executive producers on a new game show format for Comedy Central . According to Comedy Central execs , it was planned that Jennings would co-host and participate . The series was planned to premiere late in 2005 or in the first quarter of 2006 ; as of April 2006 , development had stalled , and the show 's future remained uncertain . Jennings explained on his website that `` Stephen Colbert 's show was doing so well in its post-Daily Show spot that Comedy Central decided they were n't in the market for a quiz show anymore . '' However , as of mid-2006 , he was still shopping a potential game show titled , Ken Jennings vs. the Rest of the World . Jennings appeared on The Colbert Report on September 13 , 2006 . During the interview , Colbert discussed Jennings 's book , Brainiac , and mocked him not knowing the number of pages the book contained . After Colbert coined a word to describe intellectual nerdiness , `` poindexterity '' , Jennings was going back and forth of what is the correct noun for `` poindexter . '' Jennings noted , as he had done earlier that day on NPR 's Talk of the Nation , that since his streak , people `` seem to have an extra-hard trivia question '' in case they run into him . He also appeared twice on NPR 's Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! program . In his Feb. 25 , 2006 appearance on the `` Not My Job '' segment , he answered all three questions correctly , winning for a listener Carl Kasell 's voice on that person 's home answering machine . Jennings stated , `` This is the proudest moment of my game show life . '' On June 1 , 2013 , Jennings made his debut as a panelist on Wait Wait Do n't Tell Me . Entertainment Weekly put his performance on its end - of - the - decade `` best of '' list , saying , `` Answer : A software engineer from Utah , he dominated the quizfest for a record 74 shows in 2004 , amassing $2,520,700 . Question : Who is Ken Jennings ? '' Blog controversy ( edit ) Jennings made the news in July 2006 when an article in the New York Post by Michael Starr criticized Jennings for what Starr perceived as lack of loyalty and gratitude on Jennings ' part , citing an open letter to the producers of Jeopardy ! and host Alex Trebek that Jennings wrote on his blog . Jennings responded on his blog by explaining that the blog entry was satirical in tone , saying , `` ( Starr ) knows there 's no way I was genuinely calling for angry bees and ventriloquist 's dummies to be added to the Jeopardy ! format . It 's a humor piece , and one which gets its laughs from the outrageous non sequiturs it proposes , not the ripeness of its target for criticism . '' Jennings had already posted a more serious comment defending Trebek that remains on his website . Other game show appearances ( edit ) Jennings appeared on the first two episodes of the NBC game show 1 vs. 100 on October 13 and 20 , 2006 as a mob member . He incorrectly answered the question , `` what color is the number 1 space on a standard roulette wheel ? '' as `` black '' instead of `` red '' in his second episode , eliminating him from the game . ( He explained that he did not know the answer because his Mormon faith prohibits gambling . ) He left the show with $714.29 , his share of a $35,000 prize shared among 49 Mob members . Jennings returned to the show for a special `` Last Man Standing '' episode aired on February 9 , 2007 . He was eliminated on the final question , which asked which of the three options had been married the most times ; he answered King Henry VIII , while the correct answer was Larry King . This episode was the first time Jennings had a chance at a rematch against rival Brad Rutter , who was also part of the mob and was eliminated before Jennings . Ken Jennings in 2008 In 2007 , Jennings was invited to be a contestant on the game show Grand Slam hosted by Dennis Miller and Amanda Byram , also a Sony Pictures production . The show debuted on Game Show Network ( GSN ) on August 4 , 2007 , and featured sixteen former game - show winners in a single - elimination tournament . Jennings , seeded second behind Brad Rutter , won the tournament and became the 2007 Grand Slam Champion after defeating Ogi Ogas ( a second - round winner against Rutter ) in the finals . He earned $100,000 for his victory . Jennings was a contestant on an episode of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? that aired on October 10 , 2008 , which held the possibility of exceeding Rutter 's total game show winnings . After winning $500,000 , enough to surpass Rutter 's total , Jennings chose not to attempt the final $1,000,000 question , which would have deducted $475,000 from his winnings if he missed it . As is customary on the show , Jennings was then shown the question to see what would have happened , and he provided the correct answer . Had he risked his winnings and correctly answered the question , he would have become the show 's second $1,000,000 winner . From 2008 to 2009 , Jennings appeared on GSN on Fridays for the trivia game Stump the Master . Home viewers send questions via the GSN website . Four callers are put on hold and Jennings selects from one of the categories . The caller for the category he picked comes on the line and reads the question . If Jennings does not answer or is incorrect , the caller wins $1,000 or more . Any time Jennings is right , the jackpot is increased by $1,000 . All callers are given a small prize , whether they participate on the air or not . Jennings has appeared on multiple episodes of Doug Loves Movies , hosted by Doug Benson , and has won a few times . Jennings also appeared on two other Sony Pictures Television game shows , Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , as a frequent expert for the lifeline `` Ask the Expert '' , and also taped a pilot for the proposed 2009 CBS revival of Sony 's The $25,000 Pyramid . Jennings appeared on Millionaire in 2014 as a contestant during Guinness World Records Edition themed week , where he won $100,000 after deciding to walk away on his $250,000 question . If he had gone for it , he would have been right and would have won $250,000 . Jennings appeared on the second - season premiere of 500 Questions on May 26 , 2016 and was eliminated on the fourth question , leaving with no winnings . Jennings appeared on an episode of @ midnight aired May 15th , 2017 during the fourth season , which he won . As a result , he served as the funniest person on the internet for May 16th , 2017 . American Crossword Puzzle Tournament ( edit ) Jennings won the rookie division of the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament ( ACPT ) in 2006 . In his first time competing , Jennings placed 37th overall . He also served as the award 's presenter , becoming the first contestant to present an award to himself . He has not competed in the tournament since . Kennections ( edit ) Jennings had a weekly trivia column Kennections in Parade magazine . In it , five questions are posed and their answers are all connected to a mystery topic , which the readers are to guess . Parade ceased publishing the quiz in early 2015 , and removed links to archived quizzes in March 2015 . Kennections now appear in the online version of Mental Floss magazine . Tuesday trivia emails ( edit ) Every Tuesday , Jennings sends an email out containing seven questions , one of which is designed to be Google - resistant . Subscribers respond with the answers to all 7 questions and the results are maintained on a scoreboard on Jennings ' blog . At times he chooses to run multi-week tournaments , awarding the top responder with all 7 answers correct with such things as a signed copy of his newest book . Twitter ( edit ) Paste named his Twitter one of `` The 75 Best Twitter Accounts of 2014 '' ranking it at # 10 . Jennings was the subject of some controversy for posting a tweet when he wrote `` Nothing sadder than a hot person in a wheelchair . '' Jennings again faced controversy when on November 10 , 2015 he tweeted a joke about the death of Daniel Fleetwood , a lifelong Star Wars fan who died of cancer . Fleetwood 's dying wish was to see Star Wars : The Force Awakens fearing he likely would not live to see the film when it opened in theaters in December 2015 . An online campaign was started on his behalf and his wish was granted only days before he died . Jennings said `` It ca n't be a good sign that every fan who has seen the new Star Wars movie died shortly thereafter . '' Jennings once more faced controversy when on May 31 , 2017 he tweeted a joke involving Barron Trump , the youngest child of U.S. President Donald Trump . According to TMZ , after 11 - year - old Barron Trump saw an image of Kathy Griffin holding a bloody Trump mask , he believed it was real and screamed . Jennings wrote , `` Barron Trump saw a very long necktie on a heap of expired deli meat in a dumpster . He thought it was his dad & his little heart is breaking . '' After the tweet garnered controversy , Jennings said , `` The joke does n't mock Barron . It mocks using him for political cover . '' Omnibus podcast ( edit ) On September 7 , 2017 HowStuffWorks unveiled a new show entitled Omnibus , co-hosted by Jennings and John Roderick , frontman of the indie - rock band The Long Winters . They will pick topics they fear might be lost to history and discuss them . Endorsements ( edit ) Jennings agreed to a deal with Microsoft to promote its Encarta encyclopedia software ( which was later discontinued ) . He is also engaged in speaking deals through the Massachusetts - based speakers agency American Program Bureau . In 2005 , Cingular Wireless ( now AT&T ) featured Jennings in commercials portraying him as having lots of `` friends and family '' ( coming out of the woodwork , because he is now `` stinking rich '' ) . University Games produced a Can You Beat Ken ? board game , in which players vie against each other and Jennings in an attempt to earn $2.6 million first . Each question in the game was asked to Jennings , and his answers , both correct and incorrect , are recorded on the cards . Personal life ( edit ) He and his wife Mindy ( née Boam ) have a son , Dylan , born in 2002 , and a daughter , Caitlin , born in 2006 . Jennings currently resides in the Seattle metropolitan area . He has stated that he is an avid comic book and movie geek with a website listing his top 4,000 favorite movies . He also writes questions for , edits the literature and mythology categories of questions of , and is otherwise active in the National Academic Quiz Tournaments ( NAQT ) , a quiz bowl organization ; in particular , he moderated ( i.e. , read questions ) at the 2005 , 2006 , and 2009 NAQT National High School Tournaments in Chicago . During his Jeopardy ! winning streak , Jennings was a software engineer for CHG Healthcare Services , a healthcare - placement firm in Holladay , Utah . Jennings regularly competes in LearnedLeague under the name `` JenningsK '' . See also ( edit ) External video Ken Jennings : Watson , Jeopardy and me , the obsolete know - it - all , TED talks American game show winnings records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Our Attorneys '' . 27 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Ken ( 2006 ) . Brainiac : Adventures in the Curious , Competitive , Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs . Random House . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6445 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Ken '' . Ken Jennings . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' JEOPARDY ! '' PREMIERES MILESTONE 20TH ANNIVERSARY SEASON SEPTEMBER 8 , 2003 : America 's Favorite Quiz Show Launches Season 20 With Many Exciting and Historic `` Firsts '' '' ( Press release ) . King World . 2003 - 09 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Ken ( 2006 ) . Brainiac . Villard . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6445 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Show # 4657 , aired 2004 - 11 - 30 '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Jennings Detailed Statistics '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Paquet , Paul ( January 2005 ) . `` Backstage with Ken Jennings '' . TriviaHallofFame.com . Cornerstone Word Company . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` '' JEOPARDY ! '' STREAK OVER : Ken Jennings Loses in 75th Game , Takes Home a Record - Setting $2,520,700 '' ( Press release ) . King World . 2004 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kimberly Speight ( August 4 , 2004 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Caps Season on Winning Streak '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2004 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Transcript of Ken Jennings ' appearance on Live with Regis and Kelly Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` PBS NOVA : Smartest Machine on Earth '' . PBS . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IBM 's `` Watson '' Computing System to Challenge All Time Greatest Jeopardy ! Champions `` . Jeopardy !. Sony Pictures Digital Inc . December 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` On ' Jeopardy , ' Watson 's a Natural '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Puny Human Brain '' . Slate. 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q. : `` What is H&R Block ? '' A. : The Company You Turn to for Tax and Financial Assistance '' ( Press release ) . H&R Block . 2004 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roth , Stephen ( November 30 , 2004 ) . `` Block offers Jeopardy ! champ tax services for life '' . Kansas City Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jeopardy ' streak comes to end '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . December 1 , 2004 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Ken ( 2011 - 03 - 03 ) . `` IAmA 74 - time Jeopardy ! champion , Ken Jennings . I will not be answering in the form of a question . '' . Reddit . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2008 , Villard , ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49997 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Maphead '' . C - SPAN Video Library . September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . , 2011 , Scribner , ISBN 1 - 4391 - 6717 - 6 Jump up ^ 2012 , Scribner , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5625 - 1 , ebook ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5627 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Ken Jennings ' Junior Genius Guides '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` mental_floss media kit '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Mental Floss LLC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nov - Dec 2005 table of contents for mental floss magazine Archived September 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Ken ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Another year over , a new one just begun '' . ken-jennings.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Trivia titan gets series : Comedy , Jennings prep game '' . Variety . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ken Jennings ( 2006 ) . `` FAQ : Life A.T. ( After Trebek ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Colbert Report - September 13 , 2006 : Ken Jennings '' . ColbertNation.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 2006 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Gift Horse , Meet Ken Jennings '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Jeopardy ! '' . Ken Jennings 's personal blog . 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sense of humor , meet Michael Starr '' . Ken Jennings 's personal blog . 2006 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Jennings 's website - FAQ '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Transcript of 1 vs. 100 episode 2 Jump up ^ `` Ken Jennings - Blog '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Game Show Legend Ken Jennings to Play ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' on Friday November 14 & Monday , November 17 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Jennings on ' 500 Questions ' : ' Jeopard ' Champ Joins ABC Game 500 Questions May 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` @ midnight with Chris Hardwick - May 15 , 2017 - # FirstDraftCartoons Comedy Central '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Crossed Up by the K in Connecticut '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kennections : Play Trivia Puzzles by Ken Jennings '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Jennings ' Blog '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Trivia Scoreboard '' . Jump up ^ Hongo , Hudson ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` The 75 Best Twitter Accounts of 2014 : : Comedy : : Lists : : Paste '' . Paste . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ledbetter , Carly ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Ken Jennings Of ' Jeopardy ! ' Fame Tweets Awful Wheelchair ' Joke ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothkopf , Joanna ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Ugh : Jeopardy champion Ken Jennings tweets super offensive `` wheelchair '' joke - Salon.com `` . Salon . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Aly ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Champ Ken Jennings Under Fire For Insensitive Wheelchair Tweet '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jeopardy ' champion Ken Jennings shocks Twitter followers with offensive post '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Magilo , Tony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ' Legend Ken Jennings Booed for ' Disgusting ' Joke About Dead ' Star Wars ' Fan Daniel Fleetwood '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy 's Ken Jennings mocks Barron Trump on Twitter over Kathy Griffin 's ' gory ' head photo '' . AOL . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Ken ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ken Jennings , ' Jeopardy ' champion , mocks Barron Trump on Twitter '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Podcasting Giant HowStuffWorks Announces Four New Shows , Expansion of Genres and Fresh Talent '' . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ American Program Bureau Archived 2005 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Can You Beat Ken ? entry , BoardGameGeek website . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brainiac 's daughter Ken Jennings . Retrieved on 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ National Academic Quiz Tournaments , LLC Archived 2008 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://content.chghealthcare.com/chg/ext_press_releases/CHG_Ribbon_Cutting_06_07.pdf Jump up ^ `` LL Profile : JenningsK '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Jennings : Watson , Jeopardy and me , the obsolete know - it - all '' . TED talks . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ken Jennings . Official website Jeopardy ! web site Jennings ' February 2013 TED talk ( video ) , `` Watson , Jeopardy and me , the obsolete know - it - all '' Ken Jennings on IMDb 2006 IMNO Interview with Ken Jennings Achievements Preceded by Brad Rutter All - time Jeopardy ! winnings leader 2004 - 2005 Succeeded by Brad Rutter Preceded by Kevin Olmstead Brad Rutter All - time American game show winnings leader 2004 - 2005 2008 - 2014 Succeeded by Brad Rutter Brad Rutter Preceded by Tom Walsh Biggest Jeopardy ! winners by season 2004 - 2005 Took place over two seasons 1 - 37 in 2003 - 04 , 38 - 74 in 2004 - 05 Succeeded by David Madden Preceded by Brian Weikle Biggest one - day winners on Jeopardy ! by season 2003 - 2005 Succeeded by Maria Wenglinsky Preceded by Brian Weikle , 2002 - 2003 $52,000 Jerome Vered , 1992 $34,000 ( $68,000 adjusted ) Biggest one - day winners on Jeopardy ! $75,000 Succeeded by Roger Craig , 2010 $77,000 Preceded by Tom Walsh $184,900 Biggest Jeopardy ! regular play winnings leader 2004 - present $2,520,700 Succeeded by Incumbent ( hide ) Jeopardy ! Tournaments Tournament of Champions Teen Tournament College Championship Ultimate Tournament of Champions Teachers Tournament Battle of the Decades Other tournaments Notable references in culture `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' White Men Ca n't Jump Celebrity Jeopardy ! ( Saturday Night Live ) `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' `` Little Expressionless Animals '' `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' Ellen 's Energy Adventure Adaptations Jep ! Rock & Roll Jeopardy ! Sports Jeopardy ! Related articles Alex Trebek Audition process Broadcast information List of notable contestants Merchandising Watson Book : Jeopardy ! Category : Jeopardy ! VIAF : 51109783 LCCN : n2006014386 ISNI : 0000 0000 3608 1958 SUDOC : 162531850 BNF : cb166250506 ( data ) MusicBrainz : c03a3c89 - 9cb4 - 4f61 - 88d3 - ce0896ef569d BNE : XX5258517 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Jennings&oldid=804506016 '' Categories : 1974 births 20th - century Mormon missionaries American bloggers American expatriates in Singapore American expatriates in South Korea American Latter Day Saints American Mormon missionaries in Spain American software engineers Brigham Young University alumni Contestants on American game shows Jeopardy ! contestants Living people People from Edmonds , Washington Writers from Salt Lake City Writers from Seattle People from Seoul Student quiz competitions Utah Democrats Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Magyar 日本語 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the longest running player on jeopardy	[ "Kenneth Wayne \"Ken\" Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is an American game show contestant and author. Jennings holds the record for the longest winning streak on the U.S. syndicated game show Jeopardy! and as being the second highest-earning contestant in game show history. In 2004, Jennings won 74 Jeopardy! games (in a row) before he was defeated by challenger Nancy Zerg on his 75th appearance. His total earnings on Jeopardy! are $3,196,300, consisting of $2,520,700 over his 74 wins, a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance, a $500,000 second-place prize in the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions, a $100,000 win for second-place prize in the Jeopardy Battle of the Decades, as well as half of a $300,000 prize in the IBM Challenge, when he competed against Watson." ]	[ "Kenneth Wayne \"Ken\" Jennings III" ]
-7651671140718075780	List of Jeopardy! contestants	List of Jeopardy ! contestants - wikipedia List of Jeopardy ! contestants Jeopardy ! is an American television game show . Its format is a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in question form . Many contestants throughout the show 's history have received significant media attention because of their success on Jeopardy ! , particularly Brad Rutter , who has won the most money on the show , and Ken Jennings , who has the show 's longest winning streak ; Rutter and Jennings also hold the first - and second - place records respectively for most money ever won on American game shows . Other contestants went on to great accomplishments , including future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain . Contents 1 Fleming era ( 1964 -- 79 ) 1.1 Burns Cameron 1.2 John McCain 1.3 Red Gibson 1.4 Jay Wolpert 2 Trebek era ( 1984 -- present ) 2.1 Jerry Frankel 2.2 Chuck Forrest 2.3 Bob Verini 2.4 Richard Cordray 2.5 Mark Lowenthal 2.6 Tom Cubbage 2.7 Eric Newhouse 2.8 Bob Blake 2.9 Frank Spangenberg 2.10 Jerome Vered 2.11 Ryan Holznagel 2.12 Michael George Dupée 2.13 Bob Harris 2.14 Arthur Phillips 2.15 Eddie Timanus 2.16 Pam Mueller 2.17 Brad Rutter 2.18 Ken Jennings 2.19 David Madden 2.20 Larissa Kelly 2.21 Roger Craig 2.22 Watson 2.23 Colby Burnett 2.24 Arthur Chu 2.25 Julia Collins 2.26 Matt Jackson 2.27 Alex Jacob 2.28 Buzzy Cohen 2.29 Seth Wilson 2.30 Cindy Stowell 2.31 Austin Rogers 3 References Fleming era ( 1964 -- 79 ) ( edit ) Burns Cameron ( edit ) Burns Cameron ( born December 11 , 1938 ) won a total of $11,110 in his appearances on Jeopardy ! , including a then - record five - game total of $7,070 in December 1965 . Cameron was also the winner of the third annual Tournament of Champions in 1966 , in which he won $4,040 . A still picture of Cameron receiving a `` dummy '' check still exists , as well as a still of him being greeted by Mel Brooks as the 2000 - year - old man on the Fleming era 2000th show . Cameron is cited as one of the best players of the Art Fleming era of the show . In 1990 , when Jeopardy ! creator Merv Griffin produced Super Jeopardy ! , a separate weekly prime time network version based on the Trebek version of Jeopardy ! to air Saturday nights in the summer on ABC , he invited Cameron to compete as the only player to represent the Fleming era . Cameron competed in the fifth quarterfinal game , where he finished in second ( by one point ) and won $5,000 . John McCain ( edit ) U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain was a one - day champion in 1965 before he became a senator . Red Gibson ( edit ) Hutton `` Red '' Gibson won the 1968 Tournament of Champions . Gibson later became a prominent sedevacantist and conspiracy theorist ; his son , Mel Gibson , later became an actor . Jay Wolpert ( edit ) Jay Wolpert won the 1969 Tournament of Champions . He later became known as a producer of game shows . Trebek era ( 1984 -- present ) ( edit ) Jerry Frankel ( edit ) Jerry Frankel , ( February 10 , 1953 -- July 13 , 1987 ) a musician and composer from Buffalo , New York , was a five - time undefeated champion during Jeopardy 's first season , winning $32,650 on the program . He became that version 's first ever Tournament of Champions winner , earning the $100,000 grand prize by defeating Bruce Fauman and Steve Rogitz in the two game final . Frankel died of AIDS less than 2 years after his victory . Chuck Forrest ( edit ) Chuck Forrest ( born June 3 , 1961 ) held the record for the largest non-tournament cash winnings total from 1985 to 1989 , and the largest all - time winnings from 1986 to 1990 . The producers of the show regarded him as one of the best and most memorable contestants of the 1980s . Forrest is widely regarded by other elite Jeopardy ! players to be one of the most formidable contestants to ever play . Forrest won five consecutive games from September 30 to October 4 , 1985 , winning a then - record $72,800 and qualifying for the 1986 Tournament of Champions , which he won , earning another $100,000 . Forrest later played on the Super Jeopardy ! tournament , the Million Dollar Masters tournament , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades tournament . Forrest implemented a strategy known as the `` Forrest Bounce '' to confuse opponents : the strategy involved picking each clue from a different category instead of taking the clues in order . With Mark Lowenthal , Forrest co-wrote the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy ! Champions . Bob Verini ( edit ) Bob Verini was a five - time champion in 1987 and won the 1987 Tournament of Champions , using the money to finance several theatrical productions . He was then the runner - up in Super Jeopardy ! and finished third in the Million Dollar Masters . He also appeared in both the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades , both times losing his first game . Prior to Ken Jennings , Verini held the record for most matches appeared in . Verini 's career earnings on Jeopardy ! and Super Jeopardy ! are $276,802 . Richard Cordray ( edit ) Richard Cordray ( born May 3 , 1959 ) was a five - time Jeopardy ! champion in 1987 , while still serving as a law clerk , and also appeared in the 1987 Tournament of Champions . Cordray parleyed his success on Jeopardy ! into political office , serving as an Ohio State Legislator , Attorney General of Ohio , and later as the first director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . He was a participant in the Battle of the Decades Tournament , but was defeated in the first match and declined the prize money due to his office . Mark Lowenthal ( edit ) Mark M. Lowenthal won the 1988 Tournament of Champions . He also appeared on Super Jeopardy ! , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades , beating Spangenberg in his initial game . Lowenthal is the co-author ( along with Season 2 record - setting five - time champion and Tournament of Champions winner Chuck Forrest ) of the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy ! Champions , and has also written a college textbook on intelligence and national security . Tom Cubbage ( edit ) Tom Cubbage is the only contestant in Jeopardy ! history to win both the show 's College Championship and the Tournament of Champions . Cubbage became the first ever winner of the College Championship when the format made its debut in May 1989 , winning $26,600 . In November of that same year , he was the $100,000 grand prize winner of the 1989 Tournament of Champions . He also appeared on Super Jeopardy ! in 1990 , and earned $5,000 for appearing as a quarterfinalist. 15 years later , in 2005 , Cubbage competed in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . In the first round , he lost his game , finishing in second place behind Bob Harris . In 2014 , Cubbage returned to Jeopardy ! to compete in the show 's Battle of the Decades . In his first game of the tournament , he scored a victory over fellow Jeopardy ! alumni Bob Verini and Jerome Vered . Cubbage lost his second game to Ken Jennings , but he finished the game with $19,500 , allowing him to secure a wild - card spot in the next round . In the semifinals , Cubbage lost again , finishing in third place behind Leszek Pawlowicz and eventual tournament winner Brad Rutter . Eric Newhouse ( edit ) Eric Newhouse first appeared on Jeopardy ! when he won the 1989 Teen Tournament . He was both a semifinalist in the 1989 Tournament of Champions and Super Jeopardy ! After winning the 1998 Teen Reunion Tournament , Newhouse was invited to the Million Dollar Masters , where he placed second to Brad Rutter . Newhouse was one of nine players who advanced directly to the second round of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , but lost his initial game . Bob Blake ( edit ) Bob Blake , an actuary from Vancouver , British Columbia , appeared on Jeopardy in September 1989 , won five games ( which until 2003 , contestants were retired after five appearances ) , and broke Chuck Forrest 's then five - day record with $82,501 . Because Bob 's winnings were higher than the then - limit of $75,000 , $7,501 of his winnings were donated to his selected charity , Oxfam . He also competed in Super Jeopardy ! in which he was a Semi-Finalist . He was also the winner of the 1990 Tournament of Champions winning him in the process $100,000 . He also competed in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 . He was initially invited to compete in the Battle of the Decades tournament but declined because of conflicts with international travel . Frank Spangenberg ( edit ) Lieutenant Frank Spangenberg ( born July 26 , 1957 ) garnered fame in 1990 when he set the five - day cumulative winnings record , becoming the first person to win more than $100,000 in five days on the show . He has been called one of the `` veritable legends '' of the show . He was also the first to exceed $30,000 ( winning $30,600 ) in a single day . Spangenberg , at the time a member of the New York City Transit Police Department ( now the Transit Bureau of the New York City Police Department ) , won $102,597 in five days . Prior to 2003 , winners were retired after five consecutive victories and due to a winnings cap in place on Jeopardy ! at the time , Spangenberg was only able to keep $75,000 of his total winnings ; he donated the remaining $27,597 to the Gift of Love Hospice , a facility operated by the Missionaries of Charity . The $102,597 record stands as the all - time net five - day record because of 2001 rule changes regarding clue values , and the 2003 abolition of the five - day limit restricts the record to a contestant 's first five days . Spangenberg also won Jeopardy ! 's 10th Anniversary Tournament in 1993 , winning $41,800 , and previously appeared in the 1990 Tournament of Champions , Super Jeopardy ! earlier that year , and later competed in the 2002 Million Dollar Masters tournament , the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the 2014 Battle of the Decades tournament . Jerome Vered ( edit ) Jerome Vered ( born March 13 , 1958 ) appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1992 and won $96,801 as a five - day champion and retired undefeated . His total winnings at the time were second to Frank Spangenberg 's $102,597 . During that run , he shattered the one - day record for dollar winnings , earning $34,000 in one episode . After his five - day run , Vered returned for the 1992 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , finishing in third place In the 2005 Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions , Vered won five games to advance to a three - game final match against fellow Jeopardy ! legends Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter . Vered finished in third place , earning $250,000 . Behind Rutter and Jennings , respectively , he is the third highest - earning contestant in Jeopardy ! history , having won a total of $496,602 . He competed in the 2014 Battle of the Decades but lost to Tom Cubbage . Ryan Holznagel ( edit ) Ryan `` Fritz '' Holznagel is the editor - in - chief of Who2 Biographies and the winner of Jeopardy 's Tournament of Champions in 1995 . Holznagel also represented the U.S. at the show 's first ever Olympic tournament in 1996 . He later participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 , and again in the Battle of the Decades in 2014 . Michael George Dupée ( edit ) Michael George Dupee ( born October 23 , 1966 ) originally appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1996 , and won the Tournament of Champions that same year . In 2005 , Dupée participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won his first match , but was defeated by Robert Slaven in his second game of the tournament . Nine years later , in 2014 , Dupée competed in the Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades tournament , where he was defeated in the first round by Brad Rutter . Dupée 's total winnings on Jeopardy ! is $203,901 , including $66,401 won during his original five - day run ; $100,000 for winning the Tournament of Champions in 1996 ; $32,500 from the Ultimate Tournament of Champions ; and $5,000 from the show 's Battle of the Decades . Ken Jennings praised Dupée 's book , How to Get on Jeopardy ! and Win ! , claiming it was the best preparation for competing on Jeopardy ! In this book , which he wrote following his success on Jeopardy ! , Dupée wrote about his experience on the show and also provided practice questions for aspiring contestants . Bob Harris ( edit ) Bob Harris ( born October 15 , 1963 ) is a multi-time contestant on Jeopardy ! Harris first appeared as a contestant in 1997 and won $58,000 as a five - time champion on the show . The following year , Harris finished in third place in the Tournament of Champions behind Kim Worth and Dan Melia . In the first round of the Jeopardy ! Million Dollar Masters tournament in 2002 , Harris scored an upset victory over Rachael Schwartz and Frank Spangenberg . He would lose in the semifinals , however , to Eric Newhouse . In 2005 , Harris competed again on the show , this time in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won $24,400 and defeated fellow Jeopardy ! alumni Frank Epstein and Tom Cubbage in Round 1 of the tournament , but lost in Round 2 to fellow contestants Bruce Borchardt and Michael Daunt . In 2014 , Harris competed in the Battle of the Decades . In his match , he finished in third place behind Shane Whitlock and Robin Carroll . Harris has written a book about his experiences on Jeopardy ! called Prisoner of Trebekistan . Besides appearing on Jeopardy ! , Harris has competed on other game shows . In 2000 , he participated in a million - dollar winning team on Greed , winning $200,000 for himself . He was also a successful $250,000 phone - a-friend answer for a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Arthur Phillips ( edit ) American novelist Arthur Phillips ( born April 23 , 1969 ) appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1997 . According to his biography , Phillips was a 5 - time undefeated champion , winning $63,003 in the process . The following year , Phillips competed in the 1998 Tournament of Champions , but lost his quarterfinal match to Teen Tournament winner Sahir Islam . Seven years later , in 2005 , Phillips competed in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won his first match , winning $8,800 . However , he lost his second round match , finishing behind Eric Terzuolo and former College Championship winner Pam Mueller , and was subsequently eliminated . Eddie Timanus ( edit ) Eddie Timanus ( born August 9 , 1968 ) was the first blind contestant to compete on the show , appearing in October 1999 . He won five consecutive games -- the limit at that time -- and earned $69,700 and two cars . He subsequently appeared in the Million Dollar Masters , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the Battle of the Decades . Pam Mueller ( edit ) Pam Mueller is a former winner of the College Championship . Mueller also participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , advancing all the way to the Sweet Six round before losing her match , finishing behind Frank Spangenberg and Jerome Vered . In 2014 , Mueller competed in the show 's Battle of the Decades . The story about her first match in this tournament , which saw her compete against fellow Jeopardy ! champions Dan Melia and Ryan ( Fritz ) Holznagel , was featured on Who2 Biographies . Brad Rutter ( edit ) Brad Rutter ( born January 31 , 1978 ) is the biggest all - time money winner on Jeopardy ! and briefly held the record for biggest cumulative game show winnings for any U.S. game show contestant . Rutter retained the record for Jeopardy ! winnings with either $4,255,102 or $4,270,102 , and a pair of Chevrolet Camaros . Rutter became a five - day undefeated champion on Jeopardy ! in 2000 , with a total of $55,102 . He subsequently won an unprecedented four Jeopardy ! tournament titles : the 2001 Tournament of Champions , the 2002 Million Dollar Masters Tournament , the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the 2014 Battle of the Decades . In twenty games against humans only , Rutter has never lost an official Jeopardy ! match , though he was defeated in an exhibition match by the Watson supercomputer and Ken Jennings ( who outpointed Rutter in the two - game match ) . Ken Jennings ( edit ) Ken Jennings ( born May 23 , 1974 ) first appeared on Jeopardy ! on June 2 , 2004 , a time shortly after producers of the game show relaxed the limit on the number of times a contestant could appear on the show . Because the five - game limit was removed , Jennings continued to win and eventually broke the winnings record set by Tom Walsh , who had won $186,900 in eight games earlier in 2004 . Jennings continued to win and eventually set a record of 74 wins before he was defeated by Nancy Zerg in his seventy - fifth appearance . Jennings 's total winnings from the program amount to $3,022,700 , which includes $2,522,700 won in his initial appearances and an additional $500,000 for his second - place finish in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . In addition , at the end of Season 20 , he set a then - new one - day record of $75,000 ( which would later be broken by Roger Craig , see below ) . During his first run of Jeopardy ! appearances , Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings . His total was later surpassed by Brad Rutter , who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , adding $2,000,000 to his earlier Jeopardy ! winnings . Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows , including appearances on 1 vs. 100 and Grand Slam , culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? in which he won $500,000 . However , Rutter retains the Jeopardy ! record by defeating Jennings in the finals of the Battle of the Decades tournament . After his success on Jeopardy ! , Jennings wrote of his experience and explored American trivia history and culture in Brainiac : Adventures in the Curious , Competitive , Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs , published in 2006 . Jennings returned to Jeopardy ! finishing runner - up to the Watson Supercomputer ( splitting $300,000 with a charity ) and again for the Battle of the Decades where he finished runner - up to Brad Rutter ( winning $100,000 ) . Jennings ' total winnings amount to $3,422,700 . David Madden ( edit ) David Madden ( born June 13 , 1981 ) won the third - highest number of games on Jeopardy ! in non-tournament gameplay . Between July 5 and September 19 , 2005 , Madden won 19 games , a total exceeded only by Ken Jennings and Julia Collins in regular play . His total winnings of $442,400 ( adding $10,000 for the 2006 Tournament of Champions ) is the sixth all - time highest , behind Brad Rutter , Ken Jennings , Jerome Vered , Julia Collins , and Roger Craig . In terms of regular game winnings , Madden ranks third behind Jennings and Julia Collins ; but his dollar winnings in regular games are still the second - highest , after Jennings and slightly ahead of Collins . Madden was invited to take part in 2014 's Battle of the Decades Jeopardy ! event , but declined to participate due to contractual issues . Larissa Kelly ( edit ) Larissa Kelly ( born February 10 , 1980 ) won a total of $222,597 over six games and $1,000 third place consolation prize in her seventh game , with her last appearance airing May 28 , 2008 . At the time of her run on the program , Kelly was the highest - winning female contestant and ranked fifth in all - time in Jeopardy ! earnings ( excluding tournament winnings ) . In addition to being the highest - winning female contestant in regular play , Kelly broke Ken Jennings ' record for most money won in a contestant 's first five days by winning $179,797 . This record was one of two Roger Craig broke during his reign as champion , as he won $195,801 in his first five games . Craig also topped Jennings ' single - game record of $75,000 . Kelly is also the second - highest - winning female contestant in any single game in Jeopardy ! 's history . Kelly 's $45,200 performance narrowly trails Maria Wenglinsky , who won $46,600 on November 1 , 2005 . Roger Craig ( edit ) Roger Craig set the one - day Jeopardy ! winnings record of $77,000 during his second appearance on the show in September 2010 . Craig won the Tournament of Champions the following year , and in the process set the record for largest daily double ( unadjusted ) in Jeopardy ! history . Watson ( edit ) Watson is a `` deep question answering system '' built by IBM to play Jeopardy ! Watson was entered into a two - game , three - day exhibition match against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter aired February 14 -- 16 , 2011 . Watson won the match with a total of $77,147 . Colby Burnett ( edit ) Colby Burnett is the first Jeopardy ! contestant to have won both the Teachers Tournament and the Tournament of Champions . Burnett , who 's a teacher at Fenwick High School in Oak Park , Illinois , won the Teachers Tournament in November 2012 . Later , in February 2013 , Burnett won the show 's Tournament of Champions , taking home the $250,000 grand prize . He later appeared on season 3 of TBS 's reality game show King of the Nerds . Arthur Chu ( edit ) Arthur Chu ( born January 30 , 1984 ) first appeared on Jeopardy ! on January 28 , 2014 and almost immediately became a lightning rod because of his unusual playing style . His game theory , `` Forrest Bounce , '' and furiously pressing his signaling device have made him one of the show 's most controversial contestants . As of October 21 , 2015 , Chu is currently ranked fifth on the list of all - time highest - earning Jeopardy ! non-tournament champions , with an eleven - day total of $297,200 . His winning streak came to a close when he lost in his twelfth game but won $1,000 for finishing in third place , leaving Chu with a final total of $298,200 . After his initial appearance on the show , Chu competed in the 2014 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , where he finished second to Ben Ingram , an IT consultant from South Carolina . Chu won $100,000 for his second - place finish , bringing his overall winnings to $398,200 . Julia Collins ( edit ) Julia Collins ( born 1982 ) has the second greatest number of wins , with a total of 20 wins and $429,100 . She is also the female contestant with the most wins and greatest money total . In the 2014 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions she finished second in her quarterfinal game against Joshua Brakhage and 2013 College Champion Jim Coury , but reached the semifinals as a wild card . She then won her semifinal game , advancing to the finals , where she finished third , behind Ben Ingram and second - place finisher Arthur Chu . Matt Jackson ( edit ) Matt Jackson ( born June 24 , 1992 ) , 13 - time champion , surpassed Arthur Chu 's 11 - game winning streak with his 12th win on October 12 , 2015 . He has also beat Chu in regular season cash earnings with a total of $413,612 . He competed in the 2015 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , where he finished second to Alex Jacob . Alex Jacob ( edit ) Alex Jacob ( born October 27 , 1984 ) , is a former professional poker player who lives in Chicago , Illinois , and worked as a currency trader for the Gelber Group . In 2015 , Jacob won six games , and later won the 2015 Tournament of Champions . In a Final Jeopardy round where Jacob did not need any additional money to win the game , he humorously wrote `` What is Aleve ? '' mimicking the slogan of one of the show 's regular advertisers . Buzzy Cohen ( edit ) Austin `` Buzzy '' Cohen ( born 1984 or 1985 ) is a recording music industry executive from Los Angeles , California who won $164,603 over nine games in April and May 2016 . Many of his victories were lopsided contests that were decided before the Final Jeopardy ! round , which allowed Cohen to wager nothing and use his final response to make sarcastic remarks toward Alex Trebek , a humorous style that earned him both praise and disdain from Jeopardy ! fans . He later returned for the 2017 Tournament of Champions , which he won , collecting the grand prize of $250,000 . Seth Wilson ( edit ) Seth Wilson is a Ph. D. candidate and adjunct professor formerly from Chicago now from Nacogdoches , Texas who won $265,002 over twelve games in September and October 2016 , making him the contestant with the fifth - highest number of consecutive wins in the show 's history beating Arthur Chu 's number of winning games . He later returned for the 2017 Tournament of Champions , but failed to win his first match , taking home a consolation prize of $5,000 . Cindy Stowell ( edit ) Cindy Stowell ( c. 1975 -- December 5 , 2016 ) was a science content developer from Austin , Texas who was diagnosed with untreatable terminal colon cancer after qualifying for the show but before she interviewed for a contestant 's seat . Stowell was a lifelong fan of the show and requested that producers rush her into taping as soon as possible because of her condition , a stipulation the producers honored . She was under pain management and experienced fever and stomachache throughout her run , during which she managed to win six games and $105,803 in winnings , which were donated to cancer charities . Her fellow contestants were unaware of her terminal illness . Stowell died eight days before her first episode aired ; she did get to watch the first three of her episodes when producers provided her with an advance DVD . Stowell was posthumously recognized in the 2017 Tournament of Champions , where an additional $10,000 donation to the cancer charities was announced . The contestants all wore ribbons to honor her . At the end of the Jeopardy ! credits on December 21 , 2016 , Alex Trebek gave a tribute to Cindy Stowell & said , `` For the past six Jeopardy ! programs , you folks have been getting to know the talented champion CIndy Stowell . Appearing on our show was the fulfillment of a lifelong ambition . What you did not know is that when we taped these programs she was suffering from Stage IV cancer . And sadly , on December 5th , Cindy Stowell passed away . So from all of us here at Jeopardy ! , our sincere condolences to her family & her friends . '' Then was followed by `` IN MEMORIAM Cindy Stowell 2016 . '' Austin Rogers ( edit ) Austin Rogers is a bartender from New York City who earned $413,000 over the course of 13 shows , winning 12 . Described by one account as `` Krameresque '' and by Trebek himself as `` outside the box , completely different from what many viewers expect a ' Jeopardy ! ' contestant to be , '' Rogers is known for his flair and quirky poses , pantomiming humorous actions ( such as taking a phone call or pouring himself a drink ) while he is being introduced . Although he does not own a television set , he prepared for qualification by watching a lot of Jeopardy ! episodes and knowing its tricks . He is the only contestant with two of the top ten one - day totals , $69,000 on October 3 , 2017 ( third place ) and $65,600 on October 2 , 2017 ( seventh place ) . In the 2017 Tournament of Champions , Rogers finished third behind Buzzy Cohen and second - place finisher Alan Lin . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alex Trebek and Peter Barsocchini , The Jeopardy ! Book ( HarperPerennial , 1990 ) , p. 129 : `` When you survey Jeopardy ! contestants , fans , producers , and staff on the subject of the best players ever seen on the show , two names continually emerge : Burns Cameron from the original show and Chuck Forrest from the new show . '' Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Harry ( 1993 ) . Inside `` Jeopardy ! '' : What Really Goes on at TV 's Top Quiz Show ( first ed . ) . Salt Lake City , Utah : Northwest Publishing Inc . pp. 270 -- 271 . ISBN 1 - 56901 - 177 - X . And so nine additional invitations went out including one to Burns Cameron , the biggest - ever money winner on the old ' JEOPARDY ! ' whom Merv thought it would be a good idea to have as well . Jump up ^ Fouhy , Beth ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` McCain recalls loss on Jeopardy ! '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Many episodes of the Art Fleming -- era of Jeopardy ! do not survive . The shows featuring Hutton `` Red '' Gibson and Jay Wolpert are among these lost episodes . However , records indicating Gibson 's and Wolpert 's appearances may be found in the NBC Master Books daily broadcast log , available on microfilm at the Library of Congress Motion Picture and Television Reading Room . A summary of those records may be found here Archived January 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Still photographs of Wolpert receiving the championship trophy also still exist . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Show # 315 , aired 1985 - 11 - 22 '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Biederman , Patricia Ward ( January 29 , 1989 ) . `` Backstage At Jeopardy ! ; Tune in for the nervous hopefuls , the hard - working researchers , the well - dressed host and the amazing winners on the smart set 's favorite game show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini , p. 68 : `` The contestant everyone still remembers from the new version of the game is Chuck Forrest , the 1985 Tournament of Champions winner . He was so good that he basically intimidated the other contestants in the tournament ; you could hear them backstage talking about who might take second place , because they just about assumed Chuck would win it all . '' Jump up ^ Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy and Win ! . Citadel Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0806519916 . Mr. Forrest was so brilliant that he did not need to use much strategy to crush his opponents . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Forrest 's Tournament of Champions Final '' . J ! Archive . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Forrest , Chuck and Lowenthal , Mark ( 1992 ) . Secrets of the Jeopardy Champions . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 39352 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 446 - 39352 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet and East European Performance '' . 10 -- 11 . 1991 : 72 . Jump up ^ Stanley Kaplan ( 2001 ) . Stanley H. Kaplan , Test Pilot : How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education . Simon & Schuster . p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` Theater Week '' . 3 . 1990 : 8 . Jump up ^ Ray Richmond ( 2004 ) . This is Jeopardy ! : celebrating America 's favorite quiz show . pp. 60 , 66 . Jump up ^ Dr. Mark M. Lowenthal Archived January 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Masy Group website , accessed August 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Tom Cubbage '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4712 , aired February 15 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6770 , aired February 7 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6834 , aired May 8 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6837 , aired May 13 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Jim Jenkins ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Sioux Cityan cashes in on Jeopardy '' . Sioux City Journal . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final ' Jeopardy ! ' For Ace City Cop '' . New York Daily News . May 19 , 2005 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Spangenberg , 47 , came up short in the TV quiz show 's `` Ultimate Tournament of Champions '' semifinal round , losing to Los Angeles screenwriter Jerome Vered ... In 1990 , Spangenberg won more than $100,000 on `` Jeopardy ! '' Jump up ^ Lynn Elber . Associated Press . `` Book details joy of ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . October 11 , 2006 . 8B . Jump up ^ JEOPARDY.com Champion updates Archived September 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Go to Frank Spangenberg 's `` Extended champ 's story '' Jump up ^ `` After the Headlines ; Fame , Fleeting Fame , Found These New Yorkers . Then What Happened ? '' . The New York Times . December 27 , 1998 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Wharton . `` And the Question Is ... Will a Studio City Writer Top the ' Jeopardy ! ' Winnings Total Tonight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . May 22 , 1992 . p. 19A Jump up ^ Veronique de Turenne . `` Jeopardy winners say it 's nice work if you can get it '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . November 27 , 1992 . p. 39 Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Arts , Briefly : ' Jeopardy ! ' Titans Battle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Mr. Jennings 's second - place finish paid him $500,000 , and the third place finisher , Jerome Vered , received $250,000 . Jump up ^ `` About Who2 Biographies '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Fritz Holznagel '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Michael Dupée '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4717 , aired February 22 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4760 , aired April 22 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6790 , aired March 7 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Hall of Fame : $50,000 Plus Winners '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview of Ken Jennings in Business Insider '' . Jump up ^ Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy and Win ! . Citadel Press . ISBN 0806519916 . Jump up ^ Harris , Bob ( September 5 , 2009 ) . `` Six Degrees of Trivia and Knowledge '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive : Bob Harris '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4078 , aired May 1 , 2002 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4083 , aired May 8 , 2002 '' . Jump up ^ `` Round 2 : Borchardt / Harris / Daunt , April 18 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6788 , aired March 5 , 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Trebekistan by Bob Harris '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia Hall of Fame Interview : Bob Harris '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Harris gives the fastest Millionaire Phone - A-Friend answer ever '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Phillips : Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Arthur Phillips '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 3099 , aired February 5 , 1998 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4710 , aired February 11 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Round 2 : Terzuolo / Mueller / Phillips , May 2 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Jackman , Tom ( October 24 , 1999 ) . `` 1st Blind Player Wins Big on ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . The Washington Post . p. C. 01 . Jump up ^ `` Answer : Loyola student Pam Mueller , Page 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Answer : Loyola student Pam Mueller , Page 2 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pam Mueller '' . Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades , 1990s contestants : Pam Mueller '' . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Brain of a Jeopardy ! Contestant '' . Who2 Biographies . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cindy Stauffer . `` Manheim Twp . man back in ' Jeopardy ! ' in Million Dollar Masters Tournament '' . Lancaster New Era . May 1 , 2002 . B4 Jump up ^ Bill Toland . `` A : He beat the best . Q : Who is Brad Rutter ? '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 27 , 2005 . A1 . Jump up ^ J ! Archive Ken Jennings player page Jump up ^ `` Grad student makes ' Jeopardy ! ' history '' . United Press International . May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . In addition to being the `` winningest '' female champion in the quiz show 's 24 seasons , she also has become the third biggest money winner behind all - time `` Jeopardy ! '' champ Ken Jennings , who went home with $2.5 million , and David Madden , who won $430,400 , representatives for the series said . Jump up ^ Her winning way , The Boston Globe ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cal student makes history on ' Jeopardy ' -- East Bay Times '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Record Set on Jeopardy ! '' . New York Times . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Craig 's Unbelievable Double Daily Doubles On `` Jeopardy ! '' `` . Huffington Post . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colby Burnett '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oak Park teacher Colby Burnett wins Jeopardy ! Teachers Tournament '' . Jump up ^ `` Fenwick teacher wins `` Jeopardy ! '' tournament , pockets $250,000 `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` King of the Nerds , Season 3 : Meet Colby '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten List of Jeopardy ! Winners ( and Money Won ) All - Time '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hatmaker , Julia ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' : Julia Collins remains undefeated ; midstater claims second place '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Jackson tied Arthur Chu 's 11 - game streak with his win today . Can he go for # 12 Monday ? '' . Jeopardy !. 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gelber trader wins 6 Jeopardy ! episodes '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anstey , Evan . `` Confident 9 - day Jeopardy ! champion causes divide among viewers '' . WIVB . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ We need to talk about Buzzy Cohen , divisive reigning Jeopardy ! champ . TheWrap.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ People are losing their minds over this `` Jeopardy ! '' champion . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Did Former North Sider Seth Wilson Win His 13th Episode of ' Jeopardy ? ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Keith ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' contestant who died before show aired keeps win streak going '' . CNN . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victor , Daniel . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Run Ends for Cindy Stowell , Cancer - Stricken Champion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lovable genius Austin Rogers ' reign on ' Jeopardy ! ' comes to an end '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Champion Goes Viral With Quirky Style , Big Bets '' . NPR . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Kathleen ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bartender wins ' Jeopardy ' 8 times -- here 's what he 's doing with his $300,000 winnings '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The biggest one - day totals in Jeopardy ! history '' . The Final Wager . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jeopardy ! Tournaments Tournament of Champions Teen Tournament College Championship Ultimate Tournament of Champions Teachers Tournament Battle of the Decades Other tournaments Notable references in culture `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' White Men Ca n't Jump Celebrity Jeopardy ! ( Saturday Night Live ) `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' `` Little Expressionless Animals '' `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' Ellen 's Energy Adventure Adaptations Jep ! Rock & Roll Jeopardy ! Sports Jeopardy ! Related articles Alex Trebek Audition process Broadcast information List of notable contestants Merchandising Watson Book : Jeopardy ! Category : Jeopardy ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jeopardy!_contestants&oldid=851216595 '' Categories : Jeopardy ! contestants American television - related lists Lists of people by activity Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2010 Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 21 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most money in jeopardy	[ "Jeopardy! is an American television game show. Its format is a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in question form. Many contestants throughout the show's history have received significant media attention because of their success on Jeopardy!, particularly Brad Rutter, who has won the most money on the show, and Ken Jennings, who has the show's longest winning streak; Rutter and Jennings also hold the first- and second-place records respectively for most money ever won on American game shows. Other contestants went on to great accomplishments, including future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain.\n" ]	[ "Brad Rutter" ]
-8817853129464349928	A Knight's Tale	A Knight 's Tale - wikipedia A Knight 's Tale Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2001 film . For the story from The Canterbury Tales , see The Knight 's Tale . A Knight 's Tale Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Helgeland Produced by Todd Black Brian Helgeland Tim Van Rellim Written by Brian Helgeland Based on The Knight 's Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer Starring Heath Ledger Mark Addy Rufus Sewell Paul Bettany Alan Tudyk Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Richard Greatrex Production company Columbia Pictures Escape Artists Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) Running time 132 minutes 138 minutes ( Extended cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $117.5 million A Knight 's Tale is a 2001 American medieval adventure - comedy film written , produced , and directed by Brian Helgeland . The film stars Heath Ledger , Shannyn Sossamon , Mark Addy , Alan Tudyk , Rufus Sewell , Paul Bettany as Geoffrey Chaucer , and James Purefoy as Sir Thomas Colville / Edward , the Black Prince . The story is told in an anachronistic style with many modern references . It follows a peasant named William who poses as a knight and competes in tournaments , winning accolades and acquiring friendships with such historical figures as Edward , the Black Prince of Wales and Geoffrey Chaucer . The film takes its title from Chaucer 's `` The Knight 's Tale '' in his The Canterbury Tales , though the plot is not similar . It was a modest success at the box office , garnering $117,487,473 with a budget of $65 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Epigrams 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Box office 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) At a jousting tournament in 14th - century Europe , young squires William Thatcher , Roland , and Wat discover that their master , Sir Ector , has died . If he had completed one final pass he would have won the tournament . Destitute , William wears Ector 's armour to impersonate him , winning the tournament and taking the prize . Although only nobles are allowed in tournaments , William is now inspired to compete and win more prizes . Roland and Wat would rather take their share of coins and leave , but William convinces them to stay and train him to joust . Along the way to his first tournament in Rouen , the trio encounters a young Geoffrey Chaucer , who is also destitute and agrees to forge the patent of nobility that will allow William to enter under the assumed name of `` Sir Ulrich von Liechtenstein '' from Gelderland . At the tournament , William is brought before Simon the Summoner and Peter the Pardoner : Chaucer has a gambling problem and is in their debt . William demands Chaucer be released and promises payment . In the course of competition , William 's armour is damaged . He goads Kate , a blacksmith , to repair it without payment and goes on to win the sword event at the tournament . In the joust , he faces a Sir Thomas Colville , who withdraws from the tournament after being injured by William , though they exchange a ceremonial pass so that Colville can retain the honour of never having failed to complete a match . The proceedings are observed by Jocelyn , a noblewoman with whom William has become infatuated , and Count Adhemar , a rival both in the joust and for Jocelyn 's heart . In the final joust of the tournament , Adhemar defeats William . Kate joins William 's party and forges new lightweight armour allowing him greater mobility . In the following tournament , Adhemar and William are both assigned to tilt against Sir Thomas Colville , but they learn that he is actually Edward , the Black Prince . Adhemar withdraws , but William continues the match and then addresses the prince by name , further earning Edward 's respect . Adhemar is called away to the Battle of Poitiers , and William achieves several victories in his absence . William proves his love for Jocelyn by complying when she first asks him to deliberately lose ( in contrast to the countless knights who promise to win in her name ) , and then , just before he would be eliminated , to win the tournament in her name after all . The group travels to London for the World Championship . William recalls leaving his father to squire for Sir Ector and learn to become a knight hoping to `` change his stars '' . Adhemar has also arrived in London and announces that he is in negotiations with Jocelyn 's father for her hand in marriage . William dominates at the tournament and he returns to visit his father , now blind and living alone in Cheapside , but is discovered by Adhemar , who alerts the authorities to William 's false identity . William is placed in the pillory , but is defended from the hostile crowd by his friends . Just as the mob reaches its frenzy , Prince Edward emerges from the crowd , noting that his friends ' dedication to him reflects an ability to inspire others that is in the best traditions of knighthood . In acknowledgement of William 's honour , Edward announces that , William is in fact , `` beyond contestation '' , descended from a noble lineage , and knights him `` Sir William '' . William returns to the tournament to face Adhemar in the final match , but Adhemar cheats with an illegally sharpened lance , piercing William 's shoulder and seriously injuring him . Entering the final pass , William is losing by two lances and must unhorse Adhemar to win . He demands to be stripped of his armour while Chaucer buys time by performing the introduction of William that he omitted earlier . Finally he tilts against Adhemar , with his father and Jocelyn in attendance . Bellowing his true name as he tilts , he knocks Adhemar to the ground with a crushing blow . Over his defeat , Adhemar experiences a vision of William and his friends mocking him that he has been weighted , measured and found wanting ( ironically just like Adhemar did to William before ) . In the ensuing celebration , as Jocelyn and William embrace , Chaucer remarks that he should write this whole story down . Cast ( edit ) Heath Ledger as William Thatcher / Sir Ulrich von Liechtenstein Leagh Conwell as young William Thatcher Rufus Sewell as Count Adhemar Shannyn Sossamon as Jocelyn Mark Addy as Roland Alan Tudyk as Wat Paul Bettany as Geoffrey Chaucer Laura Fraser as Kate Bérénice Bejo as Christiana James Purefoy as Edward , the Black Prince / Sir Thomas Colville Christopher Cazenove as John Thatcher Nick Brimble as Sir Ector Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Old Bishop Steven O'Donnell as Simon the Summoner Jonathan Slinger as Peter the Pardoner Alice Connor as Lone Girl in Cheapeside Berwick Kaler as Man in Stocks Production ( edit ) The entire film was shot at the Barrandov Studios in Prague , Czech Republic . The film includes a great deal of jousting footage . The initial scene of the two knights jousting is actually footage of Heath Ledger 's stunt double in an accident . During filming of a later scene in the film , the lance of the stunt double 's opponent moved off target and hit him in the head . The double fell to the ground unconscious . In another incident , Ledger knocked out one of director Helgeland 's front teeth with a broomstick when the two were demonstrating a jousting move . It took several months for Helgeland 's mouth to heal enough to repair the damage . Plenty of effort was expended creating lances that would convincingly explode upon impact without injuring the stunt riders . The body of each lance was scored so it would break easily , and the tips were made of balsa wood . Each was also hollowed out , with the holes filled with balsa splinters and uncooked linguine . Jousting armour was made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo Ltd. using a unique sprayed polyurethane system that they invented for the film Gladiator . Onscreen , it is almost impossible to distinguish between the polyurethane stunt armour and steel armour , much of which was also made by Armordillo . Heath Ledger 's armour was originally made in steel along with three polyurethane stunt replicas . In the DVD commentary , director Helgeland , co-commentating with Bettany , states that the film was intended to have occurred sometime in the 1370s during a six - month period in which Chaucer had apparently gone missing and show what he might have done during this time , which Helgeland says later on in the commentary inspired Chaucer to write The Canterbury Tales . ( The first Canterbury Tale is The Knight 's Tale . Chaucer also threatens two men he meets in the film with undying humiliation through fiction ; these characters seem to have inspired the vitriolic descriptions of the Tales ' Pardoner and Summoner . ) The scene in which the lady Jocelyn asks William to lose a joust to prove his love and then reverses her proposal for him to suddenly win , is also a direct reference to the classic tale of Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , in which Queen Guinevere asks Lancelot to do the same during a tournament . Epigrams ( edit ) The script is notable for its use of epigrams . `` Love should end with hope '' ( Kate ) `` If he believes enough , a man can do anything ! '' ( William 's father ) `` Your men love you . If I knew nothing else about you , that would be enough '' ( Prince Edward ) `` Better a silly girl with a flower than a silly boy with a horse and a stick '' ( Jocelyn ) `` I was naked for a day ; you will be naked for eternity '' ( Chaucer ) Music ( edit ) The film , which notionally took place during the Middle Ages , is notable for its deliberate use of classic rock songs in its soundtrack . The ten that were credited in the film are listed in order of appearance : `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen `` Low Rider '' -- War `` Takin ' Care of Business '' -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive `` Golden Years '' -- David Bowie `` Further on Up the Road '' -- Eric Clapton `` Get Ready '' -- Rare Earth `` I Want to Take You Higher '' -- Sly and the Family Stone `` The Boys Are Back in Town '' -- Thin Lizzy `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' -- AC / DC `` We Are the Champions '' -- Robbie Williams & Queen Reception ( edit ) Critical reception was mixed , with complaints about the anachronisms ( the classic rock in a film that takes place during the Middle Ages ) , the many jousting scenes , and the thin plot . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and argued that the anachronisms made little difference , writing that the director himself `` pointed out that an orchestral score would be equally anachronistic , since orchestras had n't been invented in the 1400s . '' Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 59 % based on reviews from 147 critics . `` Once you get past the anachronism , '' according to the site , `` A Knight 's Tale becomes a predictable , if spirited , Rocky on horseback . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 54 out of 100 , sampled from 32 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Newsweek revealed in June 2001 that print ads contained glowing comments from a film reviewer who did not exist for at least four films released by Columbia Pictures , including A Knight 's Tale and The Animal ( 2001 ) . The fake critic was named David Manning and was created by a Columbia employee who worked in the advertising department . `` Manning '' was misrepresented as a reviewer for The Ridgefield Press , a small Connecticut weekly . Awards ( edit ) Despite the mixed critical reception , the film won four cinematic awards : The 2002 Golden Trailer Best Action Award , The 2002 London Critic Circle Film Awards British Supporting Actor of the Year ( Paul Bettany ) , The 2002 World Stunts Awards ' Best Work with an Animal , and The 2002 World Stunts Awards ' Hardest Hit . Box office ( edit ) The film earned $56,569,702 at the North American domestic box office , and an additional $60,917,771 internationally for a worldwide total of $117,487,473 . See also ( edit ) List of historical period drama films Film portal Middle Ages portal Comedy portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Knight 's Tale '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 19 , 2001 ) . `` A Knight 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A KNIGHT 'S TALE ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2001 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` A KNIGHT 'S TALE ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2005 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` A Knight 's Tale '' . Sony Movie Channel . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Brian Helgeland '' . moviehabit.com . Jump up ^ `` IMDb '' . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` A Knight 's Tale '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Reel McCoy '' . Jump up ^ A Knight 's Tale at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` A Knight 's Tale '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , John ( 2 June 2001 ) . `` The Reviewer Who Was n't There '' . MSNBC . Newsweek . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2001 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0183790/awards External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Knight 's Tale Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Knight 's Tale . A Knight 's Tale on IMDb A Knight 's Tale at AllMovie A Knight 's Tale at Box Office Mojo A Knight 's Tale at Rotten Tomatoes A Knight 's Tale at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Brian Helgeland Payback ( 1999 ) A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) The Order ( 2003 ) 42 ( 2013 ) Legend ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Knight%27s_Tale&oldid=813124530 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s action films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films American action comedy films American adventure comedy films American films Columbia Pictures films Films set in France Films set in London Films set in the 14th century Films shot in the Czech Republic Escape Artists films Films scored by Carter Burwell Films directed by Brian Helgeland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played geoffrey chaucer in a knight tale	[ "A Knight's Tale is a 2001 American medieval adventure-comedy film written, produced, and directed by Brian Helgeland. The film stars Heath Ledger, Shannyn Sossamon, Mark Addy, Alan Tudyk, Rufus Sewell, Paul Bettany as Geoffrey Chaucer, and James Purefoy as Sir Thomas Colville/Edward, the Black Prince." ]	[ "Paul Bettany" ]
3305560858333830462	2017 Los Angeles Chargers season	2017 Los Angeles Chargers season - wikipedia 2017 Los Angeles Chargers season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Los Angeles Chargers season Head coach Anthony Lynn General manager Tom Telesco Owner Alex Spanos Home field StubHub Center Results Record 0 -- 2 ← 2016 ( San Diego ) Chargers seasons 2018 → The 2017 Los Angeles Chargers season is the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the 58th overall and the first under head coach Anthony Lynn . It will also be the Chargers ' first season in Los Angeles since their inaugural 1960 season , when they were in the AFL , as the team exercised its option to move to the city and join the Los Angeles Rams on January 12 , 2017 . The 2017 season will be the first of three seasons played at StubHub Center prior to the new stadium being completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 Transition to Los Angeles 1.2 Signings 1.3 Releases 2 Draft 3 Staff 4 Current roster 5 Preseason 6 Regular season 6.1 Schedule 6.2 Game summaries 6.2. 1 Week 1 : at Denver Broncos 6.2. 2 Week 2 : vs. Miami Dolphins 6.2. 3 Week 3 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs 7 Standings 7.1 Division 7.2 Conference 8 References 9 External links Offseason ( edit ) Transition to Los Angeles ( edit ) The Chargers transitioned from San Diego to new headquarters in the LA area throughout the offseason . The team held their mini-camp in San Diego , with the final day on the field at the old practice field coming on June 15 . Former players James Lofton , Nick Hardwick and Jacques Cesaire showed up on the final day , as did fans . Trucks moved equipment up the road after the final practice . Front office people continued to work in San Diego until the team 's lease expired later in the summer . The team 's new facility is in Costa Mesa , California . Signings ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2016 Team Contract OT Russell Okung 29 Denver Broncos 4 years , $53 million DE Damion Square 28 San Diego Chargers 2 years , $4 million RB Branden Oliver 25 San Diego Chargers 1 year , $800,000 TE Jeff Cumberland 29 San Diego Chargers 1 year , $775,000 RB Kenjon Barner 27 Philadelphia Eagles 1 year , $690,000 DE Tenny Palepoi 26 San Diego Chargers 1 year , $615,000 Releases ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2017 Team OT King Dunlap 31 Retired OG D.J. Fluker 25 New York Giants LB Manti Te'o 26 New Orleans Saints WR Jeremy Butler 25 Buffalo Bills CB Brandon Flowers 31 Retired WR Stevie Johnson 30 TBD DT Sean Lissemore 29 TBD RB Danny Woodhead 32 Baltimore Ravens RB Dexter McCluster 28 TBD RB Ronnie Hillman 25 TBD CB Robert McClain 28 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NFL Draft 2017 Los Angeles Chargers Draft Round Selection Player Position College 7 Mike Williams WR Clemson University 38 Forrest Lamp Western Kentucky 71 Dan Feeney Indiana 113 Rayshawn Jenkins Miami 5 151 Desmond King Iowa 6 190 Sam Tevi OT Utah 7 225 Isaac Rochell DE Notre Dame Staff ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers staff Front Office Owner -- Alex Spanos Chairman / President -- Dean Spanos Executive Vice President -- Michael Spanos CEO / President - Business Operations -- A.G. Spanos General Manager -- Tom Telesco President - Football Operations -- John Spanos Executive Vice President of Football Administration / Player Finance -- Ed McGuire Senior Executive -- Randy Mueller Director of Pro Scouting -- Dennis Abraham Senior Director of Pro Personnel - Louis Clark Director of Player Personnel -- JoJo Wooden Director of College Scouting -- Kevin Kelly Head Coaches Head Coach -- Anthony Lynn Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator - George Stewart Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Ken Whisenhunt Quarterbacks -- Shane Steichen Running Backs -- Alfredo Roberts Wide Receivers -- Nick Sirianni Tight Ends -- John McNulty Offensive Line -- Pat Meyer Assistant Offensive Line - James Cregg Offensive Quality Control - Dan Shamash Offensive Assistant - Mark Ridgley Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Gus Bradley Defensive Line -- Giff Smith Assistant Defensive Line - Eric Henderson Linebackers -- Richard Smith Defensive Backs -- Ron Milus Assistant Defensive Backs -- Chris Harris Defensive Assistant -- D'Anton Lynn Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Assistant - Marquice Williams Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- John Lott Assistant Strength -- Jonathan Brooks Assistant Strength - Larry Jackson → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Kellen Clemens 7 Cardale Jones 17 Philip Rivers Running backs 30 Austin Ekeler 28 Melvin Gordon 32 Branden Oliver 34 Derek Watt FB Wide receivers 13 Keenan Allen 12 Travis Benjamin 15 Dontrelle Inman 81 Mike Williams 16 Tyrell Williams Tight ends 80 Sean Culkin 85 Antonio Gates 86 Hunter Henry 84 Sean McGrath Offensive linemen 72 Joe Barksdale T 66 Dan Feeney G 75 Chris Hairston T 76 Russell Okung T 73 Spencer Pulley C 78 Michael Schofield G 68 Matt Slauson C 69 Sam Tevi T 79 Kenny Wiggins G Defensive linemen 97 Jeremiah Attaochu DE 99 Joey Bosa DE 54 Melvin Ingram DE 94 Corey Liuget DT 40 Chris McCain DE 92 Brandon Mebane DT 95 Tenny Palepoi DT 93 Darius Philon DE 71 Damion Square DT Linebackers 57 Jatavis Brown OLB 51 Kyle Emanuel OLB 58 Nigel Harris OLB 49 James Onwalu OLB 50 Hayes Pullard MLB 56 Korey Toomer MLB Defensive backs 37 Jahleel Addae SS 33 Tre Boston FS 43 Michael Davis CB 26 Casey Hayward CB 25 Rayshawn Jenkins FS 20 Desmond King CB 23 Dexter McCoil FS 31 Adrian Phillips SS 22 Jason Verrett CB 24 Trevor Williams CB Special teams 8 Drew Kaser P 9 Younghoe Koo K 47 Mike Windt LS Reserve lists 89 Isaiah Burse WR ( IR ) 63 Donavon Clark G ( IR ) 45 Asante Cleveland TE ( IR ) 96 Kaleb Eulls DT ( IR ) 27 Kenneth Farrow RB ( IR ) 77 Forrest Lamp G ( IR ) 46 Chris Landrum DE ( IR ) 50 Charmeachealle Moore OLB ( IR ) 52 Denzel Perryman MLB ( IR ) 62 Max Tuerk C ( Susp . ) Practice squad 83 Braedon Bowman TE 67 Brett Boyko G 48 Nick Dzubnar MLB 29 Craig Mager CB 88 Andre Patton WR 27 Jeff Richards CB 98 Isaac Rochell DE 82 Artavis Scott WR 44 Andre Williams RB Rookies in italics Roster updated September 16 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 10 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Preseason ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 13 Seattle Seahawks L 17 -- 48 0 -- 1 StubHub Center Recap August 20 New Orleans Saints L 7 -- 13 0 -- 2 StubHub Center Recap August 26 at Los Angeles Rams W 21 -- 19 1 -- 2 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Recap August 31 at San Francisco 49ers L 13 -- 23 1 -- 3 Levi 's Stadium Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule ( edit ) Week Date Kickoff Opponent Result Record Game site TV NFL.com recap September 11 7 : 20 p.m. PDT at Denver Broncos L 21 -- 24 0 -- 1 Sports Authority Field at Mile High ESPN # Recap September 17 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Miami Dolphins L 17 -- 19 0 -- 2 StubHub Center CBS September 24 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Kansas City Chiefs StubHub Center CBS October 1 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Philadelphia Eagles StubHub Center Fox 5 October 8 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at New York Giants MetLife Stadium CBS 6 October 15 1 : 25 p.m. PDT at Oakland Raiders Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS 7 October 22 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Denver Broncos StubHub Center CBS 8 October 29 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at New England Patriots Gillette Stadium CBS 9 Bye 10 November 12 10 : 00 a.m. PST at Jacksonville Jaguars EverBank Field CBS 11 November 19 1 : 05 p.m. PST Buffalo Bills StubHub Center Fox 12 November 23 1 : 30 p.m. PST at Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium CBS 13 December 3 1 : 05 p.m. PST Cleveland Browns StubHub Center CBS 14 December 10 1 : 05 p.m. PST Washington Redskins StubHub Center CBS 15 December 16 5 : 25 p.m. PST at Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium NFLN 16 December 24 10 : 00 a.m. PST at New York Jets MetLife Stadium CBS 17 December 31 1 : 25 p.m. PST Oakland Raiders StubHub Center CBS Notes Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Networks and times for Sunday games from Weeks 5 -- 17 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling . # Indicates the game will be simulcast on KABC - TV . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Denver Broncos ( edit ) Week One : Los Angeles Chargers at Denver Broncos -- Game summary Total Chargers 0 7 0 14 21 Broncos 7 7 10 0 24 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High , Denver , Colorado Date : September 11 Game time : 8 : 20 p.m. MDT / 7 : 20 p.m. PDT Game weather : 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Game attendance : 76,324 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Beth Mowins , Rex Ryan and Sergio Dipp Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DEN -- Bennie Fowler 5 - yard pass from Trevor Siemian ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 4 : 58 . Broncos 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 70 yards , 6 : 05 . Second quarter LAC -- Melvin Gordon 11 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 15 : 00 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 55 . DEN -- Trevor Siemian 1 - yard run ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 5 : 33 . Broncos 14 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 56 yards , 4 : 38 . Third quarter DEN -- Bennie Fowler 6 - yard pass from Trevor Siemian ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 10 : 31 . Broncos 21 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 43 yards , 3 : 00 . DEN -- Brandon McManus 20 - yard field goal , 0 : 03 . Broncos 24 -- 7 . Drive : 14 plays , 78 yards , 8 : 16 . Fourth quarter LAC -- Keenan Allen 5 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 8 : 15 . Broncos 24 -- 14 . Drive : 6 plays , 43 yards , 2 : 27 . LAC -- Travis Benjamin 38 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 7 : 07 . Broncos 24 -- 21 . Drive : 1 play , 38 yards , 0 : 07 . Top passers LAC -- Philip Rivers -- 22 / 33 , 192 yards , 3 TD , INT DEN -- Trevor Siemian -- 17 / 28 , 219 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers LAC -- Melvin Gordon -- 18 rushes , 54 yards DEN -- C.J. Anderson -- 20 rushes , 81 yards Top receivers LAC -- Tyrell Williams -- 5 receptions , 54 yards DEN -- Demaryius Thomas -- 5 receptions , 67 yards Top tacklers LAC -- DEN -- Rookie kicker Younghoe Koo 's game - tying 44 - yard field goal attempt in the final seconds was blocked by the Denver 's Shelby Harris , and the Chargers lost 24 -- 21 . An earlier attempt by Koo was successful , but it was called off after the Broncos had called a timeout right before the snap . Week 2 : vs. miami dolphins ( edit ) Week Two : Miami Dolphins at Los Angeles Chargers -- Game summary Total Dolphins 0 10 6 19 Chargers 0 10 7 0 17 at StubHub Center , Carson , California Date : September 17 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game attendance : 25,381 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( CBS ) : Greg Gumbel , Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter MIA -- Cody Parkey 30 - yard field goal , 7 : 13 . Dolphins 3 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 70 yards , 6 : 18 . Second quarter LAC -- Younghoe Koo 41 - yard field goal , 13 : 46 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 23 yards , 2 : 36 . LAC -- Melvin Gordon 1 - yard run ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 5 : 05 . Chargers 10 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 57 . Third quarter MIA -- Kenny Stills 29 - yard pass from Jay Cutler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 12 : 15 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 53 . LAC -- Antonio Gates 7 - yard pass from Philip Rivers ( Younghoe Koo kick ) , 8 : 24 . Chargers 17 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 77 yards , 3 : 49 . MIA -- Cody Parkey 28 - yard field goal , 2 : 48 . Chargers 17 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 67 yards , 5 : 35 . Fourth quarter MIA -- Cody Parkey 35 - yard field goal , 6 : 32 . Chargers 17 -- 16 . Drive : 14 plays , 64 yards , 7 : 05 . MIA -- Cody Parkey 54 - yard field goal , 1 : 10 . Dolphins 19 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 15 yards , 1 : 57 . Top passers MIA -- Jay Cutler -- 24 / 33 , 230 yards , TD LAC -- Philip Rivers -- 31 / 39 , 331 yards , TD Top rushers MIA -- Jay Ajayi -- 28 rushes , 122 yards LAC -- Branden Oliver -- 3 rushes , 31 yards Top receivers MIA -- Jarvis Landry -- 13 receptions , 78 yards LAC -- Keenan Allen -- 9 receptions , 100 yards Top tacklers MIA -- LAC -- Week 3 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Three : Kansas City Chiefs at Los Angeles Chargers -- Game summary Total Chiefs 0 0 0 0 0 Chargers 0 0 0 0 0 at StubHub Center , Carson , California Date : September 24 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PDT TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Preview ( show ) Game information First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers KC -- LAC -- Top rushers KC -- LAC -- Top receivers KC -- LAC -- Top tacklers KC -- LAC -- Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Denver Broncos 0 0 1.000 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 66 38 W2 Kansas City Chiefs 0 0 1.000 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 69 47 W2 Oakland Raiders 0 0 1.000 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 71 36 W2 Los Angeles Chargers 0 0 . 000 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 38 43 L2 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Baltimore Ravens North 0 0 1.000 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 . 000 . 000 W2 Kansas City Chiefs West 0 0 1.000 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 . 000 . 000 W2 Miami Dolphins East 0 0 1.000 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 . 000 . 000 W1 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 500 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 . 000 . 000 W1 Wild Cards 5 Pittsburgh Steelers North 0 0 1.000 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 . 000 . 000 W2 6 Oakland Raiders West 0 0 1.000 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 . 000 . 000 W2 In the hunt 7 Denver Broncos West 0 0 1.000 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 . 000 . 000 W2 8 Buffalo Bills East 0 . 500 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 . 000 . 000 L1 9 Jacksonville Jaguars South 0 . 500 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 . 000 . 000 L1 10 Houston Texans South 0 . 500 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 . 000 . 000 W1 11 New England Patriots East 0 . 500 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 . 000 . 000 W1 12 Los Angeles Chargers West 0 0 . 000 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 . 000 . 000 L2 13 Cincinnati Bengals North 0 0 . 000 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 . 000 . 000 L2 14 Cleveland Browns North 0 0 . 000 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 . 000 . 000 L2 15 Indianapolis Colts South 0 0 . 000 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 . 000 . 000 L2 16 New York Jets East 0 0 . 000 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 . 000 . 000 L2 Tiebreakers Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/19647601/chargers-philip-rivers-bid-bittersweet-farewell-san-diego Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/19647601/chargers-philip-rivers-bid-bittersweet-farewell-san-diego Jump up ^ Wang , Jack ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Chargers ' comeback falls short as blocked field goal seals 24 - 21 loss to Broncos '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Los Angeles Chargers Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers seasons Los Angeles 1960 San Diego 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Los Angeles 2017 Bold indicates AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 66 ) or Super Bowl ( 1967 -- ) victory Italics indicates AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 66 ) or Super Bowl ( 1967 -- ) appearance 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Los_Angeles_Chargers_season&oldid=801195940 '' Categories : 2017 National Football League season by team Los Angeles Chargers seasons 2017 in sports in California Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 07 : 28 . 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-6856473578805789283	Backgammon	Backgammon - wikipedia Backgammon Jump to : navigation , search For the 2015 film , see Backgammon ( film ) . Backgammon A backgammon set , consisting of a board , two sets of 15 checkers , two pairs of dice , a doubling cube , and dice cups Years active Approximately 5,000 years ago in Persia to present Genre ( s ) Board game Race game Dice game Players Setup time 10 -- 30 seconds Playing time 5 -- 60 minutes Random chance Medium ( dice rolling ) Skill ( s ) required Strategy , tactics , counting , probability Backgammon is one of the oldest board games known . It is a two player game where playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice , and a player wins by removing all of their pieces from the board before their opponent . Backgammon is a member of the tables family , one of the oldest classes of board games . Backgammon involves a combination of strategy and luck ( from rolling dice ) . While the dice may determine the outcome of a single game , the better player will accumulate the better record over series of many games , somewhat like poker . With each roll of the dice , players must choose from numerous options for moving their checkers and anticipate possible counter-moves by the opponent . The optional use of a doubling cube allows players to raise the stakes during the game . Like chess , backgammon has been studied with great interest by computer scientists . Owing to this research , backgammon software has been developed that is capable of beating world - class human players ( see TD - Gammon for an example ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 1.1 Setup 1.2 Movement 1.3 Doubling cube 1.4 Variants 2 Strategy and tactics 3 Cheating 4 Social and competitive play 4.1 Legality 4.2 Club and tournament play 4.3 International competition 4.4 Gambling 5 Software 5.1 Internet play 5.2 Play and analysis 5.3 Mobile play 6 History 6.1 Persia ( Iran ) 6.2 Roman and Byzantine Empire 6.3 Egypt and Iraq 6.4 Turkey 6.5 Greece 6.6 East Asia 6.7 Western Europe 6.8 Great Britain 6.9 United States 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Rules ( edit ) Board in starting position with two dice and doubling cube Paths of movement for red and black , with checkers in the starting position ; viewed from the black side , with home or inner board at lower right Backgammon playing pieces are known variously as checkers , draughts , stones , men , counters , pawns , discs , pips , chips , or nips . The objective is to remove ( bear off ) all of one 's own checkers from the board before one 's opponent can do the same . In the most often - played variants the checkers are scattered at first ; as the game progresses they may be blocked or hit by the opponent . As the playing time for each individual game is short , it is often played in matches where victory is awarded to the first player to reach a certain number of points . Setup ( edit ) Each side of the board has a track of 12 long triangles , called points . The points form a continuous track in the shape of a horseshoe , and are numbered from 1 to 24 . In the most commonly used setup , each player begins with fifteen checkers , two are placed on their 24 - point , three on their 8 - point , and five each on their 13 - point and their 6 - point . The two players move their checkers in opposing directions , from the 24 - point towards the 1 - point . Points 1 through 6 are called the home board or inner board , and points 7 through 12 are called the outer board . The 7 - point is referred to as the bar point , and the 13 - point as the midpoint . Movement ( edit ) Play media Video of a game of backgammon , showing movement around the board , entering from the bar , formation of primes , use of the doubling cube and bearing off To start the game , each player rolls one die , and the player with the higher number moves first using the numbers shown on both dice . If the players roll the same number , they must roll again . Both dice must land completely flat on the right - hand side of the gameboard . The players then alternate turns , rolling two dice at the beginning of each turn . After rolling the dice , players must , if possible , move their checkers according to the number shown on each die . For example , if the player rolls a 6 and a 3 ( denoted as `` 6 - 3 '' ) , the player must move one checker six points forward , and another or the same checker three points forward . The same checker may be moved twice , as long as the two moves can be made separately and legally : six and then three , or three and then six . If a player rolls two of the same number , called doubles , that player must play each die twice . For example , a roll of 5 - 5 allows the player to make four moves of five spaces each . On any roll , a player must move according to the numbers on both dice if it is at all possible to do so . If one or both numbers do not allow a legal move , the player forfeits that portion of the roll and his or her turn ends . If moves can be made according to either one die or the other , but not both , the higher number must be used . If one die is unable to be moved , but such a move is made possible by the moving of the other die , that move is compulsory . In the course of a move , a checker may land on any point that is unoccupied or is occupied by one or more of the player 's own checkers . It may also land on a point occupied by exactly one opposing checker , or `` blot '' . In this case , the blot has been `` hit '' , and is placed in the middle of the board on the bar that divides the two sides of the playing surface . A checker may never land on a point occupied by two or more opposing checkers ; thus , no point is ever occupied by checkers from both players simultaneously . There is no limit to the number of checkers that can occupy a point at any given time . Checkers placed on the bar must re-enter the game through the opponent 's home board before any other move can be made . A roll of 1 allows the checker to enter on the 24 - point ( opponent 's 1 ) , a roll of 2 on the 23 - point ( opponent 's 2 ) , and so forth , up to a roll of 6 allowing entry on the 19 - point ( opponent 's 6 ) . Checkers may not enter on a point occupied by two or more opposing checkers . Checkers can enter on unoccupied points , or on points occupied by a single opposing checker ; in the latter case , the single checker is hit and placed on the bar . More than one checker can be on the bar at a time . A player may not move any other checkers until all checkers on the bar belonging to that player have re-entered the board . If a player has checkers on the bar , but rolls a combination that does not allow any of those checkers to re-enter , the player does not move . If the opponent 's home board is completely `` closed '' ( i.e. all six points are each occupied by two or more checkers ) , there is no roll that will allow a player to enter a checker from the bar , and that player stops rolling and playing until at least one point becomes open ( occupied by one or zero checkers ) due to the opponent 's moves . When all of a player 's checkers are in that player 's home board , that player may start removing them ; this is called `` bearing off '' . A roll of 1 may be used to bear off a checker from the 1 - point , a 2 from the 2 - point , and so on . If all of a player 's checkers are on points lower than the number showing on a particular die , the player may use that die to bear off one checker from the highest occupied point . For example , if a player rolls a 6 and a 5 , but has no checkers on the 6 - point and two on the 5 - point , then the 6 and the 5 must be used to bear off the two checkers from the 5 - point . When bearing off , a player may also move a lower die roll before the higher even if that means the full value of the higher die is not fully utilized . For example , if a player has exactly one checker remaining on the 6 - point , and rolls a 6 and a 1 , the player may move the 6 - point checker one place to the 5 - point with the lower die roll of 1 , and then bear that checker off the 5 - point using the die roll of 6 ; this is sometimes useful tactically . As before , if there is a way to use all moves showing on the dice , by moving checkers within the home board or bearing them off , the player must do so . If one player has not borne off any checkers by the time the opponent has borne off all fifteen , then the player has lost a gammon , which counts for double a normal loss . If the losing player has not borne off any checkers and still has checkers on the bar or in the opponent 's home board , then the player has lost a backgammon , which counts for three times a normal loss . Doubling cube ( edit ) Doubling cube To speed up match play and to provide an added dimension for strategy , a doubling cube is usually used . The doubling cube is not a die to be rolled but rather a marker with the numbers 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 , and 64 inscribed on its sides , to denote the current stake . At the start of each game , the doubling cube is placed on the bar with the number 64 showing ; the cube is then said to be `` centered , on 1 '' . When the cube is centered , the player about to roll may propose that the game be played for twice the current stakes . Their opponent must either accept ( `` take '' ) the doubled stakes or resign ( `` drop '' ) the game immediately . Whenever a player accepts doubled stakes , the cube is placed on their side of the board with the corresponding power of two facing upward , to indicate that the right to re-double belongs exclusively to the player who last accepted a double . If the opponent drops the doubled stakes , he or she loses the game at the current value of the doubling cube . For instance , if the cube showed the number 2 and a player wanted to redouble the stakes to put it at 4 , the opponent choosing to drop the redouble would lose two , or twice the original stake . The game is rarely redoubled beyond four times the original stake , but there is no limit on the number of redoubles . Although 64 is the highest number depicted on the doubling cube , the stakes may rise to 128 , 256 , and so on . In money games , a player is often permitted to `` beaver '' when offered the cube , doubling the value of the game again , while retaining possession of the cube . A variant of the doubling cube `` beaver '' is the `` raccoon '' . Players who doubled their opponent , seeing the opponent beaver the cube , may in turn then double the stakes once again ( `` raccoon '' ) as part of that cube phase before any dice are rolled . The opponent retains the doubling cube . E.g. White doubles Black to 2 points , Black accepts then beavers the cube to 4 points ; White , confident of a win , raccoons the cube to 8 points , while Black retains the cube . Such a move adds greatly to the risk of having to face the doubling cube coming back at 8 times its original value when first doubling the opponent ( offered at 2 points , counter offered at 16 points ) should the luck of the dice change . Some players may opt to invoke The Murphy rule or the `` automatic double rule '' . If both opponents roll the same opening number , the doubling cube is incremented on each occasion yet remains in the middle of the board , available to either player . The Murphy rule may be invoked with a maximum number of automatic doubles allowed and that limit is agreed to prior to a game or match commencing . When a player decides to double the opponent , the value is then a double of whatever face value is shown ( e.g. if two automatic doubles have occurred putting the cube up to 4 , the first in - game double will be for 8 points ) . The Murphy rule is not an official rule in backgammon and is rarely , if ever , seen in use at officially sanctioned tournaments . The Jacoby rule , named after Oswald Jacoby , allows gammons and backgammons to count for their respective double and triple values only if the cube has already been offered and accepted . This encourages a player with a large lead to double , possibly ending the game , rather than to play it to conclusion hoping for a gammon or backgammon . The Jacoby rule is widely used in money play but is not used in match play . The Crawford rule , named after John R. Crawford , is designed to make match play more equitable for the player in the lead . If a player is one point away from winning a match , that player 's opponent will always want to double as early as possible in order to catch up . Whether the game is worth one point or two , the trailing player must win to continue the match . To balance the situation , the Crawford rule requires that when a player first reaches a score one point short of winning , neither player may use the doubling cube for the following game , called the Crawford game . After the Crawford game , normal use of the doubling cube resumes . The Crawford rule is routinely used in tournament match play . It is possible for a Crawford game never to occur in a match . If the Crawford rule is in effect , then another option is the Holland rule , named after Tim Holland , which stipulates that after the Crawford game , a player can not double until after at least two rolls have been played by each side . It was common in tournament play in the 1980s but is now rarely used . Variants ( edit ) Todas tablas from the Libro de los juegos Main article : Tables ( board game ) There are many variants of standard backgammon rules . Some are played primarily throughout one geographic region , and others add new tactical elements to the game . Variants commonly alter the starting position , restrict certain moves , or assign special value to certain dice rolls , but in some geographic regions even the rules and directions of the checkers movement change , rendering the game fundamentally different . Acey - deucey is a variant of backgammon in which players start with no checkers on the board , and must bear them on at the beginning of the game . The roll of 1 - 2 is given special consideration , allowing the player , after moving the 1 and the 2 , to select any desired doubles move . A player also receives an extra turn after a roll of 1 - 2 or of doubles . Hypergammon is a variant of backgammon in which players have only three checkers on the board , starting with one each on the 24 - , 23 - and 22 - points . The game has been strongly solved , meaning that exact equities are available for all 32 million possible positions . Nərd is a traditional variant from Azerbaijan in which basic rules are almost the same except that even a single piece is ' safe ' . There are also different starting positions . Nackgammon is a variant of backgammon invented by Nick `` Nack '' Ballard in which players start with one less checker on the six point and midpoint and two checkers on the 23 point . Russian backgammon is a variant described in 1895 as : `` ... much in vogue in Russia , Germany , and other parts of the Continent ... '' . Players start with no checkers on the board , and both players move in the same direction to bear off in a common home board . In this variant , doubles are more powerful : four moves are played as in standard backgammon , followed by four moves according to the difference of the dice value from 7 , and then the player has another turn ( with the caveat that the turn ends if any portion of it can not be completed ) . Gul Bara and Tapa are also variants of the game popular in southeastern Europe and Turkey . The play will iterate among Backgammon , Gul Bara , and Tapa until one of the players reaches a score of 7 or 5 . Coan ki is an ancient Chinese board game that is very similar . Plakoto , Fevga and Portes are three versions of backgammon played in Greece . Together , the three are referred to as Tavli . Other minor variants to the standard game are common among casual players in certain regions . For instance , only allowing a maximum of five checkers on any point ( Britain ) or disallowing `` hit - and - run '' in your home board ( Middle East ) . Strategy and tactics ( edit ) Backgammon set , 19th century Backgammon has an established opening theory , although it is less detailed than that of chess . The tree of positions expands rapidly because of the number of possible dice rolls and the moves available on each turn . Recent computer analysis has offered more insight on opening plays , but the midgame is reached quickly . After the opening , backgammon players frequently rely on some established general strategies , combining and switching among them to adapt to the changing conditions of a game . The most direct strategy is simply to avoid being hit , trapped , or held in a stand - off . A `` running game '' describes a strategy of moving as quickly as possible around the board , and is most successful when a player is already ahead in the race . When this fails , one may opt for a `` holding game '' , maintaining control of a point on one 's opponent 's side of the board , called an anchor . As the game progresses , this player may gain an advantage by hitting an opponent 's blot from the anchor , or by rolling large doubles that allow the checkers to escape into a running game . The `` priming game '' involves building a wall of checkers , called a prime , covering a number of consecutive points . This obstructs opposing checkers that are behind the prime . A checker trapped behind a six - point prime can not escape until the prime is broken . A particularly successful priming effort may lead to a `` blitz '' , which is a strategy of covering the entire home board as quickly as possible while keeping one 's opponent on the bar . Because the opponent has difficulty re-entering from the bar or escaping , a player can quickly gain a running advantage and win the game , often with a gammon . A `` backgame '' is a strategy that involves holding two or more anchors in an opponent 's home board while being substantially behind in the race . The anchors obstruct the opponent 's checkers and create opportunities to hit them as they move home . The backgame is generally used only to salvage a game wherein a player is already significantly behind . Using a backgame as an initial strategy is usually unsuccessful . `` Duplication '' refers to the placement of checkers such that one 's opponent needs the same dice rolls to achieve different goals . For example , players may position all of their blots in such a way that the opponent must roll a 2 in order to hit any of them , reducing the probability of being hit more than once . `` Diversification '' refers to a complementary tactic of placing one 's own checkers in such a way that more numbers are useful . Many positions require a measurement of a player 's standing in the race , for example , in making a doubling cube decision , or in determining whether to run home and begin bearing off . The minimum total of dice rolls needed to move a player 's checkers around and off the board is called the `` pip count '' . The difference between the two players ' pip counts is frequently used as a measure of the leader 's racing advantage . Players often use mental calculation techniques to determine pip counts in live play . Backgammon is played in two principal variations , `` Money '' and `` Match '' play . Money play means that every point counts evenly and every game stands alone , whether money is actually being wagered or not . `` Match '' play means that the players play until one side scores ( or exceeds ) a certain number of points . The format has a significant effect on strategy . In a match , the objective is not to win the maximum possible number of points , but rather to simply reach the score needed to win the match . For example , a player leading a 9 - point match by a score of 7 - 5 would be very reluctant to turn the doubling cube , as their opponent could take and make a costless redouble to 4 , placing the entire outcome of the match on the current game . Conversely , the trailing player would double very aggressively , particularly if s / he has chances to win a gammon in the current game . In money play , the theoretically correct checker play and cube action would never vary based on the score . In 1975 , Emmet Keeler and Joel Spencer considered the question of when to double or accept a double using an idealized version of backgammon . In their idealized version , the probability of winning varies randomly over time by Brownian motion , and there are no gammons or backgammons . They showed that the optimal time to offer a double was when the probability of winning reached 80 % , and it is wise to accept a double only if the probability of winning is at least 20 % . As their assumptions do not correspond perfectly to the real game , actual doubling strategy may vary , but the 80 % number still provides a possible rule of thumb . Cheating ( edit ) To reduce the possibility of cheating , most good quality backgammon sets use precision dice and a dice cup . This reduces the likelihood of loaded dice being used , which is the main way of cheating in face - to - face play . A common method of cheating online is the use of a computer program to find the optimal move on each turn ; to combat this , many online sites use move - comparison software that identifies when a player 's moves resemble those of a backgammon program . Online cheating has therefore become extremely difficult . Social and competitive play ( edit ) Medieval players , from the 13th century Carmina Burana Legality ( edit ) In State of Oregon v Barr , a 1982 court case pivotal to the continued widespread organised playing of backgammon in the USA , the State argued backgammon is a game of chance and that it was therefore subject to Oregon 's stringent gambling laws . Paul Magriel was a key witness for the defence , contradicting Dr. Roger Nelson , the expert prosecution witness , by saying , `` Game theory , however , really applies to games with imperfect knowledge , where something is concealed , such as poker . Backgammon is not such a game . Everything is in front of you . The person who uses that information in the most effective manner will win . '' After the closing arguments , Judge Stephen S. Walker concluded that backgammon is a game of skill , not a game of chance , and found the defendant , backgammon tournament director Ted Barr , not guilty of promoting gambling . Club and tournament play ( edit ) Enthusiasts have formed clubs for social play of backgammon . Local clubs may hold informal gatherings , with members meeting at cafés and bars in the evening to play and converse . A few clubs offer additional services , maintaining their own facilities or offering computer analysis of troublesome plays . Some club leaders have noticed a recent growth of interest in backgammon , and attribute it to the game 's popularity on the Internet . A backgammon chouette permits three or more players to participate in a single game , often for money . One player competes against a team of all the other participants , and positions rotate after each game . Chouette play often permits the use of multiple doubling cubes . Backgammon clubs may also organize tournaments . Large club tournaments sometimes draw competitors from other regions , with final matches viewed by hundreds of spectators . The top players at regional tournaments often compete in major national and international championships . Winners at major tournaments may receive prizes of tens of thousands of dollars . International competition ( edit ) See also : List of World Backgammon champions The first world championship competition in backgammon was held in Las Vegas , Nevada in 1967 . Tim Holland was declared the winner that year and at the tournament the following year . For unknown reasons , there was no championship in 1970 , but in 1971 , Tim Holland again won the title . The competition remained in Las Vegas until 1975 , when it moved to Paradise Island in the Bahamas . The years 1976 , 1977 & 1978 saw `` dual '' World Championships , one in the Bahamas attended by the Americans , and the European Open Championships in Monte Carlo with mostly European players . In 1979 , Lewis Deyong , who had promoted the Bahamas World Championship for the prior three years , suggested that the two events be combined . Monte Carlo was universally acknowledged as the site of the World Backgammon Championship and has remained as such for thirty years . The Monte Carlo tournament draws hundreds of players and spectators , and is played over the course of a week . By the 21st century , the largest international tournaments had established the basis of a tour for top professional players . Major tournaments are held yearly worldwide . PartyGaming sponsored the first World Series of Backgammon in 2006 from Cannes and later the ' Backgammon Million ' tournament held in the Bahamas in January 2007 with a prize pool of one million dollars , the largest for any tournament to date . In 2008 , the World Series of Backgammon ran the world 's largest international events in London , the UK Masters , the biggest tournament ever held in the UK with 128 international class players ; the Nordic Open , which instantly became the largest in the world with around 500 players in all flights and 153 in the Championship , and Cannes , which hosted the Riviera Cup , the traditional follow - up tournament to the World Championships . Cannes also hosted the WSOB Championship , the WSOB finale , which saw 16 players play three - point shootout matches for € 160,000 . The event was recorded for television in Europe airing on Eurosport . The World Backgammon Association ( WBA ) has been holding the biggest backgammon Tour of the circuit since 2007 , the `` European Backgammon Tour '' ( EBGT ) . In 2011 , the WBA collaborated with the online backgammon provider Play65 for the 2011 season of the European Backgammon Tour and with `` Betfair '' in 2012 . The 2013 season of the European Backgammon Tour featured 11 stops and 19 qualified players competing for 19,000 € in a Grand Finale in Lefkosa , Northern Cyprus . WBA also staged the `` US Open '' and other events around the globe . WBA has contributed to a high - stakes event called `` Crowns Cup '' broadcast on several TV - channels . Gambling ( edit ) When backgammon is played for money , the most common arrangement is to assign a monetary value to each point , and to play to a certain score , or until either player chooses to stop . The stakes are raised by gammons , backgammons , and use of the doubling cube . Backgammon is sometimes available in casinos . Before the commercialization of neural network programs , proposition bets on specific positions were very common among backgammon players and gamblers . As with most gambling games , successful play requires a combination of luck and skill , as a single dice roll can sometimes significantly change the outcome of the game . Software ( edit ) Internet play ( edit ) Backgammon software has been developed not only to play and analyze games , but also to facilitate play between humans over the internet . Dice rolls are provided by random or pseudorandom number generators . Real - time online play began with the First Internet Backgammon Server in July 1992 , but there are now a range of options ; many of which are commercial . Play and analysis ( edit ) A screen shot of GNU Backgammon , showing an evaluation and rollout of possible moves Backgammon has been studied considerably by computer scientists . Neural networks and other approaches have offered significant advances to software for gameplay and analysis . The first strong computer opponent was BKG 9.8 . It was written by Hans Berliner in the late 1970s on a DEC PDP - 10 as an experiment in evaluating board game positions . Early versions of BKG played badly even against poor players , but Berliner noticed that its critical mistakes were always at transitional phases in the game . He applied principles of fuzzy logic to improve its play between phases , and by July 1979 , BKG 9.8 was strong enough to play against the reigning world champion Luigi Villa . It won the match , 7 -- 1 , becoming the first computer program to defeat a world champion in any board game . Berliner stated that the victory was largely a matter of luck , as the computer received more favorable dice rolls . In the late 1980s , backgammon programmers found more success with an approach based on artificial neural networks . TD - Gammon , developed by Gerald Tesauro of IBM , was the first of these programs to play near the expert level . Its neural network was trained using temporal difference learning applied to data generated from self - play . According to assessments by Bill Robertie and Kit Woolsey , TD - Gammon 's play was at or above the level of the top human players in the world . Woolsey said of the program that `` There is no question in my mind that its positional judgment is far better than mine . '' Tesauro proposed using rollout analysis to compare the performance of computer algorithms against human players . In this method , a Monte - Carlo evaluation of positions is conducted ( typically thousands of trials ) where different random dice sequences are simulated . The rollout score of the human ( or the computer ) is the difference of the average game results by following the selected move versus following the best move , then averaged for the entire set of taken moves . Neural network research has resulted in three modern proprietary programs , JellyFish , Snowie and eXtreme Gammon as well as the shareware BGBlitz and the free software GNU Backgammon . These programs not only play the game , but offer tools for analyzing games and detailed comparisons of individual moves . The strength of these programs lies in their neural networks ' weights tables , which are the result of months of training . Without them , these programs play no better than a human novice . For the bearoff phase , backgammon software usually relies on a database containing precomputed equities for all possible bearoff positions . Computer - versus - computer competitions are also held at Computer Olympiad events . Mobile play ( edit ) Backgammon Mobile Applications have been developed not only to play against the computer but also to play in communities over the internet . Currently , the only real money Backgammon community available on Mobile devices is For Money Backgammon by Gamytech . History ( edit ) Persia ( Iran ) ( edit ) See also : Nard ( game ) Excavations at Shahr - e Sukhteh ( Persian شهر سوخته , literally `` The Burnt City '' ) in Iran have shown that a board race game existed there around 3000 BC . The artifacts include two dice and 60 checkers , and the set is believed to be 100 to 200 years older than the Royal Game of Ur . On the board found at Shahr - e Sukhteh the fields are fashioned by the coils of a snake . Touraj Daryaee ( 2006 ) -- on the subject of the first written mention of early precursors of backgammon -- writes : The game of backgammon is first mentioned in Bhartrhari 's Vairagyasataka ( p. 39 ) , composed around the late 6th or early 7th century AD . The use of dice for the game is another indication of its Indic origin , since dice and gambling were a favorite pastime in ancient India . The rules of the game , however , first appeared in the Middle Persian text Wızarisnı Catrang ud Nihisnı New Ardaxsır ( Explanation of Chess and Invention of Backgammon ) , composed in the 6th century during the rule of the Sasanian king Khosrow I ( 530 -- 571 ) . The text assigns its invention to the Persian sage Wuzurgmihr ( Persian ) Buzarjumihr / Bozorgmehr , who was the minister of King Khosrow I . According to the historical legend , the Indian king Dewisarm sends his minister Taxritos to Persia with the game of chess , and a letter challenging Sasanian King Khosrow I to solve the riddle or rationale for the game . Khosrow asks for three days to decipher the game , but initially no - one in the court is able to make any progress . On the third day , Khosrow 's minister , Wuzurgmihr , successfully rises and explains the logic of the game . As a reciprical challenge , Wuzurgmihr constructs the game of backgammon and delivers it to the Indian king who is unable to decipher the game . In the 11th century Shahnameh , the Persian poet Ferdowsi credits Burzoe with the invention of the tables game nard in the 6th century . He describes an encounter between Burzoe and a Raja visiting from India . The Raja introduces the game of chess , and Burzoe demonstrates nard , played with dice made from ivory and teak . Today , Nard is the name for the Persian version of backgammon , which has different initial positions and objectives . H.J.R. Murray details many versions of backgammon ; modern Nard is noted there as being the same as backgammon and maybe dating back to 300 -- 500 AD in the Babylonian Talmud , although others believe the Talmud references the Greek race game Kubeia . A game of τάβλη ( tabula ) played by Byzantine Emperor Zeno in 480 and recorded by Agathias in 530 circa because of a very unlucky dice throw for Zeno ( red ) , as he threw 2 , 5 and 6 and was forced to leave eight pieces alone . See `` Zeno 's Game of τάβλη '' . Roman and Byzantine empire ( edit ) Tάβλη ( tavli ) meaning `` table '' or `` board '' in Byzantine Greek , is the oldest game with rules known to be nearly identical to backgammon ; it is described in an epigram of Byzantine Emperor Zeno ( AD 476 -- 491 ) . The board was the same with 24 points , 12 on each side . As today , each player had 15 checkers and used cubical dice with sides numbered one to six . The object of the game , to be the first to bear off all of one 's checkers , was also the same . Hitting a blot , reentering a piece from the bar , and bearing off , all followed the modern rules . The only differences with modern backgammon were the use of an extra die ( three rather than two ) and the starting of all pieces off the board ( with them entering in the same way that pieces on the bar enter in modern backgammon ) . The name τάβλη is still used for backgammon in Greece , where it is frequently played in town plateias and cafes . Herr Goeli , from the 14th century Codex Manesse Roman Ludus duodecim scriptorum board from the 2nd century , Aphrodisias The epigram of Zeno describes a particularly bad dice roll the emperor had for his given position . Zeno , who was white , had a stack of seven checkers , three stacks of two checkers and two blots , checkers that stand alone on a point and are therefore in danger of being put outside the board by an incoming opponent checker . Zeno threw the three dice with which the game was played and obtained 2 , 5 and 6 . As in backgammon , Zeno could not move to a space occupied by two opponent ( black ) pieces . The white and black checkers were so distributed on the points that the only way to use all of the three results , as required by the game rules , was to break the three stacks of two checkers into blots , exposing them and ruining the game for Zeno . The τάβλη of Zeno 's time is believed to be a direct descendant of the earlier Roman Ludus duodecim scriptorum ( `` Game of twelve lines '' ) with that board 's middle row of points removed , and only the two outer rows remaining . Ludus duodecim scriptorum used a board with three rows of 12 points each with the 15 checkers being moved in opposing directions by the two players across three rows according to the roll of the three cubical dice . Little specific text about the gameplay of Ludus duodecim scriptorum has survived ; it may have been related to the older Ancient Greek dice game Kubeia . The earliest known mention of the game is in Ovid 's Ars Amatoria ( The Art of Love ) ( written between 1 BC and 8 AD ) . In Roman times this game was also known as alea , and a likely apocryphal Latin story linked this name , and the game , to a Trojan soldier named Alea . Egypt and iraq ( edit ) Race board games involving dice have existed for millennia in the Near East and eastern Mediterranean , including the game senet of Ancient Egypt and the Royal Game of Ur in Babylon . The ancient Egyptian game senet was excavated , along with illustrations , from Egyptian royal tombs dating to 3500 BC . Though using a board that is quite different from backgammon , it may be a predecessor . The Royal Game of Ur , originating in ancient Mesopotamia before 2600 BC , may also be an ancestor of modern - day table games like backgammon . It used tetrahedral dice . In the modern Middle East , backgammon is a common feature of coffeehouses . Turkey ( edit ) Women playing tavla in southern Turkey . Backgammon , which is known as `` tavla '' , from Byzantine Greek τάβλη , is a very popular game in Turkey , and it is customary to name the dice rolls with their Persian number names , with local spellings : yek ( 1 ) , dü ( 2 ) , se ( 3 ) , chahar ( `` cehar '' ) ( 4 ) , pange ( `` penç '' ) ( 5 ) , sheesh ( `` şeş '' ) ( 6 ) . The usual Tavla rules are same as in the other neighboring Arab countries and Greece , as established over a millennium ago , but there are also many quite different variants . The usual tavla is also known as erkek tavlası meaning boys ' or men 's tavla . The other variant kız tavlası ( i.e. girls ' tavla ) is a game that depends only on the dice and involves no strategy . Another variant , asker tavlası ( meaning soldiers ' tavla ) , has the pieces thrown to the board randomly and the opponents try to flip their pieces over the opponents ' pieces to beat them . Greece ( edit ) Backgammon is popular among Greeks . It is a game in which Greeks usually tease their opponent and they create a lively atmosphere . The game is called `` Tavli '' , derived in Byzantine times from the Latin word `` tabula '' . A game , almost identical to backgammon , called Tavli ( Byzantine Greek : τάβλη ) is described in an epigram of the Byzantine Emperor Zeno ( AD 476 -- 481 ) . There are four games of Tavli commonly played : Portes : Set - up and rules the same as backgammon , except that backgammons count as gammons ( 2 points ) and there is no doubling cube . Plakoto : A game where one checker can trap another checker on the same point . Fevga : A game where one checker by itself can block a point . Asodio : Also known as Acey - deucey where all checkers are off the board , and you enter by rolling either doubles or acey - deucey . These games are played one after another , in matches of three , five , or seven points . Before starting a match , each player rolls 1 die , and the player with the highest roll picks up both dice and re-rolls ( i.e. it is possible to roll doubles for the opening move ) . Players use the same pair of dice in turns . After the first game , the winner of the previous game starts first . Each game counts as 1 point , if the opponent has borne off at least 1 stone , otherwise 2 points ( gammon / backgammon ) . There is no doubling cube . East asia ( edit ) Backgammon set from around the 10th century , China Backgammon was popular in China for a time and was known as `` shuanglu '' ( 双陆 ) , with the book Pǔ Shuāng ( 譜雙 ) written during the Southern Song ( 1127 -- 1279 ) period recording over ten variants - but over time it was replaced by other games such as xiangqi ( Chinese chess ) . In Japan ban - sugoroku is thought to have been introduced from China in the 6th century . As a gambling game it was made illegal several times . In the early Edo - era , a new and quick gambling game called Chō - han appeared and sugoroku quickly dwindled . By the 13th century , the board game Go , originally played only by the aristocracy , had become popular among the general public . In Korea , it is called Ssang - ryuk or Jeopo . Western Europe ( edit ) Brädspel ( `` board game '' ) set recovered from the warship Vasa , which sank in 1628 The jeux de tables ( Games of Tables ) , predecessors of modern backgammon , first appeared in France during the 11th century and became a favorite pastime of gamblers . In 1254 , Louis IX issued a decree prohibiting his court officials and subjects from playing . Tables games were played in Germany in the 12th century , and had reached Iceland by the 13th century . In Spain , the Alfonso X manuscript Libro de los juegos , completed in 1283 , describes rules for a number of dice and table games in addition to its extensive discussion of chess . By the 17th century , table games had spread to Sweden . A wooden board and checkers were recovered from the wreck of the Vasa among the belongings of the ship 's officers . Backgammon appears widely in paintings of this period , mainly those of Dutch and German painters ( Van Ostade , Jan Steen , Hieronymus Bosch , Bruegel and others ) . Some surviving artworks are `` Cardsharps '' by Caravaggio ( the backgammon board is in the lower left ) and `` The Triumph of Death '' by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( the backgammon board is in the lower right ) . Others are the Hell of Bosch and interior of an Inn by Jan Steen . Great Britain ( edit ) A Short Treatise on the Game of Back - Gammon , by Edmond Hoyle In the 16th century , Elizabethan laws and church regulations prohibited playing tables , but by the 18th century , backgammon was popular among the English clergy . Edmund Hoyle published A Short Treatise on the Game of Back - Gammon in 1753 ; this described rules and strategy for the game and was bound together with a similar text on whist . In English , the word `` backgammon '' is most likely derived from `` back '' and Middle English `` gamen '' , meaning `` game '' or `` play '' . The earliest use documented by the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1650 . United States ( edit ) The most recent major development in backgammon was the addition of the doubling cube . It was first introduced in the 1920s in New York City among members of gaming clubs in the Lower East Side . The cube required players not only to select the best move in a given position , but also to estimate the probability of winning from that position , transforming backgammon into the expected value - driven game played in the 20th and 21st centuries . The popularity of backgammon surged in the mid-1960s , in part due to the charisma of Prince Alexis Obolensky who became known as `` The Father of Modern Backgammon '' . `` Obe '' , as he was called by friends , co-founded the International Backgammon Association , which published a set of official rules . He also established the World Backgammon Club of Manhattan , devised a backgammon tournament system in 1963 , then organized the first major international backgammon tournament in March , 1964 , which attracted royalty , celebrities and the press . The game became a huge fad and was played on college campuses , in discothèques and at country clubs ; stockbrokers and bankers began playing at conservative men 's clubs . People young and old all across the country dusted off their boards and checkers . Cigarette , liquor and car companies began to sponsor tournaments and Hugh Hefner held backgammon parties at the Playboy Mansion . Backgammon clubs were formed and tournaments were held , resulting in a World Championship promoted in Las Vegas in 1967 . Most recently , the United States Backgammon Federation ( USBGF ) was organized in 2009 to repopularize the game in the United States . Board and committee members include many of the top players , tournament directors and writers in the worldwide backgammon community . The USBGF has recently created a Standards of Ethical Practice to address issues on which tournament rules fail to touch . See also ( edit ) Backgammon notation Category : Backgammon players Tables ( board game ) Table games TD - Gammon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Backgammon Luck vs Skill '' Archived 2011 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , backgammon.org ^ Jump up to : Robertie , Bill ( 2002 ) . Backgammon for Winners ( Third ed . ) . Cardoza . ISBN 1 - 58042 - 043 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : edited by Albert H. Morehead and Geoffrey Mott - Smith . ( 2001 ) . Hoyle 's Rules of Games ( Third Revised and Updated ed . ) . Signet . pp. 321 -- 330 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 20484 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robertie , Bill . `` Backgammon Beavers '' . GammonVillage . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Robertie , Bill ( 2006 ) . Backgammon for Serious Players ( Second ed . ) . Cardoza . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 940685 - 68 - X . Jump up ^ `` Backgammon Glossary / Holland Rule '' . Bkgm.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Backgammon Book , Chapter 11 , O. Jacoby & J.R. Crawford , 1970 , Macmillan & Co ^ Jump up to : Tesauro , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Programming backgammon using self - teaching neural nets '' ( PDF ) . Artificial Intelligence . 134 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 199 . doi : 10.1016 / S0004 - 3702 ( 01 ) 00110 - 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Strato , Michael . `` Backgammon Variants '' . Gammonlife . Archived from the original on 13 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark . `` Nackgammon '' . mindfun . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Kit ( September 2001 ) . `` Nackgammon '' . Gammonline . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Draughts and Backgammon '' , 1895 , Berkeley Jump up ^ `` Russian Backgammon '' . Bkgm.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ... The three games together are called ' Tavli ' and are usually played one after the other in matches of three , five , or seven points ... '' , Backgammon Galore ! page Jump up ^ `` Old English Backgammon '' . Jump up ^ `` Backgammon FAQ : Basic Rules '' . Jump up ^ `` Backgammon Rules -- And How To Play '' . ^ Jump up to : Magriel , Paul ( 1976 ) . Backgammon . Quadrangle / The New York Times Book Co . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0615 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Backgammon Glossary / Back Game '' . Jump up ^ Keeler , Emmet ; Spencer , Joel ( 1975 ) . `` Optimal Doubling in Backgammon '' . Operations Research . 23 ( 6 ) : 1063 -- 1071 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bray , Chris ( 2008 ) . Backgammon for Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . p. 13 and 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 69456 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harrington Green , Jonathan ( 1845 ) . An exposure of the arts and miseries of gambling . Redding . p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` The Trial ( and Tribulations ) of Oregon Promoter Ted Barr '' , Backgammon Times , 2 ( 2 ) , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Tribes of Sydney -- Sydney Backgammon Club '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Australia ) . June 24 , 2006 . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bray , Chris ( June 29 , 2002 ) . `` Backgammon '' . The Independent ( London ) . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Bray , Chris ( November 25 , 2000 ) . `` Backgammon '' . The Independent ( London ) . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Laverty , Roy ( May 16 , 2003 ) . `` Backgammon warriors -- columnist , club member square off as board game 's popularity grows '' . Alameda Times - Star ( Section : Bay Area Living ) . Jump up ^ Magriel , Paul ( June 1 , 1980 ) . `` Backgammon : Before Planning Big Attack , Be Sure to Cover Your Rear '' . The New York Times , Late City Final Edition . pp. 50 , section 1 , part 2 . ^ Jump up to : Maxa , Rudy ( September 6 , 1981 ) . `` Where the Rich And the Royal Play Their Games -- Monte Carlo 's Seven - Day Backgammon Soiree With Countesses , Princes and Other Sharpies '' . The Washington Post . p . H1 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Play65 , The History of the World Backgammon Championships Jump up ^ Michael Crane ( July 25 , 2000 ) . `` Backgammon News -- World Championships 2000 '' . Mind Sports Worldwide . Archived from the original on 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` PartyGammon.com to Stage First Ever US $1 Million Backgammon Tournament '' . PR Newswire . Lexis - Nexis . July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World Backgammon Association '' . www.world-backgammon-association.com . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . www.ebgt.info . Jump up ^ Wachtel , Robert `` Backgammon Proposition '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . backgammon.org Jump up ^ Schneider , Andreas ; et al. `` Brief history of FIBS '' . FIBS , the First Internet Backgammon Server . Archived from the original on 13 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Andreas . `` `` Backgammon server available NOW '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Keith , Tom . `` Backgammon Play Sites '' . Backgammon galore ! . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Berliner , Hans ( January 1980 ) . `` Backgammon program beats world champ '' . ACM SIGART Bulletin ( 69 ) : 6 -- 9 . doi : 10.1145 / 1056433.1056434 . ^ Jump up to : Tesauro , Gerald ( March 1995 ) . `` Temporal difference learning and TD - Gammon '' . Communications of the ACM. 38 ( 3 ) : 58 -- 68 . doi : 10.1145 / 203330.203343 . Jump up ^ `` Backgammon software - Backgammon Online Guide '' . www. backgammon. help . Jump up ^ `` BackgammonSnowie - World class poker coaching software '' . www.bgsnowie.com . Jump up ^ `` eXtreme Gammon '' . www.extremegammon.com . Jump up ^ `` BGBlitz '' . BGBlitz . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ GNU Backgammon . Jump up ^ Cyrius , Ciryus . `` B6 Top Backgammon Apps for iPhone w / Video '' . iPhone Apps Finder . Jump up ^ `` Backgammon For Money - The Mobile App '' . Backgammon 4 Money . Jump up ^ Darren Heitner , Darren Heitner . `` Gambling On Strategy eSports Becoming A Big Business '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Oldest Backgammon Discovered In Burnt City '' . Payvand News . December 4 , 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schädler , Dunn - Vaturi , Ulrich , Anne - Elizabeth . `` BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Daryaee , Touraj ( 2006 ) in `` Backgammon '' in Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia ed . Meri , Josef W. & Bacharach , Jere L , pp. 88 - 89 . Taylor & Francis . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Charles K ( May 1943 ) . `` Chessmen and Chess '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . New Series 1 ( 9 ) : 271 -- 279 . JSTOR 3257111 . doi : 10.2307 / 3257111 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , H.J.R. ( 1952 ) . `` 6 : Race - Games '' . A History of Board - Games Other than Chess . Hacker Art Books . ISBN 0 - 87817 - 211 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` '' Backgammon , or Takheth Nard `` '' . ^ Jump up to : Austin , Roland G ( 1934 ) . `` Zeno 's Game of τάβλη '' . The Journal of Hellenic Studies . 54 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 205 . JSTOR 626864 . doi : 10.2307 / 626864 . ^ Jump up to : Austin , Roland G. ( February 1935 ) . `` Roman Board Games . II '' . Greece & Rome . 4 ( 11 ) : 76 -- 82 . doi : 10.1017 / s0017383500003119 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Charles Bell , Board and table games from many civilizations , Courier Dover Publications , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 23855 - 5 , pp. 33 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Koukoules , Phaidon ( 1948 ) . Vyzantinon Vios kai Politismos. 1 . Collection de l'institut français d'Athènes . pp. 200 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Austin , Roland G. ( October 1934 ) . `` Roman Board Games . I '' . Greece & Rome . 4 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 34 . doi : 10.1017 / s0017383500002941 . Jump up ^ Finkel , Irving L. `` Ancient board games in perspective . '' British Museum Colloquium. 2007 . p. 224 Jump up ^ Jacoby , Oswald , and John R. Crawford . The backgammon book . Viking Pr , 1976 . Jump up ^ Hayes , William C. ( March 1946 ) . `` Egyptian Tomb Reliefs of the Old Kingdom '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . New Series 4 ( 7 ) : 170 -- 178 . Jump up ^ ERGIL , LEYLA YVONNE . `` Top Tavla tips for expats to play like a Turk '' . Daily Sabah . dailysabah.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` backgammon '' . Internet , Second Edition . 2003 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV.com - ( 博弈篇 ) 舶来棋戏 -- -- 双陆 '' . news.cctv.com . Jump up ^ Origin of Sugoroku in Japan , sugoroku.net Jump up ^ History of Go in Japan : part 3 , Nihon Kiin , archived from the original on 14 November 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 Jump up ^ Lillich , Meredith Parsons ( March 1983 ) . `` The Tric - Trac Window of Le Mans '' . The Art Bulletin . 65 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 33 . JSTOR 3050296 . doi : 10.2307 / 3050296 . Jump up ^ Wollesen , Jens T ( 1990 ) . `` Sub specie ludi ... : Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio 's Libro de Acedrex , Dados e Tablas '' . Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte. 53 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 308 . JSTOR 1482540 . doi : 10.2307 / 1482540 . Jump up ^ Allee , Sheila . `` A Foregone Conclusion : Fore - Edge Books Are Unique Additions to Ransom Collection '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` backgammon '' . The Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition . 1989 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Robertie , Bill ( 2002 ) . 501 Essential Backgammon Problems ( Second Printing ed . ) . Cardoza . p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 58042 - 019 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Inventor of Doubling in Backgammon '' . www.gammonlife.com . Jump up ^ `` The Father Of Modern Backgammon - GammonVillage Magazine '' . www.gammonvillage.com . Jump up ^ Bernard Weintraub ( January 13 , 1966 ) . `` Urge to Play Backgammon Sweeping Men 's Clubs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . A disk and dice game that has been played in Middle Eastern streets for thousands of years , in English homes for hundreds of years , and on Bronx stoops for dozens of years has suddenly gripped the bankers and brokers of old - line men 's clubs all over town . Jump up ^ `` World Backgammon Championships History - Backgammon Masters - Backgammon Articles ' Categories - Play65 TM '' . www.play65.com . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) Note : this file is approximately 5.2 megabytes This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Backgammon '' dated 2007 - 12 - 06 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The dictionary definition of Appendix : Glossary of backgammon terms at Wiktionary Backgammon at Wikibooks Media related to Backgammon at Wikimedia Commons `` Backgammon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Backgammon at DMOZ UK Backgammon Federation US Backgammon Federation Backgammon World Championship - Monte Carlo ( hide ) Tables games Historic Royal Game of Ur Ludus duodecim scriptorum Tabula Senet Mehen Liubo Jacquet Hounds and Jackals Modern Acey - deucey Gul bara Plakoto Sugoroku Tapa Backgammon Notation Opening Chouette FIBS Rollouts Categories Backgammon Tables Players GND : 4069063 - 5 NDL : 00577370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backgammon&oldid=801273608 '' Categories : Backgammon Tables games Traditional board games Iranian inventions Sports originating in Iran Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many dice are used in a standard game of backgammon	[ "\nBackgammon\n\n\nA backgammon set, consisting of a board, two sets of 15 checkers, two pairs of dice, a doubling cube, and dice cups\n\n\n\nYears active\nApproximately 5,000 years ago in Persia to present\n\n\nGenre(s)\nBoard game\nRace game\nDice game\n\n\nPlayers\n2\n\n\nSetup time\n10–30 seconds\n\n\nPlaying time\n5–60 minutes\n\n\nRandom chance\nMedium (dice rolling)\n\n\nSkill(s) required\nStrategy, tactics, counting, probability\n\n" ]	[ "two" ]
-4808254026798420442	List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket	List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket - wikipedia List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket Jump to : navigation , search Muttiah Muralitharan has captured the highest number of wickets in Test cricket . Taking 300 or more wickets across a playing career is considered a significant achievement in Test cricket . The feat , first accomplished by Englishman Fred Trueman in 1964 , has only been achieved by thirty players in the history of the game as of May 2016 . Five Australian players have taken more than 300 wickets , along with five Englishmen , four South Africans , four members of the West Indies cricket team , four Indians , three Pakistanis , two New Zealanders and three Sri Lankan players ; Bangladesh and Zimbabwe are yet to see a Test player reach the 300 mark . As of August 2015 , the retired Sri Lankan bowler Muttiah Muralitharan has the highest aggregate with 800 wickets . He has also taken the most five - wicket hauls in an innings and ten - wicket hauls in a match , 67 and 22 times respectively , and has the fifth best bowling performance in a match , 16 wickets for 220 runs against England in 1998 . Australian fast bowler Dennis Lillee is the fastest to accomplish the feat , taking 56 Tests to do so while West Indian Malcolm Marshall has the best bowling average among those to achieve the milestone , taking 376 wickets at an average of 20.94 runs . West Indian Lance Gibbs is the most economical with 1.99 runs per over while South African fast bowler Dale Steyn has the best strike rate of 41.4 balls per wicket . Among those players to have taken 300 wickets , Indian Anil Kumble has the best bowling figures for an innings , 10 wickets for 74 runs against Pakistan in 1999 , which is the second best in the history of Test cricket after English player Jim Laker 's 10 for 53 against Australia in 1956 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Bowlers with 300 or more Test wickets 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Key ( edit ) Mat -- Number of matches played Inn -- Number of innings bowled Balls -- Balls bowled in career Runs -- Runs conceded in career Wkt -- Wickets taken in career 498 Ave -- Average runs per wicket Econ -- Runs conceded per over SR -- Number of balls bowled per wicket taken BBI -- Best bowling in innings BBM -- Best bowling in match 5wI -- Five or more wickets in an innings 10wI -- Ten or more wickets in a match Period -- Cricketing career of the player Bowlers with 300 or more Test wickets ( edit ) The list is initially arranged in order of number of wickets taken . To sort this table by any statistic , click on the applicable header box beside ( not on ) the column title . Players with † indicates test bowlers still playing as of 1st January 2017 . Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket No . Bowler Team Mat . Inn . Balls Runs Wkt Ave . Econ . SR . BBI BBM 5wl 10wl Period Ref ( s ) Muralitharan , Muttiah Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 133 ! 133 230 ! 230 44039 ! 44,039 18180 ! 18,180 800 ! 800 2272 ! 22.72 0247 ! 2.47 0550 ! 55.0 09149 ! 9 / 51 16080 ! 16 / 220 067 ! 67 022 ! 22 1992 -- 2010 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia 145 ! 145 273 ! 273 40705 ! 40,705 17995 ! 17,995 708 ! 708 2541 ! 25.41 0265 ! 2.65 0574 ! 57.4 08129 ! 8 / 71 12172 ! 12 / 128 037 ! 37 010 ! 10 1992 -- 2007 Kumble , Anil Anil Kumble India 132 ! 132 236 ! 236 40850 ! 40,850 18355 ! 18,355 619 ! 619 2965 ! 29.65 0269 ! 2.69 0659 ! 65.9 10126 ! 10 / 74 14151 ! 14 / 149 035 ! 35 008 ! 8 1990 -- 2008 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia 124 ! 124 243 ! 243 29248 ! 29,248 12186 ! 12,186 563 ! 563 2164 ! 21.64 0249 ! 2.49 0519 ! 51.9 08176 ! 8 / 24 10273 ! 10 / 27 029 ! 29 003 ! 3 1993 -- 2007 5 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies 132 ! 132 242 ! 242 30019 ! 30,019 12688 ! 12,688 519 ! 519 2444 ! 24.44 0253 ! 2.53 0577 ! 57.8 07163 ! 7 / 37 13245 ! 13 / 55 022 ! 22 003 ! 3 1984 -- 2001 6 Anderson , James James Anderson England 129 ! 129 242 ! 242 28259 ! 28,259 13860 ! 13,860 506 ! 506 2739 ! 27.39 0294 ! 2.94 0558 ! 55.8 07162 ! 7 / 42 11229 ! 11 / 71 024 ! 24 003 ! 3 2003 -- present 7 Dev , Kapil Kapil Dev India 131 ! 131 227 ! 227 27740 ! 27,740 12867 ! 12,867 434 ! 434 2964 ! 29.64 0278 ! 2.78 0639 ! 63.9 09117 ! 9 / 83 11154 ! 11 / 146 023 ! 23 002 ! 2 1978 -- 1994 8 Hadlee , Richard Richard Hadlee New Zealand 086 ! 86 150 ! 150 21918 ! 21,918 09611 ! 9,611 431 ! 431 2229 ! 22.29 0263 ! 2.63 0508 ! 50.8 09146 ! 9 / 52 15177 ! 15 / 123 036 ! 36 009 ! 9 1973 -- 1990 9 Pollock , Shaun Shaun Pollock South Africa 108 ! 108 202 ! 202 24353 ! 24,353 09733 ! 9,733 421 ! 421 2311 ! 23.11 0239 ! 2.39 0578 ! 57.8 07113 ! 7 / 87 10153 ! 10 / 147 016 ! 16 001 ! 1 1995 -- 2008 10 Steyn , Dale Dale Steyn South Africa 085 ! 85 156 ! 156 17286 ! 17,286 09303 ! 9,303 417 ! 417 2230 ! 22.30 0322 ! 3.22 0414 ! 41.4 07149 ! 7 / 51 11240 ! 11 / 60 026 ! 26 005 ! 5 2004 -- present 11 Singh , Harbhajan Harbhajan Singh India 103 ! 103 190 ! 190 28580 ! 28,580 13537 ! 13,537 417 ! 417 3246 ! 32.46 0284 ! 2.84 0685 ! 68.5 08116 ! 8 / 84 15083 ! 15 / 217 025 ! 25 005 ! 5 1998 -- present 12 Akram , Wasim Wasim Akram Pakistan 104 ! 104 181 ! 181 22627 ! 22,627 09779 ! 9,779 414 ! 414 2362 ! 23.62 0259 ! 2.59 0546 ! 54.6 07071 ! 7 / 119 11190 ! 11 / 110 025 ! 25 005 ! 5 1985 -- 2002 13 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka 085 ! 85 155 ! 155 24107 ! 24,107 11269 ! 11,269 405 ! 405 2782 ! 27.82 0280 ! 2.80 0595 ! 59.5 09127 ! 9 / 127 14184 ! 14 / 184 033 ! 33 009 ! 9 1999 -- present 14 Ambrose , Curtly Curtly Ambrose West Indies 098 ! 98 179 ! 179 22103 ! 22,103 08501 ! 8,501 405 ! 405 2099 ! 20.99 0230 ! 2.30 0545 ! 54.5 08155 ! 8 / 45 11216 ! 11 / 84 022 ! 22 003 ! 3 1980 -- 2000 15 Ntini , Makhaya Makhaya Ntini South Africa 101 ! 101 190 ! 190 20834 ! 20,834 11242 ! 11,242 390 ! 390 2882 ! 28.82 0323 ! 3.23 0534 ! 53.4 07163 ! 7 / 37 13168 ! 13 / 132 018 ! 18 004 ! 4 1998 -- 2009 16 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England 109 ! 109 200 ! 200 22363 ! 22,363 11181 ! 11,181 388 ! 388 2881 ! 28.81 0299 ! 2.99 0576 ! 57.6 08185 ! 8 / 15 11179 ! 11 / 121 015 ! 15 002 ! 2 2007 -- present 17 Botham , Ian Ian Botham England 102 ! 102 168 ! 160 21815 ! 21,815 10878 ! 10,878 383 ! 383 2840 ! 28.40 0299 ! 2.99 0569 ! 56.9 08166 ! 8 / 34 13194 ! 13 / 106 027 ! 27 004 ! 4 1977 -- 1992 18 Marshall , Malcolm Malcolm Marshall West Indies 081 ! 81 151 ! 151 17584 ! 17,584 07876 ! 7,876 376 ! 376 2094 ! 20.94 0268 ! 2.68 0467 ! 46.7 07178 ! 7 / 22 11211 ! 11 / 89 022 ! 22 004 ! 4 1978 -- 1991 19 Younis , Waqar Waqar Younis Pakistan 087 ! 87 154 ! 154 16224 ! 16,224 08788 ! 8,788 373 ! 373 2356 ! 23.56 0325 ! 3.25 0434 ! 43.4 07124 ! 7 / 76 13165 ! 13 / 135 022 ! 22 005 ! 5 1989 -- 2003 20 Khan , Imran Imran Khan Pakistan 088 ! 88 142 ! 142 19458 ! 19,458 08258 ! 8,258 362 ! 362 2281 ! 22.81 0254 ! 2.54 0537 ! 53.7 08142 ! 8 / 58 14184 ! 14 / 116 023 ! 23 006 ! 6 1971 -- 1992 21 Vettori , Daniel Daniel Vettori New Zealand 113 ! 113 187 ! 187 28814 ! 28,814 12441 ! 12,441 362 ! 362 3436 ! 34.36 0259 ! 2.59 0795 ! 79.5 07113 ! 7 / 87 12151 ! 12 / 149 020 ! 20 003 ! 3 1997 -- 2015 22 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee Australia 070 ! 70 132 ! 132 18467 ! 18,467 08493 ! 8,493 355 ! 355 2392 ! 23.92 0275 ! 2.75 0520 ! 52.0 07117 ! 7 / 83 11177 ! 11 / 123 023 ! 23 007 ! 7 1971 -- 1984 23 Vaas , Chaminda Chaminda Vaas Sri Lanka 111 ! 111 194 ! 194 23438 ! 23,438 10501 ! 10,501 355 ! 355 2958 ! 29.58 0268 ! 2.68 0660 ! 66.0 07129 ! 7 / 71 14109 ! 14 / 191 012 ! 12 002 ! 2 1994 -- 2009 24 Donald , Allan Allan Donald South Africa 072 ! 72 129 ! 129 15519 ! 15,519 07344 ! 7,344 330 ! 330 2225 ! 22.25 0283 ! 2.83 0470 ! 47.0 08129 ! 8 / 71 12161 ! 12 / 139 020 ! 20 003 ! 3 1992 -- 2002 25 Willis , Bob Bob Willis England 090 ! 90 165 ! 165 17357 ! 17,357 08190 ! 8,190 325 ! 325 2520 ! 25.20 0282 ! 2.83 0535 ! 53.4 08157 ! 8 / 43 09208 ! 9 / 92 017 ! 16 000 ! 0 1971 -- 1984 26 Johnson , Mitchell Mitchell Johnson Australia 073 ! 73 150 ! 150 16001 ! 16,001 08891 ! 8,891 313 ! 313 2840 ! 28.40 0333 ! 3.33 0511 ! 51.1 08139 ! 8 / 61 12173 ! 12 / 127 012 ! 12 003 ! 3 2007 -- 2015 27 Khan , Zaheer Zaheer Khan India 092 ! 92 165 ! 165 18785 ! 18,785 10247 ! 10,247 311 ! 311 3294 ! 32.94 0327 ! 3.27 060.4 ! 60.4 07113 ! 7 / 87 10151 ! 10 / 149 011 ! 11 001 ! 1 2000 -- 2014 28 Lee , Brett Brett Lee Australia 076 ! 76 150 ! 150 16531 ! 16,531 09554 ! 9,554 310 ! 310 3081 ! 30.81 0346 ! 3.46 0533 ! 53.3 05170 ! 5 / 30 09129 ! 9 / 171 010 ! 10 000 ! 0 1999 -- 2008 29 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies 079 ! 79 148 ! 148 27115 ! 27,115 08989 ! 8,989 309 ! 309 2909 ! 29.09 0198 ! 1.98 0877 ! 87.7 08162 ! 8 / 38 11143 ! 11 / 157 018 ! 18 002 ! 2 1958 -- 1976 30 Trueman , Fred Fred Trueman England 067 ! 67 127 ! 127 15178 ! 15,178 06625 ! 6,625 307 ! 307 2157 ! 21.57 0261 ! 2.61 0494 ! 49.4 08169 ! 8 / 31 12181 ! 12 / 119 017 ! 17 003 ! 3 1952 -- 1965 See also ( edit ) List of Test cricket records List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in ODI cricket References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Player Profile : Muttiah Muralitharan '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Jamie ( 26 August 2009 ) . `` Vettori joins 300 - wicket club '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . To claim 300 Test wickets is an achievement for any bowler ... Jump up ^ `` Steyn captures 300th Test wicket '' . Agence France - Presse ( AFP ) . Geo TV . 2 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 ... `` It 's an unbelievable achievement , '' ( Smith , Graeme ) ... Jump up ^ Botham , Ian ( 18 May 2013 ) . `` Ian Botham on Jimmy Anderson : Congrats on taking your 300th Test wicket -- now come and catch me ! '' . Daily Mirror . London . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 ... Congratulations to Jimmy Anderson on yet another magnificent achievement ... ^ Jump up to : `` Player Profile : Fred Trueman '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most wickets in career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Best figures in a match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most five - wickets - in - an - innings in a career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most ten - wickets - in - a-match in a career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Fastest to 300 wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Best figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muttiah Muralitharan reaches 800 Test wickets landmark '' . BBC News . 22 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Shane Warne '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 -- Warne 's 700th wicket '' . BBC News . 2 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Anil Kumble '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Vaidyanathan , Siddhartha ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` Kumble joins 600 - wicket club '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Glenn McGrath '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ English , Peter ( 23 December 2006 ) . `` Machine - like McGrath reaches 500 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Courtney Walsh '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ CricInfo ( 19 March 2001 ) . `` Walsh becomes the first man to 500 Test wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : James Anderson '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Kapil Dev '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Richard Hadlee '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Shaun Pollock '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan , Madhusudhan ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Exceptional in Test wins '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Dale Steyn '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Harbhajan Singh '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Rajneesh ( 17 June 2000 ) . `` Wasim Akram completes 400 wickets in Test cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Wasim Akram '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Herath spins Sri Lanka to innings win '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Rangana Herath '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Curtly Ambrose '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Makhaya Ntini '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Stuart Broad '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Ian Botham '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Malcolm Marshall '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Rajneesh ( 17 June 2000 ) . `` Waqar Younis completes 300 wickets in Test cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Waqar Younis '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Imran Khan '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Daniel Vettori '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Dennis Lillee '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Chaminda Vaas '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Allan Donald '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Bob Willis '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Mitchell Johnson '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Zaheer Khan '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Brett Lee '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Lance Gibbs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Test most wickets in career '' . CricketArchive . Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket Australia Shane Warne ( 708 ) Glenn McGrath ( 563 ) Dennis Lillee ( 355 ) Mitchell Johnson ( 313 ) Brett Lee ( 310 ) England James Anderson ( 506 ) Stuart Broad ( 388 ) Ian Botham ( 383 ) Bob Willis ( 325 ) Fred Trueman ( 307 ) India Anil Kumble ( 619 ) Kapil Dev ( 434 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 417 ) Zaheer Khan ( 311 ) New Zealand Richard Hadlee ( 431 ) Daniel Vettori ( 362 ) Pakistan Wasim Akram ( 414 ) Waqar Younis ( 373 ) Imran Khan ( 362 ) South Africa Shaun Pollock ( 421 ) Dale Steyn ( 417 ) Makhaya Ntini ( 390 ) Allan Donald ( 330 ) Sri Lanka Muttiah Muralitharan ( 800 ) Rangana Herath ( 400 ) Chaminda Vaas ( 355 ) West Indies Courtney Walsh ( 519 ) Curtly Ambrose ( 405 ) Malcolm Marshall ( 376 ) Lance Gibbs ( 309 ) Current players are listed in italics . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Miscellaneous records 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bowlers_who_have_taken_300_or_more_wickets_in_Test_cricket&oldid=804670440 '' Categories : Test cricket records Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 12 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most wickets by indian bowler in test matches	[ "\n3\nKumble, AnilAnil Kumble\n India\n132 !132\n236 !236\n40850 !40,850\n18355 !18,355\n619 !619\n2965 !29.65\n0269 !2.69\n0659 !65.9\n10126 !10/74\n14151 !14/149\n035 !35\n008 !8\n1990–2008\n[15][16]\n" ]	[ "619" ]
3750781608545310085	The Blind Side (film)	The Blind Side ( film ) - wikipedia The Blind Side ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2009 feature film about an American football player . For other films of the same name , see The Blind Side . The Blind Side Theatrical release poster Directed by John Lee Hancock Produced by Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Gil Netter Screenplay by John Lee Hancock Based on The Blind Side : Evolution of a Game by Michael Lewis Starring Sandra Bullock Tim McGraw Quinton Aaron Jae Head Lily Collins Ray McKinnon Kathy Bates Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Alar Kivilo Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Alcon Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $29 million Box office $309.2 million The Blind Side is a 2009 American biographical sports drama film written and directed by John Lee Hancock , based on the 2006 book The Blind Side : Evolution of a Game by Michael Lewis . The storyline features Michael Oher , an offensive lineman who was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL . The film follows Oher from his impoverished upbringing , through his years at Wingate Christian School ( a fictional representation of Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis , Tennessee ) , his adoption by Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy , to his position as one of the most highly coveted prospects in college football , then finally becoming a first - round pick of the Ravens . Quinton Aaron stars as Michael Oher , alongside Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuohy , Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy , and Kathy Bates as Miss Sue , Oher 's tutor . The film also features appearances by several current and former NCAA coaches , including Houston Nutt , Ed Orgeron , Nick Saban , Lou Holtz , Tommy Tuberville , and Phillip Fulmer . The Blind Side grossed over $300 million . Bullock went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actress , as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role . The film also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture , which was considered a surprise for the producers and led to the Academy to change their requirements for Best Picture nominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Coaches playing themselves 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.2. 1 Race controversy 4.3 Awards and nominations 4.3. 1 Best Picture nomination 5 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with seventeen - year - old Michael ( `` Big Mike '' ) Oher talking to an NCAA investigator . Then a flashback ensues . Michael has been in foster care with different families in Memphis , Tennessee , due to his mother 's drug addiction . Every time he is placed in a new home , he runs away . His friend 's father , on whose couch Mike had been sleeping , asks Burt Cotton , the coach of Wingate Christian School , to help enroll his son and Mike . Impressed by Mike 's size and athleticism , Cotton gets him admitted despite his poor academic record . Later , Michael is befriended by a younger student named Sean Jr . ( `` SJ '' ) . SJ 's mother , Leigh Anne Tuohy , is a strong - minded interior designer and the wife of wealthy businessman Sean Tuohy . The school staff tell Michael that his father has died , apparently due to an accident . Later , Leigh Anne and Sean watch their daughter Collins playing volleyball . After the game , Sean notices Michael picking up leftover food on the bleachers . One night , Leigh Anne notices Michael walking alone on the moist road , shivering in the cold without adequate clothing . When she learns that he plans to spend the night huddled outside the closed school gym , Leigh Anne offers to let him sleep on the couch in the Tuohy home . The next morning , Leigh Anne notices that Michael has left . Seeing him walking away , she asks him to spend the Thanksgiving holiday with her family . Slowly , Michael becomes a member of the family . Later , Leigh Anne drives Michael to his mother 's house . He sees an eviction notice posted on the door , and his mother is gone . Leigh Anne 's friends wonder what she is doing ; they suggest that Collins might not be safe around Michael , but Leigh Ann rebukes them . She later asks Collins how she feels about it . Collins replies that they can not just throw Michael out . When Leigh Anne seeks to become Michael 's legal guardian , she learns he was taken from his drug - addict mother when he was seven and that no one knows her whereabouts . She is also told that , although he scored poorly in a career aptitude test , he was ranked in the 98th percentile in `` protective instincts '' . When Michael appears to be hesitant to use his strength and size while learning to play football , Leigh Anne tells him , as an offensive lineman , he must protect his quarterback . From that moment , Michael improves drastically , well enough to play at the college level . However , to do that , he must meet the minimum grade point average to get in so the Tuohys hire a private tutor for him , the outspoken and kind Miss Sue . Leigh Anne has a face - to - face conversation with Michael 's mother about adopting him . Although she seems unresponsive in the beginning , the mother finally wishes Michael the best . Michael is heavily recruited by many prestigious schools . SJ talks to coaches and negotiates on Michael 's behalf -- and his own . When Michael gets his grades high enough , he decides to attend Ole Miss , where Sean had played and Leigh Anne had been a cheerleader . That causes NCAA investigator Granger to look into the matter to determine if the Tuohys took him in and unduly influenced him just so he would play for their alma mater . Michael runs away before the interview is over and confronts Leigh Anne about her motives for taking him in . He then proceeds to find his biological mother in Hurt Village . A gang leader welcomes him back , offers him a beer , and makes sexually offensive insinuations about Leigh Anne and Collins . When the gang leader threatens to go after them , Michael battles with him and other thugs . After thinking things over and questioning Leigh Anne , Michael tells Granger he chose Ole Miss because `` it 's where my family goes to school '' . Michael is accepted into college and says his farewells to the Tuohy family . The film ends with information about and photos of the real Tuohy family and Michael Oher , who went on to play in the National Football League . He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft where he won Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 before also playing for the Tennessee Titans and Carolina Panthers . Cast ( edit ) Sandra Bullock in 2010 after receiving the SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Quinton Aaron as Michael `` Big Mike '' Oher Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuohy Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy Jae Head as Sean `` S.J. '' Tuohy , Jr . Lily Collins as Collins Tuohy Kathy Bates as Miss Sue Ray McKinnon as Coach Burt Cotton Kim Dickens as Mrs. Boswell Adriane Lenox as Denise Oher Eaddy Mays as Elaine Robert `` IronE '' Singleton as Alton Coaches playing themselves ( edit ) Tommy Tuberville , the coach of Auburn Nick Saban , the coach of Louisiana State Lou Holtz , the coach of South Carolina Phillip Fulmer , the coach of Tennessee Houston Nutt , the coach of Arkansas Ed Orgeron , the coach of Ole Miss Production ( edit ) The Blind Side was produced by Alcon Entertainment and released by Warner Bros . The film 's production budget was $29 million . Filming for the school scenes took place at Atlanta International School and The Westminster Schools in Atlanta , Georgia , and it features many of their students as extras . The film premiered on November 17 in New York City and New Orleans and opened in theaters on November 20 in the rest of the United States and in Canada . Academy Award winner Julia Roberts was originally offered Bullock 's role , but turned it down . Bullock initially turned down the starring role three times due to discomfort with portraying a devout Christian . By her own account , Bullock felt she could n't objectively represent such a person 's beliefs on screen . But after a visit with the real Leigh Anne Tuohy , Bullock not only won the role , but also took a pay cut and agreed to receive a percentage of the profits instead . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Blind Side opened in 3,110 theaters on its opening weekend , the weekend of November 20 , 2009 . It grossed a strong $34,510,000 in its opening weekend , the second highest gross of that weekend , behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon . It was the highest - grossing opening weekend of Sandra Bullock 's career . The per - theater average for The Blind Side 's opening weekend was $11,096 . In its opening weekend , the movie already earned more than its $29 million production budget . It proved to have remarkable staying power , taking in an additional $9.5 million , bringing its gross to $60,125,000 by the weekend of November 27 , 2009 . The movie enjoyed a rare greater success for the second weekend than it did in its opening weekend , taking in an estimated $40 million , an increase of 18 percent , from November 27 to November 29 , 2009 , coming in second to New Moon once again , bringing its gross to $100,250,000 . In its third weekend , the movie continued its trend of rare feats by moving up to the number one position with $20.4 million in sales after spending the previous two weekends in second place for a total gross of $128.8 million , due to strong word - of - mouth . In its fourth weekend , it moved down to second place , dropping a slim 23 % with an estimated $15.5 million for a total of $150.2 million in the United States and Canada as of December 13 , 2009 . The film hit $200 million domestically on January 1 , 2010 , marking the first time a movie marketed with a sole actress ' name above the title ( Bullock 's ) has crossed the $200 million mark . The Blind Side has also become the highest grossing football movie and sports drama of all time domestically unadjusted for ticket inflation . The Blind Side ended its domestic theatrical run on June 4 , 2010 ( nearly 7 months after it opened ) , earning a total of $255,959,475 . In the UK and Ireland , The Blind Side was released on March 26 , 2010 . It was the third biggest release of that weekend behind Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang and Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland . Critical response ( edit ) The film received moderately positive reviews , with critics praising Sandra Bullock 's performance . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 69 % , based on 196 reviews , with a rating average of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's general consensus reads , `` It might strike some viewers as a little too pat , but The Blind Side has the benefit of strong source material and a strong performance from Sandra Bullock . '' Metacritic , which assigned a normalized score of 53 out of 100 , based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Race controversy ( edit ) The Blind Side has been criticized as presenting a white savior narrative in which Oher , an African - American male , is unable to overcome poverty and personal failure without the guidance of adoptive , white mother Tuohy . For example , Jeffrey Montez de Oca of the University of Colorado writes that in The Blind Side 's portrayal of adoption , `` charity operates as a signifying act of whiteness that obscures the social relations of domination that not only make charity possible but also creates an urban underclass in need of charity . '' Melissa Anderson of the Dallas Observer argues that the `` mute , docile '' portrayal of Oher effectively endorses the Uncle Tom stereotype of African - American submission to white authority . Yet , according to Michael Oher in an article of the Sydney Morning Herald , he is quoted as saying : `` It 's a great story . It seems like they helped me to get to this point . They 're my family and without them I would n't be here , '' ... `` They taught me a lot of things , showed me a lot of different things . It shows that if you help somebody and give somebody a chance and do n't judge people , look where they can get to . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Blind Side has earned numerous awards and nominations for the lead performance of the film 's star , Sandra Bullock . Association Nominee Result Academy Awards Best Picture Gil Netter , Andrew Kosove and Broderick Johnson Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role Sandra Bullock Won Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actress Won Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated Teen Choice Awards Movie Actress -- Drama Won Breakout Male Actor Quinton Aaron Nominated Favorite Drama Movie The Blind Side Won ESPY Awards Best Sports Movie Won Movieguide Awards Best Movie for Mature Audiences Epiphany Prize for Inspiring Movies The Blind Side Won Best Picture nomination ( edit ) The nomination of The Blind Side for Best Picture was considered a surprise , even to its producers . In an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences had upped the number of Best Picture nominees from a mandatory number of five to ten in time for the 82nd Academy Awards , the year The Blind Side was nominated . However , in 2011 , the Academy changed the policy , stating that the Best Picture category would feature between five and ten nominees depending on voting results , as opposed to a set number of nominees . The change was interpreted as a response to films like The Blind Side being nominated for Best Picture to fill up the set number of spots . Soundtrack ( edit ) The movie features 23 songs by artists including Les Paul , Young MC , Lucy Woodward , The Books , Canned Heat , Five for Fighting , and the film 's co-star Tim McGraw . However , while the score soundtrack by Carter Burwell was released on CD , none of the featured songs were included . Home media ( edit ) The Blind Side was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 23 , 2010 . The Blind Side was available exclusively for rental from Blockbuster for 28 days . Redbox and Netflix customers had to wait 28 days before they were able to rent the movie . This stems from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Redbox against Warner Home Video , who , in an attempt to boost DVD sales , refused to sell wholesale titles to Redbox . On August 19 , 2009 Redbox sued Warner Home Video to continue purchasing DVD titles at wholesale prices . On February 16 , 2010 , Redbox settled the lawsuit and agreed to a 28 - day window past the street date . As of July 9 , 2013 , units sold for the DVD stand at more than 8.4 million copies and has grossed a further $107,962,159 adding to its total gross . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Blind Side Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Kathy Bates to star in ' Blind Side ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Blind Side ( 2009 ) '' . Internet Movie Database. April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Briarcrest opted out of feature role in ' The Blind Side ' from CommercialAppeal.com Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Prominent coaches turn actors for film '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Blind Side -- Release dates Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` A Bonanza Year for Sandra Bullock '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swartzendruber , Jay ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Believers Walk the Talk in The Blind Side '' . Crosswalk.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sandra Bullock scores touchdown at box office '' on Reuters.com Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for November 20 -- 22 , 2009 from Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Daily Box Office for Thursday , November 26 , 2009 from Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` ' Blind Side ' tops ' New Moon ' at box office '' from The Hollywood Reporter Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for January 8 -- 10 , 2010 from Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' passes $300 million mark on Friday , and Sandra Bullock makes box - office history '' from Hollywood Insider Jump up ^ Sports -- Football Movies at the Box Office . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Sports Drama Movies at the Box Office . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Avatar ' Rocks New Year 's . Box Office Mojo ( January 4 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ End - of - Run Report : ' Blind Side , ' ' Crazy Heart , ' ' Runaways ' Close . Box Office Mojo ( June 6 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Blind Side '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Nanny McPhee sends Alice in Wonderland to the naughty step at the UK box office '' . Film . London : The Guardian . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Blind Side ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Blind Side : Reviews ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/10/ Jump up ^ Montez de Oca , J. ( 2012 ) . White Domestic Goddess on a Postmodern Plantation : Charity and Commodity Racism in The Blind Side . Sociology Of Sport Journal , 29 ( 2 ) , 131 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Melissa Anderson , The Blind Side : What Would Black People Do Without Nice White Folks ? , 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Person , Joseph ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 : ' The Blind Side ' Michael Oher feels wanted at Carolina Panthers '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Movieguide Awards Winners '' . Movieguide. 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply and Paula Schwartz , ' Blind Side ' Finds a Path to the Oscars by Running Up the Middle , The New York Times , February 10 , 2010 , accessed February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 82nd Academy Awards to Feature 10 Best Picture Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . AMPAS . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Builds Surprise Into Best Picture Rules '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . AMPAS . June 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Karger , The Academy 's new Best Picture rule : How it will change the prediction period , Entertainment Weekly , June 15 , 2011 , accessed February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicole Sperling and Amy Kaufman , Oscars change rule for best - picture race , Los Angeles Times , June 16 , 2011 , accessed February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blind Side , The ( 2009 ) Soundtrack @ what - song . What-song.com . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Panchuk , Kerri ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Blockbuster CEO : The movie 's not over yet '' . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Home Entertainment And Netflix Announce New Agreements Covering Availability Of Dvds , Blu - Ray And Streaming Content . Netflix.mediaroom.com ( January 6 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : redbox press room . redbox press room ( February 16 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ redbox press room . redbox press room ( August 19 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on January 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Blind Side -- DVD Sales . The Numbers . Retrieved on July 9 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Official website The Blind Side on IMDb The Blind Side at Box Office Mojo The Blind Side at Rotten Tomatoes The Blind Side at Metacritic Films directed by John Lee Hancock Hard Time Romance ( 1991 ) The Rookie ( 2002 ) The Alamo ( 2004 ) The Blind Side ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Founder ( 2016 ) Works by Michael Lewis Books Liar 's Poker Trail Fever The New New Thing Next : The Future Just Happened Moneyball The Blind Side Panic : The Story of Modern Financial Insanity The Big Short Boomerang : Travels in the New Third World Flash Boys : A Wall Street Revolt The Undoing Project Film adaptations The Blind Side Moneyball The Big Short Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Drama Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Sixth Sense ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) None ( 2003 ) None ( 2004 ) The Notebook ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Blind Side ( 2010 ) Black Swan ( 2011 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) If I Stay ( 2015 ) Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blind_Side_(film)&oldid=817303444 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films Alcon Entertainment films American drama films American films American football films Films scored by Carter Burwell Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by John Lee Hancock Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set in Tennessee Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events Summit Entertainment films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the film the blind side based on	[ "The Blind Side is a 2009 American biographical sports drama film written and directed by John Lee Hancock, based on the 2006 book The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game by Michael Lewis.[2][3] The storyline features Michael Oher, an offensive lineman who was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL. The film follows Oher from his impoverished upbringing, through his years at Wingate Christian School (a fictional representation of Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis, Tennessee),[4] his adoption by Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy, to his position as one of the most highly coveted prospects in college football, then finally becoming a first-round pick of the Ravens." ]	[ "Michael Oher" ]
3944790860999579003	List of Switched at Birth characters	List of switched at birth characters - wikipedia List of switched at birth characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) j This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Switched at Birth is an American television drama series centering on Bay Kennish and Daphne Vasquez , who at the age of 15 learn that they were switched at birth . The wealthy Kennish family must struggle with the fact that their biological daughter is deaf from having meningitis as a child and must accept the character of working - class , recovering alcoholic Regina Vasquez , Daphne 's single `` mother . '' Bay and Daphne attempt to find out how their lives would have been if they had n't been switched . The one - hour - long series premiered on June 6 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Bay Kennish 1.2 Daphne Vasquez 1.3 Regina Vasquez 1.4 John Kennish 1.5 Kathryn Kennish 1.6 Toby Kennish 1.7 Emmett Bledsoe 1.8 Angelo Sorrento 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Miles `` Tank '' Conroy 2.2 Melody Bledsoe 2.3 Travis Barnes 2.4 Mary Beth Tucker 2.5 Adriana Vasquez 2.6 Simone Sinclair 2.7 Ty Mendoza 2.8 Liam Lupo 2.9 James `` Wilkie '' Wilkerson 2.10 Lana 2.11 Natalie Pierce 2.12 Jace 2.13 Nikki 2.14 Cameron Bledsoe 2.15 Campbell Bingman 2.16 Garrett 3 Other characters 3.1 Craig Tebbe 3.2 Patrick 3.3 Amanda Burke 3.4 Olivia 3.5 Noah 3.6 Zarra 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Bay Kennish ( edit ) Played by Vanessa Marano , Bay Madeline Kennish - Vasquez ( born Daphne Paloma Vasquez ) is the rebellious legal daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish ; and biological daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento . Bay is often bratty , which tends to lead to most of the conflicts within the series , especially with her boyfriends and Daphne . She is shown to be a talented graffiti artist . In the pilot episode , Bay , upon learning that she does not share the same blood type as either of her parents , visits a geneticist with her parents . It is then that they are informed that there was a mix up with two babies at the hospital , and that John and Kathryn are not her biological parents . The discovery of the switch leads Bay to question her entire upbringing , resulting in her breaking up with her boyfriend , Liam and getting arrested for attempting to buy beer with a fake ID . She becomes attracted to Ty , who is an old friend of Daphne , and briefly dates him in the first season before he leaves for the army . They continue their relationship in the second season when he returns . The relationship ends again when Ty pretends to have cheated on Bay then soon after leaves for the army again . Upon being caught sneaking around with Ty , her parents invite him around for dinner , during which , Ty accidentally lets slip that he has enlisted in the army . On his last night in town , the two almost sleep together , but Bay refuses and departs in tears . Curious about her biological father , Bay sets out to search for him with help from Emmett . They are eventually reunited . She grows closer with her biological mother and father , even moving in with the two of them at one point . Bay is the first to find out that Angelo got another woman pregnant and now has another daughter as a result of a one - night stand . After Ty 's departure , Bay begins a relationship with Daphne 's deaf best friend , Emmett , after he assists her in her search for Angelo . The two have a turbulent relationship due to their differences , but remain together , even after experiencing a number of setbacks including Bay 's past relationship with Ty , Emmett 's disapproving mother and the language barrier between them . Toward the end of the first season , Bay breaks up with Emmett after she finds out at prom that he slept with Simone her old friend . Following her break up with Emmett , Bay comes home from her summer trip with a new boyfriend . However , things do not last long between them after it becomes clear that Bay is still not over Emmett . Her feelings become more complicated when she sees a mural Emmett painted depicting their relationship , leading to her breaking it off with Alex . After her initial break up with Emmett , Bay finds that she is immersing herself more and more in her street art , resulting in an unlikely friendship with a fellow artist by the name of Zarra . This friendship causes Bay to rebel against John and Kathryn to the point of her almost running away with Zarra to Mexico . She is stopped before leaving and brought home by Emmett and John . In the second season , Bay meets Noah , a fellow hearing student at Carlton . A short romance ensues , but Bay breaks up with Noah when she realizes that he has feelings for Daphne . Ty returns in the second half of season two , resulting in their resuming their relationship . Bay expresses concern for Ty 's mental well being following his time serving in Afghanistan . The two eventually reconnect , sleeping together for the first time . Bay lose her virginity to Ty . However , in the season two finale , Ty , about to be recalled to the army , lies to Bay about sleeping with someone else after she finds girl 's underwear on his bedroom floor , in an effort to save her from further hurt . In season three , Ty is shown to not be responding to any of Bay 's efforts to contact him . However , when he finally does message her , Bay , determined to move on , deletes the message without responding . Bay eventually discovers Ty 's lie , but remains adamant to move on with her life . In the second - season finale , upon learning that Ty had cheated on her , Bay turns to Emmett for comfort and support . In the third season , Emmett asks Bay 's help on an astronomy project , where it is revealed that he is dating a new girl , Mandy , whom he met online . Despite responding to Bay 's kiss , Emmett soon pulls away . He confesses to Bay that the reason they can not be together is because she can not let go of the past and forgive him for sleeping with Simone . Bay , however , apologizes and promises not to bring it up again , leaving some hope for the future . In the third - season premiere , Bay starts her senior year and her first day at a new college art class . She makes a new friend named Tank . During a class assignment in which they have to draw a partner , Bay , in search of Tank , finds herself going to a frat party . In an effort to forget about Ty , she winds up heavily intoxicated . In her drunk state , she and Tank have a heart to heart regarding her broken heart and about why Ty cheated on her . Later on , Toby and Daphne pick up Bay from the party . After noticing the hockey sticks in the back seat , Toby informs Bay that she will be joining the Carlton field hockey team . Bay begins dating frat boy and college football player , Tank , in the episode ' The Scream ' , despite having only having thought of him as a friend in the past . After Mary - Beth reveals to Bay that Ty had lied to her about cheating , she begins to question her relationship with Tank . Tank becomes even more irritated when he learns that Bay turned to Emmett for advice before consulting him . Things later take a turn for the worse when Bay accidentally reveals that Tank was the one who blew the whistle on a frat event , leading him to be blackballed from the fraternity . Later in the season , Bay faces a number of challenges . She injures her hand at a party and is later revealed to have snapped a tendon in her hand . This leaves her unable to paint or sign during her months of recovery . As a result , she is moody and takes it out on everyone in her family . In the spring finale , Bay researches online after having suspicions about Emmett 's new girlfriend , Mandy . Despite her warnings , Emmett chooses to meet with her anyway . Mandy is shown to be nothing more than a fake profile designed to set up by Matthew , a classmate wanting to get back at Emmett . Emmett is subsequently beaten up . Realizing this , Bay rushes to find Emmett . After a heartfelt conversation , Bay and Emmett finally admit that they still love each other before sharing a kiss and proceeding to sleep together , resulting in Bay cheating on Tank , and later breaking up with him to return to Emmett . Later , Bay experiences the loss of Angelo , her biological father and expresses regret that she did not spend more time with him . After Angelo 's cause of death is discovered , it is feared that she may share the same biological trait that lead to Angelo 's brain aneurysm . Ending season 3 , and starting season 4 , Bay is on probation after taking the fall for Daphne when she vandalized her mom 's ( Regina Vasquez ) worksite out of anger . Due to this , Bay and Emmett 's plan to move to L.A. has been postponed . While Emmett leaves for L.A. Bay starts her community service . However , after giving a convicted criminal on probation a sandwich that had heroin in it , she is given another 100 days and house arrest . During season 4 , Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together , with Bay unable to remember many events of the evening . This causes problems for her relationship with Emmett. in the end , this causes them to break up . In the season 4 episode `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' Bay tries to get over Emmett by moving on . Bay sees a guy walking with Travis walk past her at work and finds him attractive . She keeps her eye on him so she goes to their table and takes their order and they introduce each other . Garrett asks Bay if she was deaf , and she responds no but that her sister Daphne is deaf . Bay acknowledges that she knows how to sign really well . Bay asks Travis about Garret . Bay meets Daphne after work to find a new outfit ; Daphne asks for what . Bay tells her she met a guy and her plan is to ask him out with that top that she is going to wear . Daphne asks who he is because he is a few years older . When Daphne learns it 's Garrett , she says that he is a player and Bay said she can roll with that . Bay tells Daphne its time for her to move on . She asks him on a date . Bay gets a call to have her own gallery , only to find out that Travis paid for everything and asked the people who actually own the gallery to pretend for her . Travis admits that he loves her and kisses her outside the gallery . She ends up going to China with Daphne for the summer but months later she gets a call that brings her back home . Travis later follows her to China where they start dating . They live together in China for a year before moving back home . When they get home , Bay and Daphne move in together but Travis and Bay still date . Bay becomes a tattoo artist . In the finale , Bay and Emmett remain friends but nothing more . Travis asks Bay to move to Japan with him where he got a job as a professional baseball player but she decides to stay home because she is just starting a new career but that she knows they will survive a long distance relationship and that she loves him . Daphne Vasquez ( edit ) Played by Katie Leclerc , Daphne Paloma Vasquez - Kennish ( born Bay Madeline Kennish ) is the legal daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento and biological daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish . Daphne lost her hearing at a young age due to a bad case of meningitis . It is mentioned in the episode `` Portrait of My Father '' that Daphne 's father abandoned her and Regina when she was little . It is later revealed that Angelo left upon learning that Daphne was not his biological daughter . She was raised by Regina , a single mother , with help from Regina 's mother Adriana . In the pilot episode , Daphne and her mother learn of the switch and move into the Kennishes ' guest house after experiencing financial difficulty . Daphne , like her biological father , shows a strong interest in athletics and sports throughout the series . She is also shown to be a vegetarian . At age eight , Daphne became best friends with future classmate Emmett Bledsoe after he defended her from school yard bullies ... Daphne has many love interests throughout the series , including Bay 's ex-boyfriend Liam Lupo ( with whom she breaks up with on Bay 's request ) , Toby 's friend Wilke , former employer Jeff Reycraft , Travis , Jace , Jorge , Campbell and her current love interest , Mingo . In the second season , after learning that her high school is being faced with closure , Daphne organizes a rally and succeeds in keeping Carlton 's doors open . Later , Daphne 's relationship with her mother struggles after Regina reveals her preference to live with Bay , over her . Frustrated at her mother 's decision to live with Bay and Angelo , Daphne jumps into a relationship with Jace , a guy who works in John 's office . Together , they get caught up in the blackmailing of a United States Senator , ending the Senator 's career and marriage . After breaking up with Jace , Daphne finds herself charged with blackmail and facing potential jail time . In the opening of the third season , it is shown that Daphne escaped prison , instead being ordered to serve out her time at a local free clinic . At the clinic , she befriends Campbell , a wheelchair - bound pre-med student paralyzed from a snowboarding accident . She also runs into trouble at school , facing conflict with a new - hearing girl named Sharee , who was taken on as part of Carlton 's bid to stay open by opening its doors to hearing kids . After taking up field hockey to impress John ( with whom she feels she has grown apart since being charged with blackmail ) , Daphne befriends Sharee . There is tension between the two at first , but after bonding over field hockey the two become friends . After finding out that Sharee 's mother is severely mentally ill , they conspire to bring her into the clinic to be diagnosed under the pretense of Sharee getting a flu shot . After the psychologist is late to arrive , Sharee 's mother lashes out , stabbing Daphne 's boss with a pair of scissors . Daphne successfully saves Doctor Jay , leading her to consider a career in medicine . While working at the clinic , Daphne finds herself the focus of the attentions of Campbell and her supervisor Jorge . After talking to Bay , Daphne decides not to act on her feelings for Campbell as he already has a girlfriend . She instead , accepts a date with Jorge , which turns awry when she faces criticism from his sister over her blackmailing of Senator Coto . After walking out of her date , she meets Campbell to shoot hoops , where he confesses his feelings for her , in spite of him being involved with someone else . Daphne , although admitting that she likes him , rebuffs his advances . Later , Daphne is seen kissing Jorge by Campbell , who then informs her that he has broken up with his girlfriend for her , leaving Daphne conflicted . Daphne , upon learning it is Campbell 's 21st birthday , decides to throw him a surprise party . Upon seeing how much attention Daphne pays Campbell , Jorge ends their relationship , causing tension in their working relationship . After much deliberation , Daphne finally decides it is Campbell she wants to be with . Despite initial tension , the two finally get together . However , after Daphne is offered a paid position in the Clinic , her relationship with Campbell starts to deteriorate . He is jealous over the fact that he has been in the Clinic longer , but he was never offered a paid position . After following through with Daphne 's suggestion to ask Dr. J for a paid position , Campbell obtains a paid position . However , this position is in another clinic on the other side of town , so Campbell tells Daphne that they might not be seeing each other often . Throughout season 3 , the relationship between Angelo and Daphne improved as father and daughter , significantly after Daphne asked him to learn sign language as to be able to communicate to each other more effectively . Due to Regina 's project at East Riverside , Daphne and Angelo became increasingly worried for her safety . One night , after learning to shoot using a gun by Wes , Regina almost shot Daphne when she heard some noises at her store . That resulted in a heated argument between Angelo and Regina at the store . Angelo left the store full of anger and drove off . Then , Angelo swirled off the road , ending up in the hospital . The next day , Daphne was to retake her SAT examination to improve her score to get into a better medical school . She was unable to focus and left before she finished her exam as Angelo 's condition was deteriorating . Unfortunately , Angelo was pronounced brain dead . The family decided to pull the plug on his life support after reading his will stating that if he were to be in a vegetative state , he wished to be let off life support . After learning that Angelo suffered a brain aneurysm while driving which may have occurred due to stress and anger , Daphne blamed Regina for his death . Currently Daphne is studying to become a doctor at UMKC . In the episode `` Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows '' Daphne Introduce Mingo to John and Kathryn . His full name is Greg Shimingo , and John and Kathryn are in shock to find out that Greg 's dad is Larry Shimingo . Mingo starts learning ASL to communicate with Daphne better and it increases their close bond but after Daphne kisses another guy in Mexico things start to spiral downwards and they end up breaking up so Daphne can go to China . After living in China for a year with Bay and Travis they come home . Once home Daphne returns to school to find out that Mingo is now in a relationship . Daphne struggles a bit in school and thinks about quitting trying to be a Doctor as she know that being deaf will make it extra hard but after talking with family and friends she decides that she will still try to be a Doctor . In the end Daphne and Mingo get back together . Regina Vasquez ( edit ) Played by Constance Marie , Regina Lourdes Vasquez is the legal mother of Daphne Vasquez and the biological mother of Bay Kennish . Before moving into the Kennishes ' guest house , she , Daphne , and her mother Adriana lived in fictional working - class neighborhood East Riverside , Missouri , where she worked as a hair stylist . Prior to the beginning of the series , Regina had been raising Daphne as a single mother . Daphne 's legal father , Angelo , abandoned their family after finding out that Daphne was not his daughter . After Angelo 's leaving , Regina had Daphne tested again , only for the tests to reveal that Daphne was not her biological daughter either . In spite of this revelation , Regina chooses to keep the information to herself for fear of Daphne being taken away from her . This fact comes to light when photos of Bay are discovered , Regina having had a Private Investigator keep tabs on her biological daughter throughout the years . After running into financial troubles , Regina and her family move into the Kennish 's guest house so that the two families might get to know each other better . She is also shown to be a talented artist , indicating that Bay inherited her skills as an artist from her biological mother . At first , there is tension between Regina and Kathryn and John , particularly regarding the way in which their daughters are raised . Despite these personality clashes , Regina and Kathryn become close friends . Regina later assists Kathryn in writing her book . John and Regina are even seen to get along , despite John 's longstanding resentment toward Regina over her keeping quiet about Daphne 's true parentage . Regina 's best friend is Melody Bledsoe , the mother of Daphne 's best friend Emmett . Throughout the first season , Regina enters into a short - lived casual relationship with Bruce , the ex-husband of Kathryn 's friend and Patrick , an art gallery owner . Angelo , Bay 's father , reenters her life after reading an article about the switch , wanting to get to know Bay . He indicates to Regina that he wishes for them to get back together , but she refuses . Later , Angelo flees the Kennish household and it is revealed that he is under threat of being deported for an outstanding warrant for arrest in Italy . When he first returns , Regina wants nothing to do with him , but eventually she relents , even marrying him in order for him to avoid deportation . Her relationship with Patrick is effectively ended by this marriage . She later gets half of Angelo 's money as a result of the marriage . In `` The Awakening Conscience '' , Angelo tells Regina that he got a woman named Lana pregnant , and upset , Regina walks out . Even though it happened before they married , Regina goes to tell Kathryn and tries to figure out how to tell Bay . Later however , when she 's having lunch with Bay , she finds out Bay already knows and that Bay had gotten into a quarrel with him about it . Regina then realizes that Angelo told her about the pregnancy simply because he was afraid Bay might tell her first . Later , however , Lana decides to give the child up for adoption . In the second season , Regina finds out that she can no longer cut hair or sign anymore , due to a medical problem with her wrists . She gets a new job , but is fired after the first day , because she oversleeps due to being drunk from a celebratory glass of Champagne . After this , and through the influence of Zane , a friend from her past , she starts drinking again . Bay , after finding out about Regina 's drinking , confronts her about it and the two get into fight . Regina realize what she said to Bay she later apologize and asks her to forgive her and keep it a secret with the promise of returning to AA . Daphne later discovers her mother 's alcohol problem when she finds her passed out on the sofa , smelling of alcohol . This further strains their relationship , which had already been suffering due to Regina 's inability to sign . In `` Introducing the Miracle '' , Regina 's drinking is discovered on all sides and she 's sent to rehab . Regina returns early from rehab , only to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family . Feeling left out , she decides to move in with Angelo . Hours later , Bay also moves with Angelo , leading to her and Regina developing a stronger mother - daughter bond , and form a strong mother - daughter relationship . Daphne and Regina begin to grow apart , culminating in Regina confessing to Daphne that she finds easier to live with Bay . However the two eventually patch things up and move back in together . Regina later supports Daphne when she is charged with blackmail . Angelo and Regina eventually reevaluate their relationship , deciding to get back together . However , Regina insists that they do n't move in together until after Bay and Daphne graduate from high school and leave for college . Regina eventually gets a second chance at the job that she was fired from and begins to enjoy her work . However , in the third season premiere , her boss announces that she is selling the business and Regina will lose her job . After getting advice from Bay , Regina decides to open her own business as an interior decorator with Angelo as chief investor . She is later hired by a property developer named Wes and her business begins to expand , unfortunately she finds out that Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . As a result of this , the community retaliates and a brick is thrown through the window of Regina 's store . After she begins carrying a gun in order to defend herself , Regina accidentally pulls the gun on Daphne after she enters Regina 's store unannounced . This causes Angelo and Regina to get into a big fight during which Angelo storms off . He is later shown to have suffered a brain aneurysm and died . As a result of this fight , Daphne blames her mother for Angelo 's sudden death . John Kennish ( edit ) Played by D.W. Moffett , John is the biological father of Toby Kennish and Daphne Vasquez , and the adopted father of Bay Kennish . He used to play professional baseball , and he and Daphne share a love for athletics . John later becomes friends with Daphne 's basketball coach , Melody Bledsoe . Toward the end of the first season , John announces his intention to run for office . John 's relationship with his children , although close , is often strained . He and Bay clash repeatedly over her choices regarding her street art , particularly after his car wash gets tagged by graffiti artists . John and Toby find themselves at odds when Toby reveals his decision to get married , despite only being nineteen . His relationship with Daphne comes under strain when he finds out that she was charged with blackmailing a United States Senator . Despite this , John remains a dedicated father to all three of his children and husband to Kathryn . Throughout the first two seasons , John frequently finds himself at loggerheads with Regina . The two strong personalities often clash over how to raise their children . For example , they run into conflict when John attempts to buy Daphne a car for her sixteenth birthday , much to Regina 's disapproval . Their biggest argument , however , comes after John revealing his longstanding resentment toward Regina from keeping Daphne from him for thirteen years . The strain of the fight causes John to have a heart attack , Regina in effect , saving his life . While in an altered state , John has a dream in which he sees how different and dark their lives would have been had Regina told the hospital of the switch after learning about it . In the dream , Regina has lost her life due to alcoholism and the girls did not get along . John see now how the switch was better for everyone . He comes to appreciate Regina and her place in their lives . The third season sees John and Kathryn run into marriage troubles . A confused John struggles to understand the plight of an unhappy Kathryn , who is beginning to feel a little lost . Eventually , the situation becomes so desperate that John , in a drunken haze , kisses Nikki 's mother Jennyne , for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house . In turn , John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friend 's from John 's baseball days . She finally tells him how unhappy she is , stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut . John , determined to make things work with his wife , does not give up . An argument with Renzo leads him to the realization that their biggest blunder may be his inability to change . After a failed attempt at winning Kathryn back , he finally gives her the ' adventure ' she so longs for , staging a full scale dance number involving the whole family . After Angelo 's death , John feels guilt over denying Angelo a loan . He feels that this may have contributed to the stress that caused Angelo 's brain aneurysm and subsequent death . Kathryn Kennish ( edit ) Played by Lea Thompson , Kathryn is the mother of Bay and Toby Kennish and the biological mother of Daphne Vasquez . At first , she was n't too excited about telling her friends that Bay and Daphne were switched at birth for the sake of maintaining her reputation , but after some pressing from Regina , she finally comes clean at a fundraiser . Despite initial tension and disagreement , Kathryn forms a close relationship with Regina . Kathryn helps get Regina a job at a local salon and , in turn , Regina helps Kathryn write her book based around the switch . Kathryn is committed to caring and looking after her children . She finds a way to get a mopey Toby out of the house after his break - up with Simone and consults with Regina about how to tell Bay about Angelo 's baby . Kathryn later finds out from Bay that Regina has begun drinking again and was sent to rehab . In the third season , Kathryn going to therapy , stating that she has been feeling ' lost ' since the switch . Her psychiatrist proves to be unhelpful , cutting her short to prescribe her drugs and send her on her way . While wandering the streets , Kathryn decides , on impulse , to attend a tap dancing class . Here , she befriends Renzo . Kathryn also comes to realise that she is unhappy with herself and in her marriage . Even after confessing her unhappiness to John , he fails to understand her emotions and situation . Eventually , the situation becomes so desperate that John , in a drunken haze , kisses Nikki 's mother Jennyne , for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house . In turn , John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friends from John 's baseball days . She finally tells him how unhappy she is , stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut . After John tried to win her back by unintentionally buying her a piece of jewelry identical to one he had given her years before , Kathryn tells him that she wants adventure in their lives and that they have just grown apart . However , John , intent on winning his wife back , finally decides give her the ' adventure ' she so longs for , staging a full scale dance number involving the whole family . After realising that John had gone to the effort to plan the entire event and was willing to do anything to make their marriage work , the two reconcile . Toby Kennish ( edit ) Played by Lucas Grabeel , Toby Christopher Kennish is the older brother of Bay and the biological brother of Daphne . Toby plays guitar in a band called Guitar Face with his best friend Wilkie and Daphne 's best friend , Emmett , who joins the band in `` Dance Amongst Daggers . '' Toby is an avid poker player , and it has gotten him into some trouble in the past . He tells his parents that he 's playing miniature golf with his friends when , in reality , he is gambling . He has Daphne and Emmett help him win several poker games to help him get out of debt with Wilkie , but after Daphne misreads Wilkie 's intentions , he loses a lot of money and is furious with Daphne . He subsequently sells his band equipment to help pay off the debt . He begins dating Simone , an ex-friend of Bay 's with a known reputation . She ultimately ends up cheating on him with Bay 's boyfriend , Emmett . Toby breaks up with Simone upon learning about the affair . Toby soon begins to consider starting a new band after another hanging out with Nikki , a girl he meets while performing gospel music , at his mother 's request . As a result of his time with Nikki , he has a change of heart about Emmett and rekindles their friendship . Nikki eventually becomes his girlfriend . Their relationship is rocky as Nikki refuses to have sex with Toby because of a pledge she took . Emmett shows Toby a picture of Nikki at a party topless . Toby questions her about it and she explains that she is a changed person and owes him no explanation . Toby later realizes that he was wrong and surprises her at her youth group to apologize . When Nikki then tells Toby that she is leaving for to work in Peru , Toby proposes , and she accepts . Later , when the man who killed Nikki 's father is imprisoned , Toby decides to arrange a visit with him for Nikki in hopes that she will find closure over her father 's death . After Nikki walks away from the man in the visiting center , Toby begins to chastise the killer . During the conversation , Toby is told that Nikki 's father was a meth dealer and was killed as part of a deal gone bad . He eventually tells Nikki and the two then find that Nikki 's mother had known all along . Wedding plans for the two are made during the second half of Season two . Upon realizing the resistance to their nuptials by Toby 's parents and Nikki 's mother , the two call off the ceremony on the actual day , after sleeping together the night before , and they choose to elope instead . Nikki and Toby later separate as she is offered a permanent job in Peru . Determined to find himself , Toby subsequently packs up and leaves the country for his own adventure . He returns home in `` In And We Bring the Light '' During season three Toby begins to date a Carlton teacher named Lily . The two date for the first half of season four and then break up after Lily develops a crush on a teacher at UMKC . It was revealed during the mid season premiere of season four that Lily is expecting Toby 's baby . After Lily finds out she is having a baby she find out the baby has Down Syndrome . After many bumps in the road they decide to keep the baby. The baby is born in the last episode and they named him Carlton after the school in which they met . Emmett Bledsoe ( edit ) Played by Sean Berdy , Emmett is Bay 's ex-boyfriend , and the longtime best friend of Daphne . He is deaf and rarely speaks verbally , preferring to communicate through American Sign Language . He rides a motorcycle and drives Daphne to their school , much to the dismay of the Kennishes . Despite their concerns and his being deaf , Emmett is proven to be a good driver . He is very protective of Daphne and has had a long - time crush on her , but does n't make his feelings known to her . He is the only child in an all - deaf family , and for this reason has grown up having trouble relating to people who hear . In the first season , despite of the language barrier , Bay and Emmett form a bond after he assists her in finding her father . The two eventually begin a relationship . When they first get together , Daphne realises her feelings for her long - time best friend , culminating in them kissing in a car wash . Emmett , however , reaffirms his loyalty to Bay . He reassures Bay of their relationship by communicating with her verbally for the first time . This relationship , however , runs into a multitude of troubles throughout its course , including Emmett 's family troubles and the interference of third parties . Throughout his relationship with Bay , Emmett faces difficulties at home . He learns that his parents are getting a divorce and that his father has moved in with another woman . Bay , concerned for Emmett 's well - being , goes behind his back to confide in his mother about her fears regarding Emmett living with her father . Emmett learns about their discussion and a fight ensues , resulting in Emmett sleeping with Simone , Bay 's former friend and Toby 's girlfriend . He does not reveal his actions to Bay until the night of prom , after which she promptly breaks up with him and leaves in tears . Emmett , however , is determined to win her back . Months later , in an effort to win Bay back , Emmett paints their relationship in a timeline on a brick wall . Bay and Emmett meet and Emmett tells Bay that he is deeply sorry about what happened between him and Simone , and that it meant nothing to either him or Simone . However , Bay does n't think they will ever be the same . Despite this , Emmett tells Bay he 's going to keep trying to win her back no matter how long it takes , which is later confirmed by Daphne , who tells Bay that if Emmett has as so much as a sliver of hope , he 'll wait forever . After Bay attempts to run away from home , it is Emmett who helps John find her . Bay and Emmett share a moment where he tells her that he will ' always come and find her ' . They almost kiss but are interrupted by Bay 's father . At the beginning of the second season , a nervous Bay tells Emmett that she has begun a new relationship with Noah , in response , Emmett kisses her and asks her whether she has really moved on from him before he walking away . Later , Emmett tells Bay about the kiss between Noah and Daphne . He also meets a deaf girl ( Ashley Fiolek ) who is a fellow motorcycle enthusiast . Daphne , who is eager for Emmett to simply move on from Bay for the sake of his happiness , tells him that the new girl is perfect for him because she 's deaf and into motorcycles , but Emmett tells her that he already has found his perfect girl in Bay . Over the course of the second season , Emmett and Toby reconnect , with Toby even forgiving Emmett for sleeping with Simone . The two renew their friendship and form another band . Emmett even stands as best man at Toby 's wedding . At which he makes a toast ( appearing to subtly be directed at Bay ) saying that He and Bay are meant to be together saying that she is the one he found . In the final episode of season 2 , Emmett comforts a crying Bay after finding out about the end of her relationship with Ty . The third season sees Emmett dealing with the integration of hearing kids into Carlton . He finds himself somewhat of an outcast among his peers after revealing the identity of a friend who had been slashing tires in order to make the new kids look bad . Emmett asks Bay 's help on an astronomy project , where it is revealed that he is dating a new girl , Mandy , whom he met online . Despite responding to Bay 's kiss , Emmett soon pulls away . He confesses to Bay that the reason they can not be together is because she can not let go of the past and forgive him for sleeping with Simone . Bay , however , apologizes and promises not to bring it up again , leaving some hope for a future for the two of them . In a later episode , after seeing Bay struggle to paint with a hand injury , Emmett helps inspire her by taking her to a replica of 1950 's Las Vegas built by a millionaire for his dying wife . He also helps her create the project and submit it to her class . In the spring finale Emmett goes to meet Mandy for the first time . However , Mandy is revealed to be Matthew , a classmate wanting to get back at Emmett for having him suspended earlier in the season . Bay later finds him and after admitting their love for each other , the two sleep together After some initial apprehension due to the two of them having unprotected sex , Bay reaffirms her commitment to Emmett and promises to break things off with Tank . He also runs into some trouble with Matthew , who is now blackmailing him into staying quiet about the beating . In ' Oh , Future ' Emmett 's father surprises his guests at a housewarming party with a wedding and the revelation that Emmett is to become a big brother . Emmett is initially angry with his father , but after some advice from Bay and his mother , he warms up to the idea of a new sibling . In the beginning of season four Emmett decides to go to film school in LA after much persuasion by Bay which leads them to have a long distance relationship . He does n't make friends at first but then meets Skye . Skye instantly become fast friends with Emmett and accidentally kisses Emmett on a movie set . Emmett discovers the hardships of the long distance with Bay and wants Bay to come to LA despite her on probation . Emmett finds out about Tank and disconnects with Bay in anger . She flies down to LA only to find out Emmett made a script about personal things in their relationship . Emmett admits he feels that they have changed too much and he wants to break up with Bay . She says it 's forever if he does this now and they end up going separate ways . After the breakup , Emmett decides to start dating Skye as they have common interests but when Travis comes to visit he thinks that she is only hurting him . Emmett also comes to visit on the Mexico trip to help deaf kids there which ultimately leads to Bay finding out about Skye . Bay tries to make Emmett jealous out of anger and in the end the two come to an understanding to not hurt each other anymore . Later on , in season 5 `` -- The Call '' , he said to Bay that he never should let Bay go meaning that he still has feelings for Bay . Angelo Sorrento ( edit ) Played by Gilles Marini , Angelo Sorrento is Bay 's biological father , Daphne 's legal father and Regina 's husband . When Daphne was three , he became suspicious that she was n't his daughter due to her fair skin , red hair , and green eyes . When Daphne contracted meningitis , he has a DNA test done and discovers the Daphne is not biologically his . Believing that Regina had an affair and not wanting to raise another man 's child , he leaves Regina and Daphne . After learning about the switch , Angelo returns looking for Bay in `` The Homecoming '' , surprising her at her art show . Despite resistance from the rest of her family , Bay forms a relationship with him , while Daphne and Regina want nothing to do with him . Angelo later implies to Regina that he would like to get back together with her and that had the girls not been switched , they would still be together . When it comes out that Regina knew about the switch , Angelo is furious with her and felt that she kept him away from his daughter . They later reconcile and end up sleeping together , much to the dismay of Regina 's mother . Angelo is arrested due to an outstanding warrant in Italy and faces deportation . When he was drunk , he beat a man for having an affair with his ex-fiancee . Regina 's mother contacts the police so that Angelo would be arrested , and he is ordered back to Italy . In order to keep him in the country , Regina marries him so that he can gain US citizenship . He sues the hospital for switching the girls and is awarded $5 million . Right after that , it is revealed that he got a woman , Lana , pregnant in a one - night stand . Regina is furious with him at first but they later reconcile . Lana wants to give the baby up for adoption , but Angelo convinces her not to at first . After Regina relapsed with her alcoholism , she shows up at Angelo 's apartment drunk . Angelo contacts Bay , who then gets Daphne , and they go to retrieve Regina . Angelo instead promises he will take care of Regina and asks Bay to go to the hospital with Lana , who is in labor . Lana gives birth to Bay 's half sister . In the third season , Angelo and Regina continue their relationship , having decided to wait until Bay and Daphne go off to college before moving in together . Daphne asks him to learn ASL and to move in with them since Regina has been in danger due to her job . Angelo dies following a car accident as a result of a brain aneurysm . After doctors attempt to save his life , he is declared brain dead and the decision to take him off life support rests with the family . While searching his apartment for a way to contact Angelo 's mother , Bay and Emmett discover Angelo 's Last Will and Testament , which states that he should be taken off life support . Bay calls Angelo 's mother who also is Bay 's biological grandmother and speaks to her in French for the first time and gives his mother the opportunity to say goodbye to him over the phone . The family decides to have Angelo 's organs donated . Recurring characters ( edit ) Miles `` Tank '' conroy ( edit ) Played by Max Adler . He is a fraternity pledge and ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish in season three . The two met in an art class and bonded after he gave Bay advice on handling her break up with Ty . After taking care of an injured Bay at a party , the two get together . Despite many tensions in their relationship , Tank de-pledges his fraternity for Bay . The two break up after Bay cheats on him with Emmett . Tank is next seen running into Travis , Toby , Mary Beth and Emmett at a club . Emmett initially conceals his identity from Tank , but after he is discovered an intoxicated Tank attempts to swing a punch at Emmett . He is shown to still have feelings for Bay . In season four , Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together . Bay does n't remember parts of the evening , and during her attempt to figure out what exactly happened , the situation is reported to the college against her wishes . Despite Bay not remembering the night or coming to any conclusion as to what happened , the school ignores Bay 's request not to punish anyone , and Tank is expelled . His fate after that is working at a restaurant revealed awkwardly on a date as he expresses that it is hard to get a job now that rape is on his record and Bay wants to fix it but comes to peace that she can not . Melody Bledsoe ( edit ) Played by Marlee Matlin , Melody Bledsoe is the mother of Emmett Bledsoe and the best friend of Regina Vasquez . She is divorced from her ex-husband , Cameron , her polar opposite when it comes to parenting . Like her son , Melody is deaf although she can speak on some occasions due to being forced to attend speech therapy when she was young . She is overprotective and judgmental . Melody is upset when Emmett initially tells her that he wants to date Bay , believing that hearing and deaf relationships can not succeed . This leads her to humiliate Bay at a dinner night with Emmett , Bay , and Regina . She gets into a dispute with Regina , but they reconcile and Melody eventually opens up to Bay when she realizes that Bay had good intentions . She also dates Daphne 's boss Jeff but he breaks it off after realizing he loves Daphne . In the second season , Melody and Emmett welcome Travis into their home after his father kicked him out . Melody now sees Travis as another son , even helping him with college applications and interviews . Later , in season 3 Melody endangers her job after getting rough with a student , Matthew , who had beaten up her son . She is dating Gabel and they soon get engaged . Gabe expresses wanting to adopt another deaf kid and after lots of thinking she finally agrees . Travis barnes ( edit ) Played by Ryan Lane , Travis is a deaf student who attends Carlton with Daphne and Emmett . His hearing parents do not sign and are said to be uninterested in his progress at school . After losing his job as a janitor at Carlton , Daphne helps him get a job at John Kennish 's carwash . Feeling isolated and lonely due to his inability to communicate fluently with his family at home , and fearing that his parents will soon kick him out when he turns 18 , Travis sometimes secretly sleeps in the offices of the Kennish Carwash before moving in with Melody and Emmett . He is shown to have romantic feelings for Daphne . The two date briefly before breaking up . Mary - Beth and Travis started dating in the second season finale . They broke up in season 4 . In the Episodes `` Instead of Damning the Darkness '' , and `` It 's Better to Light a little lantern '' Travis and Bay hang out at a bar in Mexico both and after getting drinks , Bay insisted that they both do body shots which made Emmett mad . Both Travis and Emmett get into a fight but in the end they made up . Emmett asked Travis if he liked Bay , in which he just looked at Emmett , which proves that he likes Bay . He ends up paying for the gallery Bay believed was her big break and kisses her outside . Bay latter decides to go to China with Daphne for the summer but after going to visit Bay in China Travis decides to stay there with her and they begin to date . After living there for a year they move back home . Travis go to college and joins the baseball team . Emmett and Travis have a falling out because Travis is with Bay . Travis gets in a fight after a guy makes fun of people with disabilities and Travis hits him . This causes Travis to get kicked off the baseball team but he is offered to join a baseball team in Japan . Travis asks Bay to move with him but Bay decides to stay as she has just started a new career but that she knows they will survive a long distance relationship and that she loves him . In the end Emmett and Travis make up and Emmett is going to go with him to Japan . Mary Beth tucker ( edit ) Played by B.K. Cannon , is a friend of Bay and Ty and ex-girlfriend of Travis . Mary Beth works a summer job alongside Bay and Ty . She lost her brother , a former soldier , by way of suicide . As a result , she and Ty , who was stationed with her brother overseas , have a close relationship . In season two she also grows close to Ty 's then - girlfriend , Bay . In the second season finale , Ty makes her promise not to tell Bay that he did not really cheat on her . However , this information is revealed early in the following season . At the end of the second season she begins dating Travis . She then breaks up with him in season 4 . Adriana Vasquez ( edit ) Played by Ivonne Coll , Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez , the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez , and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish . she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina . She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes ' guest house . She had taken a huge disliking to Regina 's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police . Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it , and moved out of the guest house after she found out , but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up . Simone Sinclair ( edit ) Played by Maiara Walsh , Simone Sinclair is a classmate of Toby , Bay , and Wilkie at Buckner Hall . She used to be in a relationship with Wilkie Wilkerson and used to be best friends with Bay Kennish . They broke off their friendship when Bay figured out Simone 's mean streak . She is described as the `` school slut . '' She later starts a relationship with Toby , despite warnings given to him by Bay and Wilkie . During Daphne 's time at Buckner , she becomes friends with Simone , but their friendship ends when Simone insults a Latina girl from Daphne 's old neighborhood . At a basketball tournament , Simone had sex with Emmett . Despite constantly apologizing , Bay and Daphne have both refused to forgive her , thus dissolving both their friendships . When she is trying to have a conversation with Toby , he ignores her as well . She is last seen picking up an AA pamphlet , before bumping into Regina and quickly storming out of the room . Regina then finds Simone asking someone to buy her alcohol . Regina then goes up to Simone and talks to her in her car about why she was trying to buy alcohol . Simone told her that Bay and Daphne did not tell her what happened . Regina assures her that she knows what happened and Simone is frustrated that everyone hates her . Later on she lends Bay money to replace the money Bay got from her dad 's safe to try to make amends . Simone returns in the alternate reality episode , where she is shown to be Daphne 's best friend . Ty Mendoza ( edit ) Played by Blair Redford , Tyler `` Ty '' Mendoza is the older ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish . He is an old friend of Regina and Daphne . Daphne considers him her older brother . In the episode `` Dogs Playing Poker , '' Ty admits he has enlisted in the army . He calls Bay later and she tells him she is dating Emmett . In `` Mother and Daughter Divide '' Ty returns home and hopes that he and Bay will start back up where they left off , but struggles to readjust to life after war . When he 's scheduled to return to combat , Bay tries to get him to stay in Mission Hills . Later , at Toby and Nikki 's wedding rehearsal dinner , Bay tells Ty about her plans to graduate early and go to art school in Berlin so they might still be together . Ty appears less than excited about Bay 's plan and tells her no one knows what will happen . Ty makes it appear that he is cheating on her in order for him to return to fighting in the war . Ty later explains to Mary Beth that he did it because the area he is being deployed to is even more dangerous than before and it would be easier to have Bay hate him now and move on with her life , rather than suffer his death overseas . Liam Lupo ( edit ) Played by Charles Michael Davis , he is Bay Kennish 's ex-boyfriend and Daphne 's ex-boyfriend . He goes to Buckner Hall with Bay and Toby . His family owns a restaurant called Fondo Di Lupo . In the episode `` American Gothic , '' he takes Daphne to a music store , and all goes well until a couple of his friends show up and begin ridiculing Daphne . This leads Daphne to leave . Liam later brings fried zucchini to Daphne , knowing it 's her favorite , but she takes the zucchini without any signs of forgiveness . However , she comes to Liam , and they get together . Daphne ends things with Liam a short time later as Bay is uncomfortable with the two of them dating . James `` Wilkie '' Wilkerson ( edit ) Played by Austin Butler , Wilkie is the best friend of Toby Kennish and the ex-boyfriend of Daphne Vasquez . He had scoliosis when he was 10 ( as said in the episode 15 ) and had spinal fusion surgery , afterwards he wore a brace . He used to be in a relationship with Simone , but she was too controlling . Wilkie and Daphne begin their relationship after much pursuing on his part and were together until Wilkie was sent away to boarding school at the end of the first season . Lana ( edit ) Played by Annie Ilonzeh , Lana is the mother of Angelo 's baby . She becomes friends with Toby when he gives her a ride home from the mechanic and she tells him that her family lives in Boston and they are n't aware that she 's pregnant . After giving birth to her daughter , she puts the baby up for adoption and leaves for the airport . Natalie pierce ( edit ) Played by Stephanie Nogueras , Natalie is a deaf student at Carlton who dislikes the idea of the pilot program due to the amount of funding having been cut from multiple programs at Carlton to fund the pilot program . As such , Natalie and some of her friends torment the hearing students , particularly Bay . When Bay and Natalie 's rivalry appears to get out of hand , Melody hosts a mandatory retreat in the woods in order to bring the hearing and deaf students closer and dispel any animosity . At the end of the retreat , Bay and Natalie declare a truce . It is later revealed that Natalie is a lesbian . Jace ( edit ) Portrayed by Matthew Kane . Jace is from Britain and is a coffee shop barista as well as Daphne 's ex-boyfriend . He grew up geocaching & he explains to Daphne that geocaching 's like a treasure hunt . Jace decides he 'd like to learn how to use sign language for a month & he learns quickly . Jace was a temporary love interest of Daphne . In `` The Departure Of Summer '' He and Daphne expose Senator Chip Coto as corrupt and a shameless womanizer ending his career and marriage . Jace was subsequently deported , although he was happy he got the truth about the corrupt Senator out . Nikki ( edit ) Played by Cassi Thomson , Nikki was married to Toby Kennish . She is a Christian musician and begins a new band with Toby and Emmett , soon after which she and Toby begin dating , however she quickly realizes that she does n't think it would work out to be dating someone who does not believe in God . She later reconciles with Toby , and they then become engaged . On the night before the wedding , they have sex and the next day call off the ceremony and elope to the courthouse . At the start of the third season , Nikki and Toby are in a long distance relationship as Nikki is doing aid work overseas . Nikki and Toby later separate after Nikki is offered a permanent job in Peru . Cameron Bledsoe ( edit ) Played by Anthony Natale , Cameron Bledsoe is the father of Emmett Bledsoe . He is the ex-husband of Melody Bledsoe . Unlike Melody , he takes a carefree approach to parenting his son , while causes problems between him and his ex-wife , as she believes that he is not a good influence on Emmett . Emmett moves in with him in due to Melody 's disapproval of Bay . After his divorce Cameron dated a younger woman named Olivia . Concern for Emmett 's wellbeing is raised by Bay after the discovery of Olivia 's bongs around the house and her use of marijuana . He subsequently breaks up with Olivia . Later on , he marries a woman named Debbie . They are expecting their first child . Campbell bingman ( edit ) Played by RJ Mitte is a pre-med student and fellow volunteer at the free clinic where Daphne is ordered to serve out her hours at community service . Campbell is a former snowboarder and became a wheelchair user after an accident he suffered on the slopes . Despite having a girlfriend , he displays interest in Daphne , even ending his relationship for her . Despite initial tension , the two begin dating . However their romance comes to an end when Daphne is promoted over Campbell , simultaneously causing him to seek a position at another clinic across town and end their relationship . Garrett ( edit ) Played By Nyle DiMarco , Garrett is a deaf friend of Travis in season 4 . He is a few years older than Travis and the other guys ; in fact , he is in his early or mid twenties . It is said that he attended Carlton School . In ' Borrowing Your Enemy 's Arrows ' , he first meets Bay and instantly finds her attractive . They start dating , even though Travis does not like the idea . Other characters ( edit ) Craig Tebbe ( edit ) Played by Samuel Page , Craig Tebbe is the newly appointed lawyer for the Kennishes ' case against the hospital for the switch of Bay and Daphne . He is shown to have an affinity for redheads and tries to kiss Kathryn before she pulls away . Patrick ( edit ) Played by Christopher Wiehl , Patrick is the ex-boyfriend of Regina Vasquez . He is an art gallery owner and first met Regina at the hair salon that she worked at . She later tells him to look at Bay 's artwork , but he ends up commending her on her own art , eventually placing one of her pieces on exhibition , much to Bay 's dismay . Patrick broke up with Regina after Regina told him she married Angelo in order for him to stay in the country . Amanda Burke ( edit ) Played by Meeghan Holaway , Amanda Burke is the former lawyer of John and Kathryn Kennish . She was the first lawyer that the Kennishes appointed to help them with their case against the hospital , but they later fire her when they find out that she was in a relationship with one of the hospital board members . While she denied that her relationship would have any effect on how she 'd perform for them in the case but John and Kathryn did not want to take any chances . Olivia ( edit ) Played by TL Forsberg , Olivia is the ex-girlfriend of Cameron Bledsoe . She is a bad influence on Emmett , as she encouraged him to drink away his stress . And she is very sex - crazed , always sharing details about her sex life . She is revealed to be a drug dealer , working out of Cameron 's home . Noah ( edit ) Played by Max Lloyd - Jones , Noah is a hearing student at Carlton as part of the pilot program . He becomes friends with Bay and reveals to her that he has lost 60 percent of the hearing in his right ear due to Meniere 's disease , and that he will eventually go deaf . He has begins a relationship with Bay , but Bay soon ends their relationship after she finds out from Emmett that Noah and Daphne kissed . Theoretically , it was rehearsing for the school play of Romeo and Juliet , but Noah admitted to Bay that he felt a connection with Daphne . Zarra ( edit ) Played by Tania Raymonde , Zarra is a street artist who works under the pseudonym `` Medusa . '' Bay initially gets angry at Zarra for finishing Bay 's piece on a van without permission , but eventually Bay befriends Zarra , feeling that she gets Bay 's artistic way of life that she feels no one else understands . John and Kathryn disapprove of this friendship . Zarra encourages Bay to join her on her hunt for an artist named `` Smak '' who ruins other people 's street art by marking his name on the pieces . Eventually this lands her in jail . Zarra asks Bay to post a $1,500 bail without telling her that her friend was also jailed for the same reason , driving Bay to steal it from John 's safe at the carwash . Zarra and Bay and some friends of Zarra 's were caught by the police while doing street art in an alleyway . They were let go due to Bay 's Dad being John Kennish , the former baseball player . After John yells at her , Bay temporarily moves in with Zarra in her trailer , where the two make plans to drive to Mexico with . when it becomes clear that Zarra has no idea where they are going , Bay begins to realize that Zarra is n't exactly the greatest friend . She later bails on Bay and runs away to Mexico . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pavlica , Carissa ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Switched at Birth Review : Alternate Endings '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Switched_at_Birth_characters&oldid=792356260 '' Categories : Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 July 2017 , at 01 : 22 . About Wikipedia	who plays emmett father on switched at birth	[ "Played by Anthony Natale, Cameron Bledsoe is the father of Emmett Bledsoe. He is the ex-husband of Melody Bledsoe. Unlike Melody, he takes a carefree approach to parenting his son, while causes problems between him and his ex-wife, as she believes that he is not a good influence on Emmett. Emmett moves in with him in due to Melody's disapproval of Bay. After his divorce Cameron dated a younger woman named Olivia. Concern for Emmett's wellbeing is raised by Bay after the discovery of Olivia's bongs around the house and her use of marijuana. He subsequently breaks up with Olivia. Later on, he marries a woman named Debbie. They are expecting their first child." ]	[ "Anthony Natale" ]
4835985397667366031	Mendoza (name)	Mendoza ( name ) - wikipedia Mendoza ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mendoza . Mendoza is a Basque surname , also occurring as a place name . The name Mendoza means `` cold mountain '' , derived from the Basque words mendi ( mountain ) and ( h ) otz ( cold ) + definite article ' - a ' ( Mendoza being mendi+ ( h ) otza ) . The original Basque form with an affricate sibilant ( / ts / , Basque spelling / tz / ) evolved in Spanish to the current form . Originally the noble family line bearing the surname was based in the castle of the same name , not far from Vitoria - Gasteiz , Basque Country , where it still stands out . However , one of the family branches comes from Laudio , 50 km away to the northwest from Vitoria - Gasteiz . The family got involved in the medieval bloody War of the Clans . Not only that , the house of Mendoza set up close ties with Castile since the High Middle Ages , with its members participating in their civil wars and the Castilian expansion south . They got wider renown after their involvement in the conquest of America after 1492 . In Erandio , a baserri exists with the same name . Its original name `` mendotza '' developed to `` mendontze '' in the 1890s , `` mendoche '' in the 1920s , `` mendotxe '' in the 1980s to the restored original of `` mendotza '' being the current . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable people with the surname 1.1 Business 1.2 Arts & Entertainment 1.3 Fiction 1.4 Military 1.5 Politics and government 1.6 Religion 1.7 Royalty 1.8 Science 1.9 Sport 2 References Notable people with the surname ( edit ) Business ( edit ) Eugenio Mendoza , Venezuelan businessman Lorenzo Mendoza , Venezuelan businessman Tom Mendoza , Vice Chairman of NetApp , Inc. and namesake of Notre Dame 's business school Arts & entertainment ( edit ) Amalia Mendoza , a Mexican singer Brillante Mendoza , a Filipino film director Dayana Mendoza , a Venezuelan actress , model who won Miss Universe 2008 . Eduardo Mendoza Garriga , a Spanish novelist Hazel Ann Mendoza , a Filipina actress Javier Mendoza , singer - songwriter and composer Javier Mendoza ( boxer ) , Mexican professional boxer June Mendoza , portrait painter Linda Mendoza , an American film and television director Lydia Mendoza , a Tex - Mex singer and interpreter of `` corridos '' Maine Mendoza , a Filipina actress Marco Mendoza , bass player Margot Rojas Mendoza ( 1903 -- 1996 ) , Cuban pianist and teacher Natalie Mendoza , a Hong Kong - born Australian actress and musician Philip Mendoza , a British artist and cartoonist Rebecca Jackson Mendoza , an Australian actress , singer and dancer Thristan Mendoza , a Filipino musician Mario Mendoza Zambrano , a Colombian Writer Loy Mendonsa , an Indian music composer Roberto Mendoza , United States Home builders with headquarters in Louisiana Vince Mendoza , an American jazz composer and arranger Fiction ( edit ) Rodrigo Mendoza , fictional character of the movie The Mission Kerry - Anne Mendoza , inventor of The Canary Mendoza , fictional character of the `` Company '' books by Kage Baker Aristotle `` Ari '' Mendoza , main character from the book `` Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe '' , written by Benjamin Alire Sáenz Military ( edit ) César Mendoza , member of Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) as chief of Carabineros de Chile Pedro de Mendoza , conquistador Bernardino de Mendoza , Captain General Politics and government ( edit ) Antonio de Mendoza , first Viceroy of New Spain Bernardino de Mendoza , Spanish statesman and ambassador Carlos Antonio Mendoza , acting President of Panama César Mendoza , Chilean soldier Cristóbal Mendoza , First President of Venezuela Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa , a Venezuelan cabinet minister and scientist Eugenio Mendoza , a Venezuelan cabinet minister and industrial García Hurtado de Mendoza , a Spanish governor of Chile Inés Mendoza , wife of Puerto Rico Governor Luis Muñoz Marín Juan González de Mendoza , Spanish minister and historian Leandro Mendoza , Philippine Secretary of Transportation and Communications Pedro González de Mendoza , Spanish cardinal and statesman Susana Mendoza , Chicago , Illinois politician Victoria Muñoz Mendoza , Puerto Rico politician Religion ( edit ) Pedro González de Mendoza , Spanish cardinal and statesman Royalty ( edit ) Ana de Mendoza y de la Cerda , Spanish aristocrat Beatriz Fajardo de Mendoza y de Guzmán , Baroness of Polop and Benidorm Science ( edit ) Josef de Mendoza y Ríos , ( 1761 -- 1816 ) Spanish astronomer and mathematician Sport ( edit ) Alvin Mendoza , Mexican football ( soccer ) player Ana Mendoza , Mexican breaststroke swimmer Carlos Mendoza , baseball player Daniel Mendoza , English boxer Elías Mendoza Habersperger Gabriel Mendoza , Chilean football ( soccer ) player Jessica Mendoza , American softball player Jesús Mendoza , Mexican football player Jonny Mendoza , Venezuelan boxer Luis Mendoza Benedetto , Venezuelan footballer Luis Mendoza , baseball player Mario Mendoza , baseball player Michael Mendoza , American football player Mike Mendoza , baseball player Ramiro Mendoza , baseball player Rigoberto Mendoza , Cuban marathon runner Saúl Mendoza , disabled athlete Stiven Mendoza , Colombian footballer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toponimia de Erandio '' . This page lists people with the surname Mendoza . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendoza_(name)&oldid=823786220 '' Categories : Surnames Basque - language surnames Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 11 : 37 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name mendoza originate from	[ "The name Mendoza means \"cold mountain\", derived from the Basque words mendi (mountain) and (h)otz (cold) + definite article '-a' (Mendoza being mendi+(h)otza). The original Basque form with an affricate sibilant (/ts/, Basque spelling /tz/) evolved in Spanish to the current form." ]	[ "\"cold mountain\", derived from the Basque words mendi (mountain) and (h)otz (cold) + definite article '-a' (Mendoza being mendi+(h)otza)." ]
-4624783127489518450	List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States	List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current Justices of the Supreme Court 2 All Justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current Justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . Five individuals in this group were confirmed for associate justice , and later confirmed for chief justice separately . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat 001 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 001 ! September 26 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003210200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 276 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat 002 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 002 ! September 26 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002524000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 159 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat 003 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 003 ! September 27 , 1789 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003765500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 351 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat 004 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 004 ! September 29 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 326 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat 005 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 005 ! September 30 , 1789 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003221600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 25 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat 006 ! February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 006 ! May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge 007 ! November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 007 ! August 5 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson 008 ! March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 008 ! March 4 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003493500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 188 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay 009 ! December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 009 ! June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair 010 ! January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 010 ! January 27 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003562100000000000 ♠ 15 years , 143 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge 011 ! March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 011 ! March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson 012 ! December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 012 ! December 20 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004112980000000000 ♠ 30 years , 341 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell 013 ! December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 013 ! December 10 , 1799 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003150700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 47 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth 014 ! January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 014 ! February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore 015 ! March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 015 ! May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson 016 ! December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 016 ! January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat 017 ! March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 017 ! March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase 018 ! November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 018 ! November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing 019 ! November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 019 ! February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston 020 ! December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 020 ! September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd 021 ! May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 021 ! May 9 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002839000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 108 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble 022 ! March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 022 ! March 7 , 1829 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004117160000000000 ♠ 32 years , 28 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington 023 ! January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 023 ! January 6 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003521900000000000 ♠ 14 years , 106 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson 024 ! January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 024 ! January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall 025 ! March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 025 ! March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall 026 ! March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 026 ! March 15 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003180800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 347 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat 027 ! March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 027 ! March 8 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004103100000000000 ♠ 28 years , 83 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat 028 ! September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 028 ! April 22 , 1837 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003556700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 88 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour 029 ! March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 029 ! March 3 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003702900000000000 ♠ 19 years , 89 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson 030 ! February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 030 ! February 14 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101490000000000 ♠ 27 years , 288 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story 031 ! January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 031 ! September 20 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 349 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin 032 ! August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 032 ! August 4 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003858100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 180 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury 033 ! December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 033 ! September 22 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003220000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 8 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley 034 ! March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 034 ! March 23 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003296000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 38 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis 035 ! January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 035 ! January 12 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003859500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 194 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean 036 ! January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 036 ! January 24 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003694000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 0 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel 037 ! July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 037 ! July 16 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103160000000000 ♠ 28 years , 89 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell 038 ! December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 038 ! October 17 , 1862 -- March 3 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003525100000000000 ♠ 14 years , 137 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat 039 ! March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 039 ! March 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126850000000000 ♠ 34 years , 266 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney 040 ! December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 040 ! December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003307400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 152 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier 041 ! February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) 041 ! February 18 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003395200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 300 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat 042 ! March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 042 ! March 21 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797700000000000 ♠ 21 years , 307 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson 043 ! December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 043 ! December 11 , 1872 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003333400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 47 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase 044 ! January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 044 ! March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis 045 ! November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 045 ! November 29 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123710000000000 ♠ 33 years , 319 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong 046 ! December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 046 ! December 21 , 1880 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003233500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 144 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne 047 ! May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 047 ! May 12 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003287100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 314 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford 048 ! December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 048 ! December 20 , 1881 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003757300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 269 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt 049 ! March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 049 ! March 22 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003412500000000000 ♠ 11 years , 107 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods 050 ! January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 050 ! January 16 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 7 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite 051 ! July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 051 ! October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews 052 ! December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 052 ! December 18 , 1889 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003740400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 100 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller 053 ! December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 053 ! December 29 , 1890 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003562800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 150 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley 054 ! July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 054 ! July 26 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003386300000000000 ♠ 10 years , 212 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar 055 ! February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 055 ! February 18 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002901000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 171 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford 056 ! February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 056 ! February 19 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003614500000000000 ♠ 16 years , 302 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson 057 ! December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 057 ! December 9 , 1895 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003506700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 319 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field 058 ! January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 058 ! January 21 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 350 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray 059 ! December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 059 ! December 4 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106310000000000 ♠ 29 years , 39 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras 060 ! February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 060 ! February 23 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003720300000000000 ♠ 19 years , 263 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown 061 ! December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 061 ! December 12 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham 062 ! December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 062 ! December 20 , 1909 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer 063 ! May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 063 ! October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller 064 ! December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 064 ! December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White 065 ! December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 065 ! December 16 , 1910 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003966500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 168 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody 066 ! December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 066 ! December 17 , 1910 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003184200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 16 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan 067 ! March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 067 ! March 13 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 293 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton 068 ! August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 068 ! August 29 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003965200000000000 ♠ 26 years , 155 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar 069 ! June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 069 ! June 1 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003829200000000000 ♠ 22 years , 257 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes 070 ! July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 070 ! July 24 , 1916 -- September 5 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003223400000000000 ♠ 6 years , 43 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White 071 ! June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 071 ! July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke 072 ! September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 072 ! September 5 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 134 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day 073 ! December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 073 ! December 21 , 1922 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003617400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 330 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney 074 ! January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 074 ! January 29 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003259500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 38 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna 075 ! February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 075 ! February 5 , 1925 -- July 3 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003599200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 148 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft 076 ! February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 076 ! February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford 077 ! May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 077 ! May 20 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003555100000000000 ♠ 15 years , 72 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes 078 ! February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 078 ! March 2 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter 079 ! August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 079 ! August 18 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124480000000000 ♠ 34 years , 30 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland 080 ! January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 080 ! January 27 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696900000000000 ♠ 19 years , 29 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo 081 ! January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 081 ! January 20 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003862100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 220 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis 082 ! April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 082 ! April 15 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler 083 ! January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 083 ! January 18 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003347000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 182 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes 084 ! June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 084 ! July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds 085 ! June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 085 ! July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone 086 ! July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 086 ! July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes 087 ! February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 087 ! February 11 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003240300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 211 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts 088 ! September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 088 ! September 22 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 21 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone 089 ! June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 089 ! June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy 090 ! August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 090 ! August 19 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650600000000000 ♠ 17 years , 297 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge 091 ! October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 091 ! October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson 092 ! March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 092 ! October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson 093 ! March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 093 ! March 17 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003603400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 190 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton 094 ! March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 094 ! October 15 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123310000000000 ♠ 33 years , 278 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed 095 ! March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 095 ! March 22 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 9 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton 096 ! May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 096 ! October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker 097 ! April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 097 ! April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter 098 ! September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 098 ! September 28 , 1962 -- July 26 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 301 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg 099 ! August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 099 ! October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark 100 ! August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 100 ! October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren 101 ! June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 101 ! June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas 102 ! May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 102 ! June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis Franklin Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black 103 ! December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 103 ! January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II 104 ! December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 104 ! January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas 105 ! December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 105 ! December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart 106 ! September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 106 ! September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger 107 ! September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 107 ! September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist 108 ! September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 108 ! September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell 109 ! February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 109 ! February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004108940000000000 ♠ 29 years , 301 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan 110 ! October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 110 ! October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall 111 ! October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 111 ! October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003955100000000000 ♠ 26 years , 54 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White 112 ! August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 112 ! August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun 113 ! July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 113 ! August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003853600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 135 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist 114 ! September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 114 ! September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003446100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 78 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor 115 ! January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 115 ! January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter 116 ! August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 116 ! August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003305200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 130 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens 117 ! August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 117 ! August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003268800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 131 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia 118 ! April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 118 ! April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002250000000000000 ♠ 250 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ Received recess appointment on August 5 , 1791 , but was not sworn in until August 6 , 1792 . ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice , which is why this justice is listed twice . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process , which is why this justice is listed twice . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) The graphic below is a timeline depicting the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding their seat number , predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned from the timeline . Additionally , the progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Three presidents -- Taft , F. Roosevelt , and Reagan -- successfully nominated a sitting associate justice to become chief justice . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process , and are counted as such . Due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten associate justice seats chronicled below have been abolished . `` Seat 5 '' was last held by James Wayne , who died in 1867 , and `` Seat 7 '' was last held by John Catron , who died in 1865 . This graphical timeline also allows some otherwise obscure information to be easily noted . Edward Douglass White , Harlan F. Stone , and William Rehnquist were elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . John Rutledge and Charles Evans Hughes served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . Joseph Story ( in the early 19th century ) and Stephen Breyer ( in the late 20th and early 21st centuries ) are each noteworthy for serving over 11 years as the court 's most junior member . Elena Kagan ( in the 2010s ) served the third longest as the court 's most junior member for over 6 and a half years . Thomas Johnson ( 1790s ) , Robert Trimble ( 1820s ) and Arthur Goldberg ( 1960s ) are the only justices to leave the court while still being the court 's most junior member . William Rehnquist is unique in that he is the only justice to witness all of his more senior justices leave the court , without witnessing any of his more junior justices leave the court . Hugo Black , in addition to witnessing all eight of his predecessors leave the court , saw 22 new members appointed to the court ( his predecessors ' eight replacements and 14 others ) , meaning he worked beside a record 30 justices . Current justices ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Other List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 - 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the Justices '' . www.supremecourthistory.org . Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=814686635 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appoints members to the us supreme court	[ "The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom would constitute a quorum.[1][2] Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure[3] and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014.[4][5][6]" ]	[ "United States Senate" ]
-6224444410374918568	God's Not Dead (film)	God 's Not Dead ( film ) - wikipedia God 's Not Dead ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search God 's Not Dead Theatrical release poster Directed by Harold Cronk Produced by Michael Scott Russell Wolfe Anna Zielinski Written by Chuck Konzelman Cary Solomon Based on God 's Not Dead by Rice Broocks Starring Kevin Sorbo Shane Harper David A.R. White Dean Cain Music by Will Musser Cinematography Brian Shanley Edited by Vance Null Production company Greg Jenkins Productions Pure Flix Entertainment Red Entertainment Group Distributed by Freestyle Releasing Pure Flix Entertainment Release date March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $64.7 million God 's Not Dead is a 2014 American Christian drama film directed by Harold Cronk and starring Kevin Sorbo , Shane Harper , David A.R. White , and Dean Cain . The film was released theatrically on March 21 , 2014 by Pure Flix Entertainment . Written by Cary Solomon and Chuck Konzelman , and based on Rice Broocks ' book God 's Not Dead : Evidence for God in an Age of Uncertainty , the film follows a Christian college student ( Harper ) whose faith is challenged by a philosophy professor ( Sorbo ) who declares God a pre-scientific fiction . It received mostly negative reviews , but grossed over $62 million on a $2 million budget . The film is followed by the 2016 film God 's Not Dead 2 and the 2018 film God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Evangelical and Roman Catholic response 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Josh Wheaton ( Shane Harper ) , an evangelical college student , enrolls in a philosophy class taught by Professor Jeffrey Radisson ( Kevin Sorbo ) , an atheist , who demands his students sign a declaration that `` God is dead '' to pass . Josh is the only student who refuses to sign . Radisson requires Josh to debate the topic with him but agrees to let the class members decide the winner . Josh 's girlfriend Kara ( Cassidy Gifford ) demands Josh either sign the statement `` God is dead '' or drop Radisson 's class , because standing up to Radisson will jeopardize their academic future . Kara breaks up with Josh for insisting on confessing his belief in God . Radisson gives Josh twenty minutes at the end of the first three lecture sessions to argue that God exists . In the first session , Josh presents his evidence that God created the universe . In the second session , Josh argues that macroevolution is not as solid of a theory as it is usually presented . In the first two sessions , Radisson has counter-arguments for some of Josh 's points . Ultimately , it comes down to the third and final debate between Radisson and Josh , who again both make compelling points . Josh then halts his line of debate to pose a question to Radisson : `` Why do you hate God ? '' After Josh repeats the question twice more , Radisson explodes in rage , confirming he hates God for his mother 's death that left him alone despite his prayers . Josh then casually asks Radisson how he can hate someone that does not exist . In the end , Martin ( Paul Kwo ) , a student from China whose father had forbidden him from even talking about God to avoid jeopardizing Martin 's brother 's chance at overseas study , stands up and says , `` God 's not dead . '' Almost the entire class follows Martin 's lead , and Radisson leaves the room in defeat . Radisson dates Mina , an evangelical whom he belittles in front of his fellow atheist colleagues . Her brother Mark ( Dean Cain ) , a successful businessman and atheist , refuses to visit their mother , who suffers from dementia . Mark 's girlfriend Amy is a left - wing blogger who writes articles critical of Duck Dynasty . When she is diagnosed with cancer , Mark dumps her . A Muslim student named Ayisha ( Hadeel Sittu ) secretly converts to Christianity and is disowned by her infuriated father when he finds out . After the final debate , Josh invites Martin to attend a concert by Christian pop rock group the Newsboys . Radisson reads a letter from his late mother , and is moved to reconcile with Mina . Amy confronts the Newsboys in their dressing room , only to ask them to help guide her in converting to Christianity . While on his way to find Mina , Radisson is struck by a car and fatally injured . Reverend Dave , who is waiting at the intersection , tends to Radisson and helps him become a Christian as he dies . The film 's main characters all convene at the Newsboys concert , where they play a video clip of Willie Robertson congratulating Josh . The Newsboys play their song `` God 's Not Dead '' , dedicating it to Josh . Cast ( edit ) Shane Harper as Josh Wheaton Kevin Sorbo as Professor Jeffery Radisson David A.R. White as Reverend Dave Trisha LaFache as Amy Ryan Hadeel Sittu as Ayisha Marco Khan as Misrab Cory Oliver as Mina Dean Cain as Mark Jim Gleason as Ward Wheaton Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude Cassidy Gifford as Kara Paul Kwo as Martin Yip Newsboys as themselves Willie Robertson as himself Korie Robertson as herself Production ( edit ) The film was shot from October to November 2012 , in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , with the concert scene done in Houston , Texas . Russell Wolfe , the CEO of Pure Flix Entertainment , stated that : the inspiration behind the setting of the movie dates back a few years ago . I was in a meeting at Pinnacle Forum and Alan Sears from Alliance Defending Freedom , was speaking . He was speaking about a young girl who was asked to do some things that went against her faith and got in trouble for not doing them . That story put my jaw on the floor and made me think about how many students go to college as a Christian and how few stay a Christian after they finish their four years . It was that story that inspired me to set the movie on a college campus . -- Russell Wolfe The film soundtrack was released on March 3 , 2014 , by Inpop Records . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a surprise success at the box office . In its first weekend of release , the film earned $8.6 million from 780 theaters , causing Entertainment Weekly 's Adam Markovitz to refer to it as `` the biggest surprise of the weekend '' . During that week , it finished third behind Divergent and Muppets Most Wanted in the box office , with $9.2 million . The film began its international roll out in Mexico on April 4 , 2014 , where the movie grossed $89,021 its opening weekend . God 's Not Dead grossed $60.8 million in North America and $3.9 million in other territories for a total of $64.7 million , against a budget of $2 million . At the end of 2014 , God 's Not Dead was ranked 93rd in terms of worldwide gross , and finished with $64.7 million worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film received a rating of 15 % , based on 20 reviews , with an average rating of 2.8 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film received a score of 16 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd Van Der Werff gave the film a `` D -- , '' saying , `` Even by the rather lax standards of the Christian film industry , God 's Not Dead is a disaster . It 's an uninspired amble past a variety of Christian - email - forward bogeymen that feels far too long at just 113 minutes '' . Reviewer Scott Foundas of Variety wrote `` ... even grading on a generous curve , this strident melodrama about the insidious efforts of America 's university system to silence true believers on campus is about as subtle as a stack of Bibles falling on your head ... '' Some sources and blogs have cited the film 's similarities to a popular urban legend . The basic premise of an evangelical student debating an atheist professor and winning in front of the class ( who then applauds ) has been the subject of a popular Chick tract . Evangelical and roman Catholic response ( edit ) The Alliance Defending Freedom , American Heritage Girls , Faith Driven Consumer , Denison Forum on Truth and Culture , Trevecca Nazarene University , The Dove Foundation and Ratio Christi have all endorsed the film . On the other hand , the young Earth creationist apologetics ministry , Answers in Genesis , would not endorse the film because of the promotion of several elements which they deemed to be `` unbiblical '' . Dave Hartline of The American Catholic gave God 's Not Dead a positive review and hoped that other films like it will follow . Nick Olszyk of Catholic World Report gave it his highest rating of five reels , calling the film `` a tremendously entertaining film that leads to God , not in addition to its quality but through its quality . '' Vincent Funaro of The Christian Post praised the film for being `` a hit for believers and may even appeal to skeptics searching for answers . '' Evangelical Michael Gerson , however , was highly critical of the film and its message , writing `` The main problem with God 's Not Dead is not its cosmology or ethics but its anthropology . It assumes that human beings are made out of cardboard . Academics are arrogant and cruel . Liberal bloggers are preening and snarky . Unbelievers disbelieve because of personal demons . It is characterization by caricature . '' John Mulderig echoed similar concerns in his review for the Catholic News Service , stating : `` There might be the kernel of an intriguing documentary buried within director Harold Cronk 's stacked - deck drama , given the extent of real - life academic hostility toward religion . But even faith - filled moviegoers will sense the claustrophobia of the echo chamber within which this largely unrealistic picture unfolds . '' Writing for Christian Reviews , Roger Patterson of Answers in Genesis gave the film 3 1 / 2 out of 5 stars and noted that `` clichés die hard '' , but concluded that `` an astute and mature Christian can use the film as a teaching opportunity '' . Sequels ( edit ) Pure Flix Entertainment produced a sequel , God 's Not Dead 2 , with a release date of April 1 , 2016 , several days after Easter . A third God 's Not Dead film , God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness , has been announced . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' God 's Not Dead 's Kevin Sorbo Takes Hollywood & Media To Task As He Backs Crowdfunding Campaign For Telefilm On Convicted Abortion Doctor Kermit Gosnell '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Stephen ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` God 's Not Dead : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GOD 'S NOT DEAD - Synopsis '' . godsnotdeadthemovie.com . Milk Money Promotions . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schoen , Taylor ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Christian movie filming on campus '' . The Daily Reveille . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With Pure Flix Entertainment for God 's Not Dead Movie '' . Alliance Defending Freedom . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead ( The Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Box office report : ' Divergent ' heads straight for $56 million win Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad . `` Weekend Box Office : Breaking Down ' Divergent ' at # 1 , ' Muppets 2 ' is Weak & ' God 's Not Dead ' Surprises '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes , `` God 's Not Dead '' . Accessed April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Der Werff , Todd ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` God 's Not Dead is a mess even by Christian film standards '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' God 's Not Dead ' Review : A Ham - Fisted Christian Melodrama '' . Variety . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Noah ' Washes Away Competition At The Box Office '' . ETonline.com . Jump up ^ Noble , Alan ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' God 's Not Dead , '' But this Trope Is `` . Patheos . Jump up ^ Mehta , Hemant ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` If an anti-atheist story on Snopes were made into a film , it 'd be this one '' . Patheos . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead -- Endorsements '' . Pure Flix Entertainment . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Roger ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` God 's Not Dead Movie Review '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` God 's not dead ; There 's something happening here '' . American Catholic . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Slowly but surely with movies like God 's Not Dead , others will follow , and the old secular guard will not like it and force us to endure some trials and tribulations . Jump up ^ Olszyk , Nick . `` Crash Meets Mere Christianity '' . Catholic World Report . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funaro , Vincent . `` ' God 's Not Dead ' Review : Encouragement for Believers Facing Secular Hostility '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerson , Michael ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Gerson : ' Noah , ' ' God 's Not Dead ' are movies lacking grace -- The Washington Post '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulderig , John . `` God 's Not Dead '' . Catholic News Service . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Roger . `` God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) '' . Christian Reviews . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' God 's Not Dead 2 ' Getting Ready to Rock Atheists ' World '' . Charisma News . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Endriga , Jomar ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` God 's Not Dead 2 Teaser Trailer Released in Time for Woodlawn Movie ; NFL Star Tim Tebow Comments on Woodlawn Sneak Peek '' . The Gospel Herald . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead 2 : Coming April 1 , 2016 '' . God 's Not Dead Blog . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morefield , Kenneth R. ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Pureflix Sets Release Date for God 's Not Dead 2 : He is Surely Alive '' . 1More Film Blog . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Judge , Mark ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Confirmed : There Will be a ' God 's Not Dead 3 ' '' . CNSNews.com . Retrieved November 2016 Jump up ^ God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) at Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website God 's Not Dead on IMDb God 's Not Dead films God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) Newsboys Jody Davis Jeff Frankenstein Duncan Phillips Michael Tait Vernon Bishop Paul Colman Peter Furler Jonathan Geange John James Phil Joel Kevin Mills Bryan Olesen George Perdikis Corey Pryor Sean Taylor Phil Yates Studio albums Hell Is for Wimps Boys Will Be Boyz Not Ashamed Going Public Take Me to Your Leader Step Up to the Microphone Love Liberty Disco Thrive Adoration : The Worship Album Devotion GO In the Hands of God Born Again God 's Not Dead Restart Hallelujah for the Cross Love Riot Remix albums Newsboys Remixed GO Remixed Live albums Newsboys Live : Houston We Are GO Live in Concert : God 's Not Dead EPs Born Again EP Compilations Shine : The Hits He Reigns : The Worship Collection The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection Singles `` You Are My King ( Amazing Love ) '' `` God 's Not Dead ( Like a Lion ) '' Videos Boys Will Be Boyz ( video ) Not Ashamed : The Video Down Under the Big Top Shine : The Hits Live - One Night in Pennsylvania Thrive : From the Rock ' n ' Roll Hall of Fame Newsboys Live : Houston We Are GO Related articles Discography List of Newsboys songs Steve Taylor God 's Not Dead ( film ) God 's Not Dead 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead_(film)&oldid=834120924 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s drama films American drama films American films American independent films Films about Christianity Films about Evangelicalism Films about religion Films directed by Harold Cronk Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in Texas Pure Flix Entertainment films Alliance Defending Freedom Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does gods not dead three come out	[ "The film is followed by the 2016 film God's Not Dead 2 and the 2018 film God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness." ]	[ "2018" ]
-1706138716353263939	Black Panther (film)	Black Panther ( film ) - wikipedia Black Panther ( film ) 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Black Panther Theatrical release poster Directed by Ryan Coogler Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole Based on Black Panther by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Chadwick Boseman Michael B. Jordan Lupita Nyong'o Danai Gurira Martin Freeman Daniel Kaluuya Letitia Wright Winston Duke Angela Bassett Forest Whitaker Andy Serkis Music by Ludwig Göransson Cinematography Rachel Morrison Edited by Michael P. Shawver Debbie Berman Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 -- 210 million Box office $1.347 billion Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler , who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther , alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Letitia Wright , Winston Duke , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa is crowned king of Wakanda following his father 's death , but his sovereignty is challenged by an adversary who plans to abandon the country 's isolationist policies and begin a global revolution . Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992 , but the project did not come to fruition . In September 2005 , Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011 . Black Panther was announced in October 2014 , and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . By 2016 , Cole and Coogler had joined ; additional cast joined in May , making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast . Principal photography took place from January to April 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX and other premium large formats . The film received praise from critics for its direction , screenplay , acting , production and costume design , and soundtrack , though the computer - generated effects received some criticism . Critics considered it one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance . It grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , breaking numerous box office records including the highest - grossing film by a black director . For 2018 it is the highest - grossing film in the U.S. and Canada and the second - highest - grossing film worldwide , and received numerous awards and nominations . A sequel is in development . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.2. 1 Writing 3.2. 2 Design 3.2. 2.1 Sets 3.2. 2.2 Costumes 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Editing 3.4. 2 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.1. 1 Pre-sale tickets 7.1. 2 United States and Canada 7.1. 3 Other territories 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Analysis 7.3. 1 Cultural importance 7.3. 2 African and African - American representation 7.4 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot Five African tribes war over a meteorite containing vibranium . One warrior ingests a `` heart - shaped herb '' affected by the metal and gains superhuman abilities , becoming the first `` Black Panther '' . He unites all but the Jabari Tribe to form the nation of Wakanda . Over centuries , the Wakandans use the vibranium to develop advanced technology and isolate themselves from the world by posing as a Third World country . In 1992 , Wakanda 's King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu , who is working undercover in Oakland , California . T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black - market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda . N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri , another undercover Wakandan , and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions . In the present day , following T'Chaka's death , his son T'Challa returns to Wakanda to assume the throne . He and Okoye , the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment , extract T'Challa's ex-lover Nakia from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri . At the ceremony , the Jabari Tribe 's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat . T'Challa defeats M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die . When Klaue and his accomplice Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum , T'Challa's friend and Okoye 's lover W'Kabi urges him to bring Klaue back alive . T'Challa , Okoye , and Nakia travel to Busan , South Korea , where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross . A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa , who reluctantly releases him to Ross ' custody . Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda 's international image is a front for a technologically advanced civilization . Erik attacks and extracts Klaue as Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia . Rather than pursue Klaue , T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda , where their technology can save him . While Shuri heals Ross , T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu . Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda 's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors . As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu , the latter attacked Zuri and forced T'Chaka to kill him . T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son in order to maintain the lie . This boy grew up to be Stevens , a U.S. black ops soldier who adopted the name `` Killmonger '' . Meanwhile , Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda . He is brought before the tribal elders , revealing his identity and claim to the throne . Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat , where he kills Zuri , defeats T'Challa , and hurls him over a waterfall to his presumed death . Killmonger ingests the heart - shaped herb and orders the rest incinerated , but Nakia extracts one first . Killmonger , supported by W'Kabi and his army , prepares to distribute shipments of Wakandan weapons to operatives around the world . Nakia , Shuri , Ramonda , and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid . They find a comatose T'Challa , rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life . Healed by Nakia 's herb , T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger , who dons his own Black Panther suit . W'Kabi and his army fight Shuri , Nakia , and the Dora Milaje , while Ross remotely pilots a jet and shoots down planes carrying the vibranium weapons . M'Baku and the Jabari arrive to reinforce T'Challa . Confronted by Okoye , W'Kabi and his army stand down . Fighting in Wakanda 's vibranium mine , T'Challa disrupts Killmonger 's suit and stabs him . Killmonger refuses to be healed , choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated . T'Challa establishes an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died , to be run by Nakia and Shuri . In a mid-credits scene , T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda 's true nature to the world . In a post-credits scene , Shuri helps Bucky Barnes with his recuperation . Cast ( L : R ) Producer Kevin Feige , director Ryan Coogler , and actors Lupita Nyong'o , Michael B. Jordan , Danai Gurira , and Chadwick Boseman promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the heart - shaped herb . He ascends to the throne following the death of his father T'Chaka in Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . Boseman called T'Challa an anti-hero who is `` very much aware '' of his responsibility as the leader of Wakanda . Black Panther 's suit , which forms around his body , was inspired by a similar design in Ta - Nehisi Coates ' Black Panther comic book run . Boseman worked with the same dialect coach he had during Message from the King ( 2016 ) , and worked with Marrese Crump to stay in shape between Civil War and Black Panther . To prepare for the role , Boseman visited South Africa twice ; examined Shaka Zulu , Patrice Lumumba , speeches from Nelson Mandela , and Fela Kuti songs ; talked to a Yoruba Babalawo ; trained in Dambe , Capoeira Angola , and Zulu stick fighting ; and took a DNA test to better understand his African ancestry . He signed a five - film contract with Marvel . Ashton Tyler plays a young T'Challa . Michael B. Jordan as N'Jadaka / Erik `` Killmonger '' Stevens : A U.S. black - ops soldier who seeks to overthrow his cousin T'Challa , with his own opinion on how Wakanda should be ruled . Jordan had wanted to play a villain for `` a while '' , and likened Killmonger and T'Challa's relationship to the X-Men characters Magneto and Professor X . He added that Killmonger is strategic , thoughtful , patient , and `` trained to a T '' . Killmonger 's bumpy , ritualistic tribal markings on his chest and torso resemble the scar tattoos of the Mursi and Surma tribes , and consisted of 90 individually sculpted silicone molds that took two - and - a-half hours to apply . Jordan would have to sit in a sauna for two hours at the end of the day to remove the prosthetics . Killmonger 's dreadlocks hairstyle was a modern take on the character 's long hair in the comics . To prepare for the role , Jordan examined Malcolm X , Marcus Garvey , Huey P. Newton , Fred Hampton , and Tupac Shakur . He also cited Heath Ledger 's portrayal of the Joker in The Dark Knight as an influence . Corey Calliet served as Jordan 's trainer on the film , after also doing so on Creed . Seth Carr plays a young Stevens . Lupita Nyong'o as Nakia : T'Challa's former lover and a War Dog , an undercover spy for Wakanda , from the River Tribe . Nyong'o called Nakia a `` departure '' from her comic counterpart . She begins the film fighting for enslaved women in Nigeria . Nyong'o learned to speak Hausa for the film , and also trained in judo , jujitsu , silat , and Filipino martial arts . Danai Gurira as Okoye : An `` extremely proud '' Wakandan and traditionalist from the Border Tribe , who is the head of the Dora Milaje , Wakanda 's all - female special forces and T'Challa's bodyguards . Director Ryan Coogler cast Gurira based on her performance in Mother of George ( 2013 ) , rather than her popular role of Michonne in the television series The Walking Dead , which Coogler had not seen . Gurira said that the fighting skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye , but noted that the Dora Milaje are a secret service , which covers intel as well as fighting . She explained that though the character is stoic , `` she also has an unexpected sense of humor . She has a heart , but for her country and for her people . '' Gurira 's head was re-shaved every day to have her head tattoos applied , which took two - and - a-half to three - and - a-half hours . Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross : A member of the Central Intelligence Agency , who Freeman described as having an `` uneasy peace '' with T'Challa . He added that the character goes on an `` enlightening journey to Wakanda '' in the film . Freeman and the filmmakers sought to depict Ross as a capable agent rather than just comic relief as he is in the comics . Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi : A confidant to T'Challa and his best friend , who is the head of security for the Border Tribe , serving as the first line of defense for Wakanda . Letitia Wright as Shuri : T'Challa's 16 - year - old sister who designs new technology for the country . Wright described Shuri as innovative of spirit and mind , wanting to take Wakanda to `` a new place '' , and felt she was a good role model for young black girls . Executive producer Nate Moore called Shuri the smartest person in the world , even more so than Tony Stark . Winston Duke as M'Baku : A powerful , ruthless warrior who is the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe , the Jabari , who are in protest to T'Challa being the new king . Duke described the Jabari as people who `` strongly believe that to move forward , you have to have a strong adherence and respect for the past . So they have a deep moral conscience . '' Character elements from Christopher Priest 's 1998 -- 2003 Black Panther series were adapted for M'Baku's portrayal in the film . M'Baku is not referred to in the film by his comics alter ego `` Man - Ape '' , since Marvel felt there were `` a lot of racial implications that do n't sit well '' in having a black character dress up as an ape . This aspect of the character was instead reworked to have the Jabari tribe worship the gorilla gods , with M'Baku still wearing elements of fur on his arms and legs and a chest - plate that hints at the gorilla . Moore continued , `` Man - Ape is a problematic character for a lot of reasons , but the idea behind Man - Ape we thought was really fascinating ... It 's a line I think we 're walking , and hopefully walking successfully . '' To further differentiate the Jabari , Duke spoke a version of the Nigerian Igbo language rather than the Xhosa language spoken by other Wakandans . Angela Bassett as Ramonda : T'Challa and Shuri 's mother , the Queen Mother of Wakanda . Ramonda serves as an adviser to T'Challa for when he would otherwise have turned to his father . Bassett wore a silver , waist - length wig for the role that was made from 120 pieces of hair hand - rolled into dreadlocks . Calliet also served as Bassett 's trainer before and during filming , creating high - intensity interval training circuits and helping to craft her diet . Forest Whitaker as Zuri : An elder statesman in Wakanda and the keeper of the heart - shaped herb . Coogler called Zuri a religious and spiritual figure , referencing the spirituality of Wakanda from the comics , and compared him to Obi - Wan Kenobi from the Star Wars series . Zuri is also a `` major tie back '' to T'Chaka for T'Challa . Denzel Whitaker , who is not related to Forest , plays a young Zuri . Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue : A South African black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster , who is allied with Killmonger . He uses a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as a sonic disruptor arm - cannon , replacing his left arm , which he lost in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) . Boseman described Klaue as a threat to Wakanda , one of the few outsiders to enter the country , and someone with access to vibranium . He compared the character to Osama bin Laden . Serkis added that in addition to his desire for vibranium , Klaue is motivated by a `` personal '' vendetta against T'Challa , and `` to expose what he thinks is the hypocrisy of Wakanda '' . Additionally , John Kani and Florence Kasumba reprise their respective roles of T'Chaka and Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Kani 's son Atandwa portrays a young T'Chaka , and Sterling K. Brown plays his brother N'Jobu , who is Killmonger 's father . Wakandan elders in the film include Isaach de Bankolé for the River Tribe , Connie Chiume for the Mining Tribe , Dorothy Steel for the Merchant Tribe , and Danny Sapani for the Border Tribe . Sydelle Noel appears as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . Marija Abney , Janeshia Adams - Ginyard , Maria Hippolyte , Marie Mouroum , Jénel Stevens , Zola Williams , Christine Hollingsworth , and Shaunette Renée Wilson also play Doras . Nabiyah Be initially announced that she was playing criminal Tilda Johnson , but her character was simply named Linda in the final film due to Gabrielle Dennis being cast as Johnson in the second season of Luke Cage . Comedian Trevor Noah voices Griot , a Wakandan ship A.I. , Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo as a patron in the South Korean casino , and Sebastian Stan makes an uncredited appearance in the post-credits scene reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Production Development In June 1992 , Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther , and began work on it by that August . Snipes felt that Africa had been portrayed poorly in Hollywood films previously , and that this film could highlight the majesty of the continent due to the character being noble and `` the antithesis of ( African ) stereotypes '' . The next July , Snipes planned to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man ( 1993 ) , and a month later he expressed interest in making sequels to the film as well . In January 1994 , Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray Black Panther , and Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee joined the film by March ; it entered early development by May . Snipes had discussions with several different screenwriters and directors about the project , including Mario Van Peebles and John Singleton . When the film had not progressed by January 1996 , Lee explained that he had not been pleased with the scripts for the project . Snipes said that there was confusion among those unfamiliar with the comics , who thought that the film was about the Black Panther Party . We 've yet to have a major black comic book hero on the screen . Especially the Black Panther , which is such a rich , interesting life . It 's a dream come true to originate something ( like ) that . -- Actor Wesley Snipes , who worked on early iterations of Black Panther In July 1997 , Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics ' film slate , and in March 1998 , Marvel reportedly hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti , who at the time were editors of the Black Panther comics , to work on it ; Quesada and Palmiotti have both denied this . That August , corporate problems at Marvel put the project on hold . A year later , Snipes was set to produce , and possibly star , in the film , while Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel in May 2000 to co-produce , finance , and distribute the film . In March 2002 , Snipes planned to make the film or Blade 3 ( 2004 ) over the next year . In July 2004 , Blade 3 director David S. Goyer felt Snipes starring as Black Panther in addition to Marvel 's Blade `` might be overkill '' . In September 2005 , Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of ten films being developed by the new Marvel Studios . In June 2006 , Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon , and Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige reiterated in February 2007 that Black Panther was in development . By that July , John Singleton had been approached to direct the film . In March 2009 , Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser - known properties , including Black Panther ; Nate Moore , the head of the writers program , was overseeing the development of Black Panther specifically . Snipes ' involvement stalled at this time , as he was convicted of failing to file a tax return , serving his sentence from June 2010 to April 2013 . In January 2011 , Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther , to be produced by Feige . By October 2013 , the metal vibranium , which comes from Black Panther 's home nation Wakanda , was introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ; Marvel had considered showing Wakanda itself as early as Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , but were waiting until they had `` a full idea '' of how to depict it . In October 2014 , Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3 , 2017 , with Chadwick Boseman cast as T'Challa / Black Panther . Boseman did not audition for the role , instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel , and earned $2 million for appearing in the film . The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America : Civil War . Snipes gave his support for the project , despite no longer being involved . Feige said that Marvel was considering minority writers and directors for the film , but would prioritize `` the best filmmakers , the best writers , the best directors possible . So I 'm not going to say for sure that we 're going to hire from any one demographic '' . He added that they had met with former Black Panther comics writer Reginald Hudlin . In January 2015 , Boseman said that the film was going through a `` brainstorming phase '' , and the next month Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6 , 2018 . Further casting was underway , and Feige was set to meet with directors after the release of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the end of April . By May 2015 , Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) . In June , Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors , and said that he expected a decision to be made by mid - to late 2015 . By early July , DuVernay had passed on directing the film , explaining that she had been drawn to the cultural importance of depicting a black hero to the whole world , but disagreed with Marvel on the story and did not want to compromise her vision . By October 2015 , F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered as directors for the film , though negotiations with Coogler had cooled , and Gray had chosen to direct The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) instead . Joe Robert Cole , a member of the Marvel writers program , was in talks to write the screenplay , and Marvel changed the release date once again , moving it to February 16 , 2018 . By December , discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed ( 2015 ) . Pre-production Coogler was confirmed as director in January 2016 , and said that the film was his `` most personal movie to date '' in part because he grew up reading comics , adding , `` I feel really fortunate to be able to work on something I 'm this passionate about again . '' After being `` wooed '' by Feige for months , Coogler agreed to direct the film if he could bring collaborators from his previous films to differentiate the film from other MCU films that are often `` shot , composed , and edited by the same in - house people '' . This included Fruitvale Station ( 2013 ) cinematographer Rachel Morrison , as well as production designer Hannah Beachler and composer Ludwig Göransson , who both worked with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Coogler felt Black Panther would be unique while still fitting within the MCU 's overall narrative . What 's so great about Panther is he 's a superhero who ... sees himself as a politician , as a leader in his country . It just so happens that the country is a warrior - based nation where the leaders have to be warriors , as well , so sometimes he has to go fight . -- Ryan Coogler , director of Black Panther In April 2016 , Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole , and that filming would begin at the beginning of 2017 . He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a `` primarily African - American cast '' : Lupita Nyong'o soon entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest , and Michael B. Jordan joined in an undisclosed role , after previously working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Nate Moore , serving as a producer on the film by the end of May , stated that filming would occur in Atlanta , Georgia , with Marvel `` definitely investigating shooting in Africa '' as well . At San Diego Comic - Con 2016 , Nyong'o was confirmed for the film , in the role of Nakia , while Jordan 's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger . Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye . Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017 . Additional casting occurred from September 2016 until the start of filming , with Winston Duke cast as M'Baku , a role that Yahya Abdul - Mateen II had also tested for ; Forest Whitaker as Zuri ; Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi ; Angela Bassett as T'Challa's mother , Ramonda ; Sterling K. Brown as N'Jobu ; and Letitia Wright in an unspecified role . Florence Kasumba was revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Amandla Stenberg , who is bi-racial and light skinned , was considered for a role in the film but was not comfortable taking the place of a dark - skinned actor , and described her decision to pass on the role as `` really challenging '' . By January 2017 , Marvel received permission from the Oakland , California - based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film for the opening flashback sequence . The setting was chosen due to Coogler growing up in that area . Writing Coogler promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International The production team was inspired by Ta - Nehisi Coates ' run on Black Panther , who was writing the comic at the same time as they were working on the film . Of particular inspiration was Coates ' poetic dialogue , Brian Stelfreeze 's art , and `` some of the questions that it 's asking '' . The film was also inspired by the comic runs of Jack Kirby , Christopher Priest ( which Coogler felt most influenced the film ) , Jonathan Hickman , and Hudlin . Characters for the film were picked from throughout the comics based on what worked for the film 's story . The ceremonial betrothal aspect of the Dora Milaje was not adapted from the comics for the film . Coogler had hoped to include Spider - Man villain Kraven the Hunter early in the process because of a scene in Priest 's run that had T'Challa fighting Kraven , but the rights to the character were not available . Donald Glover and his brother Stephen made some minor contributions to an early draft of the script , developing the relationship between T'Challa and his younger sister Shuri . Moore noted that an early script had more scenes outside of Wakanda to explore `` what it means to be African and African - American in the world a bit more '' , and hoped these could be revisited in a later film , particularly a `` super cool '' sequence that was storyboarded before being cut . Feige described Black Panther as `` a big geopolitical action adventure '' that focuses on family and T'Challa learning to be king , with Civil War laying the groundwork for T'Challa's morality and establishing the geopolitical landscape that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda . Moore compared the politics and humor of the film to Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , saying that the former would be inherent but not `` preachy '' , and that the latter would avoid the tones of Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . He also said the film would be a cross between The Godfather ( 1972 ) and the James Bond films as a `` big , operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage '' . Coogler was influenced by 1970s films such as the works of Francis Ford Coppola in that decade , as well as crime fiction . He also watched the film A Prophet ( 2009 ) for inspiration . Feige called the film 's story `` rich in culturally relevant ideas '' , with Boseman indicating there were parallels to `` pull from '' in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama , though Feige added that `` these are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics . '' Moore said the film does not depend on the plots of any other MCU films , but it does affect the wider MCU moving forward , with Feige stating the film was `` a very important '' link to Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its sequel ( 2019 ) . Civil War did introduce the Wakandan language , based on the Xhosa language , which Boseman was taught by John Kani who portrays T'Challa's father King T'Chaka . Design Cole called the film an historic opportunity to depict a black superhero `` at a time when African - Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization '' . It was important to root film in the actual cultures of Africa , with the filmmakers consulting with experts on the region of Africa that Wakanda is supposed to be located in , rooting the film `` in reality first and then build ( ing ) out from there '' . Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real - life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo . He wanted Wakanda to feel like a full country with multiple distinct tribes , and created a project bible that detailed each Wakandan tribe to guide the design process . Special care was taken to create a futuristic look that was not alien , as some of Jack Kirby 's original comic designs appeared . Sets Beachler wanted to honor the comic designs , but fill in the gaps with research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa , pulling inspiration from Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , Congo - Kinshasa , and Ethiopia , as well as the designs of Zaha Hadid . Moore described this approach as a love letter to Africa . Beachler looked at the architecture of existing tribes , and then tried to advance the technology naturally rather than if Wakanda had been colonized . Circular motifs , signifying the transmission of energy , were an important theme throughout the film . Older locations depicted in the film , such as Warrior Falls , the City of the Dead , and the Hall of Kings , were juxtaposed with the more modern Afro - punk style of the Golden City , the capital . Rondavels were incorporated into the tops of Wakanda 's skyscrapers , inspired by the look of mountains at Blyde River Canyon in South Africa . Beachler created different sigils and architecture for each of the Wakandan tribes , with the Border Tribe inspired by Lesotho , the Merchant Tribe having a sigil based on Nigerian writing , and the Golden Tribe using a sun symbol found throughout Africa . Gorilla City , home to the Jabari Tribe , was originally set in a rain forest , but Coogler suggested that it be found up a mountain in snow . Beachler based the written form of the Wakandan language on an old Nigerian language . She consulted with mining and metallurgy experts for the vibranium technology , including for the vibranium mine where the substance is depicted as glowing blue rocks before it is refined into the stainless steel look previously seen in the MCU . The film also adapts the kimoyo bead technology from the comics , and features sand - based technology . Beachler wanted futuristic elements of the film to be consistent with projections of what real world technology may be like in 25 or 30 years , such as the maglev and hovercraft technology used in vehicles . The Wakandan vehicles include a maglev train for carrying vibranium ; the king 's Royal Talon Fighter , which looks like a mask from the top and bottom ; and the Dragon Flyer , inspired by the Congo peafowl . The majority of Beachler 's sets were constructed on sound stages in Atlanta , including the Tribal Council , Shuri 's design space , and the Hall of Kings . The Tribal Council set was built with a glass floor through which an old ruin can be seen . The exterior set for Warrior Falls was built on a backlot north of Atlanta , and was inspired by the Oribi Gorge . The set was 36 feet ( 11 m ) , made up of a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high pool , and then 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high cliff faces that were designed to be extended to 100 feet ( 30 m ) with visual effects . A framework for the cliffs was hand - sculpted from industrial styrofoam , with a system of tunnels built - in to the design to allow extras to climb up to different areas of the cliffs . The framework was then covered with 25,000 cubic feet ( 710 m ) of foam that was sculptured to match rocks found at Oribi Gorge . Six large pumps were used to fill the pool at the base of the set , and create a waterfall over the ledge at the bottom . The base of the pool was made from padding so stunts could safely be carried out on the set , but designed to look like rocks and to have enough grip that the actors would not fall over in the water . The set took four months to complete , and was used for two weeks of filming . Costumes The Maasai people of Kenya ( top ) inspired about 80 % of the design of the Dora Milaje , Wakanda 's all - female special forces ( bottom ) . Costume designer Ruth E. Carter referenced the Maasai , Himba , Dogon , Basotho , Tuareg , Turkana , Xhosa , Zulu , Suri and Dinka people in her designs . She also examined appropriate works by Japanese fashion designer Issey Miyake , French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent , and American fashion designer Donna Karan . Winnie Mandela provided inspiration to Carter for Angela Bassett 's costumes . The Dora Milaje costumes primarily used red to reflect different African cultures , and included beaded tabards that feature talismans that would be passed down from mother to daughter . Carter wanted to avoid the `` girls in the bathing suits '' look , and instead have the Dora Milaje wear full armor that they would practically need for battle . She also had to take actors ' stunt work into consideration . Anthony Francisco , the Senior Visual Development Illustrator , noted the Dora Milaje costumes were based 80 percent on the Maasai , five percent on samurai , five percent on ninjas , and five percent on the Ifugao people from the Philippines . The arm band and neck rings were a reference to the Southern Ndebele people and denote stature . As such , General Okoye has gold bands and rings while the other Dora Milaje wear silver . The costumes for T'Challa combined his role as king and as the head of the military , including combining a kente cloth cloak with military boots . Carter also used distinct colors and patterns for each of Wakanda 's tribes , such as green with shells for the River Tribe based on the Suri ; blue with wood for the Border Tribe ; black with royal purple for the Black Panther and the Royal Palace ; plums and purples for the Merchant Tribe in reference to the Tuareg ; and ochre for the Mining Tribe inspired by the Himba . Three out of every five people in Wakanda go barefoot . The Wakandans wear `` normal '' clothes outside of the country , with the colors of their costumes kept consistent . Overall , Carter created 700 costumes for the film , working with `` an army '' of illustrators , designers , mold makers , fabric dyers , jewelry makers and more . Hair department head Camille Friend referenced traditional African art , fabrics , hair , and textures , and the current - day natural hair movement in her designs . Friend strived to keep the actors ' hair natural , using `` braids , locs and twists '' , and when necessary , extensions and wigs . As with Carter , Friend designed each tribe to have their own identifiable aesthetic , such as the Jabari Tribe having hair styled with `` very straight , clean lines '' and war - paint detail , inspired by Senegalese warriors . Filming Principal photography had begun by January 21 , 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , under the working title Motherland . Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta , which doubled as Oakland ; the High Museum of Art , which served as the fictional Museum of Great Britain in London ; and Atlanta City Hall , which served as a United Nations building . Cinematographer Rachel Morrison , who was eager to work on Black Panther after working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station , first watched all of the other MCU films to understand the established `` language '' . She wanted to `` push '' that language and feature more contrast in color . Visual effects supervisor Geoff Baumann provided Morrison with before - and - after shots of scenes from Civil War so she could understand what elements are captured on set and what is created digitally . She filmed in 3.4 K ArriRaw with Arri Alexa XT Plus cameras and Panavision Primo lenses , primarily using a two - camera set - up with a third or fourth camera on occasion . Morrison said that lighting was her biggest challenge , the magnitude of which `` was much bigger than I 'd experienced before '' , and made extensive use of Arri SkyPanel LED light fixtures , which she could preprogram from an iPad . Some sets were completely surrounded by SkyPanels . Shortly after filming started , Kani 's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father , the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka , while on - set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross . Marvel announced that production was underway on January 26 , and confirmed the casting of Freeman , Wright , and John Kani , while revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from Avengers : Age of Ultron . Atandwa portrays a younger version of his father 's character , and also served as a cultural consultant during filming . Dialect coach Beth McGuire worked to ensure there was continuity between the various actors who had to use `` Wakandan accents '' . Jordan joined the production later than the rest of the core cast . He felt that this aided his performance , since his character is separate from and in conflict with the other characters . Because of this , Jordan kept to himself while he was on set . Since Black Panther and Avengers : Infinity War were filming simultaneously in Atlanta , both production teams worked together closely to ensure a unified presentation of Wakanda in the films , as the country also plays a large role in Infinity War . Additional filming took place in South Korea , with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene that involved 150 cars and over 700 people . Coogler and Morrison referenced the car chase sequences from Bullitt ( 1968 ) , Drive ( 2011 ) , and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , taking the best elements from each for Black Panther 's sequence . Filming in Busan began on March 17 , at the Jagalchi Fish Market . Filming moved to Gwangalli Beach on March 21 , with other South Korean filming locations including Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge . The production crew hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming . Filming in the country wrapped on March 27 , with additional location shooting also taking place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda . John Marzano served as cinematographer for aerial footage of South Africa , Zambia , Uganda , and South Korea . At CinemaCon 2017 , Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film . Filming concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Post-production Editing Black Panther was edited by Michael Shawver and Debbie Berman , with Shawver spending time on set during filming as well as at an editing suite near the Atlanta production base . Berman joined the film after an initial director 's cut had been produced , two weeks after she completed work on Marvel 's Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , because Coogler likes to have both a male and female editing his films . She believed that she was chosen by Marvel because she is South African , and had been expressing interest in Black Panther throughout the editing process for Homecoming after first seeing the character in Civil War . Shawver said that a lot of their time editing was spent discussing how their work was affecting the audience . For instance , Shawver felt that initial versions of the first Warrior Falls fight fell `` flat '' and used techniques he learned working with Coogler on Creed to have the editing move back - and - forth to mimic the back - and - forth of the fighters . He also felt that adding more reaction shots to the crowd during the fight gave more weight to T'Challa's victory at the end . During work on the final battle , Berman pointed out to Coogler that the female Dora Milajae are rescued by the all - male Jabari tribe , which she felt undermined the focus on female characters leading up to that moment . Coogler agreed , and subsequently added female Jabar fighters to the scene through additional photography , including the first onscreen Jabari fighter in the scene . Berman felt that this was an important change that would not have been made if only men were editing the film . As first hinted by Coogler in January 2018 , the film includes two post-credit scenes : one showing T'Challa address the United Nations ; and one featuring Sebastian Stan reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . The first scene was originally intended to be part of the actual ending of the film , but was moved to during the credits so the film could conclude in Oakland , where it begins . Coogler felt having this symmetry was important . In the scene , T'Challa says `` The foolish build barriers , while the wise build bridges . '' Some felt this was a reference to the political climate of the presidency of Donald Trump , but Coogler stated that the line was added before Trump 's election and was simply an African proverb that his wife had found . His intention with the scene was to inspire the audience by making T'Challa seem like a real person in a familiar , real - world environment , similar to how Tony Stark was treated in Iron Man ( 2008 ) . Coogler was not mandated by Marvel to feature connections to other films , but was interested in addressing the fact that Barnes was in Wakanda ( per the end of Civil War ) because it would be fun for the audience . He did not feel the character fit in the body of the film , but felt that an end - credits scene was appropriate . Visual effects Previsualization ( top ) and completed visual effects shot of Wakanda by Industrial Light & Magic ( bottom ) Visual effects for the film were created by : Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) with help from Virtuos , Stereo D , and Scanline VFX ; Double Negative ; Luma Pictures ; Mammal Studios ; Method Studios ; Perception ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; Torm Studios ; Trixter ; Cantina Creative ; Lola VFX ; Capital T ; Exceptional Minds ; Technicolor VFX ; Rodeo FX ; Imageloom VFX ; Anibrain ; Method Pune ; Bot VFX ; Pixstone Images ; Futureworks ; Vertigo Visual ; FX3X ; and Yannix Thailand Co . Previsualization was completed by Digital Domain and The Third Floor , while Perception also created the main title sequence for the film . Geoffrey Baumann served as visual effects supervisor . Comparing Black Panther to other MCU films , Baumann noted that the visual effects department often have free rein when creating otherworldly science fiction designs , but had to be more specific with this film due to the need to be authentic to African culture and geography . For the Warrior Falls environment , the amphitheater - like cliff walls had to be populated with digital spectators that could not simply be copy - and - pasted around the set due to the precise costume designs created by Carter for each tribe and character . Instead , the visual effects department had to work with the costumers to individually model each digital extra for the sequence . Additionally , visual effects were also used to adjust the opening sequence after test audiences were confusing the characters of T'Chaka and T'Challa , both dressed as the Black Panther . Artists digitally added some grey to T'Chaka's beard and gold trimmings to his suit to help differentiate the characters . ILM was primarily responsible for creating the digital urban environments of Wakanda . ILM VFX supervisor Craig Hammack compared this work to his time on Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) , but noted the additional challenge of not just building a futuristic city , but also one that was culturally appropriate . He explained that African culture has a `` certain amount of earthy material qualities that make things difficult to design as a futuristic city , '' which would typically use lots of steel and glass . ILM looked to real life examples that blend modern architecture with natural environments like One Central Park in Sydney The Pearl of Africa Hotel in Kampala , but also had to `` depart from a strict understanding of physics and go into a movie cheat world '' at times to produce the desired look . Hammack was also inspired by the architecture of Uganda , where he spent time while aerial footage for the film was being shot . 60,000 individual buildings were designed and modeled for the city , which Hammack said was the first thing ILM began work on and also the last thing they were doing when the film was completed . Other things that ILM worked on during the production included set extensions and blue - screen replacements for interior sets , and the first rhinoceros shown in the film . For T'Challa's ancestral plane scenes , ILM replaced the basic set that was used with a full CG environment including an acacia tree and animated panthers . The sky was based on the Northern Lights , with this first designed for nighttime scenes before being replicated for daytime scenes in which the animators had to work hard to keep the effects visible . ILM also added additional sand for the burial sequences so Boseman could breathe during filming , and additional flames when Killmonger burns the heart - shaped herb . Method Studios created many of the natural environments of Wakanda . The company built a 3,600 square kilometers ( 1,400 sq mi ) landscape that is visible in various aerial shots in the film , which was based on multiple landscapes from across Africa . Method was also responsible for creating Black Panther 's and Killmonger 's digital suits , including developing the look of the nanotechnology they use . They created many of the film 's digital characters , vehicles , and weapons , with some of those digital creatures being rhinoceroses for the final battle , a sequence that Method did the majority of the work for . Because these rhinoceroses did not have to be seen on screen with the one designed by ILM , only basic structures , scale , and details of the character models had to be shared between the two companies . Much of the work for the final fight included crowd simulation , with Method working alongside the stunt coordinators in motion capture sessions to give each fighter a unique style . In addition to randomizing the height and weight of each digital fighter , the models had to incorporate specific design elements from the costumers . Method also worked on the vibranium mine and Shuri 's laboratory , including animating the gadgets seen in the latter . Luma Pictures worked on the Busan car chase sequence , digitally creating the cars featured in the sequence based on CAD models and on - set reference . Multiple digital versions of the same car were created , so the production could have the actual cars crash and do various stunts with them , with Luma then inserting the digital versions to augment these moments . Luma also created the sonic forces from Klaue 's cannon , while Scanline VFX worked on digitally removing Serkis ' left arm for the London museum heist sequence . Several companies worked on the vibranium sand effects used in Wakandan technology , including ILM for the beginning of the film . Perception referenced these sand effects when creating the main - on - end titles for the film , and also did additional work on Shuri 's laboratory and the interface designs for the displays in it . Music Main article : Black Panther ( soundtrack ) After reading the script , composer Ludwig Göransson decided to go to Africa to do research for the film . He spent a month in Senegal , first traveling around with musician Baaba Maal on his tour , and then spending several weeks working with local musicians to form the `` base '' of his score . Göransson was particularly drawn to the talking drum and the tambin , or Fula flute , to use in his character themes , along with horns . Nate Moore compared the work Göransson did in defining the sound of the film to the use of music by James Gunn in the Guardians of the Galaxy films , with the composer pushing Marvel out of their comfort zone . Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith , after Coogler wanted to include original songs from Lamar in the film because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film '' . The soundtrack features songs that are heard in the film as well as others that are inspired by it , with the other artists featured the majority of `` top - billing names '' under Top Dawg Entertainment . Göransson collaborated with Lamar and producer Sounwave on the soundtrack . Three singles from the album were released throughout January and February 2018 : `` All the Stars '' , `` King 's Dead '' , and `` Pray for Me '' . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 , while a soundtrack of Göransson 's score was released on February 16 . An extended play titled Black Panther : Wakanda Remixed , featuring remixes of five cues from Göransson 's score , was released on August 16 , 2018 . Göransson worked with several other artists to create the remixes . Marketing Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film at a press event in April 2017 . Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography , costume and production design , and black cast , saying `` Black Panther does n't look like any of the other Marvel movies ... If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like , deal me in . '' The screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies , which Feige said they did to show off the `` highest - class cast we 've had '' despite editing having not yet begun . A poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer , which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals . Fans on Twitter felt the poster was poorly photoshopped , and it was compared to a real - life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton . The trailer received a much more positive response , with Peter Sciretta of / Film finding it unexpected and refreshing , io9 's Charles Pulliam - Moore calling it `` every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be '' , and Andrew Husband for Uproxx feeling the single teaser outshone the entire Homecoming marketing campaign . It was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours , generating 349,000 mentions ( second only to the amount the Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) teaser received ) and `` dominated the conversation on social media '' over Game 4 . Per comScore and its PreAct service , the film was the subject of the most new social media conversations for the rest of the week , and the second-most for the week ending June 18 , behind Homecoming . ( L : R ) Moderator Chris Hardwick , Feige , Coogler , and the cast of Black Panther at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , with Coogler , Boseman , and other members of the cast presenting exclusive footage of the film at the latter event , to a standing ovation from the audience . In September , Coogler , Gurira , and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 's Annual Legislative Conference , where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response . On October 16 , 2017 , a full trailer was released . Dave Trumbore for Collider praised the trailer for showing an `` unmistakable sense of style '' unique to the character , while BamSmackPow 's Brendan Day felt the trailer `` does everything right . Writing for Rolling Stone , Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as `` someone with the arrogance of ( John ) Shaft , the coolness of ( Barack ) Obama and the hot - headed impulsiveness of Kanye West '' . A few days later , Marvel Comics published a prelude tie - in comic focusing on one of T'Challa's first missions as the Black Panther set around the time of Iron Man . The first College Football Playoff National Championship halftime show was organized by Disney for the 2018 championship game , with Kendrick Lamar performing to promote Black Panther : The Album and the beginning of ticket sales for the film . By February 12 , Black Panther was the most - tweeted about film of 2018 with more than 5 million tweets globally , and in mid-March it became the most - tweeted about film ever with 35 million . When the hastag # BlackPanther is used on Twitter a custom emoji appears . During New York Fashion Week , designers Cushnie et Ochs , Ikiré Jones , Tome , Sophie Theallet , Fear of God , Chromat , and LaQuan Smith created custom pieces that were inspired by the film for an event titled `` Welcome to Wakanda : Fashion for the Black Panther Era '' . Marvel Studios formed a partnership with Lexus on the film , with the 2018 Lexus LC being featured in it . The partnership produced a graphic novel , Black Panther : Soul of a Machine , which was released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza , Geoffrey Thorne , and Chuck Brown ; a concept coupe from Lexus inspired by the character ; and a Super Bowl LII commercial featuring Boseman and Wright , which had 4.3 million views on social media after its Super Bowl airing , according to RelishMix . Other marketing partners included shoe manufacturer Clarks creating a film - inspired variant of their Originals ' Trigenic Evo shoe ; PepsiCo and Unilever launching an arts program for young people in urban areas to be mentored by established artists ; Brisk created an interactive Black Panther installation at the 2018 NBA All - Star Game ; Lancôme highlighted a line of makeup that Nyong'o and Wright used at the film 's premiere ; and Synchrony Financial with Marvel awarded the Ghetto Film School Fellows program with a $50,000 grant , with Coogler speaking to the school 's students . Overall , Black Panther had the most expansive advertising budget and biggest line of merchandise of any Marvel non-sequel . Deadline Hollywood estimated that budget to be $140 million . Asad Ayaz , Executive Vice President of Marketing for Marvel films , said the campaign was about `` super-serving '' black audiences while still trying to appeal to all , in order to make the film `` feel like a cultural event '' . Disney and Marvel created a `` synergy program '' with the College Football Playoffs on ESPN , the ABC television series Black - ish , Grey 's Anatomy , Scandal , and How to Get Away With Murder , the Freeform series Grown - ish , and the Bravo franchise The Real Housewives . Marketing outside the United States was `` fairly uniform '' , though in the Middle East the focus was kept on Black Panther in - costume as superhero films `` just keep working '' there according to Gianluca Chakra of Middle East distributor Front Row . This was the same for Asian territories . A Wakanda exhibit was featured in malls in seven Chinese cities , along with displays showing Black Panther with other MCU characters . A special trailer created for China had Boseman explain the character 's connection to other MCU films . Weibo attended the Los Angeles premiere to take pictures and videos with the cast and crew in real time for China , the first time the company has partnered with a foreign studio for this type of engagement . Release Theatrical Black Panther had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 . The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje , while Coogler , cast members , and other guests wore African clothing at the request of Marvel for attendees to wear `` royal attire '' , honoring the African setting of the film . Ahead of the premiere screening , Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film . Black Panther was released in the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , and Taiwan on February 13 , in South Korea on February 14 , and the United States on February 16 . In the United States , the film opened in 4,020 theaters , with over 3,200 of those in 3D , 404 in IMAX , over 660 in premium large format , and over 200 D - Box locations . In addition , Black Panther was the first MCU film to be converted to ScreenX , a 270 - degree wraparound format , that played in over 101 locations in eight countries . The film opened in most markets in its first weekend of release including a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . Black Panther was originally scheduled for release on November 3 , 2017 , before moving to July 6 , 2018 to accommodate Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) . It was then moved to the final February date to accommodate Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) . Black Panther premiered in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on April 18 , 2018 , marking the first public film screening since movie theaters were banned in the kingdom in the early 1980s after ultraconservative religious standards were introduced in 1979 . The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman . The film premiered in a newly constructed 620 leather seat cinema , owned by AMC Theatres , in Riyadh 's King Abdullah Financial District that was originally intended to be a symphony hall . Disney 's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed , which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region . Awwad Alawwad , Saudi Arabia 's Minister of Culture and Information , and Adam Aron , CEO of AMC Entertainment , were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts ; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance . Men and women sat together at the screening , after the Saudi government relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women . Black Panther screened there for five days before Avengers : Infinity War premiered on April 26 . Home media Black Panther was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 15 . The digital and Blu - ray releases included several bonus features : behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , an exclusive look at Ant - Man and the Wasp , and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU . Reception Box Office Further information : List of Black Panther box office achievements Black Panther grossed $700.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $646.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.347 billion . During its theatrical run , it became the highest - grossing solo superhero film , the third - highest - grossing film of the MCU and superhero film overall , the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time , and the highest grossing film by a black director . It is the fifth MCU film and 33rd overall to surpass $1 billion , and the second - highest - grossing film of 2018 . In March 2018 Deadline Hollywood estimated the net profit of the film would be $461 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Presale tickets The film had the fourth - highest pre-sale tickets sold on Fandango , and became the top pre-seller for a superhero film and for a film released in February as well as the first quarter of a year . The first 24 hours of ticket pre-sales on the site were the largest for a Marvel film . Black Panther also had the highest number of ticket pre-sales for any superhero film at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema , while out - selling all previous Marvel films at AMC Theatres , and having strong pre-sales at Atom Tickets . Four days before its United States opening , IMAX Entertainment CEO Greg Foster revealed that Black Panther had the most advanced IMAX ticket sales of any Marvel film , which did not appear to have peaked 10 days before opening as with most films ; Black Panther , he said , `` feels like it 's going to peak the day it opens '' . Fandango 's pre-sales ultimately accounted for 30 % of the film 's United States and Canada opening weekend gross , one of the largest box office shares for any film in Fandango 's history . United States and Canada Early projections for Black Panther 's opening weekend ranged from $80 -- 170 million , with rival film studios projecting the total to be as high as $180 -- 200 million ; Disney projected the gross to be around $150 million . It ultimately earned $75.8 million on its opening day ( including $25.2 million from Thursday night previews ) , and $242.1 million over the four - day Presidents ' Day weekend . This was the best Presidents ' Day weekend opening , and the best opening weekend for a black director and predominantly black cast . For AMC Theatres , Black Panther became the highest - grossing film ever at 33 locations , and had the biggest opening weekend for 150 of them . Overall , this was the second - largest opening weekend ever for the chain with 4.4 million admissions . Atom Tickets sold more tickets for Black Panther than any other superhero film . Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood described the success as `` summer box office records during the second month of the year '' . The week after its opening weekend was also strong , with a record - setting Tuesday and Thursday earnings , becoming the MCU film with the highest first - week gross . It also surpassed $300 million in eight days , becoming the fastest MCU film to do so . In its second weekend , the film earned $112 million , which was a 45 percent decrease from its opening week , the smallest decline in a second weekend for any MCU film . It was the second - best second weekend ever , and the best second weekend for a Marvel film beating The Avengers ( $103 million ) . Black Panther also became the highest - grossing film released in February , surpassing The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) ( $370.3 million ) . Black Panther was the first film to hold the number one spot at the box office for at least five weekends since Avatar ( 2009 ) , and the first February release to hold the top box office spot for five weekends since Wayne 's World in 1992 . The film declined over subsequent weekends , but remained in the top ten through its tenth . In its eleventh weekend , the film rose back up at the box office , in part because of the release of Avengers : Infinity War the same weekend , and the following weekend it earned $3.14 million from over 1,600 locations . D'Alessandro noted the gross from that number of locations indicated people were continuing to see Black Panther in conjunction with Infinity War . Black Panther was in the top ten again in its thirteenth weekend . In its 25th weekend , Disney increased the film 's theater count from 10 to 25 to help the film become the third ever to surpass $700 million . Brian Gallagher of IGN felt the film surpassing $700 million was more impressive than Infinity War 's $2.045 billion worldwide gross at the time . Gallagher pointed to Black Panther being more consistent each week , never having more than a 50 % weekend decrease until the 15th frame while Infinity War dropped 55 % in its second weekend , its February release date without any major competition from other films , and the fact it was `` a rallying cry for diversity and representation '' . Black Panther is the highest - grossing film of 2018 and became the third - highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing superhero film . Its IMAX total of $36 million is the most for any MCU film . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and earned $184 million , opening at number one in most territories ( though second in some where Fifty Shades Freed performed better , such as Germany and Italy ) . It became the top February opening in many countries , including in the African market and the Middle East , while taking the top spot across Latin America . IMAX accounted for $11.5 million of the opening weekend gross , from 272 screens , which included record opening weekends in the format for Nigeria , Kenya , and Indonesia . In its second weekend , in 55 territories , the film earned $83.5 million and remained number one in most , including across Latin America , while becoming the top film in Germany . The West Africa region saw a 7 % increase , which resulted in the biggest three - day weekend ever there . Trinidad had the biggest opening weekend ever ( $700,000 ) and the IMAX release in Russia ( $1.7 million ) was a February record for that country . In its third weekend , the film remained number one across many of its 56 territories , including the entire Latin America region , while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend , the second overall . In its fourth weekend , Black Panther opened in China ( $66.5 million ) with the fourth - highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the country . This included the biggest opening day and opening weekend ( $7.3 million ) of March for IMAX in China . The film also remained at number one in the United Kingdom and the Latin America region ( except Argentina ) for the fourth straight weekend , as well as number one in South Africa , Australia and New Zealand . Black Panther was the top film in South Africa for seven weeks , where it became the highest - grossing film ever . It also became the highest - grossing film of all time in West and East Africa , and the southern Africa region , and the highest - grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands . As of April 8 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $104.6 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $67.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $42.8 million ) . It became the fifth - highest - grossing MCU film of all time in other territories . Critical response The performances of Chadwick Boseman , Michael B. Jordan , and Letitia Wright ( L to R ) were widely praised by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 97 % based on 419 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Panther elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU 's most absorbing stories -- and introducing some of its most fully realized characters . '' As of February 18 , 2018 , it is the best - reviewed live - action superhero film on the site , beating The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and Iron Man ( both 94 % ) . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 88 out of 100 , based on 55 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , the second superhero film to receive that grade after Marvel 's The Avengers . Filmgoers polled by comScore 's PostTrak service gave the film a 92 % positive score and an 88 % `` definite recommend '' , with a third of people planning to see the film again . RelishMix reported that the use of Twitter hashtags for # BlackPanther and tagging of the film 's Twitter account from those leaving the theater was the highest for a film 's opening weekend , with 559,000 unique posts in one day ( 100,000 posts for a film is average ) . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter highlighted the actors in the film , feeling that Boseman `` certainly holds his own , but there are quite a few charismatic supporting players '' including Jordan , Nyong'o , and Wright . Peter Debruge at Variety said the film was one of the best standalone Marvel films so far , and that it `` celebrates its hero 's heritage '' . Writing for The New York Times , Manohla Dargis called Black Panther `` a jolt of a movie '' , and praised it as an `` emblem of a past that was denied and a future that feels very present '' due to its focus on black imagination , creation , and liberation . At the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan praised the themes of the film and their exploration of what wealthy countries owe to the poor and oppressed , and noted that the film `` draws energy from Coogler 's sense of excitement at all he 's attempting '' , saying that the film was worth seeing twice which he felt was rare for a modern superhero film . Richard Roeper , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , called the film `` one of the best superhero movies of the century '' and said audiences should watch the film if they appreciate `` finely honed storytelling with a Shakespearean core ; winning performances from an enormously talented ensemble ; provocative premises touching on isolationism , revolution and cultures of oppression , and oh yeah , tons of whiz - bang action sequences and good humor '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today awarded the film four out of four stars , and called it Marvel Studios ' best origin film since Guardians of the Galaxy . Truitt also praised the `` superb cast '' and stated , `` While the themes are deep , Black Panther is at the same time a visual joy to behold , with confident quirkiness , insane action sequences and special effects , and the glorious reveal of Wakanda '' . Also giving the film four stars , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it unlike any other Marvel film , `` an exhilarating triumph on every level from writing , directing , acting , production design , costumes , music , special effects to you name it '' . Natasha Alford of The Grio called the film a `` movement , a revolution in progress , and a joy to experience all wrapped into one '' , and called it `` a master class in what it means to be proud of who you are '' . Jamie Broadnax of Black Girl Nerds called the film a masterpiece that is `` afro - futuristic and Blackity - black as hell . It 's everything I 've ever desired in a live - action version of this popular superhero and yet so much more . '' Jamelle Bouie of Slate said , `` it is fair to say that Black Panther is the most political movie ever produced by Marvel Studios , both in its very existence ... and in the questions its story raises . '' He added that the film should be included with Superman ( 1978 ) , Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , and The Dark Knight as superhero films that do not `` transcend the genre as much as they embrace it in all its respects '' . Bouie concluded , `` Black Panther could have been just another Marvel romp ( but ) Coogler and company had the power , and perhaps the responsibility , to do much more . And they did . '' Although praising the film itself and calling it a `` refreshing answer to the increasingly stale world of superhero cinema '' , Devindra Hardawar at Engadget was critical of the CGI , notably the digital actors used , calling them `` weightless , ugly and , worst of all , incredibly distracting '' . Hardawar felt two `` particularly disappointing '' CGI shots were when T'Challa flips over a car during the Korea chase , and when T'Challa and Kilmonger punch each other as they fall within the vibranium mines . Analysis Cultural importance Many have wondered why Black Panther means so much to the black community and why schools , churches and organizations have come to the theaters with so much excitement . The answer is that the movie brings a moment of positivity to a group of people often not the centerpiece of Hollywood movies . Plus , what we know from the research on racial and ethnic socialization is that it helps to strengthen identity and helps reduce the likelihood on internalizing negative stereotypes about one 's ethnic group . -- Erlanger Turner , assistant professor of Psychology at the University of Houston -- Downtown Writing for Time , Jamil Smith felt Black Panther would prove to Hollywood that African - American films can generate profits from `` all audiences '' , and described it as a resistance to `` a regressive cultural and political moment fueled in part by the white - nativist movement ... Its themes challenge institutional bias , its characters take unsubtle digs at oppressors , and its narrative includes prismatic perspectives on black life and tradition . '' Discussing the film as a defining moment for black America in The New York Times Magazine , Carvell Wallace said that in contrast to earlier black superhero films , Black Panther `` is steeped very specifically and purposefully in its blackness '' . He felt Wakanda would become a `` promised land '' for future generations of black Americans , `` untroubled by the criminal horrors of our ( current ) American existence . '' Historian Nathan D.B. Connolly said Black Panther was `` a powerful fictional analogy for real - life struggles '' that taps into a `` 500 - year history of African - descended people imagining freedom , land and national autonomy . '' Connolly also felt , culturally , the film would be this generation 's A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 ) . Writer and activist Shaun King found the film to be a cultural moment in American black history similar to Rosa Parks ' Montgomery bus boycott , Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech , or Barack Obama being elected president . By contrast , James Wilt , writing for Canadian Dimension , stated that `` at its core , Black Panther contains a fundamentally reactionary understanding of black liberation that blatantly advocates respectability politics over revolution '' allowing `` white folks such as myself to feel extremely comfortable watching it '' . Wilt found the scene where Ross is portrayed as `` the hero '' for shooting down the Wakandan ships to be the film 's way of endorsing the crushing of armed revolt against oppression . Wilt also felt that Killmonger was given the `` most hideous traits imaginable ( making ) the only major African - American character and agitator for revolution a manic killer consumed by rage and violence '' . Russell Rickford of Africa is a Country agreed with Wilt 's assessment of Killmonger , whose role as a character is `` to discredit radical internationalism '' . Faisal Kutty from Middle East Eye felt the film had underlying Islamophobic themes , with the only Islamic characters being a Boko Haram - based group that kidnapped several girls and forced them to wear hijab . Science & Entertainment Exchange Director for the National Academy of Sciences Richard Loverd felt the film would increase interest in science , technology , and Africa for young black Americans , similarly to how The Hunger Games films and Brave ( 2012 ) sparked girls ' interest in archery . Broadnax felt many people of color who generally do not watch comic book films would go to Black Panther since `` they 're going to see themselves reflected in a huge way that they just have n't been able to see before '' , especially since the film avoided black pain , suffering , and poverty , usual topics in films about the black experience . She added that the strong female characters , such as Shuri , would be an inspiration for girls . Gil Robertson , co-founder and president of the African American Film Critics Association , called the film `` critically important '' and `` a gate - opener opportunity for other black - centered projects '' . Child development expert Deborah Gilboa felt the film would make a huge impact on children 's spirits by offering positive role models . Tre Johnson of Rolling Stone felt that `` after decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero , we may finally be getting what we 've asked for '' , with Johnson saying Black Panther felt different from the Blaxploitation films of the 1970s and the `` Blaxploitation - lite '' attempts at black superhero films in the 1990s and 2000s because it was `` respectable , imaginative and powerful '' , setting `` a new direction '' for the depiction of black superheroes . In the film 's opening weekend , 37 % of audiences in the United States were African - American , according to PostTrak , compared to 35 % Caucasian , 18 % Hispanic , and 5 % Asian . This was the most diverse audience for a superhero film ever , for which African - Americans generally make up 15 % of audiences . In its second weekend , demographics were 37 % Caucasian , 33 % African American , 18 % Hispanic and 7 % Asian . In early January 2018 , Frederick Joseph created a GoFundMe campaign to raise money for children of color at the Boys & Girls Club in Harlem to see Black Panther . Joseph said the film was a rare opportunity for underserved children of color to see a major black comic character brought to film . Joseph promoted the campaign with Boseman on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . The campaign went on to raise over $45,000 , exceeding its goal . Joseph planned to donate excess money from the campaign to other programs for children in Harlem , and started the `` Black Panther Challenge '' where he encouraged others to create similar campaigns for their communities . GoFundMe created a centralized page for anyone wishing to create a campaign for the challenge . Over 400 additional campaigns were started around the world , and the overall campaign became the largest GoFundMe in history for an entertainment event , raising over $400,000 . Many celebrities offered their support and contributions to the campaigns , including Ellen DeGeneres , Snoop Dogg , Chelsea Clinton , J.J. Abrams , Octavia Spencer , and British actress Jade Anouka . In June 2018 , the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of African American History and Culture announced they had acquired several items from the film for their collection , including Boseman 's Black Panther costume and a shooting script for the film signed by Coogler , Feige , Moore , and Cole . The museum said that the collection provides a `` fuller story of black culture and identity '' by showing the progression of black Americans in film , `` an industry that ( once ) regulated them to flat , one - dimensional and marginalized figures . '' African and African - American representation Dwayne Wong ( Omowale ) writing in HuffPost saw the film and its comic origins as addressing `` serious political issues concerning Africa 's relationship to the West that is very rarely given the serious attention that it deserves '' , with Wakandans portrayed as suspicious towards outsiders . He concluded that while the country is fictional , the politics `` are very real . The end of colonialism did not end Western tampering in Africa 's politics '' . Carlos Rosario Gonzalez of Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! said the struggle between T'Challa and Killmonger represents the collision of `` what it means to be African `` and `` what Africa means to Afro - minorities today '' . In this view , Wakanda represents Africa without Western colonialism , and Killmonger shows us that `` we can sometimes inevitably become what we seek to destroy , '' concluding that Killmonger wants to use Wakanda 's resources to become a colonizer of the West while `` Wakanda 's conservative ways created the very problem that sought to destroy them , Erik Killmonger '' . Jelani Cobb , writing in The New Yorker , discussed the divide between Africans and African - Americans , which he called a `` fundamental dissonance '' . He felt T'Challa and Killmonger represented `` dueling responses to five centuries of African exploitation at the hands of the West . The villain , to the extent that the term applies , is history itself '' . Cobb added that Black Panther is political in a way previous MCU films were not because in those `` we were at least clear about where the lines of fantasy departed from reality ( while this film is set in ) in an invented nation in Africa , a continent that has been grappling with invented versions of itself ever since white men first declared it the ' dark continent ' and set about plundering its people and its resources . '' Patrick Gathara , writing in The Washington Post , described the film as offering a `` regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' , which -- rather than a `` redemptive counter-mythology '' -- offers `` the same destructive myths '' . Gathara highlighted the Africa that is portrayed , still essentially a European creation , as being divided and tribalized , with Wakanda run by a wealthy and feuding elite that despite its advanced technical abilities does not have a means of succession beyond lethal combat . The Wakandans `` still cleanly fit into the Western molds ( of ) a dark people in a dark continent '' according to Gathara , and they `` remain so remarkably unsophisticated that a ' returning ' American can basically stroll in and take over ... ( The film ) should not be mistaken for an attempt at liberating Africa from Europe . Quite the opposite . Its ' redemptive counter-mythology ' entrenches the tropes that have been used to dehumanize Africans for centuries . '' Christopher Lebron , in a piece for Boston Review , called the film `` racist '' because it depicts black Americans who had been left in poverty and oppression , as exemplified by Killmonger , as still being `` relegated to the lowest rung of political regard '' in the film , treated as less deserving of empathy and less capable of their acts being deemed heroic , than even Ross ' white spy . Lebron felt that T'Challa could have shown himself a good person by understanding how Killmonger was affected by American racism and T'Chaka's `` cruelty '' , and could have agreed that justice sometimes requires violence as a last resort against oppression . He summed up by commenting that `` In 2018 , a world home to both the Movement for Black Lives and a president ( Donald Trump ) who identifies white supremacists as fine people , we are given a movie about black empowerment where the only redeemed blacks are African nobles ( who ) safeguard virtue and goodness against the threat not of white Americans or Europeans , but a black American '' . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Black Panther ( film ) Black Panther was nominated for nine BET Awards ( winning two ) , one Billboard Music Award , eight Golden Trailer Awards ( winning four ) , seven MTV Movie & TV Awards ( winning four ) , fourteen Saturn Awards ( winning five ) , and eleven Teen Choice Awards ( winning three ) . In late August 2018 , it was reported that Disney had hired veteran Oscar strategist Cynthia Swartz to create a nomination campaign on behalf of the film for the 91st Academy Awards , with Feige and Marvel Studios said to have given the film `` a significant awards season budget , a commitment Marvel has never before made . '' The campaign was focused to highlight `` the film 's creative accomplishments and the global impact it made '' in the hopes of receiving a Best Picture nomination ; the campaign was not altered with the announcement of the new Best Popular Film award , which appeared to be `` designed to reward blockbusters like Black Panther '' in the event they did not receive a best picture nomination . The Best Popular Film award was ultimately not implemented for the 91st Academy Awards , in order for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to `` examine and seek additional input regarding '' it . Glenn Whipp of the Los Angeles Times felt the `` blueprint '' for the film 's best picture campaign was to `` communicate to Oscar voters that this is an auteur - driven superhero movie possessing a deep significance both to its director and to people historically underrepresented in Hollywood films . '' An additional Oscar campaign consultant felt reminding the Oscar voters Black Panther `` was n't just a movie , it was a phenomenon '' would help the film earn a nomination , while another campaign consultant noted voters `` want to reward good movies and they also want to reward movies that say something significant and make the industry look good . Black Panther ticks off those boxes . '' The consultants also felt if Black Panther could earn multiple nominations in the craft award categories , it would bolster its chances for a best picture nomination ; Whipp believed that Morrison , Beachler , Carter , Friend and Harlow , and Lamar all had the possibility to be nominated for Best Cinematography , Best Production Design , Best Costume Design , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Original Song , respectively . A few weeks later , Disney revealed their For Your Consideration list , with consideration in all Awards of Merit categories , aside from Best Actress and categories it was not eligible for , such as those for animation , short films , and documentaries . Sequel With the release of Black Panther , Feige said `` there are many , many stories to tell '' about the character , and that he wanted Coogler to return for any potential sequel . Coogler added that he wanted to see how T'Challa would grow as a king in future films , since his reign only began recently in the MCU , while in the comics , he has been king since childhood . In March 2018 , Feige added there was `` nothing specific to reveal '' in terms of a sequel , but that there `` absolutely '' were `` ideas and a pretty solid direction on where we want to head with the second one '' . By October 2018 , Coogler had completed a deal to write and direct a sequel to Black Panther . 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Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Angela Bassett Boards Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie -- Slide 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ' He 's somewhat a religious figure , or spiritual figure , ' Coogler says of Zuri . ' Spirituality is something that exists in Wakanda in the comics and it 's something we wanted to have elements of in the film . Forest 's character , more than anything , is a major tie back to T'Challa's father . Zuri is someone he looks to for guidance . ' He says think of him as the Wise Old Man -- Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie -- Slide 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . In the comics , Klaue 's weapon was an ultra-sonic emitter he used as a prosthetic for his missing arm . In this film , he attaches a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as his arm - cannon -- which is presumably what led the CIA and Black Panther to capture him . In this shot , we can see the limb has been taken from him . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman reveals Black Panther plot details , explains political relevance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Black Panther Villain Out to Expose Wakanda 's ' Hypocrisy ' '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koopman , Sarah ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Atandwa And John Kani Are in Atlanta And All The Signs Point To Them Joining The ' Black Panther ' Cast '' . The Huffington Post South Africa . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Storm , Marc ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sterling K. Brown Signs on To Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie -- Slide 18 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Among the tribal rulers , the camera lingers on one especially compelling presence . Coogler says the man with the emerald suit and lip plate is ' the elder of one of the largest tribes in Wakanda ' . He 's played by actor Isaach De Bankolé , known for brutalizing Daniel Craig 's 007 in Casino Royale . Across from him sits T'Challa's widowed mother , Ramonda ( played by Angela Bassett ) ... Jump up ^ Joyce , Liam Karabo ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Local actress confirms Black Panther role '' . Independent Online . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tatiana ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards : Sydelle Noel Talks GLOW & Black Panther '' . With An Accent . 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As for the film itself , ' It 's a big geo - political action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda , and what it means to be a king . T'Challa's story is very important to us as it links to the next Avengers films , which is why we brought it forward . ' Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Black Panther will feature majority black cast , is crucial to Avengers : Infinity War '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Taps ' Person of Interest ' Actor Winston Duke to Play M'Baku ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Adds ' Ready Player One ' Actress Letitia Wright ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . 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Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's ' Black Panther ' Playbook : A Peek at the Marketing of a Phenomenon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Becomes Most Tweeted Movie of 2018 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Houlb , Christian ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther is the most - tweeted - about movie of all time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Nora ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Backstage at the Black Panther New York Fashion Week Presentation '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Unveils Lexus Partnership Ahead of Comic - Con ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Taken for a Ride in a Lexus Courtesy of Fabian Nicieza '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lexus ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lexus Introduces Two New Vehicles Inspired by Marvel Studios ' ' Black Panther ' Ahead of SEMA 2017 '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Super Bowl Ad Drops Early '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Goes Wild : At $242 M Superhero Owns 2nd Best 4 - Day Opening & Defeats ' Last Jedi ' -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider - Levy , Barbara ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Teams Up With Clarks to Launch Special ' Black Panther ' Sneakers '' . Footwear News . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Registers Global Social & Box Office Impact , Even Setting Records on Turbulent African Continent '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Black Panther ' Be A Box Office Game - Changer Overseas ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . 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Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Before ' Black Panther ' Pounces To Potential $180 M+ , ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Will Pop at Valentine 's Day B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Ban '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Ban '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Prepares for First Public Cinema Opening in 35 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Breaks 35 - Year Cinema Ban With Historic ' Black Panther ' Screening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Blu - ray Release Date , Bonus Features , and Cover Art Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Tops $150 M In Global Bow ; ' Black Panther ' Now # 1 Solo Superhero Movie WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Becomes Top - Grossing Superhero Film of All Time in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Box Office : What Fueled the Movie 's Record Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Tops ' Last Jedi ' And ' Avengers ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easter , Makeda ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' breaks another record , becoming the most tweeted - about film of all time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Black Panther ' Joins Billion - Dollar Club '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Proma ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' has one of the highest ticket presale rates of all time '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther had the biggest first day ticket presale of any Marvel movie '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Sets Alamo Drafthouse Superhero Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Lopez , Ricardo ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther 's ' Grassroots Marketing Movement Is Unlike Any Other Marvel Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Sees More Imax Pre-Sales Than Any Other Marvel Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fandango Ticket Sales Rep More Than 30 % Of ' Black Panther 's $242 M Record Opening Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : Is Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Poised to Become 2018 's First Blockbuster ? '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised To Pounce on B.O. : Advance Ticket Sales Beating ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . McClintock , Pamela ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tracking for Heroic $100 M -- $120 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . McNary , Dave ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Bounds Toward Huge $150 Million Presidents Day Weekend Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . McClintock , Pamela ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Now Tracking for Massive $165 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Black Panther ' See One of the Best Second Weekends Ever ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khal ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Every Record ' Black Panther ' Has Broken ( So Far ) '' . Complex . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Top - Grossing Film in History at 33 AMC Theaters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Box Office Halo Heats Up Exhibition Stocks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Posts Record $21 M Pre-Summer Tuesday ; Second Weekend To Reap $104 M -- $109 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Dashes Past $520 M Worldwide , Eyes $190 M+ In Second Global Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Becomes Highest - Grossing MCU Film in First Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Breaks More Records : $112 M Second Weekend Is Second - Best Ever As Marvel Movie Crosses $400 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Rules With $108 Million in Second Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' Tomb Raider ' for Fifth Box Office Crown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' Tomb Raider ' Take Down ' Black Panther ' At The Weekend Box Office ? -- Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Surpasses ' The Avengers ' as Highest - Grossing Superhero Movie of All Time in U.S. '' Variety . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Opens To $50 M : How Paramount Turned Up The Volume on the John Krasinski - Emily Blunt Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $35.7 M No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible ' Tops ' Christopher Robin ' for Weekend # 1 ; ' Black Panther ' Reaches $700 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brad ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Why Black Panther 's $700 Million US Domestic Is More Impressive Than Infinity War 's $2 Billion Worldwide '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Black Panther ' Sails Past ' Titanic ' to Become No. 3 Title of All Time in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is About To Hit A Major Superhero Movie Milestone '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Passes ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Toy Story 3 ' at U.S. Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Blasts Off With $169 M Overseas ; $371 M WW Weekend -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rises To $82 M Through Friday ; $150 M+ Weekend in Sight -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Runs Past $300 M Offshore , $700 M WW ; ' Operation Red Sea ' Rises in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Pouncing On $400 M Overseas , $900 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Grabs $128 M Abroad While Taking $181 M+ Globally ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Crosses $200 M -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Tops $100 M Offshore , Digs Up $41 M in China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chutel , Lynsey ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is now the highest grossing film ever in East , West and southern Africa '' . Quartz Africa . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Racing To $400 M WW ; Scores $161 M+ In China For WB Best -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews : More Than Just Another Marvel Triumph '' . Rotten Tomatoes . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Earns Highest - Ever Score for Live - Action Superhero Pic on Rotten Tomatoes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Black Panther ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Black Panther ' Shakes Up Marvel With Flair and Feeling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is a royally imaginative standout in the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richrd ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : One of Marvel 's best movie superheroes comes out of Africa '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Rousing , representative ' Black Panther ' is one spectacular superhero '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel 's History - Making Superhero Movie 's a Masterpiece '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alford , Natasha ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Early Review : ' Black Panther ' is a masterpiece . Here 's why you need to see it for yourself '' . The Grio . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broadnax , Jamie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` BGN Film Review : ' Black Panther ' -- Marvel 's Greatest Accomplishment '' . Black Girl Nerds . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther Is a Marvel Movie Superpowered by Its Ideas '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is amazing . Why are its CG models so terrible ? '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Erlanger ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Black Panther ' means so much to the black community '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamil ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Revolutionary Power of Black Panther '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Carvell ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Black Panther ' Is a Defining Moment for Black America '' . The New York Times Magazine . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Nathan D.B. ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Black Panther ' Taps into 500 Years of History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Shaun ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther is one of the most important cultural moments in American history '' . Medium . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilt , James ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther liberalizes black resistance for white comfort '' . Canadian Dimension . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` I have a problem with Black Panther '' . Africa is a Country . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kutty , Faisal ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Is Black Panther Islamophobic ? '' . Middle Eastern Eye . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Daring , diverse ' Black Panther ' promises to be Hollywood 's latest ' cultural touchstone ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Allison Slater ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Man wants kids everywhere to see ' Black Panther ' -- and he 's going to send them '' . Today . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Breanna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Has Taken the Internet by Storm and Celebrities Are Chipping In '' . The Root . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agbabiaka , Precious Mayowa ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young black people can be heroes too ' : the campaign to send kids to see Black Panther '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosario , Richy ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` # BlackPantherChallenge Inspires Nationwide Initiative For Kids To Watch ' Black Panther ' '' . Vibe . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Octavia Spencer plans to buy out Mississippi screening of ' Black Panther ' for underserved communities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Items To Be Displayed At Smithsonian African - American Museum '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong ( Omowale ) , Dwayne ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Black Panther and Neo-Colonial Politics in Africa '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Carlos Rosario ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` The remnants of colonialism still haunt us , but Black Panther offers a solution '' . Bam ! Smack ! Pow ! ( Fansided ) . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jelani ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and the Invention of ' Africa ' '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gathara , Patrick ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' offers a regressive , neocolonial vision of Africa '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebron , Christopher ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Is Not the Movie We Deserve '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` BET Awards : ' Black Panther ' , Tiffany Haddish , Chadwick Boseman Take Top Honors -- Full Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Wins Best in Show at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Take Top Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops 44th Saturn Awards With Five ; ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Shape Of Water ' , ' Get Out ' Also Score '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whipp , Glenn ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' is on the hunt for a best picture Oscar , no matter what happens with the ' popular film ' prize '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars Puts Most Popular Movie Category On Hold ; Wo n't Be Part Of 2019 Ceremony '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2018 . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Postponing New Popular Oscar Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2018 . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` Disney reveals its Black Panther Oscar nomination wish list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Matt ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Unveils Black Panther 's For Your Consideration Page '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige on Casting Chadwick Boseman and Sequel Talk '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Coogler Interested in Seeing What Kind of King Black Panther Becomes in Sequels '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige on the future of Black Panther , Captain Marvel , X-Men -- and beyond '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 11 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Coogler Signs on to Write and Direct ' Black Panther ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Panther ( film ) . 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to - Film Motion Picture Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Black Panther ( 2017 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal African - American portal WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2018018754 VIAF : 22151963682800312091 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Panther_(film)&oldid=866464945 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s science fiction films 2010s spy films 2010s superhero films 2018 3D films Afrofuturism American action adventure films American films American science fiction action films Black Panther films Black Panther ( film series ) Films about revenge Films about royalty Films about terrorism Films based on works by Jack Kirby Films based on works by Stan Lee Films directed by Ryan Coogler Films scored by Ludwig Göransson Films set in 1992 Films set in a fictional African country Films set in Busan Films set in London Films set in Nigeria Films set in Oakland , California Films set in Vienna Films set in Wakanda Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Busan Films shot in South Korea Films shot in Uganda Fratricide in fiction IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Motion capture in film Nanotechnology in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was black panther first introduced in marvel movies	[ "Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992, but the project did not come to fruition. In September 2005, Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011. Black Panther was announced in October 2014, and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in Captain America: Civil War (2016). By 2016, Cole and Coogler had joined; additional cast joined in May, making Black Panther the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast. Principal photography took place from January to April 2017, at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area, and Busan, South Korea.\n" ]	[ "Captain America: Civil War (2016)" ]
5656193061277165218	List of U.S. state colors	List of U.S. State colors - wikipedia List of U.S. State colors Map of state colors in the United States . Official colors Officially proposed colors Unofficial colors , or unclear official status No known or officially no state colors This is the official list for each state 's colors . Contents 1 Table 2 Officially proposed state colors 3 References 4 External links Table ( edit ) State Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Color 4 Name ( s ) Notes Alabama none none Red and White Alaska none none none none none Arizona none none Federal Blue and Old Gold Adopted in 1915 Arkansas none none none none none California none none Blue and Gold ( 1951 ) Blue for the sky , gold for the California Gold Rush . First used by University of California , Berkeley in 1875 . Delaware none none Colonial Blue and Buff Florida none Orange , Red , and White Orange for the orange on the Seal and the oranges that grow there , and red and white because of the colors on the flag Georgia Red , White , Gold , and Blue Adopted in 2004 Hawaii none none none none None Each island has its own official color Idaho Red , Green , and Gold Indiana none none Blue and Gold Louisiana none Blue , White and Gold Maryland Red , White , Black , and Gold From the coat of arms of the Calvert and Crossland families Massachusetts none Blue , Green and Cranberry ( February 21 , 2005 ) Nevada none none Silver and Blue ( 1983 ) Blue for Lake Tahoe and the mountain bluebird , silver for the granite of the Sierra Nevada and the silver country of northern Nevada . New Jersey none none Buff and Blue ( 1965 ) New Mexico none none Red and Yellow Same shades as in New Mexico state flag New York none none Blue and Gold North Carolina none none Red and Blue Ohio none Red , White and Blue Same shades as the Ohio state flag Oklahoma none none Green and White Oregon none none Navy Blue and Gold ( 1959 ) Pennsylvania none none Blue and Gold No legislation or official sources confirming Blue and Gold as Pennsylvania 's official state colors are known to exist . However , many individuals point to them because of their prominence on the state license plate and their predominance on the state flag , and they have been unofficially adopted in a multitude of places . South Carolina none none none Indigo Blue Adopted in 2008 South Dakota none none Blue and Gold Tennessee none none Orange and White Unofficial colors Texas none Blue , White , and Red Same shades as the Texas state flag Utah none none Black and Yellow Virginia none none none none None The flag background is blue . Washington None None None None None No official state colors are listed the state legislature 's State Symbols webpage nor in Chapter 1.20 of the Revised Code of Washington ( where other official symbols are designated ) . Some sources list dark green and gold / yellow , the two colors specified for the flag by law since 1925 . West Virginia none none Old Gold and Blue Officially proposed State colors ( edit ) State Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Name ( s ) Notes Minnesota none none Purple Proposed in 2016 in honor of the musician Prince ; status pending . New Hampshire Orange , Red and Yellow Proposed in 2013 ; motion died on the table Vermont none Green and Gold Proposed in 2007 Wyoming none Brown and Yellow Proposed in 2003 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camellia , State Flower of Alabama '' . Coloring Book . Alabama Judicial System . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona 's State Symbols '' . Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ History and Culture - State Symbols California State Library Jump up ^ Delaware Facts and Symbols Delaware state website Jump up ^ `` Georgia Symbols '' . Georgia.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Official State Colors , NetState.com , accessed April 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ § 5 - 16.5 Official island colors Hawaii legislature Jump up ^ `` Indiana Fun Facts '' . Indiana House Republicans . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . The state colors are blue and gold . Jump up ^ Louisiana State Legislature RS 49 : 161 Jump up ^ Massachusetts Facts : State Symbols Massachusetts Gov. Website Jump up ^ General Laws of Massachusetts Part I Title I Chapter 2 Section 53 Jump up ^ NRS 235.025 State colors . Nevada legislature Jump up ^ Nevada information : State symbols Archived 2009 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Official state website Jump up ^ Chapter 170 , Laws of NJ Jump up ^ `` Official State Symbols of North Carolina '' . North Carolina State Library . State of North Carolina . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma Banking Department Annual Report 2010 ( page 12 ) Jump up ^ `` Oregon Guard Bulletin , May 1 , 1936 '' ( PDF ) . Oregon State Library . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . The medal ( ... ) is suspended from a ribbon of blue and gold , the official state colors . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Almanac : Dance to Hot Springs '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Blue and gold are the state colors . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania State Colors '' . State Symbols USA . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina State House : Colors & Textiles '' . South Carolina State House . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ S * 1033 ( Rat # 0229 , Act # 0200 of 2008 ) General Bill , By Cromer and Campsen South Carolina Legislature Online Jump up ^ `` State Symbols '' . Washington State Legislature . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1.20 RCW , General Provisions '' . Revised Code of Washington . Washington State Legislature . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 1.20. 010 , State flag '' . Revised Code of Washington . Washington State Legislature . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Departmental , Statistical and General Information '' ( PDF ) . West Virginia Legislature . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.twincities.com/2016/04/23/purple-as-the-official-state-color-prince-would-approve/ Jump up ^ Bill HB420 New Hampshire General Court Jump up ^ Bill H. 0184 The Vermont Legislative Bill Tracking System Jump up ^ Bill HB0108 State of Wyoming Legislature External links ( edit ) Find more aboutcolorsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity U.S. state symbols by type Amphibians Bats Beverages Birds Butterflies Cacti Coats of arms Coins Colors Crustaceans Dances Dinosaurs Dogs Firearms Fish Flags Flowers Foods Fossils Grasses Gubernatorial seals Gubernatorial standards Horses Insects Instruments License plates Mammals Microbes Minerals , rocks , stones and gemstones Mottos Mushrooms Nicknames Pets Poems Reptiles Route markers Seals Shells Ships Soils Songs Sports Tartans Toys Trees U.S. state symbols by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State , district , and territorial insignia United States national symbols Color classifications Color Index Color systems , standards and palettes ANPA Color charts Color palettes ( computer graphics ) Colour Index International ( CI list of dyes ) Crayola Crayons DIC Federal Standard 595 HKS ISCC -- NBS Munsell NCS Ostwald Pantone RAL list Web colors X11 Color names ( alphabetic ) List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) Variations of base colors Shades of white Shades of gray Shades of black Shades of red Shades of green Shades of blue Shades of cyan Shades of magenta Shades of yellow Shades of pink Shades of violet Shades of purple Shades of orange Shades of brown Category Portal United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Category Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._state_colors&oldid=840093142 '' Categories : Lists of colors Lists of United States state symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 17 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the state colors of new jersey	[ "\n\n\nState\n\nColor 1\nColor 2\nColor 3\nColor 4\n\nName(s)\nNotes\n\n\nAlabama\n\n\nnone\nnone\nRed and White[1]\n\n\n\nAlaska\n none\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\n\n\n\nArizona\n\n\nnone\nnone\nFederal Blue and Old Gold\n\nAdopted in 1915[2]\n\n\nArkansas\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\n\n\n\nCalifornia\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n\n(1951) Blue for the sky, gold for the California Gold Rush. First used by University of California, Berkeley in 1875.[3]\n\n\nDelaware\n\n\nnone\nnone\nColonial Blue and Buff\n\n[4]\n\n\nFlorida\n\n\n\nnone\nOrange, Red, and White\nOrange for the orange on the Seal and the oranges that grow there, and red and white because of the colors on the flag[citation needed]\n\n\nGeorgia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRed, White, Gold, and Blue\n\nAdopted in 2004[5]\n\n\nHawaii\n none\nnone\nnone\nnone\nNone[6]\n\nEach island has its own official color[7]\n\n\nIdaho\n\n\n\n\nRed, Green, and Gold\n\n\n\nIndiana\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n[8]\n\n\nLouisiana\n\n\n\nnone\nBlue, White and Gold\n\n[6][9]\n\n\nMaryland\n\n\n\n\nRed, White, Black, and Gold\n\nFrom the coat of arms of the Calvert and Crossland families\n\n\nMassachusetts\n\n\n\nnone\nBlue, Green and Cranberry\n\n(February 21, 2005)[10][11]\n\n\n\nNevada\n\n\nnone\nnone\nSilver and Blue\n\n(1983)[12] Blue for Lake Tahoe and the mountain bluebird, silver for the granite of the Sierra Nevada and the silver country of northern Nevada.[13]\n\n\nNew Jersey\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBuff and Blue\n\n(1965)[6][14]\n\n\nNew Mexico\n\n\nnone\nnone\nRed and Yellow\n\nSame shades as in New Mexico state flag\n\n\nNew York\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n\n\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n\nnone\nnone\nRed and Blue\n\n[15]\n\n\nOhio\n\n\n\nnone\nRed, White and Blue\n\nSame shades as the Ohio state flag\n\n\nOklahoma\n\n\nnone\nnone\nGreen and White\n\n[6][16]\n\n\nOregon\n\n\nnone\nnone\nNavy Blue and Gold\n\n[6][17][18] (1959)\n\n\nPennsylvania\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\nNo legislation or official sources confirming Blue and Gold as Pennsylvania's official state colors are known to exist. However, many individuals point to them because of their prominence on the state license plate and their predominance on the state flag,[19] and they have been unofficially adopted in a multitude of places.\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n\nnone\nnone\nnone\nIndigo Blue\n\nAdopted in 2008[20][21]\n\n\nSouth Dakota\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n\n\n\n\nTennessee\n\n\nnone\nnone\nOrange and White\n\nUnofficial colors\n\n\nTexas\n\n\n\nnone\nBlue, White, and Red\n\nSame shades as the Texas state flag\n\n\nUtah\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlack and Yellow[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\nVirginia\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\nNone\nThe flag background is blue.\n\n\nWashington\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\n\nNo official state colors are listed the state legislature's State Symbols webpage[22] nor in Chapter 1.20 of the Revised Code of Washington (where other official symbols are designated).[23] Some sources list dark green and gold/yellow, the two colors specified for the flag by law since 1925.[24]\n\n\nWest Virginia\n\n\nnone\nnone\nOld Gold and Blue\n\n[25]\n", "\n\n\nState\n\nColor 1\nColor 2\nColor 3\nColor 4\n\nName(s)\nNotes\n\n\nAlabama\n\n\nnone\nnone\nRed and White[1]\n\n\n\nAlaska\n none\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\n\n\n\nArizona\n\n\nnone\nnone\nFederal Blue and Old Gold\n\nAdopted in 1915[2]\n\n\nArkansas\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\n\n\n\nCalifornia\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n\n(1951) Blue for the sky, gold for the California Gold Rush. First used by University of California, Berkeley in 1875.[3]\n\n\nDelaware\n\n\nnone\nnone\nColonial Blue and Buff\n\n[4]\n\n\nFlorida\n\n\n\nnone\nOrange, Red, and White\nOrange for the orange on the Seal and the oranges that grow there, and red and white because of the colors on the flag[citation needed]\n\n\nGeorgia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRed, White, Gold, and Blue\n\nAdopted in 2004[5]\n\n\nHawaii\n none\nnone\nnone\nnone\nNone[6]\n\nEach island has its own official color[7]\n\n\nIdaho\n\n\n\n\nRed, Green, and Gold\n\n\n\nIndiana\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n[8]\n\n\nLouisiana\n\n\n\nnone\nBlue, White and Gold\n\n[6][9]\n\n\nMaryland\n\n\n\n\nRed, White, Black, and Gold\n\nFrom the coat of arms of the Calvert and Crossland families\n\n\nMassachusetts\n\n\n\nnone\nBlue, Green and Cranberry\n\n(February 21, 2005)[10][11]\n\n\n\nNevada\n\n\nnone\nnone\nSilver and Blue\n\n(1983)[12] Blue for Lake Tahoe and the mountain bluebird, silver for the granite of the Sierra Nevada and the silver country of northern Nevada.[13]\n\n\nNew Jersey\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBuff and Blue\n\n(1965)[6][14]\n\n\nNew Mexico\n\n\nnone\nnone\nRed and Yellow\n\nSame shades as in New Mexico state flag\n\n\nNew York\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n\n\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n\nnone\nnone\nRed and Blue\n\n[15]\n\n\nOhio\n\n\n\nnone\nRed, White and Blue\n\nSame shades as the Ohio state flag\n\n\nOklahoma\n\n\nnone\nnone\nGreen and White\n\n[6][16]\n\n\nOregon\n\n\nnone\nnone\nNavy Blue and Gold\n\n[6][17][18] (1959)\n\n\nPennsylvania\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\nNo legislation or official sources confirming Blue and Gold as Pennsylvania's official state colors are known to exist. However, many individuals point to them because of their prominence on the state license plate and their predominance on the state flag,[19] and they have been unofficially adopted in a multitude of places.\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n\nnone\nnone\nnone\nIndigo Blue\n\nAdopted in 2008[20][21]\n\n\nSouth Dakota\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlue and Gold\n\n\n\n\nTennessee\n\n\nnone\nnone\nOrange and White\n\nUnofficial colors\n\n\nTexas\n\n\n\nnone\nBlue, White, and Red\n\nSame shades as the Texas state flag\n\n\nUtah\n\n\nnone\nnone\nBlack and Yellow[citation needed]\n\n\n\n\nVirginia\nnone\nnone\nnone\nnone\nNone\nThe flag background is blue.\n\n\nWashington\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\nNone\n\nNo official state colors are listed the state legislature's State Symbols webpage[22] nor in Chapter 1.20 of the Revised Code of Washington (where other official symbols are designated).[23] Some sources list dark green and gold/yellow, the two colors specified for the flag by law since 1925.[24]\n\n\nWest Virginia\n\n\nnone\nnone\nOld Gold and Blue\n\n[25]\n" ]	[ "Buff", "Blue" ]
2464434301017773456	West Side Story	West Side Story - wikipedia West Side Story Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage musical . For the film version , see West Side Story ( film ) . West Side Story Original cast recording Music Leonard Bernstein Lyrics Stephen Sondheim Book Arthur Laurents Basis Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Productions 1957 Broadway 1958 West End 1959 US Tour 1960 Broadway return 1961 Film 1980 Broadway revival 1997 UK Tour and West End revival 2008 West End revival and UK Tour 2009 Broadway revival and US Tour 2013 UK Tour West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein , lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid 1950s , an ethnic , blue - collar neighborhood ( in the early 1960s , much of the neighborhood was cleared in an urban renewal project for the Lincoln Center , which changed the neighborhood 's character ) . The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks , two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds . The members of the Sharks , from Puerto Rico , are taunted by the Jets , a white gang . The young protagonist , Tony , a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang 's leader , Riff , falls in love with Maria , the sister of Bernardo , the leader of the Sharks . The dark theme , sophisticated music , extended dance scenes , and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre . Bernstein 's score for the musical includes `` Something 's Coming '' , `` Maria '' , `` America '' , `` Somewhere '' , `` Tonight '' , `` Jet Song '' , `` I Feel Pretty '' , `` A Boy Like That '' , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , and `` Cool '' . The original 1957 Broadway production , directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim 's Broadway debut . It ran for 732 performances before going on tour . The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957 , but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man . Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs . The show had an even longer - running London production , a number of revivals and international productions . A 1961 musical film of the same name , directed by Robert Wise and Robbins , starred Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Rita Moreno , George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won ten , including George Chakiris for Supporting Actor , Rita Moreno for Supporting Actress , and Best Picture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Genesis 1.2 Collaboration and development 1.3 Production period 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act 1 2.2 Act 2 3 Characters 4 Principal cast 5 Musical numbers 5.1 Act 1 5.2 Act 2 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 UK productions 6.3 1980 Broadway revival 6.4 2009 Broadway revival 6.5 US national tours and other notable productions 6.6 International productions 7 Critical reaction 8 Score 9 Recordings 10 Film 11 References in popular culture 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 1980 Broadway revival 12.3 2008 West End revival 12.4 2009 Broadway revival 13 References 14 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) L-R : Elizabeth Taylor , Carmen Guitterez , Marilyn Cooper , and Carol Lawrence from the original Broadway cast sing `` I Feel Pretty '' ( 1957 ) Genesis ( edit ) In 1947 , Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . He proposed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan , during the Easter -- Passover season . The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel ; the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic `` Jets '' towards the Jewish `` Emeralds '' ( a name that made its way into the script as a reference ) . Eager to write his first musical , Laurents immediately agreed . Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form , but Robbins and Laurents resisted the suggestion . They described the project as `` lyric theater '' , and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story . Only after he completed it did the group realize it was little more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like Abie 's Irish Rose . When he opted to drop out , the three men went their separate ways , and the piece was shelved for almost five years . In 1955 , theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Serenade , about an opera singer who comes to the realization he is homosexual , and he invited Laurents to write the book . Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team . Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces , they should return to East Side Story , and Bernstein agreed . Laurents , however , was committed to Gabel , who introduced him to the young composer / lyricist Stephen Sondheim . Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night , his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall . Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music . Sondheim did not care for Laurents ' opinion . Serenade ultimately was shelved . Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil for Ava Gardner . While in Hollywood , he contacted Bernstein , who was in town conducting at the Hollywood Bowl . The two met at The Beverly Hills Hotel , and the conversation turned to juvenile delinquent gangs , a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war . Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles , but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Puerto Rican immigrants and Harlem than he was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street . The two contacted Robbins , who was enthusiastic about a musical with a Latin beat . He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I , and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects , keeping in touch with Bernstein , who had returned to New York . When the producer of The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind , he backed out of the film , freeing him to devote all his time to the stage musical . Collaboration and development ( edit ) In New York City , Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti , and there he met Sondheim , who had heard that East Side Story , now retitled West Side Story , was back on track . Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music , and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics , but the team opted to work on Peter Pan instead . Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task . Initially he resisted , because he was determined to write the full score for his next project ( Saturday Night had been aborted ) , but Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience , and he accepted . Meanwhile , Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters ' backgrounds : Anton , once an Irish American , was now of Polish and Irish descent , and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican . The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated early on . Later the scenes related to Juliet 's faking her death and committing suicide also were deleted . Language posed a problem ; four - letter curse words were uncommon in the theater at the time , and slang expressions were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the production opened . Laurents ultimately invented what sounded like real street talk but actually was not : `` cut the frabba - jabba '' , for example . Sondheim converted long passages of dialogue , and sometimes just a simple phrase like `` A boy like that would kill your brother '' , into lyrics . With the help of Oscar Hammerstein , Laurents convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move `` One Hand , One Heart '' , which he considered too pristine for the balcony scene , to the scene set in the bridal shop , and as a result `` Tonight '' was written to replace it . Laurents felt that the building tension needed to be alleviated in order to increase the impact of the play 's tragic outcome , so comic relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the second act . He was outvoted on other issues : he felt the lyrics to `` America '' and `` I Feel Pretty '' were too witty for the characters singing them , but they stayed in the score and proved to be audience favorites . Another song , `` Kid Stuff '' , was added and quickly removed during the Washington , D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical musical comedy . Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide concurrently , which led to some switches of material between the two works . Tony and Maria 's duet , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , was originally intended for Cunegonde in Candide . The music of `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide . Laurents explained the style that the creative team finally decided on : Just as Tony and Maria , our Romeo and Juliet , set themselves apart from the other kids by their love , so we have tried to set them even further apart by their language , their songs , their movement . Wherever possible in the show , we have tried to heighten emotion or to articulate inarticulate adolescence through music , song or dance . The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956 , but almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill other commitments first . Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing , then Bernstein with Candide , and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents ' latest play , opened and quickly closed . When a backers ' audition failed to raise any money for West Side Story late in the spring of 1957 , only two months before the show was to begin rehearsals , producer Cheryl Crawford pulled out of the project . Every other producer had already turned down the show , deeming it too dark and depressing . Bernstein was despondent , but Sondheim convinced his friend Hal Prince , who was in Boston overseeing the out - of - town tryout of the new George Abbott musical New Girl in Town , to read the script . He liked it but decided to ask Abbott , his longtime mentor , for his opinion , and Abbott advised him to turn it down . Prince , aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was in trouble , decided to ignore him , and he and his producing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the score . In his memoirs , Prince recalled , `` Sondheim and Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music , and soon I was singing along with them . '' Production period ( edit ) Larry Kert as Tony , original Broadway production ( 1957 ) Kert and Lawrence in the balcony scene ( 1957 ) Prince began cutting the budget and raising money . Robbins then announced he did not want to choreograph the show , but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an eight - week dance rehearsal period ( instead of the customary four ) , since there was to be more dancing in West Side Story than in any previous Broadway show , and allowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant . Originally , when considering the cast , Laurents wanted James Dean for the lead role of Tony , but the actor soon died . Sondheim found Larry Kert and Chita Rivera , who created the roles of Tony and Anita , respectively . Getting the work on stage was still not easy . Bernstein said : Everyone told us that ( West Side Story ) was an impossible project ... And we were told no one was going to be able to sing augmented fourths , as with `` Ma - ri - a '' ... Also , they said the score was too rangy for pop music ... Besides , who wanted to see a show in which the first - act curtain comes down on two dead bodies lying on the stage ? ... And then we had the really tough problem of casting it , because the characters had to be able not only to sing but dance and act and be taken for teenagers . Ultimately , some of the cast were teenagers , some were 21 , some were 30 but looked 16 . Some were wonderful singers but could n't dance very well , or vice versa ... and if they could do both , they could n't act . Throughout the rehearsal period , the New York newspapers were filled with articles about gang warfare , keeping the show 's plot timely . Robbins kept the cast members playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to discourage them from socializing with each other and reminded everyone of the reality of gang violence by posting news stories on the bulletin board backstage . Robbins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker - and jeans - clad cast . He gave the ensemble more freedom than Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret their roles , and the dancers were thrilled to be treated like actors instead of just choreographed bodies . As the rehearsals wore on , Bernstein fought to keep his score together , as other members of the team called on him to cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex `` operatic '' passages . Columbia Records initially declined to record the cast album , saying the score was too depressing and too difficult . There were problems with Oliver Smith 's designs . His painted backdrops were stunning , but the sets were , for the most part , either shabby looking or too stylized . Prince refused to spend money on new construction , and Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it . The pre-Broadway run in Washington , D.C. was a critical and commercial success , although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim , listed as co-lyricist , who was overshadowed by the better - known Bernstein . Bernstein magnanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics , although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid contributions by Bernstein . Robbins demanded and received a `` Conceived by '' credit , and used it to justify his making major decisions regarding changes in the show without consulting the others . As a result , by opening night on Broadway , none of his collaborators were talking to him . It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide , Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story , and that Bernstein 's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout , presumably as a trade - off . However , Suskin writes in Show Tunes that `` As the writing progressed and the extent of Bernstein 's lyric contributions became less , the composer agreed to rescind his credit ... Contrary to rumor , Sondheim did not write music for the show ; his only contribution came on `` Something 's Coming '' , where he developed the main strain of the chorus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse . ) Synopsis ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) Two rival teenage gangs , the Jets ( White Americans ) and the Sharks ( Puerto Rican immigrants ) , struggle for control of the neighborhood somewhere in the Upper West Side of New York City amidst the police ( Prologue ) . They are warned by Lt. Schrank and Officer Krupke to stop fighting on their beat . The police chase the Sharks off , and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street . The Jets ' leader , Riff , suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks . He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo , the Sharks ' leader , that night at the neighborhood dance . Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets , Tony , to meet the Jets at the dance . Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty , but Riff is adamant that Tony is still one of them ( `` Jet Song '' ) . Riff meets Tony while he 's working at Doc 's Drugstore to persuade him to come . Tony initially refuses , but Riff wins him over . Tony is convinced that something important is round the corner ( `` Something 's Coming '' ) . Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita , the girlfriend of her brother , Bernardo . Maria has just arrived from Puerto Rico for her arranged marriage to Chino , a friend of Bernardo 's . Maria confesses to Anita that she is not in love with Chino . Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to the neighborhood dance . The Shark girls extol the virtues of `` America '' in Portland Center Stage 's production of West Side Story in 2007 . At the dance , after introductions , the teenagers begin to dance ; soon a challenge dance is called ( `` Dance at the Gym '' ) , during which Tony and Maria ( who are n't taking part in the challenge dance ) see each other across the room and are drawn to each other . They dance together , forgetting the tension in the room , and fall in love , but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends her home . Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War Council at Doc 's , a drug store which is considered neutral ground , but meanwhile , an infatuated and happy Tony finds Maria 's building and serenades her outside her bedroom ( `` Maria '' ) . She appears on her fire escape , and the two profess their love for one another ( `` Tonight '' ) . Meanwhile , Anita , Rosalia , and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland United States of America , with Anita defending America , and Rosalia yearning for Puerto Rico ( `` America '' ) . The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc 's Drug Store . Riff helps them let out their aggression ( `` Cool '' ) . The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble . Tony suggests `` a fair fight '' ( fists only ) , which the leaders agree to , despite the other members ' protests . Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony , but must settle for fighting Diesel , Riff 's second - in - command , instead . This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble . Tony tells Doc about Maria . Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong ; he is in love . Tony stabs Bernardo in the 1957 Broadway production . The next day , Maria is in a very happy mood at the bridal shop , as she anticipates seeing Tony again . However , she learns about the upcoming rumble from Anita and is dismayed . When Tony arrives , Maria asks him to stop the fight altogether , which he agrees to do . Before he goes , they dream of their wedding ( `` One Hand , One Heart '' ) . Tony , Maria , Anita , Bernardo and the Sharks , and Riff and the Jets all anticipate the events to come that night ( `` Tonight Quintet '' ) . The gangs meet under the highway and , as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel begins , Tony arrives and tries to stop it . Though Bernardo taunts and provokes Tony , ridiculing his attempt to make peace , Tony keeps his composure . When Bernardo pushes Tony , Riff punches him in Tony 's defense . The two draw their switchblades and get in a fight ( `` The Rumble '' ) . Tony attempts to intervene , inadvertently leading to Riff being fatally stabbed by Bernardo . Tony kills Bernardo in a fit of rage , which in turn provokes an all - out fight like the fight in the Prologue . The sound of approaching police sirens is heard , and everyone scatters , except Tony , who stands in shock at what he has done . The tomboy Anybodys , who stubbornly wishes that she could become a Jet , tells Tony to flee from the scene at the last moment and flees with the knives . Only the bodies of Riff and Bernardo remain . Act 2 ( edit ) Tony ( Justin Gordon ) and Maria ( Erica Racz ) in a Pacific Repertory Theatre production in 2001 . Blissfully unaware of the gangs ' plans for that night , Maria daydreams with her friends , Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita and Francisca , about seeing Tony ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) . Later , as Maria dances on the roof happily because she has seen Tony and believes he went to stop the rumble , Chino brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo . Maria flees to her bedroom , praying that Chino is lying . Tony arrives to see Maria and she initially pounds on his chest with rage , but she still loves him . They plan to run away together . As the walls of Maria 's bedroom disappear , they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace ( `` Somewhere '' ) . Two of the Jets , A-Rab and Baby John , are set on by Officer Krupke , but they manage to escape him . They meet the rest of the gang . To cheer themselves up , they lampoon Officer Krupke , and the other adults who do n't understand them ( `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' ) . Anybodys arrives and tells the Jets she has been spying on the Puerto Ricans ; she has discovered that Chino is looking for Tony with a gun . The gang separates to find Tony . Action has taken charge ; he accepts Anybodys into the Jets and includes her in the search . A grieving Anita arrives at Maria 's apartment . As Tony leaves , he tells Maria to meet him at Doc 's so they can run away to the country . In spite of her attempts to conceal it , Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria , and launches an angry tirade against him ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) . Maria counters by telling Anita how powerful love is ( `` I Have a Love '' ) , and Anita realizes that Maria loves Tony as much as she had loved Bernardo . She admits that Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony . Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria about her brother 's death , and Anita agrees to go to Doc 's to tell Tony to wait . Unfortunately , the Jets , who have found Tony , have congregated at Doc 's , and they taunt Anita with racist slurs and eventually simulate rape . Doc arrives and stops them . Anita is furious , and in anger spitefully delivers the wrong message , telling the Jets that Chino has shot Maria dead . Doc relates the news to Tony , who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria . Feeling there is no longer anything to live for , Tony leaves to find Chino , begging for him to shoot him as well . Just as Tony sees Maria alive , Chino arrives and shoots Tony . The Jets , Sharks , and adults flock around the lovers . Maria holds Tony in her arms ( and sings a quiet , brief reprise of `` Somewhere '' ) as he dies . Angry at the death of another friend , the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino 's gun and tells everyone that `` all of ( them ) '' killed Tony and the others because of their hate for each other , and , `` Now I can kill too , because now I have hate ! '' she yells . However , she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it , crying in grief . Gradually , all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony 's body , showing that the feud is over . The Jets and Sharks form a procession , and together carry Tony away , with Maria the last one in the procession . Characters ( edit ) `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' sung by the Jets , original Broadway cast ( 1957 ) The Jets Riff , the leader Tony , his best friend Diesel , Riff 's lieutenant Action , A-Rab , Baby John , Big Deal , Gee - Tar , Mouthpiece , Snowboy , Tiger and Anybodys The Jet Girls Velma ( Riff 's girlfriend ) , Graziella ( Diesel 's girlfriend ) , Minnie , Clarice and Pauline The Sharks Bernardo , the leader Chino , his best friend Pepe , second - in - command Indio , Luis , Anxious , Nibbles , Juano , Toro and Moose The Shark Girls Maria , Bernardo 's sister Anita , Bernardo 's girlfriend Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita , Francisca , Estella and Marguerita The Adults Doc , Schrank , Krupke and Glad Hand Principal cast ( edit ) Characters Original Broadway Cast ( 1957 ) West End ( 1958 ) 1980 Broadway Revival 2009 Broadway Revival Tony Larry Kert Don McKay Ken Marshall Matt Cavenaugh Maria Carol Lawrence Marlys Watters Josie de Guzman Josefina Scaglione Riff Michael Callan George Chakiris James J. Mellon Cody Green Bernardo Ken LeRoy Héctor Jaime Mercado George Akram Anita Chita Rivera Debbie Allen Karen Olivo Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Jets , & Sharks Act 2 ( edit ) `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria `` Taunting '' -- Anita & Jets `` Finale '' -- Company Notes In the 1964 and 1980 revivals , `` Somewhere '' was sung by Francisca rather than Consuelo . In the 2009 revival , `` Cool '' was performed by Riff , the Jets , and the Jet Girls . `` I Feel Pretty '' was sung in Spanish as `` Siento Hermosa '' and `` A Boy Like That '' was sung in Spanish as `` Un Hombre Así '' . `` Somewhere '' was sung by Kiddo , a young Jet . Productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) After tryouts in Washington , D.C. and Philadelphia beginning in August 1957 , the original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26 , 1957 to positive reviews . The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins , produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince with lighting designed by Jean Rosenthal . The cast starred Larry Kert as Tony , Carol Lawrence as Maria , Chita Rivera as Anita and David Winters as Baby John . The other notable cast members in the original production were : Riff : Michael Callan , A-Rab : Tony Mordente , Big Deal : Martin Charnin , Gee - Tar : Tommy Abbott , Chino : Jamie Sanchez , Rosalia : Marilyn Cooper , Consuela ( sic ) : Reri Grist and Doc : Art Smith . The production closed on June 27 , 1959 , after 732 performances . Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer , and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer . Also nominated were Carol Lawrence , as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical , Max Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor , and Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design . Carol Lawrence received the 1958 Theatre World Award . The production toured and then returned to the Winter Garden Theatre in April 1960 for another 249 performance engagement . Several dances from West Side Story were included in the Tony Award - winning 1989 Broadway production , Jerome Robbins ' Broadway . UK productions ( edit ) The 1958 European premiere at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London , where it opened at Her Majesty 's Theatre in the West End on December 12 , 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances . Robbins directed and choreographed , and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro , with scenery by Oliver Smith . Featured performers were George Chakiris , who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version , as Riff , Marlys Watters as Maria , Don McKay as Tony , and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita . David Holliday , who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening , took over as Tony . A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony , Katie Knight Adams as Maria and Anna - Jane Casey as Anita . The production transferred to London 's West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998 , transferring to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January 2000 . The production subsequently toured the UK for a second time . 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on February 14 , 1980 and closed on November 30 , 1980 , after 333 performances . It was directed and choreographed by Robbins , with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman ; produced by Gladys Nederlander and Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreography reproduction . The original scenic , lighting , and costume designs were used . It starred Ken Marshall as Tony , Josie de Guzman as Maria and Debbie Allen as Anita . Both de Guzman and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Featured Actress in a Musical , and the musical was nominated as Best Reproduction ( Play or Musical ) . Allen won the Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical . Other notable cast members in the revival included Brent Barrett as Diesel , Harolyn Blackwell as Francisca , Stephen Bogardus as Mouth Piece and Reed Jones as Big Deal The Minskoff production subsequently opened the Nervi Festival in Genoa , Italy in July 1981 with Josie de Guzman as Maria and Brent Barrett as Tony . 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) In 2007 , Arthur Laurents stated , `` I 've come up with a way of doing ( West Side Story ) that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note . '' He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre in Washington , D.C. that ran from December 15 , 2008 through January 17 , 2009 . The Broadway revival began previews at the Palace Theatre on February 23 , 2009 and opened on March 19 , 2009 . The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the English libretto . The translations are by Tony Award winner Lin - Manuel Miranda . Laurents stated , `` The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity . Every member of both gangs was always a potential killer even then . Now they actually will be . Only Tony and Maria try to live in a different world '' . In August 2009 , some of the lyrics for `` A Boy Like That '' ( `` Un Hombre Asi '' ) and `` I Feel Pretty '' ( `` Me Siento Hermosa '' ) , which were previously sung in Spanish in the revival , were changed back to the original English . However , the Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the `` Tonight '' ( Quintet ) remained in Spanish . The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony , Josefina Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita . Olivo won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress , while Scaglione was nominated for the award for Leading Actress . The cast recording won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . In July 2010 , the producers reduced the size of the orchestra , replacing five musicians with an off - stage synthesizer . The production closed on January 2 , 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews . The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets on Broadway over the course of nearly two years . Us national tours and other notable productions ( edit ) A national tour was launched on July 1 , 1959 . The show played in Denver , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Baltimore , Philadelphia , and Boston . This tour returned to the Winter Garden Theater in New York on April 27 , 1960 and closed on December 10 of that year . The New York City Center Light Opera Company production played for a four - week limited engagement of 31 performances in 1964 . Tony was Don McKay , Maria was Julia Migenes and Anita was played by Luba Lisa . It was staged by Gerald Freedman based on Robbins ' original concept , and the choreography was re-mounted by Tom Abbott . The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard Rodgers production opened at the New York State Theater , Lincoln Center , in June 1968 and closed in September 1968 after 89 performances . Direction and choreography were reproduced by Lee Theodore , and scenery was by Oliver Smith . Tony was played by Kurt Peterson , with Victoria Mallory as Maria . A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner as Tony , with Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed by Alan Johnson . A bus and truck ( non-Equity ) tour was produced in 1998 by City Vision Theatricals . A national tour , directed by Alan Johnson , was produced in 2002 . A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival began in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit , Michigan . The cast features Kyle Harris as Tony , Ali Ewoldt as Maria and Eric Hoffmann as Officer Krupke . After a very successful year , the tour was sent out for another year . A Non-equity tour version of the 2009 Revival , presented by Troika Entertainment , began in fall 2012 . The musical has also been adapted to be performed as Deaf Side Story using both English and American Sign Language , with deaf Sharks and hearing Jets . International productions ( edit ) The original Australian production opened in October 1960 at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne , before touring to the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney in February 1961 . Subsequent Australian national tours have been staged in 1983 , 1994 and 2010 . In 1961 , a tour of Israel , Africa and the Near East was mounted . In February 1962 , the West End ( H.M. Tennent ) production launched a five - month Scandinavian tour opening in Copenhagen , continuing to Oslo , Gothenburg , Stockholm and Helsinki . Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holliday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria . In 1977 , Amor Sin Barreras was produced in Mexico City by Alfonso Rosas Prigo , & Ruben Boido , Direction by Ruben Boido , presented at the Hidalgo Theater . Gualberto Castro played the part of Tony ; Maria Medina was Maria , among other cast members was Macaria . From 1982 -- 1984 a tour of South America , Israel and Europe was mounted with talent from New York . The Director / Choreographers for that production were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore , veterans of the original Broadway cast . The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has performed the show twice . It was produced by the Moon Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe . A Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Cantonese lyrics , featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong as Tony . It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Cultural Centre . Canada 's Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Side Story in 1999 , starring Tyley Ross as Tony and Ma - Anne Dionisio as Maria , and again in 2009 , The Austrian Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and 2004 , directed by the Francesca Zambello , followed by a German tour . A French language adaptation , translated by Philippe Gobeille , opened in Montreal , Quebec in March 2008 . A Philippine version played in 2008 at the Meralco Theatre . It featured Christian Bautista as Tony , Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria . Also in 2008 , an adaptation played in Portugal , directed by Filipe La Féria , with the name West Side Story -- Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater , in Lisbon , with Ricardo Soler as Tony and Lúcia Moniz and Anabela splitting the role of Anita . An international tour ( 2005 -- 2010 ) , directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely played in Tokyo , Paris , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Singapore , São Paulo , France , Taiwan , China , Italy , Rotterdam and Madrid . In 2011 , a Lima production was produced by `` Preludio Asociación Cultural '' with Marco Zunino as Tony , Rossana Fernández - Maldonado as Maria , Jesús Neyra as Bernardo , Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Orbegoso as Riff . Critical reaction ( edit ) The creators ' innovations in dance , music and theatrical style resulted in strong reactions from the critics . Walter Kerr wrote in the New York Herald Tribune on September 27 , 1957 : The radioactive fallout from West Side Story must still be descending on Broadway this morning . Director , choreographer , and idea - man Jerome Robbins has put together , and then blasted apart , the most savage , restless , electrifying dance patterns we 've been exposed to in a dozen seasons ... the show rides with a catastrophic roar over the spider - web fire - escapes , the shadowed trestles , and the plain dirt battlegrounds of a big city feud ... there is fresh excitement in the next debacle , and the next . When a gang leader advises his cohorts to play it `` Cool '' , the intolerable tension between an effort at control and the instinctive drives of these potential killers is stingingly graphic . When the knives come out , and bodies begin to fly wildly through space under buttermilk clouds , the sheer visual excitement is breathtaking ... Mr. Bernstein has permitted himself a few moments of graceful , lingering melody : in a yearning `` Maria '' , in the hushed falling line of `` Tonight '' , in the wistful declaration of `` I Have a Love '' . But for the most part he has served the needs of the onstage threshing machine ... When hero Larry Kert is stomping out the visionary insistence of `` Something 's Coming '' both music and tumultuous story are given their due . Otherwise it 's the danced narrative that takes urgent precedence ... The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musical theater . Typical was John Chapman 's review in the New York Daily News on September 27 , 1957 , headed : `` West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical Drama '' . The American theatre took a venturesome forward step when the firm of Griffith & Prince presented West Side Story at the Winter Garden last evening . This is a bold new kind of musical theatre -- a juke - box Manhattan opera . It is , to me , extraordinarily exciting ... the manner of telling the story is a provocative and artful blend of music , dance and plot -- and the music and the dancing are superb . In ( the score ) , there is the drive , the bounce , the restlessness and the sweetness of our town . It takes up the American musical idiom where it was left when George Gershwin died . It is fascinatingly tricky and melodically beguiling , and it marks the progression of an admirable composer ... Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more compelling than the love story and noted that the show 's `` putting choreography foremost , may prove a milestone in musical - drama history ... '' While critics speculated about the comic - tragic darkness of the musical , audiences were captivated . The story appealed to society 's undercurrent of rebellion from authority that surfaced in 1950s films like Rebel Without a Cause . West Side Story took this one step further by combining the classic and the hip . Robbins ' energetic choreography and Bernstein 's grand score accentuated the satiric , hard - edged lyrics of Sondheim , and Laurents ' capture of the angry voice of urban youth . The play was criticized for glamorizing gangs , and its portrayal of Puerto Ricans and lack of authentic Latin casting were weaknesses . Yet , the song `` America '' shows the triumph of the spirit over the obstacles often faced by immigrants . The musical also made points in its description of troubled youth and the devastating effects of poverty and racism . Juvenile delinquency is seen as an ailment of society : `` No one wants a fella with a social disease ! '' One writer summed up the reasons for the show 's popularity in these terms : `` On the cusp of the 1960s , American society , still recovering from the enormous upheaval of World War II , was seeking stability and control . '' Score ( edit ) The score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein , who then wrote revisions on their manuscript ( the original , heavily annotated by Ramin , Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University ) . Ramin , Kostal , and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show . The orchestra consisted of 31 players : a large Broadway pit orchestra enhanced to include 5 percussionists , a guitarist and a piano / celesta player . In 1961 , Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show , titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story : Prologue ( Allegro Moderato ) `` Somewhere '' ( Adagio ) Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero ) Mambo ( Meno Presto ) Cha - Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia ) Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso ) `` Cool '' , Fugue ( Allegretto ) Rumble ( Molto Allegro ) Finale ( Adagio ) Recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recordings of West Side Story include the following : The 1957 original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria , Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita . A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical . The movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria 's role ( played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony ( played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the `` Overture '' , the `` End Credits '' music , the complete `` Dance at the Gym '' and dialogue from the film . The 2004 re-release added the `` Intermission '' music . In 1961 , Cal Tjader released a jazz version , arranged by Clare Fischer , on Fantasy Records . The album was re-released in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story ( double CD ) . In 1961 , Stan Kenton recorded Kenton 's West Side Story ( a jazz version ) that received a 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) . In 1962 , Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz version , West Side Story . In 1962 , Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story . In 1963 , Bill Barron recorded West Side Story Bossa Nova ( Dauntless , 1963 ) In 1984 , Bernstein re-recorded the musical , conducting his own music for the first time . Generally known as the `` operatic version '' of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria , José Carreras as Tony , Tatiana Troyanos as Anita , Kurt Ollmann as Riff , Louise Edeiken as Rosalia , and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings `` Somewhere '' . It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985 . The recording process was filmed as a documentary The Making of West Side Story , which was made by the BBC for Unitel , Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann . The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction , a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy . A 1993 recording on the TER label , the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain 's National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production , conducted by John Owen Edwards . In 1996 , RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars , including : `` The Jet Song '' sung by Brian Setzer , `` A Boy Like That '' sung by Selena , `` I feel Pretty '' sung by Little Richard , two versions of `` Somewhere '' performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , `` Tonight '' sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , `` America '' sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , `` I Have a Love '' sung by Trisha Yearwood and `` Rumble '' performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters . Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund , the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville , Tennessee . In 2002 , Naxos Records released a CD with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music with soloists Mike Eldred ( Tony ) , Betsi Morrison ( Maria ) , Marianne Cook ( Anita ) , Robert Dean ( Riff ) , Michael San Giovanni , Joanna Chozen , and Michelle Prentice . A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show . The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of `` Tonight '' by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro . A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story 's 50th anniversary . This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony . The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album . Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 , and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983 . The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras , most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras , including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa . The 2009 new Broadway cast album , with Josefina Scaglione as Maria , Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . A live , semi-staged 2013 recording by the San Francisco Symphony under Music Director Michael Tilson Thomas , featuring Cheyenne Jackson , Alexandra Silber and others , debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart in May 2014 . It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD on the SFS Media label , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . Film ( edit ) Main article : West Side Story ( film ) On October 18 , 1961 , a film adaptation of the musical was released . It received praise from critics and the public , and became the second highest - grossing film of the year in the United States . The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories , including Best Picture and a special award for Robbins . The film holds the distinction of being the musical film with the most Academy Award wins ( 10 wins ) , including Best Picture . Rita Moreno ( Anita ) was the first Latino actress ever to win an Oscar . The soundtrack album won a Grammy Award and was ranked No. 1 on the Billboard chart for a record 54 weeks . Differences in the film adaptation from the stage version include that `` Tonight '' is moved to follow `` America '' ; Bernardo sings a line in `` America '' instead of Rosalia , with changes in the lyrics . Diesel is renamed Ice . `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' is moved before `` Cool '' and is sung by Riff instead of Action , and `` Cool '' is sung by Ice instead of Riff . After Riff is killed , Ice takes control of the Jets , rather than Action . References in popular Culture ( edit ) In addition to Bernstein 's own West Side Story Suite , the music from the musical has been adapted by The Buddy Rich Big Band , which arranged and recorded `` West Side Story Medley '' on the 1966 album Buddy Rich 's Swingin ' New Big Band . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Johnny Richards ' 1961 Kenton 's West Side Story , an album of jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores . It won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . The 1996 album The Songs of West Side Story included covers by such diverse artists as Selena ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) , Little Richard ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) , Trisha Yearwood ( `` I Have a Love '' ) and Salt - n - Pepa , Def Jef , Lisa Lopes , the Jerky Boys , and Paul Rodriguez all collaborating on `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , as well as Chick Corea Elektric Band collaborating with Steve Vai 's Monsters on `` Rumble '' . The television show Curb Your Enthusiasm extensively referenced West Side Story in the season seven episode `` Officer Krupke '' . An episode of Welcome Back , Kotter , `` Sweatside Story '' , parodies West Side Story when the Sweathogs engage in a rumble with students from rival New Utrecht High School . In the third season of the series Glee , three episodes feature characters auditioning , rehearsing and performing a school production of West Side Story . Songs from the musical are performed in episode 2 `` I Am Unicorn '' , episode 3 `` Asian F '' and episode 5 `` The First Time '' and also given digital releases . The Animaniacs episode `` West Side Pigeons '' features a parody romance and rivalry that mirrors that of the Jets and the Sharks . In the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` The League of Cats '' , Tom 's and Jerry 's respective leagues act very similar to the Jets and the Sharks . They also perform a number similar to the `` Jet Song '' . In film , Pixar animator Aaron Hartline used the first meeting between Tony and Maria as inspiration for the moment when Ken meets Barbie in Toy Story 3 . In the 2013 movie Teen Beach Movie , two teens are trapped inside a movie called Wet Side Story , in which a group of surfers and a group of bikers are competing in a turf war . Bring It On : In It to Win It has a plot that parallels West Side Story , and makes the reference explicit to the point where the two rival cheerleading squads are named the Jets and the Sharks . The 2005 short musical comedy film West Bank Story , which won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film , concerns a love story between a Jew and a Palestinian and parodies several aspects of West Side Story . In 1963 , Mad Magazine published `` East Side Story '' set at the United Nations building on the East Side of Manhattan , a parody of the Cold War , with the two rival gangs led by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev , by writer Frank Jacobs and illustrator Mort Drucker . From 1973 to 2004 , Wild Side Story , a camp parody musical , based loosely on West Side Story and adapting parts of the musical 's music and lyrics , was performed a total of more than 500 times in Miami Beach , Florida , Stockholm , Gran Canaria and Los Angeles . The show lampoons the musical 's tragic love story , and also lip - synching and drag shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1958 Theatre World Award Carol Lawrence Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Carol Lawrence Nominated Best Choreography Jerome Robbins Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Irene Sharaff Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Max Goberman Nominated 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Debbie Allen Won Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Josie de Guzman Nominated Debbie Allen Nominated 2008 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sofia Escobar Nominated 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Josefina Scaglione Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Karen Olivo Won Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Karen Olivo Nominated Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Won Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West Side Story , SondheimGuide.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman . `` The History of the Upper West Side '' , ny.com Jump up ^ `` About Lincoln Center '' , City Realty.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story plot and production listing '' , guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story Broadway '' IBDB.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Long , Robert Emmet . `` West Side Story '' , Broadway , The Golden Years : Jerome Robbins and The Great Choreographer - Directors : 1940 to the present , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1462 - 1 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Information from a Leonard Bernstein.com Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` A Song Like That : Collaborators Reconsider Spanish Lyrics in ' West Side Story ' '' Archived August 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , August 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Cavenaugh , Scaglione , Olivo , Green and Akram to Lead Cast of ' West Side Story ' Revival '' Archived November 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , October 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Billy Elliot , Norman Conquests , Hair , God of Carnage Are Tony Award Winners '' Archived June 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , June 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Jones , Kenneth . `` Nominations for 2009 Tony Awards Announced ; Billy Elliot Earns 15 Nominations '' Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , May 5 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth . `` ' West Side Story ' Cast Album Wins Grammy Award '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , January 31 , 2010 Jump up ^ Woodiel , Paul ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Gee , Officer Krupke , I Need Those Violins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . Broadway `` Revival of West Side Story to Close in January ; Olivo Will Not Return '' Archived September 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , September 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' , Broadwayworld.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story : Birth of a Classic '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Leah ( August 30 , 1987 ) . `` Theater Review ; ' West Side Story ' : Staging At Its Best '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ Mark Rigney . Deaf Side Story : Deaf Sharks , Hearing Jets , and a Classic American Musical . Book description Jump up ^ `` AusStage - West Side Story '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` This Story achieves greatness '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story ' News , Bregenz Festival '' , westsidestory.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Information about the translation ( in French only ) westsidestory08.com , Archived September 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story ' at the Meralco Theater this September '' Archived September 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Thefilipinoweb , July 2 , 2008 , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Lash , Larry ( November 12 , 2007 ) . `` West Side Story '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . 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Wild Side Story at Showcase Alexandra 's Stockholm , theatre playbill , January 6 , 1976 , p. 8 ; Stevens , Rob . Data Boy Pacific Southwest , West Hollywood , California , October 26 , 1979 , p. 76 ; Kearns , Michael . San Diego Update ( L.A. Life section ) , November 30 , 1979 , p. 13 ; Norlén , Eva . Aftonbladet , July 21 , 1997 , p. 37 ; Island Connections , Los Cristianos , April 7 , 2000 , p. 2 ; Metro Stockholm , August 2 , 2013 , p. 18 ; and Aftonbladet / Nöjesbladet , August 2 , 2013 , p. 25 Sources ( edit ) Laurents , Arthur ( 2000 ) . Original story by : a memoir of Broadway and Hollywood . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40055 - 9 . Berson , Misha ( 2011 ) . Something 's Coming , Something Good : West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . Further reading ( edit ) Acevedo - Munoz , Ernesto R. ( 2013 ) `` West Side Story '' as Cinema : The Making and Impact of an American Masterpiece , University Press of Kansas Bauch , Marc A. ( 2013 ) Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 3209 - 1 Laurents , Arthur ( 2009 ) . Mainly on directing : Gypsy , West Side Story , and other musicals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27088 - 7 . Simeone , Nigel ( 2009 ) Leonard Bernstein : West Side Story , Ashgate , Farnham , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6484 - 8 Vaill , A. ( 2006 ) Somewhere : The Life of Jerome Robbins , Broadway Books , New York , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0420 - 6 Wells , Elizabeth A. ( 2010 ) West Side Story : Cultural Perspectives on an American Musical , Scarecrow Press , Lanham , Maryland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7666 - 8 Williams , Mary E. ( editor ) ( 2001 ) Readings on West Side Story , Greenhaven Press , San Diego , California , ISBN 0 - 7377 - 0694 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Side Story ( musical ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : West Side Story The Official West Side Story website West Side Story at the Internet Broadway Database West Side Story at the Music Theatre International website West Side Story at The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide Moving Pictures : West Side Story by Doug Reside , curator at the New York Public Library West Side Story , extensive material at stageagent.com Twelve Jazz Versions of West Side Story at Jazz.com NYC Youth Gangs -- 1950s Musicals and operas of Leonard Bernstein On the Town Peter Pan Trouble in Tahiti Wonderful Town Candide West Side Story 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue A Quiet Place The Race to Urga Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who starred in the original west side story	[ "\n\nCharacters\nOriginal Broadway Cast (1957)\nWest End (1958)\n1980 Broadway Revival\n2009 Broadway Revival\n\n\nTony\nLarry Kert\nDon McKay\nKen Marshall\nMatt Cavenaugh\n\n\nMaria\nCarol Lawrence\nMarlys Watters\nJosie de Guzman\nJosefina Scaglione\n\n\nRiff\nMichael Callan\nGeorge Chakiris\nJames J. Mellon\nCody Green\n\n\nBernardo\nKen LeRoy\nHéctor Jaime Mercado\nGeorge Akram\n\n\nAnita\nChita Rivera\nDebbie Allen\nKaren Olivo\n\n", "\n\nCharacters\nOriginal Broadway Cast (1957)\nWest End (1958)\n1980 Broadway Revival\n2009 Broadway Revival\n\n\nTony\nLarry Kert\nDon McKay\nKen Marshall\nMatt Cavenaugh\n\n\nMaria\nCarol Lawrence\nMarlys Watters\nJosie de Guzman\nJosefina Scaglione\n\n\nRiff\nMichael Callan\nGeorge Chakiris\nJames J. Mellon\nCody Green\n\n\nBernardo\nKen LeRoy\nHéctor Jaime Mercado\nGeorge Akram\n\n\nAnita\nChita Rivera\nDebbie Allen\nKaren Olivo\n\n", "\n\nCharacters\nOriginal Broadway Cast (1957)\nWest End (1958)\n1980 Broadway Revival\n2009 Broadway Revival\n\n\nTony\nLarry Kert\nDon McKay\nKen Marshall\nMatt Cavenaugh\n\n\nMaria\nCarol Lawrence\nMarlys Watters\nJosie de Guzman\nJosefina Scaglione\n\n\nRiff\nMichael Callan\nGeorge Chakiris\nJames J. Mellon\nCody Green\n\n\nBernardo\nKen LeRoy\nHéctor Jaime Mercado\nGeorge Akram\n\n\nAnita\nChita Rivera\nDebbie Allen\nKaren Olivo\n\n", "\n\nCharacters\nOriginal Broadway Cast (1957)\nWest End (1958)\n1980 Broadway Revival\n2009 Broadway Revival\n\n\nTony\nLarry Kert\nDon McKay\nKen Marshall\nMatt Cavenaugh\n\n\nMaria\nCarol Lawrence\nMarlys Watters\nJosie de Guzman\nJosefina Scaglione\n\n\nRiff\nMichael Callan\nGeorge Chakiris\nJames J. Mellon\nCody Green\n\n\nBernardo\nKen LeRoy\nHéctor Jaime Mercado\nGeorge Akram\n\n\nAnita\nChita Rivera\nDebbie Allen\nKaren Olivo\n\n", "\n\nCharacters\nOriginal Broadway Cast (1957)\nWest End (1958)\n1980 Broadway Revival\n2009 Broadway Revival\n\n\nTony\nLarry Kert\nDon McKay\nKen Marshall\nMatt Cavenaugh\n\n\nMaria\nCarol Lawrence\nMarlys Watters\nJosie de Guzman\nJosefina Scaglione\n\n\nRiff\nMichael Callan\nGeorge Chakiris\nJames J. Mellon\nCody Green\n\n\nBernardo\nKen LeRoy\nHéctor Jaime Mercado\nGeorge Akram\n\n\nAnita\nChita Rivera\nDebbie Allen\nKaren Olivo\n\n" ]	[ "Larry Kert", "Carol Lawrence", "Michael Callan", "Ken LeRoy", "Chita Rivera" ]
3490753669024343526	Van Helsing (film)	Van Helsing ( film ) - wikipedia Van Helsing ( film ) Van Helsing Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Sommers Produced by Stephen Sommers Bob Ducsay Written by Stephen Sommers Based on Van Helsing by Bram Stoker Starring Hugh Jackman Kate Beckinsale Richard Roxburgh David Wenham Will Kemp Kevin J. O'Connor Shuler Hensley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Allen Daviau Edited by Bob Ducsay Kelly Matsumoto Production companies Sommers Company Stillking Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 07 ) Running time 131 minutes Country United States Czech Republic Language English Budget $160 million Box office $300.3 million Van Helsing is a 2004 American - Czech horror film written and directed by Stephen Sommers . It stars Hugh Jackman as vigilante monster hunter Van Helsing , and Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious . The film is an homage and tribute to the Universal Horror Monster films from the 1930s and ' 40s ( also produced by Universal Studios which were in turn based on novels by Bram Stoker and Mary Shelley ) , of which Sommers is a fan . The eponymous character was inspired by the Dutch vampire hunter Abraham Van Helsing from Irish author Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the film includes a number of monsters such as Count Dracula , Frankenstein 's monster , Mr. Hyde and werewolves in a way similar to the multi-monster movies that Universal produced in the 1940s , such as Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man , House of Frankenstein and House of Dracula . Despite mostly negative reviews , the film grossed over $300 million worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Merchandise 4.1 Video game 4.2 Slot games 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Spin - offs 7 Reboot and shared universe 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1887 Transylvania , Doctor Victor Frankenstein creates a monster with the aid of Count Dracula , who reveals that he intends to use the creature for his own evil plans . Dracula kills the doctor as a mob of villagers storms the castle . His assistant Igor escapes , but the villagers chase the monster to an old windmill and set it ablaze . The villagers are scared off by Dracula and his brides , who witness the monster and the doctor 's research apparently destroyed by the fire . One year later , after killing the elusive Mr. Hyde at the Notre - Dame Cathedral in Paris , monster hunter Van Helsing returns to the Vatican in Rome . He learns that his mission to destroy Dracula and his amnesia are penance for unremembered sins that cause nightmares . He is tasked with helping the last of an ancient Romanian bloodline , Velkan and Anna Valerious , who must kill Dracula so that their ancestors may enter Heaven . Carl , a friar , provides Van Helsing with aid and weapons . In Transylvania , Velkan is apparently killed during an attempt to trap and kill the Wolf Man , and Anna is attacked by Dracula 's brides shortly after Van Helsing 's arrival . He saves her life and kills Marishka , one of the brides , but as the last of her line , Anna becomes more determined to kill Dracula . In order to protect her , Van Helsing knocks her out to prevent her from leaving . She awakens that night and encounters Velkan , who reveals Dracula has a dark secret , but to her horror , he becomes the Wolf Man after having been bitten by the original one earlier and attacks . After she and Van Helsing track him to Frankenstein 's castle , they discover that the vampires are attempting to give life to their born - dead children , using Velkan as the source of the power . Van Helsing , dubbed `` Gabriel '' by Dracula , realizes they had ties in the past . Van Helsing refuses Dracula 's offer to return his memory and escapes . The experiment fails , and the vampire children die , but Velkan turns on Anna as he is consumed by his curse . Van Helsing and Anna escape together . Under the remains of the old windmill , Van Helsing and Anna encounter Frankenstein 's monster . Because he is not evil , Van Helsing can not allow him to be killed , even though he claims to be key to Dracula 's experiment . The Wolf Man witnesses the conversation and escapes to inform Dracula . Meanwhile , Carl discovers a painting that comes to life , depicting a werewolf and a vampire battling . The group travels by carriage to Budapest , luring the remaining brides into a trap and killing Verona . The Wolf Man ambushes the real carriage and bites Van Helsing before being killed . Anna is captured and held as a bargaining chip in exchange for Frankenstein 's monster . They hide him in a crypt , but he is taken by the count 's undead underlings while Van Helsing and Carl rescue Anna . Returning to the Valerious ' castle , Carl discovers an inscription and creates a doorway to the castle . After failing to free Frankenstein 's monster from his imprisonment , he lets them know of a cure to lycanthropy that Dracula possesses . Carl determines that the bite of the Wolf Man is the only way to kill Dracula . He and Anna take Igor to find the cure while Van Helsing goes to free Frankenstein 's monster . Igor escapes while the final bride , Aleera , beats Anna . Carl tries delivering the cure to Van Helsing . Igor confronts Carl on a bridge , but the confrontation sends Igor falling to his demise . Frankenstein 's monster saves Anna and urges her to help Carl and Van Helsing . She kills Aleera and arrives at the castle . As the Wolf Man , Van Helsing and Dracula battle . Dracula tries reasoning with the Wolf Man , but Van Helsing bites Dracula , who dissolves into a skeleton . Anna bursts in , causing her to be attacked and accidentally killed by Van Helsing , but not before she delivers the cure . Van Helsing returns to normal , stricken with grief over what he has done . At a funeral pyre , Van Helsing witnesses the spirits of Anna and her family ascending into the clouds while Frankenstein 's monster rows away on a raft out to sea . Van Helsing and Carl ride off into the sunset . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as Gabriel Van Helsing , a legendary hunter of monsters . Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious , together with her brother are the last descendants of an ancient Romanian family . Richard Roxburgh as Count Vladislaus Dracula , the ruler of Transylvania and Lord of the Vampires . David Wenham as Friar Carl , a friar of the Holy Order . Shuler Hensley as Frankenstein 's monster . Elena Anaya as Aleera , Dracula 's most sadistic concubine . Will Kemp as Velkan Valerious , Anna 's brother , who is turned into a werewolf . Kevin J. O'Connor as Igor , a former servant of Frankenstein 's , now working for Dracula . Alun Armstrong as Cardinal Jinette , Van Helsing 's superior in the Holy Order . Silvia Colloca as Verona , Dracula 's consort and the leader of the Brides . Josie Maran as Marishka , Dracula 's youngest concubine . Tom Fisher as Top Hat , a Transylvanian grave digger . Samuel West as Dr. Victor Frankenstein . Stephen H. Fisher as Dr. Jekyll . Robbie Coltrane as the voice of Mr. Hyde . Soundtrack ( edit ) Van Helsing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri Released May 4 , 2004 Recorded Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 45 Label Decca Records Producer Alan Silvestri , David Bifano The film 's original soundtrack was composed by Alan Silvestri . Merchandise ( edit ) Video game ( edit ) Vivendi Universal Games published a Van Helsing video game for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , PC and Game Boy Advance . The game follows a similar plot to the movie , has gameplay similar to Devil May Cry and the PS2 and Xbox versions feature the voice talent of many of the actors including Hugh Jackman . Slot games ( edit ) Van Helsing also features in a slot game produced by International Game Technology . The game is available in real world casinos and online , though users in Argentina , Australia , Canada , China , France , Germany , Israel , Italy , Netherlands , Nigeria , Norway , Russia , South Africa , Thailand , Turkey and the US are excluded from playing the online games . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened at # 1 in the weekend of May 7 -- 9 , 2004 . The film grossed US $300,257,475 worldwide of which US $120,177,084 was from the US . Critical reception ( edit ) Van Helsing received mostly negative reviews by critics . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 23 % of 213 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating was 4.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` A hollow creature feature that suffers from CGI overload . '' Metacritic rated it 35 / 100 based on 38 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave an extremely negative review , rating the film half a star out of four and calling it `` the worst would - be summer blockbuster since Battlefield Earth '' . Furthermore , he wrote `` There are quite a few unintentionally funny moments , although the overall experience was too intensely painful for me to be able to advocate it as being `` so bad , it 's good . '' ... Some , however , will doubtless view it as such . More power to them , since sitting through this movie requires something more than a strong constitution and a capacity for self - torture . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle greatly disliked the film , writing : `` Writer - director Stephen Sommers ( ... ) throws together plot strains from various horror movies and stories and tries to muscle things along with flash and dazzle . But his film just lies there , weighted down by a complete lack of wit , artfulness and internal logic ... What Sommers tries to do here is use action as the only means of involving an audience . So story is sacrificed . Character development is nonexistent , and there are no attempts to incite emotion . Instead , Sommers tries to hold an audience for two hours with nothing up his sleeve but colored ribbons , bright sparklers and a kazoo . What he proves is that this is no way to make movies . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4 stating that `` At the outset , we may fear Sommers is simply going for f / x overkill , but by the end , he has somehow succeeded in assembling all his monsters and plot threads into a high - voltage climax . Van Helsing is silly , spectacular and fun . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Saturn Award Best Horror Film Nominated Best Costume Design Gabriella Pescucci , Carlo Poggioli Best Make - Up Greg Cannom , Steve LaPorte Best Special Effects Scott Squires , Ben Snow , Daniel Jeannette , Syd Dutton Best Music Alan Silvestri Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Special Effects in Service to Visual Effects in a Motion Picture Geoff Heron , Chad Taylor Nominated Spin - offs ( edit ) Sommers expanded the story of Van Helsing in two direct spin - offs : The animated prequel titled Van Helsing : The London Assignment takes place before the main events of the film , focusing on Van Helsing 's mission to try to stop Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde from terrorizing London . There is also a one - shot comic book , published by Dark Horse Comics , titled Van Helsing : From Beneath the Rue Morgue , that follows Van Helsing on a self - contained adventure that occurs during the events of the film , just after the death of Jekyll / Hyde in Paris but before Van Helsing returned to Rome . In the adventure , Van Helsing deals with Doctor Moreau and his hybrid mutants . Reboot and shared universe ( edit ) See also : Dark Universe ( franchise ) In May 2012 , Universal Pictures announced that they would be rebooting the film with Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci as a two - year deal to produce a modern reimagining and Tom Cruise to star as the title character and also produce the film . Rupert Sanders is in talks to direct the film . Orci spoken to IGN that he has hinted that both The Mummy and Van Helsing reboots will have a shared universe . On November 11 , 2015 , Variety reports that Jon Spaihts and Eric Heisserer will write the reboot , but Cruise left the film . However , in 2016 , Cruise signed back on to star in Kurtzman 's The Mummy , which was released in theaters on June 9 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Abraham Van Helsing Universal Monsters Vampire film List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Van Helsing '' . www.filmcommission.cz ( in Czech ) . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Van Helsing ( 2004 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van Helsing '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IGT Slots Blocked Territories '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( 2004 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Marketing goes to heroic measures '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Van Helsing '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Van Helsing '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Van Helsing '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` ' Van Helsing ' a monstrosity of a movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 7 , 2004 ) . `` Van Helsing '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NOMINATIONS FOR 31ST ANNUAL SATURN AWARDS ANNOUNCED '' . Film Threat . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' Spider - man 2 '' Big Winner at the 31st Annual Saturn Awards `` . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2005 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Spidey pic catches 6 f / x noms from VES '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Orci , Kurtzman sign two - year Universal deal '' . Variety . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Signs Kurtzman and Orci ; Pair Takes On ' The Mummy ' and ' Van Helsing ' '' . deadline.com. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Rupert Sanders Circling Universal 's Tom Cruise - Starring VAN HELSING '' . Twich. 2012 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( 18 October 2013 ) . `` Bob Orci Discusses Van Helsing Reboot '' . IGN . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Forget Franchises : Why 2014 Will Be Hollywood 's Year of the ' Shared Universe ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Universal 's ' Van Helsing ' Reboot Enlists Scribes Jon Spaihts and Eric Heisserer ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Universal 's ' Van Helsing ' Reboot Enlists Scribes Jon Spaihts and Eric Heisserer ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Van Helsing Official website Van Helsing on IMDb Van Helsing at AllMovie Van Helsing at Rotten Tomatoes Van Helsing at Metacritic Van Helsing at Box Office Mojo Dark Horse Comics ' Van Helsing one - shot comic book Films directed by Stephen Sommers Catch Me If You Can ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Huck Finn ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) Deep Rising ( 1998 ) The Mummy ( 1999 ) The Mummy Returns ( 2001 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) Odd Thomas ( 2013 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? 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( 1967 ) Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) Blacula ( 1972 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) Vampira ( 1974 ) Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Other Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) Nosferatu ( 1922 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) Dracula ( 1968 ) Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) Count Dracula ( 1970 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) Count Dracula ( 1977 ) Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) To Die For ( 1989 ) Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Nadja ( 1994 ) Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) Dracula ( 2002 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) Dracula ( 2006 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Young Dracula ( 2011 ) Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Television Series Monster Squad ( 1976 ) Draculas ring ( 1978 ) Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Monster Force ( 1994 ) Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) characters episodes Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Episodes `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) Other novels The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) Anno Dracula The Bloody Red Baron Dracula Cha Cha Cha Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) Little Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) The Historian ( 2005 ) The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) Bloodline ( 2005 ) Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) Fangland ( 2007 ) Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) Radio Dracula ( 1938 ) Dracula ( 1975 ) Plays Dracula ( 1924 ) Dracula ( 1995 ) Dracula ( 1996 ) Musicals Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) Comics The Tomb of Dracula Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) Dracula ( Dell Comics ) Dracula Lives ! Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Son of the Dragon Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' The Wolf Man franchise Original series The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) Remake The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Characters Larry Talbot Universal Classic Monsters Films The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Cat and The Canary The Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) The Cat Creeps ( 1930 ) La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) The Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) Dracula Dracula ( 1931 English - language film ) Dracula ( 1931 Spanish - language film ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe series Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost ( 1944 ) The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Invisible Man The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) The Invisible Man Returns ( 1940 ) The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) Werewolves Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - 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language films 2004 horror films 2000s action films American films American action films American supernatural horror films Action horror films Crossover films Dracula films Films set in 1887 Films set in 1888 Films set in Budapest Films set in Paris Films set in Slovakia Films set in Transylvania Films set in Rome Films shot in the Czech Republic Films shot in Florida Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Paris Films shot in Rome Frankenstein films Fiction about shapeshifting Stillking Films films Swashbuckler films Vigilante films Werewolves in film Universal Pictures films Films directed by Stephen Sommers Films produced by Stephen Sommers Films scored by Alan Silvestri Screenplays by Stephen Sommers Universal Monsters Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 19 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the role of van helsing in the movie	[ "Van Helsing is a 2004 American-Czech horror film[3] written and directed by Stephen Sommers. It stars Hugh Jackman as vigilante monster hunter Van Helsing, and Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious. The film is an homage and tribute to the Universal Horror Monster films from the 1930s and '40s (also produced by Universal Studios which were in turn based on novels by Bram Stoker and Mary Shelley), of which Sommers is a fan.\n" ]	[ "Hugh Jackman" ]
-44626940550421618	Utilitarianism	Utilitarianism - wikipedia Utilitarianism This article discusses utilitarian ethical theory . For a discussion of John Stuart Mill 's book Utilitarianism , see Utilitarianism ( book ) . For the architectural theory , see Utilitarianism ( architecture ) . Part of a series on Utilitarianism Predecessors ( hide ) Epicurus David Hume Claude Adrien Helvétius William Godwin Francis Hutcheson William Paley Key proponents ( hide ) Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill Henry Sidgwick Richard Mervyn Hare Peter Singer Types of utilitarianism ( hide ) Negative Rule Act Two - level Total Average Prior existence Preference Classical Key concepts ( hide ) Pain Suffering Pleasure Utility Happiness Eudaimonia Consequentialism Felicific calculus Problems ( hide ) Mere addition paradox Paradox of hedonism Utility monster Related topics ( hide ) Rational choice theory Game theory Social choice Neoclassical economics Politics portal Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility . `` Utility '' is defined in various ways , usually in terms of the well - being of sentient entities . Jeremy Bentham , the founder of utilitarianism , described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action , minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action . Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism , which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong . Unlike other forms of consequentialism , such as egoism and altruism , utilitarianism considers the interests of all beings equally . Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points , such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results ( act utilitarianism ) or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility ( rule utilitarianism ) . There is also disagreement as to whether total ( total utilitarianism ) or average ( average utilitarianism ) utility should be maximized . Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus , who viewed happiness as the only good , the tradition of utilitarianism properly began with Bentham , and has included John Stuart Mill , Henry Sidgwick , R.M. Hare , David Braybrooke , and Peter Singer . It has been applied to social welfare economics , the crisis of global poverty , the ethics of raising animals for food and the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Historical background 2.1 Chinese philosophy 2.2 Western philosophy 3 Classical utilitarianism 3.1 Jeremy Bentham 3.2 John Stuart Mill 3.2. 1 Higher and lower pleasures 3.2. 2 Mill 's ' proof ' of the principle of utility 4 Twentieth - century developments 4.1 Ideal utilitarianism 4.2 Act and rule utilitarianism 4.3 Two - level utilitarianism 4.4 Preference utilitarianism 5 More varieties of utilitarianism 5.1 Negative utilitarianism 5.2 Motive utilitarianism 6 Criticisms 6.1 Quantifying utility 6.2 Utility ignores justice 6.3 Predicting consequences 6.4 Demandingness objection 6.5 Aggregating utility 6.6 Calculating utility is self - defeating 6.7 Criticisms of utilitarian value theory 7 Additional considerations 7.1 Average v. total happiness 7.2 Motives , intentions , and actions 8 Humans alone , or other sentient beings ? 8.1 Nonhuman animals 9 Application to specific issues 9.1 World poverty 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Benthamism , the utilitarian philosophy founded by Jeremy Bentham , was substantially modified by his successor John Stuart Mill , who popularized the word ' Utilitarianism ' . In 1861 , Mill acknowledged in a footnote that , though `` believing himself to be the first person who brought the word ' utilitarian ' into use , he did not invent it . Rather , he adopted it from a passing expression in '' John Galt 's 1821 novel Annals of the Parish . Mill seems to have been unaware that Bentham had used the term ' utilitarian ' in his 1781 letter to George Wilson and his 1802 letter to Étienne Dumont . Historical background ( edit ) Chinese Philosophy ( edit ) In Chinese philosophy , the Mohists and their successors the `` Chinese Legalists '' might be considered utilitarians , or at least the `` earliest form of consequentialism '' . The fourth century witnessed the emergence of particular concerns for them , including discussions polarizing the concepts of self and private , commonly used in conjunction with profit and associated with fragmentation , division , partiality , and one - sidelines , with that of the state and `` public '' , represented by the duke and referring to what is official or royal , that is , the ruler himself , associated with unity , wholeness , objectivity , and universality . The later denotes the `` universal Way '' . However , the Mohists did not focus on emotional happiness , but promoted objective public goods : material wealth , a large population or family , and social order . On the other hand , the `` Legalist '' Han Fei `` is motivated almost totally from the ruler 's point of view . '' Western Philosophy ( edit ) See also : Hedonism The importance of happiness as an end for humans has long been recognized . Forms of hedonism were put forward by Aristippus and Epicurus ; Aristotle argued that eudaimonia is the highest human good and Augustine wrote that `` all men agree in desiring the last end , which is happiness . '' Happiness was also explored in depth by Aquinas . Different varieties of consequentialism also existed in the ancient and medieval world , like the state consequentialism of Mohism or the political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli . Mohist consequentialism advocated communitarian moral goods including political stability , population growth , and wealth , but did not support the utilitarian notion of maximizing individual happiness . Machiavelli was also an exponent of consequentialism . He believed that the actions of a state , however cruel or ruthless they may be , must contribute towards the common good of a society . Utilitarianism as a distinct ethical position only emerged in the eighteenth century . Although utilitarianism is usually thought to start with Jeremy Bentham , there were earlier writers who presented theories that were strikingly similar . In An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals , David Hume writes : In all determinations of morality , this circumstance of public utility is ever principally in view ; and wherever disputes arise , either in philosophy or common life , concerning the bounds of duty , the question can not , by any means , be decided with greater certainty , than by ascertaining , on any side , the true interests of mankind . If any false opinion , embraced from appearances , has been found to prevail ; as soon as farther experience and sounder reasoning have given us juster notions of human affairs , we retract our first sentiment , and adjust anew the boundaries of moral good and evil . Hume studied the works of , and corresponded with , Francis Hutcheson , and it was he who first introduced a key utilitarian phrase . In An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue ( 1725 ) , Hutcheson says when choosing the most moral action , virtue is in proportion to the number of people a particular action brings happiness to . In the same way , moral evil , or vice , is proportionate to the number of people made to suffer . The best action is the one that procures the greatest happiness of the greatest numbers -- and the worst is the one that causes the most misery . In the first three editions of the book , Hutcheson included various mathematical algorithms `` ... to compute the Morality of any Actions . '' In this , he pre-figured the hedonic calculus of Bentham . Some claim that John Gay developed the first systematic theory of utilitarian ethics . In Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality ( 1731 ) , Gay argues that : happiness , private happiness , is the proper or ultimate end of all our actions ... each particular action may be said to have its proper and peculiar end ... ( but ) ... . they still tend or ought to tend to something farther ; as is evident from hence , viz. that a man may ask and expect a reason why either of them are pursued : now to ask the reason of any action or pursuit , is only to enquire into the end of it : but to expect a reason , i.e. an end , to be assigned for an ultimate end , is absurd . To ask why I pursue happiness , will admit of no other answer than an explanation of the terms . This pursuit of happiness is given a theological basis : Now it is evident from the nature of God , viz . his being infinitely happy in himself from all eternity , and from his goodness manifested in his works , that he could have no other design in creating mankind than their happiness ; and therefore he wills their happiness ; therefore the means of their happiness : therefore that my behaviour , as far as it may be a means of the happiness of mankind , should be such ... thus the will of God is the immediate criterion of Virtue , and the happiness of mankind the criterion of the wilt of God ; and therefore the happiness of mankind may be said to be the criterion of virtue , but once removed ... ( and ) ... I am to do whatever lies in my power towards promoting the happiness of mankind . Modern Utilitarianism by Thomas Rawson Birks 1874 Gay 's theological utilitarianism was developed and popularized by William Paley . It has been claimed that Paley was not a very original thinker and that the philosophical part of his treatise on ethics is `` an assemblage of ideas developed by others and is presented to be learned by students rather than debated by colleagues . '' Nevertheless , his book The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy ( 1785 ) was a required text at Cambridge and Smith says that Paley 's writings were `` once as well known in American colleges as were the readers and spellers of William McGuffey and Noah Webster in the elementary schools . '' Although now largely missing from the philosophical canon , Schneewind writes that `` utilitarianism first became widely known in England through the work of William Paley . '' The now forgotten significance of Paley can be judged from the title of Thomas Rawson Birks 's 1874 work Modern Utilitarianism or the Systems of Paley , Bentham and Mill Examined and Compared . Apart from restating that happiness as an end is grounded in the nature of God , Paley also discusses the place of rules . He writes : ... actions are to be estimated by their tendency . Whatever is expedient , is right . It is the utility of any moral rule alone , which constitutes the obligation of it . But to all this there seems a plain objection , viz. that many actions are useful , which no man in his senses will allow to be right . There are occasions , in which the hand of the assassin would be very useful ... The true answer is this ; that these actions , after all , are not useful , and for that reason , and that alone , are not right . To see this point perfectly , it must be observed that the bad consequences of actions are twofold , particular and general . The particular bad consequence of an action , is the mischief which that single action directly and immediately occasions . The general bad consequence is , the violation of some necessary or useful general rule ... You can not permit one action and forbid another , without showing a difference between them . Consequently , the same sort of actions must be generally permitted or generally forbidden . Where , therefore , the general permission of them would be pernicious , it becomes necessary to lay down and support the rule which generally forbids them . Classical utilitarianism ( edit ) Jeremy Bentham ( edit ) Main article : Jeremy Bentham Jeremy Bentham . Bentham 's book An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation was printed in 1780 but not published until 1789 . It is possible that Bentham was spurred on to publish after he saw the success of Paley 's The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy . Bentham 's book was not an immediate success but his ideas were spread further when Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont translated edited selections from a variety of Bentham 's manuscripts into French . Traité de legislation civile et pénale was published in 1802 and then later retranslated back into English by Hildreth as The Theory of Legislation , although by this time significant portions of Dumont 's work had already been retranslated and incorporated into Sir John Bowring 's edition of Bentham 's works , which was issued in parts between 1838 and 1843 . Bentham 's work opens with a statement of the principle of utility : Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters , pain and pleasure . It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do ... By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question : or , what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness . I say of every action whatsoever , and therefore not only of every action of a private individual , but of every measure of government . In Chapter IV , Bentham introduces a method of calculating the value of pleasures and pains , which has come to be known as the hedonic calculus . Bentham says that the value of a pleasure or pain , considered by itself , can be measured according to its intensity , duration , certainty / uncertainty and propinquity / remoteness . In addition , it is necessary to consider `` the tendency of any act by which it is produced '' and , therefore , to take account of the act 's fecundity , or the chance it has of being followed by sensations of the same kind and its purity , or the chance it has of not being followed by sensations of the opposite kind . Finally , it is necessary to consider the extent , or the number of people affected by the action . Perhaps aware that Hutcheson eventually removed his algorithms for calculating the greatest happiness because they `` appear 'd useless , and were disagreeable to some readers '' , Bentham contends that there is nothing novel or unwarranted about his method , for `` in all this there is nothing but what the practice of mankind , wheresoever they have a clear view of their own interest , is perfectly conformable to . '' Rosen warns that descriptions of utilitarianism can bear `` little resemblance historically to utilitarians like Bentham and J.S. Mill '' and can be more `` a crude version of act utilitarianism conceived in the twentieth century as a straw man to be attacked and rejected . '' It is a mistake to think that Bentham is not concerned with rules . His seminal work is concerned with the principles of legislation and the hedonic calculus is introduced with the words `` Pleasures then , and the avoidance of pains , are the ends that the legislator has in view . '' In Chapter VII , Bentham says : `` The business of government is to promote the happiness of the society , by punishing and rewarding ... In proportion as an act tends to disturb that happiness , in proportion as the tendency of it is pernicious , will be the demand it creates for punishment . '' The question then arises as to when , if at all , it might be legitimate to break the law . This is considered in The Theory of Legislation , where Bentham distinguishes between evils of the first and second orders . Those of the first order are the more immediate consequences ; those of the second are when the consequences spread through the community causing `` alarm '' and `` danger '' . It is true there are cases in which , if we confine ourselves to the effects of the first order , the good will have an incontestable preponderance over the evil . Were the offence considered only under this point of view , it would not be easy to assign any good reasons to justify the rigour of the laws . Every thing depends upon the evil of the second order ; it is this which gives to such actions the character of crime , and which makes punishment necessary . Let us take , for example , the physical desire of satisfying hunger . Let a beggar , pressed by hunger , steal from a rich man 's house a loaf , which perhaps saves him from starving , can it be possible to compare the good which the thief acquires for himself , with the evil which the rich man suffers ? ... It is not on account of the evil of the first order that it is necessary to erect these actions into offences , but on account of the evil of the second order . John Stuart Mill ( edit ) Main article : John Stuart Mill Mill was brought up as a Benthamite with the explicit intention that he would carry on the cause of utilitarianism . Mill 's book Utilitarianism first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser 's Magazine in 1861 and was reprinted as a single book in 1863 . Higher and lower pleasures ( edit ) Mill rejects a purely quantitative measurement of utility and says : It is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognize the fact , that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others . It would be absurd that while , in estimating all other things , quality is considered as well as quantity , the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone . The word utility is used to mean general well - being or happiness , and Mill 's view is that utility is the consequence of a good action . Utility , within the context of utilitarianism , refers to people performing actions for social utility . With social utility , he means the well - being of many people . Mill 's explanation of the concept of utility in his work , Utilitarianism , is that people really do desire happiness , and since each individual desires their own happiness , it must follow that all of us desire the happiness of everyone , contributing to a larger social utility . Thus , an action that results in the greatest pleasure for the utility of society is the best action , or as Jeremy Bentham , the founder of early Utilitarianism put it , as the greatest happiness of the greatest number . Mill not only viewed actions as a core part of utility , but as the directive rule of moral human conduct . The rule being that we should only be committing actions that provide pleasure to society . This view of pleasure was hedonistic , as it pursued the thought that pleasure is the highest good in life . This concept was adopted by Jeremy Bentham , the founder of Utilitarianism , and can be seen in his works . According to Mill , good actions result in pleasure , and that there is no higher end than pleasure . Mill says that good actions lead to pleasure and define good character . Better put , the justification of character , and whether an action is good or not , is based on how the person contributes to the concept of social utility . In the long run the best proof of a good character is good actions ; and resolutely refuse to consider any mental disposition as good , of which the predominant tendency is to produce bad conduct . In the last chapter of Utilitarianism , Mill concludes that justice , as a classifying factor of our actions ( being just or unjust ) is one of the certain moral requirements , and when the requirements are all regarded collectively , they are viewed as greater according to this scale of `` social utility '' as Mill puts it . He also notes that , contrary to what its critics might say , there is `` no known Epicurean theory of life which does not assign to the pleasures of the intellect ... a much higher value as pleasures than to those of mere sensation . '' However , he accepts that this is usually because the intellectual pleasures are thought to have circumstantial advantages , i.e. `` greater permanency , safety , uncostliness , &c . '' Instead , Mill will argue that some pleasures are intrinsically better than others . The accusation that hedonism is `` doctrine worthy only of swine '' has a long history . In Nicomachean Ethics ( Book 1 Chapter 5 ) , Aristotle says that identifying the good with pleasure is to prefer a life suitable for beasts . The theological utilitarians had the option of grounding their pursuit of happiness in the will of God ; the hedonistic utilitarians needed a different defence . Mill 's approach is to argue that the pleasures of the intellect are intrinsically superior to physical pleasures . Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals , for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast 's pleasures ; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool , no instructed person would be an ignoramus , no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base , even though they should be persuaded that the fool , the dunce , or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs ... A being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy , is capable probably of more acute suffering , and certainly accessible to it at more points , than one of an inferior type ; but in spite of these liabilities , he can never really wish to sink into what he feels to be a lower grade of existence ... It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied ; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied . And if the fool , or the pig , are of a different opinion , it is because they only know their own side of the question ... Mill argues that if people who are `` competently acquainted '' with two pleasures show a decided preference for one even if it be accompanied by more discontent and `` would not resign it for any quantity of the other '' , then it is legitimate to regard that pleasure as being superior in quality . Mill recognizes that these `` competent judges '' will not always agree , and states that , in cases of disagreement , the judgment of the majority is to be accepted as final . Mill also acknowledges that `` many who are capable of the higher pleasures , occasionally , under the influence of temptation , postpone them to the lower . But this is quite compatible with a full appreciation of the intrinsic superiority of the higher . '' Mill says that this appeal to those who have experienced the relevant pleasures is no different from what must happen when assessing the quantity of pleasure , for there is no other way of measuring `` the acutest of two pains , or the intensest of two pleasurable sensations . '' `` It is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are low , has the greatest chance of having them fully satisfied ; and a highly - endowed being will always feel that any happiness which he can look for , as the world is constitute , is imperfect . '' Mill also thinks that `` intellectual pursuits have value out of proportion to the amount of contentment or pleasure ( the mental state ) that they produce '' . Mill also says that people should pursue these grand ideals , because if they choose to have gratification from petty pleasures , `` some displeasure will eventually creep in . We will become bored and depressed . '' Mill claims that gratification from petty pleasures only gives short - term happiness and , subsequently , worsens the individual who may feel that his life lacks happiness , since the happiness is transient . Whereas , intellectual pursuits give long term happiness because provide the individual with constant opportunities throughout the years to improve his life , by benefiting from accruing knowledge . It should be noted that Mill 's views intellectual pursuits as `` capable of incorporating the ' finer things ' in life '' while petty pursuits do not achieve this goal . Mill is saying that intellectual pursuits gives the individual the opportunity to escape the constant depression cycle since these pursuits allow them to achieve their ideals , while petty pleasures do not offer this . Although debate persists about the nature of Mill 's view of gratification , this suggests that his was a bifurcated position . Mill 's ' proof ' of the principle of utility ( edit ) In Chapter Four of Utilitarianism , Mill considers what proof can be given for the principle of utility . He says : The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible , is that people actually see it . The only proof that a sound is audible , is that people hear it ... In like manner , I apprehend , the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable , is that people do actually desire it ... No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable , except that each person , so far as he believes it to be attainable , desires his own happiness ... we have not only all the proof which the case admits of , but all which it is possible to require , that happiness is a good : that each person 's happiness is a good to that person , and the general happiness , therefore , a good to the aggregate of all persons . It is usual to say that Mill is committing a number of fallacies . He is accused of committing the naturalistic fallacy , because he is trying to deduce what people ought to do from what they in fact do ; the fallacy of equivocation , because he moves from the fact that ( 1 ) something is desirable , i.e. is capable of being desired , to the claim that ( 2 ) it is desirable , i.e. that it ought to be desired ; and the fallacy of composition , because the fact that people desire their own happiness does not imply that the aggregate of all persons will desire the general happiness . Such allegations began to emerge in Mill 's lifetime , shortly after the publication of Utilitarianism , and persisted for well over a century , though the tide has been turning in recent discussions . A defence of Mill against all three charges , with a chapter devoted to each , can be found in Necip Fikri Alican 's Mill 's Principle of Utility : A Defense of John Stuart Mill 's Notorious Proof ( 1994 ) . This is the first , and remains the only , book - length treatment of the subject matter . Yet the alleged fallacies in the proof continue to attract scholarly attention in journal articles and book chapters . Hall and Popkin defend Mill against this accusation pointing out that he begins Chapter Four by asserting that `` questions of ultimate ends do not admit of proof , in the ordinary acceptation of the term '' and that this is `` common to all first principles . '' According to Hall and Popkin , therefore , Mill does not attempt to `` establish that what people do desire is desirable but merely attempts to make the principles acceptable . '' The type of `` proof '' Mill is offering `` consists only of some considerations which , Mill thought , might induce an honest and reasonable man to accept utilitarianism . '' Having claimed that people do , in fact , desire happiness , Mill now has to show that it is the only thing they desire . Mill anticipates the objection that people desire other things such as virtue . He argues that whilst people might start desiring virtue as a means to happiness , eventually , it becomes part of someone 's happiness and is then desired as an end in itself . The principle of utility does not mean that any given pleasure , as music , for instance , or any given exemption from pain , as for example health , are to be looked upon as means to a collective something termed happiness , and to be desired on that account . They are desired and desirable in and for themselves ; besides being means , they are a part of the end . Virtue , according to the utilitarian doctrine , is not naturally and originally part of the end , but it is capable of becoming so ; and in those who love it disinterestedly it has become so , and is desired and cherished , not as a means to happiness , but as a part of their happiness . We may give what explanation we please of this unwillingness ; we may attribute it to pride , a name which is given indiscriminately to some of the most and to some of the least estimable feelings of which is mankind are capable ; we may refer it to the love of liberty and personal independence , an appeal to which was with the Stoics one of the most effective means for the inculcation of it ; to the love of power , or the love of excitement , both of which do really enter into and contribute to it : but its most appropriate appellation is a sense of dignity , which all humans beings possess in one form or other , and in some , though by no means in exact , proportion to their higher faculties , and which is so essential a part of the happiness of those in whom it is strong , that nothing which conflicts with it could be , otherwise than momentarily , an object of desire to them . Twentieth - century developments ( edit ) Ideal utilitarianism ( edit ) The description of ideal utilitarianism was first used by Hastings Rashdall in The Theory of Good and Evil ( 1907 ) , but it is more often associated with G.E. Moore . In Ethics ( 1912 ) , Moore rejected a purely hedonistic utilitarianism and argued that there is a range of values that might be maximized . Moore 's strategy was to show that it is intuitively implausible that pleasure is the sole measure of what is good . He says that such an assumption : involves our saying , for instance , that a world in which absolutely nothing except pleasure existed -- no knowledge , no love , no enjoyment of beauty , no moral qualities -- must yet be intrinsically better -- better worth creating -- provided only the total quantity of pleasure in it were the least bit greater , than one in which all these things existed as well as pleasure . It involves our saying that , even if the total quantity of pleasure in each was exactly equal , yet the fact that all the beings in the one possessed in addition knowledge of many different kinds and a full appreciation of all that was beautiful or worthy of love in their world , whereas none of the beings in the other possessed any of these things , would give us no reason whatever for preferring the former to the latter . Moore admits that it is impossible to prove the case either way , but he believed that it was intuitively obvious that even if the amount of pleasure stayed the same a world that contained such things as beauty and love would be a better world . He adds that , if a person was to take the contrary view , then `` I think it is self - evident that he would be wrong . '' Act and rule utilitarianism ( edit ) In the mid-twentieth century a number of philosophers focused on the place of rules in utilitarian thinking . It was already accepted that it is necessary to use rules to help you choose the right action because the problems of calculating the consequences on each and every occasion would almost certainly result in you frequently choosing something less than the best course of action . Paley had justified the use of rules and Mill says : It is truly a whimsical supposition that , if mankind were agreed in considering utility to be the test of morality , they would remain without any agreement as to what is useful , and would take no measures for having their notions on the subject taught to the young , and enforced by law and opinion ... to consider the rules of morality as improvable , is one thing ; to pass over the intermediate generalisations entirely , and endeavour to test each individual action directly by the first principle , is another ... The proposition that happiness is the end and aim of morality , does not mean that no road ought to be laid down to that goal ... Nobody argues that the art of navigation is not founded on astronomy , because sailors can not wait to calculate the Nautical Almanack . Being rational creatures , they go to sea with it ready calculated ; and all rational creatures go out upon the sea of life with their minds made up on the common questions of right and wrong . However , rule utilitarianism proposes a more central role for rules that was thought to rescue the theory from some of its more devastating criticisms , particularly problems to do with justice and promise keeping . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , articles were published both for and against the new form of utilitarianism , and through this debate the theory we now call rule utilitarianism was created . In an introduction to an anthology of these articles , the editor was able to say : `` The development of this theory was a dialectical process of formulation , criticism , reply and reformulation ; the record of this process well illustrates the co-operative development of a philosophical theory . '' Smart and McCloskey initially used the terms ' extreme ' and ' restricted ' utilitarianism but eventually everyone settled on the terms ' act ' and ' rule ' utilitarianism . The essential difference is in what determines whether or not an action is the right action . Act utilitarianism maintains that an action is right if it maximizes utility ; rule utilitarianism maintains that an action is right if it conforms to a rule that maximizes utility . In 1956 , Urmson published an influential article arguing that Mill justified rules on utilitarian principles . From then on , articles have debated this interpretation of Mill . In all probability , it was not a distinction that Mill was particularly trying to make and so the evidence in his writing is inevitably mixed . A collection of Mill 's writing published in 1977 includes a letter in which he says : I agree with you that the right way of testing actions by their consequences , is to test them by the natural consequences of the particular action , and not by those which would follow if everyone did the same . But , for the most part , the consideration of what would happen if everyone did the same , is the only means we have of discovering the tendency of the act in the particular case . This seems to tip the balance in favour of saying that Mill is best classified as an act utilitarian . Some school level textbooks and at least one UK examination board make a further distinction between strong and weak rule utilitarianism . However , it is not clear that this distinction is made in the academic literature . It has been argued that rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism , because for any given rule , in the case where breaking the rule produces more utility , the rule can be refined by the addition of a sub-rule that handles cases like the exception . This process holds for all cases of exceptions , and so the `` rules '' have as many `` sub-rules '' as there are exceptional cases , which , in the end , makes an agent seek out whatever outcome produces the maximum utility . Two - level utilitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Two - level utilitarianism In Principles ( 1973 ) , R.M. Hare accepts that rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism but claims that this is a result of allowing the rules to be `` as specific and un-general as we please . '' He argues that one of the main reasons for introducing rule utilitarianism was to do justice to the general rules that people need for moral education and character development and he proposes that `` a difference between act - utilitarianism and rule - utilitarianism can be introduced by limiting the specificity of the rules , i.e. , by increasing their generality . '' This distinction between a `` specific rule utilitarianism '' ( which collapses into act utilitarianism ) and `` general rule utilitarianism '' forms the basis of Hare 's two - level utilitarianism . When we are `` playing God or the ideal observer '' , we use the specific form , and we will need to do this when we are deciding what general principles to teach and follow . When we are `` inculcating '' or in situations where the biases of our human nature are likely to prevent us doing the calculations properly , then we should use the more general rule utilitarianism . Hare argues that in practice , most of the time , we should be following the general principles : One ought to abide by the general principles whose general inculcation is for the best ; harm is more likely to come , in actual moral situations , from questioning these rules than from sticking to them , unless the situations are very extra-ordinary ; the results of sophisticated felicific calculations are not likely , human nature and human ignorance being what they are , to lead to the greatest utility . In Moral Thinking ( 1981 ) , Hare illustrated the two extremes . The `` archangel '' is the hypothetical person who has perfect knowledge of the situation and no personal biases or weaknesses and always uses critical moral thinking to decide the right thing to do ; the `` prole '' is the hypothetical person who is completely incapable of critical thinking and uses nothing but intuitive moral thinking and , of necessity , has to follow the general moral rules they have been taught or learned through imitation . It is not that some people are archangels and others proles , but rather that `` we all share the characteristics of both to limited and varying degrees and at different times . '' Hare does not specify when we should think more like an `` archangel '' and more like a `` prole '' as this will , in any case , vary from person to person . However , the critical moral thinking underpins and informs the more intuitive moral thinking . It is responsible for formulating and , if necessary , reformulating the general moral rules . We also switch to critical thinking when trying to deal with unusual situations or in cases where the intuitive moral rules give conflicting advice . Preference utilitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Preference utilitarianism The concept of preference utilitarianism was first proposed in 1977 by John Harsanyi in Morality and the theory of rational behaviour , but preference utilitarianism is more commonly associated with R.M. Hare , Peter Singer and Richard Brandt . Harsanyi claimed that his theory is indebted to Adam Smith , who equated the moral point of view with that of an impartial but sympathetic observer ; to Kant , who insisted on the criterion of universality , which may also be described as a criterion of reciprocity ; to the classical utilitarians who made maximizing social utility the basic criterion of morality ; and to `` the modern theory of rational behaviour under risk and uncertainty , usually described as Bayesian decision theory '' . Harsanyi rejects hedonistic utilitarianism as being dependent on an outdated psychology saying that it is far from obvious that everything we do is motivated by a desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain . He also rejects ideal utilitarianism because `` it is certainly not true as an empirical observation that people 's only purpose in life is to have ' mental states of intrinsic worth ' . '' According to Harsanyi , `` preference utilitarianism is the only form of utilitarianism consistent with the important philosophical principle of preference autonomy . By this I mean the principle that , in deciding what is good and what is bad for a given individual , the ultimate criterion can only be his own wants and his own preferences . '' Harsanyi adds two caveats . People sometimes have irrational preferences . To deal with this , Harsanyi distinguishes between `` manifest '' preferences and `` true '' preferences . The former are those `` manifested by his observed behaviour , including preferences possibly based on erroneous factual beliefs , or on careless logical analysis , or on strong emotions that at the moment greatly hinder rational choice '' whereas the latter are `` the preferences he would have if he had all the relevant factual information , always reasoned with the greatest possible care , and were in a state of mind most conducive to rational choice . '' It is the latter that preference utilitarianism tries to satisfy . The second caveat is that antisocial preferences , such as sadism , envy and resentment , have to be excluded . Harsanyi achieves this by claiming that such preferences partially exclude those people from the moral community : Utilitarian ethics makes all of us members of the same moral community . A person displaying ill will toward others does remain a member of this community , but not with his whole personality . That part of his personality that harbours these hostile antisocial feelings must be excluded from membership , and has no claim for a hearing when it comes to defining our concept of social utility . More varieties of utilitarianism ( edit ) Negative utilitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Negative utilitarianism In The Open Society and its Enemies ( 1945 ) , Karl Popper argued that the principle `` maximize pleasure '' should be replaced by `` minimize pain '' . He thought `` it is not only impossible but very dangerous to attempt to maximize the pleasure or the happiness of the people , since such an attempt must lead to totalitarianism . '' He claimed that : there is , from the ethical point of view , no symmetry between suffering and happiness , or between pain and pleasure ... In my opinion human suffering makes a direct moral appeal , namely , the appeal for help , while there is no similar call to increase the happiness of a man who is doing well anyway . A further criticism of the Utilitarian formula `` Maximize pleasure '' is that it assumes a continuous pleasure - pain scale that lets us treat degrees of pain as negative degrees of pleasure . But , from the moral point of view , pain can not be outweighed by pleasure , and especially not one man 's pain by another man 's pleasure . Instead of the greatest happiness for the greatest number , one should demand , more modestly , the least amount of avoidable suffering for all ... The actual term negative utilitarianism was introduced by R.N. Smart as the title to his 1958 reply to Popper in which he argued that the principle would entail seeking the quickest and least painful method of killing the entirety of humanity . Negative total utilitarianism , in contrast , tolerates suffering that can be compensated within the same person . Negative preference utilitarianism avoids the problem of moral killing with reference to existing preferences that such killing would violate , while it still demands a justification for the creation of new lives . A possible justification is the reduction of the average level of preference - frustration . Others see negative utilitarianism as a branch within modern hedonistic utilitarianism , which assigns a higher weight to the avoidance of suffering than to the promotion of happiness . The moral weight of suffering can be increased by using a `` compassionate '' utilitarian metric , so that the result is the same as in prioritarianism . Pessimistic representatives of negative utilitarianism can be found in the environment of Buddhism . Motive utilitarianism ( edit ) Motive utilitarianism was first proposed by Robert Merrihew Adams in 1976 . Whereas act utilitarianism requires us to choose our actions by calculating which action will maximize utility and rule utilitarianism requires us to implement rules that will , on the whole , maximize utility , motive utilitarianism `` has the utility calculus being used to select motives and dispositions according to their general felicific effects , and those motives and dispositions then dictate our choices of actions . '' The arguments for moving to some form of motive utilitarianism at the personal level can be seen as mirroring the arguments for moving to some form of rule utilitarianism at the social level . Adams refers to Sidgwick 's observation that `` Happiness ( general as well as individual ) is likely to be better attained if the extent to which we set ourselves consciously to aim at it be carefully restricted . '' Trying to apply the utility calculation on each and every occasion is likely to lead to a sub-optimal outcome . Applying carefully selected rules at the social level and encouraging appropriate motives at the personal level is , so it is argued , likely to lead to a better overall outcome even if on some individual occasions it leads to the wrong action when assessed according to act utilitarian standards . Adams concludes that `` right action , by act - utilitarian standards , and right motivation , by motive - utilitarian standards , are incompatible in some cases . '' The necessity of this conclusion is rejected by Fred Feldman who argues that `` the conflict in question results from an inadequate formulation of the utilitarian doctrines ; motives play no essential role in it ... ( and that ) ... Precisely the same sort of conflict arises even when MU is left out of consideration and AU is applied by itself . '' Instead , Feldman proposes a variant of act utilitarianism that results in there being no conflict between it and motive utilitarianism . Criticisms ( edit ) Because utilitarianism is not a single theory but a cluster of related theories that have been developed over two hundred years , criticisms can be made for different reasons and have different targets . Quantifying utility ( edit ) A common objection to utilitarianism is the inability to quantify , compare , or measure happiness or well - being . Ray Briggs writes in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : One objection to this interpretation of utility is that there may not be a single good ( or indeed any good ) which rationality requires us to seek . But if we understand `` utility '' broadly enough to include all potentially desirable ends -- pleasure , knowledge , friendship , health and so on -- it 's not clear that there is a unique correct way to make the tradeoffs between different goods so that each outcome receives a utility . There may be no good answer to the question of whether the life of an ascetic monk contains more or less good than the life of a happy libertine -- but assigning utilities to these options forces us to compare them . Utility understood this way is a personal preference , in the absence of any objective measurement . Utility ignores Justice ( edit ) As Rosen has pointed out , claiming that act utilitarians are not concerned about having rules is to set up a `` straw man '' . Similarly , Hare refers to `` the crude caricature of act utilitarianism which is the only version of it that many philosophers seem to be acquainted with . '' Given what Bentham says about second order evils it would be a serious misrepresentation to say that he and similar act utilitarians would be prepared to punish an innocent person for the greater good . Nevertheless , whether they would agree or not , this is what critics of utilitarianism claim is entailed by the theory . A classic version of this criticism was given by H.J. McCloskey : Suppose that a sheriff were faced with the choice either of framing a Negro for a rape that had aroused hostility to the Negroes ( a particular Negro generally being believed to be guilty but whom the sheriff knows not to be guilty ) -- and thus preventing serious anti-Negro riots which would probably lead to some loss of life and increased hatred of each other by whites and Negroes -- or of hunting for the guilty person and thereby allowing the anti-Negro riots to occur , while doing the best he can to combat them . In such a case the sheriff , if he were an extreme utilitarian , would appear to be committed to framing the Negro . By `` extreme '' utilitarian , McCloskey is referring to what later came to be called `` act '' utilitarianism . He suggests one response might be that the sheriff would not frame the innocent negro because of another rule : `` do not punish an innocent person '' . Another response might be that the riots the sheriff is trying to avoid might have positive utility in the long run by drawing attention to questions of race and resources to help address tensions between the communities . In a later article , McCloskey says : Surely the utilitarian must admit that whatever the facts of the matter may be , it is logically possible that an ' unjust ' system of punishment -- e.g. a system involving collective punishments , retroactive laws and punishments , or punishments of parents and relations of the offender -- may be more useful than a ' just ' system of punishment ? Predicting consequences ( edit ) Some argue that it is impossible to do the calculation that utilitarianism requires because consequences are inherently unknowable . Daniel Dennett describes this as the Three Mile Island effect . Dennett points out that not only is it impossible to assign a precise utility value to the incident , it is impossible to know whether , ultimately , the near - meltdown that occurred was a good or bad thing . He suggests that it would have been a good thing if plant operators learned lessons that prevented future serious incidents . Russell Hardin rejects such arguments . He argues that it is possible to distinguish the moral impulse of utilitarianism ( which is `` to define the right as good consequences and to motivate people to achieve these '' ) from our ability to correctly apply rational principles that , among other things , `` depend on the perceived facts of the case and on the particular moral actor 's mental equipment . '' The fact that the latter is limited and can change does n't mean that the former has to be rejected . `` If we develop a better system for determining relevant causal relations so that we are able to choose actions that better produce our intended ends , it does not follow that we then must change our ethics . The moral impulse of utilitarianism is constant , but our decisions under it are contingent on our knowledge and scientific understanding . '' From the beginning , utilitarianism has recognized that certainty in such matters is unobtainable and both Bentham and Mill said that it was necessary to rely on the tendencies of actions to bring about consequences . G.E. Moore , writing in 1903 , said : We certainly can not hope directly to compare their effects except within a limited future ; and all the arguments , which have ever been used in Ethics , and upon which we commonly act in common life , directed to shewing that one course is superior to another , are ( apart from theological dogmas ) confined to pointing out such probable immediate advantages ... An ethical law has the nature not of a scientific law but of a scientific prediction : and the latter is always merely probable , although the probability may be very great . Demandingness objection ( edit ) Act utilitarianism not only requires everyone to do what they can to maximize utility , but to do so without any favouritism . Mill said , `` As between his own happiness and that of others , utilitarianism requires him to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator . '' Critics say that this combination of requirements leads to utilitarianism making unreasonable demands . The well - being of strangers counts just as much as that of friends , family or self . `` What makes this requirement so demanding is the gargantuan number of strangers in great need of help and the indefinitely many opportunities to make sacrifices to help them . '' As Shelly Kagan says , `` Given the parameters of the actual world , there is no question that ... ( maximally ) ... promoting the good would require a life of hardship , self - denial , and austerity ... a life spent promoting the good would be a severe one indeed . '' Hooker describes two aspects to the problem : act utilitarianism requires huge sacrifices from those who are relatively better off and also requires sacrifice of your own good even when the aggregate good will be only slightly increased . Another way of highlighting the complaint is to say that in utilitarianism , `` there is no such thing as morally permissible self - sacrifice that goes above and beyond the call of duty . '' Mill was quite clear about this , `` A sacrifice which does not increase , or tend to increase , the sum total of happiness , it considers as wasted . '' One response to the problem is to accept its demands . This is the view taken by Peter Singer , who says : `` No doubt we do instinctively prefer to help those who are close to us . Few could stand by and watch a child drown ; many can ignore the avoidable deaths of children in Africa or India . The question , however , is not what we usually do , but what we ought to do , and it is difficult to see any sound moral justification for the view that distance , or community membership , makes a crucial difference to our obligations . '' Others argue that a moral theory that is so contrary to our deeply held moral convictions must either be rejected or modified . There have been various attempts to modify utilitarianism to escape its seemingly over-demanding requirements . One approach is to drop the demand that utility be maximized . In Satisficing Consequentialism , Michael Slote argues for a form of utilitarianism where `` an act might qualify as morally right through having good enough consequences , even though better consequences could have been produced . '' One advantage of such a system is that it would be able to accommodate the notion of supererogatory actions . Samuel Scheffler takes a different approach and amends the requirement that everyone be treated the same . In particular , Scheffler suggests that there is an `` agent - centered prerogative '' such that when the overall utility is being calculated it is permitted to count our own interests more heavily than the interests of others . Kagan suggests that such a procedure might be justified on the grounds that `` a general requirement to promote the good would lack the motivational underpinning necessary for genuine moral requirements '' and , secondly , that personal independence is necessary for the existence of commitments and close personal relations and that `` the value of such commitments yields a positive reason for preserving within moral theory at least some moral independence for the personal point of view . '' Robert Goodin takes yet another approach and argues that the demandingness objection can be `` blunted '' by treating utilitarianism as a guide to public policy rather than one of individual morality . He suggests that many of the problems arise under the traditional formulation because the conscientious utilitarian ends up having to make up for the failings of others and so contributing more than their fair share . Harsanyi argues that the objection overlooks the fact that `` people attach considerable utility to freedom from unduly burdensome moral obligations ... most people will prefer a society with a more relaxed moral code , and will feel that such a society will achieve a higher level of average utility -- even if adoption of such a moral code should lead to some losses in economic and cultural accomplishments ( so long as these losses remain within tolerable limits ) . This means that utilitarianism , if correctly interpreted , will yield a moral code with a standard of acceptable conduct very much below the level of highest moral perfection , leaving plenty of scope for supererogatory actions exceeding this minimum standard . '' Aggregating utility ( edit ) The objection that `` utilitarianism does not take seriously the distinction between persons '' came to prominence in 1971 with the publication of John Rawls ' A Theory of Justice . The concept is also important in animal rights advocate Richard Ryder 's rejection of utilitarianism , in which he talks of the `` boundary of the individual '' , through which neither pain nor pleasure may pass . However , a similar objection was noted in 1970 by Thomas Nagel ( who claimed that consequentialism `` treats the desires , needs , satisfactions , and dissatisfactions of distinct persons as if they were the desires , etc. , of a mass person '' ) , and even earlier by David Gauthier , who wrote that utilitarianism supposes `` that mankind is a super-person , whose greatest satisfaction is the objective of moral action ... But this is absurd . Individuals have wants , not mankind ; individuals seek satisfaction , not mankind . A person 's satisfaction is not part of any greater satisfaction . '' Thus , the aggregation of utility becomes futile as both pain and happiness are intrinsic to and inseparable from the consciousness in which they are felt , rendering impossible the task of adding up the various pleasures of multiple individuals . A response to this criticism is to point out that whilst seeming to resolve some problems it introduces others . Intuitively , there are many cases where people do want to take the numbers involved into account . As Alastair Norcross has said , `` suppose that Homer is faced with the painful choice between saving Barney from a burning building or saving both Moe and Apu from the building ... it is clearly better for Homer to save the larger number , precisely because it is a larger number ... Can anyone who really considers the matter seriously honestly claim to believe that it is worse that one person die than that the entire sentient population of the universe be severely mutilated ? Clearly not . '' It may be possible to uphold the distinction between persons whilst still aggregating utility , if it accepted that people can be influenced by empathy . This position is advocated by Iain King , who has suggested the evolutionary basis of empathy means humans can take into account the interests of other individuals , but only on a one - to - one basis , `` since we can only imagine ourselves in the mind of one other person at a time . '' King uses this insight to adapt utilitarianism , and it may help reconcile Bentham 's philosophy with deontology and virtue ethics . The philosopher John Taurek also argued that the idea of adding happiness or pleasures across persons is quite unintelligible and that the numbers of persons involved in a situation are morally irrelevant . Taurek 's basic concern comes down to this : we can not explain what it means to say that things would be five times worse if five people die than if one person dies . `` I can not give a satisfactory account of the meaning of judgments of this kind , '' he wrote ( p. 304 ) . He argues that each person can only lose one person 's happiness or pleasures . There is n't five times more loss of happiness or pleasure when five die : who would be feeling this happiness or pleasure ? `` Each person 's potential loss has the same significance to me , only as a loss to that person alone . because , by hypothesis , I have an equal concern for each person involved , I am moved to give each of them an equal chance to be spared his loss '' ( p. 307 ) . Parfit and others have criticized Taurek 's line , and it continues to be discussed . Calculating utility is self - defeating ( edit ) An early criticism , which was addressed by Mill , is that if time is taken to calculate the best course of action it is likely that the opportunity to take the best course of action will already have passed . Mill responded that there had been ample time to calculate the likely effects : ... namely , the whole past duration of the human species . During all that time , mankind have been learning by experience the tendencies of actions ; on which experience all the prudence , as well as all the morality of life , are dependent ... It is a strange notion that the acknowledgment of a first principle is inconsistent with the admission of secondary ones . To inform a traveller respecting the place of his ultimate destination , is not to forbid the use of landmarks and direction - posts on the way . The proposition that happiness is the end and aim of morality , does not mean that no road ought to be laid down to that goal , or that persons going thither should not be advised to take one direction rather than another . Men really ought to leave off talking a kind of nonsense on this subject , which they would neither talk nor listen to on other matters of practical concernment . More recently , Hardin has made the same point . `` It should embarrass philosophers that they have ever taken this objection seriously . Parallel considerations in other realms are dismissed with eminently good sense . Lord Devlin notes , ' if the reasonable man `` worked to rule '' by perusing to the point of comprehension every form he was handed , the commercial and administrative life of the country would creep to a standstill . ' '' It is such considerations that lead even act utilitarians to rely on `` rules of thumb '' , as Smart has called them . Criticisms of utilitarian value theory ( edit ) Utilitarianism 's assertion that well - being is the only thing with intrinsic moral value has been attacked by various critics . Karl Marx , in Das Kapital , criticises Bentham 's utilitarianism on the grounds that it does not appear to recognise that people have different joys in different socioeconomic contexts : With the driest naivete he takes the modern shopkeeper , especially the English shopkeeper , as the normal man . Whatever is useful to this queer normal man , and to his world , is absolutely useful . This yard - measure , then , he applies to past , present , and future . The Christian religion , e.g. , is `` useful , '' `` because it forbids in the name of religion the same faults that the penal code condemns in the name of the law . '' Artistic criticism is `` harmful , '' because it disturbs worthy people in their enjoyment of Martin Tupper , etc . With such rubbish has the brave fellow , with his motto , `` nulla dies sine linea ( no day without a line ) '' , piled up mountains of books . Pope John Paul II , following his personalist philosophy , argued that a danger of utilitarianism is that it tends to make persons , just as much as things , the object of use . `` Utilitarianism , '' he wrote , `` is a civilization of production and of use , a civilization of things and not of persons , a civilization in which persons are used in the same way as things are used . '' Additional considerations ( edit ) Average v. total happiness ( edit ) Main article : Average and total utilitarianism In The Methods of Ethics , Henry Sidgwick asked , `` Is it total or average happiness that we seek to make a maximum ? '' He noted that aspects of the question had been overlooked and answered the question himself by saying that what had to be maximized was the average multiplied by the number of people living . He also argued that , if the `` average happiness enjoyed remains undiminished , Utilitarianism directs us to make the number enjoying it as great as possible . '' This was also the view taken earlier by Paley . He notes that , although he speaks of the happiness of communities , `` the happiness of a people is made up of the happiness of single persons ; and the quantity of happiness can only be augmented by increasing the number of the percipients , or the pleasure of their perceptions '' and that if extreme cases , such as people held as slaves , are excluded the amount of happiness will usually be in proportion to the number of people . Consequently , `` the decay of population is the greatest evil that a state can suffer ; and the improvement of it the object which ought , in all countries , to be aimed at in preference to every other political purpose whatsoever . '' A similar view was expressed by Smart , who argued that all other things being equal a universe with two million happy people is better than a universe with only one million happy people . Since Sidgwick raised the question it has been studied in detail and philosophers have argued that using either total or average happiness can lead to objectionable results . According to Derek Parfit , using total happiness falls victim to the repugnant conclusion , whereby large numbers of people with very low but non-negative utility values can be seen as a better goal than a population of a less extreme size living in comfort . In other words , according to the theory , it is a moral good to breed more people on the world for as long as total happiness rises . On the other hand , measuring the utility of a population based on the average utility of that population avoids Parfit 's repugnant conclusion but causes other problems . For example , bringing a moderately happy person into a very happy world would be seen as an immoral act ; aside from this , the theory implies that it would be a moral good to eliminate all people whose happiness is below average , as this would raise the average happiness . William Shaw suggests that the problem can be avoided if a distinction is made between potential people , who need not concern us , and actual future people , who should concern us . He says , `` utilitarianism values the happiness of people , not the production of units of happiness . Accordingly , one has no positive obligation to have children . However , if you have decided to have a child , then you have an obligation to give birth to the happiest child you can . '' Motives , intentions , and actions ( edit ) Utilitarianism is typically taken to assess the rightness or wrongness of an action by considering just the consequences of that action . Bentham very carefully distinguishes motive from intention and says that motives are not in themselves good or bad but can be referred to as such on account of their tendency to produce pleasure or pain . He adds that , `` from every kind of motive , may proceed actions that are good , others that are bad , and others that are indifferent . '' Mill makes a similar point and explicitly says that `` motive has nothing to do with the morality of the action , though much with the worth of the agent . He who saves a fellow creature from drowning does what is morally right , whether his motive be duty , or the hope of being paid for his trouble . '' However , with intention the situation is more complex . In a footnote printed in the second edition of Utilitarianism , Mill says : `` the morality of the action depends entirely upon the intention -- that is , upon what the agent wills to do . '' Elsewhere , he says , `` Intention , and motive , are two very different things . But it is the intention , that is , the foresight of consequences , which constitutes the moral rightness or wrongness of the act . '' The correct interpretation of Mill 's footnote is a matter of some debate . The difficulty in interpretation centres around trying to explain why , since it is consequences that matter , intentions should play a role in the assessment of the morality of an action but motives should not . One possibility `` involves supposing that the ' morality ' of the act is one thing , probably to do with the praiseworthiness or blameworthiness of the agent , and its rightness or wrongness another . '' Jonathan Dancy rejects this interpretation on the grounds that Mill is explicitly making intention relevant to an assessment of the act not to an assessment of the agent . An interpretation given by Roger Crisp draws on a definition given by Mill in A System of Logic , where he says that an `` intention to produce the effect , is one thing ; the effect produced in consequence of the intention , is another thing ; the two together constitute the action . '' Accordingly , whilst two actions may outwardly appear to be the same they will be different actions if there is a different intention . Dancy notes that this does not explain why intentions count but motives do not . A third interpretation is that an action might be considered a complex action consisting of several stages and it is the intention that determines which of these stages are to be considered part of the action . Although this is the interpretation favoured by Dancy , he recognizes that this might not have been Mill 's own view , for Mill `` would not even allow that ' p & q ' expresses a complex proposition . He wrote in his System of Logic I iv. 3 , of ' Caesar is dead and Brutus is alive ' , that ' we might as well call a street a complex house , as these two propositions a complex proposition ' . '' Finally , whilst motives may not play a role in determining the morality of an action , this does not preclude utilitarians from fostering particular motives if doing so will increase overall happiness . Humans alone , or other sentient beings ? ( edit ) Nonhuman animals ( edit ) Further information : Speciesism and Animal welfare Peter Singer In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Bentham wrote `` the question is not , Can they reason ? nor , Can they talk ? but , Can they suffer ? '' Mill 's distinction between higher and lower pleasures might suggest that he gave more status to humans but in The Methods of Ethics , philosopher Henry Sidgwick says `` We have next to consider who the ' all ' are , whose happiness is to be taken into account . Are we to extend our concern to all the beings capable of pleasure and pain whose feelings are affected by our conduct ? or are we to confine our view to human happiness ? The former view is the one adopted by Bentham and Mill , and ( I believe ) by the Utilitarian school generally : and is obviously most in accordance with the universality that is characteristic of their principle ... it seems arbitrary and unreasonable to exclude from the end , as so conceived , any pleasure of any sentient being . '' Moreover , John Stuart Mill himself , in Whewell on Moral Philosophy , defends Bentham 's advocacy for animal rights , calling it a ' noble anticipation ' , and writing : `` Granted that any practice causes more pain to animals than it gives pleasure to man ; is that practice moral or immoral ? And if , exactly in proportion as human beings raise their heads out of the slough of selfishness , they do not with one voice answer ' immoral ' , let the morality of the principle of utility be for ever condemned . '' The utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer and many other animal rights activists have continued to argue that the well - being of all sentient beings ought to be seriously considered . Singer suggests that rights are conferred according to the level of a creature 's self - awareness , regardless of their species . He adds that humans tend to be speciesist ( discriminatory against non-humans ) in ethical matters , and argues that , on utilitarianism , speciesism can not be justified as there is no rational distinction that can be made between the suffering of humans and the suffering of nonhuman animals ; all suffering ought to be reduced . Singer writes : `` The racist violates the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of his own race , when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race . Similarly the speciesist allows the interests of his own species to override the greater interests of members of other species . The pattern is the same in each case ... Most human beings are speciesists . '' In his 1990 edition of Animal Liberation , Peter Singer said that he no longer ate oysters and mussels , because although the creatures might not suffer , they might , it 's not really known , and it 's easy enough to avoid eating them in any case ( and this aspect of seeking better alternatives is a prominent part of utilitarianism ) . This view still might be contrasted with deep ecology , which holds that an intrinsic value is attached to all forms of life and nature , whether currently assumed to be sentient or not . According to utilitarianism , the forms of life that are unable to experience anything akin to either enjoyment or discomfort are denied moral status , because it is impossible to increase the happiness or reduce the suffering of something that can not feel happiness or suffer . Singer writes : The capacity for suffering and enjoying things is a prerequisite for having interests at all , a condition that must be satisfied before we can speak of interests in any meaningful way . It would be nonsense to say that it was not in the interests of a stone to be kicked along the road by a schoolboy . A stone does not have interests because it can not suffer . Nothing that we can do to it could possibly make any difference to its welfare . A mouse , on the other hand , does have an interest in not being tormented , because it will suffer if it is . If a being suffers , there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration . No matter what the nature of the being , the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering -- in so far as rough comparisons can be made -- of any other being . If a being is not capable of suffering , or of experiencing enjoyment or happiness , there is nothing to be taken into account . Thus , the moral value of one - celled organisms , as well as some multi-cellular organisms , and natural entities like a river , is only in the benefit they provide to sentient beings . Similarly , utilitarianism places no direct intrinsic value on biodiversity , although the benefits that biodiversity bring to sentient beings may mean that , on utilitarianism , biodiversity ought to be maintained in general . In John Stuart Mill 's essay `` On Nature '' he argues that the welfare of wild animals is to be considered when making utilitarian judgments . Tyler Cowen argues that , if individual animals are carriers of utility , then we should consider limiting the predatory activity of carnivores relative to their victims : `` At the very least , we should limit current subsidies to nature 's carnivores . '' Application to specific Issues ( edit ) World poverty ( edit ) An article in the American journal for Economics has addressed the issue of Utilitarian ethics within redistribution of wealth . The journal stated that taxation of the wealthy is the best way to make use of the disposable income they receive . This says that the money creates utility for the most people by funding government services . Many utilitarian philosophers , including Peter Singer and Toby Ord , argue that inhabitants of developed countries in particular have an obligation to help to end extreme poverty across the world , for example by regularly donating some of their income to charity . Peter Singer , for example , argues that donating some of one 's income to charity could help to save a life or cure somebody from a poverty - related illness , which is a much better use of the money as it brings someone in extreme poverty far more happiness than it would bring to oneself if one lived in relative comfort . However , Singer not only argues that one ought to donate a significant proportion of one 's income to charity , but also that this money should be directed to the most cost - effective charities , in order to bring about the greatest good for the greatest number , consistent with utilitarian thinking . Singer 's ideas have formed the basis of the modern effective altruist movement . See also ( edit ) Altruism ( ethical doctrine ) Applied ethics Anti-Utilitarianism Appeal to consequences Bounded rationality Charity International Classical liberalism Cost -- benefit analysis Decision analysis Decision theory Effective altruism Gross national happiness List of utilitarians Pleasure principle ( psychology ) Prioritarianism Probabilistic reasoning Relative utilitarianism State consequentialism Uncertainty Utility monster Utilitarian bioethics Utilitarian cake - cutting Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Habibi , Don ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 3 , Mill 's Moral Philosophy '' . John Stuart Mill and the Ethic of Human Growth . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands . pp. 89 -- 90 , 112 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 5668 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Stuart Mill ( 1861 ) Utilitarianism , footnote 1 . 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Jump up ^ Robert Merrihew Adams , Motive Utilitarianism , The Journal of Philosophy , Vol. 73 , No. 14 , On Motives and Morals ( 12 August 1976 ) , p. 475 Jump up ^ Feldman , Fred ( May 1993 ) . `` On the Consistency of Act - and Motive - Utilitarianism : A Reply to Robert Adams '' . Philosophical Studies : An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition. 70 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Rachael ( 2017 ) , Edward N. Zalta , ed. , `` Normative Theories of Rational Choice : Expected Utility '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Spring 2017 ed . ) , Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University , retrieved November 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hare , R.M. ( 1981 ) Moral Thinking . Oxford Univ . Press , p. 36 Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( 2009 ) Theory of Legislation . General Books LLC , p. 58 Jump up ^ McCloskey , H.J. ( 1963 ) A Note on Utilitarian Punishment , in Mind , 72 , 1963 , p. 599 Jump up ^ Dennett , Daniel ( 1995 ) , Darwin 's Dangerous Idea , Simon & Schuster , p. 498 ISBN 0 - 684 - 82471 - X . Jump up ^ Hardin , Russell ( May 1990 ) . Morality within the Limits of Reason . University Of Chicago Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0226316208 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin , Russell ( May 1990 ) . Morality within the Limits of Reason . University Of Chicago Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0226316208 . Jump up ^ Moore , G.E. ( 1903 ) . Principia Ethica . Prometheus Books UK . pp. 203 -- 4 . ISBN 0879754982 . ^ Jump up to : Mill , John Stuart . `` Utilitarianism , Chapter 2 '' . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Brad ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Demandingness Objection '' . In Chappell , Timothy . The Problem of Moral Demandingness : new philosophical essays . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 151 . ISBN 9780230219403 . Jump up ^ Kagan , Shelly ( 1991 ) . The Limits of Morality . Oxford Ethics Series . Clarendon Press . p. 360 . ISBN 978 - 0198239161 . ^ Jump up to : Hooker , Brad ( 2002 ) . Ideal Code , Real World : A Rule - Consequentialist Theory of Morality . Clarendon Press . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0199256570 . Jump up ^ Singer , Peter ( 2011 ) . Practical Ethics ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 202 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0521707688 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Brad ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Demandingness Objection '' . In Chappell , Timothy . The problem of moral demandingness : new philosophical essays . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 148 . ISBN 9780230219403 . Jump up ^ Kagan , Shelly ( 1984 ) . `` Does Consequentialism Demand too Much ? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation '' . Philosophy & Public Affairs . 13 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 54 . JSTOR 2265413 . Jump up ^ Slote , Michael ( 1984 ) . `` Satisficing Consequentialism '' . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society , Supplementary Volumes. 58 : 140 . JSTOR 4106846 . Jump up ^ Scheffler , Samuel ( August 1994 ) . The Rejection of Consequentialism : A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions ( 2nd ed . ) . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0198235118 . Jump up ^ Kagan , Shelly ( Summer 1984 ) . `` Does Consequentialism Demand too Much ? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation '' . Philosophy & Public Affairs . 13 ( 3 ) : 254 . JSTOR 2265413 . Jump up ^ Goodin , Robert E. ( 1995 ) . Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0521468060 . Jump up ^ Harsanyi , John C. ( June 1975 ) . `` Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality ? A Critique of John Rawls 's Theory A Theory of Justice by John Rawls '' . American Political Science Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 601 . doi : 10.2307 / 1959090 . JSTOR 1959090 . Jump up ^ Rawls , John ( 2005 ) . A Theory of Justice . Harvard University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0674017726 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Richard D. Painism : A Modern Morality . Centaur Press , 2001 . pp. 27 -- 29 Jump up ^ Nagel , Thomas ( 2012 ) . The Possibility of Altruism ( New ed . ) . Princeton University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0691020020 . Jump up ^ Gauthier , David ( 1963 ) . Practical Reasoning : The Structure and Foundations of Prudential and Moral Arguments and Their Exemplification in Discourse . Oxford University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0198241904 . Jump up ^ Norcross , Alastair ( 2009 ) . `` Two Dogmas of Deontology : Aggregation , Rights and the Separateness of Persons '' ( PDF ) . Social Philosophy and Policy . 26 : 81 -- 82 . doi : 10.1017 / S0265052509090049 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ In Moral Laws of the Jungle ( link to Philosophy Now magazine ) , Iain King argues : `` The way I reconcile my interests with those of other people is not for all of us to pour everything we care about into a pot then see which of the combination of satisfied wants would generate the most happiness ( benefit ) . If we did that , I could be completely outnumbered ... . No , the way we reconcile interests is through empathy . Empathy is one - to - one , since we only imagine ourselves in the mind of one other person at a time . Even when I empathise with ' the people ' here ... I am really imagining what it is like to be just one woman . I can not imagine myself to be more than one person at a time , and neither can you . '' Link accessed 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ King , Iain ( 2008 ) . How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time . Continuum . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1847063472 . Jump up ^ This quote is from Iain King 's article in issue 100 of Philosophy Now magazine , Moral Laws of the Jungle ( link ) , accessed 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ John M. Taurek , `` Should the Numbers Count ? '' , Philosophy and Public Affairs , 6 : 4 ( Summer 1977 ) , pp. 293 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Derek Parfit , `` Innumerate Ethics '' , Philosophy and Public Affairs , 7 : 4 ( Summer 1978 ) , pp. 285 -- 301 . Jump up ^ See for example : ( 1 ) Frances Myrna Kamm , `` Equal Treatment and Equal Chances '' , Philosophy and Public Affairs , 14 : 2 ( Spring 1985 ) , pp. 177 -- 94 ; ( 2 ) Gregory S. Kavka , `` The Numbers Should Count '' , Philosophical Studies , 36 : 3 ( October 1979 ) , pp. 285 -- 94 . Jump up ^ See for example : ( 1 ) Michael Otsuka , `` Skepticism about Saving the Greater Number '' , Philosophy and Public Affairs , 32 : 4 ( Autumn 2004 ) , pp. 413 -- 26 ; ( 2 ) Rob Lawlor , `` Taurek , Numbers and Probabilities '' , Ethical Theory and Moral Practice , 9 : 2 ( April 2006 ) , pp. 149 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Smart , J.J.C. ; Williams , Bernard ( January 1973 ) . Utilitarianism : For and Against . Cambridge University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0521098229 . Jump up ^ Das Kapital Volume 1 , Chapter 24 , endnote 50 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Sidgwick , Henry ( 1981 ) . Methods of Ethics ( 7th ed . ) . Hackett Publishing Co. p. xxxvi . ISBN 978 - 0915145287 . ^ Jump up to : Sidgwick , Henry ( 1981 ) . Methods of Ethics ( 7th ed . ) . Hackett Publishing Co. p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 0915145287 . Jump up ^ Paley , William ( 1785 ) . `` The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy '' . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smart , J.J.C. ; Williams , Bernard ( January 1973 ) . Utilitarianism : For and Against . Cambridge University Press . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0521098229 . Jump up ^ Parfit , Derek ( January 1986 ) . Reasons and Persons . Oxford Paperbacks . p. 388 . ISBN 978 - 0198249085 . Jump up ^ Shaw , William ( November 1998 ) . Contemporary Ethics : Taking Account of Utilitarianism . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 31 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0631202943 . Jump up ^ Shaw , William ( November 1998 ) . Contemporary Ethics : Taking Account of Utilitarianism . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0631202943 . Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( January 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation . Dover Philosophical Classics . Dover Publications . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0486454528 . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart ( 1981 ) . `` Autobiography '' . In Robson , John . Collected Works , volume 31 . University of Toronto Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0718 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Mill , John Stuart ( 1998 ) . Crisp , Roger , ed . Utilitarianism . Oxford University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 875163 - X . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart ( 1981 ) . `` Comments upon James Mill 's Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind '' . In Robson , John . Collected Works , volume 31 . University of Toronto Press . pp. 252 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0718 - 3 . and as quoted by Ridge , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Mill 's Intentions and Motives '' . Utilitas. 14 : 54 -- 70 . doi : 10.1017 / S0953820800003393 . ^ Jump up to : Dancy , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . `` Mill 's Puzzling Footnote '' . Utilitas. 12 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 22 . doi : 10.1017 / S095382080000279X . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart ( February 2011 ) . A System of Logic , Ratiocinative and Inductive . Classic Reprint . Forgotten Books . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1440090820 . Jump up ^ An Introduction to the Principals of Morals and Legislation , Jeremy Bentham , 1789 ( `` printed '' in 1780 , `` first published '' in 1789 , `` corrected by the Author '' in 1823 . ) See Chapter I : Of the Principle of Utility . For Bentham on animals , see Ch . XVII Note 122 . Jump up ^ Sidgwick , Henry ( 1981 ) . Methods of Ethics ( 7th ed . ) . Hackett Publishing Co. p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 0915145287 . Jump up ^ Mill , J.S. `` Whewell on Moral Philosophy '' ( PDF ) . Collected Works . 10 : 185 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Peter Singer , Animal Liberation , Chapter I , pp. 7 -- 8 , 2nd edition , 1990 . Jump up ^ Animal Liberation , Second Edition Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Singer , Peter , 1975 , 1990 , excerpt , pp. 171 -- 74 , main passage on oysters , mussels , etc . p. 174 ( last paragraph of this excerpt ) . And in a footnote in the actual book , Singer writes `` My change of mind about mollusks stems from conversations with R.I. Sikora . '' Jump up ^ `` Mill 's `` On Nature '' `` . www.lancaster.ac.uk. 1904 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cowen , T. ( 2003 ) . c . Hargrove , Eugene , ed . `` Policing Nature '' . Environmental Ethics. 25 ( 2 ) : 169 -- . doi : 10.5840 / enviroethics200325231 . Jump up ^ N. Gregory Mankiw ; Matthew Weinzierl ( 2010 ) . `` The Optimal Taxation of Height : A Case Study of Utilitarian Income Redistribution '' . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy . American Economic Association . 2 : 155 -- 176 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.208. 8375 . doi : 10.1257 / pol. 2.1. 155 . JSTOR 25760055 . Jump up ^ Peter Singer : The why and how of effective altruism Talk Video . TED.com . References ( edit ) Adams , Robert Merrihew ( August 1976 ) . `` Motive Utilitarianism '' . Journal of Philosophy. 73 ( 14 ) : 467 . doi : 10.2307 / 2025783 . JSTOR 2025783 . Alican , Necip Fikri ( 1994 ) . Mill 's Principle of Utility : A Defense of John Stuart Mill 's Notorious Proof . Amsterdam and Atlanta : Editions Rodopi B.V. ISBN 978 - 90 - 518 - 3748 - 3 . Anscombe , G.E.M. ( January 1958 ) . `` Modern Moral Philosophy '' . Philosophy. 33 ( 124 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1017 / s0031819100037943 . JSTOR 3749051 . Ashcraft , Richard ( 1991 ) . John Locke : Critical Assessments . Routledge . Bayles , M.D. ( 1968 ) . Contemporary Utilitarianism . Anchor Books , Doubleday . Bentham , Jeremy ( January 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ( Dover Philosophical Classics ) . Dover Publications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0486454528 . Bentham , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . The Works of Jeremy Bentham : Published under the Superintendence of His Executor , John Bowring. 1 . Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1402163937 . Bentham , Jeremy ; Dumont , Etienne ; Hildreth , R ( November 2005 ) . Theory of Legislation : Translated from the French of Etienne Dumont . Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1402170348 . Brandt , Richard B. ( 1979 ) . A Theory of the Good and the Right . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 824550 - 5 . Bredeson , Dean ( 2011 ) . `` Utilitarianism vgs . Dentological Ethics '' . Applied Business Ethics : A Skills - Based Approach . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 45398 - 1 . Broome , John ( 1991 ) . Weighing Goods . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . Dancy , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . `` Mill 's Puzzling Footnote '' . Utilitas. 12 ( 2 ) : 219 . doi : 10.1017 / S095382080000279X . Dennett , Daniel ( 1995 ) . Darwin 's Dangerous Idea . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82471 - X . Feldman , Fred ( May 1993 ) . `` On the Consistency of Act - and Motive - Utilitarianism : A Reply to Robert Adams '' . Philosophical Studies : an International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition. 70 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00989590 . Gauthier , David ( 1963 ) . Practical Reasoning : The Structure and Foundations of Prudential and Moral Arguments and Their Exemplification in Discourse . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198241904 . Gay , John ( 2002 ) . `` Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality '' . In Schneewind , J.B. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521003049 . Goodin , Robert E. ( May 1995 ) . Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521468060 . Goodstein , Eban ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Ethics and Economics '' . Economics and the Environment . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 56109 - 6 . Habib , Allen ( 2008 ) , Promises , in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Halevy , Elie ( 1966 ) . The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism . Beacon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 101020 - 0 . Hall , Everett W. ( 1949 ) . `` The ' Proof ' of Utility in Bentham and Mill '' . Ethics. 60 : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1086 / 290691 . JSTOR 2378436 . Hardin , Russell ( May 1990 ) . Morality within the Limits of Reason . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226316208 . Hare , R.M. ( 1972 -- 1973 ) . `` The Presidential Address : Principles '' . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society , New Series . 73 : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1093 / aristotelian / 73.1. 1 . JSTOR 4544830 . Hare , R.M. ( 1981 ) . Moral thinking : its levels , method , and point . Oxford New York : Clarendon Press Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198246602 . Harsanyi , John C. ( Winter 1977 ) . `` Morality and the theory of rational behavior '' . Social Research , special issue : Rationality , Choice , and Morality . The New School . 44 ( 4 ) : 623 -- 56 . JSTOR 40971169 . Reprinted as : Harsanyi , John C. ( 1982 ) , `` Morality and the theory of rational behaviour '' , in Sen , Amartya ; Williams , Bernard , Utilitarianism and beyond , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 39 -- 62 , ISBN 9780511611964 . Harsanyi , John C. ( June 1975 ) . `` Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality ? A Critique of John Rawls 's Theory of Justice '' . American Political Science Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 594 . doi : 10.2307 / 1959090 . JSTOR 1959090 . Hooker , Brad ( October 2002 ) . Ideal Code , Real World : A Rule - Consequentialist Theory of Morality . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0199256570 . Hooker , Brad ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Demandingness Objection '' . In Chappell , Timothy . The problem of moral demandingness : new philosophical essays . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780230219403 . Hume , David ( 2002 ) . `` An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals '' . In Schneewind , J.B. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521003049 . Hutcheson , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue '' . In Schneewind , J.B. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521003049 . Kagan , Shelly ( April 1991 ) . The Limits of Morality ( Oxford Ethics Series ) . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0198239161 . Kagan , Shelly ( Summer 1984 ) . `` Does Consequentialism Demand too Much ? Recent Work on the Limits of Obligation '' . Philosophy & Public Affairs . 13 ( 3 ) . JSTOR 2265413 . Lyons , David ( November 1965 ) . Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism . Oxford University Press ( UK ) . ISBN 978 - 0198241973 . McCloskey , H.J. ( 1963 ) . `` A Note on Utilitarian Punishment '' . Mind . 72 ( 288 ) : 599 . doi : 10.1093 / mind / LXXII. 288.599 . JSTOR 2251880 . McCloskey , H.J. ( October 1957 ) . `` An Examination of Restricted Utilitarianism '' . Philosophical Review . 66 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 2182745 . JSTOR 2182745 . Mill , John Stuart ( 1998 ) . Crisp , Roger , ed . Utilitarianism . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 875163 - X . Mill , John Stuart ( February 2011 ) . A System of Logic , Ratiocinative and Inductive ( Classic Reprint ) . Forgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1440090820 . Mill , John Stuart ( 1981 ) . `` Autobiography '' . In Robson , John . Collected Works , volume 31 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0718 - 3 . Moore , G.E. ( 1903 ) . Principia Ethica . Prometheus Books UK . ISBN 0879754982 . Nagel , Thomas ( 2012 ) . The Possibility of Altruism . Princeton University Press , New Ed edition . ISBN 978 - 0691020020 . Norcross , Alastair ( 2009 ) . `` Two Dogmas of Deontology : Aggregation , Rights and the Separateness of Persons '' ( PDF ) . Social Philosophy and Policy . 26 : 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0265052509090049 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Oliphant , Jill ( 2007 ) . OCR Religious Ethics for AS and A2 . Routledge . Paley , William ( 2002 ) . `` The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy '' . In Schneewind , J.B. Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521003049 . Parfit , Derek ( January 1986 ) . Reasons and Persons . Oxford Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0198249085 . Popkin , Richard H. ( October 1950 ) . `` A Note on the ' Proof ' of Utility in J.S. Mill '' . Ethics. 61 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 68 . doi : 10.1086 / 290751 . JSTOR 2379052 . Popper , Karl ( 2002 ) . The Open Society and Its Enemies . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 29063 - 5 . Rawls , John ( 22 March 2005 ) . A Theory of Justice . Harvard University Press ; reissue edition . ISBN 978 - 0674017726 . Rosen , Frederick ( 2003 ) . Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill . Routledge . Ryder , Richard D ( 2002 ) . Painism : A Modern Morality . Centaur Press . Scheffler , Samuel ( August 1994 ) . The Rejection of Consequentialism : A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions , Second Edition . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0198235118 . Schneewind , J.B. ( 1977 ) . Sidgwick 's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198245520 . Shaw , William ( November 1998 ) . Contemporary Ethics : Taking Account of Utilitarianism . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0631202943 . Sidgwick , Henry ( January 1981 ) . Methods of Ethics . Hackett Publishing Co , Inc ; 7th Revised edition . ISBN 978 - 0915145287 . Singer , Peter ( 2001 ) . Animal Liberation . Ecco Press . ISBN 978 - 0060011574 . Singer , Peter ( February 2011 ) . Practical Ethics , Third Edition . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521707688 . Slote , Michael ( 1995 ) . `` The Main Issue between Unitarianism and Virtue Ethics '' . From Morality to Virtue . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509392 - 6 . Slote , Michael ( 1984 ) . `` Satisficing Consequentialism '' . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society , Supplementary Volumes. 58 : 139 -- 76 . doi : 10.1093 / aristoteliansupp / 58.1. 139 . JSTOR 4106846 . Smart , J.J.C. ; Williams , Bernard ( January 1973 ) . Utilitarianism : For and Against . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521098229 . Smart , J.J.C. ( 1956 ) . `` Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism '' . Philosophical Quarterly . 6 ( 25 ) : 344 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 2216786 . JSTOR 2216786 . Smart , R.N. ( October 1958 ) . `` Negative Utilitarianism '' . Mind . 67 ( 268 ) : 542 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / mind / LXVII. 268.542 . JSTOR 2251207 . Smith , Wilson ( July 1954 ) . `` William Paley 's Theological Utilitarianism in America '' . William and Mary Quarterly . Third Series . 11 ( 3 ) : 402 . doi : 10.2307 / 1943313 . JSTOR 1943313 . Soifer , Eldon ( 2009 ) . Ethical Issues : Perspectives for Canadians . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 874 - 1 . Urmson , J.O. ( 1953 ) . `` The Interpretation of the Moral Philosophy of J.S. Mill '' . Philosophical Quarterly . 3 ( 10 ) : 33 -- 39 . doi : 10.2307 / 2216697 . JSTOR 2216697 . Further reading ( edit ) Cornman , James , et al. ( 1992 ) . Philosophical Problems and Arguments -- An Introduction , 4th edition Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Publishing Co . Glover , Jonathan ( 1977 ) . Causing Death and Saving Lives , Penguin Books . ISBN 9780140220032 . OCLC 4468071 Hansas , John ( 2008 ) . `` Utilitarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 518 -- 19 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n317 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Harwood , Sterling ( 2009 ) . `` Ch. 11 . Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism '' . In Pojman , Louis P. ; Tramel , Peter . Moral Philosophy : a reader ( 4th ed . ) . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett . ISBN 978 - 0872209626 . OCLC 488531841 . Mackie , J.L. ( 1991 ) . `` esp . Chapter 6 , Utilitarianism '' . Ethics : Inventing Right and Wrong . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140135589 . Martin , Michael ( 1970 ) . `` A Utilitarian Kantian Principle , '' Philosophical Studies , ( with H. Ruf ) , 21 . pp. 90 -- 91 . Rachels , James ; Rachels , Stuart ( 2012 ) . `` esp . Chapters 7&8 , The Utilitarian Approach & The Debate of Utilitarianism '' . The Elements of Moral Philosophy . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0078038242 . Scheffler , Samuel ( 1988 ) . Consequentialism and its Critics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198750734 . Silverstein , Harry S. ( 1972 ) . A Defence of Cornman 's Utilitarian Kantian Principle , Philosophical Studies ( Dordrecht u.a. ) 23 , pp. 212 -- 15 . Singer , Peter ( 1993 ) . `` esp . Chapter 19 & 20 , Consequentialism & The Utility and the Good '' . A Companion to Ethics . Blackwell Companions to Philosophy . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0631187851 . Singer , Peter ( 1981 ) . The Expanding Circle : Ethics and Sociobiology , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 15112 - 1 Stokes , Eric ( 1959 , plus reprints ) . The English Utilitarians and India , Clarendon Press . OCLC 930495493 Sumner , L. Wayne . Abortion : A Third Way , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Vergara , Francisco ( 2011 ) . `` Bentham and Mill on the ' Quality ' of Pleasures '' . Revue d'études benthamiennes . Vergara , Francisco ( 1998 ) . `` A Critique of Elie Halévy : refutation of an important distortion of British moral philosophy '' ( PDF ) . Philosophy. 73 . doi : 10.1017 / s0031819197000144 . Williams , Bernard ( 1993 ) . `` esp . Chapter 10 , Utilitarianism '' . Morality : An Introduction to Ethics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521457293 . External links ( edit ) Nathanson , Stephen . `` Act and Rule Utilitarianism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Sinnott - Armstrong , Walter . `` Consequentialism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Driver , Julia . `` The History of Utilitarianism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Wiki Felicifia , the collaboratively edited encyclopaedia for utilitarians utilitarian.org FAQ A FAQ by Nigel Phillips on utilitarianism by a Web Site affiliated to David Pearce A Utilitiarian FAQ , by Ian Montgomerie The English Utilitarians , Volume l by Sir Leslie Stephen The English Utilitarians , Volume 2 by Sir Leslie Stephen Utilitarian Philosophers Large compendium of writings by and about the major utilitarian philosophers , both classic and contemporary . Utilitarianism A summary of classical utilitarianism , and modern alternatives , with application to ethical issues and criticisms Utilitarian Resources Collection of definitions , articles and links . Primer on the Elements and Forms of Utilitarianism A convenient summary of the major points of utilitarianism . International Website for Utilitarianism and Utilitarian Scholar 's Conferences and Research Utilitarianism as Secondary Ethic A concise review of Utilitarianism , its proponents and critics . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said the greatest good for the greatest number	[ "An article in the American journal for Economics has addressed the issue of Utilitarian ethics within redistribution of wealth. The journal stated that taxation of the wealthy is the best way to make use of the disposable income they receive. This says that the money creates utility for the most people by funding government services.[130] Many utilitarian philosophers, including Peter Singer and Toby Ord, argue that inhabitants of developed countries in particular have an obligation to help to end extreme poverty across the world, for example by regularly donating some of their income to charity. Peter Singer, for example, argues that donating some of one's income to charity could help to save a life or cure somebody from a poverty-related illness, which is a much better use of the money as it brings someone in extreme poverty far more happiness than it would bring to oneself if one lived in relative comfort. However, Singer not only argues that one ought to donate a significant proportion of one's income to charity, but also that this money should be directed to the most cost-effective charities, in order to bring about the greatest good for the greatest number, consistent with utilitarian thinking.[131] Singer's ideas have formed the basis of the modern effective altruist movement.\n" ]	[ "Peter Singer" ]
3010214578675566145	Longcase clock	Longcase clock - wikipedia Longcase clock Jump to : navigation , search `` Grandfather clock '' redirects here . For other uses , see Grandfather clock ( disambiguation ) . 8 day longcase clock . Clock dates back to 1700 and the case to late 19th - early 20th century CE . Original dial of this clock has been replaced by a brass dial with Tamil numerals perhaps during the late 19th or early 20th century CE . Original long - case was also replaced by a mandapa - shaped wooden carved case done in South Indian style . The front and the side panels are done in metal repoussé work with floral meanders . Lower part of the case depicts mythological scenes and the case was manufactured at the Madras School of Arts . Clock on display in The Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai and was donated by Dorab Tata . A longcase clock , also tall - case clock , floor clock , or grandfather clock , is a tall , freestanding , weight - driven pendulum clock with the pendulum held inside the tower or waist of the case . Clocks of this style are commonly 1.8 -- 2.4 metres ( 6 -- 8 feet ) tall . The case often features elaborately carved ornamentation on the hood ( or bonnet ) , which surrounds and frames the dial , or clock face . The English clockmaker William Clement is credited with the development of this form in 1670 . Until the early 20th century , pendulum clocks were the world 's most accurate timekeeping technology , and longcase clocks , due to their superior accuracy , served as time standards for households and businesses . Today they are kept mainly for their decorative and antique value . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Description 3 Elaborate striking sequences 4 Origin of the term `` grandfather clock '' 5 Types 5.1 Comtoise clocks 5.2 Bornholm clocks and Mora clocks 6 Historical manufacturers 7 Current manufacturers 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) Lateral view of a longcase clock movement without striking mechanism , mid-1800s . The advent of the longcase clock is due to the invention of the anchor escapement mechanism by Robert Hooke around 1658 . Prior to that , pendulum clock movements used an older verge escapement mechanism , which required very wide pendulum swings of about 80 - 100 ° . Long pendulums with such wide swings could not be fitted within a case , so most freestanding clocks had short pendulums . Lateral view of a Timothy Mason longcase clock movement with striking mechanism , circa 1730 The anchor mechanism reduced the pendulum 's swing to around 4 ° to 6 ° , allowing clockmakers to use longer pendulums , which had slower `` beats '' . These consumed less power allowing clocks to run longer between windings , caused less friction and wear in the movement , and were more accurate . Almost all longcase clocks use a seconds pendulum ( also called a `` Royal '' pendulum ) meaning that each swing ( or half - period ) takes one second . These are about a metre ( 39 inches ) long ( to the centre of the bob ) , requiring a long narrow case . The long narrow case actually predated the anchor clock by a few decades , appearing in clocks in 1660 to allow a long drop for the powering weights . However , once the seconds pendulum began to be used , this long weight case proved perfect to house it as well . British clockmaker William Clement , who disputed credit for the anchor escapement with Robert Hooke , produced the first longcase clocks around 1680 . Within the year Thomas Tompion , the most prominent British clockmaker , was making them too . Modern longcase clocks use a more accurate variation of the anchor escapement called the deadbeat escapement . Description ( edit ) Most of a longcase clock 's height is used to hold the long pendulum and weights . The two chains attached to the weights and the lack of winding holes in the dial show this to be a 30 - hour clock . Traditionally , longcase clocks were made with two types of movement : eight - day and one - day ( 30 - hour ) movements . A clock with an eight - day movement required winding only once a week , while generally less expensive 30 - hour clocks had to be wound every day . Eight - day clocks are often driven by two weights -- one driving the pendulum and the other the striking mechanism , which usually consisted of a bell or chimes . Such movements usually have two keyholes , one on each side of the dial to wind each one . By contrast , 30 - hour clocks often had a single weight to drive both the timekeeping and striking mechanisms . Some 30 - hour clocks were made with false keyholes , for customers who wished that guests to their home would think that the household was able to afford the more expensive eight - day clock . All modern striking longcase clocks have eight - day movements . Most longcase clocks are cable - driven , meaning that the weights are suspended by cables . If the cable were attached directly to the weight , the load would cause rotation and untwist the cable strands , so the cable wraps around a pulley mounted to the top of each weight . The mechanical advantage of this arrangement also doubles the running time allowed by a given weight drop . Cable clocks are wound by inserting a special crank ( called a `` key '' ) into holes in the clock 's face and turning it . Others , however , are chain - driven , meaning that the weights are suspended by chains that wrap around gears in the clock 's mechanism , with the other end of the chain hanging down next to the weight . To wind a chain - driven longcase clock , one pulls on the end of each chain , lifting the weights until the weights come up to just under the clock 's face . Elaborate striking sequences ( edit ) In the early 20th century , quarter - hour chime sequences were added to longcase clocks . At the top of each hour , the full chime sequence sounds , immediately followed by the hour strike . At 15 minutes after each hour , 1 / 4 of the chime sequence plays , at the bottom of each hour , 1 / 2 of the chime sequence plays , and at 15 minutes before each hour , 3 / 4 of the chime sequence plays . The chime tune used in almost all longcase clocks is Westminster Quarters . Many also offer the option of Whittington chimes or St. Michael 's chimes , selectable by a switch mounted on the right side of the dial , which also allows one to silence the chimes if desired . As a result of adding chime sequences , all modern mechanical longcase clocks have three weights instead of just two . The left weight provides power for the hour strike , the middle weight provides power for the clock 's pendulum and general timekeeping functions , while the right weight provides power for the quarter - hour chime sequences . Origin of the term `` grandfather clock '' ( edit ) Longcase clock circa 1730 by Timothy Mason ( clockmaker ) of Gainsborough , Lincolnshire . The Oxford English Dictionary states that the popular 1876 song My Grandfather 's Clock is responsible for the common name `` grandfather clock '' being applied to the longcase clock . Clock face circa 1730 Timothy Mason ( clockmaker ) of Gainsborough The song was composed by an American songwriter by the name of Henry Clay Work who discovered a long grandfather clock in The George Hotel in Piercebridge , in County Durham in England . When he asked about the clock , he was informed that it had two owners . After the first owner died the clock became inaccurate and when the second owner died , the clock stopped working altogether . The story inspired Henry to create the song . Clock - face signature of Tim Mason Types ( edit ) Comtoise clock Comtoise clocks ( edit ) Comtoise clocks , also known as Morbier clocks or Morez clocks , are a style of longcase clock made in the French region Franche - Comté ( whence their name ) . Features distinguishing this style are a curving `` potbellied '' case and a greater use of curved lines . Often a heavy , elongated , highly ornamented pendulum bob extends up the case ( see photo ) . Production of these clocks began in 1680 and continued for a period of about 230 years . During the peak production years ( 1850 -- 1890 ) over 60,000 clocks were made each year . These clocks were very popular across the generations ; they kept the time on farms throughout France . Many Comtoise clocks can be found in France but they are also frequently found in Spain , Germany , and other parts of Europe , less in the United States . Many Comtoise clocks were also exported to other countries in Europe and even further , to the Ottoman Empire and as far as Thailand . The metal mechanism was usually protected by a wooden sheath . Bornholm clocks and Mora clocks ( edit ) Bornholm clock made by Edvart Sonne , from Rønne , Bornholm in the late 1700s Bornholm clocks are Danish longcase clocks and were made on Bornholm from 1745 to 1900 . In Sweden a special variety of longcase clocks was made in Mora , called Mora clocks . Bornholm clock - making began in the 1740s when an English ship , which had longcase clocks in its hold , was stranded . They were sent for repair to a turner named Poul Ottesen Arboe in Rønne and as a result of his repair of them he learned enough about clocks to begin to make his own . Historical manufacturers ( edit ) Longcase clock from about 1750 in the District Museum in Tarnów in Poland , mounted with use of imported components marked Wiliam Jourdain London and adorned with chinoiserie motifs . Clockmakers in Britain John Alker or Alker of Wigan , Lancashire Allam & Clements William Barrow , London Thomas Birchall Nantwich , Cheshire Joseph Bowles , Winbourne ( i.e. : Wimbourne ) , Dorset . Active 1791 Samuel Bowles , Wimbourne , Dorset Robert Bryson , Edinburgh William Bucknall , Burslem ( Stoke - on - Trent ) Thomas Bullock , Bath John Calver , Woodbridge , Suffolk Thomas Cartwright John Clement & Son ( Tring , Hertfordshire ) Richard Donisthorp ( fl. 1797 ) , of Loughborough Matthew & Thomas Dutton Peter Fearnley , Wigan John Fernhill , Wrexham Thomas Hackney , London , c. 1700 -- 1750 Edward Harrison , Warrington John Harrison , Wakefield / Barrow - in - Furness / London Nathaniel Hedge , Colchester Holmes James Howden , Edinburgh Thomas Husband , Hull Thomas Johnson William Lassell ( 1758 -- 1790 ) , Toxteth Park , Liverpool Timothy Mason Gainsborough , Lincolnshire Alexander Miller , Montrose Peddie Stirling , Scotland Daniel Quare Thomas Ross , Hull John Snelling , Alton Trubshaw James Woolley Codnor Thomas Worswick , Lancaster Thomas Wright Henry Young , Swaffham John Wyld , Nottingham Clockmakers in Ireland W Egan & Sons , Cork Ezekiel Bullock , Lurgan Clockmakers in Finland Masters of Könni Könnin mestarit ( 1757 -- 1865 ) , Ilmajoki Finnish Museum of Horology is master of Jaakko Könni manufactured table clocks and pocket watches Ilmajoki Museum is Masters of Könni manufactured horse vehicles , clocks , looms , locks , tools , machine of gear `` keervärkki '' Clockmakers in the United States Aaron Brokaw ( 1768 -- 1853 ) , Bridge Town , New Jersey Isaac Brokaw ( 1746 -- 1826 ) , Bridge Town , New Jersey Silas Merriman ( 1733 -- 1805 ) , New Haven , Connecticut Aaron Miller ( -- 1778 ) , Elizabeth Township , New Jersey Luman Watson ( 1790 -- 1834 ) , Cincinnati Simon Willard ( 1753 -- 1848 ) , Roxbury , Massachusetts Zachariah Grandfather Clocks ( 1975 -- 1987 ) , Chicago , Illinois Clock case manufacturer in Australia Harry Williams -- Oxford Cabinet Company Pty Ltd ( 1946 -- 1961 ) , Granville , NSW , Australia Current manufacturers ( edit ) Hermle Clocks -- Amherst VA Howard Miller Clock Company -- Zeeland MI Ridgeway Clocks ( Owned now by Howard Miller Clock Co . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Headrick , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement '' . Control Systems magazine , . Vol. 22 no . 2 . Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nelthropp , H. Leonard ( 1873 ) . A Treatise on Watch - Work , Past and Present . London : E. & F.N. Spon . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jo Ellen ( 1999 ) . Time 's Pendulum : From Sundials to Atomic Clocks , the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and how Our Discoveries Changed the World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 600649 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Jessica ( 2000 ) . `` The Long Case Clock : The science and engineering that goes into a grandfather clock '' . Illumin . Viterbi School of Engineering , USC. 1 ( 0 ) : 4 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , N. Hudson Moore ( 1903 ) . The Old Furniture Book . New York : Frederick A. Stokes Company . p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary '' ( available online to subscribers , also in print ) . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Grandfather 's clock ( suggested by a song which was popular about 1880 ) , a furniture - dealer 's name for the kind of weight - and - pendulum eight - day clock in a tall case , formerly in common use ; also grandfather clock ( now the usual name ) : ( 1876 H.C. WORK Grandfather 's Clock , My grandfather 's clock was too large for the shelf , So it stood ninety years on the floor . ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Longcase clocks at Wikimedia Commons `` About Swedish Mora Clocks '' . Moraclock.com . GND : 4056929 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longcase_clock&oldid=822868320 '' Categories : Clock designs Longcase clocks Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 50 . About Wikipedia	where did the term grandfather clock come from	[ "The Oxford English Dictionary states that the popular 1876 song My Grandfather's Clock is responsible for the common name \"grandfather clock\" being applied to the longcase clock.[6]" ]	[ "the popular 1876 song My Grandfather's Clock" ]
-2907677336274555155	United Nations Security Council veto power	United Nations Security Council veto power - Wikipedia United Nations Security Council veto power Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to article ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Room of the United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council `` power of veto '' refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( China , France , Russia , United Kingdom , and United States ) , enabling them to prevent the adoption of any `` substantive '' resolution . Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted . However , the veto power does not apply to `` procedural '' votes , as determined by the permanent members themselves . The permanent members can vote against a `` procedural '' draft resolution without blocking its adoption by the Council . A negative vote by a permanent member will also block the selection of a Secretary - General , although this is a `` recommendation '' to the General Assembly rather than a Resolution . The unconditional veto posessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN . Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity . However , the United States refused to join the United Nations unless it was given a veto . The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the veto provision 2 Article 27 3 Use of the veto power 3.1 Selection of a Secretary - General 4 Most common users 5 Most recent veto per country 6 Analysis by country 6.1 China ( ROC / PRC ) 6.2 Soviet Union / Russia 6.3 France 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 Criticism 8 Veto power reform 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links 12 See also Origins of the veto provision ( edit ) of states having a veto over the actions of international organizations was not new in 1945 . From the foundation of the League of Nations in 1920 , each member of the League Council , whether permanent or non-permanent , had a veto on any non-procedural issue . From 1920 there were 4 permanent and 4 non-permanent members , but by 1936 the number of non-permanent members had increased to 11 . Thus there were in effect 15 vetoes . This was one of several defects of the League that made action on many issues impossible . The UN Charter provision for unanimity among the Permanent Members of the Security Council ( the veto ) was the result of extensive discussion , including at Dumbarton Oaks ( August -- October 1944 ) and Yalta ( February 1945 ) . The evidence is that the UK , US , USSR , and France all favoured the principle of unanimity , and that they were motivated in this not only by a belief in the desirability of the major powers acting together , but also by a concern to protect their own sovereign rights and national interest . Truman , who became President of the US in April 1945 , went so far as to write in his memoirs : `` All our experts , civil and military , favored it , and without such a veto no arrangement would have passed the Senate . '' The veto was forced on all other governments by the ( soon to be ) five veto holders . In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN , the veto power was resented by many small countries , and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations - US , UK , China , France and the Soviet Union - through a threat that without the veto there would be no UN . Francis O. Wilcox , an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference described it : `` At San Francisco , the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five : it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all . Senator Connally ( from the US delegation ) dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same if they opposed the unanimity principle . `` You may , if you wish , '' he said , `` go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto . But what will be your answer when you are asked : ' Where is the Charter ' ? '' The United Nations Security Council veto system was established in order to prohibit the UN from taking any future action directly against its principal founding members . One of the lessons of the League of Nations ( 1919 -- 46 ) had been that an international organization can not work if all the major powers are not members . The expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations in December 1939 , following its November 1939 attack on Finland soon after the outbreak of World War II , was just one of many events in the League 's long history of incomplete membership . It had already been decided at the UN 's founding conference in 1944 , that United Kingdom , China , the Soviet Union , the United States and , `` in due course '' France , should be the permanent members of any newly formed Council . France had been defeated and occupied by Germany ( 1940 -- 44 ) , but its role as a permanent member of the League of Nations , its status as a colonial power and the activities of the Free French forces on the allied side allowed it a place at the table with the other four . Article 27 ( edit ) Article 27 of the United Nations Charter states : Each member of the Security Council shall have a vote . Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members . Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members ; provided that , in decisions under Chapter VI , and under paragraph 3 of Article 52 , a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting . Although the `` power of veto '' is not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter , the fact that `` substantive '' decisions by the UNSC require `` the concurring votes of the permanent members '' , means that any of those permanent members can prevent the adoption , by the Council , of any draft resolutions on `` substantive '' matters . For this reason , the `` power of veto '' is also referred to as the principle of `` great power unanimity '' and the veto itself is sometimes referred to as the `` great power veto '' . Use of the veto power ( edit ) The actual use of the veto , and the constant possibility of its use , have been central features of the functioning of the Security Council throughout the UN 's history . In the period from 1945 to the end of 2009 , 215 resolutions on substantive issues were vetoed , sometimes by more than one of the P5 . The average number of vetoes cast each year to 1989 was over five : since then the average annual number has been just above one . The figures reflect the fact that a Permanent Member of the Security Council can avoid casting a veto if the proposal in question does not in any event obtain the requisite majority . In the first two decades of the UN , the Western states were frequently able to defeat resolutions without actually using the veto ; and the Soviet Union was in this position in the 1970s and 1980s . Use of the veto has reflected a degree of diplomatic isolation of the vetoing state ( s ) on the particular issue . Because of the use or threat of the veto , the Security Council could at best have a limited role in certain wars and interventions in which its Permanent Members were involved -- for example in Algeria ( 1954 -- 62 ) ; Suez ( 1956 ) , Hungary ( 1956 ) , Vietnam ( 1946 -- 75 ) , the Sino - Vietnamese war ( 1979 ) , Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 88 ) , Panama ( 1989 ) , Iraq ( 2003 ) , and Georgia ( 2008 ) . Not all cases of UN inaction in crises have been due to actual use of the veto . For example , re the Iran -- Iraq war of 1980 -- 88 there was no use of the veto , but the UN role was minimal except in its concluding phase . Likewise the limited involvement of the UN in the crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan from 2003 onwards was not due to any actual use of the veto . A general lack of willingness to act was the main problem . Since 1990 the veto has been used sparingly . The period from 31 May 1990 to 11 May 1993 was the longest without use of the veto in the history of the UN . Up until the end of 1989 the number of resolutions passed by the Security Council had been 646 -- an average of about 15 per annum . The figures for the years since then show a peak of Security Council activism in 1993 , followed by a modest degree of retrenchment . In 1950 the Soviet Union missed one important opportunity to exercise its veto power . The Soviet government had adopted an `` empty chair '' policy at the Security Council from January 1950 , owing to its discontent over the UN 's refusal to recognize the People 's Republic of China 's representatives as the legitimate representatives of China , and with the hope of preventing any future decisions by the Council on substantive matters . Despite the wording of the Charter ( which makes no provisions for passing resolutions with the abstention or absence of a veto - bearing member ) , this was treated as a non-blocking abstention . This had in fact already become Council practice by that time , the Council having already adopted numerous draft resolutions despite the lack of an affirmative vote by each of its permanent members . The result of the Soviet Union 's absence from the Security Council was that it was not in a position to veto the UN Security Council resolutions 83 ( 27 June 1950 ) and 84 ( 7 July 1950 ) authorising the US - led military coalition in Korea which assisted South Korea in repelling the North Korean attack . Selection of a Secretary - General ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Secretary - General selection The veto power can also be used to block the selection of a Secretary - General . However , this is not counted as a veto of a Security Council Resolution , because the Security Council is only issuing a `` recommendation '' to the General Assembly . Since 1981 , no Secretary - General has been formally vetoed , because the Security Council does not vote until they have already agreed on a Secretary - General in a series of straw polls . A vote by a permanent member to `` discourage '' a candidate is considered equivalent to a veto , and the candidate will withdraw from the race without forcing a formal veto . The formal recommendation of a Secretary - General is approved unanimously by acclamation . Every permanent member has vetoed at least one candidate for Secretary - General . The United States circumvented the Soviet veto in 1950 by asking the General Assembly to vote on Trygve Lie 's reappointment without a recommendation from the Security Council . However , every Secretary - General since 1953 has been recommended by a unanimous vote of the permanent members of the Security Council . Vetoes have not been recorded publicly since 1981 , because the straw poll is taken by secret ballot . However , countries may announce their votes to encourage the rotating members to vote for another candidate . Most common users ( edit ) Number of resolutions vetoed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council between 1946 and 2016 . In the history of the Security Council , almost half the vetoes were cast by the Soviet Union , with the vast majority of those being before 1965 . Since 1966 , out of the total 153 vetoes cast , 119 were issued by one of the council 's three NATO members : the US , the UK and France . From 1946 to 2016 , vetoes were issued on 258 occasions . For that period , usage breaks down as follows : The United States has used the veto on 79 occasions between 1946 and 2016 ; and since 1972 , it has used its veto power more than any other permanent member . Russia or the Soviet Union have used the veto on 122 occasions , more than any other of the five permanent members of the Security Council . Most recent veto per country ( edit ) See also : List of Vetoed United Nation Security Council Resolutions and List of vetos exercised by the US government in the UN Security Council While China , Russia and the United States have exercised their veto power in the twenty - first century , neither France nor the United Kingdom has . The following list contains the most recent veto from each of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . April 12 , 2017 : Russia vetoed UN sanctions over chemical weapons in Syria , which received a vote of 10 - 2 - 3 . February 28 , 2017 : China and Russia vetoed UN sanctions over chemical weapons in Syria , which received a vote of 9 - 3 - 3 . February 18 , 2011 : The United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning Israeli settlements in the West Bank , which received a vote of 14 - 1 - 0 . December 23 , 1989 : France , the United Kingdom and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama . Analysis by country ( edit ) China ( ROC / prc ) ( edit ) See also : China and the United Nations Between 1946 and 1971 , the Chinese seat on the Security Council was the government of the Republic of China ( which retreated to Taiwan in 1949 ) during which its representative used the veto only once to block Mongolia 's application for membership in 1955 because the ROC considered the country to be a part of China . This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961 , when the Soviet Union announced that unless Mongolia was admitted , it would block the admission of all of the newly independent African states . Faced with this pressure , the ROC relented under protest . After the Republic of China 's expulsion from the United Nations in 1971 , the first veto cast by the present occupant , the People 's Republic of China , was issued on 25 August 1972 over Bangladesh 's admission to the United Nations . As of February 2017 , the People 's Republic of China has used its veto eleven times . Observers have noted a preference for China to abstain rather than veto on resolutions not directly related to Chinese interests . Soviet Union / Russia ( edit ) See also : Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations In the early days of the United Nations , the Soviet Union commissar and later minister for foreign affairs , Vyacheslav Molotov , vetoed resolutions so many times that he was known as `` Mr. Veto '' . In fact , the Soviet Union was responsible for nearly half of all vetoes ever cast -- 79 vetoes were used in the first 10 years . Molotov regularly rejected bids for new membership because of the US 's refusal to admit all of the Soviet republics . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia used its veto power sparingly . However , its use of the veto increased in the late 2000s and 2010s , due to a number of resolutions on conflicts which it was involved militarily in including in Georgia , Syria and Ukraine , making it the state which has most frequently used its veto since the dissolution of the Soviet Union . France ( edit ) See also : France and the United Nations France uses its veto power sparingly . The last time it unilaterally vetoed a draft was in 1976 to block a Resolution on the question of the Comoros independence , which was done to keep the island of Mayotte as a French overseas territory . It also vetoed , along with U.K , a resolution calling on the immediate cessation of military action by the Israeli army against Egypt in 1956 during the Suez Crisis . The last time France used its veto power was in December 1989 concerning the situation in Panama . In 2003 , the threat of a French veto of resolution on the impending invasion of Iraq caused friction between France and the United States . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : United Kingdom and the United Nations The United Kingdom has used its Security Council veto power on 32 occasions . The first occurrence was in October 1956 when the United Kingdom and France vetoed a letter from the USA to the President of the Security Council concerning Palestine . The most recent was in December 1989 when the United Kingdom , France and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama . The United Kingdom used its veto power , along with France , to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the Suez Canal crisis ( in which France and UK were militarily involved ) in 1956 . The UK and France eventually withdrew from Egypt after the U.S. instigated an ' emergency special session ' of the General Assembly , under the terms of the `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution , which led to the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force I ( UNEF I ) , by the adoption of Assembly resolution 1001 . The UK also used its veto seven times in relation to Rhodesia from 1963 to 1973 , five of these occasions were unilateral ; the only occasions on which the UK has used its veto power unilaterally . United States ( edit ) See also : United States and the United Nations and List of vetos exercised by the US government in the UN Security Council Ambassador Charles W. Yost cast the first U.S. veto in 1970 , regarding a crisis in Rhodesia , and the U.S. cast a lone veto in 1972 to block a resolution which condemned Israel for war with Syria and Lebanon . Since that time it has become the most frequent user of veto power , mainly on resolutions criticizing and condemning Israel and almost always unilaterally for war and human rights violations ; since 2002 , the Negroponte doctrine has been applied for the use of a veto on resolutions relating to the ongoing Israel - Palestinian conflict . This has been a constant cause of friction between the General Assembly and the Security Council . On 18 February 2011 , the Obama administration vetoed resolutions condemning Israeli settlements . On December 23 , 2016 , the Obama administration allowed a resolution calling for an end to Israeli settlements to pass . Criticism ( edit ) The veto power has brought criticism to the Security Council . As it stands , a veto from any of the permanent members can halt any possible action the Council may take . One country 's objection , rather than the opinions of a majority of countries , may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis . For instance , John J. Mearsheimer claimed that `` since 1982 , the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel , more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members . '' Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs , the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel , which joined the UN in 1949 , has never been elected to the Security Council . The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel . On the other hand , critics contend that , while Israel has the United States to rely on to veto any pertinent legislation against it , the Palestinians lack any such power . Apart from the US , several resolutions have been vetoed by Russia , notably attempts to impose sanctions on Syria during the Syrian Civil War and to condemn Russia 's own annexation of Crimea in 2014 . In the case of the latter , Russia 's lone veto overruled the thirteen other votes in favor of the condemnation . As part of the Soviet Union , Russia also vetoed a UN resolution condemning the USSR 's shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983 . The veto has been singled out as a threat to human rights , with Amnesty International claiming that the five permanent members had used their veto to `` promote their political self interest or geopolitical interest above the interest of protecting civilians . '' As of 2015 , Amnesty International has suggested that a solution would involve the five permanent members surrendering their veto on issues of genocide . Some see the fact that veto power exclusive to the permanent five as being anachronistic and unjust , given that the United Nations is meant to equally represent all its member states . Journalist Kourosh Ziabari has stated that the veto is `` a discriminatory and biased privilege given to five countries to dictate their own will to some 200 countries as they wish . '' and has called it `` the most unfair and inequitable law of the world which enables a powerful and authoritative minority to determine the fate of an indispensable and subjugated majority '' . Aside from criticism directed towards its biased nature , others have pointed out that the veto makes it difficult for the Security Council to solve issues . Whilst addressing the UN General Assembly on the Russian annexation of Crimea , Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said the following regarding the inefficiency of the veto `` In every democratic country , if someone has stolen your property , an independent court will restore justice , in order to protect your rights , and punish the offender . However , we must recognize that in the 21st century our organization lacks an effective instrument to bring to justice an aggressor country that has stolen the territory of another sovereign state . '' Because of this situation , it has been denounced that the Security Council is only effective when it comes to safeguarding the interests of its permanent members , and is unable to act against them . Consequently , resolutions authorizing intervention in the internal affairs of other countries have been few . The interests of the permanent members have come to rest on the concept of non-interference , at the expense of the `` keep the peace and security '' mandate with which the Security Council was created . Perhaps because , while the `` responsibility to protect '' is not binding , state sovereignty remains a priority and , as the specialist in international relations Philippe Moreau - Desfarges points out , `` even if the rights of their populations are violated , only the Security Council can decide whether peace is threatened and take measures to protect that peace '' . Thus , the Security Council has not taken forceful measures to punish governments considered as authoritarian , neglecting the `` responsibility to defend civilian populations '' , recognized by the UN General Assembly in 2005 . Veto power reform ( edit ) See also : Reform of the United Nations Security Council Various discussions have taken place in recent years over the suitability of the Security Council veto power in today 's world . Key arguments include that the five permanent members no longer represent the most stable and responsible member states in the United Nations , and that their veto power slows down and even prevents important decisions being made on matters of international peace and security . Due to the global changes that have taken place politically and economically since the formation of the UN in 1945 , widespread debate has been apparent over whether the five permanent members of the UN Security Council remain the best member states to hold veto power . While the permanent members are still typically regarded as great powers , there is debate over their suitability to retain exclusive veto power . A second argument against retaining the UNSC veto power is that it is detrimental to balanced political decisions , as any draft text needs to be approved of by each permanent member before any draft resolution can possibly be adopted . Indeed , several proposed draft resolutions are never formally presented to the Council for a vote owing to the knowledge that a permanent member would vote against their adoption ( the so - called `` pocket veto '' ) . Debate also exists over the potential use of the veto power to provide `` diplomatic cover '' to a permanent member 's allies . The United States has used its veto power more than any other permanent member since 1972 , particularly on resolutions condemning the actions or policies of Israel . Advocates of the veto power believe that it is just as necessary in the current geo - political landscape , and that without the veto power , the Security Council would be open to making democratic `` majority rules '' decisions on matters that have implications at a global level -- decisions that may well go directly against the interests of a permanent member . Discussions on improving the UN 's effectiveness and responsiveness to international security threats often include reform of the UNSC veto . Proposals include : limiting the use of the veto to vital national security issues ; requiring agreement from multiple states before exercising the veto ; and abolishing the veto entirely . However , any reform of the veto will be very difficult , if not impossible . In fact , Articles 108 and 109 of the United Nations Charter grant the P5 veto over any amendments to the Charter , requiring them to approve of any modifications to the UNSC veto power that they themselves hold : it is highly unlikely that any of the P5 would accept a reform of the UN Charter that would be detrimental to their own national interests . Nonetheless , it has been argued that with the adoption of the `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution by the General Assembly , and given the interpretations of the Assembly 's powers that became customary international law as a result , that the Security Council `` power of veto '' problem could be surmounted . By adopting A / RES / 377 A , on 3 November 1950 , over two - thirds of UN Member states declared that , according to the UN Charter , the permanent members of the UNSC can not and should not prevent the UNGA from taking any and all action necessary to restore international peace and security , in cases where the UNSC has failed to exercise its `` primary responsibility '' for maintaining peace . Such an interpretation sees the UNGA as being awarded `` final responsibility '' -- rather than `` secondary responsibility '' -- for matters of international peace and security , by the UN Charter . Various official and semi-official UN reports make explicit reference to the Uniting for Peace resolution as providing a mechanism for the UNGA to overrule any UNSC vetoes ; thus rendering them little more than delays in UN action , should two - thirds of the Assembly subsequently agree that action is necessary . The threat of the use of the veto by the P5 has led the UN Security Council to adopt what some commentators have described as unlawful resolutions that violated the UN Charter . For example , UNSC resolution 1422 of 2002 , renewed once through resolution 1487 of 2003 , aimed at exempting peace - keepers and other military personnel conducting operations authorized by the Security Council from the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) for a period of 12 months . Resolution 1422 was adopted as a consequence to the US veto on 30 June 2002 to the renewal of the Peace - keeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina , a State Party to the Rome Statute of the ICC . There has been discussion of increasing the number of permanent members . The countries who have made the strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan . Japan and Germany are the UN 's second and third largest funders respectively , while Brazil , the largest Latin American nation , and India , the world 's largest democracy and second most populous country , are two of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace - keeping missions . This proposal has found opposition in a group of countries called Uniting for Consensus . On 21 September 2004 , the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other 's claim to permanent status , together with two African countries . Any such proposal would involve amendment of the UN Charter , and as such would need to be accepted by two - thirds of the General Assembly ( 128 votes ) , and also by all the permanent members of the Security Council . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II . The Yalta Voting Formula , Author ( s ) : Francis O. Wilcox , Source : The American Political Science Review , Vol. 39 , No. 5 ( Oct. , 1945 ) , pp. 943 - 956 , Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950035 , Accessed : 05 - 05 - 2015 17 : 13 UTC Jump up ^ League of Nations Covenant , Article 5 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Luck , Edward C. ( 2008 ) . `` Creation of the Council '' . In Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 61 -- 85 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Winston S. Churchill , The Second World War , vol. 6 : Triumph and Tragedy , Cassell , London , 1954 , pp. 181 - 2 and 308 - 13 ; Harry S. Truman , Year of Decisions : 1945 ( London , 1955 ) , pp. 194 - 5 , 201 , and 206 - 7 ; Charles de Gaulle , War Memoirs : Salvation 1944 - 1946 -- Documents , tr . Murchie and Erskine ( London , 1960 ) , pp. 94 - 5 . Jump up ^ Truman , Year of Decisions : 1945 , p. 207 . See also US Department of State : `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations '' . October 2005 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference wilc1945 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ UN Charter , Article 27 , as amended in 1965 . Before that date , Articles 27 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) had specified the affirmative votes of seven members . The change was part of the process whereby the size of the Council was increased from 11 to 15 members . Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/sc/members.asp Jump up ^ Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 78 -- 82 , 135 -- 7 , 155 -- 65 , 688 -- 705 . Jump up ^ Malanczuk , P. Akehurst 's Modern Introduction to International Law , Ed . 7 , page 375 , Routledge , 1997 Jump up ^ Stueck , Wiliam ( 2008 ) . `` The United Nations , the Security Council , and the Korean War '' . In Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; et al . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 266 -- 7 , 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Chesterman , Simon ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Chesterman , Simon . Secretary or General ? The UN Secretary - General in World Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries - General '' ( PDF ) . UNA - USA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Global Policy Forum ( 2008 ) : `` Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in the Security Council '' . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Veto database and information at Global Policy Forum ^ Jump up to : Security Council - Veto List at Global Policy Forum Jump up ^ ( 1 ) United Nations Documentation at The United Nations Jump up ^ `` United Nations Official Document '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Double Veto Prevents Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution Intended to Impose Sanctions for Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ List of Security Council meetings 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ List of vetoes in the United Nations Security Council . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Security Council - Veto List . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veto List '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subjet of UN Security Council Vetoes '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council '' ( PDF ) . Global Policy Forum . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Security Council - Veto List '' . UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Special Sessions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli settlements : UN Security Council calls for an end '' . BBC News . 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt . `` The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy '' . KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series . Harvard University . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Section , United Nations News Service ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) . `` UN News - UN Security Council action on Crimea referendum blocked '' . UN News Service Section . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty calls on UN powers to lose veto on genocide votes - BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The United Nations Security Council : An Organization for Injustice '' . Global Research . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Experts praise Poroshenko 's call for restrictions on UN Security Council veto powers '' . KyivPost . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Máiquez , Miguel ( 2011 - 04 - 19 ) . `` El derecho de veto continúa atrancando las decisiones de la ONU 65 años después '' . 20 Minutos ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : 20 Minutos Editora . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ UN 's High - level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change : `` A more secure world : our shared responsibility '' . p. 68 , 1 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Can the United Nations Reform '' Jump up ^ Hunt , C. `` The ' veto ' charade '' , ZNet , 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Document 856 . A / 52 / 856 Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty . `` The Responsibility to Protect '' , ICISS.ca , December 2001 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ A / 58 / 47 `` Report of the Open - ended Working Group on the Question of Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council '' , UN.org , 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Non-Aligned Movement . Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement `` , UN.int , 27 -- 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 1 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Writings of Flavia Lattanzi , Kai Ambos and Claus Kress , inter alia Jump up ^ UN Charter , Articles 108 and 109 . Further reading ( edit ) Bardo Fassbender , UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto : A Constitutional Perspective , Kluwer Law International , The Hague / London / Boston , 1998 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0592 - 1 . Bardo Fassbender , ' Pressure for Security Council Reform ' , in : David M. Malone ( ed . ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner Publishers , Boulder , Colorado , and London , 2004 , pp. 341 -- 355 . Bardo Fassbender , ' The Security Council : Progress is Possible but Unlikely ' , in : Antonio Cassese ( ed . ) , Realizing Utopia : The Future of International Law , Oxford University Press , 2012 , pp. 52 -- 60 . Vaughan Lowe ; Adam Roberts ; Jennifer Welsh ; Dominik Zaum ( eds . ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 , Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953343 - 5 ( hardback ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958330 - 0 ( paperback ) . US edition . On Google . David Malone ( ed ) , The UN Security Council : From the Cold War to the 21st Century , Lynne Rienner , Boulder , Colorado , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 240 - 5 ( paperback ) . External links ( edit ) `` Can You Bypass a U.N. Security Council Veto ? '' , Slate magazine `` Security Council veto power usage '' , Peace.ca `` Global Policy Forum '' , information on use of the veto power Malone , D & Mahbubani , K : `` The UN Security Council -- from the Cold War to the 21st Century '' , UN World Chronicle , 30 March 2004 . See also ( edit ) Vetocracy ( hide ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has veto power in the united nations	[ "The United Nations Security Council \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. The permanent members can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution without blocking its adoption by the Council. A negative vote by a permanent member will also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although this is a \"recommendation\" to the General Assembly rather than a Resolution. The unconditional veto posessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN.[1] Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, the United States refused to join the United Nations unless it was given a veto.[1] The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness.", "The United Nations Security Council \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. The permanent members can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution without blocking its adoption by the Council. A negative vote by a permanent member will also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although this is a \"recommendation\" to the General Assembly rather than a Resolution. The unconditional veto posessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN.[1] Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, the United States refused to join the United Nations unless it was given a veto.[1] The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness.", "The United Nations Security Council \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. The permanent members can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution without blocking its adoption by the Council. A negative vote by a permanent member will also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although this is a \"recommendation\" to the General Assembly rather than a Resolution. The unconditional veto posessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN.[1] Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, the United States refused to join the United Nations unless it was given a veto.[1] The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness.", "The United Nations Security Council \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. The permanent members can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution without blocking its adoption by the Council. A negative vote by a permanent member will also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although this is a \"recommendation\" to the General Assembly rather than a Resolution. The unconditional veto posessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN.[1] Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, the United States refused to join the United Nations unless it was given a veto.[1] The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness.", "The United Nations Security Council \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. However, the veto power does not apply to \"procedural\" votes, as determined by the permanent members themselves. The permanent members can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution without blocking its adoption by the Council. A negative vote by a permanent member will also block the selection of a Secretary-General, although this is a \"recommendation\" to the General Assembly rather than a Resolution. The unconditional veto posessed by the five governments has been seen by critics as the most undemocratic character of the UN.[1] Critics also claim that veto power is the main cause for international inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, the United States refused to join the United Nations unless it was given a veto.[1] The absence of the United States from the League of Nations contributed to its ineffectiveness." ]	[ "China", "France", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States" ]
-2595650239262447819	Andy Barclay	Andy Barclay - Wikipedia Andy Barclay Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Andy Barclay '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Barclay Child 's Play character Andy in Child 's Play 2 First appearance Child 's Play Created by Don Mancini Portrayed by Alex Vincent ( 1 - 2 , 6 - 7 ) Justin Whalin ( 3 ) Information Full name Andrew William Barclay Gender Male Family Karen Barclay ( mother ) Mr. Barclay ( deceased father ) Michael Norris ( stepfather ) Kyle ( foster sister ) Phil Simpson ( deceased foster father ) Joanne Simpson ( deceased foster mother ) Nationality American Andrew William `` Andy '' Barclay is a fictional character and protagonist of the Child 's Play horror film series . He is a young boy who , after receiving a Good Guy doll for his sixth birthday , is the prime suspect in a series of mysterious murders . In reality the murders are being committed by the doll , which was possessed by serial killer Charles Lee Ray ( aka Chucky ) . The duo will go on to become archenemies . He is portrayed by Alex Vincent in the first , second , sixth and seventh films and by Justin Whalin in the third . He does not appear in the fourth and fifth films . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Child 's Play 1.2 Child 's Play 2 1.3 Child 's Play 3 1.4 Bride of Chucky 1.5 Seed of Chucky 1.6 Curse of Chucky 1.7 Cult of Chucky 2 Other appearances 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Child 's Play ( edit ) Main article : Child 's Play ( 1988 film ) Andy is celebrating his sixth birthday , and really wants a Good Guy doll for his present . He even makes his mother breakfast in bed , to show her how good he is . However , the dolls are too expensive for her salary , and he ends up getting clothes instead . Seeing her son 's disappointment , after she drops him off at daycare Karen buys a doll for half price from a peddler . Karen takes the doll back home to him , and he is very overjoyed to have a new best friend . As Karen must go back to work , her friend Maggie volunteers to babysit . The night goes by uneventful , until Maggie tells him that it is time for bed . Andy says that his doll , Chucky , wants to stay up to watch the 9 o'clock news . Thinking he is playing , she sends him to go brush his teeth , but confronts him again when she finds Chucky on the couch with the TV on . Although Andy denies moving Chucky , she thinks Andy is joking . She tucks him into bed , then goes to read a book . Later that night , when Maggie mysteriously falls to her death from the window , Andy is questioned by detective Mike Norris . During the investigation , Karen comes back home , and is angered by Norris implying that her son had something to do with Maggie 's death . She kicks the detectives out , and then goes to check on her son . She sees him talking to his doll , and thinks it is innocent enough , until Andy says that the doll told him , `` Aunt Maggie was a real bitch and got what she deserved '' . The next day , Chucky gets Andy to visit the house of Chucky 's former accomplice , Eddie . While Andy goes to the bathroom , Chucky manages to blow up the building , killing Eddie . The detectives are called in to check out the scene , and again find Andy there . As they see this as more than a coincidence , they get Dr. Ardmore to monitor as Jack questions Andy . When Jack asks why Maggie fell out of the window , Andy says that she saw Chucky , and it scared her so much she fell down . Karen comes to Andy 's side , and explains that no one believes him ; if he does not tell the truth , the police will take him away from her . Scared , Andy confronts Chucky , begging him to say something . As he simply repeats his doll lines , he runs to his mother , telling her Chucky is doing it on purpose , and would kill him if he ever told anyone about him . From behind the glass , Ardmore , announces his presence . Seeing more than enough , he suggests Andy stay a few days at the hospital , and with no real choice , Karen reluctantly hands over her son . At his hospital room , Andy hears Chucky coming up the stairs , and screams for Dr. Ardmore to help . Chucky manages to get into Andy 's room , but by that time Andy had escaped . Andy finds his way downstairs and into the operating room , followed by Chucky . After being knocked to the ground by Chucky , he picks a scalpel up and prepares to defend himself . However , he is seized by Dr. Ardmore , who puts him on the bed . Despite Andy 's claims that Chucky is in the room , Ardmore goes to sedate him . Before he can do it though , Chucky kills Ardmore , allowing Andy to escape the hospital . Andy makes it back to the apartment , but Chucky follows him . Chucky knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat , and begins the ritual to transfer his soul . Luckily Norris and Karen burst in just in time to save Andy . After a brief fight , Karen throws Chucky into the fireplace , and despite Chucky 's pleading , Andy lights a match and sets Chucky on fire . Hearing Norris in the bedroom , the two go to his side , and Karen tells Andy to retrieve the first aid kit from under the sink . However , as he goes , he notices that Chucky is missing from the fireplace . Completely charred , Chucky chases Andy , who runs back to the bedroom . Karen shoots him several times , missing his heart , but knocking off his head . Jack later arrives , and brings the doll 's head into the bedroom . Unbeknownst to him , Chucky 's body breaks through the air vent behind Jack and strangles him . As Karen pulls Chucky 's body off Jack , Mike shoots him in the heart , finally killing him . Fearfully looking at Chucky 's remains , Andy leaves with Karen and Jack to take Mike to the hospital . Child 's Play 2 ( edit ) Main article : Child 's Play 2 Andy is sent to a foster home with Phil and Joanne , as his mother Karen is undergoing psychiatric evaluation . Although the family is very nice , they become suspicious the next morning when one of Joanne 's antiques is broken . Both Andy and his foster sister Kyle deny doing anything , so Phil sends them to do the laundry . Later that night , Chucky manages to track Andy down , and sneaks into his room . He ties him to the bed , and begins the voodoo chant to transfer his soul . However , before he can finish , Kyle sneaks back into the house through Andy 's window from seeing her boyfriend . She tries to untie Andy as Phil and Joanne walk in on them . They accuse Kyle of tying up Andy as a sick joke , and ignore Andy 's pleas that the doll is alive . The next morning , Andy goes to his first day at school , and Chucky follows . While his teacher Miss Kettlewell is reading a story to the class , there is a disruption by a bully teasing Andy . She thinks Andy is the source , and scolds him for it . During recess , Chucky enters the classroom and finds Andy 's test paper , and writes obscenities on it . When the day is over , Miss Kettlewell uncovers Andy 's paper , and forces him to stay after school for detention . She locks him inside the classroom , throwing Chucky in the closet , while she leaves to phone Phil . Andy tries to call for help to anybody on the other side of the locked door , but to no avail . Chucky begins shouting from the closet for Andy to let him out , but Andy instead escapes by opening the window and running home . When Andy comes home , Phil confronts him about his test paper , and Andy explains that Chucky did it . Phil takes him to the basement to prove the doll is not alive and surprisingly to him , Chucky is there . In the middle of the night , Andy hears a sound coming from downstairs . He arms himself with a knife and proceeds into the basement . From there he is attacked by Chucky , but is saved by Phil coming downstairs . Andy tries to warn Phil , but Chucky trips him , causing him to fall and break his neck . When Joanne finds Phil 's dead body , she blames Andy , and sends him back to the orphanage . While at the orphanage , the fire alarm is pulled , Andy and his care worker Grace run into Kyle as they try to evacuate. Grace blames Kyle , who is being held at knife point by Chucky , and pulls her and Andy back to her office . When she takes the doll from her , Chucky pulls out his knife and stabs her to death . Chucky grabs Andy , and forces him into the Play Pals factory , with Kyle running after them . From there , he knocks Andy unconscious , and begins to say the chant . However , as by the time he begins the ritual , it is too late ; Chucky is trapped as a doll forever . Enraged by this , Chucky goes to kill Andy , but is subdued by Kyle . She takes Andy and runs through the factory , while Chucky tries to stop them . However , they jam an air hose into his mouth , causing his head to blow up and explode , thus killing him . Both Andy and Kyle leave the factory together , towards uncertain futures . Child 's Play 3 ( edit ) Main article : Child 's Play 3 Eight years later , Andy is now sixteen years old . He has been thrown out of numerous foster homes , and Social Services has enrolled him in a military academy as a last resort . The head of the school , Cochran , agrees to let Andy in because he has had a rough life , but tells him to grow up and forget the killer doll fantasies . Andy is placed in a bunk with another student , Whitehurst , who finds him tied and gagged in his closet . This was done by cadet colonel lieutenant Shelton , who uses his position to bully Andy . Regardless of Shelton 's bullying , he is able to keep his friend Whitehurst , and meets another student named Kristen , and the two develop a strong relationship . Unknown to Andy , Chucky has shipped himself to the academy , in order to kill Andy . During the night , he confronts Andy in his room , and reveals his intent to transfer his soul into a different child 's body : Tyler , whom Andy had befriended earlier . Chucky attacks him , and Andy thwarts him off until Shelton enters the room . He finds Andy slamming Chucky against the floor , and rudely takes Chucky from him . The next morning , Andy approaches Tyler and asks him about Chucky. Tyler snaps that he is just jealous that Chucky did not pick him first . Still worried for Tyler 's life , Andy decides to give him a pocket knife in case Chucky strikes again . When the annual paint ball war begins , Andy sneaks off to find Tyler , who had run away from Chucky in the woods . Chucky attacks Kristen , using her to lure out Andy and exchange Tyler for her . After their exchange , the red team comes into the area , and instead of shooting paintballs , they shoot live rounds . In the chaos Tyler escapes , and before chasing after him , Chucky throws a grenade at the students . Recognizing the danger , Whitehurst bravely leaps on top of the grenade and sacrifices himself to save the others . Although both were shocked , Kristen and Andy follow Chucky . Eventually they find themselves led into a carnival , and see Tyler being forced by Chucky into a haunted house . In an attempt to save Tyler , Chucky shoots Kristen in the leg , leaving Andy to fight him alone . After a struggle , Tyler is knocked out , and Chucky begins his ritual chant . However , before he finishes , Andy reaches them on the top of a skull mountain . He shoots Chucky in the arm and chest , but he still has the strength to strangle Andy . Tyler awakens , and gives Andy the pocket knife . Cutting off his other hand , Chucky falls into the giant fan below , shredding him to pieces . After leaving the haunted house , Andy visits Kristen , who is being treated by medics . Before being taken away by the authorities , Andy is last seen riding off in the backseat of a police car . Bride of Chucky ( edit ) Main article : Bride of Chucky Andy is briefly mentioned on a newspaper article titled `` Boy claims doll possessed by serial killer '' . Seed of Chucky ( edit ) Main article : Seed of Chucky Andy is mentioned by Chucky during his `` what 's so great about being human anyway '' speech by referencing his numerous victims and enemies . Curse of Chucky ( edit ) Main article : Curse of Chucky Six months after Chucky attacked Nica , Andy gets a package delivered , and brings it inside . Before opening it , he receives a phone call from his mother , Karen . As Andy talks about his birthday dinner at Karen 's place , Chucky cuts his way out of the box . Ready to kill , Chucky turns around , only to see Andy pointing a shotgun directly at his face . Before Chucky can react , Andy fires , presumably killing Chucky once again . Cult of Chucky ( edit ) Main article : Cult of Chucky After the events of the previous film , Andy now keeps Chucky 's severed head to torture in retribution for his crimes . Tapes later reveal that Andy had tried to prove Nica Pierce 's innocence by showing Chucky to her psychiatrist Dr. Foley , but it was dismissed as special effects . Learning that Chucky had managed to transfer his soul into multiple Good Guy dolls , Andy sends a Good Guy that he had shaved to the asylum and drives there . When he is unable to get in due to visiting hours being over , he commits himself by assaulting the security guard , being locked in a cell . When the short - haired Chucky arrives at his cell to kill him , Andy restrains the doll and rips a gun out of the doll 's stomach . Andy shoots the short - haired Chucky multiple times and stomps it 's head in . When Nica , now possessed by Chucky , arrives at his cell , Andy attempts to shoot her only to find he wasted all his bullets . Chucky / Nica then locks Andy inside of his cell and escapes . Other appearances ( edit ) In 1991 Andy appeared in 3 issues ( 1 , 2 , & 5 ) of the `` Child 's Play '' comics , which were based on the first film . He was also in all issues based on Child 's Play 2 in 1992 and all based on Child 's Play 3 in 1993 . Andy appears in the novelization of Child 's Play 2 and the novelization of Child 's Play 3 . In 1999 clips of Andy are shown in the television series Where Are They Now ? a part of the episode Horror Movie Stars . Andy is shown throughout the documentary Evil Comes in Small Packages , which was included as a special feature in the 20th anniversary edition of Child 's Play in 2008 . Archive footage of Andy is shown in the 2001 horror documentary Boogeymen : The Killer Compilation alongside Chucky . Reception ( edit ) Alex Vincent 's performance as Andy has been praised for being `` one of the best child performances in a horror movie '' and for being able to create an `` emotional connection '' with the audience . From his first scene in the movie to his sobbing in the hospital room he is able to bring out emotions that seem far too real . The article went on to say : `` Watching him sob alone in his tiny hospital room feels like seeing my own kid cry -- but not the kind of crying when he does n't get his way or stubs his toe . It 's the kind of crying informed by genuine sadness . There is a hopelessness to the way Alex Vincent plays that scene that 's impossible to reproduce . What makes his performance great is that it is totally , effortlessly authentic . He is not manufacturing motivation , nor calculating his delivery . He is reacting purely in the moment . When they are best friends , he interacts with Chucky like it 's an actual toy that he loves ( the way he excitedly talks to the doll way too loudly when they first interact is another great moment in the movie ) . When Chucky goes bad , Vincent 's fear -- and even heartbreak -- is totally real . '' Dustin Putman stated in a review that he was `` always convincing as an endangered ... son faced with an unthinkable terror . '' Another article went as far as to say Vincent 's portrayal `` was what made that series as much as Brad Dourif doing the voice of Chucky . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andy Barclay ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Barclay Comics -- Comic Vine '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Maniac Comic Books '' . Icons of Fright . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Barclay ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHILD 'S PLAY ( 20TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION ) REVIEW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bromley , Patrick . `` Great Horror Performances : Alex Vincent in Child 's Play '' . F This Movie ! . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bromley , Patrick . `` Great Horror Performances : Alex Vincent in Child 's Play '' . F This Movie ! . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putman , Dustin . `` Dustin Putman 's Capsule Review Child 's Play ( 1988 ) '' . Dustin Putman ' TheFileFile . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Strack . `` Tiny Heros and Heroines : The Forgotten Children of Horror '' . Awesome B Movies . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Andy Barclay on IMDb ( hide ) Child 's Play Chucky Films Child 's Play Child 's Play 2 Child 's Play 3 Bride of Chucky Seed of Chucky Curse of Chucky Cult of Chucky Short Films Chucky 's Vacation Slides Chucky Invades Characters Charles Lee `` Chucky '' Ray Andy Barclay Tiffany Valentine Nica Pierce Kyle Video games Chucky : Slash & Dash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Barclay&oldid=815940642 '' Categories : Horror film characters Child 's Play ( film series ) Fictional American people Fictional sole survivors Fictional characters introduced in 1988 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 05 : 42 . About Wikipedia	who played andy in the first child's play	[ "\n\nAndy Barclay\n\n\nChild's Play character\n\n\n\nAndy in Child's Play 2\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nChild's Play\n\n\nCreated by\nDon Mancini\n\n\nPortrayed by\nAlex Vincent (1-2,6-7)\nJustin Whalin (3)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nFull name\nAndrew William Barclay\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nKaren Barclay (mother)\nMr. Barclay (deceased father)\nMichael Norris (stepfather)\nKyle (foster sister)\nPhil Simpson (deceased foster father)\nJoanne Simpson (deceased foster mother)\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n" ]	[ "Alex Vincent" ]
2191067206221835754	Credit card	Credit card - wikipedia Credit card Visa and MasterCard are the two most prominent payment processors for credit cards . Personal finance Credit Debt Mortgage Car loan Credit card Unsecured personal loan Rent - to - own Student loan Pawn Title loan Payday loan Refund anticipation loan Refinancing Debt consolidation Bankruptcy Employment contract Salary Wage Salary packaging Employee stock option Employee benefits Retirement Pension Defined benefit Defined contribution Social security Business plan Corporate action Personal budget Financial planner Financial adviser Stockbroker Financial independence Estate planning See also Bank Cooperative Credit union Part of a series on financial services Banking Types of banks ( show ) Advising Banq Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Mutual savings National Offshore Participation Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts Cards ( hide ) Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money - market Savings Time deposit ( Bond ) Transaction ( checking / current ) Cards ATM Credit Debit Funds transfer ( show ) Electronic bill payment Wire Cheque SWIFT Automated Clearing House Giro Terms ( show ) Automated teller machine Bank regulation Loan Money creation Bank secrecy Ethical banking Fractional - reserve banking Islamic banking Private banking Related topics ( show ) Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Financial law Financial regulation List of banks An example of the front in a typical credit card : Issuing Bank Logo EMV chip ( only on `` smart cards '' ) Hologram Card number Card Network Logo Expiration Date Card Holder Name Contactless Chip An example of the reverse side of a typical credit card : Magnetic Stripe Signature Strip Card Security Code A credit card is a payment card issued to users ( cardholders ) to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder 's promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts so paid plus the other agreed charges . The card issuer ( usually a bank ) creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder , from which the cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance . In other words , credit cards combine payment services with extensions of credit . Complex fee structures in the credit card industry may limit customers ' ability to comparison shop , helping to ensure that the industry is not price - competitive and helping to maximize industry profits . Due to concerns about this , many legislatures have regulated credit card fees . A credit card is different from a charge card , where it requires the balance to be repaid in full each month . In contrast , credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt , subject to interest being charged . A credit card also differs from a cash card , which can be used like currency by the owner of the card . A credit card differs from a charge card also in that a credit card typically involves a third - party entity that pays the seller and is reimbursed by the buyer , whereas a charge card simply defers payment by the buyer until a later date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technical specifications 2 History 2.1 Edward Bellamy 's Looking Backward 2.2 Charge coins , medals , and so on 2.3 Early charge cards 2.3. 1 Charga - Plate 2.3. 2 Air Travel Card 2.3. 3 Early general purpose charge cards : Diners Club , Carte Blanche , and American Express 2.4 BankAmericard and Master Charge 2.5 Development outside North America 2.6 Vintage , old , and unique credit cards as collectibles 3 Usage 3.1 Advertising , solicitation , application and approval 3.2 Interest charges 3.3 Grace period 3.4 Parties involved 3.5 Transaction steps 3.6 Credit card register 4 Features 4.1 Consumers ' limited liability 5 Types 5.1 Business credit cards 5.2 Secured credit cards 5.3 Prepaid cards 5.4 Digital cards 6 Benefits and drawbacks 6.1 Benefits to cardholder 6.1. 1 Comparison of credit card benefits in the US 6.2 Detriments to cardholders 6.2. 1 High interest and bankruptcy 6.2. 2 Weakens self regulation 6.3 Detriments to society 6.3. 1 Inflated pricing for all consumers 6.4 Benefits to merchants 6.5 Costs to merchants 7 Security 7.1 Code 10 8 Costs 8.1 Interest expenses 8.2 Operating costs 8.3 Charge offs 8.4 Rewards 8.5 Fraud 9 Revenues 9.1 Interchange fee 9.2 Interest on outstanding balances 9.3 Fees charged to customers 10 Over limit charges 10.1 United States 10.2 United Kingdom 11 Neutral consumer resources 11.1 Canada 12 Controversy 12.1 Hidden costs 13 Credit cards in ATMs 14 Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs 15 Problems 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Technical specifications ( edit ) The size of most credit cards is 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm ( 3 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ inches ) and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88 -- 3.48 mm , conforming to the ISO / IEC 7810 ID - 1 standard , the same size as ATM cards and other payment cards , such as debit cards . Credit cards have a printed or embossed bank card number complying with the ISO / IEC 7812 numbering standard . The card number 's prefix , called the Bank Identification Number , is the sequence of digits at the beginning of the number that determine the bank to which a credit card number belongs . This is the first six digits for MasterCard and Visa cards . The next nine digits are the individual account number , and the final digit is a validity check code . Both of these standards are maintained and further developed by ISO / IEC JTC 1 / SC 17 / WG 1 . Credit cards have a magnetic stripe conforming to the ISO / IEC 7813 . Many modern credit cards have a computer chip embedded in them as a security feature . In addition to the main credit card number , credit cards also carry issue and expiration dates ( given to the nearest month ) , as well as extra codes such as issue numbers and security codes . Not all credit cards have the same sets of extra codes nor do they use the same number of digits . Credit card numbers were originally embossed to allow easy transfer of the number to charge slips . With the decline of paper slips , some credit cards are no longer embossed and in fact the card number is no longer in the front . History ( edit ) Edward Bellamy 's looking Backward ( edit ) The concept of using a card for purchases was described in 1887 by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel Looking Backward . Bellamy used the term credit card eleven times in this novel , although this referred to a card for spending a citizen 's dividend from the government , rather than borrowing . Charge coins , medals , and so on ( edit ) Charge coins and other similar items were used from the late 19th century to the 1930s . They came in various shapes and sizes ; with materials made out of celluloid ( an early type of plastic ) , copper , aluminum , steel , and other types of whitish metals . Each charge coin usually had a little hole , enabling it to be put in a key ring , like a key . These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores , hotels , and so on . A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant 's name and logo . The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip , by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip . This sped the process of copying , previously done by handwriting . It also reduced the number of errors , by having a standardised form of numbers on the sales slip , instead of various kind of handwriting style . Because the customer 's name was not on the charge coin , almost anyone could use it . This sometimes led to a case of mistaken identity , either accidentally or intentionally , by acting on behalf of the charge account owner or out of malice to defraud both the charge account owner and the merchant . Beginning in the 1930s , merchants started to move from charge coins to the newer Charga - Plate . Early charge cards ( edit ) Charga - plate ( edit ) The Charga - Plate , developed in 1928 , was an early predecessor of the credit card and was used in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1950s . It was a 21⁄2 '' × 11⁄4 '' rectangle of sheet metal related to Addressograph and military dog tag systems . It was embossed with the customer 's name , city , and state . It held a small paper card on its back for a signature . In recording a purchase , the plate was laid into a recess in the imprinter , with a paper `` charge slip '' positioned on top of it . The record of the transaction included an impression of the embossed information , made by the imprinter pressing an inked ribbon against the charge slip . Charga - Plate was a trademark of Farrington Manufacturing Co . Charga - Plates were issued by large - scale merchants to their regular customers , much like department store credit cards of today . In some cases , the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers . When an authorized user made a purchase , a clerk retrieved the plate from the store 's files and then processed the purchase . Charga - Plates speeded back - office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store . Air Travel card ( edit ) In 1934 , American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card . They created a numbering scheme that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account . This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1 . With an Air Travel Card , passengers could `` buy now , and pay later '' for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines . By the 1940s , all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines . By 1941 about half of the airlines ' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement . The airlines had also started offering installment plans to lure new travelers into the air . In October 1948 , the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association . Early general purpose charge cards : Diners Club , Carte Blanche , and American Express ( edit ) The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara , founders of Diners Club , to consolidate multiple cards . The Diners Club , which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign , produced the first `` general purpose '' charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement . That was followed by Carte Blanche and in 1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network ( although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features ) . BankAmericard and Master charge ( edit ) Until 1958 , no one had been able to successfully establish a revolving credit financial system in which a card issued by a third - party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants , as opposed to merchant - issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants . There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks , but none of them were able to last very long . In September 1958 , Bank of America launched the BankAmericard in Fresno , California , which would become the first successful recognizably modern credit card . This card succeeded where others failed by breaking the chicken - and - egg cycle in which consumers did not want to use a card that few merchants would accept and merchants did not want to accept a card that few consumers used . Bank of America chose Fresno because 45 % of its residents used the bank , and by sending a card to 60,000 Fresno residents at once , the bank was able to convince merchants to accept the card . It was eventually licensed to other banks around the United States and then around the world , and in 1976 , shortly after women gained the right to apply for credit cards , all BankAmericard licensees united themselves under the common brand Visa . In 1966 , the ancestor of MasterCard was born when a group of banks established Master Charge to compete with BankAmericard ; it received a significant boost when Citibank merged its own Everything Card , launched in 1967 , into Master Charge in 1969 . Early credit cards in the U.S. , of which BankAmericard was the most prominent example , were mass - produced and mass mailed unsolicited to bank customers who were thought to be good credit risks . They have been mailed off to unemployables , drunks , narcotics addicts and to compulsive debtors , a process President Johnson 's Special Assistant Betty Furness found very like `` giving sugar to diabetics '' . These mass mailings were known as `` drops '' in banking terminology , and were outlawed in 1970 due to the financial chaos they caused . However , by the time the law came into effect , approximately 100 million credit cards had been dropped into the U.S. population . After 1970 , only credit card applications could be sent unsolicited in mass mailings . Before the computerization of credit card systems in America , using a credit card to pay at a merchant was significantly more complicated than it is today . Each time a consumer wanted to use a credit card , the merchant would have to call their bank , who in turn had to call the credit card company , which then had to have an employee manually look up the customer 's name and credit balance . This system was computerized in 1973 under the leadership of Dee Hock , the first CEO of Visa , allowing transaction time to decrease substantially to less than one minute . However , until always - connected payment terminals became ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century , it was common for a merchant to accept a charge , especially below a threshold value or from a known and trusted customer , without verifying it by phone . Books with lists of stolen card numbers were distributed to merchants who were supposed in any case to check cards against the list before accepting them , as well as verifying the signature on the charge slip against that on the card . Merchants who failed to take the time to follow the proper verification procedures were liable for fraudulent charges , but because of the cumbersome nature of the procedures , merchants would often simply skip some or all of them and assume the risk for smaller transactions . Development outside North America ( edit ) The fractured nature of the U.S. banking system under the Glass -- Steagall Act meant that credit cards became an effective way for those who were traveling around the country to move their credit to places where they could not directly use their banking facilities . There are now countless variations on the basic concept of revolving credit for individuals ( as issued by banks and honored by a network of financial institutions ) , including organization - branded credit cards , corporate - user credit cards , store cards and so on . In 1966 , Barclaycard in the United Kingdom launched the first credit card outside the United States . Although credit cards reached very high adoption levels in the US , Canada and the UK during the latter 20th century , many cultures were more cash - oriented or developed alternative forms of cashless payments , such as Carte bleue or the Eurocard ( Germany , France , Switzerland , and others ) . In these places , adoption of credit cards was initially much slower . Due to strict regulations regarding bank overdrafts , some countries , France in particular , were much quicker to develop and adopt chip - based credit cards which are seen as major anti-fraud credit devices . Debit cards and online banking ( using either ATMs or PCs ) are used more widely than credit cards in some countries . It took until the 1990s to reach anything like the percentage market penetration levels achieved in the US , Canada , and UK . In some countries , acceptance still remains low as the use of a credit card system depends on the banking system of each country ; while in others , a country sometimes had to develop its own credit card network , e.g. UK 's Barclaycard and Australia 's Bankcard . Japan remains a very cash - oriented society , with credit card adoption being limited mainly to the largest of merchants ; although stored value cards ( such as telephone cards ) are used as alternative currencies , the trend is toward RFID - based systems inside cards , cellphones , and other objects . Vintage , old , and unique credit cards as collectibles ( edit ) The design of the credit card itself has become a major selling point in recent years . The value of the card to the issuer is often related to the customer 's usage of the card , or to the customer 's financial worth . This has led to the rise of Co-Brand and Affinity cards , where the card design is related to the `` affinity '' ( a university or professional society , for example ) leading to higher card usage . In most cases a percentage of the value of the card is returned to the affinity group . A growing field of numismatics ( study of money ) , or more specifically exonumia ( study of money - like objects ) , credit card collectors seek to collect various embodiments of credit from the now familiar plastic cards to older paper merchant cards , and even metal tokens that were accepted as merchant credit cards . Early credit cards were made of celluloid plastic , then metal and fiber , then paper , and are now mostly polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) plastic . However the chip part of credit cards is not made from plastic but from metals . Usage ( edit ) A credit card issuing company , such as a bank or credit union , enters into agreements with merchants for them to accept their credit cards . Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance marks -- generally derived from logos -- or this may be communicated in signage in the establishment or in company material ( e.g. , a restaurant 's menu may indicate which credit cards are accepted ) . Merchants may also communicate this orally , as in `` We take ( brands X , Y , and Z ) '' or `` We do n't take credit cards '' . Visa , MasterCard , American Express The credit card issuer issues a credit card to a customer at the time or after an account has been approved by the credit provider , which need not be the same entity as the card issuer . The cardholders can then use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card . When a purchase is made , the cardholder agrees to pay the card issuer . The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number ( PIN ) . Also , many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet , known as a card not present transaction ( CNP ) . Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify in a few seconds that the card is valid and the cardholder has sufficient credit to cover the purchase , allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase . The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or point - of - sale ( POS ) system with a communications link to the merchant 's acquiring bank . Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card ; the latter system is called Chip and PIN in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and is implemented as an EMV card . For card not present transactions where the card is not shown ( e.g. , e-commerce , mail order , and telephone sales ) , merchants additionally verify that the customer is in physical possession of the card and is the authorized user by asking for additional information such as the security code printed on the back of the card , date of expiry , and billing address . Each month , the cardholder is sent a statement indicating the purchases made with the card , any outstanding fees , and the total amount owed . In the US , after receiving the statement , the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect ( see 15 U.S.C. § 1643 , which limits cardholder liability for unauthorized use of a credit card to $50 ) . The Fair Credit Billing Act gives details of the US regulations . The cardholder must pay a defined minimum portion of the amount owed by a due date , or may choose to pay a higher amount . The credit issuer charges interest on the unpaid balance if the billed amount is not paid in full ( typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt ) . In addition , if the cardholder fails to make at least the minimum payment by the due date , the issuer may impose a late fee or other penalties . To help mitigate this , some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the cardholder 's bank account , thus avoiding such penalties altogether , as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds . Many banks now also offer the option of electronic statements , either in lieu of or in addition to physical statements , which can be viewed at any time by the cardholder via the issuer 's online banking website . Notification of the availability of a new statement is generally sent to the cardholder 's email address . If the card issuer has chosen to allow it , the cardholder may have other options for payment besides a physical check , such as an electronic transfer of funds from a checking account . Depending on the issuer , the cardholder may also be able to make multiple payments during a single statement period , possibly enabling him or her to utilize the credit limit on the card several times . Advertising , solicitation , application and approval ( edit ) Credit card advertising regulations in the US include the Schumer box disclosure requirements . A large fraction of junk mail consists of credit card offers created from lists provided by the major credit reporting agencies . In the United States , the three major US credit bureaus ( Equifax , TransUnion and Experian ) allow consumers to opt out from related credit card solicitation offers via its Opt Out Pre Screen program . Interest charges ( edit ) Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month , but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid . For example , if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period , there would be no interest charged . If , however , even $1.00 of the total amount remained unpaid , interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received . The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the monthly statement . The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is ( APR / 100 x ADB ) / 365 x number of days revolved . Take the annual percentage rate ( APR ) and divide by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance ( ADB ) . Divide the result by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account . Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made , if not in full , as a residual retail finance charge ( RRFC ) . Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made , the user of the card will still receive interest charges on their statement after paying the next statement in full ( in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid , i.e. when the balance stopped revolving ) . The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit , or it may become a complicated financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate , possibly with a single umbrella credit limit , or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments . Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank , to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers . In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments , payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank , and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances . Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card , and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument , or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue . Grace period ( edit ) A credit card 's grace period is the time the cardholder has to pay the balance before interest is assessed on the outstanding balance . Grace periods may vary , but usually range from 20 to 55 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank . Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met . Usually , if a cardholder is late paying the balance , finance charges will be calculated and the grace period does not apply . Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance ; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement ( i.e. interest is applied on both the previous balance and new transactions ) . However , there are some credit cards that will only apply finance charge on the previous or old balance , excluding new transactions . Parties involved ( edit ) Cardholder : The holder of the card used to make a purchase ; the consumer . Card - issuing bank : The financial institution or other organization that issued the credit card to the cardholder . This bank bills the consumer for repayment and bears the risk that the card is used fraudulently . American Express and Discover were previously the only card - issuing banks for their respective brands , but as of 2007 , this is no longer the case . Cards issued by banks to cardholders in a different country are known as offshore credit cards . Merchant : The individual or business accepting credit card payments for products or services sold to the cardholder . Acquiring bank : The financial institution accepting payment for the products or services on behalf of the merchant . Independent sales organization : Resellers ( to merchants ) of the services of the acquiring bank . Merchant account : This could refer to the acquiring bank or the independent sales organization , but in general is the organization that the merchant deals with . Credit Card association : An association of card - issuing banks such as Discover , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , etc. that set transaction terms for merchants , card - issuing banks , and acquiring banks . Transaction network : The system that implements the mechanics of the electronic transactions . May be operated by an independent company , and one company may operate multiple networks . Affinity partner : Some institutions lend their names to an issuer to attract customers that have a strong relationship with that institution , and get paid a fee or a percentage of the balance for each card issued using their name . Examples of typical affinity partners are sports teams , universities , charities , professional organizations , and major retailers . Insurance providers : Insurers underwriting various insurance protections offered as credit card perks , for example , Car Rental Insurance , Purchase Security , Hotel Burglary Insurance , Travel Medical Protection etc . The flow of information and money between these parties -- always through the card associations -- is known as the interchange , and it consists of a few steps . Transaction steps ( edit ) Authorization : The cardholder presents the card as payment to the merchant and the merchant submits the transaction to the acquirer ( acquiring bank ) . The acquirer verifies the credit card number , the transaction type and the amount with the issuer ( card - issuing bank ) and reserves that amount of the cardholder 's credit limit for the merchant . An authorization will generate an approval code , which the merchant stores with the transaction . Batching : Authorized transactions are stored in `` batches '' , which are sent to the acquirer . Batches are typically submitted once per day at the end of the business day . If a transaction is not submitted in the batch , the authorization will stay valid for a period determined by the issuer , after which the held amount will be returned to the cardholder 's available credit ( see authorization hold ) . Some transactions may be submitted in the batch without prior authorizations ; these are either transactions falling under the merchant 's floor limit or ones where the authorization was unsuccessful but the merchant still attempts to force the transaction through . ( Such may be the case when the cardholder is not present but owes the merchant additional money , such as extending a hotel stay or car rental . ) Clearing and Settlement : The acquirer sends the batch transactions through the credit card association , which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer . Essentially , the issuer pays the acquirer for the transaction . Funding : Once the acquirer has been paid , the acquirer pays the merchant . The merchant receives the amount totaling the funds in the batch minus either the `` discount rate '' , `` mid-qualified rate '' , or `` non-qualified rate '' which are tiers of fees the merchant pays the acquirer for processing the transactions . Chargebacks : A chargeback is an event in which money in a merchant account is held due to a dispute relating to the transaction . Chargebacks are typically initiated by the cardholder . In the event of a chargeback , the issuer returns the transaction to the acquirer for resolution . The acquirer then forwards the chargeback to the merchant , who must either accept the chargeback or contest it . Credit card register ( edit ) A credit card register is a transaction register used to ensure the increasing balance owed from using a credit card is enough below the credit limit to deal with authorization holds and payments not yet received by the bank and to easily look up past transactions for reconciliation and budgeting . The register is a personal record of banking transactions used for credit card purchases as they affect funds in the bank account or the available credit . In addition to check number and so forth the code column indicates the credit card . The balance column shows available funds after purchases . When the credit card payment is made the balance already reflects the funds were spent . In a credit card 's entry , the deposit column shows the available credit and the payment column shows total owed , their sum being equal to the credit limit . Each check written , debit card transaction , cash withdrawal , and credit card charge is entered manually into the paper register daily or several times per week . Credit card register also refers to one transaction record for each credit card . In this case the booklets readily enable the location of a card 's current available credit when ten or more cards are in use . Features ( edit ) As well as convenient credit , credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses , which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work - related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes . Credit cards are accepted in larger establishments in almost all countries , and are available with a variety of credit limits , repayment arrangements . Some have added perks ( such as insurance protection , rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or cashback ) . Consumers ' limited liability ( edit ) Some countries , such as the United States , the United Kingdom , and France , limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable in the event of fraudulent transactions with a lost or stolen credit card . Types ( edit ) Business credit cards ( edit ) See also : Stored - value card Business credit cards are specialized credit cards issued in the name of a registered business , and typically they can only be used for business purposes . Their use has grown in recent decades . In 1998 , for instance , 37 % of small businesses reported using a business credit card ; by 2009 , this number had grown to 64 % . Business credit cards offer a number of features specific to businesses . They frequently offer special rewards in areas such as shipping , office supplies , travel , and business technology . Most issuers use the applicant 's personal credit score when evaluating these applications . In addition , income from a variety of sources may be used to qualify , which means these cards may be available to businesses that are newly established . In addition , most major issuers of these cards do not report account activity to the owner 's personal credit unless there is a default . This may have the effect of protecting the owner 's personal credit from the activity of the business . Business credit cards are offered by almost all major card issuers -- like American Express , Visa , and MasterCard in addition to local banks and credit unions . Charge cards for businesses , however , are currently only offered by American Express . Secured credit cards ( edit ) A secured credit card is a type of credit card secured by a deposit account owned by the cardholder . Typically , the cardholder must deposit between 100 % and 200 % of the total amount of credit desired . Thus if the cardholder puts down $1,000 , they will be given credit in the range of $500 -- 1,000 . In some cases , credit card issuers will offer incentives even on their secured card portfolios . In these cases , the deposit required may be significantly less than the required credit limit , and can be as low as 10 % of the desired credit limit . This deposit is held in a special savings account . Credit card issuers offer this because they have noticed that delinquencies were notably reduced when the customer perceives something to lose if the balance is not repaid . The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments , as with a regular credit card , but should they default on a payment , the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit . The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus . This allows building a positive credit history . Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer , the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments . Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed , either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency ( 150 to 180 days ) . This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees , and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card . In these cases the total debt may far exceed the original deposit and the cardholder not only forfeits their deposit but is left with an additional debt . Most of these conditions are usually described in a cardholder agreement which the cardholder signs when their account is opened . Secured credit cards are an option to allow a person with a poor credit history or no credit history to have a credit card which might not otherwise be available . They are often offered as a means of rebuilding one 's credit . Fees and service charges for secured credit cards often exceed those charged for ordinary non-secured credit cards . For people in certain situations , ( for example , after charging off on other credit cards , or people with a long history of delinquency on various forms of debt ) , secured cards are almost always more expensive than unsecured credit cards . Sometimes a credit card will be secured by the equity in the borrower 's home . Prepaid cards ( edit ) See also : Stored - value card A `` prepaid credit card '' is not a true credit card , since no credit is offered by the card issuer : the cardholder spends money which has been `` stored '' via a prior deposit by the cardholder or someone else , such as a parent or employer . However , it carries a credit - card brand ( such as Discover , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , or JCB ) and can be used in similar ways just as though it were a credit card . Unlike debit cards , prepaid credit cards generally do not require a PIN . An exception are prepaid credit cards with an EMV chip . These cards do require a PIN if the payment is processed via Chip and PIN technology . After purchasing the card , the cardholder loads the account with any amount of money , up to the predetermined card limit and then uses the card to make purchases the same way as a typical credit card . Prepaid cards can be issued to minors ( above 13 ) since there is no credit line involved . The main advantage over secured credit cards ( see above section ) is that the cardholder is not required to come up with $500 or more to open an account . With prepaid credit cards purchasers are not charged any interest but are often charged a purchasing fee plus monthly fees after an arbitrary time period . Many other fees also usually apply to a prepaid card . Prepaid credit cards are sometimes marketed to teenagers for shopping online without having their parents complete the transaction . Teenagers can only use funds that are available on the card which helps promote financial management to reduce the risk of debt problems later in life . Prepaid cards can be used globally . The prepaid card is convenient for payees in developing countries like Brazil , Russia , India , and China , where international wire transfers and bank checks are time consuming , complicated and costly . Because of the many fees that apply to obtaining and using credit - card - branded prepaid cards , the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada describes them as `` an expensive way to spend your own money '' . The agency publishes a booklet entitled Pre-paid Cards which explains the advantages and disadvantages of this type of prepaid card . Digital cards ( edit ) A digital card is a digital cloud - hosted virtual representation of any kind of identification card or payment card , such as a credit card . Benefits and drawbacks ( edit ) Benefits to cardholder ( edit ) The main benefit to the cardholder is convenience . Compared to debit cards and checks , a credit card allows small short - term loans to be quickly made to a cardholder who need not calculate a balance remaining before every transaction , provided the total charges do not exceed the maximum credit line for the card . Different countries offer different levels of protection . In the UK , for example , the bank is jointly liable with the merchant for purchases of defective products over £ 100 . Many credit cards offer rewards and benefits packages , such as enhanced product warranties at no cost , free loss / damage coverage on new purchases , various insurance protections , for example , rental car insurance , common carrier accident protection , and travel medical insurance . Credit cards can also offer a loyalty program , where each purchase is rewarded with points , which may be redeemed for cash or products . Research has examined whether competition among card networks may potentially make payment rewards too generous , causing higher prices among merchants , thus actually impacting social welfare and its distribution , a situation potentially warranting public policy interventions . Comparison of credit card Benefits in the U.S. ( edit ) The table below contains a list of benefits offered in the United States for consumer credit cards . Benefits may vary in other countries or business credit cards . MasterCard Visa American Express Discover Return Extension 60 days up to $250 90 days up to $250 90 days up to $300 90 days up to $500 Extended Warranty 2x Original up to 1 year depends 1 Additional Year 6 years max 1 Additional Year 4 years max Price Protection 60 days Varies 90 days up to $500 Loss / Damage Coverage 90 days depends 90 days up to $1,000 90 days up to $500 Rental Car Insurance Main article : Damage waiver 15 days : Collision , theft , vandalism 15 days : Collision , theft 30 days : Collision , theft , vandalism 31 days : Collision Detriments to cardholders ( edit ) High interest and Bankruptcy ( edit ) Low introductory credit card rates are limited to a fixed term , usually between 6 and 12 months , after which a higher rate is charged . As all credit cards charge fees and interest , some customers become so indebted to their credit card provider that they are driven to bankruptcy . Some credit cards often levy a rate of 20 to 30 percent after a payment is missed . In other cases , a fixed charge is levied without change to the interest rate . In some cases universal default may apply : the high default rate is applied to a card in good standing by missing a payment on an unrelated account from the same provider . This can lead to a snowball effect in which the consumer is drowned by unexpectedly high interest rates . Further , most card holder agreements enable the issuer to arbitrarily raise the interest rate for any reason they see fit . First Premier Bank at one point offered a credit card with a 79.9 % interest rate ; however , they discontinued this card in February 2011 because of persistent defaults . Complex fee structures in the credit card industry limit customers ' ability to comparison shop , help ensure that the industry is not price - competitive and help maximize industry profits . Research shows that a substantial fraction of consumers ( about 40 percent ) choose a sub-optimal credit card agreement , with some incurring hundreds of dollars of avoidable interest costs . Weakens self regulation ( edit ) Several studies have shown that consumers are likely to spend more money when they pay by credit card . Researchers suggest that when people pay using credit cards , they do not experience the abstract pain of payment . Furthermore , researchers have found that using credit cards can increase consumption of unhealthy food . Detriments to society ( edit ) Inflated pricing for all consumers ( edit ) Merchants that accept credit cards must pay interchange fees and discount fees on all credit - card transactions . In some cases merchants are barred by their credit agreements from passing these fees directly to credit card customers , or from setting a minimum transaction amount ( no longer prohibited in the United States , United Kingdom or Australia ) . The result is that merchants are induced to charge all customers ( including those who do not use credit cards ) higher prices to cover the fees on credit card transactions . The inducement can be strong because the merchant 's fee is a percentage of the sale price , which has a disproportionate effect on the profitability of businesses that have predominantly credit card transactions , unless compensated for by raising prices generally . In the United States in 2008 credit card companies collected a total of $48 billion in interchange fees , or an average of $427 per family , with an average fee rate of about 2 % per transaction . Benefits to merchants ( edit ) An example of street markets accepting credit cards . Most simply display the acceptance marks ( stylized logos , shown in the upper - left corner of the sign ) of all the cards they accept . For merchants , a credit card transaction is often more secure than other forms of payment , such as cheques , because the issuing bank commits to pay the merchant the moment the transaction is authorized , regardless of whether the consumer defaults on the credit card payment ( except for legitimate disputes , which are discussed below , and can result in charges back to the merchant ) . In most cases , cards are even more secure than cash , because they discourage theft by the merchant 's employees and reduce the amount of cash on the premises . Finally , credit cards reduce the back office expense of processing checks / cash and transporting them to the bank . Prior to credit cards , each merchant had to evaluate each customer 's credit history before extending credit . That task is now performed by the banks which assume the credit risk . Credit cards can also aid in securing a sale especially if the customer does not have enough cash on hand or in a checking account . Extra turnover is generated by the fact that the customer can purchase goods and services immediately and is less inhibited by the amount of cash in pocket and the immediate state of the customer 's bank balance . Much of merchants ' marketing is based on this immediacy . For each purchase , the bank charges the merchant a commission ( discount fee ) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant . The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount , plus a fixed fee ( interchange rate ) . Costs to merchants ( edit ) Merchants are charged several fees for accepting credit cards . The merchant is usually charged a commission of around 1 to 4 percent of the value of each transaction paid for by credit card . The merchant may also pay a variable charge , called a merchant discount rate , for each transaction . In some instances of very low - value transactions , use of credit cards will significantly reduce the profit margin or cause the merchant to lose money on the transaction . Merchants with very low average transaction prices or very high average transaction prices are more averse to accepting credit cards . In some cases merchants may charge users a `` credit card supplement '' ( or surcharge ) , either a fixed amount or a percentage , for payment by credit card . This practice was prohibited by most credit card contracts in the United States until 2013 , when a major settlement between merchants and credit card companies allowed merchants to levy surcharges . Most retailers have not started using credit card surcharges , however , for fear of losing customers . Merchants in the United States have been fighting what they consider to be unfairly high fees charged by credit card companies in a series of lawsuits that started in 2005 . Merchants charged that the two main credit card processing companies , MasterCard and Visa , used their monopoly power to levy excessive fees in a class - action lawsuit involving the National Retail Federation and major retailers such as Wal - Mart . In December 2013 , a federal judge approved a $5.7 billion settlement in the case that offered payouts to merchants who had paid credit card fees , the largest antitrust settlement in U.S. history . Some large retailers , such as Wal - Mart and Amazon , chose to not participate in this settlement , however , and have continued their legal fight against the credit card companies . Merchants are also required to lease or purchase processing equipment , in some cases this equipment is provided free of charge by the processor . Merchants must also satisfy data security compliance standards which are highly technical and complicated . In many cases , there is a delay of several days before funds are deposited into a merchant 's bank account . Because credit card fee structures are very complicated , smaller merchants are at a disadvantage to analyze and predict fees . Finally , merchants assume the risk of chargebacks by consumers . Security ( edit ) Main article : Credit card fraud See also : Wireless identity theft Credit card security relies on the physical security of the plastic card as well as the privacy of the credit card number . Therefore , whenever a person other than the card owner has access to the card or its number , security is potentially compromised . Once , merchants would often accept credit card numbers without additional verification for mail order purchases . It 's now common practice to only ship to confirmed addresses as a security measure to minimise fraudulent purchases . Some merchants will accept a credit card number for in - store purchases , whereupon access to the number allows easy fraud , but many require the card itself to be present , and require a signature ( for magnetic stripe cards ) . A lost or stolen card can be cancelled , and if this is done quickly , will greatly limit the fraud that can take place in this way . European banks can require a cardholder 's security PIN be entered for in - person purchases with the card . The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI DSS ) is the security standard issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council ( PCI SSC ) . This data security standard is used by acquiring banks to impose cardholder data security measures upon their merchants . The goal of the credit card companies is not to eliminate fraud , but to `` reduce it to manageable levels '' . This implies that fraud prevention measures will be used only if their cost are lower than the potential gains from fraud reduction , whereas high - cost low - return measures will not be used -- as would be expected from organizations whose goal is profit maximisation . Internet fraud may be by claiming a chargeback which is not justified ( `` friendly fraud '' ) , or carried out by the use of credit card information which can be stolen in many ways , the simplest being copying information from retailers , either online or offline . Despite efforts to improve security for remote purchases using credit cards , security breaches are usually the result of poor practice by merchants . For example , a website that safely uses TLS to encrypt card data from a client may then email the data , unencrypted , from the webserver to the merchant ; or the merchant may store unencrypted details in a way that allows them to be accessed over the Internet or by a rogue employee ; unencrypted card details are always a security risk . Even encrypted data may be cracked . Controlled payment numbers ( also known as virtual credit cards or disposable credit cards ) are another option for protecting against credit card fraud where presentation of a physical card is not required , as in telephone and online purchasing . These are one - time use numbers that function as a payment card and are linked to the user 's real account , but do not reveal details , and can not be used for subsequent unauthorised transactions . They can be valid for a relatively short time , and limited to the actual amount of the purchase or a limit set by the user . Their use can be limited to one merchant . If the number given to the merchant is compromised , it will be rejected if an attempt is made to use it a second time . A similar system of controls can be used on physical cards . Technology provides the option for banks to support many other controls too that can be turned on and off and varied by the credit card owner in real time as circumstances change ( i.e. , they can change temporal , numerical , geographical and many other parameters on their primary and subsidiary cards ) . Apart from the obvious benefits of such controls : from a security perspective this means that a customer can have a Chip and PIN card secured for the real world , and limited for use in the home country . In this eventuality a thief stealing the details will be prevented from using these overseas in non chip and pin EMV countries . Similarly the real card can be restricted from use on - line so that stolen details will be declined if this tried . Then when card users shop online they can use virtual account numbers . In both circumstances an alert system can be built in notifying a user that a fraudulent attempt has been made which breaches their parameters , and can provide data on this in real time . Additionally , there are security features present on the physical card itself in order to prevent counterfeiting . For example , most modern credit cards have a watermark that will fluoresce under ultraviolet light . Most major credit cards have a hologram . A Visa card has a letter V superimposed over the regular Visa logo and a MasterCard has the letters MC across the front of the card . Older Visa cards have a bald eagle or dove across the front . In the aforementioned cases , the security features are only visible under ultraviolet light and are invisible in normal light . The United States Secret Service , Federal Bureau of Investigation , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement , and U.S. Postal Inspection Service are responsible for prosecuting criminals who engage in credit card fraud in the United States . However , they do not have the resources to pursue all criminals , and in general they only prosecute cases exceeding $5,000 . Three improvements to card security have been introduced to the more common credit card networks , but none has proven to help reduce credit card fraud so far . First , the cards themselves are being replaced with similar - looking tamper - resistant smart cards which are intended to make forgery more difficult . The majority of smart card ( IC card ) based credit cards comply with the EMV ( Europay MasterCard Visa ) standard . Second , an additional 3 or 4 digit card security code ( CSC ) is now present on the back of most cards , for use in card not present transactions . Stakeholders at all levels in electronic payment have recognized the need to develop consistent global standards for security that account for and integrate both current and emerging security technologies . They have begun to address these needs through organisations such as PCI DSS and the Secure POS Vendor Alliance . Code 10 ( edit ) Code 10 calls are made when merchants are suspicious about accepting a credit card . The operator then asks the merchant a series of YES or NO questions to find out whether the merchant is suspicious of the card or the cardholder . The merchant may be asked to retain the card if it is safe to do so . The merchant may receive a reward for returning a confiscated card to the issuing bank , especially if an arrest is made . Costs ( edit ) Credit card issuers ( banks ) have several types of costs : Interest expenses ( edit ) Banks generally borrow the money they then lend to their customers . As they receive very low - interest loans from other firms , they may borrow as much as their customers require , while lending their capital to other borrowers at higher rates . If the card issuer charges 15 % on money lent to users , and it costs 5 % to borrow the money to lend , and the balance sits with the cardholder for a year , the issuer earns 10 % on the loan . This 10 % difference is the `` net interest spread '' and the 5 % is the `` interest expense '' . Operating costs ( edit ) This is the cost of running the credit card portfolio , including everything from paying the executives who run the company to printing the plastics , to mailing the statements , to running the computers that keep track of every cardholder 's balance , to taking the many phone calls which cardholders place to their issuer , to protecting the customers from fraud rings . Depending on the issuer , marketing programs are also a significant portion of expenses . Charge offs ( edit ) When a cardholder becomes severely delinquent on a debt ( often at the point of six months without payment ) , the creditor may declare the debt to be a charge - off . It will then be listed as such on the debtor 's credit bureau reports . ( Equifax , for instance , lists `` R9 '' in the `` status '' column to denote a charge - off . ) A charge - off is considered to be `` written off as uncollectable '' . To banks , bad debts and fraud are part of the cost of doing business . However , the debt is still legally valid , and the creditor can attempt to collect the full amount for the time periods permitted under state law , which is usually three to seven years . This includes contacts from internal collections staff , or more likely , an outside collection agency . If the amount is large ( generally over $1,500 -- 2,000 ) , there is the possibility of a lawsuit or arbitration . Rewards ( edit ) Many credit card customers receive rewards , such as frequent flyer points , gift certificates , or cash back as an incentive to use the card . Rewards are generally tied to purchasing an item or service on the card , which may or may not include balance transfers , cash advances , or other special uses . Depending on the type of card , rewards will generally cost the issuer between 0.25 % and 2.0 % of the spread . Networks such as Visa or MasterCard have increased their fees to allow issuers to fund their rewards system . Some issuers discourage redemption by forcing the cardholder to call customer service for rewards . On their servicing website , redeeming awards is usually a feature that is very well hidden by the issuers . With a fractured and competitive environment , rewards points cut dramatically into an issuer 's bottom line , and rewards points and related incentives must be carefully managed to ensure a profitable portfolio . Unlike unused gift cards , in whose case the breakage in certain US states goes to the state 's treasury , unredeemed credit card points are retained by the issuer . Fraud ( edit ) Main article : Credit card fraud In relative numbers the values lost in bank card fraud are minor , calculated in 2006 at 7 cents per 100 dollars worth of transactions ( 7 basis points ) . In 2004 , in the UK , the cost of fraud was over £ 500 million . When a card is stolen , or an unauthorized duplicate made , most card issuers will refund some or all of the charges that the customer has received for things they did not buy . These refunds will , in some cases , be at the expense of the merchant , especially in mail order cases where the merchant can not claim sight of the card . In several countries , merchants will lose the money if no ID card was asked for , therefore merchants usually require ID card in these countries . Credit card companies generally guarantee the merchant will be paid on legitimate transactions regardless of whether the consumer pays their credit card bill . Most banking services have their own credit card services that handle fraud cases and monitor for any possible attempt at fraud . Employees that are specialized in doing fraud monitoring and investigation are often placed in Risk Management , Fraud and Authorization , or Cards and Unsecured Business . Fraud monitoring emphasizes minimizing fraud losses while making an attempt to track down those responsible and contain the situation . Credit card fraud is a major white collar crime that has been around for many decades , even with the advent of the chip based card ( EMV ) that was put into practice in some countries to prevent cases such as these . Even with the implementation of such measures , credit card fraud continues to be a problem . Revenues ( edit ) Offsetting the costs are the following revenues : Interchange fee ( edit ) Main article : Interchange fee In addition to fees paid by the card holder , merchants must also pay interchange fees to the card - issuing bank and the card association . For a typical credit card issuer , interchange fee revenues may represent about a quarter of total revenues . These fees are typically from 1 to 6 percent of each sale , but will vary not only from merchant to merchant ( large merchants can negotiate lower rates ) , but also from card to card , with business cards and rewards cards generally costing the merchants more to process . The interchange fee that applies to a particular transaction is also affected by many other variables including : the type of merchant , the merchant 's total card sales volume , the merchant 's average transaction amount , whether the cards were physically present , how the information required for the transaction was received , the specific type of card , when the transaction was settled , and the authorized and settled transaction amounts . In some cases , merchants add a surcharge to the credit cards to cover the interchange fee , encouraging their customers to instead use cash , debit cards , or even cheques . Interest on outstanding balances ( edit ) Interest charges vary widely from card issuer to card issuer . Often , there are `` teaser '' rates in effect for initial periods of time ( as low as zero percent for , say , six months ) , whereas regular rates can be as high as 40 percent . In the U.S. there is no federal limit on the interest or late fees credit card issuers can charge ; the interest rates are set by the states , with some states such as South Dakota , having no ceiling on interest rates and fees , inviting some banks to establish their credit card operations there . Other states , for example Delaware , have very weak usury laws . The teaser rate no longer applies if the customer does not pay their bills on time , and is replaced by a penalty interest rate ( for example , 23.99 % ) that applies retroactively . Fees charged to customers ( edit ) The major fees are for : Late or overdue payments Charges that result in exceeding the credit limit on the card ( whether deliberately or by mistake ) , called overlimit fees Returned cheque fees or payment processing fees ( e.g. phone payment fee ) Cash advances and convenience cheques ( often 3 % of the amount ) Transactions in a foreign currency ( as much as 3 % of the amount ) . A few financial institutions do not charge a fee for this . Membership fees ( annual or monthly ) , sometimes a percentage of the credit limit . Exchange rate loading fees ( sometimes these might not be reported on the customer 's statement , even when applied ) . The variation of exchange rates applied by different credit cards can be very substantial , as much as 10 % according to a Lonely Planet report in 2009 . In the U.S. , the Credit CARD Act of 2009 specifies that credit card companies must send cardholders a notice 45 days before they can increase or change certain fees . This includes annual fees , cash advance fees , and late fees . Over limit charges ( edit ) Consumers who keep their account in good order by always staying within their credit limit , and always making at least the minimum monthly payment will see interest as the biggest expense from their card provider . Those who are not so careful and regularly surpass their credit limit or are late in making payments are exposed to multiple charges that were typically as high as £ 25 -- 35 until a ruling from the Office of Fair Trading that they would presume charges over £ 12 to be unfair which led the majority of card providers to reduce their fees to £ 12 . United States ( edit ) The Credit CARD Act of 2009 requires that consumers opt into over-limit charges . Some card issuers have therefore commenced solicitations requesting customers to opt into overlimit fees , presenting this as a benefit as it may avoid the possibility of a future transaction being declined . Other issuers have simply discontinued the practice of charging overlimit fees . Whether a customer opts into the overlimit fee or not , banks will in practice have discretion as to whether they choose to authorize transactions above the credit limit or not . Of course , any approved over limit transactions will only result in an overlimit fee for those customers who have opted into the fee . This legislation took effect on 22 February 2010 . Following this Act , the companies are now required by law to show on a customer 's bills how long it would take them to pay off the balance . United Kingdom ( edit ) The higher fees originally charged were claimed to be designed to recoup the card operator 's overall business costs and to try to ensure that the credit card business as a whole generated a profit , rather than simply recovering the cost to the provider of the limit breach , which has been estimated as typically between £ 3 -- £ 4 . Profiting from a customer 's mistakes is arguably not permitted under UK common law , if the charges constitute penalties for breach of contract , or under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 . Subsequent rulings in respect of personal current accounts suggest that the argument that these charges are penalties for breach of contract is weak , and given the Office of Fair Trading 's ruling it seems unlikely that any further test case will take place . Whilst the law remains in the balance , many consumers have made claims against their credit card providers for the charges that they have incurred , plus interest that they would have earned had the money not been deducted from their account . It is likely that claims for amounts charged in excess of £ 12 will succeed , but claims for charges at the OFT 's £ 12 threshold level are more contentious . Neutral consumer resources ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) The Government of Canada maintains a database of the fees , features , interest rates and reward programs of nearly 200 credit cards available in Canada . This database is updated on a quarterly basis with information supplied by the credit card issuing companies . Information in the database is published every quarter on the website of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada ( FCAC ) . Information in the database is published in two formats . It is available in PDF comparison tables that break down the information according to type of credit card , allowing the reader to compare the features of , for example , all the student credit cards in the database . The database also feeds into an interactive tool on the FCAC website . The interactive tool uses several interview - type questions to build a profile of the user 's credit card usage habits and needs , eliminating unsuitable choices based on the profile , so that the user is presented with a small number of credit cards and the ability to carry out detailed comparisons of features , reward programs , interest rates , etc . Controversy ( edit ) Credit card debt has increased steadily . Since the late 1990s , lawmakers , consumer advocacy groups , college officials and other higher education affiliates have become increasingly concerned about the rising use of credit cards among college students . The major credit card companies have been accused of targeting a younger audience , especially college students , many of whom are already in debt with college tuition fees and college loans and who typically are less experienced at managing their own finances . Credit card debt may also negatively affect their grades as they are likely to work more both part and full - time positions . Another controversial area is the universal default feature of many North American credit card contracts . When a cardholder is late paying a particular credit card issuer , that card 's interest rate can be raised , often considerably . With universal default , a customer 's other credit cards , for which the customer may be current on payments , may also have their rates and credit limit changed . The universal default feature allows creditors to periodically check cardholders ' credit portfolios to view trade , allowing these other institutions to decrease the credit limit or increase rates on cardholders who may be late with another credit card issuer . Being late on one credit card will potentially affect all the cardholder 's credit cards . Citibank voluntarily stopped this practice in March 2007 and Chase stopped the practice in November 2007 . The fact that credit card companies can change the interest rate on debts that were incurred when a different rate of interest was in place is similar to adjustable rate mortgages where interest rates on current debt may rise . However , in both cases , this is agreed to in advance , and is a trade off that allows a lower initial rate as well as the possibility of an even lower rate ( mortgages , if interest rates fall ) or perpetually keeping a below - market rate ( credit cards , if the user makes their debt payments on time ) . The universal default practice was encouraged by federal regulators , particularly those at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) , as a means of managing the changing risk profiles of cardholders . Another controversial area is the trailing interest issue . Trailing interest is the practice of charging interest on the entire bill no matter what percentage of it is paid . US Senator Carl Levin raised the issue of millions of Americans affected by hidden fees , compounding interest and cryptic terms . Their woes were heard in a Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations hearing which was chaired by Senator Levin , who said that he intends to keep the spotlight on credit card companies and that legislative action may be necessary to purge the industry . In 2009 , the C.A.R.D. Act was signed into law , enacting protections for many of the issues Levin had raised . In the United States , some have called for Congress to enact additional regulations on the industry to expand the disclosure box clearly disclosing rate hikes , use plain language , incorporate balance payoff disclosures , and also to outlaw universal default . At a congress hearing around 1 March 2007 , Citibank announced it would no longer practice this , effective immediately . Opponents of such regulation argue that customers must become more proactive and self - responsible in evaluating and negotiating terms with credit providers . Some of the nation 's influential top credit card issuers , which are among the top fifty corporate contributors to political campaigns , successfully opposed it . Hidden costs ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , merchants won the right through The Credit Cards ( Price Discrimination ) Order 1990 to charge customers different prices according to the payment method . As of 2007 , the United Kingdom was one of the world 's most credit card - intensive countries , with 2.4 credit cards per consumer , according to the UK Payments Administration Ltd . In the United States until 1984 , federal law prohibited surcharges on card transactions . Although the federal Truth in Lending Act provisions that prohibited surcharges expired that year , a number of states have since enacted laws that continue to outlaw the practice ; California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Massachusetts , Maine , New York , Oklahoma , and Texas have laws against surcharges . As of 2006 , the United States probably had one of the world 's highest if not the top ratio of credit cards per capita , with 984 million bank - issued Visa and MasterCard credit card and debit card accounts alone for an adult population of roughly 220 million people . The credit card per US capita ratio was nearly 4 : 1 as of 2003 and as high as 5 : 1 as of 2006 . Credit cards in ATMs ( edit ) Many credit cards can also be used in an ATM to withdraw money against the credit limit extended to the card , but many card issuers charge interest on cash advances before they do so on purchases . The interest on cash advances is commonly charged from the date the withdrawal is made , rather than the monthly billing date . Many card issuers levy a commission for cash withdrawals , even if the ATM belongs to the same bank as the card issuer . Merchants do not offer cashback on credit card transactions because they would pay a percentage commission of the additional cash amount to their bank or merchant services provider , thereby making it uneconomical . Discover is a notable exception to the above . A customer with a Discover card may get up to $120 cash back if the merchant allows it . This amount is simply added to the card holder 's cost of the transaction and no extra fees are charged as the transaction is not considered a cash advance . Many credit card companies will also , when applying payments to a card , do so , for the matter at hand , at the end of a billing cycle , and apply those payments to everything before cash advances . For this reason , many consumers have large cash balances , which have no grace period and incur interest at a rate that is ( usually ) higher than the purchase rate , and will carry those balances for years , even if they pay off their statement balance each month . Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs ( edit ) Credit cards are a risky way for entrepreneurs to acquire capital for their start ups when more conventional financing is unavailable . Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner used personal credit cards to start Cisco Systems . Larry Page and Sergey Brin 's start up of Google was financed by credit cards to buy the necessary computers and office equipment , more specifically `` a terabyte of hard disks '' . Similarly , filmmaker Robert Townsend financed part of Hollywood Shuffle using credit cards . Director Kevin Smith funded Clerks in part by maxing out several credit cards . Actor Richard Hatch also financed his production of Battlestar Galactica : The Second Coming partly through his credit cards . Famed hedge fund manager Bruce Kovner began his career ( and , later on , his firm Caxton Associates ) in financial markets by borrowing from his credit card . UK entrepreneur James Caan ( as seen on Dragons ' Den ) financed his first business using several credit cards . Problems ( edit ) Travellers from the U.S. had encountered problems abroad because many countries have introduced smart cards , but the U.S. had not . As of 2010 , the U.S. banking system had not updated the cards and associated readers in the U.S. , stating that the costs were prohibitive . As of 2015 , the smart cards had been introduced and put into use in the United States . Other problems with credit cards have involved mis - sold policies on top of the products , such as the additional mis - sold policies which is still causing problems for clients in the UK . See also ( edit ) ATM card Accountable fundraising Bank card number Card ( disambiguation ) Credit card associations American Express China UnionPay Diners Club Discover Card Entrust Bankcard Japan Credit Bureau MasterCard Visa Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Credit history Credit rating agency Credit reference agency Compulsive shopping Dynamic currency conversion , or DCC Electronic money Fair Credit Reporting Act Identity theft Interchange fee International Card Manufacturers Association Merchant account Payment card Point of sale Reimbursement Revolving account Stoozing Stored - value card References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Steven M. Sheffrin ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Effect of BAPCPA on Credit Card Industry Profits and Prices '' . American Bankruptcy Law Journal . 83 . 2009 . 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Further reading ( edit ) Klein , Lloyd . It 's in the cards : consumer credit and the American experience ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 ) ; s the first comprehensive account of the development of consumer credit . Lee , Jinkook , and Kyoung ‐ Nan Kwon . `` Consumers ' use of credit cards : Store credit card usage as an alternative payment and financing medium . '' Journal of Consumer Affairs 36.2 ( 2002 ) : 239 - 262 . Mandell , Lewis . The credit card industry : a history ( Twayne Publishers , 1990 ) . Manning , Robert D. Credit card nation : The consequences of America 's addiction to credit ( Basic Books , 2001 ) . Marron , Donncha . Consumer credit in the United States : A sociological perspective from the 19th century to the present ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 ) . Montgomerie , Johnna . `` The financialization of the American credit card industry . '' Competition & Change 10 # 3 ( 2006 ) : 301 - 319 . Scott , Robert H. `` Credit card use and abuse : a Veblenian analysis . '' Journal of Economic Issues ( 2007 ) : 567 - 574 . online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Credit cards . Choosing Credit Cards -- Money Matters -- Consumer credit card advice from the Federal Trade Commission Avoiding Credit and Charge Card Fraud -- More advice from the Federal Trade Commission hide Credit , charge and debit cards Major cards American Express Diners Club Mastercard Debit Mastercard Maestro Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron UnionPay Regional and specialty cards Bancomat BC Card BCA Card Carte Bleue Dankort Discover EFTPOS Electronic Payment Services ( EPS ) Girocard Interac Isracard JCB Mir MEPS NETS RuPay UATP V Pay Verve Defunct cards Access Bankcard Carte Blanche Choice enRoute Eurocard Everything Laser Rail Travel Card Revolution Card Solo Switch PIN Accounts Payment card number Card association Card enclosure Credit card balance transfer Credit limit Installment credit Revolving account Deposit account Current / checking account Savings account ATM card Debt Cash advance Charge - off Maxed out Interest Grace period Introductory rate Universal default Payment Card not present transaction Chargeback Controlled payment number Dispute Interchange fee Interchange fee Surcharge Security Card security code Chargeback fraud Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Technology Cash machine Chip and PIN Contactless payment Credit card terminal Interbank network Magnetic stripe card Smart card GND : 4032937 - 9 LCCN : sh85033865 NDL : 00567024 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Credit_card&oldid=850286856 '' Categories : Credit cards Payment systems American inventions Products introduced in 1950 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 23 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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5772979022879552382	Wood economy	Wood economy - wikipedia Wood economy The existence of a wood economy , or more broadly , a forest economy ( since in many countries a bamboo economy predominates ) , is a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures . These are generally the countries with greater forested areas . The uses of wood in furniture , buildings , bridges , and as a source of energy are widely known . Additionally , wood from trees and bushes , can be employed in a wide variety , including those produced from wood pulp , as cellulose in paper , celluloid in early photographic film , cellophane , and rayon ( a substitute for silk ) . At the end of their normal usage , wood products can be burnt to obtain thermal energy , or can be used as a fertilizer . The potential environmental damage that a wood economy could occasion include ( problems of reduction the biodiversity due to monoculture forestry -- the intensive cultivation of very few types of trees ) ; and CO emissions . However , forests can aid in reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and therefore decrease global warming . A massive log raft headed down the Columbia River ( year 1902 ) , containing an entire year 's worth of logs from one timber camp . Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 History of use of wood 1.2 Dimensions and geography 1.3 Importance in fighting greenhouse effect 2 Per nation / continental area 2.1 In Australia 2.2 In Brazil 2.3 In Canada and the US 2.3. 1 Canada 2.3. 2 US 2.4 In the Caribbean and Central America 2.5 In Europe 2.5. 1 Italy 2.5. 2 Portugal 2.6 In Scandinavia and Russia 3 Uses of wood 4 Combustion 4.1 Charcoal 4.2 Wood gasogen 4.3 Methanol 4.4 Gas turbine 4.4. 1 Tanks 5 Construction 5.1 Bridges , levees , microhydro , piers 5.2 Housing 5.2. 1 Earthquake resistant buildings 5.3 Shipbuilding 6 History of crisis in wood economies 6.1 Classical Greece 6.2 Rapa Nui 7 Notes and references 8 Bibliography 8.1 In English 8.2 In Italian 9 See also 10 External links 10.1 In English : 10.2 In Italian : Introduction ( edit ) History of use of wood ( edit ) The wood economy is historically the starting point of the civilizations worldwide , since eras preceding the Paleolithic and the Neolithic . It necessarily preceded ages of metals by many centuries , as the melting of metals was possible only through the discovery of techniques to light fire ( usually obtained by the scraping of two very dry wooden rods ) and the building of many simple machines and rudimentary tools , as canes , club handles , bows , arrows , lances . One of the most ancient handmade articles ever found is one smoothed pricked of wood ( Clacton Spear ) 250,000 years old ( third interglacial period ) , that was buried under sediments in England , at Clacton - on - Sea . Successive civilizations such as the Egyptians and Sumerians built sophisticated objects of furniture . Many types of furniture in ivory and valuable woods have survived to our time practically intact , because secluded in inviolated secret tombs , they were protected from decay also by the dry environment of desert . Many buildings and parts of these ( above all roofs ) contained elements in wood ( often of oak ) forming structural supports and covering ; means of transport such as boats , ships ; and later ( with the invention of the wheel ) wagons and carriages , winches , flour mills powered by water , etc . Dimensions and geography ( edit ) The main source of the lumber used in the world is forests , which can be classified as virgin , semivirgin and plantations . Much timber is removed for firewood by local populations in many countries , especially in the third world , but this amount can only be estimated , with wide margins of uncertainty . In 1998 , the worldwide production of `` roundwood '' ( officially counted wood not used as firewood ) , was about 1,500,000,000 cubic metres ( 2.0 × 10 cu yd ) , amounting to around 45 % of the wood cultivated in the world . Cut logs and branches destined to become elements for building construction accounted for approximately 55 % of the world 's industrial wood production . 25 % became wood pulp ( including wood powder and truccioli ) mainly destined for the production of paper and paperboard , and approximately 20 % became panels in plywood and valuable wood for furnitures and objects of common use ( FAO 1998 ) . The World 's largest producer and consumer of officially accounted wood is the United States , although the country that possesses the greatest area of forest is Russia . In the 1970s , the countries with the largest forest area were : Soviet Union ( approximately 8,800,000 km2 ) , Brazil ( 5,150,000 km2 ) , Canada ( 4,400,000 km2 ) , United States ( 3,000,000 km2 ) , Indonesia ( 1,200,000 km2 ) and Democratic Republic of Congo ( 1,000,000 km2 ) . Other countries with important production and consumption of wood usually have a low density of population in relation to their territorial extension , here we can include countries as Argentina , Chile , Finland , Poland , Sweden , Ukraine . By 2001 the rainforest areas of Brazil were reduced by a fifth ( respect of 1970 ) , to around 4,000,000 km2 ; the ground cleared was mainly destined for cattle pasture -- Brazil is the world 's largest exporter of beef with almost 200,000,000 head of cattle . The booming Brazilian ethanol economy based upon sugar cane cultivation , is likewise reducing forests area . Canadian forest was reduced by almost 30 % to 3,101,340 km2 over the same period . Importance in fighting greenhouse effect ( edit ) Regarding the problem of climate change , it is known that burning forests increase CO in atmosphere , while intact virgin forest or plantations act as sinks for CO , for these reasons wood economy fights greenhouse effect . The amount of CO absorbed depends on the type of trees , lands and the climate of the place where trees naturally grow or are planted . Moreover , by night plants do not photosynthesize , and produce CO , eliminated the successive day . Paradoxically in summer oxygen created by photosynthesis in forests near to cities and urban parks , interacts with urban air pollution ( from cars , etc . ) and is transformed by solar beams in ozone ( molecule of three oxygen atoms ) , that while in high atmosphere constitutes a filter against ultraviolet beams , in the low atmosphere is a pollutant , able to provoke respiratory disturbances . In a low - carbon economy , forestry operations will be focused on low - impact practices and regrowth . Forest managers will make sure that they do not disturb soil based carbon reserves too much . Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products . Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to maximize output . Per nation / continental area ( edit ) In Australia ( edit ) Eucalyptus : these are seven hundred tree species from Australia , that grow very fast in tropical , sub-tropical and semi-arid climates , and are very resistant to forest fires ( with their tree cortex ) and drought . Its essential oil is used in pharmacology , its wood for building , and the small branches as firewood and pulpwood . In Brazil ( edit ) Brazil has a long tradition in the harvesting of several types of trees with specific uses . Since the 1960s , imported species of pine tree and eucalyptus have been grown mostly for the plywood and paper pulp industries . Currently high - level research is being conducted , to apply the enzymes of sugar cane fermentation to cellulose in wood , in order to obtain methanol , but the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from corn costs . Brazilwood : has a dense , orange - red heartwood that takes a high red shine ( brasa = ember ) , and it is the premier wood used for making bows for string instruments from the violin family . These trees soon became the biggest source of red dye , and they were such a large part of the economy and export of that country , that slowly it was known as Brazil . Hevea brasiliensis : is the biggest source of the best latex , that is used to manufacture many objects in rubber , as an example gloves , condoms , anti-allergic mattresses and tires ( vulcanized rubber ) . Latex has the ability to adjust to the exact shape of the body part , an advantage over polyurethane or polyethylene gloves . In Canada and the US ( edit ) There is a close relation in the forestry economy between these countries ; they have many tree genera in common , and Canada is the main producer of wood and wooden items destined to the US , the biggest consumer of wood and its byproducts in the world . The water systems of the Great Lakes , Erie Canal , Hudson River and Saint Lawrence Seaway to the east coast and the Mississippi River to the central plains and Louisiana allows transportation of logs at very low costs . On the west coast , the basin of the Columbia River has plenty of forests with excellent timber . Canada ( edit ) The agency Canada Wood Council calculates that in the year 2005 in Canada , the forest sector employed 930,000 workers ( 1 job in every 17 ) , making around $108 billion of value in goods and services . For many years products derived from trees in Canadian forests had been the most important export items of the country . In 2011 , exports around the world totaled some $64.3 billion -- the single largest contributor to Canadian trade balance . Canada is the world leader in sustainable forest management practices . Only 120,000,000 hectares ( 1,200,000 km ; 463,320 sq mi ) ( 28 % of Canadian forests ) are currently managed for timber production while an estimated 32,000,000 hectares ( 320,000 km ; 123,550 sq mi ) are protected from harvesting by the current legislation . US ( edit ) Logging in Oregon Cherry : a hardwood prized for its high quality in grain , width , color , and rich warm glow . The first trees were carried to the lands surrounding Rome ( Latium ) from Armenia . In the United States , most cherry trees are grown in Washington , Pennsylvania , West Virginia , California and Oregon . Cedar : this genus is a group of conifers of the Pinaceae family , originating from high mountain areas from the Carpathians , Lebanon and Turkey to the Himalayas . Their scented wood make them suitable for chests and closet lining . Cedar oil and wood is known to be a natural repellent to moths . Actually are planted in western and southern US , mostly for ornamental purposes , but also for the production of pencils ( specially incense - cedar ) . Douglas fir : a native tree of the United States west coast and mountain states , with records in fast growth and high statures in brief time . The coast Douglas fir grows in coastal regions up to altitudes of about 1,800 meters ; the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir grows farther inland , at altitudes ranging from 800 m to 3,000 m or higher . The wood is used for construction , for homebuilt aircraft , for paper pulp , and also as firewood . Hybrid poplar is being investigated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee for genetic engineering in order to obtain a tree with a higher content of cellulose and a lower content in lignin , in such a way that the extraction of bioethanol ( useful as a fuel ) could be easier and less expensive . Walnut : a prized furniture and carving hardwood because of its colour , hardness , grain and durability . Walnut wood has been the timber of choice for gun makers for centuries . It remains one of the most popular choices for rifle and shotgun stocks . In the caribbean and central america ( edit ) Mahogany : has a straight grain , usually free of voids and pockets . The most prized species come from Cuba and Honduras . It has a reddish - brown color , which darkens over time , and displays a beautiful reddish sheen when polished . It has excellent workability , is available in big boards , and is very durable . Mahogany is used in the making of many musical instruments , as drums , acoustic and electric guitars ' back and side , and luxury headphones . In Europe ( edit ) Italy ( edit ) The species that are ideal for the many uses in this type of economy are those employed by arboriculture , that are very well known for their features and the need for certain types of ground and climates . Fraxinus : being a lightweight wood is easy to transport , as firewood burns easily , grows in damp environments like those present in river flooding areas , stands pollution of water and air . Larix : in Italy it grows at high altitudes around mountain tops , its timber stand sudden climatic change , from icy winds to high temperatures in sunny afternoon summers , it is excellent for use in the building of exposed structures as bridges , roofs , etc . Stone pine : `` Mediterranean pine '' could be the noble emblem of many coastal areas in Italy , originally giant forests of pines extended from the mouth of the Tiber river until Liguria and Provence in France , over soils with high salinity , not very apt for agriculture . Its trees produce a vast amount of dry branches that can be burnt , cones ( used for Christmas decoration ) and needle - like foliage that can be burnt , or used as mulch . Oils and resins can be used in scents and ointments . The pinoli are useful elements in Italian cooking ( along with basil are tritured to make pesto sauce ) . Currently , `` progress '' has brought to a severe reduction of this magnificent tree extensions , and in many places cheap beach buildings , car - parking and semi-abandoned areas have taken their place . Poplar : in Italy is the most important species for tree plantations , is used for several purposes as plywood manufacture , packing boxes , paper , matches , etc . It needs good quality grounds with good drainage , but can be used to protect the cultivations if disposed in windbreak lines . More than 70 % of Italian poplar cultivations are located in the pianura Padana . Constantly the extension of the cultivation is being reduced , from 650 km2 in the 1980s to current 350 km2 . The yield of poplars is about 1,500 t / km2 of wood every year . The production from poplars is around 45 -- 50 % of the total Italian wood production . In the history of art poplar was the wood of choice for painting surfaces as panels , as in Renaissance ( The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci ) . Because of this reason , many of the products with the highest added value , extremely expensive , are made with wood from the humble but durable poplar . Because of the presence of tannic acid , poplar cortex was often used in Europe for the tanning of leather . Portugal ( edit ) Oak for cork : are trees with a slow growth , but long life , are cultivated in warm hill areas ( min . temp. > - 5 ° Celsius ) in all the west area of Mediterranean shores . Cork is popular as a material for bulletin boards . Even if the production as stoppers for wine bottles is diminishing in favor of nylon stoppers , in the sake of energy saving granules of cork can be mixed into concrete . These composites have low thermal conductivity , low density and good energy absorption ( earthquake resistant ) . Some of the property ranges of the composites are density ( 400 -- 1500 kg / m3 ) , compressive strength ( 1 -- 26 MPa ) and flexural strength ( 0.5 -- 4.0 MPa ) . Because of this cork can be used as thermal isolation in buildings ( as well in its natural form and as a mixture ) , useful also as sound insulation . In the shoe industry cork is used for soles and insoles . In the world there are 20,000 km2 of cork oak plantations , and every year are extracted around 300,000 tons of cork , 50 % in Portugal , 15,000 in Italy ( 12,000 in the island of Sardinia ) . The advantage of this natural industry is that the extraction of cork from layers outer to the cortex does not kill the tree . In Scandinavia and Russia ( edit ) In Sweden , Finland and to an extent Norway , much of the land area is forested , the pulp and paper industry is one of the most significant industrial sectors . Chemical pulping produces an excess of energy , since the organic matter in black liquor , mostly lignin and hemicellulose breakdown products , is burned in the recovery boiler . Thus , these countries have high proportions of renewable energy use ( 25 % in Finland , for instance ) . Considerable effort is directed towards increasing the value and usage of forest products by companies and by government projects . Scots pine and Norway spruce : These species comprise most of boreal forest , and together as a softwood mixture they are converted chemical pulp for paper . Birch : is a genus with many species of trees from Scandinavia and Russia , excellent for acid grounds . They act as pioneer species in the frozen border between taiga and tundra , are very resistant to periods of drought and icy conditions . The species Betula nana has been identified as the ideal tree for the acid grounds of the sides of sloped mountains , also in southern Europe , with soils poor in nutrients , where these trees can be used to restrain landslides . Dissolving pulp is produced from birch . Xylitol can be produced by hydrogenation of xylose , which is a byproduct of chemical pulping of birch . Uses of wood ( edit ) Further information : Wood § Uses Combustion ( edit ) Main article : Wood fuel The burning of wood is currently the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass . Wood fuel may be available as firewood ( e.g. logs , bolts , blocks ) , charcoal , chips , sheets , pellets and sawdust . Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating through stoves and fireplaces , and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity . For many centuries many types of traditional ovens were used in order to benefit from the heat generated by wood combustion . Now , more efficient and clean solutions have been developed : advanced fireplaces ( with heat exchangers ) , wood - fired ovens , wood - burning stoves and pellet stoves , that are able to filter and separate pollutants ( centrifuging ashes with rotative filters ) , thus eliminating many emissions , also allowing to recover a higher quantity of heat that escaped with the chimney fumes . Mean energy density of Wood , was calculated at around 6 -- 17 Megajoule / Kilogram , depending on species and moisture content . Combustion of wood is , however , linked to the production of micro-environmental pollutants , as carbon dioxide ( CO ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) ( an invisible gas able to provoke irreversible saturation of blood 's hemoglobine ) , as well as nanoparticles . In Italy poplar has been proposed as a tree cultivated to be transformed into biofuels , because of the excellent ratio of energy extracted from its wood because of poplar 's fast growing and capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the small amount of energy needed to cultivate , cut and transport the trees . Populus x canadensis ' I - 214 ' , grows so fast that is able to reach 14 inches ( 36 cm ) in diameter and heights of 100 feet ( 30 m ) in ten years . Charcoal ( edit ) Main article : Charcoal Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances . Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis , the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen . Charcoal can then be used as a fuel with a higher combustion temperature . Wood gasogen ( edit ) Wood gas generator ( gasogen ) : is a bulky and heavy device ( but technically simple ) that transforms burning wood in a mix of molecular hydrogen ( H ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) , carbon dioxide ( CO ) , molecular nitrogen ( N ) and water vapor ( H O ) . This gas mixture , known as `` wood gas '' , `` poor gas '' or `` syngas '' is obtained after the combustion of dry wood in a reductive environment ( low in oxygen ) with a limited amount of atmospheric air , at temperatures of 900 ° Celsius , and can fuel an internal combustion engine . A car built in the 1940s by Ilario Bandini , with a wood gas generator device . In the time between World War I and World War II included , because of the lack of oil , in many countries , like Italy , France , Great Britain and Sweden , several gasoline - powered cars were modified , with the addition of a wood gas generator ( a `` gasogen '' ) , a device powered by wood , coal , or burnable waste , able to produce ( and purify ) gas that immediately , in the same vehicle , could power a slightly modified ICE engine of a standard car ( low - compression engine ) . Carburetor had to be changed with an air - gas mixer ) . There were several setbacks , as the great reduction of maximum speed and the need to drive using low gears and wisely dosing the amount of air . In modern cars , modified with a wood gas generator , gas emissions ( CO , CO and NOx ) are lower to those of the same vehicle running with gasoline ( keeping the same catalytic converter ) . Methanol ( edit ) Main article : Methanol economy Methanol ( the simplest alcohol ) behaves as a liquid at 25 ° C , is toxic and corrosive , and in organic chemistry basic books is often called `` the spirit of wood '' , since it can be obtained from wood fermentation . Rarely , when unwise wine - makers mix small chunks of wood and leaves with grapes , methanol can be found as a pollutant of the blend of water , ethanol and other substances derived from grape 's fermentation . The best way to obtain methanol from wood is through syngas ( CO , CO , H ) produced by the anhydrous pyrolysis of wood , a method discovered by ancient Egyptians . Methanol can be used as an oxygen - rich additive for gasoline . However , it is usually much cheaper to produce methanol from methane or from syngas . Methanol is the most important base material for industrial chemistry , where it is often used to make more complex molecules through reactions of halogenation and chemical addition reaction . Gas turbine ( edit ) Tanks ( edit ) The American M1 Abrams main battle tank is powered by a gas turbine of 1,500 hp ( 1,100 kW ) , that it is able to function also with a mix at 50 % of wood powder and biodiesel , diesel fuel or kerosene . Its advantages over turbo - diesel engine , are the small size and light weight , the lack of a radiator ( which gives an advantage against the effect of gun and cannon shots and missile strikes suffered in battle ) . A setback is the high fuel consumption , since the turbine engine has not the ability to work at a low revolutions per minute rate , much lower than ideal , and during the march this engine consumes twice as much fuel as a modern turbo - diesel engine with intercooler and direct injection . Construction ( edit ) Main article : Lumber Wood is relatively light in weight , because its specific weight is less than 500 kg / m3 , this is an advantage , when compared against 2,000 - 2,500 kg / m3 for armed concrete or 7,800 kg / m3 for steel . Wood is strong , because the efficiency of wood for structural purposes has qualities that are similar to steel . Material E / f Concrete ( Rck300 , fck 25 M - Pascal ) 1250 Structural steel Fe430 ( ft = 430 MPa ) 480 Glued laminated timber ( BS 11 ÷ BS 18 ) 470 Aluminium ( alloy 7020 , ft 355 MPa ) 200 Bridges , levees , microhydro , piers ( edit ) Wood is used to build bridges ( as the Magere bridge in Amsterdam ) , as well as water and air mills , and microhydro generators for electricity . Housing ( edit ) Hardwood is used as a material in wooden houses , and other structures with a broad range of dimensions . In traditional homes wood is preferred for ceilings , doors , floorings and windows . Wooden frames were traditionally used for home ceilings , but they risk collapse during fires . The development of energy efficient houses including the `` passive house '' has revamped the importance of wood in construction , because wood provides acoustic and thermal insulation , with much better results than concrete . Earthquake resistant buildings ( edit ) In Japan , ancient buildings , of relatively high elevation , like pagodas , historically had shown to be able to resist earthquakes of high intensity , thanks to the traditional building techniques , employing elastic joints , and to the excellent ability of wooden frames to elastically deform and absorb severe accelerations and compressive shocks . In 2006 , Italian scientists from CNR patented a building system that they called `` SOFIE '' , a seven - storey wooden building , 24 meters high , built by the `` Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree '' ( Ivalsa ) of San Michele all'Adige . In 2007 it was tested with the hardest Japanese antiseismic test for civil structures : the simulation of Kobe 's earthquake ( 7.2 Richter scale ) , with the building placed over an enormous oscillating platform belonging to the NIED - Institute , located in Tsukuba science park , near the city of Miki in Japan . This Italian project , employed very thin and flexible panels in glued laminated timber , and according to CNR researchers could brought to the construction of much more safe houses in seismic areas . Shipbuilding ( edit ) One of the most enduring materials is the lumber from virginian southern live oak and white oak , specially live oak is 60 % stronger than white oak and more resistant to moisture . As an example , the main component in the structure of battle ship USS Constitution , the world 's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat ( launched in 1797 ) is white oak . History of crisis in wood economies ( edit ) Classical Greece ( edit ) One of the most famous crisis of a wood - based economy is what happened in Classical Greece , where trees began to disappear specially in the areas of Attica , Boeotia and Peloponnesus where indiscriminate cutting of trees for several uses , associated to drought and wildfires led to a severe lack of timber in order to build lances , shields , ships , etc. and to a slow but progressive weakening in military and naval power of the peninsular kingdoms in Greece , that were overwhelmed by Epirus and by the Kingdom of Macedon , much more fertile lands because of their rainy winters . This process arrived to the apex with the conquest of Greece by Phillip II of Macedon . The secret weapon of the Sarissaphoros soldiers ( supported by peltast javelineers ) , commanded by Philipp II in the Battle of Chaeronea ( 338 BC ) and in those that followed fought by Alexander the Great ( which brought to the conquest of Lesser Asia , Babylon , Persia and Egypt ) , was the sarissa , a type of pike , longer and stronger ( 5 -- 7 m . ) than the other Greek lances , obtained from the heavy and strong cornel wood . Rapa Nui ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rapa Nui , best known as `` Easter Island '' , is a typical example of malthusianism , specifically how the exponential growth of a populace leads to the end of a renewable resource . At a certain point , the compelling societal need forces exploitation of the resource above and beyond the resource 's natural rate of renewal . It has been calculated that after the year 1000 , around 10 million palmtrees were cut in Rapa Nui , resulting in the erosion of the fertile land , and eventually to a desertification around the 15th century . ( This deforestation may have also been aggravated and / or caused by a rat infestation ) . This provoked a population reduction from 15,000 to 2,500 individuals . Without palmtree wood , no boats , or lances could be constructed . Without palm fibers , construction of ropes and fishing nets halted . This led to a decrease in the local fish harvest , which in turn led to a decrease in the quantity of dietary protein available to the island 's inhabitants . At the end , the society became an easy prey for hunger and civil war . From 1600 to 1700 , the people became superstitious in a fanatical way . In the last moments , there was a disintegration of society and total chaos . The destruction of the traditional symbols followed , leading to the eventual extinction of the Moais civilization and culture , even if there was not any external human enemy . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Forests and Forest Management to Changing Climate with Emphasis on Forest Health : a Review of Science , Policies , and Practices . Umeå , Sweden . August 25 - 28 , 2008 '' . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tecnologia Dalle Origini al 2000 , pag. 18 Jump up ^ `` The Clacton Spear '' . Natural History Museum . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` History of Egyptian Furniture '' . 27 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ FAO 1998 Archived July 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brazil seizes cattle illegally grazing on Amazon forest lands '' . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Forests - Quick Facts '' . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air quality levels in Europe -- European Environment Agency '' . Jump up ^ `` YourLungHealth.org - The Effects of Ozone Pollution '' . Jump up ^ Trees and their role in carbon management for land and business Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , The Woodland Trust . Jump up ^ `` Brazzil Mag - Trying to understand Brazil since 1989 '' . Jump up ^ `` Harvesting wood in Brazil '' . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wood - Works - Program of the Canadian Wood Council '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Forests Website - Home Page '' . Jump up ^ `` Classic American Furniture for the Home and Office from Green Design Furniture '' . Jump up ^ A History of the Vegetable Kingdom - Page 334 Jump up ^ Cherry Production National Agricultural Statistics Service , USDA , Retrieved on August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cedarwood Oils '' . Jump up ^ `` Biofuels from Trees : Renewable Energy Research Branches Out '' . Jump up ^ Graham , R.L. ; Walsh , M.E. ( 1 February 1999 ) . `` A National Assessment of Promising Areas for Switchgrass , Hybrid Poplar , or Willow Energy Crop Production '' -- via www.osti.gov . Jump up ^ `` Walnut Council -- Growing Walnut and Other Fine Hardwoods '' . Jump up ^ `` Federlegno - Italian federation of wood producers and industry '' . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fonte : http://www.federlegno.it/tool/home.php?s=0,1,29,37,417,1042 Jump up ^ Karade SR. 2003 . An Investigation of Cork Cement Composites . PhD Thesis . BCUC . Brunel University , UK . Jump up ^ Olivares G , Ström J , Johansson C , Gidhagen L ( June 2008 ) . `` Estimates of black carbon and size - resolved particle number emission factors from residential wood burning based on ambient monitoring and model simulations '' . J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 58 ( 6 ) : 838 -- 48 . doi : 10.3155 / 1047 - 3289.58. 6.838 . PMID 18581814 . Jump up ^ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Gasogens Report ( Original report dated 1944 ) : now in the possession of the University of Wisconsin Jump up ^ `` AGT1500 Turbine Technology on Honeywell.com '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Girodivite.it . `` Girodivite : Terremoti : dal Cnr arriva il palazzo antisismico '' . Jump up ^ PROGETTOSOFIE : Edificio Antisismico in Legno Jump up ^ `` Dalla ricerca italiana la casa di legno che resiste al terremoto - Il Sole 24 ORE '' . Jump up ^ `` HMS Victory Service Life '' . HMS Victory website . Archived from the original on 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parco Naturale Valpometto - I boschi di casa nostra '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Easter Island Collapsed : An Answer for an Enduring Question '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Has Science Learned about the People Who Settled Easter Island ? '' . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Did Easter Island get ' ratted ' out ? '' . Bibliography ( edit ) In English ( edit ) ( in English ) Diamond , Jared. 2005 . Collapse . How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303655 - 6 . ( in English ) `` Construction of a Simplified Wood Gas Generator for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines in a Petroleum Emergency '' In Italian ( edit ) ( in Italian ) Conti , L. , Lamera C. `` Tecnologie dalle Origini al 2000 '' , Arnoldo Mondadori Editore , 1981 . ISBN ( in Italian ) Appunti del corso di formazione `` Energie Alternative e Risparmio Energetico '' , presso Ordine degli Ingegneri di Padova , De Carli M 2006 ( in Italian ) Frank Rosillo - Calle , Biomasse . Manuale per un uso sostenibile , Franco Muzzio editore , ISBN 978 - 88 - 7413 - 160 - 0 ( in Italian ) Rapporto `` Lo sviluppo delle rinnovabili in Italia tra necessità e opportunità '' , Enea 2005 ( in Italian ) Rapporto `` Utilizzo energetico della biomassa '' , Opet ( Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technologies ) , 2001 See also ( edit ) Autarchy Biofuels Biomass Forestry Forest Stewardship Council Hardwood Low - carbon economy Lumber Wood External links ( edit ) In English : ( edit ) ( in English ) Fast Growing Trees ( in English ) Forestry Encyclopedia - Forests and Forestry in the Americas ( in English ) Canadian Forests - Quick Facts ( in English ) Canadian Forests - Information Reseources ( in English ) UNECE - FAO - Timber Committee - European Forestry Commission ( in English ) WOODGAS : Biomass Energy Foundation ( BEF ) website Oldest Wood house at Czech Republic In Italian : ( edit ) ( in Italian ) Distillazione gassificata dal legno , con produzione di metano , idrogeno e monossido di carbonio ( in Italian ) Forest Sterwardship Council - Italia ( in Italian ) Federlegno - Arredo ( in Italian ) Jolly_Mec_Catalogo_Termojolly_IT. pdf Jolly Mec : l'economia della legna , l'efficacia dell'impianto ( in Italian ) Holzenergie : sfruttare resti delle lavorazioni forestali e del legno ( in Italian ) Thermojolly : economia e fascino della legna - Da caminetti supertecnologici molto più calore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_economy&oldid=857136024 '' Categories : Agricultural economics Alternative energy economy Low - carbon economy Sustainable technologies Resource economics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Accuracy disputes from July 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Lietuvių Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does most of the wood come from	[ "The existence of a wood economy, or more broadly, a forest economy (since in many countries a bamboo economy predominates), is a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures. These are generally the countries with greater forested areas. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and as a source of energy are widely known. Additionally, wood from trees and bushes, can be employed in a wide variety, including those produced from wood pulp, as cellulose in paper, celluloid in early photographic film, cellophane, and rayon (a substitute for silk).\n" ]	[ "forested areas" ]
9176892388336909574	Higher education in Japan	Higher education in Japan - wikipedia Higher education in Japan Jump to : navigation , search Passing the entrance exam to a university is a major life step for a young Japanese . Higher education in Japan is provided at universities ( 大学 daigaku ) , junior colleges ( 短期大学 tanki daigaku ) , colleges of technology ( 高等専門学校 kōtō senmon gakkō ) and special training schools and community colleges ( 専修学校 senshū gakkō ) . Of these four types of institutions , only universities and junior colleges are strictly considered postsecondary education providers . The modern Japanese higher education system has undergone numerous changes since the Meiji period and was largely modeled after Western countries such as Germany , France , Britain , and the United States to create a unique Japanese model to serve its national needs . The Japanese higher education system differs from higher education in most other countries in many significant ways . Key differences include the method of acceptance , which relies almost entirely on one or two tests , as opposed to GPAs ( Grade Point Average ) or other methods of assessment used in Western countries . Because students only have one chance to take this test each year , there is an enormous amount of pressure to do well on this test , and the majority of senior high school education is dedicated to doing well on this single test . Another major difference is graduate school , as very few non-science undergraduate students go to graduate school in Japan . This is because graduate schools for non-science students are generally considered useful only those who want to work in academia . This has changed a little since the turn of the 21st century . The law has changed to require those who want to become lawyers to attend a graduate school the Japanese government has designated a law school . Previously , lawyers only had to pass the bar exam , which undergraduate students could take . Major universities have also opened business schools , though few Japanese students attend these because most Japanese corporations still do n't regard graduate students as much more qualified than undergraduate students . For this reason , they are mostly attended by foreign students from neighboring Asian countries , particularly South Korea , Taiwan , and China . Unlike higher education in some other countries , public universities are generally regarded as more prestigious than private universities , especially the National Seven Universities ( University of Tokyo , Kyoto University , Tohoku University , Kyushu University , Hokkaido University , Osaka University , and Nagoya University ) . As the Japanese economy is largely scientific and technological based , the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education , particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment . According to the MEXT , approximately 75.9 % of students who graduate from high school attended a university , junior college , trade school , or other higher education institution . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 University 2.1 Entrance 2.2 Universities 2.3 Postgraduate education 3 Vocational education 3.1 Junior colleges 3.2 Special training schools and community colleges 3.3 Colleges of technology 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of education in Japan § Meiji period , and History of education in Japan The modern Japanese higher education system was adapted from a number of methods and ideas inspired from Western education systems that were integrated with their traditional Shinto , Buddhist , and Confucianist pedagogical philosophies . Throughout the 19th and 20th century , many major reforms were introduced in the field of higher education across Japan , which contributed to individual work of students as well as the nation 's overall originality , creativity , individuality , identity , and internationalization of higher education . Plunging itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Japan sought to revitalize its entire education system , especially at the higher education level to transmit Western knowledge for modern industrialization . Many Japanese students were sent abroad to Europe to study as were a number of foreign scholars from Western countries were introduced to Japan as well . During the 1880s , Japan sought to search for a higher education system prototype to model in order to suit its national needs . In 1881 , the government decided to convert its institutional model , influenced from a variety of Western countries such as Great Britain , the United States and France , to a strictly German model as the Prussian - oriented model of higher education greatly interested the Meiji government at the time . Germany served as the largest inspiration for the modern Japanese higher education system , as German universities were regarded as one of the most innovative in all of Europe in addition to 19th - century Germany being close to Japan in its goals for industrialization . Furthermore , the Meiji government greatly admired the German government bureaucracy , largely dominated by law school graduates , and it sought to absorb the German prototype into the unique Japanese model . Inspired by the American , British , and French models on top of a predominantly - German prototype , its modern higher education system became an catalyzing impetus that propelled Japan 's development as a major world power during the late 19th and the early 20th centuries . At the higher education level , Japan sought to incorporate a number of higher education ideas to suit its national needs . Many books , manuscripts , and documents from the West were translated and foreign professors were common during the Meiji era to disseminate Western knowledge in the arts and sciences as well as Western pedagogical teaching methods . For a modern university model , Japan incorporated many Prussian elements found in that of Germany as the German Empire at the time was similar to Japan in terms of goals for colonial expansion and national development . The German model continued to inspire the Japanese higher education system until the end of World War I. During the American occupation of World War II , Japan incorporated higher education ideas developed in the United States to modernize its higher education for the contemporary era . The contemporary Japanese higher education system now boasts elements incorporated from the United States on top of its German origins . University ( edit ) Entrance ( edit ) University entrance is the traditional route taken by Japanese students to enter the gateway of higher education as it is by far the most prestigious form of higher education in Japan . Unlike the usage of grade point averages and test scores used in Western countries as a yardstick for eligibility , entrance to universities based largely on the scores that students achieved in entrance examinations ( nyūgaku shiken ( 入学試験 ) ) . Private institutions accounted for nearly 80 % of all university enrollments in 1991 , but with a few exceptions such as Waseda University and Keio University , the public national universities are more highly regarded . Especially , National Seven Universities are the most prestigious . This distinction had its origins in historical factors -- the long years of dominance of the select imperial universities , such as Tokyo and Kyoto universities , which trained Japan 's leaders before the war -- and also in differences in quality , particularly in facilities and faculty ratios . In addition , certain prestigious employers , notably the government and selected large corporations ( e.g. those listed in Nikkei 225 ) , continue to restrict their hiring of new employees to graduates of the most esteemed universities . There is a close link between university background and employment opportunity . Because Japanese society places such store in academic credentials , the competition to enter the prestigious universities is keen . A common custom practiced by Japanese employers is simultaneous recruiting of new graduates . Students applying to national or other public universities take two entrance examinations , first a nationally administered uniform achievement test ( senta shiken ( センター試験 ) ) and then an examination administered by the university that the student hopes to enter ( niji shiken ( 二次試験 ) ) . Applicants to private universities need to take only the university 's examination . Such intense competition means that many students can not compete successfully for admission to the college of their choice . An unsuccessful student can either accept an admission elsewhere , forgo a college education , or wait until the following spring to take the national examinations again . A large number of students choose the last option . These students , called ronin , meaning masterless samurai , spend an entire year , and sometimes longer , studying for another attempt at the entrance examinations . In 2011 , the number of ronin who took the uniform test is 110,211 , while the number of high school students who took the test is 442,421 . Yobikou are private schools that , like many juku , help students prepare for entrance examinations . While yobikou have many programs for upper - secondary school students , they are best known for their specially designed full - time , year - long classes for ronin . The number of applicants to four - year universities totaled almost 560,000 in 1988 . Ronin accounted for about 40 % of new entrants to four - year colleges in 1988 . Most ronin were men , but about 14 % were women . The ronin experience is so common in Japan that the Japanese education structure is often said to have an extra ronin year built into it . Yobikou sponsor a variety of programs , both full - time and part - time , and employ an extremely sophisticated battery of tests , student counseling sessions , and examination analysis to supplement their classroom instruction . The cost of yobikou education is high , comparable to first - year university expenses , and some specialized courses at yobikou are even more expensive . Some yobikou publish modified commercial versions of the proprietary texts they use in their classrooms through publishing affiliates or by other means , and these are popular among the general population preparing for college entrance exams . Yobikou also administer practice examinations throughout the year , which they open to all students for a fee . In the late 1980s , the examination and entrance process were the subjects of renewed debate . In 1987 the schedule of the Joint First Stage Achievement Test was changed , and the content of the examination itself was revised for 1990 . The schedule changes for the first time provided some flexibility for students wishing to apply to more than one national university . The new Joint First Stage Achievement Test was prepared and administered by the National Center for University Entrance Examinations and was designed to accomplish better assessment of academic achievement . The Ministry of Education hoped many private schools would adopt or adapt the new national test to their own admissions requirements and thereby reduce or eliminate the university tests . But , by the time the new test was administered in 1990 , few schools had displayed any inclination to do so . The ministry urged universities to increase the number of students admitted through alternate selection methods , including admission of students returning to Japan from long overseas stays , admission by recommendation , and admission of students who had graduated from upper - secondary schools more than a few years before . Although a number of schools had programs in place or reserved spaces for returning students , only 5 % of university students were admitted under these alternate arrangements in the late 1980s . Other college entrance issues include proper guidance for college placement at the upper - secondary level and better dissemination of information about university programs . The ministry provides information through the National Center for University Entrance Examination 's on - line information access system and encourages universities , faculties , and departments to prepare brochures and video presentations about their programs . Universities ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Japan In 2010 more than 2.8 million students were enrolled in Japan 's 778 universities . At the top of the higher education structure , these institutions provide four - year training leading to a bachelor 's degree , and some offer six - year programs leading to a professional degree . There are two types of public four - year colleges : the 86 national universities ( including The Open University ) and the 95 local public universities , founded by prefectures and municipalities . The 597 remaining four - year colleges in 2010 were private . The overwhelming majority of college students attend full - time day programs . In 2005 the most popular courses , enrolling almost 38 % of all undergraduate students , were in the social sciences , including business , law , and accounting . Other popular subjects were engineering ( 17.3 % ) , the humanities ( 16 % ) , and education ( 5.7 % ) . Truancy among Japanese university students , even at expensive private institutions , is extremely high . Roll calls are perfunctory or easily avoided . The average costs ( tuition , fees , and living expenses ) for a year of higher education in 1986 were 1.4 million Yen ( US $10,000 ) , of which parents paid a little less than 80 % , or about 20 % of the average family 's income in 1986 . To help defray expenses , students frequently work part - time or borrow money through the government - supported Japan Scholarship Association . Assistance also is offered by local governments , nonprofit corporations , and other institutions . In 2005 there were approximately 89 females for every 100 males enrolled in post-secondary education in Japan , and their numbers are still slowly increasing . Women 's choices of majors and programs of study still tend to follow traditional patterns , with more than two - thirds of all women enroll in education , social sciences , or humanities courses . Only 15 % studied scientific and technical subjects , and women represented less than 3 % of students in engineering , the most popular subject for men in 1991 . The quality of universities and higher education in Japan is internationally recognized . There are 11 Japanese universities in the 2006 THES - QS World University Rankings , with the University of Tokyo 19th and Kyoto University 25th . In 2010 the QS Asia University Rankings Top 20 included eight Japanese universities , with the highest ranking , the University of Tokyo , in 5th position . Out of the top 100 Asian universities in 2011 's Times Higher Education - QS World University Rankings , 33 were Japanese . Postgraduate education ( edit ) Graduate schools became a part of the formal higher education system only after World War II and were still not stressed in the 1990s . Even though 60 % of all universities have graduate schools , only 7 % of university graduates advance to master 's programs , and total graduate school enrollment is about 4 % of the entire university student population . The pattern of graduate enrollment is almost the opposite of that of undergraduates : the majority ( 63 % ) of all graduate students are enrolled in the national universities , and it appears that the disparity between public and private graduate enrollments is widening . Graduate education is largely a male preserve , and women , particularly at the master 's level , are most heavily represented in the humanities , social sciences , and education . Men are frequently found in engineering programs where , at the master 's level , women comprise only 2 % of the students . At the doctoral level , the two highest levels of female enrollment are found in medical programs and the humanities , where in both fields 30 % of doctoral students are women . Women account for about 13 % of all doctoral enrollments . The generally small numbers of graduate students and the graduate enrollment profile results from a number of factors , especially the traditional employment pattern of industry . In the private sector , the demand for students with advanced degrees ( especially in the non-hard sciences ) is low compared to other developed countries . This is because private sector companies frequently prefer to hire new university graduates and train them to operate according to company guidelines . Stated negatively , this is because the skills generally associated with postgraduate education in the West ( especially independent thinking ) make the employee resistant to homogenization . Thus , students avoid taking graduate work unless in the hard sciences . Vocational education ( edit ) Junior colleges ( edit ) See also : List of junior colleges in Japan Junior colleges ( 短期大学 , tanki daigaku ) -- mainly private institutions -- are a legacy of the occupation period ; many had been prewar institutions upgraded to college status at that time . More than two thirds of the students in junior colleges are women as many attend them as a form of preparation for a short - term career before marriage . Students who complete the course of study at a junior college are awarded an associate degree or a diploma . Though the enrollment number of women going to junior colleges is decreasing as more desire to gain access to more professional careers and have been choosing to attend universities in greater numbers . Junior colleges provide many women with vocational credentials to help them navigate through Japan 's job market . These colleges frequently emphasize home economics , nursing , teaching , liberal arts , humanities , and social sciences in their curricula . Special training schools and community colleges ( edit ) Special training schools and community colleges ( senmon gakkō ( 専門学校 ) in Japanese ) offer advanced courses for vocational careers that require upper - secondary school completion . These schools offer training in specific skills such as computer science , engineering , social welfare , education , business administration , hygiene , foreign languages , therapy and medicine . These institutions enroll a large number of men . Some students attend these schools in addition to attending a university to broaden their employment opportunities while others go to qualify for technical licenses or professional certifications . The prestige of special training schools is lower than that of universities , but graduates , particularly in technical areas , are readily absorbed by the job market . Colleges of technology ( edit ) Main article : Colleges of technology in Japan Colleges of technology ( 高等専門学校 , kosen ) in Japan are trade and technical schools offering apprenticeships and diplomas for skilled trades and technical careers . Colleges of technology also offer certifications for workers in support roles in professions such as engineering , accountancy , business administration , nursing , medicine , architecture , and law . The five - year programs are offered within a number of fields such as broadcasting , business administration , computer science , arboriculture , medical care , web design , graphic design , industrial design , robotics , biotechnology , environmental technology and engineering . For the industrial trades , students can also take courses in subjects such as applied chemistry industrial chemistry , public works , merchant marine shipping , drafting , CNC machinery operation , construction management , landscape horiculture , livestock management , land surveying , city planning , interior design , and food inspection . Other trade specialties offered by colleges of technology include home inspection , landscape and park maintenance , power engineering , power plant operation , power line and security systems installation and servicing , culinary arts , appliance and HVAC servicing , heat and frost insulation , pipeline maintenance , gasfitting , steamfitting , steel fabrication , plumbing , electrical works , masonry , warehousing , carpentry , machine operation , welding , aviation maintenance and servicing , auto and vehicle mechanics , and power equipment servicing . As the Japanese economy began to experience major growth in the 1950s , major Japanese corporations lobbied the national government to place a stronger emphasis on vocational education to fill in the skills gap . Private colleges of technology were established in 1961 in response to Japan 's growing need for vocational education as well as changing industry needs across the Japanese economy , especially the automotive industry . There , high school age students acquire trade and technical skills through work - based learning , apprenticeships , and work placement programs . While university is by far the most prestigious form of education in Japan , many Japanese students choose to attend colleges of technology as an alternative route . These schools allow them to gain job skills without the intense pressure of the university admissions process . Many students attend specifically to get professional certifications and then proceed to enter the workforce afterwards . However , its also common for university graduates to attend colleges of technology if their efforts to secure a job with a university degree comes to no avail . 70 trade and technical schools have been operating since the early 1960s . A small percentage of college technology graduates transfer to universities as third - year students , and some universities such as the University of Tokyo and the Tokyo Institute of Technology , earmarked entrance places for transfer students of colleges of technology in the 1980s . Students are eligible to enter colleges of technology halfway through their senior secondary years . College of technology programs usually last for 5 years . This system of institutions were founded in 1961 and they have enjoyed increased popularity as an alternative route besides the traditional path of going to university . Graduates of technical schools have successful in navigating Japan 's high - tech labor market as they been swamped with job offers despite Japan 's sluggish economy during the 1990s . Graduates of trade and technical schools are awarded associate degrees or diplomas , which are respected by employers but are below bachelor 's degrees in terms of prestige . Many graduates of colleges of technology starting out move from company to company to gain experience and to move up . After spending years gaining experience and honing their skills , some go on to become managers where they are able to supervise entire projects as well as younger apprentices . Nevertheless , technical graduates usually find employment immediately upon graduation . Technical education in the skilled trades continues to be a solid option for students who enjoy working with their hands and have no plans of attending university . One of the leading trade schools in Japan is Nihon Kogakuin College , which is part of the Katayanagi Institute group . The school has offered industrial education for skilled trades and technical careers since its establishment in 1947 . The school today proactively accepts foreign students due to the country 's labor shortage of skilled technicians in Japan 's information technology industry . With about 10,000 graduates a year , Kosen colleges have not produced nearly enough graduates to meet the demands of Japanese industry as major corporations would give preference in job offers to foreign - trained students , who are perceived as more competent in the workplace than graduates of Japan 's four - year universities . A 2004 white paper from the Japanese Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology indicated that the colleges of technology are leaders in the use of apprenticeships and internships , with more than 90 % of institutions offering this opportunity compared to 46 % of universities and 24 % of junior colleges . As of 2008 , 23.1 % of high school graduates study at colleges of technology with 99.6 % being employed after graduation . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` Education in Japan '' . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Zha , Qiang ( January 2004 ) , Foreign influences on Japanese and Chinese higher education : a comparative analysis Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Altbach , Philip ( 1998 ) . Comparative Higher Education : Knowledge , the University , and Development . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1567503814 . Jump up ^ `` School Education '' ( PDF ) . MEXT . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Altbach , Philip ( 1998 ) . Comparative Higher Education : Knowledge , the University , and Development . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1567503814 . Jump up ^ Zha , Qiang ( January 2004 ) , Foreign influences on Japanese and Chinese higher education : a comparative analysis Jump up ^ Zha , Qiang ( January 2004 ) , Foreign influences on Japanese and Chinese higher education : a comparative analysis Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Altbach , Philip ( 1998 ) . Comparative Higher Education : Knowledge , the University , and Development . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 1567503814 . Jump up ^ National Center for University Entrance Examinations Jump up ^ `` 私立学校の振興 '' , Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology , 1 May 2010 Jump up ^ http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/japan/article6390772.ece Jump up ^ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR/countries Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . -- A 2006 ranking from THES - QS of the world 's research universities . Jump up ^ `` Asian University Rankings 2010 - Top 200 '' . Topuniversities.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese universities dominate top 10 spots in Asian univ rankings '' . Japantoday.com. 2009 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Higher Education '' . State University . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Soko S. Starobin ( 11 November 2010 ) . `` COMMUNITY COLLEGES IN JAPAN AND THE SOCIAL STATUS OF JAPANESE WOMEN '' . Taylor Francis Online . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The education system in Japan '' . Licenseacademy Inc . Jump up ^ `` Senmon Gakko '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Higher Education '' . State University . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine . `` With workplace training , Japan 's Kosen colleges bridge ' skills gap ' '' . The Hechinger Report . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Higher Education '' . State University . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Gail ( 1997 ) ... Japanese Lessons . New York University Press . p. 205 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine . `` With workplace training , Japan 's Kosen colleges bridge ' skills gap ' '' . The Hechinger Report . Jump up ^ `` Alternatives to university Vocational and technical schools '' . Japan Guide . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School - to - Work Transition '' . Center For International Education Benchmarket . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alternatives to university Vocational and technical schools '' . Japan Guide . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Japanese College of Technology ? '' . Kanazawa Technical College : . Jump up ^ `` Alternatives to university Vocational and technical schools '' . Japan Guide . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Taro Fujimoto ( 21 July 2008 ) . `` Vocational schools on the move '' . Japan Today . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine . `` With workplace training , Japan 's Kosen colleges bridge ' skills gap ' '' . The Hechinger Report . Jump up ^ http://www.mext.go.jp/english/news/2004/05/04052401.htm Jump up ^ Taro Fujimoto ( 21 July 2008 ) . `` Vocational schools on the move '' . Japan Today . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . - Japan External links ( edit ) Japanese Higher Education Institutions in the 21st Century : The challenge of globalization and internationalization discussion paper by Kumiko Aoki in the electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies , 4 November 2005 . ( hide ) Higher education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Japan&oldid=799441392 '' Categories : Education in Japan Higher education by country Higher education in Japan Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 19 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do japanese students take college entrance exams	[ "Such intense competition means that many students can not compete successfully for admission to the college of their choice. An unsuccessful student can either accept an admission elsewhere, forgo a college education, or wait until the following spring to take the national examinations again. A large number of students choose the last option. These students, called ronin, meaning masterless samurai, spend an entire year, and sometimes longer, studying for another attempt at the entrance examinations. In 2011, the number of ronin who took the uniform test is 110,211, while the number of high school students who took the test is 442,421.[9]" ]	[ "spring" ]
-6068851742680015844	List of Fate/Zero characters	List of Fate / zero characters - wikipedia List of Fate / zero characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from the Japanese light novel series , Fate / Zero by Gen Urobuchi , illustrated by Takashi Takeuchi and a collaboration between Type - Moon and fellow developer Nitroplus . It is the direct prequel to the Japanese adult visual novel , Fate / stay night and was adapted into an anime series by Ufotable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Emiya Kiritsugu 1.2 Irisviel von Einzbern 1.3 Saber 1.4 Kirei Kotomine 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Humans 2.2 Servants 3 References Main characters ( edit ) Emiya Kiritsugu ( edit ) Matthew Mercer is the English voice of Emiya . Voiced by : Rikiya Koyama , Miyu Irino ( Young Kiritsugu ) ( Japanese ) ; Matthew Mercer , Marianne Miller ( Young Kiritsugu ) ( English ) The Master of Saber and the main protagonist . Born in Fuyuki City , Kiritsugu was raised on Alimango Island , where he lived with his father , Norikata Emiya , the fourth family head of the Emiya family and a magus specializing in time magic . He became friends with Norikata 's assistant , a local girl called Shirley who was four years older than him , developing a crush on her . However , disaster struck when Shirley became a vampire after drinking one of Noritaka 's potions . She pled for Kiritsugu to kill her , but he fled instead . Shirley subsequently lost control and turned all the residents of Alimango Island into vampires . Their village was soon overrun by Executors from the Church and Enforcers from the Mages ' Association , agents whose purpose was to destroy all the vampires and eliminate any trace of civilization and vampirism on the island respectively . Kiritsugu was the only survivor of the ' cleansing ' , saved by Natalia Kaminski , a freelance Enforcer who wanted information on the magus responsible . Returning to the hidden Emiya residence , Kiritsugu confronted his father on his research and Shirley 's death . Upon mercy killing Natalia in the process of killing another vampire , who at that point had become like a mother to Kiritsugu . It was then that he became disillusioned with the ideal of becoming a ' hero of justice ' , as he realized it was impossible to save one person without losing another . Around eleven years before the fourth Holy Grail War , he took on a child soldier he had rescued as his apprentice , who he eventually named Maiya Hisau , training her in much the same way Natalia trained him . Two years later , Kiritsugu was hired by the Einzbern family to be their representative in the coming conflict . Believing that the Holy Grail could grant his wish for world peace , he left behind his former work . Despite being the true Master of the Einzbern family , Kiritsugu operates mostly in the background during the conflict , ambushing other Masters when they are otherwise occupied , while Saber is partnered with Irisviel and made to act out in the open . This is to avoid conflict between Kiritsugu and Saber , as the methodologies of the two conflict with each other too much . Over the course of the War , Kiritsugu 's mask of stoicism begins to crack , revealing the cold assassin to be nothing but an unstable manchild who fears not being able to let go of his wife when the time comes . During his final fight with Kirei , Kiritsugu is dragged into the Grail and , after being confronted with the Grail 's true nature ( which was corrupted by Angra Mainyu in the previous Holy Grail War ) and is shown only a twisted version of his wish to save as many people as possible where everyone dies . He resists it by killing manifestations of his wife and daughter created by the Grail , and orders Saber to destroy the Grail after realizing its corruption . However , the Grail is unable to be destroyed and its corrupted nature causes a huge fire . Kiritsugu desperately looks for survivors , discovering an amnesiac boy who he names Shirō and adopts . Kiritsugu then spends months trying to retrieve Illya , but Angra Mainyu 's curse robbed him of his magical abilities and physical health while Acht strictly trains Illya to become the next vessel under the impression that her father abandoned her . Eventually , Kiritsugu dies while watching the moon with his adopted son and talking about his dream to become a hero , believing that at the very least he would n't grow up to be like him . Shirō , however , ends up taking his father 's dream to heart and , as seen in Fate / Stay Night has the capacity to actually become a Hero . Irisviel von Einzbern ( edit ) Voiced by : Sayaka Ohara ( Japanese ) ; Bridget Hoffman ( English ) Irisviel von Einzbern ( アイリスフィール・フォン・アインツベルン , Airisufīru fon Aintsuberun ) is the main heroine of the story and Kiritsugu 's wife . She is a homunculus prototype created by the Einzbern family with the idea of giving birth to an ultimate homunculus . Like many of the Einzberns , she is skilled in alchemy . Irisviel serves as Saber 's proxy Master , since Kiritsugu believes that he and Saber are incompatible . Due to possessing the inborn knowledge and reasoning of homunculi , hindsights gleaned from the 1000 years of history of the Einzbern as well only having nine years of life - experience , she has both the elegance of a lady and the innocence of a child . Her true purpose in the War is as the vessel of the Holy Grail itself . When four or more Servants are killed , she will manifest as the Grail , losing fully her humanity and sense of self in the process . Created by Jubstacheit von Einzbern , the eighth head of the Einzbern family , she originally saw herself only as a tool to summon the Holy Grail . Upon first contact with Irisviel in the Einzbern residence in Germany , Kiritsugu noted that she had no instinct for self - preservation and expressed doubts about Irisviel 's suitability as the Grail to Jubstacheit . In response , Jubstacheit threw Irisviel into a junkyard for rejected homunculi , a dangerous place filled with monsters and spirits , reasoning that if Irisviel could not even survive a night there alone , he would accept Kiritsugu 's criticism and furnish him a new homunculi . In response , Kiritsugu rescued Irisviel and decided to give her a sense of self - preservation by personally educating her and teaching her what it meant to be a human . Eventually , they fell in love with each other . Wanting to show Kiritsugu that there could be a future for them after her fated death , she bears Kiritsugu a daughter , Illyasviel von Einzbern . They live together for nine years in total before departing to Japan for the War . While approving of Kiritsugu 's ideal and willing to sacrifice herself for its sake , she does not truly understand that ideal , but only wishes to walk the same path as her beloved . However , in order not to burden Kiritsugu , she decides to behave as a woman who would die for that same ideal rather than a woman that would die for her husband . Her Magecraft involves the creation and forging of matter , as well as its applications . In terms of magical ability , she is stronger than Kiritsugu . Her weapons are thin , long and flexible wires , which she uses to produce an instantaneous homunculus with alchemy that attacks the enemy while changing itself into numerous shapes . She may also use her weapon to immobilize her target . Saber ( edit ) Kari Wahlgren is the voice of Saber in English . Main article : Saber ( Fate / stay night ) Voiced by : Ayako Kawasumi ( Japanese ) ; Kari Wahlgren ( English ) Saber ( セイバー , Seibā ) is the same character from Fate / stay night , the Servant who was summoned by and fell in love with Shirou Emiya . Known as the King of Knights , Artoria Pendragon ( アルトリア・ペンドラゴン , Arutoria Pendoragon ) , who obtained the magical `` Sword in the Stone '' , she maintains a high code of honour . Stunned to discover that the legendary King Arthur is a young woman , Kiritsugu refused to speak to her directly since her summoning , which Saber initially believes is because he believes the fact that she is a woman makes her inadequate . However , Irisviel later suggests Kiritsugu 's anger towards Saber is out of the belief that he could not accept the decisions Saber made or allowed to be made in life yet he could not justify his reasons for why he believed she was wrong . Though she and Kiritsugu are Servant and Master seeking the same ultimate goal of peace , their differing ideological perspectives result in a strained relationship where Kiritsugu does not directly acknowledge Saber . Believing the cause of the downfall of Britain to be her ineffective leadership , her reason for seeking the Grail is wish for someone else more suitable and effective to lead Britain in her stead . This wish brings her into conflict with her fellow kings Archer and Rider , the former seeking to defeat her to revel in her despair of having her dreams shattered and the latter seeking to defeat her to convince her of the futility and absurdity of her goal , because he believes that Camelot falling was merely its fate , and that changing that would make the lives of those who protected it to the bitter end meaningless . She is annihilated after being forced to destroy the Grail and is returned to the aftermath of the Battle of Camlann . However , the act of Shirō taking on Kiritsugu 's dream and ideals causes a ray of light to shine down upon Saber , signifying that her salvation is at hand . She possesses three Noble Phantasms , the first of which is Excalibur : The Sword of Promised Victory ( 約束された勝利の剣 ( エクスカリバー ) , Ekusukaribā ) , which can generate a wave of destructive light from the tip when swung , capable of incinerating a large area . The second of her Noble Phantasms , Invisible Air : Bounded Field of the Wind King ( 風王結界 ( インビジブル・エア ) , Inbijiburu Ea ) , is a barrier of wind which sheaths Excalibur and renders it invisible , making it hard for opponents to judge their distance and concealing Excalibur 's identity . Her third Noble Phantasm is Avalon : The Everdistant Utopia ( 全て遠き理想郷 ( アヴァロン ) , Avaron ) , the true sheath of Excalibur which provides limited immortality through constant regeneration , automatic healing of wounds and the ability to deflect any attack when activated . Kirei Kotomine ( edit ) Crispin Freeman is the English voice of Kirei , Freeman had previously dubbed Nakata as Alucard ( Hellsing ) . Voiced by : Jouji Nakata ( Japanese ) ; Crispin Freeman ( English ) Kirei Kotomine ( 言峰綺礼 , Kotomine Kirei ) is the Master of Assassin . Before the Fourth Holy Grail War , Kirei served as a priest under his father , Risei Kotomine . Although Kirei understood the distinction between good and evil , he could only revel in committing sins . Hounded by guilt and sorrow and with no alternative , Kirei prayed that , through marriage to a woman he loved , he could finally achieve respite from his tortured existence . When Kirei discovered marriage could not change him , he was on the brink of suicide ; his terminally ill wife , filled with concern , committed suicide to show to Kirei that he could still feel compassion for others and died happy seeing her husband crying for her . However , after her death , Kirei was disgusted to realize he was crying because he had wanted to kill her instead ; from that day on , he ceased pursuing salvation altogether . Sometime later , he would become the apprentice of Tokiomi Tōsaka due to the wishes of his father , who wished to see Tokiomi obtain the Holy Grail . He participates in the War as a Master under Tokiomi 's orders , serving as reconnaissance and support . While researching into the background of the enemy Masters , he sees his own emptiness mirrored in Kiritsugu , and though he initially likes him because of it , begins to feel a compulsive hatred for him after discovering that , unlike Kirei , Kiritsugu had a chance at normal happiness only to throw it away for his ideals . Conversely , Kirei is the only Master that Kiritsugu fears , the latter seeing him as the biggest threat to his own victory . During the later stages of the War , after goading from Archer , he accepts his own twisted inner nature and murders Tokiomi , becoming the Master of Archer and assuming the role of the main antagonist . Not having a true wish for the Grail , he continues to fight to discover his purpose in life . He is defeated and killed by Kiritsugu in one - on - one combat , but makes a wish on the Grail with his dying breath . This causes the Grail to set fire to part of Fuyuki , as well as giving Kotomine a fake heart made from its curses , reviving him . He then revels in the suffering of the people below , but his mood is soured when he sees Kiritsugu saving a young Shirō , realizing that , since Kiritsugu held onto his ideals even after their fight , he had been defeated on all fronts . Supporting characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Tokiomi Tohsaka ( 遠坂時臣 , Tōsaka Tokiomi ) Voiced by : Sho Hayami ( Japanese ) ; Marc Diraison ( English ) Tokiomi is the father of Rin Tōsaka and Sakura Matō , Master of Archer , and an arrogant and manipulative mage . He arranges for Kirei Kotomine to be his understudy in magic and his support in the Holy Grail War . He thinks highly of Kotomine and has him serve in all manners of affairs , appointing him as Rin 's guardian should trouble befall him . He is skilled in fire manipulation , and employs a large ruby set in the end of a staff as his Mystic Code to help him shape and control flame . While a skilled magus and confident in his abilities , he is actually one of the weakest Tōsaka in history and considers himself as inferior in potential to Rin and Sakura , who were both recognized by Tokiomi as possessing extraordinary abilities from birth . Though he and Kiritsugu never have any actual one - on - one engagements , the two are perfect foils for one another , as Kiritsugu is a tech - savvy spellcaster who puts his job as a father ahead of his job as a magus , while Tokiomi is a traditional magus who puts his identity as a mage before all else . He eventually meets his end when Kotomine , who had been corrupted by Gilgamesh , stabs him in the back . Aoi Tōsaka ( 遠坂葵 , Tōsaka Aoi ) Voiced by : Hasumi Ito ( Japanese ) ; Michelle Ruff ( English ) Aoi is the mother of Rin Tōsaka and Sakura Matō as well as the childhood friend of Kariya Matō . Though she is devastated by Tokiomi 's decision to adopt away Sakura , she quietly accepts the decision due to the fact that she puts her position as the wife of a magus ahead of her position as a mother . She is tricked by Kotomine into believing Kariya had murdered Tokiomi , and declares that Kariya had `` never loved anyone in his entire life '' . This causes Kariya to finally snap , and he strangles her in a rage and gives her severe brain damage , leaving her both crippled and believing that Sakura and Tokiomi are still with her and Rin . She dies sometime before the events of the sequel . Risei Kotomine ( 言峰璃正 , Kotomine Risei ) Voiced by : Masashi Hirose ( Japanese ) ; Michael Donovan ( English ) Risei is Kirei Kotomine 's 80 - year - old father , a priest in the Church and the regulator of the 4th Holy Grail War . He is a friend of Tokiomi Tōsaka and actively supports him in a manner that borderlines on corruption . While he is proud of his son , who has demonstrated himself to be a perfect heir , Risei fails to understand Kirei in any sense . He is killed by Kayneth , but not before he is able to write a message in blood to Kirei about the location of the remaining command seals , which he uses in his final fight with Kiritsugu . Waver Velvet ( ウェイバー・ベルベット , Ueibā Berubetto ) Voiced by : Daisuke Namikawa ( Japanese ) ; Lucien Dodge ( English ) The Master of Rider and future Lord El - Melloi II , Waver steals his teacher 's artifact early on and uses it to summon Rider . He plans to use the Grail to force the Magus Association to recognize his genius . Despite his difficulties with Rider 's overbearing nature , Waver and his Servant form a strong relationship . Though lacking in practical experience in the field of fighting in a war , Waver , mostly due to his Servant , survives the Holy Grail War with little detriment to himself and develops a greater sense of perspective of the world . Maiya Hisau ( 久宇舞弥 , Hisau Maiya ) Voiced by : Ayumi Tsunematsu ( Japanese ) ; Carrie Keranen ( English ) Maiya is an assistant to Kiritsugu Emiya . She is cold and professional , which makes it easier for Kiritsugu to act as he needs to . Maiya was originally a child soldier from a war - torn land who was rescued by Kiritsugu who taught her his way of life . Her real name is unknown ; her current name was given to her by Kiritsugu when he first created false identity documents for her . Despite initial discomfort between them , she and Irisviel develop a mutual respect for one another out of their steadfast dedication to protect Kiritsugu . She is fatally wounded by Berserker ( disguised as Rider ) when she defends Irisviel and dies after Kiritsugu tells her that her mission is complete . Natalia Kaminski ( ナタリア・カミンスキー , Nataria Kaminsukī ) Voiced by : Akeno Watanabe ( Japanese ) ; Wendee Lee ( English ) A freelance mercenary who sold information concerning Noritaka Emiya and his research on vampires . She rescues a young Kiritsugu after the latter kills his father and takes him as her apprentice . During her last mission , she is able to successfully kill a magus that could turn humans into ghouls through magic , but is killed when Kiritsugu shoots down the plane she is on to prevent the infected passengers from killing others when the plane landed . Kiritsugu 's last words to her reveal that he viewed her as his mother . Kariya Matou ( 間桐雁夜 , Matō Kariya ) Voiced by : Tarusuke Shingaki ( Japanese ) ; Liam O'Brien ( English ) Kariya is the uncle of Shinji Matō and Master of Berserker . He is the only member of the Matō family who truly loves Sakura Matō like a daughter , and harbors a very strong grudge against Tokiomi , who allowed his younger child to be adopted by Zōken . Kariya had previously left the Matō family ten years prior to the 4th Holy Grail War out of disgust for his own family , but returns and makes a deal with Zōken Matō that he will win the Grail War in exchange for Sakura 's freedom . He is in love with Aoi ( his childhood friend ) , although he stepped down after she chose to marry Tokiomi instead . Due to his lack of formal training , Kariya was implanted with the same magical worms as Sakura . This caused a number of side effects as the worms would literally eat away at their host , causing Kariya 's health to progressively fail in return for significantly expanding his magic circuits and magical potential . By the time of his summoning of a Servant , Kariya 's hair had turned white and the nerves on the left side of his face were dead . In addition , his natural lifespan had been shortened to such an extent that Zōken estimated he would only live on for one additional year . However , despite the Crest Worms and his own accelerated training , Kariya remained severely lacking as a Magus . At Zōken 's behest , he compensated for this by summoning the most powerful of the seven Servant classes , the Servant of Mad Enhancement , Berserker . However , the high volume of magical energy required to maintain Berserker causes him constant , excruciating pain . He dies after exhausting his energy and passes away while dreaming of Aoi , Rin , Sakura , and the life he wished he could have had with them . Ryūnosuke Uryū ( 雨生龍之介 , Uryū Ryūnosuke ) Voiced by : Akira Ishida ( Japanese ) ; Johnny Yong Bosch ( English ) Ryūnosuke is the Master of Caster and a sociopathic serial killer who summons Caster after murdering a family and using their blood as a component in the summoning ritual . He does not seek the Holy Grail , but follows Caster in order to find new thrilling ways to kill people and relieve his boredom , using a hypnotic charm to lure children to their deaths . However , Ryūnosuke does admit that he does in fact feel that there is something missing from his life and that , on some level , he desires to find it through his murders . He eventually becomes the primary antagonist of the first season , as the entire war is put on hold so as to stop his and Caster 's rampage . He is killed by Kiritsugu , who shoots him in the stomach and head . Ryūnosuke does , however , die content with his life after seeing his first bullet wound and commenting on the beauty of his blood and intestines spilling out , having realized that the `` thing '' he had been searching for his whole life was his own death . Kayneth El - Melloi Archibald ( ケイネス・エルメロイ・アーチボルト , Keinesu Erumeroi Āchiboruto ) Voiced by : Takumi Yamazaki ( Japanese ) ; Doug Erholtz ( English ) The Master of Lancer , Kayneth is a nobleman from the Magus Association , Lord of the House of El - Melloi and a prodigy at magecraft , said to be the most talented participant in the Holy Grail War . His artifact is stolen by his pupil , Waver Velvet , but he manages to obtain another artifact and summon Lancer instead . While he holds the command spells for Lancer , the energy to materialize the Servant is maintained by Sola - Ui . Despite his skill , Kayneth 's overly - traditional approach to combat causes him to underestimate his opponents ' capacity for violence , as he believes that the Holy Grail War will be fought with honorable duels and tests of skill rather than quick blitzkriegs like those perpetrated by Kiritsugu and Kotomine . He is confident in his abilities and takes pride in his heritage , but finds the extent of Kiritsugu 's untraditional and underhanded tactics both offensive and unexpectedly challenging to overcome . He loses his ability to use magecraft after being shot by Kiritsugu 's Origin Bullet and is left half - blind and crippled . Sola - Ui then steals his Command Seals to make Lancer hers . After being forced to make Lancer commit suicide , he and Sola - Ui are sniped by Maiya so as to tie up any loose ends and avoid future retribution from the Archibald family . Kayneth is then killed by Saber as an act of mercy . Sola - Ui Nuada - Re Sophia - Ri ( ソラウ・ヌァザレ・ソフィアリ , Sorau Nuazare Sofiari ) Voiced by : Megumi Toyoguchi ( Japanese ) ; Karen Strassman ( English ) The daughter of the head of the spiritual evocation division , Sola - Ui is engaged to Kayneth as a result of a strategic marriage arrangement and the decision of her family to entrust their crest to her brother instead . However , she is coldhearted and does not reciprocate Kayneth 's love for her ; instead , she becomes infatuated with Lancer ( likely due to his love spot ) , who in turn does not reciprocate her feelings and regards her only as his Master 's wife . After Kayneth loses his magecraft abilities , Sola - Ui eventually steals his Command Seals by breaking his fingers until he gives them to her , only to lose them when Maiya cuts off her arm . She is used by Kiritsugu as a bargaining chip against Kayneth to force Lancer to commit suicide , and is then shot and killed by Maiya . Zōken Matō ( 間桐臓硯 , Matō Zōken ) Voiced by : Masane Tsukayama ( Japanese ) ; Michael Donovan ( English ) Zōken is a shrewd , powerful , and ancient sorcerer and patriarch of the Matō family . He was one of the original three Magi to propose the Holy Grail system , being the designer of the Command Seals , and keeps himself alive by use of worm familiars . Having amassed a large and extensive library of sorcery knowledge , his lessons are strict and harsh , often inflicting a heavy toll on the body . To conceal his status at the ancestor to the Matō family , he masquerades as a relative to his descendants ; as such , he is Kariya 's `` uncle '' , and Shinji Matō 's `` grandfather , '' and adoptive grandfather of Sakura Matō . Because the Matō blood had thinned and no longer produced heirs naturally capable of sorcery , Shinji was incapable of becoming a true sorcerer . Thus , Zōken offered to adopt Sakura Tōsaka into the Matō when her father , Tokiomi , decided to train only his older daughter Rin to become his sole successor . Disappointed with the lack of sorcerous potential in Shinji and Byakuya , Shinji 's father , Zōken blames Kariya for allowing the Matō 's magical lineage decline since Kariya , despite being the first in many generations to be naturally capable of sorcery , left the family ten years before the start of the War . Kariya later returns and formulates a deal with Zōken where should Kariya obtain the Holy Grail , Zōken must allow Sakura to return to her family . Zōken does not truly believe that Kariya has what it takes to win the War , and only accepts out of a whim and the small possibility of success . Servants ( edit ) Archer ( アーチャー , Āchā ) - Gilgamesh ( ギルガメッシュ , Girugamesshu ) Voiced by : Tomokazu Seki ( Japanese ) ; David Vincent ( English ) Archer is Gilgamesh , the same rogue servant in Fate / stay night , the King of Heroes . He takes great pride in claiming to be the first ' hero ' ever to set foot on Earth , causing him to have a severe and sadistic God complex , treating all others as `` mongrels '' that are not worthy of laying eyes on him . He dislikes the presence of Saber and Rider in particular since they were kings like he was . Much to Tokiomi 's displeasure , Gilgamesh has difficulty acting covertly or regaining his temper when his considerable pride is wounded . He is unique in that he possesses a very large number of Noble Phantasms , but only three are unique to him . He later allies with and corrupts Kotomine , helping him orchestrate the death of Tokiomi and assault on Aoi via Kariya . He kills Rider in one - on - one combat and later goes to claim the Grail for himself . He attacks Saber as part of their `` wedding ceremony '' but is interrupted by Kiritsugu , who has Saber destroy the Grail . Archer is drenched in the mud , but his ego allows him to resist corruption . He meets Avenger within the grail and tells him that it is the King 's job to shoulder all the evil of the world , not his , but that he , as king , will permit Avenger 's existence . Archer then escapes the mud with a flesh and blood body , but his personality becomes more destructive and impulsive due to his exposure to All the World 's Evils . His first unique Noble Phantasm , Gate of Babylon : The King 's Treasure ( 王の財宝 ( ゲート・オブ・バビロン ) , Gēto Obu Babiron ) is a key - shaped sword which opens a rift in space to a mystical vault that holds countless prototypes of Noble Phantasms within . Archer can either draw them out for close combat or fire them out of the rift like bullets . The rift also contains assorted artifacts such as `` the wine of kings '' and a flying spacecraft from Sanskrit mythology , the Vimana . His second Noble Phantasm , Enkidu : Chains of Heaven ( 天の鎖 ( エルキドゥ ) , Erukidu ) , is an anti-divine chain that binds enemies and becomes stronger the more divinity the target holds . His last unique Noble Phantasm , Enuma Elish : The Star of Creation that Split Heaven and Earth ( 天地乖離す開闢の星 ( エヌマエリシュ ) , Enuma Erishu ) , is the attack generated by his drill - shaped sword , Ea : Sword of Rupture ( 乖離剣 ( エア ) , Ea ) . When its true power is activated , it manifests itself as a massive rip in space - time , possessing unsurpassed attack power sufficient to damage and disintegrate the world itself . Gilgamesh is the great half - god , half - human king born from the union between the King of Uruk , Lugalbanda , and goddess Rimat - Ninsun with the purpose of being a medium between the Gods and humans , as he is both of these things and yet not quite either . He ruled the Sumerian city - state of Uruk , the capital city of ancient Mesopotamia in the B.C. era . He was an ultimate , transcendent being so divine as to be two thirds god and one third human , and no others in the world could match him . He was a despot possessing high divinity who believed he was invincible . He is not merely a legend , and is said to have actually existed and ruled during the Sumer Dynasty five thousand years ago . He was the King of Heroes who possessed all things in the world , whose tale is recorded in mankind 's oldest epic poem , the Epic of Gilgamesh which portrays Gilgamesh as a hero , destined to be king and achieve great feats , who is driven to meet his destiny , facing challenges together with his best friend Enkidu . His title , King of Heroes , is not meant to call him a king who is a hero , but instead implies that he is the king over all heroes . He is mankind 's oldest hero , the origin of all myths and model on which heroes are based , so his story is copied within the mythologies of all the countries of the world . The heroes of various myths are derived from his legend , so his Gate of Babylon possesses all of their Noble Phantasms . Though there are several heroes holding the title of `` King '' , the King of Knights and King of Conquerors , he is the only one in all of heaven and earth crowned with the title of `` King of All Heroes . '' Lancer ( ランサー , Ransā ) - Diarmuid Ua Duibhne ( ディルムッド・オディナ , Diarumuddo Odina ) Voiced by : Hikaru Midorikawa ( Japanese ) ; Grant George ( English ) The First of the Knights of Fianna , Lancer possesses a love spot on his face , which causes females with insufficient magic resistance to fall in love with him should they gaze upon it . As a knight , he holds a strong sense of honour in battle and loyalty to his master , being summoned to fight in the grail war because he wants to display the loyalty to his lord that he was not able to show when he was alive . Despite being enemies , he and Saber share mutual respect for each other , and he considers it his duty to take her head , protecting her and aiding her on multiple occasions , in an attempt to ensure that he will be the one to kill her . Lancer fights at Mion river with the other heroic spirits , where he is forced to break one of his spears , Gae Buidhe , in order to allow the wound he inflicted upon Saber to heal so that she can use her noble phantasm , Excalibur , to destroy Caster . Later that day , during a one - on - one duel with Saber , Lancer is forced to commit suicide by Kayneth , and dies cursing his master , Kiritsugu , Saber , and the Grail for destroying his pride and last remaining wish . Lancer possesses two Noble Phantasms : Gae Buidhe : The Golden Rose of Mortality ( 必滅の黄薔薇 ( ゲイ・ボウ ) , Gei Bō ) , a short yellow spear which inflicts wounds that do not heal as long as the spear exists in the world , and Gae Dearg : The Crimson Rose of Exorcism ( 破魔の紅薔薇 ( ゲイ・ジャルグ ) , Gei Jarugu ) , a long red spear which cancels mana upon contact , ignoring all magical defences and temporarily dispelling all magical attributes of the target struck . Rider ( ライダー , Raidā ) - Iskander ( イスカンダル , Isukandaru ) Voiced by : Akio Ōtsuka ( Japanese ) ; Jamieson Price ( English ) Rider 's identity is Iskander , the King of Conquerors , famous in history as Alexander the Great , who desires to defeat Saber in particular because he believes her ideals regarding kingship are delusional and that she would thrive as one of his followers . He derives his status as Rider from a set of divine bulls and chariot purportedly a gift from Zeus , known as Gordius Wheel : Wheel of Heaven 's Authority ( 神威の車輪 ( ゴルディアス・ホイール ) , Gorudiasu Hoīru ) , summoned when Iskander slices the air with his Sword of the Kupriotes ( キュプリオトの剣 , Kyupurioto no Ken ) . His eccentric and overbearing personality along with his incredible abilities creates difficulties for his Master and their opponents . He is notably the only Servant that Gilgamesh truly respects as an equal , the latter inviting him to challenge him in combat as many times as he wished . His wish is for a second life and he plans to wage war against the United States to celebrate his revival , believing they will pose an enjoyable challenge . He is killed by Gilgamesh in single combat and , in his dying moments , finally finds Oceanus , the place he had searched for all his life . His first Noble Phantasm is Via Expugnatio : Distant Trampling Domination ( 遙かなる蹂躙制覇 ( ヴィア・エクスプグナティオ ) , Via Ekusupugunatio ) , the trampling attack used by the Gordius Wheel , which causes lightning strikes upon movement , inflicting massive damage to whatever is in its path . His second and most powerful Noble Phantasm is Ionioi Hetairoi : Army of the King ( 王の軍勢 ( アイオニオン・ヘタイロイ ) , Aionion Hetairoi ) , which is a Reality Marble , a self - contained miniature world that contains thousands of the most trusted of his soldiers who fought alongside him in life resurrected as temporary Servants , marching upon an endless plain of sand . Caster ( キャスター , Kyasutā ) - Gilles de Rais ( ジル・ド・レェ , Jiru Do Rē ) , Voiced by : Satoshi Tsuruoka ( Japanese ) ; Dan Woren ( English ) Commonly known as Bluebeard , his real name is Gilles de Rais - a mass serial killer who seems to favour killing children in particular . Caster is a sadistic and evil Servant who derives pleasure from first providing his victims a moment of relief before terrorizing them and then killing them . He expresses an obsessive interest in Saber because he has mistaken her for Jeanne d'Arc , his former comrade and the protagonist of Fate / Apocrypha , with whom Bluebeard has an infatuation . As his wish for the Grail was for her to be resurrected , Caster becomes convinced he has won the War and repeatedly tries to talk to Saber ; when she subsequently tries correcting him , he believes that she has lost her memories by God 's intervention , much to his rage . He has , by far , the best relationship with his master of any servant . He sees Ryūnosuke as a prophet who preaches that God is a sadistic yet loving being that enjoys seeing His creations commit horrific acts , as He would n't have made the human race so violent and their organs so colorful if He did not enjoy chaos . This restores Caster 's faith in God and he decides to put on a grand show for God , to show Him that He is n't the only `` entertainer '' who can put on a show . The war is eventually postponed due to the duo 's rampage , as Caster and Ryūnosuke had begun to murder hordes of children in hopes of catching God 's attention and forcing Him to `` return '' Saber 's non-existent memories of being Jeanne . Following Ryūnosuke 's death , Caster is obliterated by Saber 's Excalibur and , in his final moments , is reunited with Jeanne and is implied to finally understand the horrific nature of the things he did . His sole Noble Phantasm is Prelati 's Spellbook : Text of the Sunken Spiraled City ( 螺湮城教本 ( プレラーティーズ・スペルブック ) , Purerātīzu Superubuku ) , a magical tome made from human skin which acts as a massive mana source and a guidebook for various spells of varying power , with the strongest spell capable of summoning otherworldly , self - regenerating monsters . The strength of his Noble Phantasm helps make up for his otherwise average ability in magecraft . Berserker ( バーサーカー , Bāsākā ) - Lancelot of the Lake ( サー・ランスロット , Sā Ransurotto ) Voiced by : Ryōtarō Okiayu ( Japanese ) ; Kyle Hebert ( English ) Previously known as the Black Knight , Berserker is a Servant who possesses the ability to use practically any object as a Noble Phantasm , allowing him to match Gilgamesh in combat . His madness has reduced him to a mindless , though dangerously skilled , fighter . Despite his insanity , he is still able to instinctively recognize Saber . When Saber finally learns Berserker 's true identity , she is devastated that her decisions in life and her adherence to chivalry had caused her friend such suffering even after dying . During the battle it is revealed that his insanity stems from his overwhelming desire to be punished for his adultery with Guinevere and his own subconscious love for Saber , his sanity being eaten away as he was forced to watch the love of his life throw away her humanity for the sake of her people . He is killed by Saber as he is about to deal her a killing blow when his Master runs out of magical energy midway , and regains his sanity in his dying moments . His death almost drives Saber into darkness , as she becomes hellbent on gaining the Grail by any means . He possesses three Noble Phantasms , the first of which is For Someone 's Glory : Not For One 's Own Glory ( 己が栄光の為でなく ( フォー・サムワンズ・グロウリー ) , Fō Samuwanzu Gurōrī ) , which envelopes him in a black fog that makes his outline blurred and his status unreadable to other Masters . By use of a Command Spell , it is possible to use the fog to allow Berserker to mimic another 's appearance , although it is noted that had Lancelot been summoned under a different Class , he would be able to freely disguise at will . Knight of Honor : A Knight Does Not Die with Empty Hands ( 騎士は徒手にて死せず ( ナイト・オブ・オーナー ) , Naito Obu Ōnā ) , allows him to turn anything he recognizes as a weapon , into a D - ranked Noble Phantasm . If he grabs hold of others ' Noble Phantasms , he claims them temporarily as his own and their original rank is retained , making it the perfect counter to Archer 's attacks . His last Noble Phantasm , Arondight : The Unfading Light of the Lake ( 無毀なる湖光 ( アロンダイト ) , Arondaito ) is a magical sword which , when drawn , dispels For Someone 's Glory and Knight of Honor , boosts all his parameters and grants him additional prowess against beings with a ' dragon ' attribute such as Saber . Assassin ( アサシン , Asashin ) - Hassan - i Sabbah ( ハサン・サッバーハ , Hasan Sabbāha ) Voiced by : Sachie Abe , Takuo Kawamura , Eiichiro Tokumoto ( Japanese ) ; Karen Strassman , Patrick Seitz , Vic Mignogna ( English ) Assassin is actually the reincarnation of the head of the Assassin Order . While every Assassin in every Grail War thus recorded has shared the same name of Hassan - i Sabbāh , they are different persons as all the leaders of the Assassin Order changed their names to Hassan - i Sabbāh upon ascending to the position . The Hassan - i Sabbāh in the Fourth War became head by intentionally fracturing his psyche during life to confuse opponents , a form of self - inflicted dissociative identity disorder . When summoned as a Servant , this ability manifests itself as the Noble Phantasm Zabaniya : Delusional Illusion ( 妄想幻像 ( ザバーニーヤ ) , Zabānīya ) , which splits his body into up to eighty different entities , sharing his spiritual potential amongst them . They act as reconnaissance agents for Tokiomi and Kirei after Gilgamesh `` kills '' one of them . Assassin can only be truly defeated if all of them are killed , which they are after being massacred by Rider 's Ionian Hetairoi . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Green , Scott ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` English - Dubbed `` Fate / zero '' to Run on Neon Alley `` . Crunchyroll . Jump up ^ Fate / Zero , Volume 1 , Prologue III : One Year Ago The aberrant entry in the family register said he was the brother of Kariya 's father . But even at his great - grandfather , his ancestor at the third generation , there were records of the old man named Zōken in the family tree . There was no way to figure out for how many generations this man came to reign over the Matō family . Jump up ^ Fate / Zero , Volume 1 , Prologue III : One Year Ago `` Kariya -- Do you want to die ? '' `` Do n't tell me you 're worried ? ' Uncle ' . '' ( show ) Fate franchise by Type - Moon Video games Visual novels Stay night characters Rider Shirou Emiya Saber Hollow ataraxia Others Tiger colosseum Unlimited codes Extra Grand Order characters Extella Print media Zero characters Kaleid liner Prisma Illya Apocrypha characters Strange Fake Anime Episodes Stay night Zero Kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei ! Unlimited Blade Works Apocrypha Last Encore Films Unlimited Blade Works Grand Order : First Order Prisma Illya : Oath Under Snow Heaven 's Feel Related Carnival Phantasm Nitroplus Blasterz : Heroines Infinite Duel ( show ) Type - Moon works Tsukihime series Tsukihime episodes Kagetsu Tohya Melty Blood Fate series stay night characters Shirou Emiya Saber 2006 episodes 2014 episodes stay night : Unlimited Blade Works stay night : Heaven 's Feel hollow ataraxia Zero characters episodes Extra Last Encore tiger colosseum unlimited codes kaleid liner Prisma Illya episodes 2wei ! Apocrypha characters strange fake Grand Order Extella : The Umbral Star Kara no Kyōkai Characters Overlooking View A Study in Murder -- Part 1 Remaining Sense of Pain The Hollow Shrine Paradox Spiral Oblivion Recording A Study in Murder -- Part 2 Future Gospel Other Mahōtsukai no Yoru Canaan episodes Carnival Phantasm World Conquest Zvezda Plot People Kinoko Nasu Takashi Takeuchi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fate/Zero_characters&oldid=791847748 '' Categories : Fate / stay night Lists of anime and manga characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 21 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the main character in fate zero	[ "\nVoiced by: Rikiya Koyama, Miyu Irino (Young Kiritsugu) (Japanese); Matthew Mercer,[1] Marianne Miller (Young Kiritsugu) (English)\nThe Master of Saber and the main protagonist. Born in Fuyuki City, Kiritsugu was raised on Alimango Island, where he lived with his father, Norikata Emiya, the fourth family head of the Emiya family and a magus specializing in time magic. He became friends with Norikata's assistant, a local girl called Shirley who was four years older than him, developing a crush on her. However, disaster struck when Shirley became a vampire after drinking one of Noritaka's potions. She pled for Kiritsugu to kill her, but he fled instead. Shirley subsequently lost control and turned all the residents of Alimango Island into vampires.\nTheir village was soon overrun by Executors from the Church and Enforcers from the Mages' Association, agents whose purpose was to destroy all the vampires and eliminate any trace of civilization and vampirism on the island respectively. Kiritsugu was the only survivor of the 'cleansing', saved by Natalia Kaminski, a freelance Enforcer who wanted information on the magus responsible. Returning to the hidden Emiya residence, Kiritsugu confronted his father on his research and Shirley's death. Upon mercy killing Natalia in the process of killing another vampire, who at that point had become like a mother to Kiritsugu. It was then that he became disillusioned with the ideal of becoming a 'hero of justice', as he realized it was impossible to save one person without losing another.\nAround eleven years before the fourth Holy Grail War, he took on a child soldier he had rescued as his apprentice, who he eventually named Maiya Hisau, training her in much the same way Natalia trained him. Two years later, Kiritsugu was hired by the Einzbern family to be their representative in the coming conflict. Believing that the Holy Grail could grant his wish for world peace, he left behind his former work. Despite being the true Master of the Einzbern family, Kiritsugu operates mostly in the background during the conflict, ambushing other Masters when they are otherwise occupied, while Saber is partnered with Irisviel and made to act out in the open. This is to avoid conflict between Kiritsugu and Saber, as the methodologies of the two conflict with each other too much. Over the course of the War, Kiritsugu's mask of stoicism begins to crack, revealing the cold assassin to be nothing but an unstable manchild who fears not being able to let go of his wife when the time comes. During his final fight with Kirei, Kiritsugu is dragged into the Grail and, after being confronted with the Grail's true nature (which was corrupted by Angra Mainyu in the previous Holy Grail War) and is shown only a twisted version of his wish to save as many people as possible where everyone dies. He resists it by killing manifestations of his wife and daughter created by the Grail, and orders Saber to destroy the Grail after realizing its corruption. However, the Grail is unable to be destroyed and its corrupted nature causes a huge fire. Kiritsugu desperately looks for survivors, discovering an amnesiac boy who he names Shirō and adopts. Kiritsugu then spends months trying to retrieve Illya, but Angra Mainyu's curse robbed him of his magical abilities and physical health while Acht strictly trains Illya to become the next vessel under the impression that her father abandoned her. Eventually, Kiritsugu dies while watching the moon with his adopted son and talking about his dream to become a hero, believing that at the very least he wouldn't grow up to be like him. Shirō, however, ends up taking his father's dream to heart and, as seen in Fate/Stay Night has the capacity to actually become a Hero.\n" ]	[ "Kiritsugu" ]
1506501806052165389	Sonic screwdriver	Sonic screwdriver - wikipedia Sonic screwdriver Jump to : navigation , search Sonic screwdriver The Twelfth Doctor 's sonic screwdriver , as a toy made by Character Options . Plot element from the Doctor Who television series Publisher BBC First appearance Fury from the Deep ( 16 March 1968 ) Created by ( Series ) Sydney Newman C.E. Webber Donald Wilson ( Story ) Victor Pemberton Genre Science fiction In - story information Type Hand tool Function Various , see Functions Affiliation The Doctor The sonic screwdriver is a multifunctional fictional tool in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who and its spin - offs , used by the Doctor . Like the TARDIS , it has become one of the icons of the programme , and spin - off media such as The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood have replicated its functions in devices such as the sonic lipstick , sonic blaster , sonic probe , and sonic modulator . The sonic screwdriver was first introduced in 1968 in the story Fury from the Deep , and used twice more ( The Dominators and The War Games ) during the Second Doctor 's tenure . It became a popular tool for the Third Doctor and Fourth Doctor . It was finally written out of the series in 1982 due to the limitations it caused when writing for the show . It then featured briefly in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie , before making a full return in the 2005 continuation of the series . Throughout the programme , there have been many different versions of the sonic screwdriver , as with subsequent Doctors the design of it was changed . It has also been destroyed on a number of occasions , thus leading to the introduction of the next model . Not all iterations of the Doctor have used the sonic screwdriver on screen ; the Fifth Doctor in fact opted not to replace his after it was destroyed . The Twelfth Doctor loses his sonic screwdriver to the creator of the Daleks , Davros , after lending it to him when he was a child . In the last episode of Series 9 , the Doctor received a new sonic screwdriver from the TARDIS in place of the temporary sonic glasses . Despite the Doctor 's claim not to give his screwdriver to anyone , he gives one to his own doppelgänger in `` The Rebel Flesh '' , and gives his to Rory Williams in `` The Girl Who Waited '' after having either given or loaned one to him for use in `` A Good Man Goes to War '' and loaning him one in `` The Big Bang '' . He also gives one to River Song in `` The Husbands of River Song '' which was / is then used by the Tenth Doctor to save her life in `` Forest of the Dead '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 History 2.1 1968 -- 1982 and 1996 2.2 2005 -- 2010 2.3 2010 -- 2015 2.3. 1 Sonic sunglasses 2.4 2015 -- present 3 Other appearances 3.1 Licensed media 3.1. 1 BBC Books 3.1. 2 Big Finish audio dramas 3.1. 3 Doctor Who comics 3.1. 4 Virgin Adventures 3.2 Red Nose Day 3.3 Unlicensed media 3.4 Public appearances 4 Related devices 4.1 Doctor Who 4.2 The Sarah Jane Adventures 4.3 Torchwood 4.4 BBC books 4.5 Other series 5 Commercial product 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 External links Functions ( edit ) The functions of a sonic screwdriver are based on its power over sound waves , radiation , wavelengths , frequencies , signals , and electro - magnetism . It is shown to hack , disable , activate , and otherwise control technology from almost every era , allowing it to remotely control almost any machinery , mechanisms and computers it is applied to , allowing it to open locks , detonate explosives , remotely activate electronics , override most systems , activate computers , and cause some energy weapons to burst into flames or sparks . There is technology the sonic is unable to interface with , such as the isomorphic controls seen in `` A Christmas Carol '' . It also is capable of causing chemical reactions that allowed the Doctor to turn eye glass lenses black like sunglasses and causing cut barbed wire to regenerate . It is also capable of detecting , amplifying and controlling certain energies , sound , signals , frequencies , and waves , allowing the Doctor to intercept a teleporting individual and send them where he chooses , scan and identify matter , send out communications , enhance sounds , signals and frequencies , and acting as a catalyst or conduit for energies . Sonics are also capable of calculations , such as the `` Day of the Doctor '' , when the War Doctor used calculations to allow the sonic to work on wood , the calculations of which appeared partly done on the Tenth Doctor 's sonic and completed in the Eleventh 's . The War Doctor also used his sonic in tandem with the Tenth and Eleventh 's to create a force field wave to repel a Dalek . These are more specific functions of the sonic screwdriver : Unlocking or locking a door Burning or cutting any kind of substance Remotely detonate certain machines or explosives Amplify sound - waves and the power of an X-ray machine beyond its normal capacity Disarm weapons and electronics Flashlight Intercept and conduct teleportation Hack an ATM Regenerating razor wire on a fence Darken eyeglass lenses to transform them into sunglasses Microphone ( when connected to an audio amplifier ) Detect and interpret signals Conducting medical scans Locking the coordinates of the TARDIS Tracking alien life Using red setting or dampers Control the properties of atoms and molecules on a small scale Operate computers , whether their origin is alien or human Provide Geo - location Get cash from an Automated teller machine Light candles Creating a force field wave with two other sonic to physically repel a Dalek Modification of a mobile phone Disclosure and deactivating camouflage Disarm Robotics Scan and classify matter Shatter glass Create an `` acoustic corridor '' for speaking with someone far away Shocking neural centers of a living creature Tighten and loosen screws Download a person 's consciousness and transfer it into a computer hard drive ( only a special model created by The Doctor as a gift to River Song . ) Aside from being a tool , the sonic screwdriver can be used and considered as a defensive weapon , which is effective for a few types of assault weapons , but not designed to kill or injure living things as the only way it can really hurt or incapacitate a creature is by emitting painful bursts of sound , or , as of Day of the Moon by blasting a green wave of energy to incapacitate a target , though only the Eleventh and Twelfth 's sonic has been shown to do the latter . History ( edit ) 1968 -- 1982 and 1996 ( edit ) The first sonic screwdriver from Season 6 , Episode 3 of The War Games The sonic screwdriver made its first appearance in the serial Fury from the Deep , written by Victor Pemberton . It was used thereafter by the Second Doctor as a multi-purpose tool , with occasional variations in appearance over the course of the series . Its abilities and overall appearance varied greatly during the classic series . The name implies that it operates through the use of sound waves to exert physical forces on objects remotely . During the Second Doctor 's tenure , it functioned much as its name implied -- using sonic waves to dismantle equipment or to bypass locks . In addition , it was used as a welding torch in Episode Five of The Dominators . In the audio commentary for The Sea Devils , Michael Briant claims to have suggested it as a one - off gadget in 1968 . During the Third Doctor 's tenure , producer Barry Letts was adamant that the device not become a cure - all for the series , and limited its use to avoid writers becoming over-reliant on it . During this time , the device underwent significant design changes . In The Sea Devils , the Doctor used it to detonate landmines ; Michael E. Briant explains that this was feasible , stating that the sonic waves shook the mines . In The Three Doctors the sonic screwdriver is almost unrecognisable , being a unique , one - use prop with a plastic red spherical head . In the DVD commentary , Letts himself remarks on the thickness of the prop and the fact that it belies the idea that it was the regular one , prompting Katy Manning to question whether it was indeed a sonic screwdriver . This was due to the serial being produced out of transmission order : the original sonic screwdriver prop went missing during the recording of Carnival of Monsters , requiring a new prop to be built for the rest of the season ; The Three Doctors was recorded after Carnival , but set before it , so the screwdriver could be seen to revert to its previous appearance for one story after The Three Doctors before receiving a more permanent redesign thereafter . During the first three years of the Fourth Doctor 's tenure , producer Philip Hinchcliffe further reduced the use of the sonic screwdriver . Exceptions include Robot ( which was the last story to be produced by Barry Letts ) , where it was again used to detonate mines , and as a `` miniature sonic lance '' to cut out a lock . Aside from unlocking doors , the device was greatly downplayed during the Fourth Doctor 's second and third seasons . It saw a resurgence once Graham Williams took over as producer in 1977 . In the final story of season 15 , The Invasion of Time , the Fourth Doctor conceded , `` Not even the sonic screwdriver can get me out of this one . '' It featured regularly in season 16 during the Key to Time saga . The Doctor 's Time Lady companion Romana constructed a sonic screwdriver of her own similar to the Doctor 's . It is depicted as being smaller and sleeker than the Doctor 's , and he was sufficiently impressed with her design that he attempted to swap screwdrivers with her in Horns of Nimon . By season 18 , both script editor Christopher H Bidmead and producer John Nathan - Turner were eager to downplay the device as much as possible . The sonic screwdriver was written out of the series late in season 19 , in the Fifth Doctor serial The Visitation . It is destroyed by a Terileptil to prevent the Doctor from escaping a holding cell ; in response , the Doctor sorrowfully remarked , `` I feel as if you 've just killed an old friend . '' Eric Saward later explained in a 2005 DVD interview that this was done on the instructions of producer John Nathan - Turner . Saward had written out the sonic screwdriver , believing that the Doctor had `` a cupboard full of them '' in the TARDIS . On the basis that a device that could help in any situation was very limiting for the script , Nathan - Turner decided that it would not return . The Tenth Doctor joked about the Fifth Doctor 's lack of sonic screwdriver in the mini-episode Time Crash , commenting that he `` went hands - free '' and could `` save the universe using a kettle and some string . '' The device did not appear again for the remainder of the original series . In the Doctor Who TV Movie ( 1996 ) and The Night of the Doctor ( 2013 ) , the Seventh ( TVM ) , Eighth ( both ) , & the War Doctor ( Night of the Doctor ) were seen to have a new sonic screwdriver with a telescopic mechanism : similar to its predecessors but with subtle differences such as a gold / brass band on the handle , a flat base and a red emitter tip . 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A redesigned sonic screwdriver appears in the new series , with a blue light in addition to the sound effect . In its first incarnation , the prop used in the new series was fragile and prone to breakage . Over the course of the next two years , the props were continually repaired and modified , with some additions being a new thumb slider design and different colours of wires used in the clear channel when extended . For Series 4 ( 2008 ) , a new design of Screwdriver was commissioned by the BBC . Nick Robatto was hired to make two new props . These featured the final slider design , and redesigned body ridges , among other smaller changes . This design debuted in 2008 's `` Partners in Crime '' and continued to be used until the Screwdriver 's ultimate destruction in 2010 's `` The Eleventh Hour '' . This later design has gained the nickname `` Series 3 - 4 Sonic '' ( relating to the fact that at the start of Series 3 , in `` Smith and Jones '' , the first Sonic Screwdriver was supposedly destroyed ) , even though strictly speaking it first appeared in Series 4 . In contrast with Nathan - Turner 's attitude that the sonic screwdriver should not be used as a cure - all , the new production team gave it even more functionality than previous versions which has given the series some criticism as it seems to be a deus ex machina , a literary device that is generally avoided . Some of the uses in the new series include : repairing electronic equipment ; re-attaching materials such as barbed wire ; detecting , intercepting and sending signals ; remotely operating the TARDIS ; burning , cutting , or igniting substances ; fusing metal ; scanning and identifying substances ; amplifying or augmenting sound ; modifying mobile phones to enable `` universal roaming '' ; disabling alien disguises ; resonating concrete ; reversing teleportation of another entity . It is sometimes used to disassemble robotic enemies or turn other objects into weapons ; healing cuts and wounds . In `` The Parting of the Ways '' and `` Utopia '' it is used to operate the TARDIS controls remotely ; when the Doctor attempts to counteract the Master 's theft of the TARDIS , it is used to limit the TARDIS ' destination . In `` Doomsday '' , the Doctor states that the sonic screwdriver does not kill , wound or maim ; however , it is sometimes brandished in a threatening manner , such as in `` The Christmas Invasion '' , `` The Impossible Planet '' , `` The Runaway Bride '' , `` The Lazarus Experiment '' , `` The Day of the Doctor '' and `` The Infinite Quest '' . In `` World War Three '' , when confronted by a group of Slitheen , the Doctor threatens to `` triplicate the flammability '' of a bottle of port wine with the sonic screwdriver , though one of the Slitheen realises he is bluffing . In `` Closing Time '' , ringed energy beams are seen emitted from the device , giving it a more weapon - like appearance , particularly when used to disable a weakened Cyberman at a distance . In `` Smith and Jones '' , the sonic screwdriver burns out after the Doctor uses it to amplify the radiation output of a hospital X-ray machine . In the `` Series Three concept Artwork Gallery '' , ( 1 ) ( 2 ) when referring to the burnt out sonic screwdriver , Peter McKinstry says `` the green crystal structure visible under the shattered dome refers back to the TARDIS console crystal . It 's the same technology -- the TARDIS 's little brother . '' Though initially saddened at the loss of the screwdriver , the Doctor obtains a new one at the conclusion of the episode . The sonic screwdriver is unable to open a `` deadlock seal '' , used as a plot device to prevent an easy solution . Russell T Davies once mentioned that he would never make the sonic screwdriver the solution to an episode . In `` Silence in the Library '' , while trying to open a wooden door , the Doctor tells Donna that the sonic screwdriver wo n't work because the door is made of wood , a fact later restated in `` The Hungry Earth '' ; when Rory complains about this , the Doctor counters to not `` diss the sonic . '' The sonic screwdriver 's inability to work on wood is clarified in `` In the Forest of the Night '' , when the Doctor states that the sonic screwdriver works by manipulating the moving parts in various machinery : since plant tissue lacks said moving parts , it is unaffected by the sonic screwdriver ( though this claim is slightly inconsistent with its visible ability to repair human tissue ) . In `` The Parting of the Ways '' , the Doctor mentions that when Emergency Program One was activated , the sonic screwdriver would receive a signal from the TARDIS . In `` Forest of the Dead '' , he claims that a few hair - dryers can interfere with the device , though he states that he is `` working on that '' . 2010 -- 2015 ( edit ) In `` The Eleventh Hour '' , the malfunctioning sonic screwdriver is destroyed when the Doctor tries to signal the Atraxi ships . The Doctor later receives a new one , which emerges from the newly regenerated TARDIS console . The Eleventh Doctor 's sonic screwdriver is larger than its predecessor ; it has a green light and metal claws that extend with a flick of the wrist . It is shown to have been created by the TARDIS as part of its automatic regeneration . In `` A Christmas Carol '' , the Doctor advises a young Kazran Sardick to pursue romance while implying that in a similar situation in his own past he had instead gone to his room to `` design a new kind of screwdriver . '' Also in that episode , the sonic screwdriver gets split into two pieces , one of which ends up inside a flying shark . The remaining piece is said to be signalling its other half in an effort to repair itself . The Doctor uses this to send a signal through the half inside the sky shark to open up the clouds . Afterwards , the half not in the shark is left with Kazran Sardick . The Doctor tells Kazran that he can call him for help using the Sonic ; though Kazran declines to do so . The Doctor had duplicates of this screwdriver , which he continued to use throughout his travels . In `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' , it is explained that instead of having settings , this version operates through a psychic interface , basically doing whatever the user thinks of while pointing and holding down the button . This version of the screwdriver also appears , although never officially announced , to have a flashlight setting , as the Doctor is seen to have it emitting a continuous glow while not uttering the classic sonic noise . Also in the episode , the Doctor uses another modified version of his sonic , which he calls a `` Sonic Cane '' . It is similar to a Tuxedo cane , except the top replaced with the upper portion of his screwdriver , with a metal ball cut in fourths attached to the claws . Ahead of the 50th anniversary special , a mini-episode entitled `` The Night of the Doctor '' was produced in which the Eighth Doctor uses the sonic screwdriver twice . The Doctor uses his telescopic screwdriver previously seen in the TV Movie , rather than his updated steampunk version which had been used in numerous Big Finish audio dramas . For the 50th anniversary special , `` Day of the Doctor '' , another version was seen in the hands of John Hurt 's `` War Doctor '' . The design was similar to the one used by Tom Baker 's Fourth Doctor . This time the halo and bullet tip had been removed , replaced by a red light as well as a large red dial added to the base . Character - options released a version of this sonic screwdriver on 23 November 2013 at London 's ExCel labelling it `` The Other Doctor 's Sonic '' . It was established as a plot point in that episode that the sonic screwdrivers employed by various Doctor incarnations all use the same software , something the War Doctor exploited by running a calculation over a course of several centuries with the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors seeing the calculation completed through their models . It is also directly implied after the fact that the sonic screwdriver has actually been a part of every doctor 's retinue , despite its disappearance for doctors six & seven ; the Tenth Doctor says to the Gallifreyan high command , as all thirteen doctors are about to change history by saving the planet , that the calculations for doing what 's about to be done have been `` running all my lives . '' In addition , when combined , the screwdrivers of the War , Tenth , and Eleventh Doctor could create a sonic force field blast to repel and destroy a Dalek . `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' shows that the sonic screwdriver can create `` an acoustic corridor '' so that the Twelfth Doctor can communicate with a boy trapped in an extraterrestrial mine field . However , when the Doctor discovers that the boy is actually a young Davros , he abandons the boy , leaving the screwdriver behind , though it is revealed that he did save young Davros after all . Davros is shown to have kept the screwdriver in his possession ever since , and the Doctor tells Clara that he no longer has a screwdriver . By that time , the screwdriver had been withered and damaged by time and was seemingly useless . Sonic sunglasses ( edit ) In his first appearance at the beginning of series nine of Doctor Who , the Doctor is seen wearing black Ray - Ban sunglasses ( `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' ) , and he says that he no longer has his sonic screwdriver . Later , in `` The Witch 's Familiar '' , he unveils that the sunglasses are actually a wearable version of the screwdriver , claiming that he is `` over '' screwdrivers : `` They spoil the line of your jacket . '' The glasses are used by the Doctor , and Clara on occasion , throughout the ninth series . The sonic sunglasses appears to have the same basic functions as the traditional sonic screwdriver , such as scanning objects , while having features not seen before : Allowing the Doctor to hear people talking , even if they are several yards away and surrounded by loud noises ( `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' ) . Reassembling the TARDIS after it has used its Hostile Action Dispersal System to avoid destruction by the Daleks ( `` The Witch 's Familiar '' ) . Creating and controlling a sophisticated hologram of the Doctor through a WiFi system ( `` Before the Flood '' ) . Erasing alien encoding inside people 's brains by having them don the glasses for a few minutes ( `` Before the Flood '' ) . Reading Internet pages and e-mail ( `` The Zygon Inversion '' and `` Extremis '' ) . Communicating with Gallifreyan battle cruisers ( `` Hell Bent '' ) . The glasses appear to be more susceptible to damage than the screwdriver ; in `` The Girl Who Died '' , a Viking warrior takes the glasses off the Doctor 's face and easily breaks them in half . Nevertheless , the glasses continue to appear via replacement or repair until the end of the season . They return the following season during the Doctor 's temporary period of blindness , showing the ability to scan his surroundings and transmit the information to his brain , as well as transmit any data recorded to them . However , while he is able to tell things about a person such as height , weight , gender , age , and even heart rate , he does n't get enough detail to know faces , clothing , etc . ( `` Extremis '' ) He was once able to tell that a person was holding a computer tablet , but not what was written on it , as well as ' see ' a combination lock but not the numbers . ( `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' ) 2015 -- present ( edit ) In `` Hell Bent '' , the TARDIS gives the Doctor a brand new sonic screwdriver . The new screwdriver has a TARDIS - blue shaft with gold and silver highlights . The upper half is a rectangular light grid that , when switched on , has four different functions : green light with low - pitched sound , blue light with high - pitched sound , green lights that pulse with a pulsing sound , and a blue light chasing pattern with a pulsing sound . The new sonic screwdriver is meant to represent the TARDIS . The Doctor first uses it in `` The Husbands of River Song '' ( although he also employs the sonic sunglasses earlier in the episode ) . The new screwdriver has seen use in the spin - off show Class , where the Doctor increases the voltage of flood lights to expel the Shadow Kin and partially close a rift in space - time . He is shown to have working copies of every version of the Sonic Screwdriver ever seen before in a cup on his desk in `` The Pilot . '' Nardole uses the Fifth Doctor 's version when sealing bulkhead doors to keep out Daleks later in the episode . Other appearances ( edit ) Licensed media ( edit ) BBC books ( edit ) The Past Doctor Adventures novel The Murder Game , set after The Power of the Daleks , has the Second Doctor escaping from a locked room with a box - shaped sonic device , in which he muses on the advantages of building a smaller model . The novel Dreams of Empire by Justin Richards , set after The Ice Warriors and before Fury from the Deep , features the Second Doctor using the device to break through a concrete wall . Stories with the device used by the Second Doctor before the screwdriver 's first on - screen appearance are plausible as the Doctor in that story indicates that the machine `` never fails '' , implying its successful use before that adventure . The More Short Trips short story `` Special Weapons '' , set late in season 24 , indicates that the Seventh Doctor has a sonic screwdriver . The Eighth Doctor Adventures novel , Father Time , features an amnesiac Doctor attempting to recreate the sonic screwdriver with 1980s technology , eventually producing a bulky device nicknamed the `` sonic suitcase '' . In the Ninth Doctor Adventures novel The Clockwise Man the sonic screwdriver is used to cauterise wounds , as a soldering iron , and to stop a clockwork mechanism . In The Monsters Inside it is used to provide light , but runs out of power in the process . In Winner Takes All the Doctor fails to open a lock with it and concludes that it `` hints at alien involvement '' . It is used to examine electronic standing stones in The Deviant Strain . In Only Human it is used to restrain someone by welding wires to a chair ; in the same novel the Doctor informs Quelly that the device contains 29 computers . In the Tenth Doctor Adventures novel The Stone Rose , the sonic screwdriver is used to sedate animals . In The Nightmare of Black Island it is used to provide light . In The Last Dodo it is used to distract animals , and to liquefy and re-solidify tarmac . In Peacemaker , it is used to stop bullets and to dismantle guns . Big Finish audio dramas ( edit ) In the Big Finish audio drama Pier Pressure , Evelyn Smythe mentions that although the Sixth Doctor did n't possess a sonic screwdriver , he fondly remembered it as his `` door key '' . The Sixth Doctor uses his fingernails as a stand - in for the screwdriver as an escape method in The Nowhere Place . The Seventh Doctor uses the device in The Harvest and Dreamtime . His companions Ace and Hex use the device in the Doctorless audio drama , The Veiled Leopard . In Sword of Orion , the Eighth Doctor reveals that his sonic screwdriver has a torch built into the handle . In The Dying Days he uses the device to reflect the sonic cannon of an Ice Warrior back at his attacker . In Blood of the Daleks he uses it to trace a transmission beam . Doctor Who comics ( edit ) In an untitled story by Gary Russell featured in the first issue of IDW Publishing 's Doctor Who comic book ( published February 2008 ) , the Tenth Doctor uses his sonic screwdriver to destroy a sword and later sacrifices it in order to defeat a Sycorax hunter . Later , he indicates that he needs time to `` grow '' a new sonic screwdriver . Virgin Adventures ( edit ) The Seventh Doctor regained his sonic screwdriver in the Virgin New Adventures novels , with its first reappearance in The Pit . The Virgin Missing Adventures novel Venusian Lullaby established that the First Doctor had a sonic screwdriver . Red Nose Day ( edit ) In the Red Nose Day special , The Curse of Fatal Death , the final regeneration of the Doctor , played by Joanna Lumley , enthusiastically remarks that the sonic screwdriver `` has three settings '' when it starts vibrating . In a comic The Catherine Tate Show sketch , Catherine Tate 's teenage character Lauren Cooper accuses her English teacher ( played by David Tennant ) of being `` the Doctor '' . After much provocation , the teacher uses the sonic screwdriver to transform Lauren into a Rose Tyler action figure . Unlicensed media ( edit ) The unlicensed fan fiction novel Time 's Champion speculates that the Sixth Doctor has re-built the sonic screwdriver . He used a similar device in The Nightmare Fair , a script which was never produced for television but has been adapted twice . In the video game Daleks ( published for operating systems of the early 1980s ) , the Doctor can use the sonic screwdriver to teleport and to defend himself against the Daleks . Public appearances ( edit ) Matt Smith used the Eleventh Doctor 's sonic screwdriver to turn on the Christmas Lights in Cardiff in November 2010 . Its appearance was cheered by the crowd . Related devices ( edit ) Doctor Who ( edit ) The Doctor has used other sonic devices similar to the sonic screwdriver , including the `` door handle '' of Inferno ( Liz Shaw having one of her own ) and a pen - sized white noise generator in Four to Doomsday . In the 1965 episode `` Trap of Steel '' , the Doctor uses an apparently ordinary screwdriver to examine the metal of the Drahvin spaceship and other tasks . In the 1979 serial `` City of Death '' , Count Scarlioni 's henchmen use a `` sonic knife '' to cut the glass in front of the Mona Lisa . In the 1985 serial `` Attack of the Cybermen '' , the Sixth Doctor uses a `` sonic lance '' . In the 2005 episodes `` The Empty Child '' and `` The Doctor Dances '' , Jack Harkness uses a `` sonic blaster '' , referred to by Rose Tyler as a `` squareness gun '' , capable of `` digitising '' structures by disintegrating them and then reversing the process , among other functions . The device resurfaces in `` Silence in the Library '' and `` Forest of the Dead '' , now wielded by River Song . Steven Moffat confirmed in an episode of Doctor Who Confidential that the device was the same one . In `` Smith and Jones '' , Martha Jones sarcastically asks if he 's got a `` laser spanner '' as well as a sonic screwdriver , which he apparently did until it was stolen by Emmeline Pankhurst , described by the Doctor as a `` cheeky woman '' . In `` The Sound of Drums '' , the Master reveals his laser screwdriver . Unlike the sonic screwdriver , it is used as a weapon that can kill as well as artificially age its target , using technology developed by Lazarus Laboratories originally seen in `` The Lazarus Experiment '' . It includes isomorphic controls , allowing only the Master to use the device . The design of the prop was meant to imply that the Master constructed it on Earth , and it was deliberately made larger than the Doctor 's sonic screwdriver . Like the Doctor 's screwdriver and Sarah Jane 's lipstick , the Master 's laser screwdriver was also created as a children 's toy with sound effects . The laser screwdriver reappears in The Doctor Falls when the Master encounters his later female incarnation , Missy . Again , his screwdriver acts as a weapon , the Master using it to destroy a Cyberman and to kill Missy , shooting her in the back after she stabbed him in the back . In the series 4 episode `` Partners in Crime '' , the antagonist Miss Foster is shown using a sonic device identified as a sonic pen , which the Doctor describes as having identical functionality to his screwdriver . It could , however , open deadlocked windows and compartments in the Adipose building that the sonic screwdriver could n't . After confiscating and briefly using it , the Doctor throws the sonic pen into a bin . The sonic pen took the form of a sleek , black and silver fountain pen with a blue light at the top and was made into a toy version which was paired with the sonic screwdriver . In `` Silence in the Library '' , Professor River Song possesses a slightly bulkier sonic screwdriver , which she claims the Doctor gave to her in his future . The Doctor mentioned that he does not give his screwdriver to anyone . In the following episode , Professor Song mentions that her screwdriver is augmented with a `` red setting '' and `` dampers '' . It also contains a hidden neural relay linked to River Song , saving her at the episode 's conclusion -- the purpose for which the future Doctor gave Professor Song the device . A toy version is available . It was revealed in `` The Husbands of River Song '' that it was the Twelfth Doctor who gave it to River . In `` Journey 's End '' , Sarah Jane Smith is seen using her own sonic screwdriver , or sonic lipstick to open a door on the Dalek Crucible . In the Christmas special The Next Doctor , Jackson Lake , who believes himself to be the Doctor , carries a regular screwdriver which he claims to be sonic . When the Doctor asks `` How is it sonic ? '' , Lake replies , `` It makes a noise , '' which he demonstrates by tapping it against a door frame . In the series 6 episode `` Let 's Kill Hitler '' , the Doctor has a sonic cane which appears to have the same functions as the sonic screwdriver . In the series 6 episode `` The Girl Who Waited '' , future Amy Pond has a `` Sonic Probe '' that she made herself . She claims she calls it a probe and not a screwdriver because that 's what it is , and to signify that she has come to hate the Doctor . Later after she has forgiven him , she calls it a sonic screwdriver . Blue Peter announced that there will be three Sonic devices that will feature in Series 8 of Doctor Who , designed by Blue Peter watchers . The first device is a Sonic Gauntlet for Jenny Flint that will feature making locks fall apart , radioactivity counter and receiver dish , that will allow you to watch shows . The Second device is a Sonic Lorgnette for Commander Strax that has medical applications , such as X-ray , diagnostic lens ( check for illness ) and thermal lens . The third device is Sonic Hat Pin for Madame Vastra that can be used as a remote control for her carriage and it can also be turned into a Sonic Sword with the flick of a switch . The Sarah Jane Adventures ( edit ) In the Doctor Who spin - off series , The Sarah Jane Adventures , Sarah Jane Smith uses a `` sonic lipstick '' , which is a gift the Tenth Doctor gave her alongside a new model of K9 and her scanner watch . It functions much like the sonic screwdriver , used primarily for opening and closing locked doors , and for disabling and re-enabling machines ; like the sonic screwdriver , it remains ineffective against deadlock seals and wooden objects . A toy version is available . In Enemy of the Bane , Mrs Wormwood ( Samantha Bond ) possesses a sonic device disguised as a ring called the `` Phonic disruptor '' . Torchwood ( edit ) In the Doctor Who spin - off series Torchwood episode `` Fragments '' , genius Toshiko Sato 's backstory reveals that she stole faulty designs from the Ministry of Defence and UNIT , which she used to construct a sonic device , referred to as a `` sonic modulator '' , to trade to a terrorist organisation in exchange for her mother . The device is confiscated by UNIT , which imprisons Sato until she is pardoned and recruited into Torchwood by Jack Harkness . In the episodes `` Day One '' and `` End of Days '' , Captain Jack Harkness uses a green device somewhat similar to a sonic screwdriver . Its origins and function are unknown . In `` Greeks Bearing Gifts '' a replica of the Doctor 's sonic screwdriver can be seen on Toshiko Sato 's desk . Toshiko also uses a `` lockpick '' device in a number of episodes which replicates the door - opening function of the screwdriver . In Children of Earth , Gwen Cooper uses a similar device , which she refers to as a Gizmo , to deactivate CCTV cameras . BBC books ( edit ) In the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel Alien Bodies , the Time Lord Homunculette has a sonic monkey wrench . Other series ( edit ) A device with similar function appeared in the season finale `` Assignment : Earth '' of the show Star Trek : The Original Series . Commercial product ( edit ) Ownership of the sonic screwdriver was retained by the BBC . Victor Pemberton told an interviewer for Doctor Who Magazine , `` I 'm very cross that the sonic screwdriver -- which I invented -- has been marketed with no credit to myself. ... It 's one thing not to receive any payment , but another not to receive any credit . '' The toy version of the new series design ( made by Character Options Ltd . ) was slightly larger than the on screen version to accommodate a working sound chip . It also includes an ultraviolet light and changeable invisible ink nib for viewing messages written in the ultraviolet ink . A common misconception is that the Doctor Who production team at BBC Wales were so impressed by how much more resilient the toy sonic screwdriver was than the real prop , that they obtained moulds of the original prototype of the toy to use in the 2006 series , in fact , this was not the case . Prop replica company MFX were given a licence to produce replicas of the 2008 prop , and in 2009 released their replica . Strictly limited to a run of 500 units , and initially priced at £ 250 , these replicas sold out quickly , and are now unobtainable from the original retailer . However , a surplus of stock at the time of the licence termination allowed a private dealer to purchase all remaining stock , and so they are still not entirely unobtainable . This replica has become highly sought - after among fans , as , to date , it is the only official replica to be released . Since they were removed from shelves prices for them on auction sites have risen exponentially , with many sellers choosing to repaint the screwdriver in a screen - accurate paint , in order to access the higher price range . One of these was later used as the on - screen Tenth Doctor sonic screwdriver prop for the 50th anniversary special `` The Day of the Doctor '' . License successors Quantum Mechanix released images of two prototypes they developed for a replica version of this sonic . However , a failure to comment on the progress of the manufacture of this replica by QMx led to fan speculation that the project may have been cancelled in favour of releasing a different product , claims which QMx refuted . Ultimately , QMx did not release a replica of the prop . Like its predecessor , in 2010 Character Options released a spring - loaded toy version constructed of injection - moulded plastic . In relation to the prop , the size and proportions of the toy are broadly similar , unlike 2005 - 2010 Sonic Screwdriver , where the toy version was made larger to accommodate a working soundchip . Curiously , this toy is stamped on its green `` Crystal '' infrastructure as having a copyright date of 2004 . In 2010 Blue Ocean Accessories released a Wii Remote styled after the 11th Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver to tie in with the release of the game Doctor Who : Return to Earth . Unlike the original Nintendo model which uses standard AA cells the Sonic Screwdriver remote is supplied with a rechargeable battery replenished via a USB connection . A metal version of the sonic screwdriver produced by Wow Stuff mounts a functional set of changeable flat and Phillips heads under a removable cover as well as providing light and sound effects . QMx were given the licence to produce accurate replicas of this prop . In 2012 , QMx released an `` Artisan Master Series '' replica of this sonic screwdriver , in a strictly limited run of 25 , priced at nearly $5,000 . These replicas were handmade by original prop - maker Nick Robatto , and have now sold out permanently . QMx later released an Artisan Master Series replica of River Song 's sonic screwdriver , limited to a run of 15 , also made by original prop maker Nick Robatto , which has also sold out . In mid-late 2012 , Character Options released `` Trans - Temporal '' sonic screwdriver which is compatible with the `` Build your own screwdriver '' set and the `` Personal TARDIS '' set . The Wand Company released a universal remote control styled on the Eleventh Doctor 's sonic screwdriver on the 3rd August 2012 . Due to consumer demand , a Tenth Doctor version was released on the 31st October 2013 . An updated , extending version of the Eleventh Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver , named the Twelfth Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver Universal Remote Control , was released on 8 July 2015 , to replace the older version , which is no longer produced . In 2013 , the Nick Robatto - owned Rubbertoe Replicas announced that they had obtained the license to produce official replicas of the Eleventh Doctor 's sonic screwdriver . Made by Robatto , the run was limited to 250 releases , and based upon the improved design used in the 2013 and 2014 series . In 2015 , the company announced that they would be producing official replicas of the newly debuted Twelfth Doctor 's sonic , to begin manufacture later in the 2016 . Underground Toys have released the War Doctor 's sonic screwdriver ; titled `` The Other Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver '' , it was released in the UK in November / December 2013 and in the US January 2014 . Character Options have also released toy versions of the Third , Fourth , Fifth and Eighth Doctors ' Sonic Screwdrivers . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sixth Doctor uses a hand tool he calls a `` sonic lance '' in Attack of the Cybermen Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malankar , Nikhil ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Sonic Screwdriver : 50 Uses Of This Device From Doctor Who '' . Tell Me Nothing . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Commentary on DVD of The Sea Devils Jump up ^ Commentary on DVD of The Three Doctors Jump up ^ http://doctorwho.org.nz/archive/tsv31/sonicscrewdriver.html Jump up ^ Commentary on DVD of The Visitation Jump up ^ Commentary on DVD of Castrovalva Jump up ^ `` Toys and Games '' . BBC . 26 July 2005 . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC -- Doctor Who -- Series Three concept Artwork Gallery Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who London Excel Convention Pictures '' . The Doctor Who Site . Jump up ^ BBC -- Doctor Who -- Series Three concept Artwork Gallery ^ Jump up to : `` Series 8 Sonic Devices for Paternoster Gang Revealed '' . doctorwhotv.co.uk. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sarah Jane Adventures -- The Official Site '' . Alien Objects . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . ( UK Access Only ) Jump up ^ Cook , Benjamin ( 26 June 2002 ) . `` Friend of the Earth : - ) '' . Doctor Who Magazine ( 318 ) : 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic Screwdriver '' . wowstuff.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - Eleventh Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver - Artisan Master Series '' . QMx . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - River Song 's Sonic Screwdriver - Artisan Master Series '' . QMx . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wand Company and BBC Worldwide Unveil The Doctor Who Sonic Screwdriver Universal Remote Control '' . 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Eleventh Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver Universal Remote Control '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wand Company presents two new Doctor Who Sonic Screwdrivers at San Diego Comic - Con 2013 '' . BBC . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Tenth Doctor 's Sonic Screwdriver '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who 12th Doctor Sonic Screwdriver Remote To Debut At Comic - Con '' . Gotham News . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - The Other Doctors Sonic Screwdriver '' . forbiddenplanet.co.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who The Day of the Doctor War Doctor Sonic Screwdriver '' . entertainmentearth.com . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Electronic Sonic Screwdriver Collection - Third Doctor '' . Character Options . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Electronic Sonic Screwdriver Collection - Fourth Doctor '' . Character Options . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Electronic Sonic Screwdriver Collection - Eighth Doctor '' . Character Options . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - Sonic Screwdriver Wave 2 - 5th Doctor '' . Forbidden Planet International . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sonic screwdriver diagram List of appearances and functions in the classic series List of appearances and functions in the 2005 -- 2009 series at SFX Sonic screwdriver sound effect from the current series ( MP3 ) Sonic Screwdriver article on the TARDIS Wiki ( hide ) Doctor Who Pages Characters The Doctor Companions Time Lords Daleks Cybermen Sontarans Weeping Angels The Master Davros Concepts TARDIS Regeneration Sonic screwdriver Time Vortex Time War Blinovitch Limitation Effect Whoniverse Torchwood Institute UNIT Miscellaneous History Missing episodes Music Theme music Doctor Who in Canada and the U.S. Doctor Who in Australia Fandom Merchandise Lists Production Serials unmade Special episodes Christmas specials Radio stories Awards and nominations Home video Doctors Cast Guest appearances Producers Script editors Writers Music Composers Soundtrack releases Narrative devices Supporting characters UNIT personnel Creatures and aliens Villains Henchmen Robots Planets Items Vehicles Miscellaneous Doctor Who exhibitions Spin - offs and related shows Spin - offs K - 9 and Company Tardisodes Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K - 9 Class Documentaries Whose Doctor Who Thirty Years in the TARDIS Dalekmania Doctor Who Confidential Totally Doctor Who Torchwood Declassified Doctor Who : The Commentaries The Science of Doctor Who Doctor Who Extra Doctor Who : The Fan Show Concerts and stage shows The Curse of the Daleks Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday Doctor Who -- The Ultimate Adventure Doctor Who : A Celebration Doctor Who Prom 2008 2013 Doctor Who Live Adaptations and tie - ins Films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks -- Invasion Earth : 2150 A.D. 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Shakedown : Return of the Sontarans Mindgame Downtime Auton Dæmos Rising Zygon : When Being You Just Is n't Enough Dead and Buried TV Specials Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot Video games Doctor Who : The First Adventure The Warlord The Mines of Terror Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps The Adventure Games Return to Earth Evacuation Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Doctor Who : Legacy Miscellaneous Comic stories Doctor Who spin - offs Spin - off companions Faction Paradox Iris Wildthyme Death 's Head Dalek comic strips , illustrated annuals and graphic novels Pinball Card game Popular culture Spoofs Star Trek : The Next Generation / Doctor Who : Assimilation Related publications Magazines Doctor Who Magazine Doctor Who Adventures Doctor Who -- Battles in Time The Black Archive Publishers Big Finish Productions Reeltime Pictures BBV Mad Norwegian Press Magic Bullet Productions Obverse Books Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonic_screwdriver&oldid=795235176 '' Categories : Fictional elements introduced in 1968 Doctor Who devices Fictional technology Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2013 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 22 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the doctor first use a sonic screwdriver	[ "The sonic screwdriver was first introduced in 1968 in the story Fury from the Deep, and used twice more (The Dominators and The War Games) during the Second Doctor's tenure. It became a popular tool for the Third Doctor and Fourth Doctor. It was finally written out of the series in 1982 due to the limitations it caused when writing for the show. It then featured briefly in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, before making a full return in the 2005 continuation of the series.", "The sonic screwdriver was first introduced in 1968 in the story Fury from the Deep, and used twice more (The Dominators and The War Games) during the Second Doctor's tenure. It became a popular tool for the Third Doctor and Fourth Doctor. It was finally written out of the series in 1982 due to the limitations it caused when writing for the show. It then featured briefly in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, before making a full return in the 2005 continuation of the series." ]	[ "1968", "Fury from the Deep" ]
-1678402464171096243	Post Office Ltd	Post Office Ltd - wikipedia Post Office Ltd Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Post Office Ltd Type State - owned limited company Industry Postal service Founded 1986 Headquarters Post Office Ltd , Finsbury Dials , 20 Finsbury Street , London , EC2Y 9AQ Area served United Kingdom Key people Tim Parker ( Chairman ) Paula Vennells ( Chief Executive ) Owner HM Government Number of employees 7,798 Parent Postal Services Holding Company Limited Website www.postoffice.co.uk Post Office Ltd ( Welsh : Swyddfa'r Post Cyf. ; Scottish Gaelic : Oifis a ' Phuist ) is a retail post office company in the United Kingdom that provides a wide range of products including postage stamps and banking to the public through its nationwide network of post office branches . The company is owned by the British Government 's Department for Business , Innovation and Skills , through Postal Services Holding Company Limited . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Services 2.1 Postal services 2.2 Financial services 2.3 Branch banking 2.4 Bill payments 2.5 Telephony 2.6 ID services 2.7 Post Office saving stamps 2.8 Other services 3 Post Offices not open to the public 4 Controversies 4.1 Horizon payment system errors 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Post Office branches , along with the Royal Mail delivery service , were formerly part of the General Post Office and later the Post Office corporation . Post Office Counters Ltd was created as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Post Office corporation in 1986 . After the Post Office corporation was renamed Royal Mail Group in 2001 , Post Office Counters Ltd became Post Office Ltd . Post Office Ltd has in recent years announced losses ; a reported £ 102 million in 2006 . This has raised many concerns in the media regarding Post Office Ltd 's ability as a company to operate efficiently . Plans to cut the £ 150m - a-year subsidy for rural post offices led to the announcement that 2,500 local post offices were to be closed . This announcement resulted in a backlash from local communities that relied on the service . A branch of WH Smith in Hounslow , incorporating a post office In 2007 , the government gave a £ 1.7 billion subsidy to Royal Mail Group so that it could turn a profit by 2011 . This was to be used to invest across the whole network of Royal Mail , Post Office Ltd and Parcelforce. 85 Crown post offices were closed , 70 of which were sold to WHSmith . This followed a trial of six Post Office outlets in WHSmith stores . WHSmith was expected to make up to £ 2.5 million extra in annual profit . 2,500 sub-post offices closed between 2008 and 2009 . Redundancy packages were provided from public funding ( subpostmasters were paid over 20 months salary , roughly £ 65,000 each ) . In November 2010 , the government committed £ 1.34 billion of funding up to 2015 to Post Office Ltd to enable it to modernise the Post Office network . As part of the Postal Services Act 2011 , Post Office Ltd became independent of Royal Mail Group on 1 April 2012 . A ten - year inter-business agreement was signed between the two companies to allow post offices to continue issuing stamps and handling letters and parcels for Royal Mail . The Act also contained the option for Post Office Ltd to become a mutual organisation in the future . On 8 February 2013 , Post Office Ltd announced it was planning to move around seventy of its Crown post offices into shops . This would reduce the Crown network , which it stated was losing £ 40 million a year , to around 300 . On 27 November 2013 , the government committed an additional £ 640 million of funding for 2015 to 2018 to allow Post Office Ltd to complete its network modernisation . Services ( edit ) Central Post Office in Oxford , Oxfordshire Central Post Office in Otley , West Yorkshire There are currently around 11,500 post office branches across the UK , of which 300 are directly managed by Post Office Ltd ( known as Crown offices ) . The majority of other branches are either run by various franchise partners or local subpostmaster or operators ( who may be members of the National Federation of SubPostmasters or the CWU Postmasters Branch ) , as `` sub-postoffices '' . The Post Office has a wide variety of services throughout the network of branches . Products and services available vary throughout the network ; main post offices generally provide the full range of services . In towns , post offices are usually open from around 09 : 00 to 17 : 30 from Monday to Friday and from 09 : 00 to 12 : 30 on Saturday . In some country areas , opening hours are much shorter -- perhaps only four hours per week . In some villages an outreach service is provided in village halls or shops . There are also `` mobile post offices '' using converted vans which travel between rural areas . Many post offices are shut on Sundays and Bank Holidays . Some in smaller towns or villages are shut at lunchtime . Postal services ( edit ) Interior of a post office , showing available merchandise The Post Office provides information on services and accepts postal items and payment on behalf of the two collection and delivery divisions of Royal Mail Group , Royal Mail and Parcelforce . These include a variety of ordinary and guaranteed services both for delivery within the United Kingdom and to international destinations . Postage stamps ( including commemorative stamps and other philatelic items ) are sold , while applications for redirection of mail are accepted on behalf of Royal Mail . Post Office Local Collect is a scheme whereby undelivered mail can be redirected at customer request to a post office for convenient collection . Poste Restante mail can also be held for collection by people travelling . Financial services ( edit ) Main article : Post Office Money The Post Office provides credit cards , current accounts , insurance products , mortgages and personal loans through the Post Office Money umbrella brand which was launched in 2015 . Most Post Office Money branded products are provided by Bank of Ireland ( UK ) plc with Post Office Ltd acting as an appointed representative and credit broker . Branch banking ( edit ) A mobile Post Office in Borrowby , North Yorkshire . Personal banking services are offered on behalf of a number of `` partner banks '' that the Post Office has agreements with . Although different services are available on behalf of different institutions , these may include cash withdrawals , paying in cash and cheques , balance enquiries and cheque encashment . Some post offices also have cash machines , mainly provided by Bank of Ireland . Business banking services are also offered , mainly through Santander ( the successor to Alliance & Leicester Commercial Bank , prior to that the Post Office Girobank ) . Bill payments ( edit ) Post Office in Corsham , Wiltshire A number of bill payments can be accepted on behalf of a variety of organisations including utilities , local authorities and others . These can be in the form of automated payments ( barcoded bills , swipe cards , key charging ) or manual transactions through the Santander Transcash system . The name Transcash was formerly used by Girobank . Telephony ( edit ) The Post Office operates as a provider of a home landline telephone service ( branded as Post Office HomePhone ) and has recently added broadband internet to its portfolio . In June 2015 The Post Office launched its own mobile virtual network operator service , Post Office Mobile . However , in August 2016 they dedicded `` to conclude the trial as the results did not give us sufficient confidence that mobile will contribute to our goal of commercial sustainability '' . Mobile phone E Top - up is available on behalf of most networks . Post Office branded prepay phonecards are available , offering potential savings particularly on international call rates . Id services ( edit ) A passport check - and - send service is available for passport applications but is not affiliated with HM Passport Office . Check - and - send service is not guaranteed service . Post Office used to do a check and send with DVLA ( for the photocard driving licence ) . Some branches now offer a photocard driving licence renewal service . Fishing licences are issued on behalf of the Environment Agency from branches in England and Wales . Selected branches issue international driving permits . Post Office saving stamps ( edit ) Post Office savings stamps were first introduced by Henry Fawcett in the 1880s but were phased out in the 1960s . These were re-introduced in August 2004 because of consumer demand . In 2010 saving stamps were withdrawn and replaced by the Budget Card . Other services ( edit ) National Lottery games and scratchcards Sale and encashment of postal orders Foreign currency exchange and Travel Money Card Sales of gift vouchers redeemable at certain high street merchants PostPak Fast drop Drop and Go Post offices not open to the public ( edit ) Seven post office branches are not open to the public : Court ( Buckingham Palace ) however this is managed by Royal Mail as of 2014 House of Commons Portcullis House Royal Automobile Club , 89 Pall Mall , London The Scottish Parliament Windsor Castle 20 Finsbury Street , London , EC2Y 9AQ . Post Office HQ Controversies ( edit ) Horizon payment system errors ( edit ) Main article : Horizon ( IT system ) In April , 2015 , the BBC described a confidential report that alleged that the Post Office had made ' failings ' . The article claimed that an independent investigation by forensic accountants Second Sight had found that the Post Office had failed to identify the root cause of the accounting shortfalls in many cases before launching court proceedings against sub-postmasters . The shortfalls could have been caused by criminals using malicious software , by IT systems or by human error , the report said . An earlier article by the BBC had claimed that a confidential report contained allegations that the Post Office had refused to hand over documents that the accountants felt they needed to investigate properly , that training was not good enough , that equipment was outdated , and that power cuts and communication problems had made things worse . The Post Office has claimed that their system was not at fault . See also ( edit ) Penny Post Credit Union 1st Class Credit Union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Post Office Network Report 2012 '' ( PDF ) . The Post Office . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Policy : Ensuring the future of the universal postal service and Post Office network services '' . GOV.uk. 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company Details : Post Office Ltd '' . Companies House . 2012 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , The Times article analysing Post Office losses . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - CRC FINAL WORD. doc '' ( PDF ) . Publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Future strategy '' . Bis.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Mackie , Lindsey ; Glasman , Maurice ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` This cynical Royal Mail and Post Office divorce will bring only misery '' . The Guardian . London : GMG . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Post Office Ltd Jump up ^ Hope , Christopher ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Fear of mass post office closures averted as Royal Mail agrees 10 year lifeline '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Building a Mutual Post Office Department of Business , Innovation and Skills ( retrieved 8 December 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Up to 70 Crown post offices to be moved into shops '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Post Office secures additional government investment to complete branch modernisation '' . Bis.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Post Office ® mobile service Royal Mail Group Ltd '' . Royalmail.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Post Office A lifeline for small rural communities ... '' . Flickr . 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Changing the face of Payment Services - a better solution for every requirement '' ( PDF ) . Copy-house.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Post Office launches mobile phone network through EE '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Mobile Order Free SIM '' . Post Office . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passport Check Send '' . Post Office . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UK Driving License Photocard Renewal '' . Post Office . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Branches not listed on the Branch Finder and open with restricted access '' ( XLS ) . Whatdotheyknow.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office ' failings ' over cash shortfall investigations '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Wallis '' . Becarefulwhatyouwishfornickwallis.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office IT system criticised in report '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Official website Postwatch -- the watchdog for postal services joined Consumer Focus in October 2008 Postal services in the United Kingdom Postal geography Postcodes List of postcodes List of postcode areas List of postcode districts Postal counties Post town List of post towns London postal district Postcode Address File Mailsort Organisations and philately Royal Mail Post Office British Forces Post Office Parcelforce Postage stamps and postal history Whistl Infrastructure Delivery office Integrated mail processing Intelligent Letter Sorting Machine Mail centre British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies have different operators and regulatory arrangements . Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Optical fiber Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Ltd&oldid=799550819 '' Categories : Government - owned companies of the United Kingdom Postal system of the United Kingdom Retail companies established in 1986 Retail companies of the United Kingdom Royal Mail 1986 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many post office branches in the uk	[ "There are currently around 11,500 post office branches across the UK, of which 300 are directly managed by Post Office Ltd (known as Crown offices). The majority of other branches are either run by various franchise partners or local subpostmaster or operators (who may be members of the National Federation of SubPostmasters or the CWU Postmasters Branch), as \"sub-postoffices\"." ]	[ "around 11,500" ]
5292491096381215407	List of countries by oil production	List of countries by oil production - wikipedia List of countries by oil production Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of countries by oil production , as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2016 , tabulating all countries on a comparable best - estimate basis . Compared with shorter - term data , the full - year figures are less prone to distortion from periodic maintenance shutdowns and other seasonal cycles . The volumes in the table represent crude oil and lease condensate , the hydrocarbon liquids collected at or near the wellhead . The volumes in the table do not include biofuel . They also do not include the increase in liquid volumes during oil refining ( `` refinery gain '' ) , or liquids separated from natural gas in gas processing plants ( natural gas liquids ) . Under this definition , total world oil production in 2016 averaged 80,622,000 barrels per day . Approximately 68 % came from the top ten countries , and an overlapping 44 % came from the fourteen current OPEC members , highlighted with blue shading in the table below . For many years , the top three producers have been ( alphabetically ) Russia , Saudi Arabia , and the United States . Each of these countries experienced major production declines at different times in the past , but since 2014 all three have been producing near their peak rates of 9 to 11 million barrels per day . Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Countries producing oil 2013 , bbl / day ( CIA World Factbook ) Historical worldwide production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids ( IEA , 1960 -- 2009 ) OPEC oil exports and production in 2014 , when Indonesia was preparing to rejoin the organization Country Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) - World Production 80,622,000 Russia 10,551,497 Saudi Arabia ( OPEC ) 10,460,710 United States 8,875,817 Iraq ( OPEC ) 4,451,516 5 Iran ( OPEC ) 3,990,956 6 China 3,980,650 7 Canada 3,662,694 8 United Arab Emirates ( OPEC ) 3,106,077 9 Kuwait ( OPEC ) 2,923,825 10 Brazil 2,515,459 11 Venezuela ( OPEC ) 2,276,967 12 Mexico 2,186,877 13 Nigeria ( OPEC ) 1,999,885 14 Angola ( OPEC ) 1,769,615 15 Norway 1,647,975 16 Kazakhstan 1,595,199 17 Qatar ( OPEC ) 1,522,902 18 Algeria ( OPEC ) 1,348,361 19 Oman 1,006,841 20 Libya ( OPEC ) 1,003,000 21 United Kingdom 939,760 22 Colombia 897,784 22 Indonesia 833,667 23 Azerbaijan 833,538 24 India 734,180 25 Malaysia 661,240 26 Ecuador ( OPEC ) 548,421 27 Argentina 510,560 28 Romania 504,000 29 Egypt 494,325 31 Congo , Republic of the 308,363 32 Vietnam 301,850 33 Australia 289,749 34 Thailand 257,525 35 Sudan and South Sudan 255,000 36 Turkmenistan 230,779 37 Equatorial Guinea ( OPEC ) 227,000 38 Gabon ( OPEC ) 210,820 39 Denmark 140,637 40 Chad 110,156 41 Brunei 109,117 42 Ghana 100,549 43 Cameroon 93,205 44 Pakistan 84,746 45 Italy 70,675 46 Timor - Leste 60,661 47 Trinidad and Tobago 60,090 48 Bolivia 58,077 49 Papua New Guinea 56,667 50 Uzbekistan 52,913 51.5 Bahrain 50,000 51.5 Cuba 50,000 53 Turkey 49,497 54 Tunisia 48,757 55 Germany 46,839 56 Peru 40,266 57 New Zealand 35,574 58 Ukraine 31,989 59.5 Ivory Coast 30,000 59.5 Syria 30,000 61 Belarus 25,000 62 Mongolia 23,426 63 Albania 22,915 64 Yemen 22,000 65 Poland 20,104 67 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 20,000 67 Philippines 20,000 67 Serbia 20,000 69 Netherlands 18,087 70 Suriname 17,000 71 France 16,418 72 Austria 15,161 73 Myanmar 15,000 74 Hungary 13,833 75 Croatia 13,582 76 Niger 13,000 77 Guatemala 8,977 78 Mauritania 5,000 79 Chile 4,423 80 Bangladesh 4,189 81 Japan 3,918 82 Greece 3,172 83 Spain 2,667 84 Czech Republic 2,333 86 Belize 2,000 86 Lithuania 2,000 86 South Africa 2,000 89 Barbados 1,000 89 Bulgaria 1,000 89 Kyrgyzstan 1,000 91 Georgia 400 92 Israel 390 93 Slovakia 200 94 Taiwan 196 95 Tajikistan 180 96 Morocco 160 97 Jordan 22 98 Slovenia 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Energy Review '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . 25 May 2017 . Figure 11.1 a . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Lists of countries by energy rankings Oil Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports All Natural gas Proven reserves Production Consumption Exports Imports Recoverable shale gas Coal Proven reserves Production Exports Imports Nuclear power Uranium Proven reserves Production Generation Renewable energy Hydroelectricity Wind Photovoltaic Geothermal Solar water heating Electric energy Consumption Exports Imports Production Total energy Consumption and production per capita Intensity Summary of top exporters List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_oil_production&oldid=841352645 '' Categories : Energy - related lists by country Petroleum by country Petroleum economics Lists of countries Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Magyar Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 09 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which country is the largest oil producer in the world	[ "\n\n\nCountry\nOil Production\n(bbl/day, 2016)[1]\n\n\n-\nWorld Production\n80,622,000\n\n\n1\n Russia\n10,551,497\n\n\n2\n Saudi Arabia (OPEC)\n10,460,710\n\n\n3\n United States\n8,875,817\n\n\n4\n Iraq (OPEC)\n4,451,516\n\n\n5\n Iran (OPEC)\n3,990,956\n\n\n6\n China\n3,980,650\n\n\n7\n Canada\n3,662,694\n\n\n8\n United Arab Emirates (OPEC)\n3,106,077\n\n\n9\n Kuwait (OPEC)\n2,923,825\n\n\n10\n Brazil\n2,515,459\n\n\n11\n Venezuela (OPEC)\n2,276,967\n\n\n12\n Mexico\n2,186,877\n\n\n13\n Nigeria (OPEC)\n1,999,885\n\n\n14\n Angola (OPEC)\n1,769,615\n\n\n15\n Norway\n1,647,975\n\n\n16\n Kazakhstan\n1,595,199\n\n\n17\n Qatar (OPEC)\n1,522,902\n\n\n18\n Algeria (OPEC)\n1,348,361\n\n\n19\n Oman\n1,006,841\n\n\n20\n Libya (OPEC)\n1,003,000\n\n\n21\n United Kingdom\n939,760\n\n\n22\n Colombia\n897,784\n\n\n22\n Indonesia\n833,667\n\n\n23\n Azerbaijan\n833,538\n\n\n24\n India\n734,180\n\n\n25\n Malaysia\n661,240\n\n\n26\n Ecuador (OPEC)\n548,421\n\n\n27\n Argentina\n510,560\n\n\n28\n Romania\n504,000\n\n\n29\n Egypt\n494,325\n\n\n31\n Congo, Republic of the\n308,363\n\n\n32\n Vietnam\n301,850\n\n\n33\n Australia\n289,749\n\n\n34\n Thailand\n257,525\n\n\n35\n Sudan and South Sudan\n255,000\n\n\n36\n Turkmenistan\n230,779\n\n\n37\n Equatorial Guinea (OPEC)\n227,000\n\n\n38\n Gabon (OPEC)\n210,820\n\n\n39\n Denmark\n140,637\n\n\n40\n Chad\n110,156\n\n\n41\n Brunei\n109,117\n\n\n42\n Ghana\n100,549\n\n\n43\n Cameroon\n93,205\n\n\n44\n Pakistan\n84,746\n\n\n45\n Italy\n70,675\n\n\n46\n Timor-Leste\n60,661\n\n\n47\n Trinidad and Tobago\n60,090\n\n\n48\n Bolivia\n58,077\n\n\n49\n Papua New Guinea\n56,667\n\n\n50\n Uzbekistan\n52,913\n\n\n51.5\n Bahrain\n50,000\n\n\n51.5\n Cuba\n50,000\n\n\n53\n Turkey\n49,497\n\n\n54\n Tunisia\n48,757\n\n\n55\n Germany\n46,839\n\n\n56\n Peru\n40,266\n\n\n57\n New Zealand\n35,574\n\n\n58\n Ukraine\n31,989\n\n\n59.5\n Ivory Coast\n30,000\n\n\n59.5\n Syria\n30,000\n\n\n61\n Belarus\n25,000\n\n\n62\n Mongolia\n23,426\n\n\n63\n Albania\n22,915\n\n\n64\n Yemen\n22,000\n\n\n65\n Poland\n20,104\n\n\n67\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n20,000\n\n\n67\n Philippines\n20,000\n\n\n67\n Serbia\n20,000\n\n\n69\n Netherlands\n18,087\n\n\n70\n Suriname\n17,000\n\n\n71\n France\n16,418\n\n\n72\n Austria\n15,161\n\n\n73\n Myanmar\n15,000\n\n\n74\n Hungary\n13,833\n\n\n75\n Croatia\n13,582\n\n\n76\n Niger\n13,000\n\n\n77\n Guatemala\n8,977\n\n\n78\n Mauritania\n5,000\n\n\n79\n Chile\n4,423\n\n\n80\n Bangladesh\n4,189\n\n\n81\n Japan\n3,918\n\n\n82\n Greece\n3,172\n\n\n83\n Spain\n2,667\n\n\n84\n Czech Republic\n2,333\n\n\n86\n Belize\n2,000\n\n\n86\n Lithuania\n2,000\n\n\n86\n South Africa\n2,000\n\n\n89\n Barbados\n1,000\n\n\n89\n Bulgaria\n1,000\n\n\n89\n Kyrgyzstan\n1,000\n\n\n91\n Georgia\n400\n\n\n92\n Israel\n390\n\n\n93\n Slovakia\n200\n\n\n94\n Taiwan\n196\n\n\n95\n Tajikistan\n180\n\n\n96\n Morocco\n160\n\n\n97\n Jordan\n22\n\n\n98\n Slovenia\n5\n\n" ]	[ "Russia" ]
7177561583824535033	List of Arrow characters	List of Arrow characters - wikipedia List of Arrow characters Jump to : navigation , search The main cast featured in a promotional image for the second season . From left to right , Laurel ( Cassidy ) , Slade ( Bennett ) , Felicity ( Rickards ) , Oliver ( Amell ) , John ( Ramsey ) , Thea ( Holland ) , and Roy ( Haynes ) . Arrow is an American television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . Many of the other characters appearing in the series are also based on DC Comics characters . The series premiered on October 10 , 2012 in the United States on The CW television network , and is currently in its sixth season . Arrow follows the story of billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) . He is discovered after being stranded for five years on an isolated island . When he returns home , Queen secretly becomes a bow - and - arrow - wielding vigilante in order to honor his father 's legacy and atone for his family 's sins . Throughout the series , he is joined by others in his quest to protect Star City ( formerly Starling City ) . The characters that eventually aid Queen 's vigilante efforts include : former soldier John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) , I.T. expert and skilled hacker Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , former assassin Sara Lance ( Caity Lotz ) , aspiring vigilante Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Oliver 's sister Thea / Speedy ( Willa Holland ) , and attorney - turned - vigilante Laurel Lance ( Katie Cassidy ) . The group also receives support from Quentin Lance ( Paul Blackthorne ) who works at the police department . During the first five seasons of the shows , characters from Oliver 's past appear in a separate story arc based on Oliver 's flashbacks , which highlight parallels from Oliver 's history that shape events in the main story . The following is a list of characters who have appeared in the television series . Many are named after ( or based on ) DC Comics characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Oliver Queen / Green Arrow 2.2 Laurel Lance / Black Canary / Black Siren 2.3 Tommy Merlyn 2.4 John Diggle / Spartan 2.5 Thea Queen / Speedy 2.6 Moira Queen 2.7 Quentin Lance 2.8 Felicity Smoak / Overwatch 2.9 Roy Harper / Arsenal 2.10 Slade Wilson / Deathstroke 2.11 Malcolm Merlyn / Dark Archer 2.12 Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific 2.13 Adrian Chase / Prometheus 2.14 Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog 2.15 Dinah Drake / Black Canary 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in season one 3.2 Introduced in season two 3.3 Introduced in season three 3.4 Introduced in season four 3.5 Introduced in season five 3.6 Introduced in season six 4 Guest stars 4.1 Introduced in season one 4.2 Introduced in season two 4.3 Introduced in season three 4.4 Introduced in season four 4.5 Introduced in season five 4.6 Introduced in season six 5 See also 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by First appearance Seasons 5 6 Main characters Oliver Queen / Green Arrow Stephen Amell `` Pilot '' Main Laurel Lance / Black Canary ( Earth - 1 ) Katie Cassidy Main Guest Does not appear Laurel Lance / Black Siren ( Earth - 2 ) `` What We Leave Behind '' Recurring Main Tommy Merlyn Colin Donnell `` Pilot '' Main Guest Does not appear Guest John Diggle / Spartan David Ramsey Main Thea Queen / Speedy Willa Holland Main Moira Queen Susanna Thompson Main Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Quentin Lance Paul Blackthorne Main Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Emily Bett Rickards `` Lone Gunmen '' Recurring Main Roy Harper / Arsenal Colton Haynes `` Dodger '' Recurring Main Guest Does not appear Guest Slade Wilson / Deathstroke Manu Bennett `` Betrayal '' Recurring Main Guest Does not appear Guest Malcolm Merlyn / Dark Archer John Barrowman `` An Innocent Man '' Recurring Main Recurring Does not appear Curtis Holt / Mister Terrific Echo Kellum `` The Candidate '' Does not appear Recurring Main Adrian Chase / Prometheus Josh Segarra `` A Matter of Trust '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog Rick Gonzalez `` Legacy '' Does not appear Recurring Main Dinah Drake / Black Canary Juliana Harkavy `` Who Are You ? '' Does not appear Recurring Main Recurring characters Walter Steele Colin Salmon `` Pilot '' Recurring Does not appear Joanna De La Vega Annie Ilonzeh Recurring Guest Does not appear Lucas Hilton Roger Cross Recurring Guest Does not appear Sara Lance / Canary / White Canary Jacqueline MacInnes Wood Guest Does not appear Caity Lotz `` City of Heroes '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Chien Na Wei / China White Kelly Hu `` Honor Thy Father '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Yao Fei Gulong Byron Mann `` Lone Gunmen '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Carly Diggle Christie Laing Recurring Does not appear Edward Fyers Sebastian Dunn `` Damaged '' Recurring Does not appear Bill `` Billy '' Wintergreen Jeffrey C. Robinson Recurring Does not appear Kate Spencer Chelah Horsdal Guest Recurring Does not appear McKenna Hall Janina Gavankar `` Vertigo '' Recurring Does not appear Frank Pike Adrian Holmes `` Betrayal '' Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Shado Celina Jade `` The Odyssey '' Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Guest Frank Chen Chin Han `` Dodger '' Recurring Does not appear Lyla Michaels / Harbinger Audrey Marie Anderson `` Unfinished Business '' Guest Recurring Guest Isabel Rochev / Ravager Summer Glau `` City of Heroes '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Adam Donner Dylan Bruce Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Bethany Snow Keri Adams Does not appear Recurring Sebastian Blood / Brother Blood Kevin Alejandro `` Identities '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jean Loring Teryl Rothery `` Broken Dolls '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Sin Bex Taylor - Klaus Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Daily Jesse Hutch `` Crucible '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Anatoli Knyazev David Nykl Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Recurring Dr. Anthony Ivo Dylan Neal `` League of Assassins '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Amanda Waller / Mockingbird Cynthia Addai - Robinson `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Nyssa al Ghul Katrina Law `` Heir to the Demon '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Guest Maseo Yamashiro / Sarab Karl Yune `` The Calm '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Tatsu Yamashiro / Katana Rila Fukushima Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Ted Grant / Wildcat J.R. Ramirez Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ray Palmer / The Atom Brandon Routh Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Sara Diggle Unknown Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Akio Yamashiro Brandon Nomura Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ra 's al Ghul Matt Nable `` The Magician '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Donna Smoak Charlotte Ross `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Guest Chase Austin Butler `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Matthew Schrieve Marc Singer `` The Return '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Andy Diggle Eugene Byrd Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Michael Amar / Murmur Adrian Glynn McMorran `` The Offer '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Damien Darhk Neal McDonough `` Green Arrow '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Baron Reiter Jimmy Akingbola `` The Candidate '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Taiana Venediktov Elysia Rotaru Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Lonnie Machin / Anarky Alexander Calvert Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Conklin Ryan Robbins `` Restoration '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alex Davis Parker Young `` Haunted '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear William Clayton Jack Moore `` Legends of Yesterday '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Ruvé Adams Janet Kidder `` Dark Waters '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Paul Holt Chernier Hundal Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Noah Kuttler / Calculator Tom Amandes `` Unchained '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Evelyn Sharp / Artemis Madison McLaughlin `` Canary Cry '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Tobias Church Chad L. Coleman `` Legacy '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Billy Malone Tyler Ritter Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Viktor Mike Dopud Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Rory Regan / Ragman Joe Dinicol `` The Recruits '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Susan Williams Carly Pope `` A Matter of Trust '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Konstantin Kovar Dolph Lundgren `` So It Begins '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ishmael Gregor David Meunier Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Talia al Ghul Lexa Doig `` Who Are You ? '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alena Kacey Rohl `` Second Chances '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Vincent Sobel / Vigilante Clayton Chitty Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Johann Urb `` Deathstroke Returns '' Does not appear Recurring Cayden James Michael Emerson `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Samandra Watson Sydelle Noel `` Tribute '' Does not appear Recurring Sheck Tobias Jelinek `` Reversal '' Does not appear Recurring Ricardo Diaz Kirk Acevedo `` Promises Kept '' Does not appear Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Oliver Queen / Green Arrow ( edit ) Main article : Oliver Queen ( Arrow ) Stephen Amell Oliver Jonas `` Ollie '' Queen ( portrayed by Stephen Amell ) is the main protagonist of the series . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , Oliver returns to Starling City after being presumed dead for five years , shipwrecked on the remote island of Lian Yu following the loss of his family yacht . He lives a dual life -- rich playboy by day and vigilante by night , targeting individuals whose names appear in a notebook given to him by his now - deceased father , Robert Queen . He struggles to find a balance between his quest and reconnecting with his family ( his sister Thea Queen and mother Moira Queen ) and friends ( best friend Tommy Merlyn and ex-girlfriend Laurel Lance ) . In flashbacks set five years earlier , Oliver , Robert , and Sara Lance are aboard the Queen 's Gambit when bad weather causes it to sink . During the shipwreck , Sara is sucked out to sea . Oliver and his father escape on a life raft but Robert shoots himself to increase Oliver 's chances of survival , asking Oliver to `` right his wrongs '' . Oliver eventually lands the raft on an island called Lian Yu . He soon discovers that he is not alone on the island as he is hunted by a mercenary group . With the help of allies , Slade Wilson , Yao Fei , and Shado , he begins to learn the skills needed to survive . During season one , John Diggle and Felicity Smoak both become involved in his crusade . The vigilante team ultimately realizes the list of names is connected to a larger conspiracy called `` The Undertaking '' , a scheme orchestrated by Malcolm Merlyn to destroy the poor and crime - ridden neighborhood of the Glades . Oliver fights and supposedly kills Malcolm but The Undertaking succeeds , leaving the Glades largely destroyed and 503 dead including Tommy Merlyn . In season two , Oliver returns to Starling City after spending time at Lian Yu to work through his grief . He now goes by the alias `` Arrow '' and , in honor of Tommy , vows never to kill again . He fights criminals who take advantage of the Glades after its destruction , while trying to redeem himself as a hero , but is challenged when those closest to him are endangered . He co-administers Queen Consolidated with Isabel Rochev and becomes friends with Alderman Sebastian Blood . Oliver finds himself investigating a larger plot orchestrated by Slade Wilson , involving `` Mirakuru '' , a strength - enhancing drug . It is Slade 's intention to destroy everything and everyone Oliver cares for . Sebastian and Isabel are also working for Slade and help bankrupt Oliver , causing him to lose his home and business . Oliver gets help from Sara Lance , now the vigilante `` Canary '' , and takes Thea 's boyfriend , Roy Harper , as a protégé . After Felicity injects Slade with the Mirakuru cure , Oliver defeats Slade and locks him in an underground prison on Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver is hunted by Dr. Ivo 's armed crew who seek the Mirakuru and he accidentally causes the death of Shado , his lover on the island . Slade also loved Shado , which explains his vendetta against Oliver . A flashback before the shipwreck reveals that Oliver impregnated a college classmate named Samantha Clayton , and Moira paid Samantha to tell Oliver the child died and to move to Central City , leaving him unaware of his impending fatherhood . In season three , Oliver has become a public hero to the citizens of Starling City and has taken Roy on as a full sidekick . He lives in his foundry safe - house , having lost his mansion . Oliver is faced with the moral question of whether he can be Oliver Queen and live his life while the city needs the Arrow . This is further challenged when he realizes he is in love with Felicity . She has caught the attention of Ray Palmer , the new head of Queen Consolidated . After Thea returns to Starling City , they decide to reopen their nightclub together . Oliver is also inadvertently embroiled in a conflict with Raʾs al Ghul due to Malcolm 's manipulations . During a fight with Raʾs , he suffers a mortal wound and nearly dies , but is saved by Maseo and Tatsu Yamashiro . Raʾs demands that Oliver become his heir because he is the only man to survive a death match against him , fulfilling a prophecy of the League of Assassins . When Oliver rejects the offer , Raʾs tries to force him by killing people while posing as the Arrow . When Raʾs nearly kills Thea , Oliver chooses to join the League , abandoning his former identity to become Al Sah - him ( Arabic : سهم ‎ ; `` Arrow '' ) ; he pretends to be a darker and crueler version of himself in order to get closer to Raʾs and destroy the League from within . Raʾs has Oliver marry his daughter , Nyssa al Ghul , to keep his bloodline in charge of the League . Oliver later kills Raʾs and inherits the mantle but immediately passes it to Malcolm . He decides to retire from being the Arrow and live with Felicity , knowing that Laurel , Diggle , Ray , and Thea will protect the city in his absence . The season flashbacks explore Oliver 's time in Hong Kong where , after witnessing his combat capabilities on the island , Amanda Waller forces him to become an A.R.G.U.S. agent using the Yamashiros as his handlers . It is revealed that Oliver returned to Starling City while on a mission where he discovered Thea 's drug problems , , witnessed the start of the relationship between Laurel and Tommy , and seeing John Diggle and Felicity Smoak for the first time . In season four , Oliver is called from retirement to help Laurel and Thea stop a group known as `` The Ghosts '' led by Damien Darhk , leader of H.I.V.E. Oliver now goes by the name `` Green Arrow '' , ostensibly a new vigilante following in the footsteps of the Arrow , who Star City ( formerly Starling City ) believes to have died . He plans to propose to Felicity and run for mayor . While on a mission with Barry Allen in Central City , Oliver meets Samantha Clayton 's son , William , and ultimately learns that he is William 's father . Samantha refuses to grant Oliver full access because of his playboy past and her ill feelings toward his mother . The revelations of his fatherhood complicates Oliver 's relationship with Felicity and his duty as Green Arrow , and threatens to jeopardize his mayoral campaign . When a H.I.V.E. attack leaves Felicity permanently paraplegic , Oliver 's fight with Darhk becomes a vendetta . Oliver also discovers that Thea is dying because the Pit 's restorative effect on her is waning ; Nyssa offers a cure in exchange for killing Malcolm . In a fight , Oliver cuts off Malcolm 's left hand and gives the Demon 's Head ring to Nyssa in exchange for the cure . Nyssa disbands the League of Assassins , causing Malcolm to seek vengeance against Oliver . As a result , Darhk kidnaps William , Oliver 's relationship with Felicity becomes estranged , and Oliver is forced to resign from his mayoral campaign . After Darhk is successfully prosecuted , Malcolm , with help from Andy Diggle , aids Darhk 's escape by restoring his magic , and fatally stabs Laurel with Oliver 's arrow . Laurel dies of her injuries moments after admitting that she still loves Oliver , who is devastated . During his quest to stop Darhk , Oliver learns that the pure forces of light can counter Darhk 's powers and that H.I.V.E. plans to rule a post-apocalyptic world . At the end of the season Oliver stops Darhk 's plan to destroy the world and kills him . With the death of the previous mayor , Ruve Adams , Oliver becomes acting mayor of Star City . The season 's flashbacks explore Oliver 's training with A.R.G.U.S. and his infiltration of the Shadowspire organization on Lian Yu . In season five , Oliver initially returns to killing because he blames himself for Laurel 's death . He later recruits a team of vigilantes to help balance his double life as Green Arrow and Star City 's mayor . In the process , he meets metahuman vigilante Dinah Drake , and sees her as a candidate to succeed Laurel as Black Canary , inspired to continue Laurel 's legacy after encountering her evil Earth - 2 counterpart . Oliver is stalked by a mysterious archer , Prometheus , who seeks vengeance for the death of his father by `` The Hood '' . The season 's flashbacks examine Oliver 's time in Russia , where he joins the Bratva ( Russian mafia ) as part of an assassination plot against Konstantin Kovar and explores the criminal fraternity in the process . One of Raʾs al Ghul 's children , Talia al Ghul , trains Oliver and gives him green garb based on the League of Assassin 's uniforms . In the present , Talia seeks vengeance against Oliver for killing her father and allies with Prometheus , who was another of her students . After a series of battles with Prometheus , leading to the abductions of Oliver 's family and friends , including Samantha and William , Oliver defeats his enemy at Lian Yu , though Prometheus kills himself afterward . William also learns of his relation to Oliver and discovers his father 's secrets . In season six , despite Oliver 's victory , the final battle with Prometheus killed William 's mother and left Thea in a coma . Oliver now struggles to raise William himself , who initially blames Oliver for his mother 's death and tries to keep his distance from , but in time slowly begins to bond with . Oliver slowly tries to rekindle his romance with Felicity , and hopes that William will accept her . Oliver 's secrets are also at risk when a photo of him unmasked is leaked by an unknown party and is broadcast throughout the media , leading to him being investigated by the FBI and subsequently facing enough criminal charges to land him behind bars , which leads him to step down as the Green Arrow and pass the title to Diggle . Afterwards , Thea recovers from her coma , and following the conflict with Earth - X , Oliver and Felicity are married , after which Felicity accepts the role of stepmother to William . In addition , former HELIX leader Cayden James holds the Green Arrow responsible for his son 's death despite Oliver 's denial of any involvement , leading them to become enemies , and Oliver later discovers the possibility of a hidden adversary who is more dangerous than James responsible of framing him . Eventually , Oliver is made aware of the injury Diggle suffered during his time standing in for him , after which he resumes his duties as the Green Arrow , which with Felicity 's help , William gradually becomes more accepting of . A villainous parallel universe doppelgänger of Oliver , Dark Arrow from Earth - X , is introduced in season six , during the crossover event `` Crisis on Earth - X '' . He is the Führer of the Nazi - ruled Earth and married to Overgirl , Supergirl 's doppelgänger . He is enemies with General Winn Schott ( Supergirl 's friend Winn Schott 's doppelgänger ) , who is the resistance movement leader of the Freedom Fighters and heroes include Earth - X 's Guardian / James Olsen ( Supergirl 's friend James Olsen 's doppelgänger ) , Citizen Cold / Leonard Snart ( Leonard Snart 's Earth - X 's doppelgänger ) , and The Ray / Ray Terrill ( Earth - 1 's displaced superhero ) . This Oliver is also the leader of Earth - X 's supervillain team New Reichsmen , in which his wife , Tommy Merlyn 's doppelgänger as Prometheus , and a time remnant version of Eobard Thawne , Barry Allen 's archenemy , are also members . During the final battle with the Green Arrow and his allies , though both archers are equally matched in skills , the Dark Arrow was later killed by Green Arrow after being distracted from his wife 's explosive death , giving Oliver the chance to fire an arrow into his doppelgänger 's chest . Laurel Lance / Black Canary / Black Siren ( edit ) Further information : Black Canary Katie Cassidy Dinah Laurel Lance ( portrayed by Katie Cassidy ) is an assistant district attorney and Oliver Queen 's ex-girlfriend . She is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , she is a lawyer for legal aid firm CNRI and Tommy Merlyn 's girlfriend . When Oliver returns , she blames him for the death of her sister , Sara . She gradually comes to accept him upon learning of his suffering on Lian Yu , and remembering her sister 's rebellious faults . This puts Laurel at odds with her father , Quentin . She occasionally works with the Hood / Arrow -- unaware that he is Oliver -- with cases the courts are unwilling to move on . Oliver and Laurel eventually rekindle their relationship after Tommy breaks up with her . Tommy dies saving Laurel when CNRI is destroyed along with much of the Glades . In season two , Laurel is hired as an assistant district attorney , assigned to prosecute Moira Queen . Because of guilt over Tommy 's death , she and Oliver decide to remain friends , and Laurel begins taking drugs and drinking while pushing friends and family away . Laurel eventually chooses sobriety after an argument with Oliver . Inspired by Sara 's vigilante alter - ego , Canary , she regains her job as assistant district attorney . Learning from Slade Wilson that Oliver is the Arrow , Laurel confronts Oliver and decides to keep his secret , also deducing Sara 's secret . In season three , Laurel works to prosecute the criminals Oliver catches . Sara returns to Starling City and is killed in front of Laurel , who makes an amateurish attempt to replace her as the Canary . Oliver refuses to train her , so Laurel seeks former boxer and vigilante Ted Grant / Wildcat 's help with combat training . Laurel does not tell Quentin about Sara 's death until a near - death experience , resulting in their estrangement . She wears Sara 's Canary jacket and eventually becomes the `` Black Canary '' , partnering with Roy Harper . She learns that Malcolm is directly responsible for Sara 's murder and tries to avenge Sara and Tommy 's deaths . Nyssa saves her from Malcolm and furthers her training . Laurel gradually becomes a skilled combatant and Cisco Ramon provides her with an ultrasonic collar using components from both Sara 's and Hartley Rathaway 's weapons , improving Laurel 's tactics with sonic weaponry . This collar , dubbed the `` Canary Cry '' , becomes her primary weapon used to disorient enemies with an overwhelming scream , while Team Arrow use ear - pieces to shield them from the effect . After Raʾs al Ghul 's defeat and Oliver 's retirement , Laurel remains on Team Arrow defending Starling City . In season four , Laurel and Thea realize they are outmatched against H.I.V.E. and they bring Oliver back . Laurel hopes to revive Sara in the same way Thea was resurrected ; with help from Oliver and John Constantine , Laurel retrieves Sara 's soul from the afterlife . Laurel discovers that Damien Darhk is extorting her father to work with H.I.V.E. Laurel is further frustrated at Oliver when she learns that he cheated on her , resulting in his having a son named William , but has no ill feelings towards William 's mother , Samantha . During Darhk 's attempted breakout , Laurel is stabbed with an arrow by Darhk as revenge against her father 's betrayal . She later dies after making Oliver keep a promise to not let her be the last Canary , and confessing that she still loves him . Evelyn Sharp begins masquerading as Black Canary ; her actions brand Black Canary as a criminal . Oliver saves Laurel 's image by revealing her secret to the public . Laurel is later avenged when Oliver kills Darhk . In season five , when Oliver , John , Thea , Sara , and Ray are abducted by the Dominators , they are placed in a shared hallucination where Laurel is alive ; seeing Laurel allows Oliver and Sara to move on from her death . In the mid-season finale , Oliver discovers Laurel seemingly alive and well , but Felicity discovers she is actually Laurel 's Earth - 2 counterpart `` Black Siren '' -- previously introduced in The Flash -- and is working with Prometheus . Oliver hopes to help Earth - 2 Laurel find redemption , believing it to be the only way to forgive himself for Earth - 1 Laurel 's death . Laurel was in love with Oliver 's Earth - 2 counterpart , until the latter 's death 10 years ago ; she moved to Central City to start a new life , only to become Black Siren when affected by Harrison Wells 's particle accelerator , and then fell under Zoom 's influence . Encountering Earth - 2 Laurel also motivates Oliver to keep the promise to Earth - 1 Laurel . Laurel works with Evelyn to kidnap the members of Team Arrow including Quentin . Laurel reveals to Quentin that , while she helps Adrian out of gratitude for freeing her from A.R.G.U.S. , she is sentimental towards her father 's Earth - 1 counterpart . After the destruction of Lian Yu at the end of the season , Laurel 's fate is unknown . In season six , Laurel survived the Lian Yu explosions but was injured by Quentin and left for dead , but a mysterious figure subsequently found and rescued her from the island , later revealed to be Cayden James . Her father 's counterpart 's attempts to reach her leave Laurel conflicted , however she still goes on to murder Vigilante , at James ' order . After being shot by Black Canary ( who try to kill in cold blood ; due to Laurel being one who killed Laurel Dinah 's boyfriend , Vincent Sobel ; under James ' orders ) , Quentin Lance patched up Lance and took her to parts unknown to get the part of her goodness she lost back into her . Actress Katie Cassidy is again be a series regular as the Earth - 1 version during seasons one to four and then as a guest in season five and again in season six as the Earth - 2 iteration . Tommy Merlyn ( edit ) Colin Donnell Thomas `` Tommy '' Merlyn ( portrayed by Colin Donnell ) is Oliver 's best friend and the son of Malcolm Merlyn . He shares his surname with the DC Comics character Merlyn . A version was introduced as a former friend - turned - enemy of the titular character in the Green Arrow comics in The New 52 . In season one , Tommy is a spoiled playboy who lives off the financial support of his father . After his father cuts him off , Tommy manages Oliver 's nightclub , Verdant , and dates Laurel . He learns Oliver 's secret when Oliver , as the vigilante , saves Malcolm from assassins . Oliver and Tommy 's relationship becomes strained with Tommy seeing Oliver as a killer . Tommy later breaks up with Laurel thinking that she belongs with Oliver . Tommy is killed rescuing Laurel from a collapsing building damaged by Malcolm 's earthquake machine during the Undertaking . In season two , Oliver vows never to kill again in Tommy 's memory . During Oliver 's fight with Cyrus Gold , he sees an image of Tommy , who calls him a hero and urges him to defeat his enemy . It is also revealed that he is the paternal half - brother of Thea Queen . In season three , Tommy appears twice in flashbacks . In `` Sara '' , he travels to Hong Kong looking for Oliver , but fails to find him . In `` The Return '' , the episode shows him throwing himself a birthday party , trying to stop Thea from using drugs , and growing closer to Laurel . In season five , in the Dominators ' dream world , it is referred by his father that Tommy becomes a cardiothoracic surgeon after completing his residency in Chicago ( a nod to Donnell 's role as Dr. Connor Rhodes in the television series Chicago Med after leaving Arrow ) and he appears as a ghost when Oliver leaves it . In season six , in a parallel world , Earth - X , Tommy Merlyn 's counterpart is revealed to be its version of Prometheus , introduced in Supergirl . Like his doppelgänger , this Tommy Merlyn is friends with the Oliver Queen of his world , who is Dark Arrow . Merlyn is a member of the New Reichsmen with Dark Arrow , Overgirl , and the Reverse - Flash , and his parents are alive on Earth - X . Unlike his Earth - 1 self , Merlyn received trainings in combat and archery similar to Dark Arrow 's , and thus his skills are consistent to Earth - 1 's archers Oliver Queen , Malcolm Merlyn , and Adrian Chase 's . After Sara Lance and Alex Danvers subdue and capture him , Merlyn cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to his deceased doppelgänger , and kills himself via cyanide capsule , leading Oliver later sees Tommy 's doppelgänger as a perversion to him . John Diggle / Spartan ( edit ) David Ramsey John Thomas Diggle , Sr. , ( portrayed by David Ramsey ) is a decorated former United States Army Special Forces soldier , honorably discharged with the rank of master sergeant , and Oliver 's friend and partner . While John Diggle was originally a character created for the show , his popularity led to a character of the same name modeled after Ramsey 's appearance to be created for the Green Arrow comics in The New 52 . While elements from the Arrow TV series were removed after issue 40 , John appeared again following the relaunching of the series as part of DC Rebirth . During season one , John is hired as Oliver 's bodyguard and becomes his confidant in his mission to save Starling City . John tries to help Oliver balance his normal life and vigilante life , and occasionally helps him in the field . John provides Oliver with medical assistance , limiting his need for hospital treatment . Already a skilled fighter , John receives additional training from Oliver . John has a grudge against Floyd Lawton / Deadshot who killed his brother , Andy . John dates his brother 's widow , Carly , and is a father figure to her son , A.J. , during this season . In season two , John and Felicity continue to help Oliver with his crusade and John continues to be Oliver 's adviser and field partner , along with Sara and Roy . John has a relationship with his ex-wife Lyla Michaels , is an unofficial member of A.R.G.U.S. , and is a member of the Suicide Squad under the codename `` Freelancer '' . He also develops an uneasy alliance with Amanda Waller who occasionally asks him for field assistance with A.R.G.U.S. missions . It is revealed that Lyla is pregnant with John 's child . In season three , John continues to help Oliver and his team , but has to devote more of his time to his new baby with Lyla , whom he names Sara after Sara Lance is killed . After Lyla is seriously injured in an attack , they decide to remarry . When Oliver is presumed dead at Raʾs al Ghul 's hands , John leads Felicity , Roy , and Laurel until his friend 's return . After Oliver 's return , John accompanies him to Nanda Parbat to help him free Malcolm , but the two are captured . John and Lyla marry after a near - death experience with the Suicide Squad , when Deadshot sacrifices himself for them . John and Lyla decide to quit Team Arrow and A.R.G.U.S. for their daughter 's sake . After Oliver leaves the team to join the League of Assassins as part of a deal to revive a deceased Thea , John becomes the team leader , though he is not yet ready to forgive Oliver for kidnapping Lyla as part of a deception to gain acceptance by the League . In season four , John , going by the codename `` Spartan '' , discovers that the organization that targets Star City is H.I.V.E. , who have hired Lawton to murder John 's brother , Andy . John eventually forgives Oliver after their fight with a H.I.V.E. metahuman operative named Jeremy Tell . With Quentin Lance 's help , John learns that Damien Darhk had Andy murdered , and that he was a drug cartel leader and Darhk 's territorial rival prior to his death . However , John discovers that Darhk actually faked Andy 's death and recruited him as a H.I.V.E. soldier , leading John and his brother to become enemies . Guilt - ridden over his brother 's role in causing Laurel 's death , John seeks revenge against Andy and Darhk . John kills his brother after Andy nearly causes Lyla and Sara to be killed . He initially lies to Lyla , saying that he killed Andy in self - defense , but Oliver encourages John to admit the truth to his wife . John rejoins the US Army after confiding to his wife and Darhk 's defeat . In season five , John is betrayed by his commanding officer , J.G. Walker , following a failed attempt to sell nuclear weapons . John is framed for Walker 's crimes ; Oliver and Lyla break him out of state prison , and John stays at H.I.V.E. 's former base until his innocence can be proven . John remains guilty about killing Andy and continues to serve as Spartan to redeem himself . Due to the events of The Flash episode `` Flashpoint '' , John 's family history is altered : his daughter Sara has been erased from existence and replaced by John `` J.J. '' Diggle , Jr. , as a result of a timeline change caused by Eobard Thawne , correcting the Flashpoint reality created by Barry . John eventually learns of the alteration of his life , his daughter 's erasure and his son 's status as a time aberration , and despite the hurt caused by these circumstances , he chooses to forgive Barry . Lyla , however , distrusts Barry for this . Felicity is able to prove John 's innocence by restoring the digital files that Walker had destroyed . However , Andy 's betrayal and death at John 's hands has taken a toll on him ; he struggles to control his rage and occasionally pulverizes criminals to vent it , fueling Oliver 's concern over his erratic behavior . John later befriends Oliver 's chosen successor to Laurel 's mantle , Dinah Drake , a Central City detective , and encourages her to set down roots in Star City . By the end of season five , John 's fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . In season six , John is revealed to have survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane like the others . However , he was wounded by bomb shrapnel and suffers a degenerative nerve injury that affects his motor control that requires taking daily medications , resulting him to develop a drug dependency . When Oliver decides to retire from being the Green Arrow , he appoints John as his successor , not knowing that John is not in condition to remain in action until later . Oliver returns to vigilantism until John is fully recovered from his injury . Thea Queen / Speedy ( edit ) Main article : Thea Queen Willa Holland Thea Dearden Queen ( portrayed by Willa Holland ) is the daughter of Moira Queen and Malcolm Merlyn , though both Malcolm and Thea were unaware of their relation to each other until season two , and the younger half - sister to Oliver Queen and Tommy Merlyn . Her brother 's nickname for her and later hero persona ( `` Speedy '' ) , her middle name of Dearden and the alias `` Mia '' she used during her time at Corto Maltese , are Easter egg connections to one of Green Arrow 's sidekicks in the comics . In season one , Thea is battling a drug and alcohol problem which she used to fill the pain of losing her brother . After court - ordered community service from taking `` Vertigo '' , she grows to be more responsible . Thea 's addiction with Vertigo causes a bitter animosity between Oliver 's vigilante alter - ego and the drug 's creator , The Count . She also falls in love with Roy Harper , a lifelong street criminal who she meets when he steals her purse . Though he initially has no romantic interest in Thea despite an obvious physical attraction to her , mainly out of resentment of her wealth , Roy later begins to genuinely fall in love with her . In season two , Thea runs the Verdant nightclub in Oliver and Tommy 's absences and continues seeing Roy , but is frustrated by Roy 's need to save people , though she gradually comes to accept it . She is the subject of exclusion as most characters keep secrets from her including her true paternity which she eventually discovers when Slade Wilson abducts her . She breaks up with Roy when he cheats on her , though he only does this to keep her away from him during his Mirakuru problem . Despite reconciling with Roy after having learned of his illness , she breaks up with him again after discovering his allegiance to the Arrow . After her mother 's death , she decides to leave Starling City . Malcolm comes to save her and convinces her to leave with him . In season three , Thea is in Corto Maltese receiving combat training from Malcolm , though she soon decides to return to Starling with Oliver . She reopens her nightclub after Malcolm secretly buys the foundry from Queen Consolidated for her . She learns Oliver 's secret identity as the Arrow when he shows her his hideout under the nightclub and begins to distrust Malcolm after learning that he already knew Oliver 's secret . After Thea is told that her father used her as a pawn against both Oliver and Raʾs al Ghul by drugging and manipulating her into killing Sara Lance , she arranges for him to be captured by the League in retaliation . She reconciles with Roy but is nearly killed by Raʾs and brought back to life in the Lazarus Pit in exchange for Oliver joining the League of Assassins . Thea blames herself for letting her brother join the League . Roy breaks up with her when he leaves Starling City after faking his death , hoping that Thea can make a life of her own without him . He also leaves her his red costume which she wears to become a vigilante herself as his successor . In season four , Thea works with Oliver and his friends in the fight against the terrorist organization H.I.V.E. as `` Speedy '' . Despite the enjoyment of being a vigilante , Thea 's behavior becomes increasingly volatile and reckless when in the field , which Oliver realizes is a side effect of being in the Lazarus Pit . Thea helps Laurel to bring Sara back from death in hopes of making amends towards the Lance family . Because of this , Thea becomes telepathically linked with Sara for a period after her resurrection in the Lazarus Pit . It is also revealed that Thea 's Lazarus Pit side effect is able to counteract Damien Darhk 's life force drain , temporarily relieving her bloodlust . Thea begins to die as the Pit 's restorative effect wanes . With Tatsu Yamashiro 's help , Nyssa al Ghul gives Oliver the `` Lotus '' , an elixir used by the Crescent Order that permanently reverses the effects of the Lazarus Pit , saving her life . Thea learns that Oliver is William 's father , and that her mother had known and kept it a secret from them all . Thea meets William after Darhk kidnaps him , but she and Oliver are unable to acknowledge their relation to William due to their mother 's actions and for the boy 's safety . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé Adams , eventually brainwashes Thea 's new boyfriend , Alex Davis , into kidnapping her to a miniaturized H.I.V.E. facility built from stolen technology belonging to Ray Palmer . In season five , Thea now works as Oliver 's mayoral chief - of - staff , and is adamant about retiring from being a vigilante after Oliver kills a number of Tobias Church 's thugs . She hires Quentin as deputy mayor and helps him beat his alcoholism . However , while working to help her brother politically she makes some ruthless decisions , including ruining the career of Oliver 's new love interest , reporter Susan Williams . Felicity is able to restore Susan 's credibility , and Thea , realizing she has gone too far , resigns from her position soon afterward , despite Oliver asking her to stay . She occasionally resumes her vigilante role when needed . She is abducted by Adrian Chase and brought to Lian Yu with the others on the team , and was on the island when Chase sets off the massive explosions at the end of the final episode . In season six , Thea is in the hospital , still in a coma five months after being critically injured in the destruction of Lian Yu . She later recovered during Thanksgiving Day and is greeted by her family and friends , including William , whom she happily acknowledged and help raising her nephew with Oliver and Felicity . She is also again works as Oliver 's chief - of - staff following her recovery . Moira Queen ( edit ) Susanna Thompson Moira Queen ( portrayed by Susanna Thompson ) is the mother of Oliver and Thea , the former acting CEO of Queen Consolidated , mayoral candidate and wife of Robert Queen and later Walter Steele . She also had a brief affair with Malcolm Merlyn after his wife 's death , which resulted in Thea 's birth . She is based on the minor DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , Moira is involved in `` The Undertaking '' , a criminal conspiracy orchestrated by Malcolm to destroy the Glades , with him forcing Moira to handle all interference and supply him with the resources needed . Her involvement causes her to keep many secrets from her family which , when revealed , causes Walter to divorce her and her kids to become distant . Moira eventually confesses her involvement and Malcolm 's , which results in her arrest . In season two , Moira is put on trial but she is acquitted as Malcolm returns , alive . She makes Malcolm go on the run by informing Raʾs al Ghul of his survival . Moira eventually becomes a mayoral candidate against Sebastian Blood on Walter 's advice , but the secret of Thea 's parentage is revealed , causing a rift between Moira and her children . It is revealed that she had been aware of Oliver 's secret identity as the Arrow since the night of her arrest . She is murdered by Slade Wilson as part of his revenge plot against Oliver . In a flashback , Moira paid Samantha Clayton to tell Oliver she lost their baby and to move away to Central City . In season three , Moira 's voice is briefly heard when Oliver calls home from Hong Kong . In season four , Samantha reveals she never cashed Moira 's check , and the attempted bribe resulted in Samantha hating Moira ; as a result , Samantha denied Moira access to her grandson , William . Oliver is hurt when he finds out , and angry with Moira for the deception . In season five , Moira is seen as a figment of Oliver 's Dominators - induced hallucination . Quentin Lance ( edit ) Paul Blackthorne Quentin Larry Lance ( portrayed by Paul Blackthorne ) is a deputy mayor , former police detective and captain , the father of Laurel and Sara , and former husband of Dinah Lance . He is based on the DC Comics character Larry Lance , husband to Dinah Drake Lance and father to Dinah Laurel Lance . In season one , Quentin resents Oliver for causing Sara 's death , becoming an alcoholic who throws himself into his work to avoid the pain . After Oliver returns , he openly shows his hatred of him and also hates the Arrow for being against everything Quentin believes in . Quentin attempts numerous times to arrest him , one time using Laurel , which causes her to be distant for a time . He works with the Arrow from time to time and eventually comes to accept him . In season two , Quentin is demoted to officer ; an ally to the Arrow , Quentin becomes his informant and occasional field partner on cases . He struggles to recover from his alcoholism and repair the relationships with his family . After Quentin discovers Sara is alive and the vigilante `` Canary '' , he helps her adjust to life in Starling City . He helps Laurel cope with her pain over losing Tommy , and seeks to rekindle his relationship with Dinah , but she has moved on after their divorce . Quentin later regains his detective title . Following a battle with Slade 's forces , Quentin passes out from internal bleeding and falls into a coma . In season three , Quentin is in recovery , with frequent chest pains , and has been promoted to captain ; he uses this authority to disband the anti-vigilante task force . His condition is strained due to assisting the Arrow in the field , and he relies on his new political connections and his subordinates to continue serving the city . Although Laurel kept the information from him , he ultimately learns the truth about Sara 's death and Laurel becoming her vigilante successor . Quentin becomes estranged from Laurel and relapses in his alcoholism . He blames the Arrow for Sara 's death and is determined to bring him to justice ; he learns of Oliver 's secret identity from Raʾs al Ghul . Quentin supports Team Arrow when Raʾs plans to unleash the bio-weapon on Starling . In season four , Quentin is forced to work with H.I.V.E. after Darhk threatens the lives of his family . Oliver discovers this and persuades Lance to become a double agent and report information on Darhk . Darhk gradually becomes suspicious of Quentin , who discovers the source of Darhk 's supernatural powers : an ancient artifact . With this information , Mari McCabe destroys Darhk 's idol , leaving him powerless . Quentin publicly admits in court his association with H.I.V.E. under Darhk 's duress , determined to see justice served , despite endangering his career . He reconciles with Laurel and reunites with Sara after she is brought back from the dead . Quentin begins seeing Donna Smoak , Felicity 's mother . After Darhk murders Laurel , Quentin seeks to bring her back the same way Sara returned , only to learn from Nyssa that the Lazarus Pit was destroyed shortly after Sara 's return . With Donna 's support , Quentin copes with his loss without succumbing to alcoholism . After saving the city with Oliver , Quentin is fired and decides to leave Star City with Donna . By season five , Quentin has broken up with Donna and , now having no one left , returns to Star City and falls back into alcoholism . With encouragement from Oliver , Quentin begins reforming Star City 's police force as deputy mayor , working with the Green Arrow to reduce the city 's rising crime rate . Quentin also formed the Anti-Crime Unit to combat serious crimes prior to his dismissal from the police , and leads them under his new position when needed , though this puts him at odds with his former colleagues . However , after Evelyn Sharp 's fight with Prometheus , Felicity discovers that the shurikens Prometheus used were made from Oliver 's old arrow heads stolen from the police evidence lockup , and Quentin finds cuts on him that implicate him and raise doubts of his sanity . Quentin eventually learns that Adrian Chase is Prometheus and responsible for attempting to frame him . Thea convinces Quentin to seek help at rehab after realizing how much Laurel 's death is affecting him , and holds the position of deputy mayor for when he recovers . After resuming his position , Quentin befriends one of Oliver 's protégés , Rene Ramirez , after Quentin learns of his past encounter with a young Rene when Quentin was a beat officer , and offers Rene a job as his assistant . He also befriends Oliver 's chosen successor for the Black Canary mantle , Dinah Drake . When Dinah expresses her hesitance at accepting Laurel 's mantle , Quentin gives Dinah his blessing , saying it is what Laurel would want . Quentin later encounters the Earth - 2 Laurel and is disturbed to see what his own daughter could have potentially become . By the end of season five , Quentin 's fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . At the beginning of season six , it 's revealed that Quentin survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane like the others , but was left emotionally scarred following his encounter with Laurel 's doppelgänger . However , he later shares Oliver 's hope for Black Siren of redemption . During the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' crossover , Quentin 's Earth - X doppelgänger is a Sturmbannführer of the Nazi 's paramilitary rank . This Quentin also killed his daughter after discovering that she was bisexual . Felicity Smoak / Overwatch ( edit ) Further information : Felicity Smoak Emily Bett Rickards Felicity Megan Smoak ( portrayed by Emily Bett Rickards ) is an I.T. expert , a partner ( and eventual love interest and later wife ) of Oliver Queen . Felicity is a MIT graduate with a master 's degree in cyber security and computer sciences , and ranked second in the National Information Technology Competition at age 19 . Felicity was raised by her mother , Donna Smoak , who left her father Noah Kuttler when Felicity was seven years old due to his life as a criminal . During season one , she is initially an employee of Queen Consolidated , asked by Walter to investigate the list and by Oliver for occasional favors . She learns Oliver 's secret when he is shot and has her take him to his lair where she and John patch him up . She stays on as Oliver 's computer expert in hopes of finding Walter Steele by helping Oliver , and becomes one of Oliver 's confidants . Felicity chooses to remain at Oliver 's side after Walter is rescued . In season two , she continues to serve as Oliver 's partner , upgrades his safehouse , and has a custom bow made for him . Felicity also helps in the field as a decoy or to field - hack a computer , but sometimes gets herself in deeper trouble . Felicity and Oliver also start to develop romantic feelings towards each other despite the fact that he is in a relationship with Sara Lance at the time . In season three , Felicity continues to be Oliver 's tech support but has been forced to work for another company after losing her Queen Consolidated job . She eventually returns to work at Queen Consolidated ( renamed Palmer Technologies ) under new CEO Ray Palmer as his vice president . Felicity becomes conflicted by her feelings towards both Oliver and Ray . While Ray and Felicity become a couple , many people , including her mother , see that Felicity is in love with Oliver . Felicity finally admits her love to Oliver and the two consummate their relationship . However , Oliver 's decision to join the League of Assassins causes a rift between them . At the end of the season , Oliver retires from being the Arrow and he and Felicity leave Starling City to start a new life . In flashbacks , it is revealed that she was a part of the cybergoth subculture and a member of a hacktivist group on her college campus . In season four , Felicity becomes Palmer Technologies ' acting CEO after Ray 's presumed death ; she becomes friends with one of its scientists , Curtis Holt . After living in Ivy Town for several months , she and Oliver return to Star City to help with the ' Ghost ' problem . Felicity is the first person -- before Laurel and Sara -- to find out that her mother is dating their father . She and Oliver become engaged , but are attacked by H.I.V.E , resulting in Felicity being shot and left permanently paralyzed from the waist down . After coming to terms with her paralysis and her rebellious past , Felicity is given the codename `` Overwatch '' by Oliver . Felicity is reunited with her father after eighteen years , but learning that he is cyber-criminal mastermind the Calculator , Felicity has Quentin arrest him . With Curtis 's help , Felicity 's mobility is restored after a chip is surgically implanted in her spine . She learns of that Oliver has been lying to her about his secret child with Samantha Clayton , leading to her breaking off their romantic relationship . Later , after an encounter with the villain `` Cupid '' , Felicity leaves the team until Laurel 's death motivates her to return . Felicity decides to dedicate Palmer Technologies ' innovations to help people , which causes her to lose her position as CEO . The season ends with Felicity and Oliver the only ones remaining in the destroyed lair . In season five , Felicity continues to assist Oliver , and convinces him to build a new team , recruiting Curtis Holt , Rene Ramirez , Evelyn Sharp , Rory Regan , and Dinah Drake . She also dates police detective Billy Malone . When Billy is killed by Oliver in an accident planned by Prometheus , she seeks revenge and joins a hacker group called Helix . When Prometheus traps both Felicity and Oliver under their lair , the pair begin to reconcile after Oliver admits he trusts her but not himself . Felicity comes to understand the complexity of the decisions Oliver has made , and apologizes to him for her own hypocrisy . By the end of season five , Felicity 's fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . In season six , Felicity , having survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane like the others , remains on the team . She and Oliver rekindle their relationship , and forms a bond with Oliver 's son William . She and Curtis also begin partnership in starting their own company . After the events of `` Crisis on Earth - X '' , Felicity and Oliver marry each other . A parallel universe doppelgänger of Felicity from Earth - X is also introduced , a concentration camp prisoner , during the `` Crisis on Earth - X '' crossover ; Oliver saves this Felicity when he was stranded in Earth - X with other heroes . Felicity learns that she has a lookalike ( but not knowing is a parallel universe version of her ) and that her facsimile is romantically involves with the Führer 's before escaping from a Nazi facility . A character by the same name appeared in the comics as Ronnie Raymond 's step - mother who runs a software company . A version based on Rickards ' portrayal was introduced in the DC Comics universe in Green Arrow ( vol. 5 ) # 35 . Roy Harper / Arsenal ( edit ) Further information : Roy Harper ( comics ) Colton Haynes Roy William Harper Jr. ( portrayed by Colton Haynes ) is a former street criminal , Thea 's boyfriend and a supporter of the Arrow . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name . In season one , Roy is a small - time criminal who falls in love with Thea after robbing her , and is arrested multiple times by Quentin Lance . He does not see any other way to live until the Arrow saves him from a kidnapping , after which Roy attempts to find the Arrow to help him . Roy later works as a waiter at Verdant . In season two , Roy often goes out to clean up the streets , until the Arrow convinces him to gather intelligence instead . After being injected with Mirakuru , Roy gains super strength but slowly loses his sanity . The Arrow reveals his identity when Oliver convinces Roy to stop Bronze Tiger . Roy trains with Oliver in order to control his strength , but is forced to break up with Thea . Slade kidnaps Roy to use his blood to create his army , leaving Roy completely insane and causing him to go on a rampage , killing a cop . Roy takes part in the season finale 's battle , with his own mask , but he is slightly amnesiac , not remembering anything after breaking up with Thea . In season three , Roy is Oliver 's partner and participates with him in the field . He takes on the alter - ego `` Arsenal '' , though the media also refers to him as `` Red Arrow '' . Thea makes Roy her assistant manager at Verdant , and they eventually get back together . Sara 's murder brings the repressed memories of his ramage to the surface and Roy supports the family of the police officer he killed . When Oliver is presumed dead , Roy takes his place as the team 's head archer , often teaming with Laurel on missions . After Quentin Lance resumes his manhunt against Arrow , Roy subsequently impersonates Oliver 's alter - ego and fakes his own death , leaving Starling City to assume that Arrow is dead so that Oliver can be free . Roy passes on his Arsenal suit to Thea after leaving town . In season four , after building a new life in Hub City , Roy returns to his vigilante role after the Calculator extorts him to steal technological components and Thea is out of commission . In season five , Roy appears as a hologram when Oliver is about to leave the Dominators ' simulated dream world . Slade Wilson / Deathstroke ( edit ) Further information : Deathstroke Manu Bennett Slade Wilson ( portrayed by Manu Bennett ) is one of the world 's deadliest assassins and mercenaries , a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) operative , and the mentor - turned - archenemy of Oliver Queen . He is based on the DC Comics character of the same name and is the main antagonist of season two . In season one flashbacks , Slade is a combat mentor to Oliver on Lian Yu and teaches him to fight Edward Fyers and his mercenaries in their attempts to escape the island and stop Fyers ' plans . Though Slade openly doubts Oliver 's abilities to survive or fight , often giving him demeaning nicknames , the two become close friends and fight together well . He also becomes romantically drawn to Shado . In season two flashbacks , he is severely wounded by Dr. Ivo 's mortar attacks and Oliver injects him with Mirakuru , a strength - enhancing serum left on the island in WWII by Japan , in order to save his life . When Shado is killed , Slade blames Oliver for her death and turns on him . In the present , Slade is alive , now operating as the mercenary `` Deathstroke '' , and plots to destroy Starling City with an army of Mirakuru soldiers working with Sebastian Blood and Isabel Rochev . He undermines Oliver 's life by causing him to lose his money and his business , revealing some of Oliver 's secrets to Laurel and Thea and killing Moira before unleashing his army on the city . Oliver defeats him when Felicity injects him with the Mirakuru cure and he is imprisoned in an A.R.G.U.S. supermax prison on Lian Yu . In season three , having been temporarily released by Malcolm Merlyn , Slade attempts to imprison Oliver and Thea in the supermax and return to Starling but the two are able to beat him . In season five , Deathstroke appears in a hallucination created by the Dominators , where he serves as a countermeasure to prevent Oliver and his friends from escaping . Bennett did not portray the character in the episode . Bennett would later reprise the role for the final two episodes of the season , appearing in a cameo in `` Missing '' and appearing as a major character in the finale . By the time of the season five finale , Slade is revealed to have completely recovered from the effects of the Mirakuru and willingly helps Oliver in his quest to rescue his team and son from Adrian Chase . Slade 's fate is unknown due to Lian Yu 's destruction . In season six , Slade , having survived the explosion , returns to Star City to see Oliver and thank him for giving him information about where to find his son . Malcolm Merlyn / Dark archer ( edit ) Further information : Merlyn ( DC Comics ) John Barrowman Malcolm Merlyn ( portrayed by John Barrowman ) , born Arthur King , is a wealthy businessman , member of the League of Assassins , father of Tommy and Thea and one of the main antagonists of the series . During season one , Malcolm plots the Undertaking , the destruction of the Glades using an earthquake device , after his wife Rebecca was murdered there . When Robert Queen earlier threatened the Undertaking , Malcolm arranged to destroy Robert 's ship , Queen 's Gambit , resulting in Robert 's death and indirectly leading to Oliver and Sara becoming the Arrow and the Canary . In the main story of season one , he uses Moira to gain access to the resources needed for the Undertaking . He tries to reshape Tommy into a better person by cutting him off which works but causes tensions between them . When the Arrow interferes with his plan , Malcolm becomes a vigilante called `` Dark Archer '' to oppose him and proves to be far more skilled . He suspects Oliver to be the Arrow and is proven right after defeating him a second time . In the season finale , Malcolm is seemingly killed by Oliver though he manages to destroy much of the Glades , inadvertently kills Tommy , and is publicly exposed for his crime by Moira . In season two , Malcolm returns to suborn the jury in Moira 's trial to find her innocent of the Undertaking . He discovers that he is Thea 's biological father , following Adam Donner 's discovery of Malcolm 's affair with Moira . In an attempt to keep Malcolm from Thea , Moira informs Raʾs al Ghul of his survival , forcing Malcolm to flee Starling City . During Slade 's attack on the city , Malcolm returns to save Thea from the Mirakuru soldiers and convinces her to leave Starling with him . In season three , Malcolm is revealed to have trained Thea to be a warrior in Corto Maltese . Despite being both the League 's target and a fugitive of the law , Malcolm secretly returns to Starling City , using personal wealth and resources following the loss of his company . Under an alias , Malcolm purchases the foundry from Queen Consolidated , the site of Thea 's nightclub , Verdant . It is revealed that his name in the League of Assassins is `` Al Sa - Her '' ( Arabic : الساحر ) , which translates to `` The Magician '' . He continues to train Thea until she can defeat him in combat . Malcolm plots the death of Raʾs to eliminate his blood debt , and manipulates Thea into killing Sara so that Oliver will take the fall for her murder and challenge Raʾs to a duel ; this plan fails and almost gets Oliver killed . Malcolm learns that crime lord Danny Brickwell was responsible for the murder of his wife , but Oliver persuades him to choose justice over vengeance for Thea 's sake , allowing Brickwell to be tried for his crimes . Malcolm trains Oliver in swordplay in preparation of battling Raʾs together . When Oliver tells Thea that Malcolm brainwashed her into killing Sara , she betrays Malcolm to the League ; he is captured and tortured , but freed from Nanda Parbat when Oliver takes the place of Raʾs . After Thea is killed by Raʾs , Malcolm accompanies Oliver to Nanda Parbat to revive her but Oliver is forced to join the League . Malcolm secretly works with Oliver to cripple the League from within and stop the plan of Raʾs to unleash the Alpha / Omega bio-weapon on Starling City . Malcolm leads Team Arrow to save the city until Oliver 's return . After Raʾs is killed by Oliver in a final sword fight , he passes leadership of the League to Malcolm , which Nyssa suspects had been Malcolm 's scheme all along . Despite their renewed animosity , both Malcolm and Oliver harbor deep respect for each other : Malcolm regards Oliver as a surrogate son and Oliver himself remembers the man Malcolm was before the death of his wife . In season four , Malcolm helps Laurel resurrect Sara in order to settle his family 's blood debt with Laurel , and helps Thea control her bloodlust . He provides information to Oliver and Barry Allen about Vandal Savage . To keep Darhk from learning Oliver 's secret , Malcolm masquerades as Green Arrow . However , despite occasionally helping Oliver , Malcolm remains an amoral man and is despised by Oliver 's team and their allies . Malcolm 's aid to Oliver is either for protecting Thea or for his own agendas . Malcolm ultimately loses both his left hand and his power after Nyssa wins the League 's leadership with Oliver 's help , leading Malcolm to align himself with Darhk for revenge against Oliver . In the process , Malcolm reveals Oliver 's secrets to Darhk . As a result , Darhk makes Malcolm a H.I.V.E. member and provides a cybernetic prosthesis . In order to protect himself and Thea from Damien 's plans , Malcolm steals Damien 's idol , working with Andy Diggle , which results in Laurel 's death . Malcolm remains a leader to disbanded remnants of the League . Malcolm allies with Team Arrow again when Darhk tries to destroy the world without the means to survive it . In season five , an illusion of Malcolm appears in the Dominators ' dream world and opposes Oliver , Thea , John , Ray and Sara when they try to leave , but is swiftly killed by Thea . Malcolm appears in flashbacks working with Konstantin Kovar , giving him sarin gas in exchange for the means to acquire information on Unidac Industries to build the earthquake device . Malcolm returns in the penultimate episode of season five , offering Oliver his assistance in saving his friends , most importantly Thea . After Malcolm frees Thea , Felicity , Curtis and Samantha , Thea accidentally steps on a landmine . As Captain Boomerang approaches them , Malcolm takes Thea 's place , telling the others to run . As they run , the landmine is seen exploding in the distance , presumably killing Malcolm and Captain Boomerang . Malcolm Merlyn is based on the DC Comics character of the same birth name and is the main antagonist of season one . Curtis Holt / mister Terrific ( edit ) Further information : Mister Terrific ( Michael Holt ) Echo Kellum Curtis Holt ( portrayed by Echo Kellum ) is a technological savant , inventor , and bronze - medal - winning Olympic decathlete , who works with Felicity at Palmer Technologies . In season four , he helps her rescue Ray Palmer from Damien Darhk . He later learns Oliver 's secret identity and helps them defeat Brie Larvan . He then helps Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon to stop H.I.V.E. He officially joins the team in season five as part of Oliver 's efforts to expand and accept help after Diggle and Thea retired . While in the field , Curtis adopts a costume similar to his comic counterpart , including his ' Fair Play ' jacket and T - shaped mask . He alternates between field work and tech support depending on the crisis , such as helping Felicity devise a means of translating the extraterrestrial technology during the Dominators ' invasion . In the mid-season finale , `` What We Leave Behind '' , Curtis is hospitalized after he is shot with a tuberculosis vaccine by new villain Prometheus , aided by the treachery of apparent teammate Evelyn Sharp . Curtis 's husband Paul leaves him after discovering his vigilante activities , and they eventually divorce . At the end of season five , Curtis ' fate is unknown due to the destruction of Lian Yu caused by Adrian Chase . In season six , Curtis has survived the explosion by taking shelter in the plane with the others and is working with the team using his upgraded T spheres and other tech . He is revealed , that after leaving Palmer Technologies last year , he started an online business , which prompts Felicity propose partnership with him to form their own company . He based on the DC Comics character Mister Terrific Adrian Chase / Prometheus ( edit ) Josh Segarra Adrian Chase ( portrayed by Josh Segarra ) is the new Star City district attorney in season five who helps Mayor Oliver Queen clean up the streets through the justice system . Chase is also Prometheus , a ruthless and mysterious hooded archer who kills , and has a grudge against Oliver Queen / Green Arrow , being the main antagonist of season five . He wears a black uniform almost identical to the Green Arrow 's first garb . Prometheus is aware of Oliver 's identity , having deduced that the Green Arrow was the presumably - deceased Hood / Arrow , and begins a killing spree of innocent people with arrows and shurikens made from Oliver 's discarded bolts . Prometheus has no tolerance for anyone else targeting Green Arrow and kills Tobias Church when he ignores a warning to leave Green Arrow alone . He also targets those close to Oliver by framing Quentin Lance , manipulating Evelyn Sharp into betraying Oliver , staging Billy Malone in his uniform to be killed by Oliver , and sends Laurel Lance 's interdimensional doppelgänger Black Siren to tarnish Oliver 's memories of her . Prometheus is the illegitimate son of Justin Claybourne , a pharmaceutical owner on the List who was killed by Oliver during his first year as the Hood . It is eventually revealed that Adrian 's birth name is Simon Morrison , and that he was taught by Talia al Ghul to gain a skillset to match Oliver 's . Despite seeking revenge against Oliver , Adrian was never close to his father who realized that Adrian is psychopathic and wanted nothing to do with him . After Adrian and his allies kidnap Oliver 's friends and family to Lian Yu , Oliver 's party ultimately beats Adrian 's . Unwilling to accept defeat , Adrian kills himself , detonating the bombs throughout the island in an attempt to kill Oliver 's loved ones ; though most of them survived , but he succeeded in killing Oliver 's son 's mother Samantha Clayton . On why Adrian is not Vigilante , as in the comics , Guggenheim stated , We knew we were going to do Vigilante this year , we knew who the character of Prometheus was , we knew that the character of Prometheus was the son of one of Oliver 's early kills in season one , we knew that he was going to be someone who was going to indoctrinate himself into Oliver 's good graces in the mayor 's office and eventually betray him . One morning ... it occurred to me that if we called this character Adrian Chase , and we made him a district attorney , everyone would be so focused on when he becomes Vigilante that they would n't be expecting that he really was Prometheus . He is based on the DC Comics characters Adrian Chase and Prometheus and is the main antagonist of season five . Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog ( edit ) Main article : Wild Dog ( comics ) Rick Gonzalez Rene Ramirez ( portrayed by Rick Gonzalez ) is a vigilante in Star City whose reckless and cocksure actions prompt the Green Arrow to guide him . His vigilante attire consists of normal clothes , with a hockey mask to hide his identity ; the red dog image on the shirt of his uniform , led to his gaining the moniker of `` Wild Dog '' . Prior to becoming a vigilante , Rene kills a criminal in defense of his family , which led to his wife 's death during the altercation ; his daughter was put in a foster care due to the community deeming him unfit as he succumbs to alcohol blackouts . With Curtis Holt 's help , Rene seeks legal actions to get his daughter back . He later becomes Quentin Lance 's assistant to help him reform Star City politically and they become friends . Gonzalez has been promoted to the main cast for the sixth season , his character having survived the explosions on Lian Yu . He is based on the DC Comics character Wild Dog . Dinah Drake / Black Canary ( edit ) Main article : Black Canary Juliana Harkavy Dinah Drake ( portrayed by Juliana Harkavy ) is a detective , formerly of the Central City Police Department . She went undercover in a drug ring with the alias `` Tina Boland '' , only for her partner to be murdered after they were both revealed to be cops . After the particle accelerator explosion , she receives the ability to produce sonic waves with her scream and hunts down the leader of the drug ring to get revenge for her partner 's death . Oliver and his team seek to recruit Drake as a candidate to succeed Laurel Lance as Black Canary . Dinah joined the Star City Police Department after she settled in the city . Harkavy has been promoted to the main cast for the sixth season , her character having survived the explosions on Lian Yu . She is based on the DC Comics character Black Canary . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of recurring actors who portrayed significant characters in multiple episodes , sometimes across multiple seasons . The characters are listed in alphabetical order by actor and grouped by the season in which they first appeared . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Audrey Marie Anderson portrays Lyla Michaels , an A.R.G.U.S. agent and John Diggle 's wife who served with him in Afghanistan where they first met . Within A.R.G.U.S. she uses the codename `` Harbinger '' and is the field leader of the Suicide Squad . Lyla and John also have a child , born in season three , who they name Sara in honor of Sara Lance ( The child is later changed to a son named John Jr. following the events of `` Flashpoint '' ) . Lyla and Sara are kidnapped by Oliver when he masquerades as a devoted League of Assassins member called Al Sah - Him . Though this strains the friendship between John and Oliver when the truth comes out , Lyla understands that it was necessary in his battle to destroy Raʾs al Ghul and the League . In season four , after Amanda Waller 's death , Lyla becomes her successor as leader of A.R.G.U.S. and works to reform the organization . While she primarily aids Team Arrow , Lyla occasionally makes appearances in The Flash to aid Team Flash when A.R.G.U.S. faces metahuman threats . However , Lyla along with her husband learns of the alteration of her life due to the events of The Flash episode `` Flashpoint '' , leading her to distrust the Flash . Roger Cross portrays Detective Lucas Hilton , Quentin Lance 's partner who helps him primarily when he is a detective in season one . He is killed by Cyrus Gold . Jessica De Gouw portrays Helena Bertinelli / Huntress , a vigilante who seeks revenge against her mob boss father and his associates for murdering her fiancé . Oliver makes a connection with her and tries to help her . They develop feelings for each other until Helena realizes Oliver still has feelings for Laurel , causing a rift . Helena 's revenge is thwarted by Oliver , who puts her father in jail , making an enemy of her . Sebastian Dunn portrays Edward Fyers , a mercenary on Lian Yu seen during the season one flashbacks . He is killed in battle on the island . In season three , it is revealed that Fyers worked for Amanda Waller . Adrian Holmes portrays Franklin Pike , a police lieutenant and Quentin Lance 's superior . By the fifth season , Pike has been promoted to captain of police . Chelah Horsdal portrays Kate Spencer , the district attorney . She is killed in season two during Slade Wilson 's rampage on Starling City . Kelly Hu portrays Chien Na Wei / China White , a Chinese Triad leader who seeks revenge against Arrow for defeating her in combat during their first encounter . However , Oliver actually met her in Hong Kong two years prior , shown during the season three flashbacks . He helps capture her when she comes to Starling City . In season five , she escaped from prison with Carrie Cutter and Liza Warner but is later recaptured by Green Arrow and his team ; she knows that that the Green Arrow is really her nemesis , the Arrow . Celina Jade portrays Shado , the daughter of Yao Fei . She helps train Oliver in archery and martial arts while on Lian Yu in the season one flashbacks ; they become lovers . She is killed by Ivo during the season two flashbacks . Slade , who had secretly been in love with her , blames Oliver for her death and vows revenge . She later appears in Slade 's hallucinations in the present time . Jade also portrayed Shado 's twin sister , Mei , who Oliver meets in Hong Kong during a season three flashback . She also appears as a hallucination in season four during Oliver 's second stay on Lian Yu . Alex Kingston portrays Dinah Lance , mother of Laurel and Sara , and former wife of Quentin . Dinah is a European history professor . Prior to Sara 's disappearance , Dinah learned of her youngest daughter 's relationship with Oliver , and is guilt - ridden for failing to stop her after the incident . After Sara 's presumed death , Dinah 's marriage with Quentin deteriorates and they divorce . She then leaves her family to find her daughter , correctly believing that she is alive . Dinah remarries after settling in Central City . Despite separating herself from Quentin after Sara 's return , Dinah remains close to him and their daughters , and encourages Quentin to move on from their past . Christie Laing portrays Carly Diggle , a love interest of John Diggle and widow of his brother , Andy . Byron Mann portrays Yao Fei Gulong , a skilled former Chinese general who assists Oliver on Lian Yu during season one . Yao Fei was framed for the massacre of a Chinese village by his superiors and sent to Lian Yu as punishment . He was found there by Edward Fyers who used Yao Fei 's daughter Shado as leverage to extort his help bringing down a commercial airliner . During an escape attempt Yao Fei encountered Oliver who he sheltered and taught survival skills , and brought him to Slade Wilson and Shado to teach him combat and archery , respectively . Yao Fei is killed by Fyers in the season one finale . In the season five flashbacks it is revealed that Yao Fei was taught by Talia al Ghul . The character 's name was derived from a DC Comics superhero character . Jeffrey Robinson portrays Billy Wintergreen , Slade Wilson 's partner in the ASIS , who betrays him and joins Fyers . He is later killed by Slade . Michael Rowe portrays Floyd Lawton / Deadshot , a mercenary who killed Andy Diggle under H.I.V.E. 's orders . Lawton is also a member of the Suicide Squad , although he is killed on a mission in season three . In season four it is revealed that Lawton did not kill Andy , but was used by H.I.V.E. to fake Andy 's death . Colin Salmon portrays Walter Steele , Moira 's husband , Oliver 's step - father , and Felicity 's former employer . He was president of Queen Consolidated until he disappeared in episode 9 , but was found alive in episode 21 . He and Moira separate at the end of season one , and he returns in season two to help her run for mayor . It is revealed that Moira had confided in Walter about Thea 's true paternity at some point after they marry . He is currently the chief financial officer of Starling National Bank . Jamey Sheridan portrays Robert Queen , Moira 's late husband , Oliver 's father , and Thea 's legal father . Despite his marriage to Moira , Robert was not a faithful husband , having many illicit affairs outside of his marriage including with his company 's intern , Isabel Rochev . Robert is secretly aware that Thea is Malcolm Merlyn 's biological daughter , but accepted her and also acted as a surrogate father to Malcolm 's son , Tommy . As a young man , Robert gained his wealth through corrupted means. ; he gradually become remorseful of his greed , leading him to join Malcolm 's secret society , Tempest , to improve Starling City 's condition in hope of making amends . He also accidentally killed a local councilman , Henry Goodwin , when the latter seeks bribes from Robert , which traumatizes him and hates himself of becoming a killer . He and Oliver were both lost at sea when Malcolm sabotaged the Queen 's Gambit . Robert sacrifices his life by killing himself , increasing Oliver 's chances of survival and returning home to Starling City to right Robert 's wrongs . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Cynthia Addai - Robinson portrays Amanda Waller , leader of A.R.G.U.S. and commander of the Suicide Squad . In season two , Waller often forces John Diggle to work for her on missions other A.R.G.U.S. agents are unwilling to perform . She tries to have Starling City destroyed during Slade Wilson 's attack to contain the Mirakuru soldiers , only to be stopped by John and Lyla . She has used the codename `` Mockingbird '' . She is killed after the Shadowspire soldiers infiltrate A.R.G.U.S. in season four . In the season three flashbacks , she rescues Oliver from Lian Yu after witnessing his progressive skills in combat , and forces him to work for her and , in the process , furthers his trainings two years prior to his return to Starling City . Kevin Alejandro portrays Sebastian Blood / Brother Blood , a savvy politician who is working with Slade Wilson , a friend of Oliver Queen and romantic interest of Laurel Lance . He is a city alderman who is running for mayor to create his vision of Starling City . He leads a double life as a criminal , wearing a skull mask based on the nightmares he had of his late - father , called `` Brother Blood '' . Seemingly benign , over the course of season two Sebastian is gradually revealed to be narcissistic and directly responsible for the murders of his parents . When Oliver and Laurel are close to discovering his secret , he misdirects them by having Laurel kill a decoy in the skull mask . Laurel uncovers his secret and Oliver tries to reason with Sebastian . Sebastian is betrayed by Slade , causing him to give the Mirakuru cure to Oliver , for which he is killed by Isabel Rochev . Summer Glau portrays Isabel Rochev , a senior executive at Stellmoor International who acquires half of Queen Consolidated in the second - season premiere . She later secures full control of the company in a hostile takeover . It is revealed she was Oliver 's father 's mistress during her internship and had been working with Slade to get revenge . Like Oliver , Isabel was also trained by Slade in martial arts , but she was later injected with the same Mirakuru drug that was given to Slade . In the season two finale Isabel is killed by Nyssa al Ghul . The character shares her name with the DC Comics villain `` The Queen '' , who , in the comics , became CEO of Queen Industries following the death of founder Robert Queen . Grant Gustin portrays Barry Allen / Flash , a young crime scene investigator from the Central City Police Department . Oliver first meets Barry when the latter arrives to personally investigate a superhuman - related crime in Starling City . Barry discovers that Oliver is his vigilante idol , the Arrow , saves Oliver 's life and helps him to begin uncovering the Mirakuru plot orchestrated by Slade Wilson . Ultimately , both Barry and Oliver become good friends and they occasionally offer each other advice and support . Barry later gains the power of super-speed , and is inspired by Oliver 's example to become a hero known as the `` Flash '' . He occasionally joins Oliver on missions and remains a trusted friend and ally . Gustin stars as the character on The Flash . Anna Hopkins portrays Samantha Clayton , the mother of Oliver 's son , William . Oliver dated Samantha in college while in his relationship with Laurel , and she became pregnant . Moira bribed her to tell Oliver that she miscarried , and she moved to Central City , where she had their son . Oliver did not find out about William 's existence for about a decade . A year after Oliver learned of his fatherhood , Samantha and William are abducted by Adrian Chase and his allies . After the Lian Yu explosion , Samantha was badly injured and later died in Oliver 's arms , asking him to look out for her son . Katrina Law portrays Nyssa al Ghul , the daughter of Raʾs al Ghul . Nyssa is said to have encountered a dying Sara on Lian Yu after Oliver and Slade 's fight on the Amazo , and brought Sara to the League where they became lovers , though her father never approved of their relationship . In season two , when Sara leaves the League , Nyssa works to force her return , threatening her family , but ultimately accepts her departure and later helps Oliver fight Slade 's army when Sara decides to return to the League . In season three , when Sara is murdered , Nyssa goes on a vengeance quest to kill Malcolm , correctly assuming he is her killer though he claims otherwise . She befriends Sara 's sister , Laurel , but her animosity with Oliver intensifies because he is unwilling to let her execute Malcolm . Nyssa feels betrayed when Raʾs declares Oliver his successor and releases Malcolm , and she leaves Nanda Parbat for Starling City and begins training Laurel . Nyssa is later captured by Oliver , Maseo Yamashiro and a team of assassins to bring her back to Nanda Parbat by force , for stealing the Alpha / Omega virus from the League . Instead of having Oliver kill Nyssa for her betrayal , Raʾs decides that the two should marry , to her evident dismay . However , Nyssa aligns herself with Oliver and his team to save Starling City , defying her father . She later returns to the League under Malcolm 's leadership and bows to him despite making it clear that she intends to kill him one day . In season four Nyssa begs Laurel not to use the Lazarus Pit to bring Sara back to life , knowing Sara will return different . When Laurel does so regardlessly , Nyssa retaliates by using a potion Raʾs Al Ghul left to destroy the Pit . Nyssa later escapes and tries to manipulate Oliver into killing Malcolm by leveraging him with the cure to Thea 's condition , though this results in war between her and Malcolm . Eventually Nyssa succeeds when Oliver defeats Malcolm without killing him and Nyssa disbands the League to spite Malcolm and regain Team Arrow 's trust . She later returns to attend Laurel 's funeral . Caity Lotz portrays Sara Lance / Canary / White Canary , Laurel 's sister with whom Oliver had an affair . Sara , along with Laurel and their mother Dinah , is based on the DC Comics superheroine Black Canary . She was believed to have drowned with the sinking Queen 's Gambit , but she resurfaces in season two as another vigilante , the `` Canary '' , who is connected to the League of Assassins . She was originally portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood in the pilot . According to Kreisberg , she is `` the beginning of the Black Canary story '' . She eventually wins her freedom from the League and returns to Starling City , to become part of Oliver 's team in addition to working as a bartender at his nightclub . She breaks with Oliver over a dispute concerning Roy , and rejoins the League in order win their backing against Slade Wilson 's army . She returns to Starling City on a mission for the League , but is killed by a mysterious archer . It is revealed that Thea killed Sara while drugged and controlled by Malcolm , as part of a plot to force Oliver into combat with Raʾs al Ghul . Lotz dubs Cassidy 's lines when Laurel impersonates Sara as the Canary , and later appears as a hallucination of Laurel 's . In season four , Laurel , Thea , and Malcolm resurrect Sara using the Lazarus Pit , but she returns mentally fractured until Oliver brings in his old friend , John Constantine , to help restore her soul . However , Sara 's behavior remains volatile and she suffers an insatiable bloodlust , which prompts her to seek solitude away from home . Dylan Neal portrays Dr. Anthony Ivo during flashbacks in season two . He is the first character in the series who tells Oliver , Slade and Shado about the `` Mirakuru '' ; he later murders Shado . After one of his hands has been cut off by Slade , he is killed by Oliver on Lian Yu . David Nykl portrays Anatoli Knyazev , based on the character KGBeast . Anatoli was kidnapped by Dr. Ivo and is brought to Lian Yu where he meets Oliver Queen and becomes a friend and is instrumental in Slade 's defeat on the island . Sometime between the flashbacks and the present , Anatoli makes Oliver a Bratva captain and continues to assist him in the present . Danielle Panabaker portrays Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , a bioengineering expert from S.T.A.R. Labs and a metahuman with cryokinetic abilities . Caitlin helps Felicity in recreating the Mirakuru antidote , and occasionally helps Team Arrow on missions . Panabaker stars as the character on The Flash . Graham Shiels portrays Cyrus Gold , an acolye of Brother Blood who is the first to survive injection with Mirakuru in the present day . Oliver defeats him in the episode `` Three Ghosts '' . Bex Taylor - Klaus portrays Cindy a.k.a. `` Sin '' , a wayward youth who Sara takes under her wing in Starling City after Cindy 's father is killed on Lian Yu . Cindy later befriends Roy Harper and Thea Queen . Carlos Valdes portrays Cisco Ramon / Vibe , a mechanical engineering genius at S.T.A.R. Labs with known metahuman abilities to detect anomalies within reality and sonic manipulation . Cisco helps upgrade the arsenals of Oliver , Laurel , and Sara , aids Ray with his Atom suit , and designs a new safe house for Oliver . Valdes stars as the character on The Flash . Introduced in season three ( edit ) Eugene Byrd portrays Andrew Diggle , the brother of John Diggle who is first seen as a bodyguard in a season three flashback , but was previously known to have been killed by the H.I.V.E. organization , which hired Floyd Lawton as their hitman . However , Andy led a double life in the military as a drug lord associated with the Shadowspire organization in Afghanistan ; H.I.V.E. faked Andy 's death and he eventually became one of Damien Darhk 's `` Ghosts '' . John suspects that Andy joined H.I.V.E. of his own free will , and tries to reconcile with his brother while saving him from damnation . Andy later helps John and Lyla stop Shadowspire from obtaining a weapon from A.R.G.U.S and is welcomed back into the family by John , but this proved to be a facade to get closer to Team Arrow . Later , he works with Malcolm Merlyn to get Darhk out of prison , and restore Darhk 's powers . Andy 's actions result in Laurel 's death at Darhk 's hands . As a result , John pursues and kills Andy to protect the rest of his family . Rila Fukushima portrays Tatsu Yamashiro / Katana , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . She is a mentor to Oliver during his time in Hong Kong . Devon Aoki was originally cast in the role but left due to a scheduling conflict . She is the wife of Maseo Yamashiro . In the present day , her relationship with her husband is estranged after the death of their son and she joins the Crescent Order after returning to Japan . She nurses Oliver back to health after he is nearly killed by Raʾs al Ghul . Tatsu supports Team Arrow during their war with the League of Assassins . After a short sword - fight with her husband , she kills Maseo and mourns him . She later helps Nyssa and Oliver in curing Thea from the effects of the Lazarus Pit . Vinnie Jones portrays Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell , a gang leader in Starling City . He earns the nickname `` Brick '' from being shot multiple times , without ever being put down . Brick organizes the takeover of the Glades in Oliver 's absence and is later revealed to have killed Malcolm 's wife , Rebecca , and thus is the indirect catalyst for the events of the series . Damien Darhk extorts Brick into joining H.I.V.E. after they escape from prison . Matt Nable portrays Raʾs al Ghul ( Arabic : رأس الغول ‎ ; `` The Demon 's Head '' ) , the main antagonist of the third season and leader of the League of Assassins who has lived for at least two centuries ( having been born some decades before 1854 ) due to the use of the Lazarus Pit , a pool which can heal wounds and bring the dead back to life . He is the father of Nyssa al Ghul . Raʾs has never acknowledged Sara as a member of the League and disapproves of Nyssa 's relationship with her . Oliver claims to have killed Sara and challenges Raʾs to a trial by combat which Raʾs easily wins , nearly killing Oliver by stabbing him through the chest . Raʾs wants to make Oliver his heir -- the new Raʾs al Ghul -- because Oliver is the only man to survive a death match against him , fulfilling a League prophecy regarding his destined successor . Raʾs become fixated with Oliver , neglecting other candidates , and becomes estranged with his daughter . When Oliver refuses his offer , Raʾs orders the League to kill the people of Starling City ; he stabs Thea and leaves her near death , with a cure via the Lazarus Pit available only if Oliver agrees to become his heir . Oliver accedes , and Raʾs names him `` Al Sah - Him '' . After Oliver captures Nyssa , Raʾs forces an engagement between them . He also orders Oliver to unleash the Alpha / Omega bioweapon on Starling City , oblivious that Oliver was working with Malcolm and Nyssa to take down the League from the inside . In the season finale , Oliver kills Raʾs . Malcolm becomes Raʾs successor of the League 's leadership , and thus its prophecy is fulfilled as Malcolm survived an assault by Raʾs during his captivity . J.R. Ramirez portrays Ted Grant / Wildcat , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Grant is a former boxer who runs a gym for underprivileged youth . He provides Laurel with combat training , and in the process becomes Laurel 's friend and confidant . He is also a former low - profile vigilante who watched over the Glades . Charlotte Ross portrays Donna Smoak , Felicity 's mother , and a former cocktail waitress from Las Vegas . Donna was previously married to cyber-criminal Noah Kuttler which led to Felicity 's conception prior to leaving him ; Donna claimed that Noah abandoned them , resulting in an estranged relationship with Felicity until they reconcile seventeen years later . Donna meets and dates Quentin Lance , but remains bitter over Noah and his criminal past . She helps Quentin to cope with the loss of his eldest daughter , Laurel . As of the season five premiere , Donna and Quentin have split up . Brandon Routh portrays Ray Palmer / Atom , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Ray is a scientist , inventor , minister and businessman who succeeds Isabel Rochev as CEO of Queen Consolidated after her crimes are posthumously exposed . Ray seeks to make improvements to Starling City after it survived terrorist attacks , and has the intention of renaming it `` Star City '' , involving himself with the city 's legislative body . After his fiancée , Anna Loring , is killed by one of Slade Wilson 's Mirakuru soldiers , Ray uses the company 's research and technical inventions to develop a suit powered by white dwarf matter , which , in his theory , can alter the wearer 's size down to the subatomic level . Ray seeks to use it to become a high - tech vigilante , named `` Atom '' . He renames Queen Consolidated `` Palmer Technologies '' and makes Felicity his Vice President . Ray and Felicity become lovers until Ray realizes that she is in love with Oliver . Ray assists Team Arrow 's fight against Raʾs al Ghul to stop him unleashing the Alpha / Omega bioweapon . In the season finale Ray is working on the suit with the intention of giving it the power to shrink but a malfunction causes the entire top floor of Palmer Technologies to blow up . It is revealed later that Ray is alive but was being held captive by Darhk until he is freed by Team Arrow to join their fight against H.I.V.E. Marc Singer portrays US Army General Matthew Shrieve , who is introduced in a flashback at the end of the episode `` The Return '' . Shrieve presents himself as a more reasonable counterpart to Amanda Waller , allowing Oliver and the Yamashiros to go free after their mission in Hong Kong is completed ; he is later revealed to be the one who ordered their deaths , betraying and framing Waller as he plots to use the virus they acquired to cripple China , which he sees as a growing threat to America . Shrieve is also responsible for causing Akio 's death and in vengeance he is brutally tortured by Oliver before being executed by Maseo . Karl Yune portrays Maseo Yamashiro , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . He was Oliver 's handler , and later good friend , during his time in Hong Kong . He becomes estranged from his wife , Tatsu Yamashiro , after the death of their son , Akio , and joins the League of Assassins as `` Sarab '' . However he remains loyal to Oliver and covertly ensures his survival after his duel with Raʾs al Ghul , and still loves Tatsu . Despite this he is loyal to Raʾs and becomes a key leader in the League 's mission to force Oliver to take Raʾs place , going as far as to kill the Starling City mayor to frame him . He is eventually killed by Tatsu after a sword - fight . Introduced in season four ( edit ) Tom Amandes portrays Noah Kuttler / Calculator , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Kuttler is Felicity 's long - lost father , who is a career cyber-criminal whom Donna Smoak divorced from eighteen years previously . He has advanced computer science and hacking skills which surpasses his daughter 's , which he uses to blackmail Roy Harper out of hiding . Kuttler is ultimately arrested by Donna 's current romantic partner , Quentin Lance , after Felicity turns her father in . After escaping from prison , Kuttler finds himself being targeted by H.I.V.E. due to their awareness that he possibly can thwart their plans for world domination with his computer skills ; he helps his daughter in stopping H.I.V.E. after Felicity and her friends save him , but leaves Star City once more at Donna 's insistence . Jimmy Akingbola portrays Baron Reiter , based on the DC Comics character Baron Blitzkrieg . He is the leader of Shadowspire in the series flashbacks , when he was searching for magical artifacts on Lian Yu , specifically the idol that Damien Darhk later possesses . He is eventually killed by Oliver when Taiana gains control of the idol 's powers and weaken him long enough for Oliver to hurl a knife into Reiter 's back , killing him . Alexander Calvert portrays Lonnie Machin / Anarky , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Lonnie is a deranged freelancing criminal who is willing to do whatever it takes to impress a potential employer . After his face was disfigured and burned by Thea , he becomes a rogue terrorist and plans on getting his revenge on Darhk for betraying him . Chenier Hundal portrays Paul Holt , the husband of Curtis Holt until their divorce in season 5 and Felicity Smoak 's physiotherapist . Janet Kidder portrays Ruvé Adams , the wife of Damien Darhk , who shares his ambitions and campaigns against Oliver for mayor of Star City . She wins the election and becomes mayor after Oliver drops out of the race . She is held captive by Lonnie Machin , who stabs her in the chest with an arrow . Unable to move , she is crushed by falling debris from the destruction of Darhk 's nuclear bomb shelter . Before she dies , she asks Oliver to save her daughter . Neal McDonough portrays Damien Darhk , a former member of the League of Assassins and a friend - turned - adversary to Raʾs al Ghul . He is the main antagonist of the fourth season . Years ago , Darhk left the League after being denied its leadership , taking a sample of the Lazarus Pit and several League members with him after Raʾs failed orders to execute him . He leads his own clandestine group , H.I.V.E. , and plots to start a nuclear holocaust in order to rule a post-apocalyptic world in a plan known as `` Genesis '' . According to Raʾs , Darhk also orchestrated Bronze Tiger 's plot to steal Malcolm 's prototype earthquake machine and Mark Shaw 's attempt to acquire the A.R.G.U.S. file . In season four , he is introduced as the main antagonist , a formidable hand - to - hand combatant with mystical abilities -- he can remotely manipulate objects and people , and can drain the life force from a person through physical contact . Darhk becomes enemies of Green Arrow and Oliver , believing the two are working together and not the same man ( although he does express suspicions ) . Darhk also kidnapped Ray Palmer to steal his technology for Genesis . He ultimately deduces the true identities of the entire Arrow team . Despite being a sadistic terrorist leader , Darhk is also a loving father and husband ; his wife , Ruvé Adams , also shares her spouse 's cruelty and is supportive of his endeavors . Through Malcolm , Darhk learns that Oliver has fathered a son and uses him as a means to scuttle Oliver 's mayoral campaign . Quentin and Mari McCabe discover that a mystical idol in Darhk 's possession is the source of his supernatural powers , and Mari destroys it , leaving Darhk powerless and imprisoned . He later escapes with the assistance of Malcolm and Andy , regaining his powers from his rebuilt idol in the process , and kills Quentin 's daughter , Laurel , in retaliation for his imprisonment . Following the destruction of Genesis and his wife 's death , Darhk attempts to destroy all of Star City , but the idol is destroyed once more , nullifying his powers . Darhk fights Oliver but is overpowered , and taunts Oliver stating he spared Slade Wilson when he killed his mother . Oliver reminds Darhk of his crimes and kills him . Madison McLaughlin portrays Evelyn Crawford Sharp / Artemis , based on the DC Comics character Starling . She takes up the mantle of the Black Canary following Laurel 's death , eventually settling on the name Artemis . She becomes one of the new recruits of Team Arrow despite her moral ambiguity , but ultimately betrays the team to Prometheus after learning about the List and Oliver 's former identity as the Arrow . Jack Moore portrays William Clayton , Oliver 's son . Oliver finds out about William in mid-Season 4 . William then learns of his relation to Oliver and discovers his father 's secrets at the end of season five . In season six , William is now living with Oliver after being kidnapped and his mother Samantha is killed by Adrian Chase / Prometheus . His faith in superheroes is shattered after Oliver 's failure of saving his mother from Prometheus . Oliver now acknowledged William publicly and thus his part of the Queen family , and despite William initially struggles to accept Oliver , he eventually loves him and a chain of events reveal that William 's own bravery and caring for others proves that he is no different from his father . He has not yet taking Oliver 's surname despite the revelation of his lineage . Though remains grieving over his mother , William sees Felicity as a surrogate mother and accepts her as his stepmother after she marries his father . Ryan Robbins portrays Conklin , a member of Shadowspire in the series flashbacks . Conklin is highly suspicious of Oliver and his presence on Lian Yu , and regularly tries to convince his boss , Reiter , not to trust Oliver . He is later killed by Oliver when the two are left alone in a room and fight in hand - to - hand combat . In `` Taken '' , a primordial energy takes the form of Conklin and stands at the entrance of the cave , speaking in tongues , but disappears when it notices the spell tattoo on Oliver 's chest and deemed him worthy to pass . Elysia Rotaru portrays Taiana Venediktov , a woman whose life Oliver saves in the flashbacks , faking her death to protect her from Shadowspire . Oliver kills her brother , who Conklin had sent to attack him , and initially tries to hide it from Taiana . After they get caught by Conklin , Oliver is tortured , and they are both imprisoned . While Taiana is taking care of his wounds -- and after Shado appears in his dreams , telling Oliver to do the right thing -- he confesses . She later helps Oliver escape as they manage to steal the idol from Reiter , but the idol 's power begins to corrupt Taiana . Realizing she can not control it , she asks Oliver to kill her , and he does . Parker Young portrays Alex Davis , an employee of Oliver 's mayoral campaign and love interest for Thea . When Oliver drops out of the mayoral race , he starts to work for Ruvé Adams and it is later revealed that he is being controlled by her . Alex is killed by Lonnie Machin when he stumbles into a fight between Thea and Lonnie , due to Lonnie believing that Alex is clouding Thea 's mind . Introduced in season five ( edit ) Chad Coleman portrays Tobias `` Charon '' Church , an imposing gangster looking to unite the various criminal enterprises in Star City under his own singular command . Church sought to eliminate Green Arrow to proceed with his plan to use Star City 's docks to ship drugs and weapons between the other city 's major crime families with ease , having frequent encounters with him . After capturing and torturing the Green Arrow 's sidekick , Rene Ramirez / Wild Dog , Church learns his identity is Oliver Queen , but is defeated by him . While being transferred to Iron Heights prison , Church is murdered by Prometheus for ignoring his warnings to not target Green Arrow . Joe Dinicol portrays Rory Regan / Ragman , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Regan arrives `` fresh from a personal tragedy '' hoping to find answers in Star City , where he ultimately crosses paths with Green Arrow . Lexa Doig portrays Talia al Ghul , based on the DC Comics character of the same name , a worldly and cultured elite warrior . Milli Wilkinson previously portrayed a younger version of the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Talia is Raʾs al Ghul 's daughter and Nyssa al Ghul 's eldest sister ; she trained one of Oliver 's mentors , Yao Fei Gulong , before training Oliver herself in Russia . She seeks revenge against Oliver for her father 's death by aligning herself with Adrian Chase . Talia is also enemies with Nyssa after the former left their family , and their feud is intensified after knowing Nyssa 's role of their father 's death . Talia also controls a League of Assassins remnant . Mike Dopund portrays Viktor , a member of the Bratva who appears in the flashbacks . He is eventually killed by Konstantin Kovar . Michael Emerson portrays Cayden James , the former leader of the hacktivist organization Helix . In season six , he serves a red herring before Ricardo Diaz reveals himself as its arc 's chief antagonist . Once incarcerated by A.R.G.U.S. , James is broken out of custody by Helix members with the aid of Felicity Smoak . Later , James reemerges in Star City after rescuing an injured Black Siren from Lian Yu . With Black Siren now under his employment , James and his followers Ricardo Diaz , Vincent Sobel , Anatoly Knyazev , and Boots are in the process of working on their latest unknown project known as Arclight . It is later revealed that James believes that Oliver as the Green Arrow played a role in the death of James ' son Owen . However , Oliver knows that he did not kill Owen James , due to he was in Hub City at the time of his death , and after he got a copy of the fabricated evidence , Oliver suspects that a member in Cayden James ' cabal framed the Green Arrow for his own schemes . After Cayden surrenders upon seeing Oliver 's son , Oliver Queen visits him in the police station where he will make arrangements to let him visit his son 's grave . After Oliver Queen leaves , Ricardo Diaz enters his room with the help of a police captain on his side . Before stabbing Cayden in a vital part of his body , Ricardo admitted to him that he was the one who orchestrated his son 's death . As Cayden dies , Ricardo has him say hi to his son for him . Dolph Lundgren portrays Konstantin Kovar , a member of the Russian government who appears in the season 's flashbacks . Oliver seeks to kill him to fulfill Taiana 's last request . A character of the same name appears in DC Comics as the father of the superhero Red Star . David Meunier portrays Ishmael Gregor , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Gregor is the Pakhan ( `` Godfather '' ) of the Bratva ( Russian mafia ) , who takes a special interest in Oliver Queen . Carly Pope portrays Susan Williams , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Susan is a reporter from Coast City for Channel 52 news , who becomes interested in Oliver and the Green Arrow . She later becomes his love interest . Tyler Ritter portrays Detective Billy Malone , a new member of the Star City Police Department and Felicity 's new boyfriend . He is inadvertently killed by Oliver due to a trap set by Prometheus . Kacey Rohl portrays Alena , a member of the Helix hacking organization who attempts to recruit Felicity to their ranks after helping her clear Diggle 's name . She later aligns with Team Arrow after Cayden James is driven insane by the loss of his son , and works with Felicity in battling James ' cabal . Johann Urb portrays Vincent Sobel / Vigilante , while Mick Wingert voices the character when masked . Despite belief that Josh Segarra voiced the character , thus implying that Segarra 's character Adrian Chase was also Vigilante , it was revealed that Chase was instead Prometheus . As such , Guggenheim indicated that the reveal of who Vigilante actually was would `` probably '' not be seen in season five and that Vigilante 's identity was someone already seen before . Sobel was originally portrayed by Clayton Chitty in season 5 . Introduced in season six ( edit ) Kirk Acevedo portrays Ricardo Diaz , a drug lord recently released from incarceration who leads a team street criminals and scientists in the development of an experimental steroid used by John Diggle to work around his tremors . He is later revealed to be the main antagonist of the sixth season who manipulates events of Oliver Queen and Cayden James ' lives behind the scenes , and kills James upon admitting that he orchestrated his son 's death and prepares to launch his own scheme upon Star City . Tobias Jelinek portrays Mr. `` Boots '' Sheck , the right - hand man of Cayden James and a member of his secret cabal . He was responsible for saving Black Siren on the detonating Lian Yu , ensuring her loyalty to his boss 's cause . He 's later killed by Vigilante , revealing the latter nature as an apparent mole in the group . Sydelle Noel portrays Samandra Watson , an FBI agent investigating the vigilantes of Star City . Watson first arrives in Star City after a leaked photo of Oliver Queen as Green Arrow is exposed to the media . Although the photo was proven to be a fake , Watson remains suspicious of Oliver and chooses to stay behind in Star City to look further into Team Arrow as a whole . Kyra Zagorsky will portray Athena , a former member of the League of Assassins once associated with Malcolm Merlyn . Guest stars ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of guest stars , some recurring , who appear in lesser roles . The characters are listed , in alphabetical order by actor , by the season in which they first appeared . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Ben Browder portrays Ted Gaynor , Diggle 's former military commander who turns rogue and starts robbing cash from truck transfers only to be killed by the Arrow . Gaynor returns in flashbacks where his military history with Diggle is shown . Andrew Dunbar portrays Garfield Lynns , a former firefighter who is killing other firefighters as revenge for being abandoned in a fire . Seth Gabel portrays The Count / Count Vertigo , dealer of the deadly drug known as Vertigo . Having already hated The Count for Thea 's Vertigo addiction , Oliver kills the drug lord in season two when The Count is holding Felicity hostage . Kathleen Gati portrays Raisa , a long - serving domestic worker in the Queen mansion when the series begins ; she has been close to Oliver since his childhood . She returns in the sixth season to help take care of William , Oliver 's son . Janina Gavankar portrays McKenna Hall , a vice cop who dates Oliver . Currie Graham portrays Derek Reston , leader of the gang consisting of his family members . Annie Ilonzeh portrays Joanna De La Vega , Laurel 's friend and co-worker at legal aid firm CNRI . Eugene Lipinski portrays Alexi Leonov , a Russian Bratva member . He is killed by Slade Wilson in season two . Brian Markinson portrays Adam Hunt , a corrupt businessman who is the first person on `` The List '' stopped by Oliver . He was blackmailed into involvement with the Undertaking . Hunt is later killed by Malcolm Merlyn . Jeffrey Nordling portrays Frank Bertinelli , Helena 's mob boss father . He is killed in the episode `` Birds of Prey '' , but not by Helena . Tahmoh Penikett portrays Nick Salvati , the right - hand man of Frank Bertinelli . J. August Richards portrays Mr. Blank in the episode `` Home Invasion '' . Mr. Blank is an assassin hired to kill Laurel and a witness for a court case . Originally , the character would have been Onomatopoeia , but the producers found that the character could not be adapted for TV . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Dylan Bruce portrays Adam Donner , an assistant district attorney who becomes Laurel 's boss in season two . Adam is fired later in the season . Michael Eklund portrays Barton Mathis / Dollmaker , a misogynistic serial killer and an enemy of Quentin Lance , later killed by Sara Lance . Jimmy Jean - Louis portrays `` The Captain '' , an unnamed man who is the captain of the ship Amazo . Robert Knepper portrays William Tockman / Clock King . Nicholas Lea portrays Mark Francis , an associate of Walter Steele . Sean Maher portrays Mark Scheffer / Shrapnel , a former toy - shop owner who becomes a psychotic serial bomber and later a member of the Suicide Squad . He was killed during the first mission . Teryl Rothery portrays Jean Loring , Moira 's attorney for her murder trial . Michael Jai White portrays Ben Turner / Bronze Tiger , an assassin who uses metal claws as weapons and subsequently becomes a member of the Suicide Squad . Introduced in season three ( edit ) Austin Butler portrays Chase , a DJ who becomes Thea 's romantic interest . It is revealed that he is a spy for the League of Assassins , and he commits suicide rather than be captured . David Cubitt portrays Mark Shaw , based on the DC Comics character , Manhunter . Shaw is an A.R.G.U.S. operative in Corto Maltese who crosses paths with Diggle , and will eventually be known as `` Manhunter '' . Steven Culp portrays Senator Cray , the target of a rescue mission by the Suicide Squad . He works against his rescuers , since he had engineered a hostage crisis to bolster his presidential ambitions . Nolan Funk portrays Cooper Seldon , Felicity 's boyfriend during her time at MIT , and leader of the hackivist - turned - terrorist organization `` Brother Eye '' . He escapes in Darhk 's prison riot and joins H.I.V.E. as their hacker . Amy Gumenick portrays Carrie Cutter / Cupid , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Carrie is a lethal villain with a dangerously obsessive crush on the Arrow but is later enrolled into the Suicide Squad , where she forms a crush on Floyd Lawton / Deadshot . Doug Jones portrays Jake Simmons / Deathbolt , a metahuman from Opal City who receives his powers through unknown means , with the ability to harness and weaponize plasma energy . Adrian Glynn McMorran portrays Michael Amar / Murmur , a man whose mouth is sewn shut , who enacts a deadly revenge scheme on the Starling City police for imprisoning him in Iron Heights Penitentiary on a false confession . He escapes in Darhk 's prison riot and joins H.I.V.E. but is captured and returned to prison . Peter Stormare portrays Werner Zytle / Vertigo based on the DC Comics character Count Vertigo that appears in The New 52 . Werner is the new purveyor of the drug Vertigo , after the death of The Count in season two . Zytle seeks to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile as a crime lord , but is defeated after encountering the Canary sisters ; he becomes their enemy and seeks reprisal against the Canaries . Nick E. Tarabay portrays Digger Harkness / Captain Boomerang , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Harkness is a former ASIS operative and Suicide Squad member who is highly skilled in martial arts and espionage , whose weapons of choice are custom - made boomerangs . Matt Ward portrays Simon Lacroix / Komodo , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Lacroix is a mercenary archer who uses the name Komodo and was originally suspected of killing Sara Lance / Canary . Introduced in season four ( edit ) JR Bourne portrays Jeremy Tell / Double Down , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . He is a metahuman who can turn his playing card tattoos into weapons . Casper Crump portrays Vandal Savage , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Savage is a 6,000 - year - old immortal , who has manipulated leaders throughout history in an attempt to gain dominion over the entire world . He becomes a main antagonist in the first season of Legends of Tomorrow . Megalyn Echikunwoke portrays Mari McCabe / Vixen , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Born in Africa but raised in the United States , Mari is orphaned at a young age and inherits her family 's mystical Tantu Totem , which allows her to access the powers of the animal kingdom , and becomes a Detroit - based superpowered vigilante . Mari is a friend and ally to both Oliver and Barry Allen . Echikunwoke reprises her role from the animated Arrowverse series Vixen . Falk Hentschel portrays Carter Hall / Hawkman , based on the DC Comics character of the same name . Hall is the latest reincarnation of an Egyptian prince who is fated to reincarnate throughout time along with his soulmate , Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl . Carter stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Peter Francis James portrays Dr. Aldus Boardman , a classics professor at St. Roch University , who is an expert on the story of Vandal Savage , and of Hawkman and Hawkgirl . Emily Kinney portrays Brie Larvan , a female version of Bug - Eyed Bandit , a narcissistic technical genius and killer who becomes a rival to Felicity Smoak , reprising the role from The Flash . Ciara Renée portrays Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl , a young woman who is just beginning to learn that she has been repeatedly reincarnated over the centuries . When provoked , her ancient warrior persona manifests itself , along with wings that grow out of her back , earning her the name Hawkgirl . Renée stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Jeri Ryan portrays Jessica Danforth , a friend of the Queen family , and mayoral candidate for Star City , who drops out of the race after her daughter 's kidnapping . Matt Ryan reprises his role as John Constantine from Constantine , an enigmatic and irreverent former con man , who is now a reluctant supernatural detective . Ryan appears in the season 's fifth episode per a `` one - time - only - deal '' . Constantine is an associate of Oliver 's -- they met on Lian Yu -- and plays a pivotal role in completing Sara Lance 's resurrection . Rutina Wesley portrays Liza Warner , based on the DC Comics character `` Lady Cop '' . Warner is a member of the anti-vigilante task force which has gone rogue . Gabriella Wright portrays Esrin Fortuna , an immortal shaman Oliver consults on John Constantine 's recommendation to learn about Darhk 's powers . Introduced in season five ( edit ) Melissa Benoist portrays Kara Danvers / Supergirl , reprising her role from the series Supergirl . Supergirl is Barry Allen 's friend and ally from another universe , whom Oliver also ultimately befriends during an alien invasion crisis . In season six , Benoist portrays Kara 's Earth - X doppelgänger , Overgirl , who is Oliver 's doppelgänger 's Kryptonian bride . Garry Chalk portrays J.G. Walker , a corrupt US Army general who frames Diggle to conceal his own illegal arms dealing , which is ultimately exposed . Amy Pemberton voices Gideon , the on - board navigational assistant of the Waverider . Pemberton stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Cody Runnels portrays Derek Sampson , a drug dealer terrorizing Star City . Patrick Sabongui portrays David Singh , the Central City Police Captain who provided the Green Arrow and his team with information that lead to the location of Dinah Drake . Sabongui reprises his role from The Flash . Wil Traval portrays Christopher Chance / Human Target , based on the DC Comics character of the same name , who is hired by Oliver to serve as his body double when he is mayor . Nick Zano portrays Nate Heywood / Steel , a historian - turned - metahuman superhero who can transform himself into a steel - like form . Zano stars as the character on Legends of Tomorrow . Introduced in season six ( edit ) Tom Cavanagh portrays Dr. Harrison `` Harry '' Wells , a renowned scientist from Earth - 2 and an ally of Team Flash . Wells is also a parallel universe counterpart of Earth - 1 's Dr. Harrison Wells , who was murdered by Eobard Thawne . Cavanagh also portrays Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash , Harrison Wells ' metahuman imposter . Franz Drameh as Jefferson `` Jax '' Jackson / Firestorm : A former high school athlete , auto mechanic , and graduate student who succeeds Ronnie Raymond as one half of the hero known as Firestorm with Martin Stein . Drameh reprises his role from The Flash . Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm : A nuclear physicist focused on transmutation who is second half of the hero known as Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson . Garber reprises his role from The Flash . Liam Hall portrays Joe Wilson , the son of Slade Wilson and a former ASIS operative who is the leader of a Russian gang known as the Jackals which specializes in the collection of powerful weapons . Chyler Leigh portrays Alex Danvers , the adoptive sister of Kara Danvers and second - in - command of Department of Extranormal Operations . Leigh reprises her role from Supergirl . Candice Patton portrays Iris West , a member of the S.T.A.R. Labs team and the wife of Barry Allen . Patton reprises her role from The Flash . Dominic Purcell portrays Mick Rory / Heat Wave , an arsonist , career criminal , and accomplice of Leonard Snart who , in contrast to his partner , uses a heat gun capable of burning almost anything . Purcell reprises his role from The Flash . See also ( edit ) List of The Flash characters List of Legends of Tomorrow characters List of Supergirl characters List of Arrowverse actors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mittovich , Matt Webb ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow Confirms Colton Haynes 's Return : Find Out When ( And Why ) Roy Is Back '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Arrow : Katrina Law Set to Return for ' Unforgettable ' Season 6 Episode '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` KATIE CASSIDY RETURNING TO ARROW AS A SERIES REGULAR IN SEASON 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow : Katie Cassidy returning as series regular for season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green Arrow ( vol. 5 ) # 0 ( November 2012 ) Jump up ^ Sydney Bucksbaum ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tommy Merlyn Is Returning to Arrow -- But There 's a Twist ! '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Jeff ( w ) , Sorrentino , Andrea ( a ) . Green Arrow v5 , # 24 ( October 2013 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Percy , Benjamin ( w ) , Schmidt , Otto ( a ) . Green Arrow v6 , # 2 ( July 2016 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` @ SmoaknArrow @ ARROWwriters Yes '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Smoak & Arrow : ( I ) s `` Spartan '' officially Diggle 's codename now ? / Marc Guggenheim : Yes . Jump up ^ `` Arrow 's Willa Holland could become his sidekick '' . Scifinow.co.uk . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Almalvez , Laurence ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Team on Green Lantern Rumors and Season 4 Surprises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim Talks Arrow , Vixen , Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Overwatch Sequel '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow : Susanna Thompson returning for 100th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow reveals Felicity 's codename '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stoute , Scott ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` 11 Confirmed DC Comic Characters Appearing in CW 's ' Arrow ' '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` Producers for CW show ' Arrow ' tapped to write super hero 's comic book adventures '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow EP Andrew Kreisberg Talks Deathstroke ; Slade Wilson & Oliver Queen 's Blossoming Bromance '' . Access Hollywood . February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow casts Mr. Terrific for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' What We Leave Behind '' -- Arrow S05E09 Review `` . TV.com . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Josh Segarra Cast As Adrian Chase , Vigilante , For Season 5 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow unveils Prometheus ' identity -- what 's next ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Harvy ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 5 Episode 2 Spoilers : ' The Recruits ' To Introduce New Green Vigilantes ; Who Is Prometheus ? '' . parentherald.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nemetz , Dave ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow Promotes Rick Gonzalez and Juliana Harkavy for Season 6 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Actress Juliana Harkavy Joining ' Arrow ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Megan ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ARROW : TINA BOLAND 'S REAL NAME WILL BE FAMILIAR TO DC COMICS FANS '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Amanda Waller Unleashes the Suicide Squad on `` Arrow '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Babos , John ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` CW Arrow Spoilers & Recap : Suicide Squad Makes TV Debut In Season 2 Episode 16 With Harley Quinn & Deathstroke ( CW Arrow S02 E16 News & Review ) '' . Inside Pulse . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Finale Scoop : Will Oliver Be Able to Take Down the Dark Archer ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` The CW 's ' Arrow ' casts The Huntress -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : New Photos Showcase Deathstroke , Eddie Fyers , John Barrowman '' . Comicbook.com . October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tonight 's Arrow to Feature Kate Spencer '' . comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz ( writers ) Nick Copus ( director ) ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Identity '' . Arrow ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 2 . The CW . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Exclusive : Celina Jade on Shado 's New Partnership with Oliver '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' scoop : ' ER ' actress is Laurel 's mom -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Jeffrey ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Ben Browder battles our hero in ' Trust But Verify ' '' . digitalspy.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Odette Annable To Recur On CBS 's ' Golden Boy ' , Byron Mann On CW 's ' Arrow ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` @ OwenDanes `` Is Yao Fei in Arrow the same Yao Fei from The Great Ten ? '' Intentionally the same name , but not the exact same character `` . Twitter . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Exclusive First Look at Deathstroke '' . IGN . October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Deathstroke Makes His Much - Anticipated Debut in the Latest Flashback ( VIDEO ) '' . Entertainment / TV . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' & CBS 's Ben Falcone Add To Casts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The River 's Paul Blackthorne Joins ' Arrow ' , Jamey Sheridan Set To Play Arrow 's Dad '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cynthia Addai - Robinson Cast As `` Arrow 's '' Amanda Waller `` . comicbookresources.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Derrick ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Bronze Tiger , Brother Blood coming to ' Arrow ' '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Summer Glau is ready for boardroom battle in latest Arrow images '' . io9.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is Isabel Rochev , Summer Glau 's New Role On Arrow ? '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Star Set as CW 's Flash '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' drops a big ' Arrow ' bombshell '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lauren ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` '' ARROW '' RECAP : EPIC `` THE FLASH '' CROSSOVER CONCLUDES WITH TIME TRAVEL AND TEAMWORK `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Casts Spartacus Alum as Daughter of Ra 's al Ghul '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Caity Lotz on Black Canary 's Secret , Oliver 's Dilemma and the Deadly League '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Black Canary On ' Arrow ' : CW President Mark Pedowitz Shares More On The Superhero 's Origin Story '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , Kevin ( 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Black Canary Revealed -- What Did You Think ? '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Nededog , Jethro ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` CW 's ' Arrow ' Casts ' The Pact 's ' Caity Lotz as Black Canary ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Boss Sets the Record Straight on Black Canary Casting '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 2 Exclusive : ' Percy Jackson ' Star Dylan Neal Joins as DC 's Dr. Anthony Ivo ! '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Adds Another Familiar DC Comics Villain '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Scoop : Which Flash Characters Are Heading to Starling City ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( November 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Season 2 to Feature Cyrus Gold & Possibly Solomon Grundy '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Scoop : Breakout Killing Co-Star Commits to ' Sin ' - ful Season 2 Arc '' . tvline . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' is resurrecting another character this season '' . Hitfix . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ . `` Arrow : Easter Eggs and DC Comics References In `` The Return '' `` . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rila Fukushima Joins ' Arrow ' , Riley Voelkel Cast In ' Point Of Honor ' '' . Deadline . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Aoki Joins CW 's ' Arrow ' ; Syfy 's ' Ascension ' Rounds Out Cast '' . Deadline . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Recruits Sin City 's Devon Aoki for ' Deadly ' Season 3 Role '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow ' Casts Vinnie Jones as Comicbook Villain Brick ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Finds Ra 's al Ghul '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` J.R. Ramirez To Play Wildcat On ' Arrow ' Season 3 '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Casts NYPD Blue Alum as Felicity 's Mom '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc . `` Okay , Internet , Felicity 's mom 's name is Donna . @ charlotteross @ EmilyBett '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Arrow Targets Brandon Routh to Play Major DC Comics Superhero in Season 3 '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng . `` ' Arrow ' Season 3 : Boss Tackles 10 Big Questions - The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily . `` Marc Singer joins ' Arrow ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow Season 3 Scoop : Meet Oliver 's Hong Kong Handler '' . TV Line . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Casts Everwood 's Tom Amandes as DC Comics Villain The Calculator '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Cast DC Villain Baron Blitzkrieg for Season 4 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow boss explains Baron Reiter casting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Taps Falling Skies Alum as New Foe for Oliver Queen '' . Variety . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : `` Arrow '' Casts Its Anarky For Season 4 `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' : Season 4 , Episode 9 -- ' Dark Waters ' '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Echo Kellum as Curtis Holt , Chenier Hundal as Paul and Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Jump up ^ `` The Candidate '' . Arrow . Jump up ^ `` Taken '' . Arrow . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Video : Oliver Prepares to Take Down Damien Darhk 's Wife - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Season 4 : Neal McDonough Joins Cast as the Infamous Damien Darhk '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Adds Artemis for Season 5 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` DC TV Watch at Comic - Con : All the Highlights From ' Supergirl , ' ' Black Lightning , ' ' Arrow ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow casts Oliver 's new love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow 's David Ramsey shares his theories on who 's in the grave '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Arrow ' Lands ' Enlisted ' Star as Thea 's New Love Interest for Season 4 '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow : Season 5 Casts The Walking Dead Alum Chad L. Coleman '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ARROW : `` LEGACY '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow books Blindspot star as Ragman -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Casts Talia al Ghul With Continuum / Andromeda 's Lexa Doig '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` WonderCon : Legends of Tomorrow Footage Reveals Jonah Hex , Talia al Ghul and More '' . IGN . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Major BATMAN Character Debuts in DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' . Newsarama . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : ' Lost ' Star Michael Emerson To Recur In Season 6 ; David Nykl Returns , Watch Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow adds Dolph Lundgren as new villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : David Meunier Cast As Ishmael Gregor In Season 5 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Casts Popular Alum Carly Pope as Coast City Reporter in Season 5 '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Tyler Ritter to Recur ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacob Bryant ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Exclusive Clip : Felicity Tours Helix 's Base '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Vigilante Is Black Canary 's Ex On ' Arrow ' & The Consequences Are Already Heartbreaking '' . Bustle . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco , Eric ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Fans Are Pretty Sure They Know Vigilante 's Identity '' . Inverse . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ARROW : `` FIGHTING FIRE WITH FIRE '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Arrow ' Drops the Bombshell Prometheus Reveal in ' Fighting Fire With Fire ' '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Arrow , Supergirl , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Abrams ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' finally unmasks Vigilante '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Kirk Acevedo Cast As Ricardo Diaz ( Richard Dragon ) In Season 6 '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` What Does the ' Arrow ' Midseason Finale Twist Mean for Season 6 's Villains ? '' . Comicbook.com . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Adds Sydelle Noel for Season 6 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/gallery/fall-tv-2017-season-premiere-spoilers/ Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna . `` ' Arrow ' Casts Kyra Zagorsky as Former League of Assassins Member '' . ComicBook.com . ComicBook.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow Exclusive : Farscape and Stargate SG - 1 's Ben Browder to Play DC Comics Character Ted Gaynor '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Firefly coming to ' Arrow ' -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stoute , Scott . `` ' Arrow ' Casts ' Fringe ' Alum Seth Gabel as Count Vertigo '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Pilot ( Series Premiere ) '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kathleen Gati to reprise Raisa on CW 's Arrow '' . sheknows.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' casts ' True Blood 's ' Janina Gavankar in major recurring role '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Arrow 's Royal Flush Gang Revealed '' . Superhero Hype . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : CW superhero drama adds ' Charlie 's Angels ' star Annie Ilonzeh '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ilonzeh , Annie ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Joanna De La Vega . # Arrow # Lawyer # Swag # Tired # Canada # Vancouver # SunnyDay '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ West , Brian ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` WPR Previews the Upcoming Suicide Squad Episode of Arrow '' . WatchPlayRead . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Futon 's First Look : `` Arrow '' ( The CW ) `` . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Smash Adds Law & Order Vet , USA Orders Pilot From Numb3rs Creators and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Enlists ' Battlestar Galactica 's ' Tahmoh Penikett '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Targets Orphan Black Star '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Everyone Loves A Pretty Doll '' . IGN . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : `` ARROW '' CASTS JIMMY JEAN - LOUIS AS AMAZO - LINKED `` CAPTAIN '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laurel ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Robert Knepper cast as bad guy ' Clock King ' '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow Exclusive : X-Files Vet Nicholas Lea to Send ( Spoiler ) on a Surprising Journey '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Arrow 's Books `` Firefly '' Star Sean Maher in Villainous Role ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Teryl Rothery to play The Atom 's love interest in season two '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : ' Carrie Diaries ' Star to Romance Thea in Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Enlists ' Medium ' Star for DC Role in Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Arrow ' Is Plotting Another Suicide Squad Episode -- and Your Favorites Are Back ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 317 ) `` Suicidal Tendencies '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Books ' Glee ' Alum for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' casts ' Supernatural ' alum as lethal lovestruck fan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow : Doug Jones To Play DC Comics Villain Deathbolt '' . IGN . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 316 ) `` The Offer '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Arrow Taps Peter Stormare as New Count Vertigo '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' casts ' Spartacus ' actor as Captain Boomerang '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Arrow ' casts DC Comics villain Komodo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow Adds Teen Wolf JR Bourne As DC Villain Double Down ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow Casts Season 1 Big Bad Vandal Savage '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : An Animated Vixen Comes to Life On Arrow '' . TV Insider . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Falk Hentschel To Play Hawkman In ' Legends Of Tomorrow ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Legends of Tomorrow Casts Peter Francis James As Key Part of Hawkman / Hawkgirl Story '' . Cominbook.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 417 ) `` Beacon of Hope '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Arrow / Flash Spinoff Casts Ciara Renée As Hawkgirl '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` '' ARROW `` / '' FLASH '' CROSSOVER UNVEILS HERO - FILLED PLOT `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Casting Exclusive : Jeri Ryan To Guest Star On CW Drama '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` 22 HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE `` ARROW '' SEASON 4 TRAILER `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Constantine 's Matt Ryan Conjures Up Magical Return on Arrow '' . TV Insider . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow scoop : Get details on Rutina Wesley 's role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Recap : `` Genesis '' -- Things Get Magical Under the Dome `` . Collider . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supergirl Is the Common Thread in `` Flash , '' `` Arrow '' & `` Legends Of Tomorrow '' Crossover `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb , Matt ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' Recap Season 5 Episode 12 -- ( Spoiler ) Quits Team Arrow '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Somosot , Janice ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrow ' 100th Episode Features A Shared Hallucination Between Oliver , Thea , Diggle , Ray & Sara '' . International Business Times Philippines . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow to Host ' Rematch ' With WWE Alum Cody Rhodes FKA Stardust '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` CODY RHODES HAS A BLOODY WARNING FOR ARROW '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Sabongui was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow Takes Aim at Jessica Jones Cop Wil Traval for Human Target Role '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beedle , Tim ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking News : DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , a New Arrow and Flash Spinoff Series , is Coming to The CW '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Drameh was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow / Flash Superhero Team - Up Spinoff In Works At CW ; Brandon Routh , Victor Garber , Wentworth Miller , Caity Lotz Star '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow 's Phil Klemmer on Fighting Nazis , Killing Characters and The Time Masters ' Secret Agenda '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow casts Slade Wilson 's son '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow , ' ' The Good Place , ' and More '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . When I pressed EP Andrew Kreisberg on whether more of the Supergirl characters would get to take part in the upcoming four - way crossover event , he dropped quite a tease . `` Kara and Alex are at the center of it through all four hours , '' Kreisberg says . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference HeatWave was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Green Arrow George Papp Mort Weisinger Green Arrow Oliver Queen Connor Hawke Supporting characters Arrowette Black Canary Eddie Fyers Speedy Roy Harper Mia Dearden Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Katana Felicity Smoak Shado Enemies Hannibal Bates Brick China White Clock King Count Vertigo Cupid Deathstroke Richard Dragon ( Ricardo Diaz , Jr . ) Constantine Drakon Merlyn Onomatopoeia Equipment Arrowcar Trick arrows Publications More Fun Comics Green Lantern / Green Arrow The Dark Knight Returns Green Arrow : The Longbow Hunters The Dark Knight Strikes Again Green Arrow : Year One Green Arrow and Black Canary Storylines `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' `` Quiver '' Locations Queen Industries / Q - Core Star City Starfish Island Vlatava In other media Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online DC Showcase : Green Arrow Young Justice Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Arrowverse and related shows Arrow characters episodes The Flash Vixen DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Supergirl Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Related articles The Outsiders The Green Archer ( 1940 serial ) Robin Hood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arrow_characters&oldid=828898281 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) Lists of action television characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of DC Comics television characters Lists of science fiction television characters Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 12 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the main villain in arrow season 4	[ "In season four, Oliver is called from retirement to help Laurel and Thea stop a group known as \"The Ghosts\" led by Damien Darhk, leader of H.I.V.E. Oliver now goes by the name \"Green Arrow\", ostensibly a new vigilante following in the footsteps of the Arrow, who Star City (formerly Starling City) believes to have died. He plans to propose to Felicity and run for mayor. While on a mission with Barry Allen in Central City, Oliver meets Samantha Clayton's son, William, and ultimately learns that he is William's father. Samantha refuses to grant Oliver full access because of his playboy past and her ill feelings toward his mother. The revelations of his fatherhood complicates Oliver's relationship with Felicity and his duty as Green Arrow, and threatens to jeopardize his mayoral campaign. When a H.I.V.E. attack leaves Felicity permanently paraplegic, Oliver's fight with Darhk becomes a vendetta. Oliver also discovers that Thea is dying because the Pit's restorative effect on her is waning; Nyssa offers a cure in exchange for killing Malcolm. In a fight, Oliver cuts off Malcolm's left hand and gives the Demon's Head ring to Nyssa in exchange for the cure. Nyssa disbands the League of Assassins, causing Malcolm to seek vengeance against Oliver. As a result, Darhk kidnaps William, Oliver's relationship with Felicity becomes estranged, and Oliver is forced to resign from his mayoral campaign. After Darhk is successfully prosecuted, Malcolm, with help from Andy Diggle, aids Darhk's escape by restoring his magic, and fatally stabs Laurel with Oliver's arrow. Laurel dies of her injuries moments after admitting that she still loves Oliver, who is devastated. During his quest to stop Darhk, Oliver learns that the pure forces of light can counter Darhk's powers and that H.I.V.E. plans to rule a post-apocalyptic world. At the end of the season Oliver stops Darhk's plan to destroy the world and kills him. With the death of the previous mayor, Ruve Adams, Oliver becomes acting mayor of Star City. The season's flashbacks explore Oliver's training with A.R.G.U.S. and his infiltration of the Shadowspire organization on Lian Yu." ]	[ "Damien Darhk" ]
4725845399232398734	FIFA World Cup top goalscorers	FIFA World Cup top goalscorers - wikipedia FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose celebrating his record - breaking 16th World Cup goal More than 2,500 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments , not counting penalties scored during shoot - outs . Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup , more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup , of which just 97 have scored at least five . Number of goalscorers Goals ≥ 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Total No players 7 6 9 7 8 26 34 > 50 > 90 > 200 > 750 > 1,250 Ronaldo is the player with the second most goals , scoring 15 . The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina 's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals . Since then , only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament . The first was Hungary 's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954 . At the next tournament , France 's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games . Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany 's win at the 1974 final . His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo 's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil . Germany 's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014 . Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup : Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil , and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany . Of all the players who have played at the World Cup , only six have scored , on average , at least two goals per game played : Kocsis , Fontaine , Stábile , Russia 's Oleg Salenko , Switzerland 's Josef Hügi , and Poland 's Ernst Wilimowski -- the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938 . The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations , with 14 players scoring for Brazil , and another 14 for Germany or West Germany . In total , 64 footballers came from UEFA ( Europe ) , 29 from CONMEBOL ( South America ) , and only four from elsewhere : Cameroon , Ghana , Australia , and the United States . Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament , with 13 goals in 1958 . The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954 , Müller in 1970 and Portugal 's Eusébio in 1966 , with 11 , 10 and 9 , respectively . The lowest scoring tournament 's top scorer was in 1962 , when six players tied at only four goals each . Across the 21 editions of the World Cup , 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals , and no one has achieved this feat twice . Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament , while Brazil 's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970 . These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations , the most ( five ) for Brazil . Another five came from other South American countries , with the remaining 20 coming from Europe . Excluding the 2010 edition , all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot . Contents 1 Overall top goalscorers 1.1 Timeline 2 Top goalscorers for each tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overall top goalscorers ( edit ) Table key Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup # Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018 ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad , but did not play in a match ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match , but did not score a goal Gerd Müller ( right ) scored 14 goals for West Germany . Pelé ( right ) scored 12 goals for Brazil . Thomas Müller has scored 10 goals for Germany . Grzegorz Lato ( left ) scored 10 goals for Poland . David Villa ( left ) is the top World Cup goalscorer for Spain , with nine goals . Jairzinho ( upper right ) and Roberto Rivellino ( center ) have scored nine and six goals , respectively , for Brazil . Landon Donovan is the first player from the United States to score five goals . Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments Rank Player Team Goals scored Matches played Goals per game Tournaments Notes Miroslav Klose Germany 16 24 0.67 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Ronaldo Brazil 15 19 0.79 ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Gerd Müller West Germany 14 13 1.08 1970 , 1974 list Just Fontaine France 13 6 2.17 1958 list 5 Pelé Brazil 12 14 0.86 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 list 6 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 2.20 1954 list Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany Germany 17 0.65 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list 8 Helmut Rahn West Germany 10 10 1.00 1954 , 1958 list Gary Lineker England 12 0.83 1986 , 1990 list Gabriel Batistuta Argentina 12 0.83 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Teófilo Cubillas Peru 13 0.77 1970 , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Thomas Müller Germany 16 0.63 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Grzegorz Lato Poland 20 0.50 1974 , 1978 , 1982 list 14 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 1.50 1966 list Christian Vieri Italy 9 1.00 1998 , 2002 list Vavá Brazil 10 0.90 1958 , 1962 David Villa Spain 12 0.75 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Paolo Rossi Italy 14 0.64 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Jairzinho Brazil 16 0.56 ( 1966 ) , 1970 , 1974 list Roberto Baggio Italy 16 0.56 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 19 0.47 1978 , 1982 , 1986 list Uwe Seeler West Germany 21 0.43 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 23 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 2.00 1930 list Leônidas Brazil 5 1.60 1934 , 1938 list Ademir Brazil 6 1.33 1950 list Óscar Míguez Uruguay 7 1.14 1950 , 1954 Rivaldo Brazil 14 0.57 1998 , 2002 list Rudi Völler West Germany Germany 15 0.53 1986 , 1990 , 1994 list Diego Maradona Argentina 21 0.38 1982 , 1986 , ( 1990 ) , 1994 list 30 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 7 6 1.17 1934 , 1938 Lajos Tichy Hungary 8 0.88 1958 , 1962 , ( 1966 ) list Careca Brazil 9 0.78 1986 , 1990 Johnny Rep Netherlands 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 Andrzej Szarmach Poland 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 , 1982 Luis Suárez Uruguay 13 0.54 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Hans Schäfer West Germany 15 0.47 1954 , 1958 , ( 1962 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 17 0.41 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list 38 Josef Hügi Switzerland 6 2.00 1954 Oleg Salenko Russia 2.00 1994 list György Sárosi Hungary 5 1.20 1934 , 1938 Max Morlock West Germany 5 1.20 1954 Erich Probst Austria 5 1.20 1954 Harry Kane England 6 1.00 2018 list Salvatore Schillaci Italy 7 0.86 1990 list Davor Šuker Yugoslavia Croatia 8 0.75 ( 1990 ) , 1998 , ( 2002 ) list James Rodríguez Colombia 8 0.75 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Helmut Haller West Germany 9 0.67 ( 1962 ) , 1966 , ( 1970 ) Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 10 0.60 1994 , ( 1998 ) list Diego Forlán Uruguay 10 0.60 2002 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Neymar Brazil 10 0.60 2014 , 2018 list Asamoah Gyan Ghana 11 0.55 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands 12 0.50 1994 , 1998 list Rob Rensenbrink Netherlands 13 0.46 1974 , 1978 Rivellino Brazil 15 0.40 1970 , 1974 , ( 1978 ) Bebeto Brazil 15 0.40 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 list Arjen Robben Netherlands 15 0.40 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Zbigniew Boniek Poland 16 0.38 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Thierry Henry France 17 0.35 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 , ( 2010 ) list Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 17 0.35 ( 2006 ) , 2010 , 2014 list Robin van Persie Netherlands 17 0.35 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Mario Kempes Argentina 18 0.33 ( 1974 ) , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Lionel Messi Argentina 19 0.32 2006 , ( 2010 ) , 2014 , 2018 list Lothar Matthäus West Germany Germany 25 0.24 ( 1982 ) , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , ( 1998 ) 64 Pedro Cea Uruguay 5 1.25 1930 list Silvio Piola Italy 1.25 1938 Gyula Zsengellér Hungary 1.25 1938 Peter McParland Northern Ireland 5 1.00 1958 list Tomáš Skuhravý Czechoslovakia 5 1.00 1990 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 6 0.83 1950 , 1954 Geoff Hurst England 6 0.83 1966 , 1970 list Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark 6 0.83 2002 , 2010 list Alessandro Altobelli Italy 7 0.71 1982 , 1986 Kennet Andersson Sweden 7 0.71 1994 list Fernando Morientes Spain 7 0.71 1998 , 2002 list Romário Brazil 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , 1994 list Marc Wilmots Belgium 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 list Mario Mandžukić Croatia 8 0.63 2014 , 2018 list Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union 9 0.56 1958 , 1962 list Emilio Butragueño Spain 9 0.56 1986 , ( 1990 ) list Roger Milla Cameroon 9 0.56 ( 1982 ) , 1990 , 1994 Tim Cahill Australia 9 0.56 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Hans Krankl Austria 10 0.50 1978 , 1982 list Romelu Lukaku Belgium 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Ivan Perišić Croatia 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Raúl Spain 11 0.45 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Garrincha Brazil 12 0.42 ( 1958 ) , 1962 , 1966 Johan Neeskens Netherlands 12 0.42 1974 , ( 1978 ) Fernando Hierro Spain 12 0.42 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Zinedine Zidane France 12 0.42 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 Landon Donovan United States 12 0.42 2002 , ( 2006 ) , 2010 list Henrik Larsson Sweden 13 0.38 1994 , 2002 , 2006 list Michel Platini France 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , 1986 Zico Brazil 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Edinson Cavani Uruguay 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Lukas Podolski Germany 15 0.33 2006 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 18 0.28 1966 , 1970 , ( 1974 ) list Timeline ( edit ) Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments Goals Date Player Team Match Opponent Previous goals Ref July 13 , 1930 Lucien Laurent France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico N / A Bart McGhee United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Marcel Langiller France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico André Maschinot France Mexico Tom Florie United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Bert Patenaude United States Belgium Juan Carreño Mexico 1930 -- Group stage France André Maschinot France Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 16 , 1930 Carlos Vidal Chile 1930 -- Group stage Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 17 , 1930 Ivan Bek Yugoslavia 1930 -- Group stage Bolivia 1930 vs Brazil Bert Patenaude United States 1930 -- Group stage Paraguay 1930 vs Belgium , Paraguay July 22 , 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 1930 -- Group stage Chile 1930 vs Mexico ( 3 ) 5 6 July 26 , 1930 1930 -- Semi-final United States 7 8 July 30 , 1930 1930 -- Final Uruguay June 19 , 1938 Leônidas Brazil 1938 -- 3rd place Sweden 1934 vs Spain 1938 vs Poland ( 3 ) , Czechoslovakia , Czechoslovakia , Sweden ( 2 ) July 13 , 1950 Ademir Brazil 1950 -- Final round Spain 1950 vs Mexico ( 2 ) , Yugoslavia , Sweden ( 3 ) , Spain June 27 , 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 1954 -- Quarter - final Brazil 1954 vs South Korea ( 3 ) , West Germany ( 4 ) 9 10 June 30 , 1954 1954 -- Semi-final Uruguay 11 June 28 , 1958 Just Fontaine France 1958 -- 3rd place West Germany 1958 vs Paraguay ( 3 ) , Yugoslavia ( 2 ) , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( 2 ) , Brazil , West Germany 12 13 July 3 , 1974 Gerd Müller West Germany 1974 -- Second round Poland 1970 vs Morocco , Bulgaria ( 3 ) , Peru ( 3 ) , England , Italy ( 2 ) 1974 vs Australia , Yugoslavia 14 July 7 , 1974 1974 -- Final Netherlands June 22 , 2006 Ronaldo Brazil 2006 -- Group stage Japan 1998 vs Morocco , Chile ( 2 ) , Netherlands 2002 vs Turkey , China , Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Belgium , Turkey , Germany ( 2 ) 2006 vs Japan 15 June 27 , 2006 2006 -- Round of 16 Ghana June 21 , 2014 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 -- Group stage Ghana 2002 vs Saudi Arabia ( 3 ) , Ireland , Cameroon 2006 vs Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Ecuador ( 2 ) , Argentina 2010 vs Australia , England , Argentina ( 2 ) 16 July 8 , 2014 2014 -- Semi-final Brazil Top goalscorers for each tournament ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . Eusébio scored nine goals for Portugal at the 1966 World Cup . James Rodríguez scored six goals for Colombia at the 2014 World Cup . Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament World Cup Player Team Goals scored Matches played Golden Boot Other FIFA Awards Uruguay 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 Silver Ball Italy 1934 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 5 Bronze Ball France 1938 Leônidas Brazil 7 5 Golden Ball Brazil 1950 Ademir Brazil 8 6 Bronze Ball Switzerland 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 Silver Ball Sweden 1958 Just Fontaine France 13 6 Bronze Ball Chile 1962 Garrincha Brazil 6 Golden Ball Vavá Brazil 6 Leonel Sánchez Chile 6 Bronze Ball Flórián Albert Hungary Best Young Player Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union Dražan Jerković Yugoslavia 6 England 1966 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 Bronze Ball Mexico 1970 Gerd Müller West Germany 10 6 Best Young Player , Bronze Ball West Germany 1974 Grzegorz Lato Poland 7 7 Argentina 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 6 7 Golden Ball Spain 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 6 7 Golden Ball Mexico 1986 Gary Lineker England 6 5 Italy 1990 Salvatore Schillaci Italy 6 7 Golden Ball USA 1994 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 6 7 Bronze Ball Oleg Salenko Russia France 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia 6 7 Silver Ball South Korea and Japan 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 8 7 Silver Ball Germany 2006 Miroslav Klose Germany 5 7 South Africa 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 5 6 Best Young Player David Villa Spain 7 Silver Boot , Bronze Ball Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 7 Bronze Boot , Silver Ball Diego Forlán Uruguay 7 Golden Ball Brazil 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 6 5 Russia 2018 Harry Kane England 6 6 See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks List of FIFA World Cup own goals All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Outside this list is Ernst Wilimowski of Poland , the player with the highest goals - to - games ratio in the World Cup . His ratio is 4.00 as he scored four goals in his only World Cup appearance , in 1938 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals in the 1938 tournament , but in November 2006 , FIFA revised it to seven ( he scored one additional goal in the 1934 tournament ) . Jump up ^ There was a controversy regarding the number of goals scored by Ademir in 1950 because of incomplete data from the final group round game against Spain , that ended in a 6 -- 1 victory for Brazil . The fifth Brazilian goal was credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals in 1934 . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , meaning he scored a total of seven goals overall ( he scored two goals in 1938 ) . Jump up ^ Davor Šuker was part of Yugoslavia 's squad in the 1990 FIFA World Cup but did not play any games . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , he joined the Croatian national team . Jump up ^ The two initial games of the 1930 FIFA World Cup ( France -- Mexico and United States -- Belgium ) were played at the same time , as seven players scored , with André Maschinot scoring two goals . The order in which these players are listed reflects the actual elapsed time in the games when their goals were scored . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Milestone Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup -- All - time Topscorers '' . WorldFootball.net . HEIM : SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics -- Players with the Most Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Owsianski , Jaroslaw ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 -- Final Tournaments -- Top - 100 Goal Scorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics -- All editions '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` More goals than caps '' . FIFA. 2009 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . The Golden Shoe may have eluded Ernest Wilimowski , but he does boast the best goals - to - games ratio in World Cup history at 400 per cent . Indeed , in his solitary appearance -- an unforgettable match at France 1938 -- he scored four of Poland 's goals in a 6 - 5 defeat by Brazil in the first round . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerd Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fontaine '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sandor Kocsis '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Rahn '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lineker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Batistuta '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Cubillas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Grzegorz Lato '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eusebio ( Eusebio da Silva Ferreira ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Vieri '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vava '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Rossi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Baggio '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Heinz Rummenigge '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uwe Seeler '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA. 2006 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leonidas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Obituary -- Jair da Rosa Pinto '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Brazil 6 : 1 Spain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ademir '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Miguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Voeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oldrich Nejedly '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lajos Tichy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Careca '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Rep '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Andrzej Szarmach '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Schaeffer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Huegi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyorgy Sarosi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Max Morlock '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Erich Probst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . ESPN . 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Schillaci '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- James Rodriguez '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Haller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Forlan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Bergkamp '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Rensenbrink '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivelino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bebeto '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arjen Robben '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zbigniew Boniek '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wesley Sneijder '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Kempes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lothar Matthaeus '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Cea '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Silvio Piola '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyula Zsengeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McParland '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Skuhravy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Schiaffino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Altobelli '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kennet Andersson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Morientes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romário ( Romário de Souza Faria ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Wilmots '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Mandžukić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Valentin Ivanov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Butragueno '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Milla '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cahill '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Tim Cahill '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Krankl '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romelu Lukaku '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Perišić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Raul '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Garrincha '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Neeskens '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Hierro '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Donovan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Larsson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- France 4 : 1 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- USA 3 : 0 Belgium '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Chile 3 : 0 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Bek '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian . `` The 10 Most Significant Goals In U.S. Soccer History : Bert Patenaude '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's most iconic players : 1930 top scorer Guillermo Stabile '' . talkSPORT.com. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Classic Player : Leonidas : Brazil 's first superstar '' . FIFA. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's forgotten men '' . VAVEL. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The forgotten story of ... Just Fontaine 's 13 - goal World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin . `` World Cup Rewind : Ronaldo sets all - time goals world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Miroslav Klose 's World Cup goals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup : Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Golden Ball Winners in World Cup History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg , Danny ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Every winner of the World Cup 's Best Young Player award and what they went on to achieve '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com Statistics at RSSSF Planet World Cup FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_top_goalscorers&oldid=856410387 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who scored highest goal for brazil in world cup	[ "\nPlayers with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments[6][7]\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoalsscored\n\nMatchesplayed\n\nGoalsper game[nb 1]\n\nTournaments\n\nNotes\n\n\n1\n\nMiroslav Klose♦\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n24\n\n0.67\n\n2002, 2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[9]\n\n\n2\n\nRonaldo♦\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n19\n\n0.79\n\n[1994], 1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[10]\n\n\n3\n\nGerd Müller\n\n West Germany\n\n14\n\n13\n\n1.08\n\n1970, 1974\n\nlist[11]\n\n\n4\n\nJust Fontaine♦\n\n France\n\n13\n\n6\n\n2.17\n\n1958\n\nlist[12]\n\n\n5\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n14\n\n0.86\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\nlist[13]\n\n\n6\n\nSándor Kocsis♦\n\n Hungary\n\n11\n\n5\n\n2.20\n\n1954\n\nlist[14]\n\n\nJürgen Klinsmann\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n17\n\n0.65\n\n1990,1994, 1998\n\nlist[15]\n\n\n8\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n10\n\n10\n\n1.00\n\n1954, 1958\n\nlist[16]\n\n\nGary Lineker♦\n\n England\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1986, 1990\n\nlist[17]\n\n\nGabriel Batistuta♦\n\n Argentina\n\n12\n\n0.83\n\n1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[18]\n\n\nTeófilo Cubillas♦\n\n Peru\n\n13\n\n0.77\n\n1970, 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[19]\n\n\nThomas Müller#\n\n Germany\n\n16\n\n0.63\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[20][21]\n\n\nGrzegorz Lato♦\n\n Poland\n\n20\n\n0.50\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\nlist[22]\n\n\n14\n\nEusébio♦\n\n Portugal\n\n9\n\n6\n\n1.50\n\n1966\n\nlist[23]\n\n\nChristian Vieri♦\n\n Italy\n\n9\n\n1.00\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[24]\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.90\n\n1958, 1962\n\n[25]\n\n\nDavid Villa♦\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.75\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[26]\n\n\nPaolo Rossi♦\n\n Italy\n\n14\n\n0.64\n\n1978, 1982, [1986]\n\nlist[27]\n\n\nJairzinho\n\n Brazil\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n(1966), 1970, 1974\n\nlist[28]\n\n\nRoberto Baggio♦\n\n Italy\n\n16\n\n0.56\n\n1990, 1994, 1998\n\nlist[29]\n\n\nKarl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n West Germany\n\n19\n\n0.47\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\nlist[30]\n\n\nUwe Seeler\n\n West Germany\n\n21\n\n0.43\n\n1958, 1962, 1966, 1970\n\n[31]\n\n\n23\n\nGuillermo Stábile\n\n Argentina\n\n8\n\n4\n\n2.00\n\n1930\n\nlist[32]\n\n\nLeônidas\n\n Brazil\n\n5\n\n1.60\n\n1934, 1938\n\nlist[nb 2][34]\n\n\nAdemir\n\n Brazil\n\n6\n\n1.33\n\n1950\n\nlist[nb 3][37]\n\n\nÓscar Míguez♦\n\n Uruguay\n\n7\n\n1.14\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[38]\n\n\nRivaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.57\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[39]\n\n\nRudi Völler\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n15\n\n0.53\n\n1986, 1990,1994\n\nlist[40]\n\n\nDiego Maradona\n\n Argentina\n\n21\n\n0.38\n\n1982, 1986, (1990), 1994\n\nlist[41]\n\n\n30\n\nOldřich Nejedlý♦\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n7\n\n6\n\n1.17\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[nb 4][42]\n\n\nLajos Tichy\n\n Hungary\n\n8\n\n0.88\n\n1958, 1962, [1966]\n\nlist[43]\n\n\nCareca\n\n Brazil\n\n9\n\n0.78\n\n1986, 1990\n\n[44]\n\n\nJohnny Rep♦\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[45]\n\n\nAndrzej Szarmach\n\n Poland\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n1974, 1978, 1982\n\n[46]\n\n\nLuis Suárez#\n\n Uruguay\n\n13\n\n0.54\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[47][48]\n\n\nHans Schäfer\n\n West Germany\n\n15\n\n0.47\n\n1954, 1958, (1962)\n\n[49]\n\n\nCristiano Ronaldo#\n\n Portugal\n\n17\n\n0.41\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][50]\n\n\n38\n\nJosef Hügi♦\n\n Switzerland\n\n6\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1954\n\n[51]\n\n\nOleg Salenko♦\n\n Russia\n\n3\n\n2.00\n\n1994\n\nlist[52]\n\n\nGyörgy Sárosi\n\n Hungary\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1934, 1938\n\n[53]\n\n\nMax Morlock\n\n West Germany\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[54]\n\n\nErich Probst♦\n\n Austria\n\n5\n\n1.20\n\n1954\n\n[55]\n\n\nHarry Kane#\n\n England\n\n6\n\n1.00\n\n2018\n\nlist[56]\n\n\nSalvatore Schillaci\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.86\n\n1990\n\nlist[57]\n\n\nDavor Šuker♦\n\n Yugoslavia Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n[1990],1998, (2002)\n\nlist[nb 5][58]\n\n\nJames Rodríguez♦#\n\n Colombia\n\n8\n\n0.75\n\n2014, (2018)\n\nlist[59][60]\n\n\nHelmut Haller\n\n West Germany\n\n9\n\n0.67\n\n(1962), 1966, (1970)\n\n[61]\n\n\nHristo Stoichkov♦\n\n Bulgaria\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n1994, (1998)\n\nlist[62]\n\n\nDiego Forlán\n\n Uruguay\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2002, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[63]\n\n\nNeymar#\n\n Brazil\n\n10\n\n0.60\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][64]\n\n\nAsamoah Gyan♦\n\n Ghana\n\n11\n\n0.55\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[65]\n\n\nDennis Bergkamp\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.50\n\n1994, 1998\n\nlist[66]\n\n\nRob Rensenbrink\n\n Netherlands\n\n13\n\n0.46\n\n1974, 1978\n\n[67]\n\n\nRivellino\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n1970, 1974, (1978)\n\n[68]\n\n\nBebeto\n\n Brazil\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n(1990), 1994, 1998\n\nlist[69]\n\n\nArjen Robben\n\n Netherlands\n\n15\n\n0.40\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[70]\n\n\nZbigniew Boniek\n\n Poland\n\n16\n\n0.38\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\nlist[71]\n\n\nThierry Henry\n\n France\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n1998, (2002), 2006, (2010)\n\nlist[72]\n\n\nWesley Sneijder\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n(2006), 2010, 2014\n\nlist[73]\n\n\nRobin van Persie\n\n Netherlands\n\n17\n\n0.35\n\n2006, 2010, 2014\n\nlist[74]\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n18\n\n0.33\n\n(1974), 1978, (1982)\n\nlist[75]\n\n\nLionel Messi#\n\n Argentina\n\n19\n\n0.32\n\n2006, (2010), 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][76]\n\n\nLothar Matthäus\n\n West Germany Germany\n\n25\n\n0.24\n\n(1982), 1986, 1990, 1994, (1998)\n\n[77]\n\n\n64\n\nPedro Cea\n\n Uruguay\n\n5\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1930\n\nlist[78]\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[79]\n\n\nGyula Zsengellér\n\n Hungary\n\n4\n\n1.25\n\n1938\n\n[80]\n\n\nPeter McParland♦\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1958\n\nlist[81]\n\n\nTomáš Skuhravý\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n5\n\n1.00\n\n1990\n\n[82]\n\n\nJuan Alberto Schiaffino\n\n Uruguay\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1950, 1954\n\n[83]\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n1966, 1970\n\nlist[84]\n\n\nJon Dahl Tomasson♦\n\n Denmark\n\n6\n\n0.83\n\n2002, 2010\n\nlist[85]\n\n\nAlessandro Altobelli\n\n Italy\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1982, 1986\n\n[86]\n\n\nKennet Andersson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1994\n\nlist[87]\n\n\nFernando Morientes\n\n Spain\n\n7\n\n0.71\n\n1998, 2002\n\nlist[88]\n\n\nRomário\n\n Brazil\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n(1990), 1994\n\nlist[89]\n\n\nMarc Wilmots♦\n\n Belgium\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n[1990], (1994), 1998, 2002\n\nlist[90]\n\n\nMario Mandžukić#\n\n Croatia\n\n8\n\n0.63\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][91]\n\n\nValentin Ivanov\n\n Soviet Union\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1958, 1962\n\nlist[92]\n\n\nEmilio Butragueño\n\n Spain\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n1986, (1990)\n\nlist[93]\n\n\nRoger Milla♦\n\n Cameroon\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n(1982), 1990, 1994\n\n[94]\n\n\nTim Cahill♦#\n\n Australia\n\n9\n\n0.56\n\n2006, 2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[95][96]\n\n\nHans Krankl\n\n Austria\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n1978, 1982\n\nlist[97]\n\n\nRomelu Lukaku♦#\n\n Belgium\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[98]\n\n\nIvan Perišić#\n\n Croatia\n\n10\n\n0.50\n\n2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][99]\n\n\nRaúl\n\n Spain\n\n11\n\n0.45\n\n1998, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[100]\n\n\nGarrincha\n\n Brazil\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n(1958), 1962, 1966\n\n[101]\n\n\nJohan Neeskens\n\n Netherlands\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1974, (1978)\n\n[102]\n\n\nFernando Hierro\n\n Spain\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n[1990], 1994, 1998, 2002\n\nlist[103]\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n1998, (2002), 2006\n\n[104]\n\n\nLandon Donovan♦\n\n United States\n\n12\n\n0.42\n\n2002, (2006), 2010\n\nlist[105]\n\n\nHenrik Larsson♦\n\n Sweden\n\n13\n\n0.38\n\n1994, 2002, 2006\n\nlist[106]\n\n\nMichel Platini\n\n France\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, 1986\n\n[107]\n\n\nZico\n\n Brazil\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n1978, 1982, (1986)\n\n[108]\n\n\nGonzalo Higuaín#\n\n Argentina\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, (2018)\n\nlist[109][110]\n\n\nEdinson Cavani#\n\n Uruguay\n\n14\n\n0.36\n\n2010, 2014, 2018\n\nlist[48][111]\n\n\nLukas Podolski\n\n Germany\n\n15\n\n0.33\n\n2006, 2010, (2014)\n\nlist[112]\n\n\nFranz Beckenbauer\n\n West Germany\n\n18\n\n0.28\n\n1966, 1970, (1974)\n\nlist[113]\n" ]	[ "Miroslav Klose" ]
9100917023866062131	The Count of Monte Cristo	The Count of Monte Cristo - wikipedia The Count of Monte Cristo For other uses , see The Count of Monte Cristo ( disambiguation ) . The Count of Monte Cristo Author Alexandre Dumas in collaboration with Auguste Maquet Original title Le Comte de Monte - Cristo Country France Language French Genre Historical novel Adventure Publication date 1844 -- 1845 ( serialised ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( French : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas ( père ) completed in 1844 . It is one of the author 's most popular works , along with The Three Musketeers . Like many of his novels , it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet . Another important work by Dumas , written prior to his work with Maquet , was the short novel `` Georges '' ; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in The Count of Monte Cristo . The story takes place in France , Italy , and islands in the Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815 -- 1839 : the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis - Philippe of France . It begins just before the Hundred Days period ( when Napoleon returned to power after his exile ) . The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book , an adventure story primarily concerned with themes of hope , justice , vengeance , mercy , and forgiveness . It centres on a man who is wrongfully imprisoned , escapes from jail , acquires a fortune , and sets about exacting revenge on those responsible for his imprisonment . His plans have devastating consequences for both the innocent and the guilty . The book is considered a literary classic today . According to Luc Sante , `` The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization 's literature , as inescapable and immediately identifiable as Mickey Mouse , Noah 's flood , and the story of Little Red Riding Hood . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to the plot 2 Plot 2.1 Summary 2.2 Edmond Dantès 2.3 The Count of Monte Cristo 3 Characters 3.1 Edmond Dantès and his aliases 3.2 Dantès ' allies 3.3 Morcerf family 3.4 Danglars family 3.5 Villefort family 3.6 Morrel family 3.7 Other characters 4 Publication 4.1 English translations 4.2 In Japan 5 Reception and legacy 6 Historical background 6.1 A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism 7 Selected notable adaptations 7.1 Film and television 7.2 Literary adaptations 7.3 Sequels ( books ) 7.4 Plays and musicals scripts 7.5 Audio adaptations 7.6 Video games 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background to the plot ( edit ) Dumas wrote that the idea of revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo came from a story in a book compiled by Jacques Peuchet , a French police archivist , published in 1838 after the death of the author . Dumas included this essay in one of the editions from 1846 . Peuchet told of a shoemaker , Pierre Picaud , living in Nîmes in 1807 , who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being a spy for England . Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort , where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric . When the man died , he left his fortune to Picaud , whom he had begun to treat as a son . Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune . He stabbed the first with a dagger on which were printed the words `` Number One '' , and then he poisoned the second . The third man 's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution , finally stabbing the man himself . This third man , named Loupian , had married Picaud 's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest . In another of the `` True Stories '' , Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family . This story , also quoted in the Pleiade edition , has obviously served as model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family . The introduction to the Pleiade edition mentions other sources from real life : Abbé Faria existed and died in 1819 after a life with much resemblance to that of the Faria in the novel . As for Dantès , his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet 's book , since the latter is murdered by the `` Caderousse '' of the plot . But Dantès has `` alter egos '' in two other Dumas works ; in `` Pauline '' from 1838 , and more significantly in `` Georges '' from 1843 , where a young man with black ancestry is preparing a revenge against white people who had humiliated him . Plot ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) On the day of his wedding to Mercédès , Edmond Dantès , first mate of the Pharaon , is falsely accused of treason , arrested , and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If , a grim island fortress off Marseilles . A fellow prisoner , Abbé Faria , correctly deduces that his jealous rival Fernand Mondego , envious crewmate Danglars , and double - dealing Magistrate De Villefort framed him . Faria inspires his escape and guides him to a fortune in treasure . As the powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo , he arrives from the Orient to enter the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s and avenge himself on the men who conspired to destroy him . Edmond Dantès ( edit ) The main character Edmond Dantès was a merchant sailor prior to his imprisonment . ( Illustration by Pierre - Gustave Staal ) In 1815 , Edmond Dantès , a young merchant sailor who has recently been granted the succession of his captain Leclère , returns to Marseille to marry his Catalan fiancée Mercédès . Leclère , a supporter of the exiled Napoléon I , found himself dying at sea and charged Dantès to deliver two objects : a package to General Bertrand ( exiled with Napoleon Bonaparte on Elba ) , and a letter from Elba to an unknown man in Paris . On the eve of Dantès ' wedding to Mercédès , Fernand Mondego ( Mercédès ' cousin and a rival for her affections ) is given advice by Dantès ' colleague Danglars ( who is jealous of Dantès ' rapid rise to captain ) to send an anonymous note accusing Dantès of being a Bonapartist traitor . Caderousse ( Dantès ' cowardly and selfish neighbor ) is drunk while the two conspirators set the trap for Dantès and stays quiet as Dantès is arrested , then sentenced . Villefort , the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille , destroys the letter from Elba when he discovers that it is addressed to his own father , Noirtier ( who is a Bonapartist ) , since if this letter came into official hands , it would destroy his ambitions and reputation as a staunch Royalist . To silence Dantès , he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment . After six years of imprisonment in the Château d'If , Dantès is on the verge of suicide when he befriends the Abbé Faria ( `` The Mad Priest '' ) , an Italian fellow prisoner who had dug an escape tunnel that ended up in Dantès ' cell . Over the next eight years , Faria gives Dantès an extensive education in language , culture , and science . Knowing himself to be close to death , Faria tells Dantès the location of a treasure on the island of Monte Cristo . When Faria dies , Dantès takes his place in the burial sack . When the guards throw the sack into the sea , Dantès breaks through and swims to a nearby island . He is rescued by a smuggling ship that stops at Monte Cristo . After recovering the treasure , Dantès returns to Marseille . He later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of Count from the Tuscan government . Actor James O'Neill as the Abbé Busoni Traveling as the Abbé Busoni , Dantès meets Caderousse , now living in poverty , who regrets not intervening and possibly saving Dantès from prison . He gives Caderousse a diamond that can be either a chance to redeem himself or a trap that will lead to his ruin . Learning that his old employer Morrel is on the verge of bankruptcy , Dantès buys Morrel 's debts and gives Morrel three months to fulfill his obligations . At the end of the three months and with no way to repay his debts , Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that his debts have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo , secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès . The Count of Monte Cristo ( edit ) The coat of arms of the count are described in the original novel as `` une montagne d'or , posant sur une mer d'azur , avec une croix de gueules au chef '' . The motto : Attendre et espérer ( `` Wait and hope '' ) Reappearing as the rich Count of Monte Cristo , Dantès begins his revenge on the three men responsible for his unjust imprisonment : Fernand , now Count de Morcerf and Mercédès ' husband ; Danglars , now a baron and a wealthy banker ; and Villefort , now procureur du roi . The Count appears first in Rome , where he becomes acquainted with the Baron Franz d'Épinay , and Viscount Albert de Morcerf , the son of Mercédès and Fernand . Dantès arranges for the young Morcerf to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa and then seemingly rescues him from Vampa 's gang . The Count then moves to Paris and dazzles Danglars with his wealth , persuading him to extend him a credit of six million francs . The Count manipulates the bond market and quickly destroys a large portion of Danglars ' fortune . The rest of it begins to rapidly disappear through mysterious bankruptcies , suspensions of payment , and more bad luck in the Stock Exchange . Villefort had once conducted an affair with Madame Danglars . She became pregnant and delivered the child in the house that the Count has now purchased . To cover up the affair , Villefort told Madame Danglars that the infant was stillborn , smothered the child , and thinking him to be dead , buried him in the garden . While Villefort was burying the child , he was stabbed by the smuggler Bertuccio , who unearthed the child and resuscitated him . Bertuccio 's sister - in - law brought the child up , giving him the name `` Benedetto '' . Benedetto takes up a life of crime as he grows into adolescence . He robs his adoptive mother ( Bertuccio 's sister - in - law ) and ends up killing her , then runs away . Bertuccio later becomes the Count 's servant and informs him of this history . Benedetto is sentenced to the galleys with Caderousse , who had sold the diamond but killed both his wife and the buyer out of greed . After Benedetto and Caderousse are freed by Dantès , using the alias `` Lord Wilmore , '' the Count induces Benedetto to take the identity of `` Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti '' and introduces him into Parisian society . Andrea ingratiates himself to Danglars , who betroths his daughter Eugénie to Andrea ( not knowing they are half - siblings ) after cancelling her engagement to Albert . Meanwhile , Caderousse blackmails Andrea , threatening to reveal his past if he does n't share his new - found wealth . Cornered by `` Abbé Busoni '' while attempting to rob the Count 's house , Caderousse begs to be given another chance . Dantès forces him to write a letter to Danglars exposing Cavalcanti as an impostor and allows Caderousse to leave the house . The moment Caderousse leaves the estate , he is stabbed by Andrea . Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement identifying his killer , and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse moments before he dies . Years before , Ali Pasha of Janina had been betrayed to the Turks by Fernand . After Ali 's death , Fernand sold Ali 's wife Vasiliki and his daughter Haydée into slavery . While Vasiliki died shortly thereafter , Dantès purchased Haydée . The Count manipulates Danglars into researching the event , which is published in a newspaper . As a result , Fernand is investigated by his peers and disgraced . When Albert blames the Count for his father 's downfall and challenges him to a duel , Mercédès , having already recognized Monte Cristo as Dantès , goes to the Count and begs him to spare her son . During this interview , she learns the truth of his arrest and imprisonment but still convinces the Count not to kill her son . Realizing that Edmond now intends to let Albert kill him , she reveals the truth to Albert , which causes Albert to make a public apology to the Count . Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand , who is confronted with Dantès ' true identity and commits suicide . Albert and Mercédès renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives . Valentine , Villefort 's daughter by his late first wife , stands to inherit the fortune of her grandfather ( Noirtier ) and of her mother 's parents ( the Saint - Mérans ) , while Villefort 's second wife Héloïse seeks the fortune for her son Édouard . The Count is aware of Héloïse 's intentions and introduces her to the technique of poison . Héloïse fatally poisons the Saint - Mérans , so that Valentine inherits their fortune . Valentine is disinherited by Noirtier in an attempt to prevent Valentine 's impending marriage with Franz d'Épinay , whom she does not love . The marriage is cancelled when d'Épinay learns that his father ( believed assassinated by Bonapartists ) was actually killed by Noirtier in a fair duel . Afterwards , Valentine is reinstated in Noirtier 's will . After a failed attempt on Noirtier 's life , Héloïse targets Valentine so that Édouard will get the fortune . However , Valentine is the prime suspect in her father 's eyes in the deaths of the Saint - Mérans and Noirtier 's servant , Barrois . On learning that Morrel 's son Maximilien is in love with Valentine , the Count saves her by making it appear as though Héloïse 's plan to poison Valentine has succeeded and that Valentine is dead . Villefort learns from Noirtier that Héloïse is the real murderer and confronts her , giving her the choice of a public execution or committing suicide . Fleeing after Caderousse 's letter exposes him , Andrea is arrested and returned to Paris , where Villefort prosecutes him . While in prison awaiting trial , Andrea is visited by Bertuccio , who tells him the truth about his father . At his trial , Andrea reveals that he is Villefort 's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive . Villefort admits his guilt and flees the court . He rushes home to stop his wife 's suicide but is too late ; she has poisoned her son as well . Dantès confronts Villefort , revealing his true identity , but this drives Villefort insane . Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard , causing him to question if he has gone too far . After the Count 's manipulation of the bond market , Danglars is left with a destroyed reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals . The Count demands this sum to fulfil their credit agreement , and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund . Abandoning his wife , Danglars flees to Italy with the Count 's receipt and 50,000 francs . While leaving Rome , he is kidnapped by the Count 's agent Luigi Vampa and is imprisoned . Forced to pay exorbitant prices for food and nearly starved to death , Danglars signs away his ill - gotten gains . Dantès anonymously returns the stolen money to the hospitals . Danglars finally repents his crimes , and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to leave with his freedom and 50,000 francs . Maximilien Morrel , believing Valentine to be dead , contemplates suicide after her funeral . Dantès reveals his true identity and explains that he rescued Morrel 's father from bankruptcy years earlier ; he then tells Maximilien to reconsider his suicide . On the island of Monte Cristo , Dantès presents Valentine to Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events . Having found peace , Dantès leaves the newly reunited couple part of his fortune and departs for an unknown destination to find comfort and a new life with Haydée , who has declared her love for him . The reader is left with a final thought : `` all human wisdom is contained in these two words , ' Wait and Hope ' '' . Character relationships in The Count of Monte Cristo ( click to enlarge ) Characters ( edit ) Edmond Dantès and his aliases ( edit ) Edmond Dantès ( born 1796 ) : A sailor with good prospects , engaged to Mercédès . After his transformation into the Count of Monte Cristo , he reveals his true name to his enemies as each revenge is completed . During the course of the novel , he falls in love with Haydée . The Count of Monte Cristo : The identity Dantès assumes when he emerges from prison and inherits his vast fortune . As a result , the Count of Monte Cristo is usually associated with a coldness and bitterness that comes from an existence based solely on revenge . Chief Clerk of the banking firm Thomson & French , an Englishman Lord Wilmore : An Englishman , and the persona in which Dantès performs random acts of generosity . Sinbad the Sailor : The persona that Dantès assumes when he saves the Morrel family and assumes while mixing with smugglers and brigands . Abbé Busoni : The persona of an Italian priest with religious authority . Monsieur Zaccone : Dantès , in the guise of the Abbé Busoni , and again as Lord Wilmore , tells an investigator that this is the Count of Monte Cristo 's true name . Number 34 : The name given to him by the new governor of Château d'If . Finding it too tedious to learn Dantès ' real name , he was called by the number of his cell . The Maltese Sailor : The name he was known by after his rescue by smugglers from the island of Tiboulen . Dantès ' allies ( edit ) Abbé Faria : Italian priest and sage . Imprisoned in the Château d'If . Edmond 's dearest friend while in prison . Giovanni Bertuccio : The Count of Monte Cristo 's steward and very loyal servant ; foster father of Benedetto . Luigi Vampa : celebrated Italian bandit and fugitive . Peppino : Formerly a shepherd , he is later a bandit and full member of Vampa 's gang . Ali : Monte Cristo 's mute Nubian slave . Baptistin : Monte Cristo 's valet - de-chambre . Jacopo Manfredi : A poor smuggler who helps Dantès survive after he escapes prison . When Jacopo proves his selfless loyalty , Dantès rewards him with his own ship and crew . Haydée ( sometimes spelled as Haidee ) : Monte Cristo 's young , beautiful slave . She is the daughter of Ali Tebelen . She is a major part of Dantès ' plan to get revenge on Fernand . At the end , she and Monte Cristo become lovers . Morcerf family ( edit ) Mercédès Mondego ( née Herrera ) : Edmond Dantès ' lover and fiancée at the beginning of the story . She later marries Fernand and they have a son named Albert . Despite being Fernand 's wife , she remains in love with Edmond . Fernand Mondego : Count de Morcerf , Dantès 's rival and cousin of Mercédès , whom he eventually marries . Fernand helped frame Edmond in order to get Mercédès and would later become a general in the army , which leads to his betrayal of Haydée 's father and sells Haydée and her mother to gain the title `` Count '' . Albert de Morcerf : Son of Mercédès and the Viscount de Morcerf , later becomes fond of Monte Cristo and sees him as a friend . Danglars family ( edit ) Baron Danglars : Dantès ' jealous junior officer and mastermind behind his imprisonment , later a wealthy banker . Madame Hermine Danglars ( formerly Baroness Hermine de Nargonne née de Servieux ) : She had an affair with Gérard de Villefort . They had an illegitimate son , Benedetto . Eugénie Danglars : Daughter of Baron Danglars and Hermine Danglars . She is free - spirited and aspires to become an independent artist . Villefort family ( edit ) Gérard de Villefort : chief deputy prosecutor who imprisons Dantès , later becoming acquaintances as Dantès enacts his revenge . Renée de Villefort , Renée de Saint - Méran : Gérard de Villefort 's first wife , mother of Valentine . The Marquis and Marquise de Saint - Méran : Renée 's parents . Valentine de Villefort : The daughter of Gérard de Villefort and his first wife , Renée . In love with Maximilien Morrel . Engaged to Baron Franz d'Épinay . She is 19 years old with chestnut hair , dark blue eyes , and `` long white hands '' . Monsieur Noirtier de Villefort : The father of Gérard de Villefort and grandfather of Valentine , Édouard ( and , without knowing it , Benedetto ) . A committed anti-royalist . He is paralysed and only able to communicate with his eyes , but retains his mental faculties and acts as protector to Valentine . Héloïse de Villefort : The murderous second wife of Gérard de Villefort , mother of Edouard . Édouard de Villefort ( Edward ) . The only legitimate son of Villefort . Benedetto : The illegitimate son of de Villefort and Baroness Hermine Danglars ( Hermine de Nargonne ) , raised by Bertuccio and his sister - in - law , Assunta , in Rogliano . Becomes `` Andrea Cavalcanti '' in Paris . Morrel family ( edit ) Pierre Morrel : Dantès 's employer , owner of Morrel & Son . Maximilien Morrel : Son of Pierre Morrel , an army captain who becomes a friend of Dantès . In love with Valentine de Villefort . Julie Herbault : Daughter of Pierre Morrel , wife of Emmanuel Herbault . Emmanuel Herbault : an employee of Morrel & Son , who marries Julie Morrel and succeeds to the business . Other characters ( edit ) Gaspard Caderousse : Originally a tailor and later the owner of an inn , he was a neighbour and friend of Dantès who fails to protect him at the beginning of the story and then turns to crime . Louis Dantès : Edmond Dantès ' father , who dies from starvation during his son 's imprisonment . Baron Franz d'Épinay : A friend of Albert de Morcerf , first fiancé of Valentine de Villefort . Lucien Debray : Secretary to the Minister of the Interior , a friend of Albert de Morcerf , and a lover of Madame Danglars , whom he provides with inside investment information , which she then passes on to her husband . Beauchamp : Journalist and friend of Albert de Morcerf . Raoul , Baron de Château - Renaud : Member of a noble family and friend of Albert de Morcerf . Louise d'Armilly : Eugénie Danglars ' music instructor and her intimate friend . Monsieur de Boville : Originally an inspector of prisons , later a detective in the Paris force . Barrois : Old , trusted servant of Monsieur de Noirtier . Monsieur d'Avrigny : Family doctor treating the Villefort family . Major ( also Marquis ) Bartolomeo Cavalcanti : Old man who plays the role of Prince Andrea Cavalcanti 's father . Ali Tebelen ( Ali Tepelini in some versions ) : An Albanian nationalist leader , Pasha of Yanina , whom Fernand Mondego betrays , leading to Ali Pasha 's murder at the hands of the Turks and the seizure of his kingdom . His wife and daughter Haydée are sold into slavery by Fernand . Countess Teresa Guiccioli Publication ( edit ) The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts . Serialization ran from August 28 , 1844 to January 15 , 1846 . The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845 . Most of the Belgian pirated editions , the first Paris edition and many others up to the Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with `` Christo '' used instead of `` Cristo '' . The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition , Paris 1846 . This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be `` revised '' and `` corrected '' , although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two . English translations ( edit ) The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Francis Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth 's Magazine published in 1845 , although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If . Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel , again in abridged form , and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively . Another abridged serialisation appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847 . The first single volume translation in English was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo . In April 1846 , volume three of the Parlour Novelist , Belfast , Ireland : Simms and M'Intyre , London : WS Orr and Company , featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy . The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of the Parlour Novelist respectively . The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall . This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin . The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846 , a month after the release of the first part of the above - mentioned translation by Emma Hardy . The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846 , with the correct spelling of `` Cristo '' and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan . Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation . In 1889 two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y Crowell updated the translation , correcting mistakes and revising the text to reflect the original serialised version . This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan , with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure . In 1955 Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages including a whole chapter entitled The Past and renamed others . This abridgement was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library , Vintage , the 1998 Oxford World 's Classics edition ( later editions restored the text ) and the 2009 Everyman 's Library edition . In 1996 Penguin Classics published a new translation by Robin Buss . Buss 's translation updated the language , making the text more accessible to modern readers , and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions ( for example , references to Eugénie 's lesbian traits and behaviour ) to reflect Dumas ' original version . In addition to the above there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M Lupton , translated by Henry L. Williams ( this translation was also released by M.J Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese ) . A more recent abridgement is the translation by Lowell Blair for Bantam Classics in 1956 . In Japan ( edit ) The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled `` Shigai Shiden Gankutsu - ou '' ( 史外史伝巌窟王 , `` a historical story from outside history , the King of the Cavern '' ) , and serialized from 1901 -- 1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper , and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905 . Though later translations use the title `` Monte Cristo - haku '' ( モンテ・クリスト伯 , the Count of Monte Cristo ) , the `` Gankutsu - ou '' title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative . As of March 2016 , all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title `` Gankutsu - ou '' , with the exception of the 2002 film , which has it as a subtitle ( with the title itself simply being `` Monte Cristo '' ) . The novel is popular in Japan , and has spawned numerous adaptations , the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu - ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu - ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa . Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan , in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century , is known in Japanese as the `` Yoshida Gankutsu - ou incident '' ( 吉田岩窟王事件 ) . Reception and legacy ( edit ) The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844 . Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe : The effect of the serials , which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves , maybe something like that of a particularly gripping television series . Day after day , at breakfast or at work or on the street , people talked of little else . George Saintsbury stated : `` Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance , and for some time subsequently , the most popular book in Europe . Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries . '' This popularity has extended into modern times as well . The book was `` translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them . There have been at least twenty - nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series , and many movies ( have ) worked the name ' Monte Cristo ' into their titles . '' The title Monte Cristo lives on in a `` famous gold mine , a line of luxury Cuban cigars , a sandwich , and any number of bars and casinos -- it even lurks in the name of the street - corner hustle three - card monte . '' Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte - Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel . The novel has been the inspiration for many other works , from Lew Wallace 's Ben - Hur ( 1880 ) , a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester 's The Stars My Destination , to Stephen Fry 's contemporary The Stars ' Tennis Balls . Historical background ( edit ) The success of Monte Cristo coincides with France 's Second Empire . In the book , Dumas tells of the 1815 return of Napoleon I , and alludes to contemporary events when the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham . The attitude of Dumas towards `` bonapartisme '' was conflicted . His father , Thomas - Alexandre Dumas , a Haitian of mixed descent , became a successful general during the French Revolution . New racial - discrimination laws were applied in 1802 , and the general was dismissed from the army and became profoundly bitter toward Napoleon . In 1840 , the ashes of Napoleon I were brought to France and became an object of veneration in the church of Les Invalides , renewing popular patriotic support for the Bonaparte family . In `` Causeries '' ( 1860 ) , Dumas published a short paper , `` État civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo '' , on the genesis of the Count of Monte - Cristo . It appears that Dumas had close contacts with members of the Bonaparte family while living in Florence in 1841 . In a small boat he sailed around the island of Monte - Cristo accompanied by a young prince , a cousin to Louis Bonaparte , who was to become Emperor of the French ten years later . During this trip he promised the prince that he would write a novel with the island 's name in the title . At that time the future emperor was imprisoned at the citadel of Ham -- a name that is mentioned in the novel . Dumas did visit him there , although he does not mention it in `` Etat civil '' . A chronology of the Count of Monte Cristo and bonapartism ( edit ) During the life of Thomas - Alexandre Dumas : 1793 : Thomas - Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic . 1794 : He disapproves of the revolutionary terror in Western France . 1795 -- 97 : He becomes famous and fights under Napoleon . 1802 : Black officers are dismissed from the army . The Empire re-establishes slavery . 1802 : Birth of his son , Alexandre Dumas père . 1806 : Thomas - Alexandre Dumas dies , still bitter about the injustice of the Empire . During the life of Alexandre Dumas : 1832 : The only son of Napoleon I dies . 1836 : Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time ( age 34 ) . 1836 : First putsch by Louis Napoleon , aged 28 , fails . 1840 : A law is passed to bring the ashes of Napoleon I to France . 1840 : Second putsch of Louis Napoleon . He is imprisoned for life and becomes known as the candidate for the imperial succession . 1841 : Dumas lives in Florence and becomes acquainted with King Jérôme and his son , Napoléon . 1841 -- 44 : The story is conceived and written . 1844 -- 46 : The story is published in parts in a Parisian magazine . 1846 : The novel is published in full and becomes a European bestseller . 1846 : Louis Napoleon escapes from his prison . 1848 : French Second Republic . Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him . 1857 : Dumas publishes État civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo Selected notable adaptations ( edit ) Further information : The Count of Monte Cristo ( disambiguation ) Classic Comics , The Count of Monte Cristo , Issue # 3 , published 1942 . Film and television ( edit ) Hobart Bosworth ( right ) in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1908 ) Edmond Dantès ( James O'Neill ) loosens a stone before making his escape from the Château d'If in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1913 ) 1908 : The Count of Monte Cristo , a silent film starring Hobart Bosworth 1913 : The Count of Monte Cristo , a silent film starring James O'Neill 1918 : The Count of Monte Cristo , a silent - film serial starring Léon Mathot 1922 : Monte Cristo , directed by Emmett J. Flynn 1929 : Monte Cristo , restored silent epic directed by Henri Fescourt 1934 : The Count of Monte Cristo , directed by Rowland V. Lee 1940 : The Son of Monte Cristo , directed by Rowland V. Lee 1942 The Count of Monte Cristo ( Spanish : El Conde de Montecristo ) , a Mexican version directed by Chano Urueta and starred by Arturo de Córdova 1946 : The Return of Monte Cristo , directed by Henry Levin 1950 : The Prince of Revenge , Egyptian movie , directed by Henry Barkat 1953 : The Count of Monte Cristo ( Spanish : El Conde de Montecristo ) , directed by León Klimovsky and starred by Jorge Mistral 1954 : The Count of Monte Cristo , starring Jean Marais 1956 : The Count of Monte Cristo , TV series based on further adventures of Edmond Dantès after the end of the novel 1958 : Vanjikottai Valiban ( வஞ்சிக்கோட்டை வாலிபன் ) , Tamil film adaptation and its Hindi remake Raaj Tilak . 1961 : Le comte de Monte Cristo , starring Louis Jourdan , directed by Claude Autant - Lara 1964 : The Count of Monte Cristo , BBC television serial starring Alan Badel and Natasha Parry 1964 : The Prince of Astuteness ( ar ) ( أمير الدهاء ) , Egyptian Movie directed by Henry Barkat , Starring Farid Shawky 1966 : Il conte di Montecristo , RAI Italian television serial directed by Edmo Fenoglio. starring Andrea Giordana 1968 : Sous le signe de Monte Cristo , French movie starring Paul Barge , Claude Jade and Anny Duperey , directed by André Hunebelle , and set in 1947 1973 : The Count of Monte Cristo , animated short produced by Hanna - Barbera 1975 : The Count of Monte Cristo , starring Richard Chamberlain , directed by David Greene 1977 : The Great Vendetta ( zh ) ( 大報復 ) , Hong Kong television serial starring Adam Cheng , in which the background of the story is changed to Southern China during the Republican Era . 1979 : Nihon Gankutsuou ( ja ) ( 日本巌窟王 ) , Japanese television serial set in Edo period , starring Masao Kusakari . 1979 : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ( 1979 miniseries ) , French TV series starring Jacques Weber . 1982 : Padayottam , a Malayalam Film adaption set in Kerala context , directed by Jijo Punnoose starring Prem Nazir , Mammootty and Mohanlal 1984 : La Dueña a 1984 Venezuelan telenovela with a female version of Edmond Dantès . 1986 : Veta , Telugu film adaptation . 1988 : Uznik Zamka If ( ru ) ( litt . The Prisoner of Castle If ) , Soviet miniseries starring Viktor Avilov ( Count of Monte Cristo ) and Aleksei Petrenko ( Abbé Faria ) , with music and songs of Alexander Gradsky Garfield and Friends episode `` The Discount of Monte Cristo '' , a retelling of the story using the characters from U.S. Acres as the cast . Aloysius Pig , voiced by comedian Kevin Meaney , tries to cut the cost of the story , even though the characters are using their imaginations . 1998 : The Count of Monte Cristo , television miniseries starring Gérard Depardieu 1999 : Forever Mine , film starring Joseph Fiennes , Ray Liotta and Gretchen Mol , loosely but clearly based upon The Count of Monte Cristo , directed / written by Paul Schrader 2002 : The Count of Monte Cristo , directed by Kevin Reynolds and starring Jim Caviezel , Dagmara Domińczyk , Richard Harris and Guy Pearce 2004 : Gankutsuou : The Count of Monte Cristo ( 巌窟王 Gankutsuoo , literally The King of the Cave ) , Japanese animation adaptation . Produced by Gonzo , directed by Mahiro Maeda 2006 : Vingança , telenovela directed by Rodrigo Riccó and Paulo Rosa , SIC Portugal 2006 : Montecristo , Argentine telenovela starring Pablo Echarri and Paola Krum 2010 : Ezel , a Turkish television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . 2011 : Un amore e una vendetta ( English : Love and Vendetta ) an Italian television series loosely based on the book . 2011 : Revenge , a television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . 2016 : Goodbye Mr. Black , a TV series loosely based on The Count of Monte Cristo '' 2016 : Once Upon a Time 's sixth season features the Count as a character , portrayed by Craig Horner . Several characters and plot elements from the story are also alluded to . 2018 : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ( 2018 TV series ) , Japanese TV series starring Dean Fujioka . TBA : David S. Goyer will direct a film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . Literary adaptations ( edit ) 1956 : The Stars My Destination , Alfred Bester 2000 : The Stars ' Tennis Balls , Stephen Fry 2008 : A Prisoner of Birth , Jeffrey Archer 2008 : Master , an erotic version , Colette Gale 2008 : Airman , Eoin Colfer 2010 : Getting Revenge on Lauren Wood , A YA novel by Eileen Cook , which deals with popularity and bullying . Sequels ( books ) ( edit ) 1853 : A Mão do finado , Alfredo Hogan 1881 : The Son of Monte Cristo , Jules Lermina ( 1839 -- 1915 ) . This novel was divided in the English translation into two books : The Wife of Monte Cristo and The Son of Monte Cristo ) . Both were published in English in New York , 1884 , translated by Jacob Arbabanell ( 1852 -- 1922 ) . Lermina also penned Le Trésor de Monte - Cristo ( The Treasure of Monte - Cristo ) ( 1885 ) 1884 : Edmond Dantès : The Sequel to Alexander Dumas ' Celebrated Novel The Count of Monte Cristo , Edmund Flagg ( 1815 -- 1890 ) . Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Bros. in 1886 ( no translator credited ) . 1884 : Monte - Cristo 's Daughter sequel to Alexander Dumas ' great novel , the `` Count of Monte - Cristo , '' and Conclusion of `` Edmond Dantès '' , Edmund Flagg . Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Bros. in 1886 ( no translator credited ) . 1869 : The Countess of Monte Cristo , Jean Charles Du Boys ( 1836 - 1873 ) . Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Bros. in 1871 ( no translator credited ) . 1887 : Monte Cristo and his wife , presumably by Jacob Ralph Abarbanell 1902 : Countess of Monte Cristo , by Abarbanell Plays and musicals scripts ( edit ) Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet wrote a set of four plays that collectively told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo : Monte Cristo Part I ( 1848 ) ; Monte Cristo Part II ( 1848 ) ; Le Comte de Morcerf ( 1851 ) and Villefort ( 1851 ) . The first two plays were first performed at Dumas ' own Théâtre Historique in February 1848 , with the performance spread over two nights , each with a long duration ( the first evening ran from 18 : 00 until 00 : 00 ) . The play was also unsuccessfully performed at Drury Lane in London later that year where rioting erupted in protest at French companies performing in England . The adaptation differs from the novel in many respects : several characters , such as Luigi Vampa , are excluded ; Whereas the novel includes many different plot threads that are brought together at the conclusion , the third and fourth plays deal only with the fate of Mondego and Villefort respectively ( Danglars fate is not featured at all ) ; the play is the first to feature Dantès shouting `` the world is mine ! '' , an iconic line that would be used in many future adaptations . Two English adaptations of the novel were published in 1868 . The first , by Hailes Lacy , differs only slightly from Dumas ' version with the main change being that Fernand Mondego is killed in a duel with the Count rather than committing suicide . Much more radical was the version by Charles Fechter , a notable French - Anglo actor . The play faithfully follows the first part of the novel , omits the Rome section and makes several sweeping changes to the third part , among the most significant being that Albert is actually the son of Dantès . The fates of the three main antagonists are also altered : Villefort , whose fate is dealt with quite early on in the play , kills himself after being foiled by The Count trying to kill Noirtier ( Villefort 's half brother in this version ) ; Mondego kills himself after being confronted by Mercedes ; Danglars is killed by The Count in a duel . The ending sees Dantès and Mercedes reunited and the character of Haydee is not featured at all . The play was first performed at the Adelphi in London in October 1868 . The original duration was five hours , resulting in Fechter abridging the play , which , despite negative reviews , had a respectable sixteen - week run . Fechter moved to the United States in 1869 and Monte Cristo was chosen for the inaugural play at the opening of the Globe Theatre , Boston in 1870 . Fechter last performed the role in 1878 . In 1883 John Stetson , manager of the Booth Theatre and The Globe Theatre , wanted to revive the play and asked James O'Neill to perform the lead role . O'Neill , who had never seen Fechter perform , made the role his own and the play became a commercial , if not an artistic success . O'Neill made several abridgements to the play and eventually bought it from Stetson . A motion picture based on Fechter 's play , with O'Neill in the title role , was released in 1913 but was not a huge success . O'Neill died in 1920 , two years before a more successful motion picture , produced by Fox and partially based on Fechter 's version , was released . The Count of Monte Cristo is a musical based on the novel , with influences from the 2002 film adaptation of the book . The music is written by Frank Wildhorn and the lyrics and book are by Jack Murphy . It debuted in Switzerland in 2009 . Audio adaptations ( edit ) Newspaper advertisement for The Campbell Playhouse presentation of `` The Count of Monte Cristo '' ( October 1 , 1939 ) 1938 : The Mercury Theatre on the Air with Orson Welles ( Dantés ) , Ray Collins ( Abbé Faria ) , George Coulouris ( Monsieur Morrel ) , Edgar Barrier ( de Villefort ) , Eustace Wyatt ( Caderousse ) , Paul Stewart ( Paul Dantés ) Sidney Smith ( Mondego ) , Richard Wilson ( the Officer ) , Virginia Welles ( Mercédès ) ; radio broadcast August 29 , 1938 . 1939 : The Campbell Playhouse with Orson Welles ( Dantés ) , Ray Collins ( Caderousse ) , Everett Sloane ( Abbé Faria ) , Frank Readick ( Villefort ) , George Coulouris ( Danglars ) , Edgar Barrier ( Mondego ) , Richard Wilson ( a Jailer ) , Agnes Moorehead ( Mercédès ) ; radio broadcast October 1 , 1939 . 1939 : Robert Montgomery on the Lux Radio Theater ( radio ) 1947 -- 52 : The Count of Monte Cristo radio program starring Carleton Young 1960s : Paul Daneman for Tale Spinners For Children series ( LP ) UAC 11044 1961 : Louis Jourdan for Caedmon Records ( LP ) 1964 : Per Edström director ( radio series in Sweden ) 1987 : Andrew Sachs on BBC Radio 4 ( later BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra ) 1989 : Richard Matthews for Penguin Random House ( ISBN 978 - 141 - 591 - 221 - 8 ) 2005 : John Lee for Blackstone Audio 2010 : Bill Homewood for Naxos Audiobooks ( ISBN 978 - 962 - 634 - 134 - 6 ) 2012 : Iain Glen on BBC Radio 4 written by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and directed by Jeremy Mortimer and Sasha Yevtushenko , with Richard Johnson as Faria , Jane Lapotaire as the aged Haydee , Toby Jones as Danglars , Zubin Varla as Fernand , Paul Rhys as Villefort and Josette Simon as Mercedes . 2017 : The Count of Monte Cristo musical adaption by Berry & Butler Video games ( edit ) 1996 : Jīdū Shān En Chóu Jì -- Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ( 基督山恩仇記 ) , a Chinese - language Nintendo Famicom game produced by Waixing Computer Science & Technology 2014 : Count of Monte - Cristo phone app ( in English and Romanian ) . A puzzle game that comes with a level editor . 2016 : In Fate / Grand Order , Edmond Dantès was available for summoning as an Avenger - class servant . Type - Moon also produced an accompanying drama CD about Monte Cristo and various people from his past including Haydée and Abbe Faria . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On p. 140 of the Pléiade edition the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham , which is the castle where Louis Napoleon was imprisoned 1840 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Thomas Alexandre Dumas was also known as Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie . Jump up ^ `` État civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo '' is included in the Pléiade edition ( Paris , 1981 ) as an `` annexe '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schopp , Claude , Genius of Life , p. 325 Jump up ^ `` The Alexandre Dumas père Web Site '' . Georges. Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 Jump up ^ Alexandre Dumas , The Count of Monte Cristo 2004 , Barnes & Noble Books , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 333 - 5 . p. xxv ( TCMC ) Jump up ^ Etat civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo in Causeries , chapter IX ( 1857 ) . See also the introduction of the Pléiade edition of Le comte de Monte - Cristo ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Le Diamant et la Vengeance in Mémoires tirés des Archives de la Police de Paris , vol. 5 , chapter LXXIV , p. 197 Jump up ^ True Stories of Immortal Crimes , H. Ashton - Wolfe , 1931 , E.P. Dutton & Co. , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ David Coward ( ed ) , Oxford 's World Classics , Dumas , Alexandre , The Count of Monte Cristo , p. xxv ^ Jump up to : Munro , Douglas ( 1978 ) . Alexandre Dumas Père : a bibliography of works translated into English to 1910 . Garland Pub . pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Morning Post Front Page '' . The Morning Post . February 26 , 1846 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre ( 1889 ) . The Count of Monte Cristo. Little Brown and Company . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre ( 1889 ) . The Count of Monte Cristo : or , The Adventures of Edmond Dantès . T.Y Crowell . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre ( 1955 ) . The Count of Monte Cristo with an introduction by Richard Church . Collins . ^ Jump up to : TCMC p. xxiv Jump up ^ TCMC p. 601 Jump up ^ TCMC pp. xxiv -- xxv Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Shakespeare and Le Comte de Monte - Cristo The electronic encyclopedia World of Shakespeare Jump up ^ Lew Wallace ( 1906 ) , Lew Wallace ; an Autobiography p. 936 ISBN 1 - 142 - 04820 - 9 Jump up ^ ( in French ) The Stars My Destination , Pastiche Dumas site Jump up ^ Fry says The Stars ' Tennis Balls ( 2000 ) ( entitled Revenge in the US , is `` a straight steal , virtually identical in all but period and style to Alexandre Dumas ' The Count of Monte Cristo '' ; most character names are anagrams or cryptic references from Dumas ' work . See Fry , Stephen ( 2003 ) Revenge ( Introduction ) Random House Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6819 - 0 Jump up ^ Pierre Milza ( 2004 ) Napoléon III . Perrin . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time books Legend of the Seeker star -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Goyer to Direct ' Count of Monte Cristo ' Remake ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. Borchert to Star in World Premiere of Wildhorn 's Count of Monte Cristo `` , playbill.com , February 18 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Welles , Orson ; Bogdanovich , Peter ; Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . This is Orson Welles . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016616 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Classic Serial , The Count of Monte Cristo , Episode 1 '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The Count Of Monte Cristo . Further reading ( edit ) Maurois , André ( 1957 ) . The Titans , a three - generation biography of the Dumas . trans . by Gerard Hopkins . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers . OCLC 260126 . Schopp , Claude ( 1988 ) . Alexandre Dumas , Genius of Life . trans . by A.J. Koch . New York , Toronto : Franklin Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 15093 - 3 . Salien , Jean - Marie . La subversion de l'orientalisme dans Le comte de Monte - Cristo d'Alexandre Dumas , Études françaises , vol. 36 , n ° 1 , 2000 , pp. 179 -- 190 Toesca , Catherine ( 2002 ) . Les sept Monte - Cristo d'Alexandre Dumas . Paris : Maisonneuve & Larose . ISBN 2 - 7068 - 1613 - 9 . Lenotre , G. La conquête et le règne in Revue des Deux Mondes , Jan / Feb 1919 Blaze de Bury , H. ( 1885 ) . Alexandre Dumas : sa vie , son temps , son oeuvre Maccinelli , Clara ; Animato , Carlo ( 1991 ) . `` Il Conte di Montecristo '' : Favola alchemica e massonica vendetta , Edizioni Mediterranee . ISBN 88 - 272 - 0791 - 0 Cécile Raynal , Promenade médico - pharmaceutique à travers l'œuvre d'Alexandre Dumas , in Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie , 2002 , Volume 90 , N. 333 , pp. 111 -- 146 Reiss , Tom , ( 2013 ) , The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo , ISBN 0307382478 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Count of Monte Cristo Reis , Tom , The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Count of Monte Cristo . Critical approach on The Count of Monte Cristo by Enrique Javier González Camacho in Gibralfaro , the journal of creative writing and humanities at the University of Malaga ( in Spanish ) The Count of Monte Cristo public domain audiobook at LibriVox Tale Spinners for Children : The Count of Monte Cristo MP3 download Pierre Picaud : The `` Real '' Count `` Count of Monte Cristo Paris Walking Tour '' identifies locations from the novel in Paris mapped on Google Maps The Count of Monte Cristo on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Count of Monte Cristo on BBC Radio 7 The Count of Monte Cristo on Shmoop.com The Count of Monte Cristo on Project Gutenberg hide Alexandre Dumas , père Novels The Count of Monte Cristo The Three Musketeers The Corsican Brothers The Black Tulip Captain Pamphile Le Chevalier de Maison - Rouge La Dame de Monsoreau Georges The Knight of Sainte - Hermine The Queen 's Necklace La Reine Margot The New Troy Twenty Years After The Two Dianas The Vicomte de Bragelonne The Wolf Leader La Sanfelice The Women 's War Characters Edmond Dantès Aramis Athos Anne of Austria d'Artagnan Abbé Faria Milady de Winter Porthos Cardinal Richelieu Comte de Rochefort M. de Tréville Films The Brigand ( 1952 ) The Corsican Brothers ( 1941 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers The Fifth Musketeer The Four Musketeers ( 1936 ) The Four Musketeers ( 1974 ) The Iron Mask The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1939 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) The Man in the Iron Mask Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers The Musketeer La Reine Margot ( 1954 ) La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) soundtrack The Return of the Musketeers Les Trois Mousquetaires The Three Musketeers ( 1921 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1933 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1948 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1969 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1992 animated ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2011 ) TV programmes Gankutsuou Albert the Fifth Musketeer The Count of Monte Cristo Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds Young Blades The Three Musketeers The Musketeers Related Alexandre Dumas , fils ( son ) Thomas - Alexandre Dumas ( father ) Marie - Cessette Dumas ( grandmother ) Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Théâtre Historique Château de Monte - Cristo L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) Orson Welles and People ( lost documentary ) hide The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas Characters Edmond Dantès Abbé Faria Films The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1913 ) Monte Cristo ( 1922 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1929 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Son of Monte Cristo ( 1940 ) El Conde de Monte Cristo ( 1942 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1943 ) The Return of Monte Cristo ( 1946 ) The Wife of Monte Cristo ( 1946 ) Mask of the Avenger ( 1951 ) The Sword of Monte Cristo ( 1951 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1953 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1954 ) Vanjikottai Valiban ( 1958 ) Raj Tilak ( 1958 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1961 ) The Treasure of Monte Cristo ( 1961 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) Padayottam Veta The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Television The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1956 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1964 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 miniseries ) Gankutsuou : The Count of Monte Cristo Montecristo Ezel Revenge Yago Literature The Stars My Destination The Stars ' Tennis Balls A Prisoner of Birth Other The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo ( biography ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( Wildhorn - Murphy musical ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( Behr musical ) Christ 0 ( album ) Related Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Pierre Picaud L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) `` Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times '' Gankutsuou characters BNF : cb119526826 ( data ) GND : 4362352 - 9 SUDOC : 027500861 VIAF : 177357373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo&oldid=844344799 '' Categories : The Count of Monte Cristo 1844 French novels Novels by Alexandre Dumas French adventure novels Novels set in France Novels set in Italy Napoleonic War novels Pirate books Novels about revenge Novels first published in serial form Works originally published in Journal des débats Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Treasure troves Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Russian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does count of monte cristo take place	[ "The story takes place in France, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815–1839: the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis-Philippe of France. It begins just before the Hundred Days period (when Napoleon returned to power after his exile). The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book, an adventure story primarily concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy, and forgiveness. It centres on a man who is wrongfully imprisoned, escapes from jail, acquires a fortune, and sets about exacting revenge on those responsible for his imprisonment. His plans have devastating consequences for both the innocent and the guilty." ]	[ "1815–1839" ]
-713577765105693239	Fried Green Tomatoes	Fried Green Tomatoes - wikipedia Fried Green Tomatoes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( disambiguation ) . Fried Green Tomatoes Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Avnet Produced by Jon Avnet Norman Lear Screenplay by Fannie Flagg Carol Sobieski Based on Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg Starring Kathy Bates Jessica Tandy Mary Stuart Masterson Mary - Louise Parker Cicely Tyson Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Geoffrey Simpson Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Production company Act III Communications Avnet / Kerner Productions Electric Shadow Productions Fried Green Tomatoes Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11 million Box office $119.4 million Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 comedy - drama film based on the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg . Directed by Jon Avnet and written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski , it stars Kathy Bates , Jessica Tandy , Mary Stuart Masterson , and Mary - Louise Parker . It tells the story of a Depression - era friendship between two women , Ruth and Idgie , and a 1980s friendship between Evelyn , a middle - aged housewife , and Ninny , an elderly woman . The centerpiece and parallel story concerns the murder of Ruth 's abusive husband , Frank , and the accusations that follow . It received a generally positive reception from film critics and was nominated for two Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences between the film and novel 4 Production 4.1 Conception and casting 4.2 Setting 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Awards and honors 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Track listing 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Evelyn Couch , a timid , unhappy housewife in her forties , meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson , Alabama , nursing home . Over several encounters with Evelyn , Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop , and the people who lived there . The film 's subplot concerns Evelyn 's dissatisfaction with her marriage , her life , her growing confidence , and her developing friendship with Ninny . The narrative switches several times between Ninny 's story , which is set between World War I and World War II , and Evelyn 's life in 1980s Birmingham . Ninny 's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode , the youngest of the Threadgoode children , whom Ninny describes as her sister - in - law . Idgie 's close relationship with her charming older brother , Buddy , is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed . Devastated , she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy 's former girlfriend , the straitlaced Ruth Jamison , intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family . Idgie initially resists Ruth 's attempts at friendship , but gradually a deep attachment develops between them . Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta , Georgia . Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank . Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her , she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie , where her baby , a boy whom she names Buddy , Jr. , is born . Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy , Jr . She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe , employing the family cook , Sipsey , and her son , Big George , who excel with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons . Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy , Jr. , but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant , and he is later reported missing . Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner , Idgie is immediately a suspect , as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth . She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore , the local sheriff , who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George ; she refuses to sacrifice him . During the subsequent trial , the local minister , Reverend Scroggins , has no problem lying , providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank 's disappearance . Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk , the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case . Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges . After the trial , Ruth is diagnosed with cancer , becomes very ill , and eventually dies . Following her death , the café closes . Over time , many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away , bringing Ninny to the end of her story , but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank . Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy , Jr . Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank 's body , which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him . The investigator ate with gusto , proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he 'd ever tasted . Evelyn discovers that during Ninny 's temporary stay at the nursing home , her house was condemned and torn down . Evelyn , having become friends with her , offers her a room in her house which she accepts . As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be , they pass Ruth 's grave , freshly adorned with a jar of honey , a honeycomb , and a card which reads , `` I 'll always love you , the Bee Charmer '' . The Bee Charmer is Ruth 's old nickname for Idgie , and the note reveals that she is still alive . Cast ( edit ) Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene `` Idgie '' Threadgoode Mary - Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode Cicely Tyson as Sipsey Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode Stan Shaw as Big George Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode Jo Harvey Allen as Women 's Awareness Teacher Macon McCalman as Prosecutor Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates Reid Binion as Young Julian Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett Constance Shulman as Missy Differences between the film and novel ( edit ) Unlike the novel , the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit , instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous . The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love - making . At the time of the film 's debut , it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as `` glossing over '' the lesbian relationship . However , it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content . It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans , women , and the disabled , but the novel 's examination of sexuality - based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot , is made more ambiguous . Though in the book , Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters , at the end of the film it 's largely hinted that they are one and the same , although this runs counter to Ninny 's earlier comment that `` I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes ; I married her ( Idgie 's ) brother , Cleo '' . Production ( edit ) Conception and casting ( edit ) Avnet first read the novel in 1987 . He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom , with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point . Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story , she insisted he read the book and like her , he loved it . He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear 's company , Act III Communications , who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter . He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982 's Annie . She wrote a draft for it as a musical , which he was unhappy with . Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg , who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film , to develop the script . Although she had some screenwriting experience , she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one . The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured , but she found it difficult and also left the project , after writing 70 pages of the screenplay . With no money left to hire another writer , Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2 -- 3 years developing it . Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft . Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind ; she expressed excitement about making the film . He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Do n't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively . When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy . Mary - Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin 's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison . She read for the part several times , initially unhappy with her own tests . When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson , they -- and the producers -- agreed that they had good chemistry . Setting ( edit ) Inside the Whistle Stop Cafe , Juliette , Georgia . Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer . Scouting for a location , she found Juliette , Georgia , a town that was , according to Avnet , nearly deserted . The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store . It was redesigned as a cafe , with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles . After the release of the film , Juliette saw an influx of tourists and , with Jon Avnet 's encouragement , locals opened the Whistle Stop Café , recreated to mirror the film set . Although `` Whistle Stop Café '' is now a registered trademark , other establishments have appeared using that name . While writing the novel , Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale , Alabama , and the café on a real - life restaurant , the Irondale Café . She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great - aunt . The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double . However , after the latter backed out at the last minute , Masterson volunteered to do it herself . The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film . The steam locomotive used in the film is A&WP 290 , then in use pulling steam excursions for the New Georgia Railroad . Release ( edit ) The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27 , 1991 , opening in five theaters . It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24 , 1992 , in 673 theaters . It ran for 19 weeks in total , with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone , and took in $37,000,000 outside the US , bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide . In its opening weekend it earned $105,317 , and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940 , which was 6.4 percent of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at no . 11 for all films released in the US in 1991 , and no . 5 for PG ‐ 13 rated films released that year . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was generally well received by critics . Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a `` fresh '' score of 73 % based on 41 reviews . Critics enjoyed the narrative , but found it conventional and predictable . The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as `` clumsy '' , Roger Ebert praised the performances , Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score . The cast drew praise for their performances , particularly Masterson and Tandy . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Jessica Tandy ) and for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski ) . At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992 , Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award , and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role . Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work , and the film got a Best Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) nomination . At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden , it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Evelyn Couch : `` Face it girls , I 'm older and I have more insurance . '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Fried Green Tomatoes Studio album by Various Artists Released December 31 , 1991 Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 24 Label MCA Fried Green Tomatoes : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film , and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle . For the original score , composed by Thomas Newman , see Fried Green Tomatoes ( score ) . Track listing ( edit ) `` I 'll Remember You '' ( Grayson Hugh ) -- 5 : 08 `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' ( Paul Young ) -- 4 : 34 `` Cherish '' ( Hip Hop Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 3 : 58 `` Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead '' ( Taylor Dayne ) -- 3 : 20 `` Rooster Blues '' ( Peter Wolf ) -- 3 : 15 `` Barbecue Bess '' ( Patti LaBelle ) -- 2 : 54 `` If I Can Help Somebody '' ( Aaron Hall ) -- 3 : 49 `` Cool Down Yonder '' ( Marion Williams ) -- 3 : 10 `` Cherish '' ( Movie Version ) ( Jodeci ) -- 2 : 29 `` Ghost Train '' ( Main Title ) ( Thomas Newman ) -- 3 : 11 `` Visiting Ruth '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 46 `` A Charge To Keep I Have '' ( Newman ) -- 1 : 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Green Tomatoes ' : Why a Little Film Bloomed : Movies : Film starts slowly at the box office but word of mouth , themes , strong cast ignite interest in the $11 - million work '' . Los Angeles Times . February 10 , 1992 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rockler , Naomi R. ( March 22 , 2001 ) , `` A Wall on the Lesbian Continuum : Polysemy and Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Women 's Studies in Communication , 24 , retrieved June 15 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( January 6 , 2006 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes , Emanuel Levy , retrieved June 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Pryor , Kelli ; Isaak , Sharon ( February 28 , 1992 ) , `` Women in Love '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time , retrieved February 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Vickers , Lu ( June 1994 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes Excuse me , did we see the same movie ? '' , Jump Cut , 39 : 25 -- 30 , retrieved February 12 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Avnet , Jon ( 1998 ) , Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Universal Studios ^ Jump up to : Kenny , J.M. ( director ) ( December 15 , 1998 ) , Moments of Discovery : The Making of Fried Green Tomatoes ( DVD ) , Universal Studios Home Video , retrieved April 4 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Park , Irby ( May 7 , 2003 ) , `` Fannie Flagg Captivates Audience at City Book Event '' , The Chattanoogan , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Little Town Where Movie was Made Finally Gets Café , Fried Tomatoes '' , Rome News - Tribune , April 13 , 1992 , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zganjar , Leslie ( November 1 , 2002 ) , `` The Whistle Stop name is just too popular '' , Birmingham Business Journal , retrieved December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Nolan , Michael ( October 20 , 2002 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes At The Irondale Cafe '' , American Profile , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Box Office Mojo , retrieved April 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , Rotten Tomatoes , retrieved April 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 10 , 1992 ) , `` Fried Green Tomatoes '' , Chicago Sun - Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( December 27 , 1991 ) , `` Women Finding Strength In Women '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved December 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) Awards '' , The New York Times , The New York Times Company , retrieved June 19 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) '' . Swedish Film Institute . March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the movie fried green tomatoes come out	[ "The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27, 1991, opening in five theaters.[12] It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24, 1992, in 673 theaters. It ran for 19 weeks in total, with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters.[12]" ]	[ "December 27, 1991" ]
-2890367400710734043	Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege	Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege - Wikipedia Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . tactical shooter video game published by Ubisoft Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Xavier Marquis Producer ( s ) Sébastien Labbé Designer ( s ) Daniel Drapeau Programmer ( s ) Jalal Eddine El Mansouri Artist ( s ) Po Yuen Kenny Lam Writer ( s ) Li Kuo Composer ( s ) Paul Haslinger Ben Frost Series Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Engine AnvilNext 2.0 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release December 1 , 2015 Genre ( s ) Tactical shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege is a tactical shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on December 1 , 2015 . The game puts heavy emphasis on environmental destruction and cooperation between players . Each player assumes control of an attacker or a defender in different gameplay modes such as rescuing a hostage defusing a bomb , and taking control of a capture point . The title has no campaign but features a series of short missions that can be played solo . These missions have a loose narrative , focusing on recruits going through training to prepare them for future encounters with the White Masks , a terrorist group that threatens the safety of the world . It is an entry in the Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six series and the successor to Tom Clancy 's Rainbow 6 : Patriots , a tactical shooter that had a larger focus on narrative . However , Patriots was eventually cancelled due to its technical shortcomings , and the team decided to reboot the franchise . The team evaluated the core of the Rainbow Six franchise and believed that letting players impersonate the top counter-terrorist operatives around the world suited the game most . To create authentic siege situations , the team consulted actual counter-terrorism units and looked at real - life examples of sieges . Powered by AnvilNext 2.0 , the game also utilizes Ubisoft 's RealBlast technology to create destructible environments . Announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 , it received four nominations from Game Critics Awards including Best of Show . The game received an overall positive reception from critics , with praise mostly directed to the game 's tense multiplayer and focus on tactics . However , the game was criticized for its progression system and its lack of content . Initial sales were weak , but the game 's player base increased significantly as Ubisoft adopted a `` games as a service '' model for the game and subsequently released several packages of free downloadable content . The company also partnered with ESL to make Siege an eSports game . In June 2018 , two and a half years after the game 's initial launch , the game surpassed 35 million registered players across all platforms . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Modes 2 Setting 3 Development 3.1 Design 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay An alpha gameplay screenshot of the game , showcasing the Hostage Mode . Players can destroy structures like walls to spot targets . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege is a first - person shooter game , in which players utilize many different operators from the Rainbow team . Different operators have different nationalities , weapons , and gadgets . The game features an asymmetrical structure whereby the teams are not always balanced in their ability choices . The base Counter-Terrorism Units ( CTUs ) available for play are the American Hostage Rescue Team ( referred to in - game as the FBI SWAT ) , the British SAS , the German GSG - 9 , the Russian Spetsnaz and the French GIGN , each of which has four operators per unit split between attackers and defenders ( other units were later added through downloadable content , see below ) . Players also have access to a `` Recruit '' operator who can choose from a more flexible assortment of equipment at the expense of having a unique gadget or the ability to customize their weapon . Players can pick any operator from any unit that is defending or attacking before a round starts , choosing spawn points as well attachments on their guns but are not allowed to change their choices once the round has started . An in - game shop allows players to purchase operators or cosmetics using the in - game currency , `` Renown '' , which is earned at the end of matches from actions performed in - game . Different gameplay modes award renown at different rates , with ranked matches offering the largest renown multiplier potential per match . Renown gain rate can also be affected by the addition of `` boosters '' which give the player a 100 % increase in all renown earned for 24 real - time hours . A premium currency known as `` R6 credits '' can also be purchased using real - world currency to get operators quicker in - game , or other cosmetic . In online matches , when a round begins the attackers choose one of several spawn points from which to launch their attack while defenders do the same from which to defend from . Then a one - minute preparatory period will commence where the attackers are then given control over mecanum - wheeled drones to scout the map in search of enemy operators , traps and defensive set - ups as well as the target ( s ) , while the defenders set up their defences . Defenders can also put up destructible barricades and reinforced walls to make them indestructible to most munitions unless dealt with by an appropriate operator , such as Hibana , Thermite , and Maverik . Maps in the game are designed to encourage close quarters combat , and players can not respawn until the end of a round . Players who were killed by opponents can enter `` Support Mode '' , which allows them to gain access to drone 's cameras and security cameras so that they can continue to contribute to their team by informing them of opponent locations and activities . Matches last only four minutes for a casual and three minutes for a ranked . Teamwork and cooperation are encouraged in Siege , and players need to take advantage of their different abilities in order to complete the objective and defeat the enemy team . Communication between players is also encouraged . The game also has a spectator mode , which allows players to observe a match from different angles . The game features a heavy emphasis on environmental destruction using a procedural destruction system . Players can break structures by planting explosives on them , or shoot walls to make bullet holes . Players may gain tactical advantages through environmental destruction , and the system aims at encouraging players to utilize creativity and strategy . A bullet - penetration system is featured , in which bullets that pass through structures deal less damage to enemies . In addition to destruction , players on the defending team can also set up a limited number of heavy - duty fortifications on walls and deployable shields around them for protection ; these can be destroyed through breaching explosives or by utilizing operator specific gadgets like thermite . In order to stop attackers ' advance , defenders can place traps like barbed - wire and explosive laser wire traps around the maps . Vertical space is a key gameplay element in the game 's maps : players can destroy ceilings and floors using breach charges and can ambush enemies by rappelling through windows . Powerful weapons like grenades and breach charges are valuable , as only limited numbers can be used in a round . Modes At launch , the game featured 11 maps and 5 different gameplay modes spanning both PVE and PVP . With the downloadable content ( DLC ) released post-launch with an additional four maps from year one and three maps from year two -- there are currently 18 playable maps with one more slated for release by June 2018 . The gameplay modes featured include : Hostage : a competitive multiplayer mode , in which the attackers must extract the hostage from the defenders , while the defenders must prevent that from happening either by eliminating all of the attacking team or successfully defending the hostage until the time expires . A secondary manner of winning can occur if the attacking or defending team accidentally damages the hostage , causing the hostage to `` down '' ; if the opposing team can prevent the revival of the hostage , and the hostage bleeds - out and dies , they will win the round . Bomb : a competitive multiplayer mode , in which the attackers are tasked with locating and defusing one of two bombs . The defenders must stop the attackers by killing all of them or destroying the defuser . If all attackers are killed after the defuser is planted , the defuser must still be destroyed for a defending victory . Secure Area : a competitive multiplayer mode , in which the defenders must protect a room with a biohazard container , while the attackers must fight their way in and secure it . The match ends when all players from one team are killed or the biohazard container is secured by the attackers when there are no defenders in the room . Tactical Realism : a variation of the standard competitive multiplayer modes , added with the release of the Operation Skull Rain DLC . The game mode features a heavier emphasis on realism and teamwork , removing most of the heads - up display ( HUD ) elements , the ability to mark opponents , and the ability to see teammates ' contours through walls , while also featuring the addition of a realistic ammo management system . This mode is no longer in the game but some aspects are in the other multiplayer modes . Terrorist Hunt : a solo or cooperative multiplayer mode for up to five players . Players take on the role of either attackers or defenders , and must fight against waves of enemies controlled by artificial intelligence across various modes like Bomb , Hostage or Elimination ( Terrorist hunt classic ) . Situations : the game 's most significant single - player component , with 10 solo and 1 coop multiplayer missions that serve as introductory and interactive tutorials to the game 's mechanics . Outbreak : A limited time event exclusive to Operation Chimera , Outbreak pits a 3 player team in a co-op PVE environment against an alien biohazard threat , namely AI - controlled heavily mutated forms of humans infected with said alien parasite . Two difficulties exists for this mode , for which the chief difference was the inclusion of friendly fire on the harder one . Setting Angela Bassett performed voice works and motion capture for Six , the director of Team Rainbow . Three years after the Rainbow Program 's deactivation , there is a resurgence of terrorist activities , with the White Mask being the most prominent . The terrorists ' goals are unknown , yet they are causing chaos across the world . To counter this rising threat , the program is reactivated by a new leader who is simply known as Six ( voiced by Angela Bassett ) . Six assembles a group of special forces operatives from different countries to face and combat the White Masks . Recruits go through multiple exercises to prepare them for future encounters with the White Masks , training to perform hostage rescue and bomb disposal . Eventually , the White Masks launch a chemical attack on a university ( called Bartlett University ) , and the recruits are sent to disarm the bombs and eliminate the enemy presence . The operation is a massive success , though there are casualties . The story ends with Six affirming that the reactivation of Team Rainbow is the best and only choice in a time filled with risks and uncertainties . Team Rainbow is ready for their next mission -- to hunt down the leader of their enemy -- and they stand prepared to protect and defend their nation from terrorists . Development See also : Tom Clancy 's Rainbow 6 : Patriots This entire project was born and has grown out of an in - depth study that looked to distill what the Rainbow series is at its core in terms of both fantasy and gameplay . At the end of the day , the Rainbow Six fantasy about being part of the greatest counter-terrorist organization and impersonating the best of the best operators , working as a team , ( and ) carrying out dangerous operations ( hostage rescue ) anywhere on the globe -- Andrew J. Witts , game designer of Rainbow Six : Siege The game 's predecessor was Tom Clancy 's Rainbow 6 : Patriots , a tactical shooter announced in 2011 . It had a focus on narrative , and the story campaign features many cut - scenes and scripted events . However , the game fell into a development hell shortly after its announcement . The game 's outdated engine and frequent change of leadership hindered development progress , and game quality was not up to par . In addition , it was planned to be released on seventh - generation video - game consoles which were not capable of processing certain game mechanics . Seeing the arrival of a new generation of consoles , the team wanted to make use of this opportunity to create a more technologically advanced game . As a result , Ubisoft decided to cancel Patriots and assembled a new team of 25 people to come up with ideas to reboot the series . To make the new game feel refreshing , only certain multiplayer elements were retained as the small team took the game in a different direction . They evaluated the core of the Rainbow Six series , which they thought was about being a member of a counter-terrorist team travelling around the globe to deal with dangerous terrorist attacks -- operations which are usually intense confrontations between attackers and defenders . However , the team wanted to fit these ideas into a multiplayer format which would increase the game 's sustainability . These became the basic concept ideas for the game . As the development team hoped that the game can be replayed frequently , the team decided to devote all the resources into developing the game 's multiplayer and abandoned the single - player campaign . Development of the game officially began in January 2013 . Ubisoft Montreal , the developer of Patriots , handled the game 's development , with Ubisoft 's offices in Barcelona , Toronto , Kiev , Shanghai and Chengdu providing assistance . The game was originally called Rainbow Six Unbreakable , a title that reflected not only the game 's destruction mechanic but also the mindset of the development team , who had to deliver a game that was once stuck in development hell . According to Alexandre Remy , the brand director , the team was confident in their new vision for the game but very nervous when they revealed it , realizing the change of direction would likely disappoint some fans . Design The 150 - person team consisted mainly of first - person shooter veterans or longtime Rainbow Six players . Despite having prior knowledge on how these types of games work , the team decided to study historic examples of counter-terrorist operations , including 1980 's London Iranian Embassy siege , 1977 's Lufthansa Flight 181 hijacking , and 2002 's Moscow theatre hostage crisis to ensure that the portrayal of these operations was accurate and appropriate . The team also consulted counter-terrorism units , such as the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group ( GIGN ) , for their opinions on how they would react during a hostage rescue situation . According to Xavier Marquis , the game 's creative director , having a hostage rescue mission in the game helped create an immersive story . By allowing players to assume control of an operator tasked with saving innocents , it gives them an objective and a priority . They must be careful in dealing with the situation and try their best not to hurt the hostage . This further promotes teamwork between players and prompts them to plan before attacking , and further makes the game more realistic , tense and immersive . To make the game feel more realistic , the team introduced a mechanic called `` living hostage '' to govern the hostage character 's behaviour -- e.g. , coughing if there is dust in the air or shielding him or herself if there is nearby gunfire . The environmental destruction mechanic was one of the game 's most important elements . When the game 's development was begun , the developer 's in - house team completed their work on RealBlast Destruction , an engine that `` procedurally breaks everything down '' and remodels the environment . The development team thought that this technology fitted the game 's style and gameplay , and decided to use it . This aspect of the game became increasingly important during development , and the team spent an extended period of time making sure that these destructions were authentic . As a result , the team implemented a materials - based tearing system , in which environmental objects of different materials show different reactions to players ' attacks . To render the game 's texture , the team used physically based rendering , even though it was ineffective during the game 's early stage of production due to issues with the game 's engine . A material bank and substance painter were utilized to create textures for environmental objects when they were damaged or destroyed . The team also implemented subtle visual cues to help players identify whether a structure was destructible or not , as opposed to `` distracting '' players with more - obvious hints . The destruction mechanic prompted Ubisoft to change their level - design approach , as they had to ensure that the level was still logical and realistic when parts of the environment were destroyed . According to Ubisoft , `` teamwork , tactics , and tension '' were the game 's three most important pillars . The team initially worked on a respawn feature , allowing players to rejoin after they are killed in the game . However , following several internal tournaments , the team realized that some of their employees would always win a match . They concluded that the respawn system worked to the benefit of strong players and placed individual skill above teamwork , which did not fit the developer 's focus on game tactics . Removing the respawn feature meant greater consequences for taking risks , and players had to rely on their teammates in order to survive and achieve objectives . According to Chris Lee , the game 's designer , the team initially worried that the system would only appeal to hardcore players . However , after several testings , they found that the removal of the respawn system provided new challenges to strong players and forced them to cooperate with their teammates -- while it rewarded weaker players who were willing to take their time , plan their actions , and be strategic . The gameplay system was designed to allow players to have a lot of freedom . As a result , the team implemented the `` Golden 3C Rules '' , which represents Character , Control , and Camera . Players are always controlling their own actions and movements , and the team intentionally avoided any animation that would disrupt the players . As a result , actions such as setting explosives , or placing a breach charge , can be cancelled immediately so that players can react and shoot . The game 's camera only moves when the player moves , as the team feared that the changes of camera angle may lead to players ' in - game deaths . A free - lean system was introduced to the game so that players can have more control over their line of sight . According to Ubisoft , this input - driven control mechanism makes the game feel more `` natural '' and `` fluid '' . This is because it allows players to concentrate on planning and coordinating , rather than thinking if the camera or environment will interfere with their actions . Several gameplay elements were scrapped or removed from the final game . One of the features of its predecessors , artificial intelligence - controlled squadmates , were removed from single - player missions . This decision was made because the team wanted players to play with a squad controlled by actual players rather than computers . The team once considered adding a map editor so that players could design their own maps , but this plan never came to fruition . Hit markers , which would indicate an injury inflicted on an opponent , were removed because the team feared that players would abuse the system by `` peppering the walls with gunfire '' and use hit markers to locate enemies . Players can not jump in the game , as real - life counter-terrorist unit operators do not jump while carrying out their missions . According to Louis Philippe , the game 's audio director , the team originally used intense music and sounds to create tension . However , the team decided to scrap this idea , realizing that the best way to create a tense atmosphere is to create the sounds of other players , which are often unexpected . The team created Navigation Sounds , in which the sound a player made is determined by their operators ' weight , armour , and speed . Gadget deployment such as fortifying and breach - charging create louder sounds that may reveal the player 's presence . The team thought that this would be enjoyable for players and influence their gameplay experience . The game 's music was composed by Paul Haslinger , who had worked on the score of the previous Rainbow Six games and the Far Cry series . His co-composer was Ben Frost , who debuted his first video game soundtrack with Siege . Leon Purviance assisted Frost and Haslinger in composing the music . Release Ubisoft announced the game at their press conference during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 . In August 2015 , Ubisoft announced that they had delayed the game 's release from October 10 to December 1 , 2015 , in order to give additional time for the team to balance the game for cooperative multiplayer play . A closed alpha - testing was held by Ubisoft on April 7 -- 13 , 2015 , in which players could play an early version of the game in order to help the development team test their servers and core gameplay loops , and to provide feedback . Ubisoft held a closed beta , starting on September 24 , 2015 , for further testing . The company originally wanted to hold another round of testing with the release of the game 's open beta on November 25 , 2015 , but they delayed its release to November 26 due to matchmaking issues . Players who purchased Siege for the Xbox One could download Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas and its sequel , Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 for free . The game had multiple versions for players to purchase . A season pass was announced on November 12 , 2015 . Players who bought this version of the game could gain early access to operators offered in the DLCs and receive several weapon skins . The game was also released alongside its Collector 's Edition , which included the game 's season pass , a hat , a compass and bottle opener , a backpack , and a 120 - page guide . A Starter Edition was released on PC in June 2016 , featuring all content offered in the Standard Edition , and included two operators at start for use plus enough Rainbow 6 Credits to purchase up to two more of the player 's choice while the rest has to be purchased through either Renown at an increased cost or additional Rainbow 6 Credits . The Starter Edition was cheaper than the Standard Edition and was initially available for a limited time . In February 2017 , the Starter Edition became permanently available via Uplay . According to Ubisoft , the game adopted a `` game as a service '' approach , as they would provide long - term support for the game and offer post-release content to keep players engaged . The management team initially doubted the idea but eventually decided to approve it . The title was supported with many updates upon launch , with the company introducing fixes to bugs and improvements on both matchmaking and general gameplay mechanics . They also introduced an auto - kick system , which automatically removes players from a match when they kill friendly players and launched the BattleEye system in August 2016 to punish cheaters . All downloadable content maps were released to all players for free . The team avoided adding more modes to the game because most would not fit well with the game 's close - quarter combat . Downloadable content for the game was divided into several seasons , with a Mid-Season Reinforcement patch which added new weapons and modified some of the operators ' core abilities . This post-release content was developed by the Montreal studio in conjunction with Blue Byte in Germany . Ubisoft announced that they would keep supporting the game and adding new playable characters for 10 more years . As a result , no sequel was planned . To counter toxicity within the game 's community , in mid 2018 Ubisoft began issuing bans to any player who has used racist and homophobic slurs . In January 2018 , Ubisoft announced the introduction of ' Outbreak Packs ' , which are loot boxes that can be unlocked with R6 credits ( which can be purchased with microtransactions ) to gain character items . The company also announced that the base version of the game will be replaced by a bundle named The Advanced Edition , which includes the base game and a small number of outbreak packs and R6 credits . The changes resulted in players ' backlash , as existing players have to pay for new content while new players do not . Ubisoft compensated players by giving players a free premium skin for free and announced plans to change the Standard Edition so that players can unlock new operators at a faster pace . In July 2018 , Ubisoft announced the introduction of a limited time pack named ' Sunsplash Packs ' , which are available to purchase with R6 credits and contain cosmetics that have an association with the season of Summer . Downloadable content and expansion packs Year Name and Season Release date Notes Year 1 Operation Black Ice - Season 1 February 2 , 2016 The DLC introduced a new map , a frozen yacht in Canada . It also introduces two Canadian operators from the special ops force JTF2 , Frost and Buck . Frost can use a trap to incapacitate enemies , while Buck has an under - barrel M26 shotgun . Operation Dust Line - Season 2 May 11 , 2016 The DLC introduced a new map set in the Middle East , which was described as `` a mix of old and new construction with open air pathways '' . It also introduces two Navy Seal operators , Blackbeard and Valkyrie . Blackbeard has face shields that can be mounted onto his rifle , while Valkyrie has three cameras that can be thrown onto any surface . Operation Skull Rain - Season 3 August 2 , 2016 The DLC introduced a new map set in Brazil , and two BOPE operators called Capitão and Caveira . Capitão has a tactical crossbow which can be loaded with asphyxiating bolts , that will burn oxygen within a certain radius , or smoke grenade bolts that create a thick cloud of smoke . Caveira has an ability called Silent Step , allowing her to make less noise when moving as well as interrogate an immobilized enemy for the location of other enemies . Operation Red Crow - Season 4 November 17 , 2016 The DLC introduced a new map set in a skyscraper in Japan , and two SAT operators called Hibana and Echo . Hibana possesses a weapon that launches up to three sets of six explosives that attach to and break reinforced walls , while Echo uses a drone capable of releasing sonic blasts to disorient enemies . Year 2 Operation Velvet Shell - Season 1 February 8 , 2017 The DLC introduced a new map set in Spain , and two GEO operators called Mira and Jackal . Jackal is a tracker who can reveal the location of enemies by tracking their footprints , while Mira can create one - way bulletproof windows on walls which can be ejected , leaving a space for operators to fire through . Operation Health - Season 2 June 6 , 2017 Operation Health was an update that fine - tuned many of the game 's aspects , including fixes to hit boxes , spawn killing and audio issues . This resulted in the delay of season 2 's content and the cancellation of a map . Operation Blood Orchid - Season 3 September 5 , 2017 The DLC introduced a new map set in Hong Kong , two SDU operators named Ying and Lesion , and one Polish GROM operator named Ela . Ying utilizes candela cluster charges that can be thrown or attached to a surface to stun enemies , similar to a stun grenade . Lesion uses poison mines that slow and cause damage to an enemy over time when triggered . Ela possesses proximity concussion mines that can be attached to multiple surfaces to disorient enemies . Operation White Noise - Season 4 December 5 , 2017 The DLC introduces a new map set in South Korea , two South Korean operators from the 707th Special Mission Battalion named Dokkaebi and Vigil , and one Polish operator named Zofia . Dokkaebi is able to hack enemy phones to make them ring , revealing their position , she can also hack the phone of a dead defender to give access to the cameras to the attackers . Vigil uses a cloaking device to become invisible to all drones and cameras . Zofia carries a double - barreled grenade launcher capable of launching explosive or concussion grenades . Year 3 Operation Chimera - Season 1 March 6 , 2018 This DLC introduces one GIGN operator named Lion , and one Spetsnaz operator named Finka . Both are part of a CBRN specialist detachment of Team Rainbow . Lion uses a UAV to temporarily expose moving enemies via sonar ; Finka uses nanomachines to temporarily increase the health and accuracy of herself and her teammates while also increasing their heart and breathing rate , thus weakening them by increasing the damage taken by Smoke 's toxic gas canisters , increasing the range Pulse 's heartbeat scanner can detect them , and hindering their ability to listen for footsteps . The nanomachine boost will also revive any downed teammates . This DLC also introduced a temporary gamemode called `` Outbreak '' , a PvE game mode where some operators are tasked with containing a biohazard that has turned the citizens of Truth or Consequences , New Mexico into zombie - like monsters . Operation Para Bellum - Season 2 June 7 , 2018 This DLC introduces a new map set in Tuscany , as well as two GIS operators named Alibi and Maestro . Alibi projects inanimate holograms of herself , which expose the location of any enemy that interacts with the hologram with their weapons , body , or drone ; Maestro can install a wall - mounted directed - energy turret that he can then operate remotely , damaging enemies with rapid laser fire . After a certain number of shots , the turret can overheat and has to cool down . Operation Grim Sky - Season 3 September 4 , 2018 This DLC introduces two new operators and the first full map redesign for Hereford Base . The first new operator is an attacker named Maverick who uses a small handheld blowtorch to open new lines of sight as well as kill holes , even in reinforced walls to aid the attackers in breaching the objective . The second new operator is a defender called Clash who is the first shield wielding defender . Her shield is similar to Montagne except she utilises technology designed by Mira and Twitch within her gadget ; the CCE or Crowd Control Electro Shield . It emits an electric field that slows and damages attackers . Ubisoft also envisioned the game as an eSports game . The company had their first meeting with David Hiltscher , vice president of ESL , in late 2013 . ESL offered feedback on the game 's balancing and helped the developer to ensure that the game was suitable for competitive play . The team focused on introducing new operators to provide variety for eSports viewers after the game 's release , a decision inspired by modern multiplayer online battle arena games such as Dota 2 , as this type of game often has 80 -- 100 playable characters . ESL and Ubisoft officially announced Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Pro League , a global tournament for Windows and Xbox One players . The competition was held at Intel Extreme Masters eSports tournament on March 4 , 2016 . A European team , PENTA Sports , became the champion of the first season of Rainbow Six Pro League after defeating another team , GiFu , at the final of the tournament held in May 2016 . In 2017 , it was revealed that Pro League Year Two would return , but Xbox One tournaments would not be featured . Ubisoft also held the Six Invitational tournaments in 2017 and 2018 , in which top teams competed for the top prize . The 2018 tournament attracted 321,000 viewers on Twitch . Both Nathan Lawrence from Red Bull and Richie Shoemaker from Eurogamer compared the game favourably with Counter-Strike : Global Offensive , with both being hopeful that Siege can dethrone Global Offensive 's status as the most successful competitive eSports first - person shooter in the future . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 74 / 100 ( PS4 ) 73 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8 / 10 Game Informer 7 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 8.5 / 10 7.9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 90 / 100 Polygon 6 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 The pre-release reception of the game was positive , with critics praising the game 's design and tensions created during matches . In 2014 , the game received four nominations from Game Critics Awards : Best of Show , Best PC Game , Best Action Game and Best Online Multiplayer Game . The game eventually became the winner of the Best PC Game category . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Critics generally praised the game 's destructive environment , tactical nature , map design , and its focus on teamwork . However , the lack of content and the game 's microtransactions were subjected to criticism . The game 's multiplayer was widely praised by critics . Chris Carter from Destructoid praised the game 's open - ended nature , which made each match unpredictable and helped the experience to stay fresh even after an extended period of playing . GameSpot 's Scott Butterworth appreciated the title for allowing players to make use of their creativity in approaching a mission . James Davenport from PC Gamer echoed this thought , and he described Siege as a `` psychological race '' in which players are constantly trying to outwit their opponents . Ryan McCaffery from IGN also praised the tactical possibilities , which make the game `` tense and riveting '' . The large number of operators available for players to choose were praised by both Carter and Matt Bertz from Game Informer , who commented that they added depths and variety to the game and that players could experiment to see which pairs of operators can complement each other . However , McCaffery was disappointed by the lack of variety of game modes and commented that most players usually neglect the mode 's objectives and opted to simply eliminate their opponents . Terrorist Hunt received divisive opinions from critics . Carter thought that it was more relaxing , and Butterworth thought it was exhilarating . However , Bertz criticized its lack of variety , weak artificial intelligence , and its less - intense nature when compared with the player - versus - player modes . Martin Robinson from Eurogamer also noted that the mode only ran at 30 frames per second , which limited its appeal . The game 's focus on tactics was praised . Bertz applauded the tactical nature of the game , as it fostered communications between players . However , he noted that teamwork may not be possible if players did not have a headphone and microphone . Arthur Gies from Polygon echoed these comments , stating that the game 's over-reliance on teamwork meant that when teammates were not communicating , the game would not be fun to play . The `` No Respawn '' system was praised by Butterworth for making each match feel intense , as even the best player needs to think tactically in order to win . Jonathon Leack from Game Revolution enjoyed the scouting phase of a multiplayer match , which encouraged players to communicate with each other and coordinate their attacks . However , Gies noted that the placement of game objectives does not vary much , thus making the scouting phase meaningless . Both Bertz and Butterworth agreed that the game 's competitive nature increases the game 's replay value . Ben Griffin from GamesRadar praised the destruction mechanic for bringing tactical depth to the game . The gameplay received mixed reviews . Both Bertz and Griffin criticized the game 's incompetent hit detection system , which made the experience unfair . Bertz described the game 's gunplay as `` serviceable '' , while Leack noticed a delay in shooting , which drags the game 's pace and leads to a steep learning curve . However , Leack appreciated the game 's map design , which opened many possibilities . He also praised its attention to detail and sound design , which can often make a multiplayer match feel like a `` great action film '' . Bertz was disappointed by the lack of customization options , which did not offer long - term progression for the players . Butterworth similarly criticized the progression system for being slow . As players can not play as the same operator in the same match , he was often forced to play as the generic `` recruit '' character when he was only at the beginning stage of the game . He also criticized the limited weapon customization options , which barely affect gameplay . McCaffery described customization as the `` least interesting '' aspect of the game and claimed that most gameplay features were locked when players started playing . Griffin , Gies , and Steven Burns from VideoGamer.com were annoyed by the microtransactions featured in the game , with Griffin describing it as a greedy attempt by Ubisoft to make more money , though Davenport did not mind these features as they were limited to cosmetic items and could be unlocked through earning Renown . Bertz was annoyed the lack of clan infrastructure , which may cause players troubles when they were finding matches , while Griffin thought that map rotation often felt random and was disappointed that players can not vote to decide which map they are going to play next . Single - player was generally considered a disappointment by critics , with Situations receiving mixed reviews . Carter described it as one of his `` favorite non-campaign additions '' as the mode gave players incentive to return due to its rating system . Butterworth described it as a `` surprisingly robust '' mode and thought that there were great tutorial missions that help players to understand gameplay before trying multiplayer . However , Bertz criticized it for its lack of replay value , and Griffin noted their short length . McCaffery thought that it served as a competent tutorial , but its solo play nature meant that players could not practice team play and tactics . Davenport criticized the narrative in Situations , which he thought was not meaningful . Many critics were disappointed with the lack of a single - player campaign or a cooperative campaign , but Butterworth believed that the strong multiplayer components can compensate for this absence . Gies noticed certain network issues would affect the single - player . Many critics generally had a positive opinion on the package . Bertz thought that the game 's multiplayer design had laid a great foundation for the game , but it was not taken advantage of due to the small number of game modes . Leack felt that Siege 's tight focus on tactical gameplay had `` provided something unlike any other game on the market '' . Butterworth found the game very unique and that there was `` nothing else like it '' when he put aside the game 's minor annoyances . Griffin wrote that the title felt very fresh , as most games in the market did not value tactics . Davenport similarly praised the game for being very concentrated and making no compromises on gameplay design , which in turn make the title one of the best tactical multiplayer shooters on the market . Gies recognized the game 's potential but thought that they were overshadowed by the game 's numerous technical annoyances , frustrating progression system and its lack of content . Robinson was impressed by the game 's multiplayer mode , and that the overall package could be considered as the year 's best multiplayer game . However , he questioned Ubisoft for releasing the game with so little content while still selling it at full - price . Sales In May 2015 , CEO of Ubisoft Yves Guillemot announced that the company expected the game to outsell Far Cry 4 's seven million sales over the course of its lifetime because of post-launch support . At the game 's launch , it debuted at number six in UK Software Charts , selling 76,000 retail copies across all three platforms . Critics thought that the launch performance was underwhelming and lacklustre . However , through continued post-release support and updates , the player base had doubled since the game 's launch . Following the summer 2016 launch of the third DLC , Skull Rain , the size of the player base had a 40 % increase , and the title had more than 10 million registered players . Two years after launch , the game remained as one of the top 40 best - selling retail games in the UK . The strong performance of Siege , alongside with Tom Clancy 's The Division ( 2016 ) and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands ( 2017 ) boosted the total number of players of the Tom Clancy 's franchise to 44 million in 2017 . The post-launch success for Siege further solidified Ubisoft 's belief in the model of `` game as a service '' . Future Ubisoft multiplayer - focused titles -- such as For Honor -- adopted this structure , in which the company would provide free DLC and updates several years after the game 's official release . In August 2017 , Ubisoft announced that the game had passed 20 million players and that the game was played by 2.3 million players every day . Two years after the game 's launch , Ubisoft announced that the game has passed 25 million registered players . GameSpot described Siege as `` one of modern AAA gamings biggest comebacks '' , and the best proof to show that the `` games - as - a-service '' model works well , attributing its success to Ubisoft 's continuous updates and the thriving community . Accolades Year Award Result Ref 2014 Game Critics Awards Best of Show Nominated Best PC Game Won Best Action Game Nominated Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated 2015 Game Critics Awards Best PC Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated Gamescom 2015 Best Online Multiplayer Game Nominated 2016 Golden Joystick Awards 2016 Best Multiplayer Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Best Multiplayer Game Nominated 2017 Golden Joystick Awards 2017 eSports Game of the Year Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Ongoing Game Nominated 2018 14th British Academy Games Awards Evolving Game Nominated Game Critics Awards Best Ongoing Game Nominated Golden Joystick Awards 2018 Still Playing Award Pending eSports Game of the Year Pending Notes Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Kiev , Ubisoft Toronto , Ubisoft Barcelona . References Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Rainbow Six : Siege ' is a juggernaut with 35 million player '' . Engadget . 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External links Official website Tom Clancy 's video games Rainbow Six series Rainbow Six Rogue Spear Take - Down -- Missions in Korea 3 : Raven Shield Lockdown Critical Hour Vegas Vegas 2 Shadow Vanguard Patriots ( cancelled ) Siege Ghost Recon series Ghost Recon Desert Siege Island Thunder Jungle Storm Ghost Recon 2 Summit Strike Advanced Warfighter Advanced Warfighter 2 Predator Wii Shadow Wars Future Soldier Phantoms Wildlands Splinter Cell series Splinter Cell Pandora Tomorrow Chaos Theory Essentials Double Agent Conviction Blacklist Jack Ryan / Ryanverse series The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1991 ) The Sum of All Fears H.A.W.X series H.A.W.X H.A.W.X 2 The Division series The Division The Division 2 Other games Red Storm Rising SSN Politika ruthless.com Shadow Watch EndWar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_Siege&oldid=866524237 '' Categories : 2015 video games Asymmetrical multiplayer video games Cooperative video games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation 4 games Tactical shooter video games Terrorism in fiction Tom Clancy games Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six games Ubisoft games Video games developed in Canada Video games set in Boston Video games set in Canada Video games set in France Video games set in Germany Video games set in Hong Kong Video games set in Japan Video games set in Los Angeles Video games set in Oregon Video games set in Russia Video games set in Seoul Video games set in Spain Video games set in the United Kingdom Video games set in the United States Video games using Havok Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does maverick come out rainbow six seige	[ "\n\n\nDownloadable content and expansion packs\n\nYear\n\nName and Season\n\nRelease date\n\nNotes\n\n\n\nYear 1\n\nOperation Black Ice - Season 1\n\nFebruary 2, 2016\n\nThe DLC introduced a new map, a frozen yacht in Canada. It also introduces two Canadian operators from the special ops force JTF2, Frost and Buck. Frost can use a trap to incapacitate enemies, while Buck has an under-barrel M26 shotgun.[76]\n\n\nOperation Dust Line - Season 2\n\nMay 11, 2016\n\nThe DLC introduced a new map set in the Middle East, which was described as \"a mix of old and new construction with open air pathways\".[77] It also introduces two Navy Seal operators, Blackbeard and Valkyrie. Blackbeard has face shields that can be mounted onto his rifle, while Valkyrie has three cameras that can be thrown onto any surface.[78]\n\n\nOperation Skull Rain - Season 3\n\nAugust 2, 2016\n\nThe DLC introduced a new map set in Brazil, and two BOPE operators called Capitão and Caveira.[79] Capitão has a tactical crossbow which can be loaded with asphyxiating bolts, that will burn oxygen within a certain radius, or smoke grenade bolts that create a thick cloud of smoke. Caveira has an ability called Silent Step, allowing her to make less noise when moving as well as interrogate an immobilized enemy for the location of other enemies.[80]\n\n\nOperation Red Crow - Season 4\n\nNovember 17, 2016\n\nThe DLC introduced a new map set in a skyscraper in Japan, and two SAT operators called Hibana and Echo. Hibana possesses a weapon that launches up to three sets of six explosives that attach to and break reinforced walls, while Echo uses a drone capable of releasing sonic blasts to disorient enemies.[81]\n\n\nYear 2\n\nOperation Velvet Shell - Season 1\n\nFebruary 8, 2017\n\nThe DLC introduced a new map set in Spain, and two GEO operators called Mira and Jackal.[82] Jackal is a tracker who can reveal the location of enemies by tracking their footprints, while Mira can create one-way bulletproof windows on walls which can be ejected, leaving a space for operators to fire through.[83][84]\n\n\nOperation Health - Season 2\n\nJune 6, 2017[85]\n\nOperation Health was an update that fine-tuned many of the game's aspects, including fixes to hit boxes, spawn killing and audio issues.[86] This resulted in the delay of season 2's content and the cancellation of a map.[87]\n\n\nOperation Blood Orchid - Season 3\n\nSeptember 5, 2017[88]\n\nThe DLC introduced a new map set in Hong Kong, two SDU operators named Ying and Lesion, and one Polish GROM operator named Ela.[89] Ying utilizes candela cluster charges that can be thrown or attached to a surface to stun enemies, similar to a stun grenade. Lesion uses poison mines that slow and cause damage to an enemy over time when triggered. Ela possesses proximity concussion mines that can be attached to multiple surfaces to disorient enemies.[90][91]\n\n\nOperation White Noise - Season 4\n\nDecember 5, 2017[92]\n\nThe DLC introduces a new map set in South Korea, two South Korean operators from the 707th Special Mission Battalion named Dokkaebi and Vigil, and one Polish operator named Zofia. Dokkaebi is able to hack enemy phones to make them ring, revealing their position, she can also hack the phone of a dead defender to give access to the cameras to the attackers. Vigil uses a cloaking device to become invisible to all drones and cameras. Zofia carries a double-barreled grenade launcher capable of launching explosive or concussion grenades.[93]\n\n\nYear 3\n\nOperation Chimera - Season 1\n\nMarch 6, 2018[94]\n\nThis DLC introduces one GIGN operator named Lion, and one Spetsnaz operator named Finka. Both are part of a CBRN specialist detachment of Team Rainbow. Lion uses a UAV to temporarily expose moving enemies via sonar; Finka uses nanomachines to temporarily increase the health and accuracy of herself and her teammates while also increasing their heart and breathing rate, thus weakening them by increasing the damage taken by Smoke's toxic gas canisters, increasing the range Pulse's heartbeat scanner can detect them, and hindering their ability to listen for footsteps. The nanomachine boost will also revive any downed teammates. This DLC also introduced a temporary gamemode called \"Outbreak\", a PvE game mode where some operators are tasked with containing a biohazard that has turned the citizens of Truth or Consequences, New Mexico into zombie-like monsters.[95]\n\n\n\nOperation Para Bellum - Season 2\n\nJune 7, 2018[96]\n\nThis DLC introduces a new map set in Tuscany, as well as two GIS operators named Alibi and Maestro. Alibi projects inanimate holograms of herself, which expose the location of any enemy that interacts with the hologram with their weapons, body, or drone; Maestro can install a wall-mounted directed-energy turret that he can then operate remotely, damaging enemies with rapid laser fire. After a certain number of shots, the turret can overheat and has to cool down.[97]\n\n\n\nOperation Grim Sky - Season 3\n\nSeptember 4, 2018[98]\n\nThis DLC introduces two new operators and the first full map redesign for Hereford Base. The first new operator is an attacker named Maverick[99] who uses a small handheld blowtorch to open new lines of sight as well as kill holes, even in reinforced walls to aid the attackers in breaching the objective. The second new operator is a defender called Clash[100] who is the first shield wielding defender. Her shield is similar to Montagne except she utilises technology designed by Mira and Twitch within her gadget; the CCE or Crowd Control Electro Shield. It emits an electric field that slows and damages attackers.[101]\n\n\n" ]	[ "September 4, 2018" ]
-232112207436760290	History of Monday Night Football	History of Monday Night Football - Wikipedia History of Monday Night Football Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following article details the history of Monday Night Football , the weekly broadcast of National Football League games on U.S. television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-1970 1.1 Negotiations with ABC 2 1970 - 1985 - Founding Era 2.1 Cosell , Jackson , and Meredith 2.2 Cosell , Gifford , and Meredith 2.3 Cosell , Gifford , Williamson , and Karras 2.4 Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Tarkenton 2.5 1980 2.5. 1 John Lennon tragedy 2.6 1982 contract renewal 2.7 Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson 2.8 Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson 2.9 Gifford , Simpson , and Namath 3 1986 - 2005 - Al Michaels Era 3.1 Gifford and Michaels 3.2 Gifford , Michaels , and Dierdorf 3.2. 1 1989 contract renewal 3.2. 2 1994 3.2. 3 1995 3.2. 4 1997 3.3 Michaels , Dierdorf , and Esiason 3.4 Michaels and Esiason 3.5 Michaels , Fouts , and Miller 3.5. 1 2000 3.5. 2 2001 3.6 Michaels and Madden 3.6. 1 2002 3.6. 2 2003 3.6. 3 2004 3.6. 4 2005 3.6. 4.1 `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Seahawks ) 3.7 End of the ABC era 4 2006 - Present - ESPN Era 4.1 Move to ESPN 4.1. 1 Secondary broadcast teams 4.2 Tirico , Theismann , and Kornheiser 4.3 Tirico , Jaworski , and Kornheiser 4.3. 1 2007 4.3. 2 2008 4.3. 2.1 2008 election eve 4.4 Tirico , Jaworski , and Gruden 4.4. 1 2009 season 4.4. 2 2010 season - `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Eagles ) 4.5 Hank Williams Jr. controversy 5 References 6 External links Pre-1970 ( edit ) Main article : Monday night National Football League games prior to 1970 During the early 1960s , NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle envisioned the possibility of playing at least one game weekly during prime time that could be viewed by a greater television audience ( while the NFL had scheduled Saturday night games on the DuMont Television Network in 1953 and 1954 , poor ratings and the dissolution of DuMont led to those games being eliminated by the time CBS took over the rights in 1956 ) . An early bid by the league in 1964 to play on Friday nights was soundly defeated , with critics charging that such telecasts would damage the attendance at high school football games . Undaunted , Rozelle decided to experiment with the concept of playing on Monday night , scheduling the Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions for a game on September 28 , 1964 . While the game was not televised , it drew a sellout crowd of 59,203 spectators to Tiger Stadium , the largest crowd ever to watch a professional football game in Detroit up to that point . Two years later , Rozelle would build on this success as the NFL began a four - year experiment of playing on Monday night , scheduling one game in prime time on CBS during the 1966 and 1967 seasons , and two contests during each of the next two years . NBC followed suit in 1968 and 1969 with games involving American Football League teams . Negotiations with ABC ( edit ) During subsequent negotiations on a new television contract that would begin in 1970 ( coinciding with a merger between the NFL and AFL ) , Rozelle concentrated on signing a weekly Monday night deal with one of the three major networks . After sensing reluctance from both NBC and CBS in disturbing their regular programming schedules , Rozelle spoke with ABC . Despite the network 's status at the time as the lowest - rated of the three major broadcast networks , ABC was also reluctant to enter the risky venture . It was only after Rozelle used the threat of signing a deal with the independent Hughes Sports Network , an entity bankrolled by reclusive businessman Howard Hughes , did ABC sign a contract for the scheduled games . Speculation was that had Rozelle signed with Hughes , many ABC affiliates would have pre-empted the network 's Monday lineup in favor of the games , severely damaging potential ratings . After the final contract for Monday Night Football was signed , ABC Sports producer Roone Arledge immediately saw possibilities for the new program . Setting out to create an entertainment `` spectacle '' as much as a simple sports broadcast , Arledge hired Chet Forte , who would serve as director of the program for over 22 years . Arledge also ordered twice the usual number of cameras to cover the game , expanded the regular two - man broadcasting booth to three , and used extensive graphic design within the show as well as instant replay . 1970 - 1985 - founding era ( edit ) See also : Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 1989 ) Prior to 1978 , Monday night games were not scheduled in the final week ( Week 14 ) of the regular season . From 1974 to 1977 , a Saturday night game was scheduled for Week 14 and televised live by ABC in lieu of a game on Monday night . Cosell , Jackson , and Meredith ( edit ) Looking for a lightning rod to garner attention , Arledge hired controversial New York City sportscaster Howard Cosell as a commentator , along with veteran football play - by - play announcer Keith Jackson . Arledge had tried to lure Curt Gowdy and then Vin Scully to ABC for the MNF play - by - play role , but settled for Jackson after they proved unable to break their respective existing contracts with NBC Sports and the Los Angeles Dodgers . Jack Buck was also considered , but when Arledge assistant Chuck Howard telephoned Buck with the job offer , Buck refused to respond due to anger at his treatment by ABC during an earlier stint with the network . Arledge 's original choice for the third member of the trio , Frank Gifford , was unavailable since he was still under contract to CBS Sports . However , Gifford suggested former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith , setting the stage for years of fireworks between the often - pompous Cosell and the laid - back Meredith . Monday Night Football first aired on ABC on September 21 , 1970 , with a game between the New York Jets and the Browns in Cleveland . Advertisers were charged US $65,000 per minute by ABC during the clash , a cost that proved to be a bargain when the contest collected 33 % of the viewing audience . The Browns defeated the Jets , 31 - 21 in a game which featured a 94 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown by the Browns ' Homer Jones and was punctuated when Billy Andrews intercepted Joe Namath late in the fourth quarter and returned it 25 yards for the clinching touchdown . However , Cleveland viewers saw different programming on WEWS - TV , because of the NFL 's blackout rules of the time ( this would apply for all games through the end of the 1972 season ; beginning in 1973 , home games could be televised if tickets were sold out 72 hours before kickoff ) . One of the trademarks of Monday Night Football is a music cue used during the opening teasers of each program , a Johnny Pearson - composition titled `` Heavy Action '' , originally a KPM production library cue ( and also used as the theme music for the BBC programme Superstars ) , which MNF began using in 1975 . That success would continue over the course of the season , helping establish a phenomenon on Monday nights in the fall : movie attendance dropped , bowling leagues shifted to Tuesday nights and a Seattle hospital established an unwritten rule of no births during games . Cosell 's presence initially caused Henry Ford II , chairman of the Ford Motor Company , the program 's main sponsor , to ask for his removal . ABC refused , and Ford had a change of heart once the show 's ratings were made public . Cosell dodged another controversy when he appeared to be intoxicated on - air during the November 23 game between the New York Giants and Philadelphia Eagles . Already ill , Cosell drank at a promotional party prior to the game , then ended up vomiting on Don Meredith 's cowboy boots near the end of the first half . Jackson and Meredith ended up announcing the rest of the contest . Cosell , Gifford , and Meredith ( edit ) In 1971 , Frank Gifford became available after his contract with CBS Sports concluded ; Arledge brought him to ABC to serve as play - by - play announcer , replacing Jackson ( who returned to broadcasting college football for the network , which he continued to do for the next 35 seasons ) . The former New York Giant had been an NFL analyst for CBS during the 1960s but had never called play - by - play prior to joining Monday Night Football . In that capacity for Monday Night Football from 1971 to 1985 , Gifford was often criticized for his see - no - evil approach in regard to discussing the NFL , earning him the dubious nickname `` Faultless Frank . '' Regardless , Gifford would have the longest tenure of any broadcaster on the show , lasting until 1998 . Cosell 's abrasive personality gave him enough recognition to host a live variety show on ABC in the fall of 1975 . That show is remembered today only as a trivia question , as its title , Saturday Night Live , prevented a new late - night sketch comedy program on NBC from using that title until the ABC show was canceled . That seeming popularity was in contrast to the repeated criticisms in the media , as well as bar room contests in which winners were allowed to throw a brick through a television image of Cosell . After beginning with critical acclaim , Meredith began to take his weekly assignments less seriously , while also beginning an acting career . By 1973 , his motivation for the broadcasts seemed highly suspect , given incidents during a trio of contests . On October 29 , Meredith was drinking during the Buffalo Bills -- Kansas City Chiefs game , which was preceded one week earlier by his pre-game analysis of the Denver Broncos -- Oakland Raiders game : `` We 're in the Mile High City and I sure am '' -- a not - so - subtle reference to his use of marijuana at the time . Finally , during the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Washington Redskins game on November 5 , he referred to U.S. President Richard Nixon as `` Tricky Dick . '' Cosell , Gifford , Williamson , and Karras ( edit ) Don Meredith would be absent from Monday Night Football for a broadcasting and acting career on rival NBC from 1974 to 1976 . Fred Williamson , a former Kansas City Chiefs defensive back nicknamed `` The Hammer '' for his often - brutal hits , was selected by ABC to replace Meredith in 1974 , but following a few pre-season broadcasts , proved so inarticulate that he was relieved of his duties prior to the start of the regular season , becoming the first MNF personality not to last an entire season ( much less no part of the regular season at all ) . Williamson was replaced by fellow Gary , Indiana native Alex Karras , formerly of the Detroit Lions . The highlight of Williamson 's MNF career was probably at the introductory press conference where he quipped that he was hired to `` bring some color to the booth . '' Karras made his debut on September 16 , 1974 and immediately made an impact when he jokingly referred to Oakland Raiders ' defensive lineman Otis Sistrunk as having attended `` The University of Mars . '' That would essentially be the high point of Karras ' three - year tenure , with a developing movie career often distracting him from showing any improvement ( in reality , Sistrunk did not attend any college but enlisted in the United States Marine Corps after high school and played semi-professional football before getting a tryout with the Raiders ; the Raiders team guide listed his college alma mater as `` U.S. Mars '' ) . Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Tarkenton ( edit ) Meredith returned to the ABC booth in 1977 , but seemed to lack the enthusiasm that had marked his first stint from 1970 to 1973 . While the NFL moved to a 16 - week schedule in 1978 , Meredith was contractually obligated to work only 14 games , leaving Cosell and Gifford to work games as a duo or with newly retired Fran Tarkenton beginning in 1979 . From 1977 to 1986 , ABC also aired occasional NFL games on Thursday , Saturday and Sunday nights . Each of these telecasts would be billed by the network as a `` Special Thursday / Saturday / Sunday Night Edition of Monday Night Football '' . One of the more somber contests in the run of the series came on November 27 , 1978 when the San Francisco 49ers hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers . Earlier in the day , San Francisco mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk had been murdered at City Hall . Despite the complaints that followed , the NFL chose to play the game , a decision that mirrored the league 's decision to play its scheduled games during the weekend following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy 15 years earlier . The opening contest of the 1979 season saw a poignant moment as former New England Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley was introduced to a sellout crowd at the Patriots ' Schaefer Stadium . Stingley had been paralyzed in a preseason game the year before and was making his first visit to the stadium since the accident . 1980 ( edit ) During the 1980 season , Monday Night Football continued its tradition of featuring notable guests during the half - time show , from a variety of different industries and backgrounds . During a Thursday Night Football special in Houston , 2 days after Ronald Reagan was elected to the White House , Vice-President elect George H.W. Bush was interviewed in the broadcast booth at halftime . Prior to the election , none of the candidates were invited on the program due to equal time regulations governing appearances during campaigns . Later that same season in Southern California , movie star Bo Derek , well known for her role in the movie `` Ten '' , was the half - time guest and was interviewed by Howard Cosell . Some of the production crew teasingly referred to the segment as `` The Beauty and the Beast '' . 1980 also marked some key personnel moves for the top - rated ABC show . It was the first season of Monday Night Football produced by Bob Goodrich , who would lead the production team for another 6 years . In addition , 1980 was the first year a woman joined the traveling production crew of over 40 cameramen , engineers , producers and directors . Alexis Denny , then a sophomore at Yale University , served as the stage manager of the telecasts and wrote the script for the half - time highlights that Howard Cosell would voice over in a style for which he was known throughout his career . John Lennon tragedy ( edit ) One of the most remembered moments in Monday Night Football history occurred on December 8 , 1980 , yet had nothing to do with the game or football in general . During a game between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots , Howard Cosell broke the news of famed Beatle John Lennon 's assassination , news that stunned a nationwide audience . `` Yes , we have to say it . Remember , this is just a football game , no matter who wins or loses . An unspeakable tragedy confirmed to us by ABC News in New York City : John Lennon , outside of his apartment building on the West Side of New York City , the most famous perhaps , of all of The Beatles , shot twice in the back , rushed to Roosevelt Hospital , dead ... on ... arrival . '' In 1974 , Lennon had appeared in the Monday Night Football broadcast booth and was briefly interviewed by Cosell . 1982 contract renewal ( edit ) The NFL 's television contract renewal in 1982 also put ABC in the Super Bowl rotation for the first time , giving it the broadcast rights to Super Bowl XIX in 1985 . A second renewal of the television contract gave them the rights to Super Bowl XXII in 1988 . From 1983 to 1986 , ABC also aired a Friday night game in the final week ( Week 16 ) of the regular season , in addition to the normal Monday night game . Cosell , Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson ( edit ) Cosell continued to draw criticism during Monday Night Football with one of his offhand comments during the September 5 , 1983 game , igniting a controversy and laying the groundwork for his departure at the end of that season . In a game between the Washington Redskins and Dallas Cowboys , Cosell referred to Alvin Garrett , an African American wide receiver for the Redskins , as a `` little monkey . '' Cosell noted that Garrett 's small stature , and not his race , was the basis for his comment , citing the fact that he had used the term to describe his grandchildren . Later , a special on Howard Cosell showed him calling Mike Adamle ( a white player ) a `` little monkey . '' Stung by the unrelenting barrage of remarks , Cosell claimed upon his departure from Monday Night Football that the NFL had become `` a stagnant bore . '' In Cosell 's book , I Never Played the Game , he devoted an entire chapter ( `` Monkey Business '' ) to the Garrett episode . In the book , Cosell also said that ABC should have had the right to choose its own Monday Night schedule . In his mind , Monday Night Football is what elevated the NFL in popularity over Major League Baseball . He felt that this should have been ABC 's reward for raising the league 's profile . That same year , O.J. Simpson replaced Tarkenton as a fill - in when Meredith or Cosell , who also was a broadcaster for the network 's coverage of the Major League Baseball playoffs , was unavailable . The season would serve as a study in contrasts as one of the most exciting Monday night games ever was followed the next week by one of the most badly played in the run of the series . On October 17 , 1983 , the highest scoring game in Monday Night Football history took place in the Green Bay Packers - Washington Redskins game , with the Packers winning the game by a score of 48 -- 47 . One week later , the New York Giants and St. Louis Cardinals played for more than four hours before settling for a 20 -- 20 overtime tie , MNF 's only OT tie to date . The deadlock had come after dropped touchdown passes by Cardinal wide receivers Willard Harrell and Roy Green , and a trio of missed field goals by teammate Neil O'Donoghue , including two in the final 63 seconds of the overtime period . Gifford , Meredith , and Simpson ( edit ) When Cosell left prior to the start of the 1984 season , the trio of Gifford , Meredith and Simpson handled the duties . Cosell 's departure seemed to have the greatest effect on Meredith , who many believed to be a poor analyst in his absence . Falling ratings also gave indications that much of the mystique that surrounded the weekly event had disappeared . Gifford , Simpson , and Namath ( edit ) After the 1984 season , ABC replaced Meredith with Joe Namath the following year , with the quarterback making his debut in the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game . In a coincidental twist , both Namath and Simpson were busy prior to the telecast with their induction into the shrine . One of the more grisly moments in Monday Night Football history occurred during a game between the Washington Redskins and New York Giants on November 18 , 1985 , at RFK Stadium . Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann 's career would end when Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor reached from behind to drag him down and Taylor fell heavily on the quarterback 's leg in the process . On the play , which viewers could see in a gruesome slow - motion replay , Theismann suffered a compound fracture of the tibia and fibula in his lower right leg . The injury ended the playing career of Theismann , who had teamed with Gifford and Meredith on ABC 's coverage of Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . Two weeks after that painful memory , the program 's most watched contest took place as the previously unbeaten Chicago Bears were defeated by the Miami Dolphins , which had not lost to a National Football Conference ( NFC ) team at home since 1976 . That would turn out to be Chicago 's only loss in 1985 . The game broadcast earned a Nielsen rating of 29.6 with a 46 share . 1986 - 2005 - Al Michaels era ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball on ABC , 1987 World Series , 1988 National League Championship Series , and 1989 World Series See also : Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) Both Namath and Simpson would be replaced at the end of the 1985 NFL season , with critics noting their lack of journalistic skills in comparison to Cosell . In their place the following year came veteran broadcaster Al Michaels , who had previously anchored ABC 's pregame coverage of Super Bowl XIX , and had been the lead play - by - play announcer of Monday Night Baseball since 1983 . Michaels had also by this point , gained much notoriety at ABC for his 1980 `` Miracle on Ice '' broadcast . Gifford and Michaels ( edit ) Michaels served as the play - by - play announcer , teaming with Gifford for a two - man booth in 1986 . During that season , the Miami Dolphins again made records with the biggest blowout in Monday Night Football history in a 45 - 3 rout of the then 10 - 1 New York Jets ( the record was later tied and subsequently broken in 2005 ; see below ) . Also in 1986 , when Al Michaels became unavailable because he was calling Major League Baseball 's League Championship Series , Frank Gifford moved up into the play - by - play spot while Lynn Swann or O.J. Simpson filled - in as the color commentator . Gifford would once again call the play - by - play when Michaels was busy calling the World Series in 1987 and 1989 and the National League Championship Series in 1988 . Gifford , Michaels , and Dierdorf ( edit ) In 1987 , Gifford and Michaels were joined by Dan Dierdorf , returning the series to its original concept of three announcers in the booth . The trio would last for 11 seasons through the conclusion of the 1997 season . In 1989 , television composer Edd Kalehoff created a new arrangement of Johnny Pearson 's `` Heavy Action '' , by that time fully synonymous with the series . This more or less replaced an original composition by Charles Fox . Also debuting in 1989 was Hank Williams , Jr. performing `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' , sung to the music of his 1984 hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight . '' 1989 contract renewal ( edit ) As part of the league 's television contract renewal with the network in 1989 , ABC was awarded the television rights to Super Bowl XXV and Super Bowl XXIX , and the first round of NFL playoffs . The Monday Night Football announcing team anchored the telecasts , except for the first of two Wild Card Playoff games , in which ESPN 's Sunday Night NFL crew of Mike Patrick and Joe Theismann presided over that telecast . However , the original crew for one of the two Wild Card Playoff games from 1990 to 1995 consisted of Brent Musburger and Dick Vermeil ( both of whom did college football broadcasts for ABC during those two seasons ) . From 1990 until 2005 , ABC 's MNF television package included seventeen ( eighteen in 1992 and 1993 ) regular season games ( from 2003 until 2005 , a Thursday game and 16 Mondays -- no game on Week 17 because of playoff preparation disadvantages ) , the first two wild card playoff games ( held on the first Saturday of the playoffs ) , and at times , the AFC -- NFC Pro Bowl . 1994 ( edit ) The October 17 , 1994 episode between the Kansas City Chiefs and Denver Broncos featured a duel between two future Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Joe Montana and John Elway . With 1 : 29 left to play in the game , Elway scored on a 4 - yard touchdown run to put the Broncos ahead 28 -- 24 . But then Montana led the Chiefs on a 75 - yard drive to score the game - winning touchdown with just 8 seconds to play . The final score was Chiefs 31 , Broncos 28 . The October 31 , 1994 game between the Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears is notable for a very windy / rainy game , which also featured the Crypt Keeper deliver the famous phase , and also remembered with a 36 - yard TD run by Brett Favre , who had a sore hip that night . Later dubbed the Halloween Monsoon by Bear fans , the Packers crushed the Bears , 33 - 6 . 1995 ( edit ) In the 1995 MNF regular season opener between the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants at the New Jersey Meadowlands , Cowboys owner Jerry Jones controversially brought Nike chairman Phil Knight down to the sidelines , representing Jones ' individual deal with Nike , contrary to the NFL 's policy of negotiating its marketing deals as a league . 1997 ( edit ) In 1997 , ABC began using a scoring bug showing the game clock and score throughout the entire broadcast . Michaels , Dierdorf , and Esiason ( edit ) In 1998 , Lesley Visser became the first female commentator on Monday Night Football . She had been the first female beat writer in the NFL when she covered the New England Patriots for the Boston Globe in the mid-1970s , and was the first and only woman to handle a Super Bowl Trophy presentation when she was a sportscaster with CBS . Visser was followed by several women , notably Melissa Stark and Lisa Guerrero , on the sideline who were perceived as `` eye candy '' , none of whom affected the ratings . For the 1998 season , ABC pushed Monday Night Football back an hour ( it has usually aired at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ) . A special pre-game show was created , Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore . The game would start around 7 : 20 p.m. Eastern for this particular season . Despite leaving the booth , Frank Gifford stayed on one more year as a special contributor to the pre-game show , usually presenting a single segment . A mildly infamous incident came during the final 1998 telecast when Dierdorf asked Michaels , prior to a halftime interview with Buffalo Bills quarterback Doug Flutie , `` Are you gon na tell ' em how you 're sick of all this B.C. ( Boston College ) stuff ? '' Michaels ( thinking that they had gone into a commercial break and that his microphone was off ) replied , `` No shit . '' Nielsen ratings data for the first 17 weeks of the 1998 -- 99 television season showed that Monday Night Football averaged a 13.9 rating , down 8 % from the 15.0 average rating for the broadcasts in 1997 -- the previous standard in ratings futility . In actuality , MNF ratings had been hitting all - time record lows for the previous four years . Michaels and Esiason ( edit ) Beginning in 1999 , Monday Night Football telecasts used a computer - generated yellow line to mark where a team needs to get a first down , a method first used by ABC sister cable channel ESPN . 1999 also saw the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game being moved from Saturday afternoon to Monday night . It would remain on Monday night through 2005 . Boomer Esiason replaced Gifford in 1998 , and Dierdorf left for a return to CBS in 1999 . Esiason 's relationship with Michaels was questioned leading to his firing . Esiason and Michaels reportedly never got along , and it led to ABC firing Esiason shortly after calling Super Bowl XXXIV together . Michaels , Fouts , and Miller ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) Unexpectedly , comedian Dennis Miller joined the cast in 2000 , along with Dan Fouts . The move was ultimately regarded as a bust by many viewers and commentators . ABC briefly considered adding radio personality Rush Limbaugh before Miller was added to the broadcast team , despite having no prior sports broadcast experience ( Limbaugh would instead be assigned as a commentator to Sunday NFL Countdown on ABC sister ESPN ) . Miller demonstrated a knowledge of the game and its personalities , although at times he tended to lapse into sometimes obscure analogy - riddled streams of consciousness similar to the `` rants '' of his standup comedy act . ABC even set up a webpage dedicated to explaining Miller 's sometimes obscure pop culture references . Soon , it would become apparent that Miller 's comedy did not mix with football . In June 2000 , Lesley Visser 's career suffered a highly publicized setback when she was famously bounced as the Monday Night Football sideline reporter for a less experienced , much younger woman and a man , who did not have as extensive journalistic credentials as Visser . `` It was staggering to me '' , Visser later recalled . However , she wound up returning to CBS Sports , philosophical as ever . `` You can have a short career if it 's based on looks and youth '' , she said , `` but legitimacy is what lasts . '' Which ABC replaced her with both Melissa Stark and Eric Dickerson . This was part of the overhaul when ABC brought back Don Ohlmeyer to serve as producer , who installed Dennis Miller as an analyst ( for ultimately two unsuccessful seasons ) . She sued ABC Sports for age discrimination , with Howard Katz and Ohlmeyer being named as co-defendants . As previously mentioned , in 2000 , Don Ohlmeyer , the program 's producer up until 1977 was brought back . After spending time at NBC , Ohlmeyer was lured out of retirement to spark interest and provide some vigor to the broadcast . Besides the on - air talent , Ohlmeyer 's changes included clips of players introducing themselves , new graphics and music . In another rather irreverent move , the scoring bug began incorporating nicknames for the teams , such as `` Skins '' and `` Fins '' ( for the Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins ) instead of their respective common abbreviations , WSH and MIA . On October 23 , 2000 , the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins competed in what is now known as The Monday Night Miracle Trailing 30 -- 7 in the fourth quarter , Vinny Testaverde led the Jets to score 23 consecutive points to tie the game . After Miami scored another touchdown , Testaverde threw to offensive tackle Jumbo Elliott to tie the game at 37 - all . At 1 : 08 a.m. Eastern Time , the game having crossed into Tuesday morning , John Hall kicked a field goal in overtime to win the game 40 -- 37 . It was the second biggest fourth quarter comeback in NFL history and biggest comeback in Jets ' history . Arnold Schwarzenegger predicted the comeback at halftime , where he was appearing with the MNF crew to promote an upcoming movie . With the Jets already down by 20 points he said , `` Wayne Chrebet will catch a pass and the Jets will win . They 're a great team . '' 2001 ( edit ) The 2001 season of MNF featured a season - long campaign promoting the anticipated 20,000 th point scored in MNF history . Denver Broncos kicker Jason Elam completed the task with a field goal during a 38 -- 28 loss at Oakland on November 5 . The three points also put Elam over 1,000 points for his career . In addition , the scoring bug reverted to using the team abbreviations , as opposed to the nickname scheme used in the previous season . Michaels and Madden ( edit ) In 2002 , both Dennis Miller and Dan Fouts were dropped and John Madden joined Al Michaels in a two - man booth . Madden was a coach for the Oakland Raiders , namesake of the seminal Madden NFL video game series , and a successful broadcaster for 21 years -- first with CBS until 1993 and then with Fox -- before joining Monday Night Football . 2002 ( edit ) See also : List of Pro Bowl broadcasters In 2002 , the broadcast debuted the `` Horse Trailer '' award , in which a picture of the game 's top performer ( s ) is displayed , as chosen by the broadcasting crew . During the fourth quarter of a preseason game early that season , Madden was joking about doing some recording in the `` Horse Trailer '' , a term the producers used for one of the ABC production trucks . It was , in fact , a custom - built trailer designed from the shell of a horse trailer , but housed sophisticated electronic equipment inside it . By the first week of the regular season , an idea to decorate the plain white trailer with MNF decor , the entire MNF schedule , and a weekly MVP , was born . Immediately following each game , the winner ( s ) is chosen , and his picture is affixed to the trailer in the corresponding location . When Madden and Michaels went to NBC in 2006 , they debuted a similar feature , the Rock Star -- in which the photo of the player of the game was attached to the top of 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City ( the `` Horse Trailer '' concept was reinstated for the 2007 season ) . In addition to Fouts and Madden helming the regular season broadcasts , Brent Musburger and Gary Danielson served as commentators for that year 's AFC Wild Card game , with Jack Arute serving as the sideline reporter . After suffering through several years of dismal Pro Bowl ratings , ABC considered moving the game to Monday night . In February 2003 , Madden declined to serve as color commentator for the game in Hawaii , citing his fear of flying ; former MNF personality Dan Fouts took his place . The Pro Bowl held the following year was played on a Sunday as typical , but was moved to ABC 's sister network ESPN . 2003 ( edit ) In 2003 , ABC and the NFL dropped the Monday Night Football game for the final week of the regular season . The move , which had been in effect for the first eight years of the broadcast ( 1970 -- 1977 ) , was the result of declining ratings , as well as problems involved for potential playoff teams , as there was a potential of only four days rest between their final regular season game and first - round playoff game . ABC replaced the telecast with an opening weekend Thursday night game , and in exchange ESPN got a Saturday night game on the final weekend . Also during the 2003 season , Lisa Guerrero decided to leave Fox Sports Net 's The Best Damn Sports Show Period to join the MNF television crew as a sideline reporter ( replacing the pregnant Melissa Stark ) . Guerrero 's performance on the broadcast was heavily criticized , and the following year ( also in an apparent move away from the `` eye candy '' concept ) ABC replaced her with longtime TV sports journalist Michele Tafoya . Guerrero defended herself by saying that the show hired her with the intention of going in a totally different direction with the job of sideline reporter -- personality - driven and feature - driven -- then discarded all of that and told her to just do the job in the usual fashion . She said that she never would have taken the job if she had known that they would change their minds like that . In 2005 , Michele Tafoya sat out much of the season while on maternity leave , with Sam Ryan temporarily taking her place . During the October 6 , 2003 game between the Indianapolis Colts and Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Indianapolis was trailing 35 -- 14 with 3 : 43 remaining . The Colts had returned a Tampa Bay kickoff 90 yard to the 11 - yard line , setting up a quick score . The Colts recovered an onside kick and scored again to narrow the margin to 35 -- 28 . They forced a Bucs punt and with less than two minutes remaining , Peyton Manning led an 87 - yard drive to score the game - tying touchdown with 35 seconds left in regulation . In overtime , kicker Mike Vanderjagt missed a 40 - yard field goal , but Simeon Rice was called for a leaping penalty , a rarely seen unsportsmanlike conduct infraction that penalizes a player for running and jumping to block a kick and landing on other players . Vanderjagt 's subsequent kick was batted and hit the upright , but fell in good , winning the game for the Colts . Vanderjagt went on to become the second kicker in NFL history not to miss either a field goal or extra point in a single season after Gary Anderson , who accomplished the feat in the 1998 season as a member of the Minnesota Vikings . Vanderjagt did not miss a kick in the playoffs either , making him the first kicker to accomplish that feat ( Anderson missed a field goal in the 1998 - 99 NFC Championship Game ) . On December 22 , 2003 , Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre put on one of the most defining moments of his career ( while also ranking among his greatest game ever ) . The day before the contest against the Oakland Raiders , his father , Irvin , died suddenly of a heart attack . Favre elected to play , passing for four touchdowns in the first half , and 399 yards for the game in a 41 -- 7 destruction of the Raiders ( receiving applause from the highly partisan `` Raider Nation '' ) . Afterwards , Brett said , `` I knew that my dad would have wanted me to play . I love him so much and I love this game . It 's meant a great deal to me , to my dad , to my family , and I did n't expect this kind of performance . But I know he was watching tonight . '' On November 15 , 2004 , controversy shrouded Philadelphia Eagles wide receiver Terrell Owens when he appeared with actress Nicollette Sheridan ( one of the stars of the new hit ABC comedy - drama Desperate Housewives ) in an introductory skit which opened that evening 's MNF telecast , in which Owens and the Eagles played the Cowboys at Texas Stadium . The skit was widely condemned as being sexually suggestive ( see video ) and ABC was forced to apologize for airing it ( the Eagles went on to win the game , 49 - 21 , with Owens catching three touchdown passes ) . However , on March 14 , 2005 , the Federal Communications Commission ruled that the skit did not violate decency standards , because it contained no outright nudity or foul language . Originally , John Madden was supposed to appear in the commercial . 2005 ( edit ) For the 2005 season , which would become the network 's final season as the MNF broadcaster and used through Super Bowl XL , ABC converted its scoring bug into a horizontal time - score banner placed across the bottom of the screen . `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Seahawks ) ( edit ) On December 5 , 2005 , in a game dubbed `` The Monday Night Massacre '' by NFL Films , the Seattle Seahawks shut out the Philadelphia Eagles 42 -- 0 with three defensive touchdowns ( two interceptions , one fumble return ) to tie the then - largest margin of victory mark in Monday Night Football history and set the mark for the greatest margin of victory in a Monday night shutout , as well as setting the NFL record for scoring the most points with less than 200 yards of offense . Andre Dyson scored twice for the Seahawks defense , once on a 72 - yard interception return and the other on a 25 - yard fumble return , earning himself the `` Horse Trailer Player of the Game '' as well as NFC defensive player of the week . A fourth interception return by Michael Boulware fell just short of tying another Seahawks NFL record of four defensive scores in a single game , set during a 45 -- 0 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in 1984 . The defeat was the Eagles third worst in team history . This was due to the Eagles ' major injuries including star quarterback Donovan McNabb and also the situation with Terrell Owens . The Eagles also lost their star running back Brian Westbrook due to an injury in this game . End of the ABC era ( edit ) Despite high ratings , ABC lost millions of dollars on televising the games during the late 1990s and 2000s . The NFL also indicated that it wanted Sunday night to be the new night for its marquee game , because more people tend to watch television on Sundays , and games held on that night would be more conducive to flexible scheduling , a method by which some of the NFL 's best games could be moved from the afternoon to the evening on Sunday on short notice . Given these factors , as well as the rise of ABC 's ratings on Sunday night , and the network 's wish of protecting its Desperate Housewives franchise ( which they knew would be costly ) , on April 18 , 2005 , ABC and the NFL announced the end of their 36 - year partnership , with the Monday Night Football broadcasts being moved to ESPN starting with the 2006 season ; the move was criticized by some of the Disney shareholders ( as well as NFL fans and purists ) . However , ESPN 's ability to collect subscription fees from cable and satellite providers , in addition to selling commercials , made it more likely that ESPN could turn a profit on NFL telecasts , as opposed to ABC 's heavy losses . The final Monday Night Football broadcast on ABC aired on December 26 , 2005 , when the New York Jets hosted the New England Patriots from Giants Stadium . Coincidentally , both the first and last ABC Monday Night Football game telecasts ended with a score of 31 -- 21 with the Jets on the losing end . Vinny Testaverde holds the distinction of throwing the last TD pass in ABC 's MNF telecast history ; it was to wide receiver Laveranues Coles . Also , Testaverde 's pass set an NFL record : most consecutive seasons with a touchdown pass , 19 seasons ( 1987 -- 2005 ) . Patriots linebacker Mike Vrabel set a record of note during that last ABC telecast , becoming the first player to catch two touchdown passes and record a quarterback sack in the same game . The final play of the ABC era was a Pats kneeldown by 44 - year - old reserve quarterback Doug Flutie . John Madden said at the show 's ending : `` They can take football away from ABC on Monday nights , but they ca n't take away the memories . '' During its final NFL television contract , ABC was awarded the telecasts to Super Bowl XXXIV , Super Bowl XXXVII and Super Bowl XL . With the end of ABC 's contract , the Super Bowl XL broadcast was the network 's final NFL telecast until 2016 , when they simulcasted ESPN 's Wild Card game production . 2006 - present - ESPN era ( edit ) Move to ESPN ( edit ) The changes to the NFL 's prime time broadcasts took place with the 2006 season , as ESPN began airing the Monday night games at the same time NBC assumed the rights to the Sunday night package from ESPN . The Sunday night game is now the `` showcase '' game of the week on the NFL schedule . While the ESPN broadcasts still carry the MNF name and heritage , NBC ( like ABC ) is a broadcast network , whereas ESPN is a cable channel not freely available to all Americans , though per a cause in the NFL 's broadcasting rules , many ESPN games air on a participating broadcast television station in the home markets of each team to allow viewers who do not subscribe to a pay television provider to view the game . For that reason , NBC gained rights to the Thursday night season - opening game , the Wild Card doubleheader that has traditionally aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl ( with CBS and Fox also in the mix ) . ESPN had initially stated that its MNF team would consist of Al Michaels and Joe Theismann in the booth , with Michele Tafoya and Suzy Kolber serving as sideline reporters . However , on February 8 , 2006 , ESPN announced that former NBA studio host Mike Tirico would replace Michaels in the booth in 2006 , joined by Theismann , and Tony Kornheiser . ESPN announced the following day that it had `` traded '' the contract of Michaels to NBC in exchange for some NBCUniversal properties , including rights to Ryder Cup coverage , and the return of the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit ( a Walt Disney creation ) to ESPN parent The Walt Disney Company after nearly 80 years of Universal ownership . Secondary broadcast teams ( edit ) Since the program 's move to ESPN in 2006 , the network has broadcast two games in a doubleheader on the opening week of the season , with the second game using separate announcers and production staff that are not used for the rest of the schedule . On September 11 , 2006 , the announcers for the second game were Brad Nessler , Ron Jaworski and Dick Vermeil . On September 10 , 2007 , the team of Mike Greenberg and Mike Golic ( co-hosts of Mike and Mike in the Morning ) presided alongside Mike Ditka . For both games , Bonnie Bernstein was the sideline reporter . Greenberg , Golic and Ditka served as the secondary team for the September 8 , 2008 game , with Suzy Kolber on the sidelines . The September 14 , 2009 game had Steve Young join Greenberg , Golic and Kolber . On September 13 , 2010 , Nessler and Trent Dilfer teamed to call the second game , with Kolber again on the sidelines . Tirico , Theismann , and Kornheiser ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ESPN 's first Monday night broadcast was a preseason game held on August 14 , 2006 , when the Oakland Raiders visited the Minnesota Vikings , publicized as the return of Randy Moss to Minnesota for the first time since the Vikings traded him after the 2004 season . The telecast debuted with brand - new graphics , including a time - score box placed in the lower center of the screen ; a variation of the MNF graphics began to be used on almost all sporting events televised by ESPN and ABC ( the former of which effectively took over full responsibility of ABC 's sports division that year , which was rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) . The first regular season Monday Night Football game to air on ESPN was on September 11 , 2006 , featuring the visiting Minnesota Vikings at the Washington Redskins at FedExField , in which the Vikings won 19 -- 16 . The September 25 edition of Monday Night Football highlighted the New Orleans Saints ' first game back in the Louisiana Superdome following Hurricane Katrina to take on the Atlanta Falcons . The game had a Super Bowl - like atmosphere with performances by the Goo Goo Dolls , U2 and Green Day before the game . The NFL tapped producer Don Mischer and director Hamish Hamilton to produce the event . Former President George H.W. Bush handled the pregame coin toss . The Saints beat the Falcons 23 -- 3 in what now ranks as one of the most - watched events in the history of cable television . ESPN 's October 23 , 2006 game telecast between the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys drew the largest audience in the history of cable television at the time , besting the previous mark set by a 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) debate between Al Gore and Ross Perot . An average of 16,028,000 viewers ( 12.8 rating ) watched as the Giants defeated the Cowboys , 36 -- 22 . ESPN 's Monday Night Football telecasts now account for eight of the ten highest - rated programs in cable television history . What would eventually be named the `` NFL 's comeback of the year '' was played on Monday Night Football on October 16 . Late in the third quarter , the massive underdog Arizona Cardinals led the Chicago Bears 23 -- 3 . Arizona seemed to have the game wrapped up , as rookie quarterback Matt Leinart was having a great day , and Arizona had forced six turnovers out of Chicago quarterback Rex Grossman . Chicago 's defense then went on to score 14 points on fumble returns for touchdowns . With 2 : 58 left in the fourth quarter , and down 17 -- 23 , Chicago 's Devin Hester returned a punt for a touchdown to take a 24 -- 23 lead . Leinart then led the Cardinals down the field , only to have Neil Rackers miss a field goal , and Chicago went on to win . At the conclusion of the 2006 season , ESPN had managed to secure all of the cable television audience records . Monday Night Football and its surrounding shoulder programming also became the most profitable franchise on cable television . Tirico , Jaworski , and Kornheiser ( edit ) Analyst and former NFL quarterback Ron Jaworski replaced Joe Theismann , who was offered a prominent football analyst job with ESPN , in the booth beginning with the 2007 season . 2007 ( edit ) On December 3 , 2007 , 17.5 million people watched the undefeated New England Patriots defeat the Baltimore Ravens , 27 -- 24 . The game became the most - watched single cable television program of all - time by total viewership , breaking the previous record set by the August 17 premiere of High School Musical 2 , which was viewed by 17.2 million on ESPN corporate sibling Disney Channel ( after the film was surpassed by the Patriots - Ravens game , High School Musical 2 retained the record as the highest - rated non-sports program in basic cable history ) . 2008 ( edit ) After experiencing low ratings and criticism about the production during the 2007 season , ESPN announced that long - time sideline reporters Suzy Kolber and Michele Tafoya would have reduced roles for the 2008 season . As the 2008 season began , ESPN announced a new focus on covering the games as sporting events rather than as entertainment and cultural events . Among the changes were the removal of celebrity booth guests and a reduction in the number of sideline interviews . Tafoya and Kolber were retained to conduct those interviews and file reports from the field . In addition , ESPN replaced the bottom center - screen time - score box introduced in 2006 ( which was used until the 2008 preseason ) with a horizontal time - score banner across the bottom of the screen . The September 15 , 2008 Eagles -- Cowboys game , with a 13.3 rating and 18.6 million viewers , set a new record for the most - watched cable television program , surpassing the record set the previous October by the Patriots - Ravens game . 2008 election eve ( edit ) The night before the 2008 United States Presidential Election , studio host Chris Berman interviewed both major party candidates , Republican nominee John McCain and Democratic nominee Barack Obama at halftime . The November 10 , 2008 game featured the Washington Redskins losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 23 - 6 . Tirico , Jaworski , and Gruden ( edit ) 2009 season ( edit ) Tony Kornheiser stepped down for the 2009 season and was replaced by former Oakland Raiders and Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Jon Gruden . The rest of the team remained intact . The October 5 , 2009 Packers -- Vikings game was the fourth ESPN MNF broadcast to become the most - watched program ever on a cable channel , with a 15.3 rating and 21.839 million viewers . The record stood until it was surpassed by the network 's telecast of the BCS National Championship Game on January 10 , 2011 . 2010 season - `` Monday Night Massacre '' ( Eagles ) ( edit ) On November 15 , 2010 , the Eagles visited the Redskins , in what was Donovan McNabb 's second game against the Eagles since being traded on April 4 of that year . The Redskins won the first meeting that season by a score of 17 - 12 ; however , in the first half of the game , Eagles star quarterback Michael Vick suffered a rib injury knocking him out of the game , resulting in Kevin Kolb taking over . After the game , McNabb gave a post-game speech in the locker room in which he stated the Eagles made a mistake by trading him . Before the game , McNabb signed a five - year contract extension worth $78 million , after being benched in the fourth quarter just a week earlier . The very first play of the game Vick threw an 88 - yard touchdown pass to DeSean Jackson . The Redskins were criticized for their lack of coverage because the Eagles were known for going deep on the first play ; the Eagles ' next two possessions led to touchdowns . The very first play of the second quarter , with Philadelphia up 28 - 0 , saw Vick throw a 48 - yard touchdown to Jeremy Maclin . With Philadelphia up 45 - 21 at halftime , Vick threw a three - yard touchdown to Jason Avant in the third quarter to make the score 52 - 21 . During the play , Vick scrambled , waiting for someone to get open when Albert Haynesworth ( who signed a six - year $100 million contract with the Redskins the year prior ) had fallen down and continued to lie on the field as Vick continued to scramble . The very next Redskins possession had McNabb throw a pick six to Dimitri Patterson , helping the Eagles score seven points . The Redskins went on to score one more touchdown , however their seven - point run was not able to stop Philadelphia , which defeated Washington 59 - 28 . McNabb finished the game with 295 yards on 17 for 31 , along with two touchdowns and three interceptions . The Eagles finished with 593 offense yards ( setting a new team record ) ; Vick went 20 of 28 for 333 yards throwing four touchdowns , and also ran for 80 yards and two touchdowns on eight carries . He became the first player with at least 300 yards passing , 50 yards rushing four passing touchdowns and two rushing touchdowns in a game . Vick 's performance in the game also moved him past Steve Young for second place on the all - time list for rushing yards by a quarterback . Hank Williams Jr. controversy ( edit ) On October 3 , 2011 , Hank Williams Jr. made controversial remarks during an interview on Fox News Channel 's Fox & Friends , when talking about a golf outing he went on that summer with Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich . Williams compared President Obama and Speaker of the House Boehner golfing together to `` Hitler playing golf with ( Israeli prime minister ) Netanyahu '' , stressing their philosophical and political differences . On October 6 , 2011 , ESPN subsequently announced that it would stop using `` All My Rowdy Friends '' as its theme song ( as the song is still owned by Williams ) and drop Williams from the show 's opening . Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF was absent an opening sequence from Week 4 through the end of that season . In 2017 , ESPN re-hired Hank Williams Jr. for the intro . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jack Buck ; Rob Rains ( 1997 ) . That 's a Winner ! . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 140 . Jump up ^ 995themountain.com http://www.995themountain.com/guides/aahtml/wav/00jl806.wav . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Theismann 's career ended in a horrific moment '' . The Washington Times . News World Communications . November 10 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dennis Miller a surprise addition to MNF '' . June 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Monday Night Football on YouTube Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Stay ' tooned : Disney gets ' Oswald ' for Al Michaels -- NFL '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Jaworski replacing Theismann in MNF booth -- NFL '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ John Dempsey ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN football earns record ratings '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ; Michael Schneider ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' huge hit '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's ' Monday Night Football ' Ratings Hit Record Low '' . Multichannel News . October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul Farhi ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` Kornheiser , Not Yet in Game Shape On ' MNF ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Says Suzy Kolber , Michele Tafoya 's ' Roles Are Being Determined ' for MNF in 2008 '' . FanHouse . AOL . February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jim Carlisle ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` ESPN will shift its focus to football '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles / Cowboys most watched cable program ever '' . Sports Media Watch . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Obama 's Proposal , Berman 's Performance Win on ' Monday Night ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Gruden Joins ESPN 's Monday Night Football '' . ESPN MediaZone . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Packers - Vikings ' MNF ' Draws Largest Audience In Cable History '' . Sports Business Daily . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` BCS Title Game Most - Watched Cable Broadcast Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Monday Night Football : 21.4 Million Viewers for Patriots - Saints Game '' . The Futon Critic . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Martínez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) ' Monday Night Football ' Today Is n't Close to What It Once Was ESPN Monday Night Football Related programs ESPN Sunday Night Football ( Results , 1987 -- 2005 ) NFL Draft NFL on ABC Sports Football Sunday on ESPN Radio Studio programs The Blitz Monday Night Countdown NFL Matchup NFL Primetime Sunday NFL Countdown NFL Live NFL Insiders Other football programs Arena Football League on ESPN CFL on TSN ESPN College Football USFL on ESPN Related articles History of Monday Night Football NFL on television ( history ) Commentators Joe Tessitore Play - by - play TBA Color commentary Lisa Salters Sideline reporter Former commentators Bonnie Bernstein Mike Ditka Jon Gruden Ron Jaworski Suzy Kolber Tony Kornheiser Sean McDonough Michele Tafoya Joe Theismann Mike Tirico Dick Vermeil Steve Young Lore televised by ESPN ESPN takes over MNF 2005 Saints -- Giants / Cowboys -- Redskins Doubleheader 2006 Bears -- Cardinals Comeback Fail Mary Sunday Night Football era American Bowl ( 1990 - 2005 ) Fútbol Americano Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN 1988 1989 1990 1991 1994 2005 2006 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Music Edd Kalehoff Johnny Pearson Hank Williams , Jr . 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present National Football League on television and radio Broadcast partners ABC ( AFL ) CBS Fox NBC Defunct networks DuMont Sports Network Monday Night Football History Monday Night Countdown Results Games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Sunday Night Football ESPN NBC TNT Results ESPN NBC TNT Pregame TV programs The NFL Today CBS Fox NFL Sunday ESPN Sunday NFL Countdown Monday Night Countdown NBC The NFL on NBC pregame show Football Night in America NFL Network List of programs NFL AM NFL Classics NFL GameDay NFL Replay NFL Total Access The Timeline Thursday Night Football Results ( 2006 -- present ) 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game Miracle in Motown NFL Films TV programs Football Follies A Football Life Full Color Football Hard Knocks Inside the NFL NFL Dream Season NFL Films Game of the Week NFL 's Greatest Games NFL Matchup NFL Top 10 NFL Top 100 Other TV programs Finding Giants Football Sidelines Football This Week NFL Live NFL Primetime Pro Football Highlights The NFL Show / NFL This Week Radio broadcast partners Compass Media ESPN Sports USA Westwood One Defunct networks Mutual NBC Secondary partners Absolute Radio 90s ( UK ) NFL Game Pass Sirius XM TSN Radio ( Canada ) Local broadcasters Buffalo Bills Radio Network Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network Cleveland Browns Radio Network Dallas Cowboys Radio Network Denver Broncos broadcasters Detroit Lions Radio Network Packers Radio Network Jaguars Radio Network New England Patriots Radio Network New York Giants Radio Network New York Jets broadcasters Oakland Raiders broadcasters Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network Titans Radio Network Broadcasters by event NFL Draft Pro Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Postseason events AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl ( lead - out programs ) International events American Bowl World Bowl TV technology 1st & Ten ( graphics system ) FoxBox Instant replay NFL Sunday Ticket NFL Game Pass Telestrator Wiping Other TV information Announcerless Game Canadian broadcasts History Doubleheader ( television ) Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) TV markets Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) List of major sports teams in the United States by city ( TV markets ) Primary television stations Broadcast policies Blackout policies Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Monday_Night_Football&oldid=836258267 '' Categories : Monday Night Football History of National Football League broadcasting Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 17 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who announced the first monday night football game	[ "Looking for a lightning rod to garner attention, Arledge hired controversial New York City sportscaster Howard Cosell as a commentator, along with veteran football play-by-play announcer Keith Jackson. Arledge had tried to lure Curt Gowdy and then Vin Scully to ABC for the MNF play-by-play role, but settled for Jackson after they proved unable to break their respective existing contracts with NBC Sports and the Los Angeles Dodgers. Jack Buck was also considered, but when Arledge assistant Chuck Howard telephoned Buck with the job offer, Buck refused to respond due to anger at his treatment by ABC during an earlier stint with the network.[1] Arledge's original choice for the third member of the trio, Frank Gifford, was unavailable since he was still under contract to CBS Sports. However, Gifford suggested former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith, setting the stage for years of fireworks between the often-pompous Cosell and the laid-back Meredith.\n", "Looking for a lightning rod to garner attention, Arledge hired controversial New York City sportscaster Howard Cosell as a commentator, along with veteran football play-by-play announcer Keith Jackson. Arledge had tried to lure Curt Gowdy and then Vin Scully to ABC for the MNF play-by-play role, but settled for Jackson after they proved unable to break their respective existing contracts with NBC Sports and the Los Angeles Dodgers. Jack Buck was also considered, but when Arledge assistant Chuck Howard telephoned Buck with the job offer, Buck refused to respond due to anger at his treatment by ABC during an earlier stint with the network.[1] Arledge's original choice for the third member of the trio, Frank Gifford, was unavailable since he was still under contract to CBS Sports. However, Gifford suggested former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith, setting the stage for years of fireworks between the often-pompous Cosell and the laid-back Meredith.\n", "Looking for a lightning rod to garner attention, Arledge hired controversial New York City sportscaster Howard Cosell as a commentator, along with veteran football play-by-play announcer Keith Jackson. Arledge had tried to lure Curt Gowdy and then Vin Scully to ABC for the MNF play-by-play role, but settled for Jackson after they proved unable to break their respective existing contracts with NBC Sports and the Los Angeles Dodgers. Jack Buck was also considered, but when Arledge assistant Chuck Howard telephoned Buck with the job offer, Buck refused to respond due to anger at his treatment by ABC during an earlier stint with the network.[1] Arledge's original choice for the third member of the trio, Frank Gifford, was unavailable since he was still under contract to CBS Sports. However, Gifford suggested former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith, setting the stage for years of fireworks between the often-pompous Cosell and the laid-back Meredith.\n" ]	[ "Howard Cosell", "Keith Jackson", "Don Meredith" ]
3891239420352499660	Come and Get Your Love	Come and Get Your Love - wikipedia Come and Get Your Love Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Redbone song . For the song by Roger Daltrey , see Ride a Rock Horse . `` Come and Get Your Love '' Cover of the 1974 Netherlands single Single by Redbone from the album Wovoka B - side `` Day to Day Life '' Released January 1974 ( 1974 - 01 ) Format 7 '' Genre Pop rock swamp pop funk rock Length 3 : 27 5 : 02 ( Album Version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Lolly Vegas Producer ( s ) Lolly Vegas Pat Vegas Redbone singles chronology `` When You Got Trouble '' ( 1972 ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Wovoka '' ( 1974 ) `` When You Got Trouble '' ( 1972 ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Wovoka '' ( 1974 ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' is a 1974 hit single by the Native American rock band Redbone . The song was written by band member Lolly Vegas and produced by Lolly and his brother Pat Vegas , who was also a band member . One of their most successful singles , the song was originally featured on Redbone 's 1973 album , Wovoka ; later the song appeared on many `` greatest hits '' albums released by the band , as well as on numerous compilation albums of the 1970s . The song peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in April 1974 . It spent 18 weeks in the Top 40 and landed as the 4th most popular song on the Hot 100 for 1974 . The single was certified gold by the RIAA on April 22 , 1974 , which indicates that it had shipped over a million copies in the United States . The song is Redbone 's highest charting single and one of two Top 40 hits by the band ( an earlier recording , `` The Witch Queen of New Orleans '' , peaked at number 21 in 1972 ) . `` Come and Get Your Love '' also exists in a longer version , with an introductory slow part , plus a longer repeated coda . However , most radio stations rarely play it on the air . The song features a prominent part for electric sitar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Real McCoy version 2.1 Charts 3 Cover versions 4 In popular culture 5 Personnel 6 References 7 Bibliography Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Real McCoy version ( edit ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' Single by Real McCoy from the album Another Night Released June 29 , 1995 Format CD Genre Euro disco R&B Length 3 : 14 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Lolly Vegas Producer ( s ) Douglas Carr Per Adebratt Tommy Ekman David Brunner Real McCoy singles chronology `` Love & Devotion '' ( 1995 ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' ( 1995 ) `` Sleeping with an Angel / Ooh Boy '' ( 1995 ) `` Love & Devotion '' ( 1995 ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' ( 1995 ) `` Sleeping with an Angel / Ooh Boy '' ( 1995 ) Music video `` Come and Get Your Love '' on YouTube In 1995 , the German eurodance group Real McCoy released a cover version of the song , which peaked at number 19 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . This version also went to number - one on the American dance chart in August 1995 . Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1995 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 18 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 39 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 39 Canada ( RPM ) 42 Canada Dance ( RPM ) Dutch Singles Chart 37 Finnish Singles Chart 9 German Singles Chart 53 Irish Singles Chart 22 New Zealand Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart 19 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 19 U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40 8 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play Cover versions ( edit ) Boys Town Gang , on their 1981 album Disc Charge Carol Jiani , on her 1995 album Superstar The Temprees , on their 1974 album Temprees 3 John Coinman , on 1997 soundtrack album to The Postman Real McCoy , on their 1995 maxi - single Come and Get Your Love Cyndi Lauper sampled the main hook for her remix of `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' on the soundtrack to the film To Wong Foo , Thanks For Everything , Julie Newmar . It reached # 87 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1995 . Derek Miller , cover from the Rumble album was listed as the 3rd most popular indigenous single of 2015 by the Canadian Aboriginal Music Countdown . In popular culture ( edit ) The song appears in the debut episode of the 2008 TV series Swingtown . The song is featured in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . In the film intro the character Star - Lord ( Chris Pratt ) dances to it while exploring alien ruins . The song is featured in the 1994 film Dance Me Outside . The song is featured in the 1999 film Dick . The song 's melody is featured in the Bob 's Burgers episode titled `` The Kids Run the Restaurant '' , sung by Gene and his girl group The Cutie Patooties . Comedian Jimmy Pardo performed the song using his `` air bass '' on The Bob & Tom Show . Alltel and Dick 's Sporting Goods used the song for their advertisements . The song is used as the opening theme for Netflix 's animated - comedy series F Is for Family . The song served as intro theme for Costa Rica 's TV show Corte y Vamonos that was aired during 2014 - 2016 on Canal 9 . The song is featured in Sky UK 's advertisement for their superfast fibre broadband and stars X-Men character Quicksilver ( Evan Peters ) . The song 's main hook is featured in a brief song ( mostly sung by African - Americans ) that contains the lyrics , `` Hey ( hey ) / What 's the matter with your Afro ... it wo n't grow ... it ai n't a natural ! '' . Personnel ( edit ) Lolly Vegas -- lead guitar , electric sitar , vocals Tony Bellamy -- rhythm guitar , vocals Pat Vegas -- bass , vocals Butch Rillera -- drums , background vocals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Top 100 - 1974 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung. `` Real McCoy - Come And Get Your Love '' . Lescharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Real McCoy - Come And Get Your Love ( CD ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 - Aboriginal Music Countdown '' . aboriginalmusiccountdown.ca . Bibliography ( edit ) The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 9th Edition , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0823085545 The Billboard Book of # 1 Hits , 5th Edition , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0823076772 Preceded by `` My Love Is for Real '' by Paula Abdul Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Real McCoy version ) August 26 , 1995 Succeeded by `` No More I Love You 's '' by Annie Lennox Redbone Patrick Vasquez Fernando Verdialez Vini Mars Carlos Perez Lee Wilson Lolly Vegas Tony Bellamy Peter DePoe Robert Howard Arturo Perez George Spanos Butch Rillera Jack White Aloisio Aguiar Eddie Summers Joe Gonzales Garrett Saracho Raven Hernandez Robert Lame Bull McDonald Studio albums Redbone Potlatch Message from a Drum / The Witch Queen of New Orleans Already Here Wovoka Beaded Dreams Through Turquoise Eyes Cycles One World / Peace Pipe Live albums Redbone Live Compilation albums Come & Get Your Redbone The Best of Redbone The Very Best of Redbone Great Songs ( Come and Get Your Love ) Golden Classics To the Bone Take Two The Essential Redbone Singles `` Come and Get Your Love '' Related articles Epic Records The red road Jimi Hendrix Real McCoy O - Jay Karin Kasar Shampro Patricia Petersen Yvonne `` Sunday '' Parker Robert Kirby Vanessa Mason Lisa Cork Gabriele `` Geby '' Koopmans Ginger Maria Kamphuis Jason Ammon Gemma Sampson Studio albums Another Night ( 1995 ) One More Time ( 1997 ) Notable singles `` Pump Up the Jam '' `` It 's on You '' `` Another Night '' `` Automatic Lover ( Call for Love ) '' `` Run Away '' `` Love & Devotion '' `` Come and Get Your Love '' `` Sleeping with an Angel / Ooh Boy '' `` One More Time '' `` ( If You 're Not in it for Love ) I 'm Outta Here '' `` Follow My Heart '' Ich Troje feat . Real McCoy `` People Are Still Having Sex '' Record labels Arista Records BMG Records SME Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_and_Get_Your_Love&oldid=814239641 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1995 singles Real McCoy ( band ) songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles 1973 songs Arista Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the song come and get your love	[ "\n\n\"Come and Get Your Love\"\n\n\n\nCover of the 1974 Netherlands single\n\n\n\nSingle by Redbone\n\n\nfrom the album Wovoka\n\n\nB-side\n\"Day to Day Life\"\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 1974 (1974-01)\n\n\nFormat\n7\"\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop rock\nswamp pop\nfunk rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:27\n5:02 (Album Version)\n\n\nLabel\nEpic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nLolly Vegas\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nLolly Vegas\nPat Vegas\n\n\n\n\n\nRedbone singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"When You Got Trouble\"\n(1972)\n\"Come and Get Your Love\"\n(1974)\n\"Wovoka\"\n(1974)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"When You Got Trouble\"\n(1972)\n\"Come and Get Your Love\"\n(1974)\n\"Wovoka\"\n(1974)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Redbone" ]
-4126760772311874845	Acetabulum	Acetabulum - wikipedia Acetabulum Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the human anatomical region . For the Ancient Roman vessel , see Acetabulum ( cup ) . For the unit of measure , see Acetabulum ( unit ) . For the invertebrate organ , see Acetabulum ( morphology ) . Not to be confused with Acetabularia . Acetabulum of pelvis Pelvic girdle The acetabulum Details Identifiers Latin Acetabulum MeSH A02. 835.232. 611.108 Dorlands / Elsevier a_06 / 12104853 TA A02. 5.01. 002 FMA 16579 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The acetabulum / æsəˈtæbjʊləm / ( cotyloid cavity ) is a concave surface of a pelvis . The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum , forming the hip joint . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Reptiles and birds 2 Development 3 History 4 Additional images 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) There are three bones of the os coxae ( hip bone ) that come together to form the acetabulum . Contributing a little more than two - fifths of the structure is the ischium , which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum . The ilium forms the upper boundary , providing a little less than two - fifths of the structure of the acetabulum . The rest is formed by the pubis , near the midline . It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim , which is thick and strong above , and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum , which reduces its opening , and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint . At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch , which is continuous with a circular depression , the acetabular fossa , at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum . The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved , crescent - moon shaped surface , the lunate surface , where the joint is made with the head of the femur . Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa . The acetabulum is also home to the acetabular fossa , an attachment site for the ligamentum teres , a triangular , somewhat flattened band implanted by its apex into the antero - superior part of the fovea capitis femoris . The notch is converted into a foramen by the transverse acetabular ligament ; through the foramen nutrient vessels and nerves enter the joint . This is what holds the head of the femur securely in the acetabulum . The well - fitting surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum , which face each other , are lined with a layer of slippery tissue called articular cartilage , which is lubricated by a thin film of synovial fluid . Friction inside a normal hip is less than one - tenth that of ice gliding on ice . Blood supply ( edit ) The acetabular branch of the obturator artery supplies the acetabulum through the acetabular notch . The pubic branches supply the pelvic surface of the acetabulum . Deep branches of the superior gluteal artery supply the superior region and the inferior gluteal artery supplies the postero - inferior region . Reptiles and birds ( edit ) An example of a perforated acetabulum on an ornithischian dinosaur . In reptiles and birds , the acetabula are deep sockets . Organisms in the dinosauria clade are defined by a perforate acetabulum , which can be thought of as a `` hip - socket '' . The perforate acetabulum is a cup - shaped opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium , ilium , and pubis all meet , and into which the head of the femur inserts . The orientation and position of the acetabulum is one of the main morphological traits that caused dinosaurs to walk in an upright posture with their legs directly underneath their bodies . In a relatively small number of dinosaurs , particularly ankylosaurians ( e.g. Texasetes pleurohalio ) , an imperforate acetabulum is present , which is not an opening , but instead resembles a shallow concave depression on each side of the pelvic girdle . Development ( edit ) In infants and children , a ' Y ' - shaped epiphyseal plate called the triradiate cartilage joins the ilium , ischium , and pubis . This cartilage ossifies as the child grows . History ( edit ) The word acetabulum literally means `` little vinegar cup '' . It was the Latin word for a small vessel for serving vinegar . The word was later also used as a unit of volume . Additional images ( edit ) Right hip bone . External surface . Plan of ossification of the hip bone . Symphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section . Left hip - joint , opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis . Hip - joint , front view . Capsule of hip - joint ( distended ) . Posterior aspect . Structures surrounding right hip - joint . Acetabulum Hip joint . Lateral view . Acetabulum Hip joint . Lateral view . Acetabulum References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : Field RE , Rajakulendran K ( 2011 ) . `` The labro - acetabular complex '' . J Bone Joint Surg Am. 94 ( Suppl 2 ) : 22 -- 27 . PMID 21543684 . doi : 10.2106 / JBJS. J. 01710 . Jump up ^ Griffiths EJ , Khanduja V ( 2012 ) . `` Hip arthroscopy : evolution , current practice and future developments '' . Int Orthop. 36 ( 6 ) : 1115 -- 1121 . PMC 3353094 . PMID 22371112 . doi : 10.1007 / s00264 - 011 - 1459 - 4 . Jump up ^ Petersilge C ( 2005 ) . `` Imaging of the acetabular labrum '' . Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 13 ( 4 ) : 641 -- 52 . PMID 16275573 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mric. 2005.08. 015 . Jump up ^ Balakumar J. `` Hip Dysplasia in the Child , Adolescent and Adult '' . jitbalakumar.com.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ OrthoInfo ( September 2010 ) . `` Femoroacetabular Impingement ( FAI ) '' . orthoinfo.aaos.org . the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Itokazu M , Takahashi K , Matsunaga T , Hayakawa D , Emura S , Isono H , Shoumura S ( 1997 ) . `` A study of the arterial supply of the human acetabulum using a corrosion casting method '' . Clin Anat. 10 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 81 . PMID 9058012 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 2353 ( 1997 ) 10 : 2 < 77 : : AID - CA1 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - Q . Jump up ^ Martin , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs . Second Edition . Oxford , Blackwell Publishing . pg. 299 - 300 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave . `` Dinosauria : Morphology '' . UC Berkeley . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith L. ; Dalley , Arthur F. ; Agur , A.M.R. ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9781451119459 . External links ( edit ) Look up acetabulum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acetabulum . Anatomy photo : 17 : 01 - 0501 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Major Joints of the Lower Extremity : Hip joint '' Anatomy photo : 43 : os - 0407 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` The Female Pelvis : Articulated bones of pelvis '' ( hide ) Bones of the pelvis General sacrum coccyx hip bone Ilium body arcuate line wing gluteal lines posterior anterior inferior iliac spines anterior superior anterior inferior posterior superior posterior inferior other : crest tuberosity tubercle fossa Ischium body ischial spine lesser sciatic notch superior ramus tuberosity of the ischium inferior ramus no substructures Pubis body pubic crest superior ramus pubic tubercle obturator crest inferior ramus pectineal line Compound acetabulum acetabular notch iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line linea terminalis ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch Foramina obturator foramen greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch lesser sciatic foramen Landmarks pelvic inlet pelvic brim pelvic outlet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetabulum&oldid=802119746 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Pelvis Bones of the lower limb Bones of the pelvis Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the acetabulum located in the body	[ "The acetabulum /æsəˈtæbjʊləm/ (cotyloid cavity) is a concave surface of a pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.[1][2]" ]	[ "is a concave surface of a pelvis" ]
-9077564801798145013	Premier League	Premier League - Wikipedia Premier League Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the English association football league . For other uses , see Premier League ( disambiguation ) . Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 Country England ( 19 teams ) Other club ( s ) from Wales ( 1 team ) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup ( s ) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup ( s ) EFL Cup International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Chelsea ( 5th title ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most championships Manchester United ( 13 titles ) TV partners Sky Sports & BT Sport ( live matches ) Sky Sports & BBC ( highlights ) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League The Premier League is an English professional league for men 's association football clubs . At the top of the English football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League ( EFL ; known as `` The Football League '' before 2016 -- 17 ) . Welsh clubs that compete in the English football league system can also qualify . The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from August to May . Teams play 38 matches each ( playing each team in the league twice , home and away ) , totalling 380 matches in the season . Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons ; others during weekday evenings . It is colloquially known as the Premiership and outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League ( EPL ) . The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , which was founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal . The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively . The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . In 2014 -- 15 , teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1,600 million , rising sharply to £ 2,400 million in 2016 -- 17 . The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 . Most stadium occupancies are near capacity . The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons . In total , 49 clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 . Six of them have won the title : Manchester United ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 5 ) , Arsenal ( 3 ) , Manchester City ( 2 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) and Leicester City ( 1 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Foundation 1.3 `` Big Four '' dominance ( 2000s ) 1.4 Development 2 Corporate structure 3 Competition format 3.1 Competition 3.2 Qualification for European competitions 3.3 Premier League clubs in international competition 3.4 Promotion and relegation 4 Clubs 4.1 Champions 4.2 2017 -- 18 season 4.3 Non-English clubs 5 Sponsorship 6 Finances 7 Media coverage 7.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 7.2 Worldwide 8 Widening gap with lower leagues 9 Stadiums 10 Managers 11 Players 11.1 Appearances 11.2 Foreign players and transfer regulations 11.3 Player wages and transfer fees 11.4 Top scorers 12 Awards 12.1 Trophy 12.2 Player and manager awards 12.3 20 Seasons Awards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History Origins Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s , the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football . Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 . The Football League First Division , the top level of English football since 1888 , was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad . By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse : at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , England reached the semi-finals ; UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 , resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 , and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year . The 1980s also saw the major English clubs , led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United , Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal , beginning to be transformed into business ventures that apply commercial principles to the running of the clubs , which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs . By threatening to break away , the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power , and took 50 % share all television and sponsorship income in 1986 . Revenue from television also became more important : the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986 , but by 1988 , in a deal agreed with ITV , the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash . The 1988 negotiations was conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal . As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport . Foundation See also : Foundation of the Premier League In 1990 , the managing director of London Weekend Television ( LWT ) , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England ( Manchester United , Liverpool , Tottenham , Everton and Arsenal ) over a dinner . The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League . Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money . The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea . The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position . At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall . The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League . The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe . Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League , Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day . In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate . This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three . There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted . The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 . It was composed of 22 clubs for that session . The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United . The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal from London , Aston Villa from the West Midlands , Blackburn Rovers from the North West of England , Chelsea from West London / South West London , Coventry City from the West Midlands , Crystal Palace from South East London , Everton from Merseyside , the North West of England , Ipswich Town from East Anglia , Leeds United from Yorkshire , Liverpool from Merseyside , North West England , Manchester City , from East Manchester , the North West England , Manchester United from Greater Manchester , the North West England , Middlesbrough from Teeside , North East England , Norwich City from East Anglia , Nottingham Forest from the East Midlands , Oldham Athletic from the North West England , Queens Park Rangers from West London , Sheffield United from Sheffield , South Yorkshire , Sheffield Wednesday from Sheffield , South Yorkshire , Southampton from the South of England , Tottenham Hotspur from North London , and Wimbledon from South West London . Luton Town , Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season . `` Big four '' dominance ( 2000s ) Results of the ' Big Four ' during the 2000s Season Arsenal Chelsea Liverpool Man . United 1999 -- 2000 5 2000 -- 01 6 2001 -- 02 6 2002 -- 03 5 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 5 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 7 Top - four finishes 11 8 8 11 out of 11 One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called `` Big Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . During this decade , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive . Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League . In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Big Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . '' The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the `` Big Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005 . Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs . Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since 1994 -- 95 . That season also saw two of the Big Four ( Chelsea and Liverpool ) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994 -- 95 . In the following five seasons , Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season . Arsenal finished 5th in the 2016 -- 17 season , ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes . Development See also : List of Premier League seasons Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted . On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction . Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams . The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007 . Corporate structure The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 . The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league . The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients . For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur . The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Competition format Competition There are 20 clubs in the Premier League . During the course of a season ( from August to May ) each club plays the others twice ( a double round - robin system ) , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ' , for a total of 38 games . Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw . No points are awarded for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored . If still equal , teams are deemed to occupy the same position . If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank . The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship , together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs , are promoted in their place . Qualification for European competitions Arsenal against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2011 As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed , the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League , with the top three teams directly entering the group stage . Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically . The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage . The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup . Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League . An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season . UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers . UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing . However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league . At that time , no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League . This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League , and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five . An association with four Champions League places , such as The FA , will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League . In 2007 , the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period . This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league , La Liga . Premier League clubs in international competition Main article : Premier League clubs in international performance Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2016 -- 17 seasons , Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times ( and had five runners - up ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with ten wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins ; ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins . The FIFA Club World Cup ( originally called the FIFA Club World Championship ) has been won once by a Premier League club ( Manchester United in 2008 ) , with two runners - up ( Liverpool in 2005 , Chelsea in 2012 ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with five wins , Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Italy 's Serie A with two wins ( see table here ) . Promotion and relegation A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship . The three lowest placed teams in Premier League are relegated to the Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to Premier League , with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992 , but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995 . Clubs Main article : List of Premier League clubs See also : All - time FA Premier League table A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 , up to and including the 2017 -- 18 season . Champions See also : List of English football champions Season Champions 1992 -- 93 Manchester United 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1996 -- 97 Manchester United 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United 2000 -- 01 Manchester United 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2002 -- 03 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Arsenal 2004 -- 05 Chelsea 2005 -- 06 Chelsea 2006 -- 07 Manchester United 2007 -- 08 Manchester United 2008 -- 09 Manchester United 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 2010 -- 11 Manchester United 2011 -- 12 Manchester City 2012 -- 13 Manchester United 2013 -- 14 Manchester City 2014 -- 15 Chelsea 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 2016 -- 17 Chelsea Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Chelsea 5 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 season The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2017 -- 18 season . Club Position in 2016 -- 17 First season in top division Seasons in top division Seasons in Premier League First season of current spell in top division Top division titles Last top division title Arsenal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5th 1904 -- 05 101 26 1919 -- 20 13 2003 -- 04 Bournemouth 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9th 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 0 n / a Brighton and Hove Albion 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2nd in the Championship 1979 -- 80 6 2017 -- 18 0 n / a Burnley 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16th 1888 -- 89 55 2016 -- 17 1959 -- 60 Chelsea 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1st 1907 -- 08 83 26 1989 -- 90 6 2016 -- 17 Crystal Palace 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14th 1969 -- 70 18 9 2013 -- 14 0 n / a Everton 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7th 1888 -- 89 115 26 1954 -- 55 9 1986 -- 87 Huddersfield Town 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5th in the Championship 1920 -- 21 32 2017 -- 18 1923 -- 24 Leicester City 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12th 1908 -- 09 49 12 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Liverpool 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4th 1894 -- 95 103 26 1962 -- 63 18 1989 -- 90 Manchester City 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3rd 1899 -- 1900 89 21 2002 -- 03 2013 -- 14 Manchester United 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6th 1892 -- 93 93 26 1975 -- 76 20 2012 -- 13 Newcastle United 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1st in the Championship 1898 -- 99 86 23 2017 -- 18 1926 -- 27 Southampton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8th 1966 -- 67 41 19 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Stoke City 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13th 1888 -- 89 62 10 2008 -- 09 0 n / a Swansea City 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15th 1981 -- 82 9 7 2011 -- 12 0 n / a Tottenham Hotspur 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2nd 1909 -- 10 83 26 1978 -- 79 1960 -- 61 Watford 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17th 1982 -- 83 15 5 2015 -- 16 0 n / a West Bromwich Albion 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10th 1888 -- 89 81 12 2010 -- 11 1919 -- 20 West Ham United 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11th 1923 -- 24 60 22 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Hull City , Middlesbrough , and Sunderland were relegated to the Championship for the 2017 -- 18 season , while Newcastle United , Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town , as winners , runners - up and play - off final winners respectively , were promoted from the 2016 -- 17 Championship season . AFC Bournemouth , Stoke City , and Swansea City are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion , having played 3 , 9 and 6 seasons ( out of 26 ) respectively . Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town will make their Premier League debuts in 2017 -- 18 season . : Founding member of the Premier League : Never been relegated from Premier League : One of the original 12 Football League teams : Club based in Wales AFC Bournemouth Southampton London Brighton & Hove Albion West Bromwich Albion Stoke City Manchester City Manchester United Liverpool Everton Huddersfield Town Newcastle United Leicester City Swansea City Watford Burnley London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Location of clubs for the 2017 -- 18 Premier League season Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Greater London Premier League football clubs Non-English clubs See also : List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country Wales In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion . The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 . In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup . The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but Cardiff City were relegated after their maiden season . Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA . Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13 . The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012 , allowing them to participate . Scotland and Ireland Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result . The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland . Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions . Sponsorship See also : English football sponsorship From 1993 to 2016 , the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies , which were Carling Breweries and Barclays Bank PLC ; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor , having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 ( until 2004 , the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004 ) . Period Sponsor Name 1992 -- 1993 No sponsor FA Premier League 1993 -- 2001 Carling FA Carling Premiership 2001 -- 2004 Barclaycard FA Barclaycard Premiership 2004 -- 2007 Barclays FA Barclays Premiership 2008 -- 2016 Barclays Premier League 2016 -- No sponsor Premier League Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League , arguing that they wanted to build a `` clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues . As well as sponsorship for the league itself , the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers . The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre . Finances See also : List of Premier League football club owners The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 . In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues . In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry . The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world . Deloitte 's `` Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season , and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue . From 2013 , the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012 , to radical new cost controls . The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season . With the new television deals on the horizon , momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents . Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs , with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts ( £ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights , £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights ) , commercial rights ( a flat fee of £ 4,759,404 ) and a notional measure of `` merit '' which was based upon final league position . The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place , counted from the foot of the table ( e.g. , Burnley finished 16th in May 2017 , 5 places counting upwards , and received 5 x £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment ) . Media coverage See also : English football on television , List of Premier League broadcasters , and Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League United Kingdom and Ireland Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland Seasons Sky Setanta ESPN BT Total 1992 -- 1997 60 -- -- -- 60 1997 -- 2001 60 -- -- -- 60 2001 -- 2004 110 -- -- -- 110 2004 -- 2007 138 -- -- -- 138 2007 -- 2009 96 42 -- -- 138 2009 -- 2013 115 -- 23 -- 138 2013 -- 2016 116 -- -- 38 154 2016 -- 2019 126 -- -- 42 168 A 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City . Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League . The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off . At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football . However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar . The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis . This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs . The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this . The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs . The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons . The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to £ 670 million over four seasons . The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 . The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 . It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis . Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available . This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company . Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion , a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth . Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers . The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons ( on Match of the Day ) for £ 171.6 million , a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period . Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games ( that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet ) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday . Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million , nearly double the previous contract . The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010 . Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool . The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result . An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position . In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest . The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 . Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion . On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 . On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year . The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year . The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights . The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season . UK highlights Highlights programme Duration Channel Match of the Day 1992 -- 2001 BBC The Premiership 2001 -- 2004 ITV Match of the Day 2004 -- present BBC Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday . During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season , RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live . In August 2016 , it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show . Worldwide The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people , . The Premier League 's production arm , Premier League Productions , is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners . The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme . In Australia , Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League , providing live broadcasts and online access ( Fox Sports formerly held rights ) . In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports . In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season . As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season . The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports . Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 ( 220,000 viewers ) , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage . NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion ( £ 640 million ) . Widening gap with lower leagues See also : Premier League -- Football League gulf There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League . Since its split with the Football League , many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues . Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League . In every season except 2001 -- 02 and 2011 -- 12 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League . In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season . The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' . Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons . Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues ( the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million ) , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation . For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed . Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap . Stadiums Main article : List of Premier League stadiums This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2015 ) As of the 2016 -- 17 season , Premier League football has been played in 55 stadiums since the formation of the division in 1992 . The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater . Since the formation of the Premier League , football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities , with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums . Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished . The stadiums for the 2010 -- 11 season show a large disparity in capacity : Old Trafford , the home of Manchester United has a capacity of 75,957 with Bloomfield Road , the home of Blackpool , having a capacity of 16,220 . The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010 -- 11 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523 . Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs . For the 2009 -- 10 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616 . This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season ( 1992 -- 93 ) . However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums . The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season . This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 . Managers See also : List of Premier League managers Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition . Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans . Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences . The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis ( i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control ) . Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment . Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur . The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson , who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League . Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager , having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 . Winning managers Manager Club ( s ) Wins Winning years Alex Ferguson Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsène Wenger Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 José Mourinho Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 2009 -- 10 Roberto Mancini Manchester City 2011 -- 12 Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 2013 -- 14 Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Antonio Conte Chelsea 2016 -- 17 Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the Premier League . Current managers Nat . Name Club Appointed Time as manager France ! Wenger , Arsene Arsène Wenger Arsenal 000000001996 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1996 7003771300000000000 ♠ 21 years , 43 days England ! Howe , Eddie Eddie Howe AFC Bournemouth 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2012 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 32 days England ! Dyche , Sean Sean Dyche Burnley 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2012 7003184000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 14 days Wales ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Stoke City 000000002013 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2013 7003162800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 167 days Argentina ! Pochettino , Mauricio Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2014 7003126600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 170 days England ! Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 000000002014 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2014 7003104800000000000 ♠ 2 years , 317 days Wales ! Pulis , Tony Tony Pulis West Bromwich Albion 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 2015 7003104700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 316 days Germany ! Klopp , Jürgen Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 000000002015 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2015 7002767000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 36 days Portugal ! Wagner , David David Wagner Huddersfield Town 000000002015 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2015 7002739000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 8 days Spain ! Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 000000002016 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2016 7002612000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 247 days Portugal ! Mourinho , José José Mourinho Manchester United 000000002016 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2016 7002535000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 170 days Netherlands ! Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Chelsea 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 7002500000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 135 days Spain ! Guardiola , Pep Pep Guardiola Manchester City 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 7002500000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 135 days England ! Clement , Paul Paul Clement Swansea City 000000002017 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 2017 7002315000000000000 ♠ 315 days Portugal ! Silva , Marco Marco Silva Watford 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2017 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 days Argentina ! Pellegrino , Mauricio Mauricio Pellegrino Southampton 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 2017 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 days England ! Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2017 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 days France ! Puel , Claude Claude Puel Leicester City 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2017 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days Scotland ! Moyes , David David Moyes West Ham United 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 2017 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 days Vacant Everton Players See also : Premier League records and statistics § Player records , and List of footballers with a Premier League winner 's medal Appearances See also : List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Most appearances Rank Player Apps Gareth Barry 637 Ryan Giggs 632 Frank Lampard 609 David James 572 5 Gary Speed 535 6 Emile Heskey 516 7 Mark Schwarzer 514 8 Jamie Carragher 508 9 Phil Neville 505 10 Steven Gerrard 504 Rio Ferdinand As of 30 October 2017 . Italicised players still playing professional football . Bolded players still playing in Premier League . Foreign players and transfer Regulations See also : List of foreign Premier League players and List of foreign Premier League goalscorers At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland . By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total . In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match . By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English . In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union . A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years . If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal . Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association . The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January . Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis . As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances . This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players ' . Player wages and transfer fees See also : Progression of British football transfer fee record There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League . As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals , player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year . The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season . As of 2015 , average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world . The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition . Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million . The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 . All three of the most expensive transfers in the history of the league highest transfer in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end , with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million , Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014 . Top scorers See also : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals , Top Premier League goal scorers by season , and Premier League Golden Boot Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history . As of 30 October 2017 . Rank Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2006 260 441 0.59 Wayne Rooney 2002 -- 202 470 0.43 Andrew Cole 1992 -- 2008 187 414 0.45 Frank Lampard 1995 -- 2015 177 609 0.29 5 Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 , 2012 175 258 0.68 6 Robbie Fowler 1993 -- 2009 163 379 0.43 7 Jermain Defoe 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2014 , 2015 -- 159 477 0.33 8 Michael Owen 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 13 150 326 0.46 9 Les Ferdinand 1992 -- 2005 149 351 0.42 10 Teddy Sheringham 1992 -- 2007 146 418 0.35 Italics denotes players still playing professional football , Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League . The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season . Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 . Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark . Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title . Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season . Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season ( 34 ) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively . Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons , having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league . Awards Trophy The Premier League trophy The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003 -- 04 title without defeat The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy ( held by the reigning champions ) and a spare replica . Two trophies are held in the event that two different clubs could win the League on the final day of the season . In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used . The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London . It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base . The plinth weighs 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) . The trophy and plinth are 76 cm ( 30 in ) tall , 43 cm ( 17 in ) wide and 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) deep . Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone . The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed . Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play . The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football . Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season . The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year . In 2004 , a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat . Player and manager awards In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players , the Premier League also awards the monthly Manager of the Month and Player of the Month awards , as well as annual awards for Manager of the Season , Player of the Season , Golden Boot and the Golden Glove awards . 20 seasons awards Further information : Premier League 20 Seasons Awards and Premier League 10 Seasons Awards In 2012 , the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards : Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons Panel Choice : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Rio Ferdinand , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Roy Keane , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Public Vote : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Nemanja Vidić , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Steven Gerrard , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Best Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Best Player : Ryan Giggs Most Appearances : Ryan Giggs ( 598 ) Top Goalscorer : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Most Clean Sheets : David James ( 173 ) 500 Club : Ryan Giggs , David James , Gary Speed , Frank Lampard , Emile Heskey , and Sol Campbell . Best Goal : Wayne Rooney , 12 February 2011 , Man . United vs Man . City Best Save : Craig Gordon , 18 December 2010 , Sunderland vs Bolton Best Team : 2003 -- 04 Arsenal See also English football portal List of English football champions List of English Football League managers Football records in England References Jump up ^ When will goal - line technology be introduced ? Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . The total number of matches can be calculated using the formula n * ( n - 1 ) where n is the total number of teams . Jump up ^ `` United ( versus Liverpool ) Nations '' . The Observer. 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Premier League lands £ 3bn deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Soccer Leagues Get 25 % Rise in TV Rights Sales , Report Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 4 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Premier League Payments to Clubs '' . Premier League . 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Bibliography Hammam , Sam ( 14 January 2000 ) . The Wimbledon We Have . London : Wimbledon FC . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Premier League '' dated 4 March 2007 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the premier league change to 20 teams	[ "Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007–08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction.[34] Ultimately, the 2007–08 season kicked off again with 20 teams." ]	[ "1995" ]
8091535615612920284	Thank You (Led Zeppelin song)	Thank You ( Led Zeppelin song ) - wikipedia Thank You ( Led Zeppelin song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Thank You '' Song by Led Zeppelin from the album Led Zeppelin II Released 22 October 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 22 ) Format LP record Recorded 1969 Studio Morgan , London Genre Rock Length 3 : 50 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Jimmy Page Robert Plant Producer ( s ) Jimmy Page `` Thank You '' is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin from their 1969 album Led Zeppelin II , written by Robert Plant and Jimmy Page . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Live history 3 Reception 4 Recognition and legacy 5 Cover versions 6 Personnel 7 References 8 Sources 9 External Links Overview ( edit ) `` Thank You '' signalled a deeper involvement in songwriting by singer Robert Plant : it was the first Led Zeppelin song for which he wrote all the lyrics . According to various Led Zeppelin biographies , this is also the song that made Jimmy Page realise that Plant could now handle writing the majority of the lyrics for the band 's songs . Plant wrote the song as a tribute to his then - wife Maureen . The song features Hammond organ playing by John Paul Jones , which fades into a false ending before concluding with a crescendo roughly ten seconds later . This has created a problem for radio stations wishing to play the track , which must decide whether to accept the dead air or cut it off . Some stations run an edited version with the silence eliminated . For the recording of this track , Page played on a Vox 12 - string guitar . It was also one of the few Led Zeppelin songs on which Page sang backing vocals . Live history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When `` Thank You '' was performed at Led Zeppelin concerts , it featured Jones ' extended keyboard solo ( either on the Hammond organ or on some 1972 - 73 versions , the Mellotron ) as an introduction to the song . The piece was eventually dropped from the band 's standard live setlist following the 1973 tour of the United States , when it was only occasionally used as an encore , for example , at the tour 's final concert in Madison Square Garden . Robert Plant sang a part of `` Thank You '' at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 , before combining the song with `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' . Reception ( edit ) In a retrospective review of Led Zeppelin II ( Deluxe Edition ) , Michael Madden of Consequence of Sound praised the remastering of `` Thank You '' , believing the track now sounds `` mellow and well - balanced '' . Madden further praised the remastering , writing the track `` breathes easy during the verses and ascends elsewhere in the song '' , along with `` illuminating Page 's touch and Bonham 's haymakers '' . When reviewing the added bonus tracks of the Deluxe Edition , Madden further praised the new version of `` Thank You '' , titled `` Thank You ( Backing Track ) '' , writing the track `` magnifies the song 's tasteful sheen , popping with Bonham 's drums and Jones ' organ , which seems to have a mind of its own . '' Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked on the song 's structure , `` The delicacy of the vocals is incredible ; the acoustic guitar and the organ work together to create an otherworldly presence . '' Recognition and legacy ( edit ) In November 2010 , `` Thank You '' topped Gibson 's list of `` Top 10 Thanksgiving Songs '' . The song was recorded by Page and Plant for the No Quarter : Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded album . It was released as a single and reached number eight on Billboard magazine 's Album Rock Tracks chart in 1995 . Cover versions ( edit ) Main article : List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs Personnel ( edit ) Robert Plant -- vocals Jimmy Page -- electric and acoustic guitars , backing vocals John Paul Jones -- Hammond organ , bass guitar John Bonham -- drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2004 reissue of Led Zeppelin II shows 4 : 49 Jump up ^ Interview with Jimmy Page , Guitar World magazine , 1993 ^ Jump up to : Madden , Michael ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Led Zeppelin -- Led Zeppelin II ( Reissue ) '' . CoS . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Playlist Special : Fifty Artists Pick Their Personal Top 10s . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin and ZZ Top Make Top Thanksgiving Songs List . Antimusic.com . Jump up ^ Russell Hall . 10 Great Songs that Give Thanks . Gibson . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Sources ( edit ) Lewis , Dave ( 2004 ) The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 Welch , Chris ( 1998 ) Led Zeppelin : Dazed and Confused : The Stories Behind Every Song , ISBN 1 - 56025 - 818 - 7 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Led Zeppelin II track listing Songs Side one `` Whole Lotta Love '' `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` The Lemon Song '' `` Thank You '' Side two `` Heartbreaker '' `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Ramble On '' `` Moby Dick '' `` Bring It On Home '' Deluxe edition `` La La '' Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled The Best of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_(Led_Zeppelin_song)&oldid=795273237 '' Categories : Led Zeppelin songs 1969 songs Songs written by Jimmy Page Songs written by Robert Plant Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Pages using infobox song with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 04 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the song thank you by led zeppelin about	[ "\"Thank You\" signalled a deeper involvement in songwriting by singer Robert Plant: it was the first Led Zeppelin song for which he wrote all the lyrics. According to various Led Zeppelin biographies, this is also the song that made Jimmy Page realise that Plant could now handle writing the majority of the lyrics for the band's songs. Plant wrote the song as a tribute to his then-wife Maureen." ]	[ "Plant wrote the song as a tribute to his then-wife Maureen." ]
6579007768298531286	Tony Gwynn	Tony Gwynn - wikipedia Tony Gwynn Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the former MLB player and Baseball Hall of Famer . For his son , who is also an MLB player , see Tony Gwynn Jr . Tony Gwynn Gwynn at the 2011 Hall of Fame induction parade Right fielder Born : ( 1960 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1960 Los Angeles , California Died : June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) ( aged 54 ) Poway , California Batted : Left Threw : Left MLB debut July 19 , 1982 , for the San Diego Padres Last MLB appearance October 7 , 2001 , for the San Diego Padres MLB statistics Batting average . 338 Hits 3,141 Home runs 135 Runs batted in 1,138 Teams San Diego Padres ( 1982 -- 2001 ) Career highlights and awards 8 × NL batting champion ( 1984 , 1987 -- 1989 , 1994 -- 1997 ) 15 × All - Star ( 1984 -- 1987 , 1989 -- 1999 ) 5 × Gold Glove Award ( 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 -- 1991 ) 7 × Silver Slugger Award ( 1984 , 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 , 1994 -- 1995 , 1997 ) Roberto Clemente Award ( 1999 ) San Diego Padres No. 19 retired San Diego Padres Hall of Fame Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 2007 Vote 97.6 % ( first ballot ) Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. ( May 9 , 1960 -- June 16 , 2014 ) , nicknamed `` Mr. Padre '' , was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 20 seasons ( 1982 -- 2001 ) in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the San Diego Padres . The left - handed hitting Gwynn won eight batting titles in his career , tied for the most in National League ( NL ) history . He is considered one of the best and most consistent hitters in baseball history . He had a . 338 career batting average , never hitting below . 309 in any full season . Gwynn was a 15 - time All - Star , recognized for his skills both on offense and defense with seven Silver Slugger Awards and five Gold Glove Awards . He was the rare player in his era that stayed with a single team his entire career , and he played in the only two World Series appearances in San Diego 's franchise history . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007 , his first year of eligibility . Gwynn attended San Diego State University ( SDSU ) , where he played both college baseball and basketball for the Aztecs . He was an all - conference player in both sports in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) , but was honored as an All - American in baseball . He was selected by the Padres in the third round of the 1981 MLB draft as the 58th overall pick . Gwynn made his major - league debut the following year , and captured his first batting title in 1984 , when San Diego advanced to its first - ever World Series . A poor fielder in college , his work on his defense was rewarded in 1986 , when he received his first Gold Glove . The following year , he won the first of three consecutive batting titles . Beginning in 1990 , he endured four straight seasons which ended prematurely due to injuries , particular to his left knee . However , he experienced a resurgence with four straight batting titles starting in 1994 , when he batted a career - high . 394 in a strike - shortened season . Gwynn played in his second World Series in 1998 , before reaching the 3,000 - hit milestone the following year . He played two more seasons , hampered by injuries in both , and retired after the 2001 season with 3,141 career hits . A contact hitter , Gwynn excelled at hitting the ball to the opposite field . After meeting Hall of Famer Ted Williams in 1992 , Gwynn became more adept at pulling the ball and using the entire field , as well as hitting for more power . He could also run early in his career , when he was a stolen base threat . Widely considered the greatest player in Padres history , Gwynn regularly accepted less money to remain with the small - market team . After he retired from playing , the Padres retired his No. 19 in 2004 . He became the head baseball coach at his alma mater , and also spent time as a baseball analyst . Gwynn died of salivary gland cancer in 2014 at the age of 54 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional baseball career 4.1 Minor leagues ( 1981 -- 82 ) 4.2 Major leagues ( 1982 -- 2001 ) 4.2. 1 1982 -- 83 4.2. 2 1984 -- 86 4.2. 3 1987 -- 89 4.2. 4 1990 -- 92 4.2. 5 1993 -- 97 4.2. 6 1998 -- 2001 5 Player profile 6 Post-baseball honors 6.1 Hall of Fame 7 Legacy 8 Personal life 9 Post-playing career 10 Health and death 11 Baseball achievements 11.1 Awards and honors 11.2 Records 12 Career statistics 13 Publications 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Early life ( edit ) Gwynn was born in Los Angeles , California , to Charles and Vendella Gwynn . He was nine when his parents decided they would move from their apartment and buy a house in Long Beach , a location they chose because of their schools , parks , and youth sports options throughout the year . He grew up with older brother Charles Jr. , who played college baseball and became a teacher , and younger brother Chris , who also became an MLB player . Gwynn 's parents were civil servants who were tag - team parents . Gwynn 's father worked at a warehouse from 7 : 30 A.M. until 5 : 00 P.M. , and he also coached Pop Warner football and Little League Baseball ; his mother worked at the post office from 5 : 30 P.M. until 3 : 00 A.M. His mother and father instilled in him the value of being prepared . He filled his time playing mostly basketball , which was his favorite sport . Gwynn 's father encouraged his sons to play ball in the makeshift baseball field that he assembled in their backyard . The setup was a narrow strip of grass that was longer than wide . Pulling the ball too much resulted in it being lost over the neighbor 's fence , but left field being short ruled out hitting it to the opposite field as well . Once the brothers ' supply of wiffle balls was exhausted , they resorted to using a sock rolled in rubber bands , a wad of tape , or a hardened fig from a neighbor 's tree . Although Gwynn was able to pull the ball in his back yard , he would naturally hit it the other way during regular games . Growing up , he attended Los Angeles Dodgers games and watched his hero , Willie Davis ; the Dodgers outfielder had twice as many stolen bases as home runs ( 398 SB , 182 HR ) in his career . Gwynn admired Davis for being black , left - handed , and `` aggressive but under control '' ; he respected Davis ' work habits as well . Unlike other kids that tracked home run hitters , Gwynn checked the box scores in the newspaper every morning to follow high - average hitters like Pete Rose , George Brett and Rod Carew . High school career ( edit ) Gwynn attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School , which was a high - profile school in sports . He was a two - sport star in both basketball and baseball . In his final two years , his Jackrabbits baseball teams were a combined 3 - 25 - 2 in the league , while the basketball teams went 53 - 6 and twice reached the California Interscholastic Federation ( CIF ) Southern Section 4A championship game . Gwynn had considered quitting baseball as a senior to concentrate on basketball , but his mother talked him out of it . `` She said it might be something down the road and that I might be sorry later if I did n't play '' , recalled Gwynn . Gwynn was a standout basketball player in both high school ( pictured ) and college . As a junior , he was the starting point guard on Poly 's basketball team that went 30 -- 1 and won the Southern Section 4A title . The final was played before over 10,000 fans at the Long Beach Arena , where Gwynn scored 10 points in the 69 - 50 victory over Buena of Ventura . His teammates included Michael Wiley , who became a professional player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In his senior year , Poly was 23 -- 7 , and again advanced to the championship round despite finished third in the Moore League . Their bid for a second straight title ended with a 57 -- 50 loss to Pasadena . Gwynn averaged 10.3 points and totaled 178 assists for the season , and he was named to the All - CIF Southern Section Second Team . After the season , he switched to baseball , whose season was already well underway . Despite his shortened season , he earned first - team All - Southern Section honors after batting . 563 . Poly 's baseball teams struggles taught him to remain focused and continue to execute and stay productive . Gwynn received scholarship offers to play college basketball , but none for college baseball . He also went unselected in the 1977 MLB draft , which Gwynn attributed to his limited playing time . He wanted to play both sports for Cal State Fullerton , which was okay by basketball coach Bobby Dye , but baseball coach Augie Garrido did not believe an athlete could handle both sports in college . San Diego State basketball coach Tim Vezie wanted Gwynn to commit to playing two years of basketball before playing baseball . Gwynn also had an offer from Texas Christian University ( TCU ) . However , he was told that he would be their first black player in 30 years , which ruled them out from his consideration . He chose to attend SDSU , calling it `` the best option I had '' . College career ( edit ) Gwynn was a two - sport star with San Diego State , playing three seasons of baseball and four of basketball . He was a two - time All - American outfielder in his final two seasons , when he led the team in hitting . A skilled playmaker in basketball , he set multiple school records for assists . He is the only player in the history of the WAC to earn all - conference honors in two sports . Gwynn was not allowed to play baseball as a freshman . He was overweight at 205 pounds ( 93 kg ) , and Vezie wanted him to get in shape for the next basketball season . By the following season in 1979 , Gwynn still had not heard from Aztecs baseball coach Jim Dietz about joining the team after the basketball season . However , an opportunity arose after two outfielders riding bicycles were struck by an automobile and injured , and Dietz was in need of replacements . Freshman shortstop Bobby Meacham , who played against Gwynn in high school , convinced the coach to give Gwynn a chance . Dietz had never seen Gwynn play , but contacted him mostly because he trusted Meacham . Vezie by then had been fired , and his successor , Smokey Gaines , allowed Gwynn to play baseball . Were it not for the accident , Gwynn doubted he would have ever played baseball with SDSU . `` Knowing what I now do about Coach Dietz ... ( h ) e 's too loyal to his athletes to have allowed me to walk over after basketball season and join the team . '' said Gwynn . In baseball , Gwynn was primarily a left fielder and designated hitter ( DH ) at San Diego State . Gwynn hit . 301 in his first season , but said he `` stunk defensively '' . In 1980 , Gwynn hit . 423 with six home runs and 29 runs batted in ( RBI ) and was named third - team All - American by Baseball News . The next season , he was a first - team All - American after batting . 416 with 11 home runs and 62 RBI . He also was named a first - team all - WAC outfielder . In his three years , he had a career average of . 398 and the team went 146 -- 61 -- 4 . Playing basketball , Gwynn set Aztecs basketball records for assists in a game ( 18 ) , season ( 221 ) , and career ( 590 ) . He was twice named to the All - WAC Second Team , and he averaged 8.8 points per game his senior year . Playing point guard developed Gwynn 's baseball skills , as the dribbling strengthened his wrists -- avoiding what he called `` slow bat syndrome '' -- and basketball taught him to be quick , which improved his baserunning . He could dunk a basketball , though he was unable to palm the ball with his small hands . He had a quick first step in either sport , and was able to run 60 yards ( 55 m ) in 6.7 seconds . Gwynn indirectly received exposure from scouts watching SDSU that were interested in Meacham , who would become a first - round pick in 1981 . Gwynn had started the baseball season late in 1981 as the basketball team was still competing , and some scouts had already seen enough of Meacham and stopped following SDSU . Also on the Aztecs baseball team was Casey McKeon , son of Jack McKeon , who was the San Diego Padres general manager at the time . Given his son 's involvement , McKeon often went to Aztecs games . He was initially interested in seeing Meacham , but became more impressed by Gwynn after seeing him at an exhibition game between the Aztecs and Padres ; Gwynn had just re-joined the baseball team five days earlier . Professional baseball career ( edit ) Minor leagues ( 1981 -- 82 ) ( edit ) The Padres selected Gwynn in the third round of the 1981 MLB draft with the 58th overall pick . He had gone to Padres games while he was at San Diego State , and would sit there thinking that they had the `` ugliest uniforms I 've ever seen in my life '' . Those uniforms again came to his mind after he was drafted . McKeon had wanted to take Gwynn with the Padres ' first pick , but they chose two other players in the first round and another in the second . McKeon threatened to walk out of the draft room had San Diego not selected him in the third . Later that day , Gwynn was also selected by the San Diego Clippers in the 10th round of the NBA draft . According to then - Clippers general manager Ted Podleski , Gwynn might have gone as high as the sixth round if he was not a baseball player . Gwynn chose to play baseball with the Padres in what he termed a `` practical '' decision , citing his physical battles pushing and fighting against larger players such as Charles Bradley while playing WAC basketball . Coming out of college , Gwynn was initially worried about the transition from using an aluminum bat to a wooden one , but his concerns were allayed once he found a bat comparable to the size he had used with the Aztecs . He led the Northwest League with a . 331 batting average , and added 12 homers and 17 stolen bases in just 42 games for Walla Walla , San Diego 's Class A minor league affiliate , earning him most valuable player ( MVP ) honors for the league in 1981 . He finished the season in Class AA with Amarillo for 23 games while batting . 462 . Major leagues ( 1982 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) 1982 -- 83 ( edit ) Milestone hits No Date Opponent Pitcher Hit type Ref July 19 , 1982 Philadelphia Monge , Sid Sid Monge Double 500 Aug 18 , 1985 @ Atlanta McMurtry , Craig Craig McMurtry Single 1,000 April 22 , 1988 Houston Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan Single 1,500 Aug 15 , 1990 Montreal Frey , Steve Steve Frey Single 2,000 Aug 6 , 1993 Colorado Ruffin , Bruce Bruce Ruffin Single 2,500 Aug 14 , 1996 @ Cincinnati Carrasco , Héctor Héctor Carrasco Single 3,000 Aug 6 , 1999 @ Montreal Smith , Dan Dan Smith Single 3,141 Oct 6 , 2001 Colorado White , Gabe Gabe White Double Gwynn participated at spring training with San Diego in 1982 , and hit an impressive . 375 . However , the Padres were set in the outfield with veterans Gene Richards , Ruppert Jones , and Sixto Lezcano , and Gwynn began the season with Triple - A Hawaii . He was batting . 328 in 93 games with the Islanders when he was promoted and debuted for the Padres on July 19 , 1982 . He started in center field against the Philadelphia Phillies in place of a slumping Jones . In his fourth at - bat , Gwynn got his first major league hit -- a double -- against reliever Sid Monge . Rose , who was the Phillies first baseman and later became the major - league all - time hit leader , told Gwynn , `` Congratulations . Do n't catch me in one night . '' Five weeks later against Pittsburgh , Gwynn injured his left wrist after diving for a ball and hitting the hard artificial turf at Three Rivers Stadium , and missed three weeks while on the disabled list ( DL ) . He finished his rookie season batting . 289 in 54 games , the only season in his career he hit below . 300 . His 15 - game hitting streak was the longest on the team that season . Gwynn reinjured his wrist playing winter ball in Puerto Rico and started 1983 on the DL . He missed the first two months of the season and struggled after his return , and his average fell as low as . 229 by July 29 . He asked his wife to record the games before a road trip , and he began using video recording to review his at - bats . After looking at the tapes and correcting his swing during batting practice , he became a believer in using video . He said video `` turned around my career '' . He heated up to a . 309 average for his shortened season , and his 25 - game hitting streak set a Padres record . For the second straight season , San Diego finished with . 500 record . 1984 -- 86 ( edit ) Gwynn 's jersey from 1984 , when the Padres won their first pennant In his first full season in 1984 , San Diego won their first NL West title . Gwynn was elected to start in his first All - Star Game , and he won his first batting title with a . 351 average along with 71 RBIs , and 33 stolen base ; he had only 23 strikeouts in 606 at - bats . He finished third in the balloting for the National League MVP behind Chicago Cubs winner Ryne Sandberg and runner - up Keith Hernandez of the New York Mets . He had 213 hits , breaking the Padres record of 194 set by Richards in 1980 . Gwynn hit second in the Padres batting order behind Alan Wiggins , and benefited from the higher number of fastballs opposing pitchers threw in response to the speedy leadoff hitter ( 70 SB ) being on base . Wiggins ' speed also disrupted the defense and opened up holes that Gwynn was able to exploit for hits . He hit above . 400 when Wiggins was on base ahead of him . `` Anybody can hit a fastball '' , said Gwynn . The duo was one of the biggest reason behind San Diego 's success . They could score fast with Wiggins getting on first , stealing second , and Gwynn singling him home . Gwynn batted . 410 with runners in scoring position , and Manager Dick Williams said his records indicated that Gwynn had the best `` RBI percentage '' on the team . In the playoffs , the Padres won the first NL pennant in its team history , defeating the Cubs in the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) before losing the World Series to the Detroit Tigers . Gwynn batted . 368 in the NLCS and his one - out single in the bottom of the ninth in Game 4 set up Steve Garvey 's game - winning homer . Gwynn hit . 263 ( 5 - for - 19 ) in the World Series , and flew out to Tigers left fielder Larry Herndon for the final out of the fall classic . During the offseason , Gwynn took less money to stay in San Diego by signing a six - year , $4.6 million contract with the Padres . Still , his new salary of more than $500,000 salary for 1985 represented a sizable raise over the $180,000 he would have received , or the $100,000 he had received in 1984 . Wiggins entered drug rehab in 1985 and was traded later in the season to the Baltimore Orioles , resulting in Gwynn seeing fewer fastballs and more breaking balls . Gwynn said it took him a month to realize the change in opponents ' strategy , and a while to adjust . His average was under . 300 into June , when he got hot but then sprained his wrist on June 27 in a collision with Dodgers catcher Mike Scioscia . Still , Gwynn was named with seven other Padres to the 1985 All - Star Game . San Diego was leading the NL West at the time , but finished the season in third place . After Gwynn 's wrist healed , he hit . 339 after the start of August and finished the season with the fourth - highest average in the NL (. 317 ) . Without an adequate replacement for Wiggins batting leadoff , his RBIs fell to 46 . Gwynn played a career - high 160 games in 1986 , when he led NL position players in Wins Above Replacement ( WAR ) . He scored 100 runs for the first time , and tied for the NL lead ( 107 ) . He set then - career highs for doubles ( 33 ) , homers ( 14 ) and steals ( 37 ) . On September 20 against the Houston Astros , he had four hits and became the fifth NL player that century with five stolen bases in a game . He finished third in hitting (. 329 ) after leading for most of the season . He hit only . 296 in September , and he regretted paying too much attention to Tim Raines and Steve Sax , who were previously trailing him . Gwynn was honored for his defense with his first Gold Glove after leading the league in total chances and putouts ( 337 ) . His 19 outfield assists that year , which were one short of the league high , were highlighted by the three Mets he threw out in one game . 1987 -- 89 ( edit ) Despite his financial problems and bankruptcy in 1987 , Gwynn remained unfazed on the field . In the Padres home opener , Marvell Wynne , Gwynn , and John Kruk hit back - to - back - to - back homers to start the game for San Diego , the first time an MLB team had led off a game with three consecutive home runs . In June , he had 44 hits in 93 at - bats for a . 473 average , the best month in his career . He finished fifth among NL outfielders voting for the All - Star game , which Padres manager Larry Bowa called `` a joke '' . However , Gwynn was unperturbed : `` People put a premium on the home - run hitters . I know what I am . I 'm a contact hitter and not a home - run hitter ... I 'm not going to try to be something I 'm not . '' That year , Gwynn had two five - hit games , the first of eight in his career . He won his second batting title that season after hitting . 370 . It was the highest average in the NL since Stan Musial hit . 376 in 1948 . He also stole 56 bases and became the first NL player to hit . 370 and steal 50 bases . Gwynn never went more than eight at - bats without recording a hit , and he had a hit in 82 percent of the 155 games he batted . His 218 hits also led the league . He led the league in WAR , and was second in stolen bases , triples ( 13 ) , and on - base percentage ( OBP ) (. 447 ) ; he also ranked fourth in runs scored ( 119 ) and 10th in walks with a career - high 82 . His average , hits , runs and triples were all Padre records . Although he only hit seven homers , Gwynn was second in the league with 26 intentional walks , which was indicative of the reverence for his hitting prowess . He finished eighth in the voting for NL MVP , but continued to resist altering his hitting style to hit more home runs to earn more respect . The same year , Wade Boggs in the American League ( AL ) won his fourth batting title in five years , hitting . 363 with 24 home runs , but finished ninth in MVP voting . During the last three months of the 1987 season , a finger on Gwynn 's left hand would lock when he gripped a bat . It would come open barely enough for the bat to slip out from his grip . He had surgery on the hand during Spring training the following season . Early in 1988 , Gwynn was on the DL for 21 days after spraining his thumb after tripping rounding first base in Pittsburgh . He was hitting . 246 as late as July 2 , 1988 , but won the championship with a . 313 average . Gwynn batted . 406 in July and . 367 in the last 73 games of the season . He denied that injuries impacted his hitting , instead attributing his struggles to `` mechanics '' . He struck out a career - high 40 times that season , while his . 313 average was the lowest to win a title in NL history . In the 112 years before , only nine batting leaders hit below . 330 , the previous low being Larry Doyle 's . 320 in 1915 . For the 25 years ending in 1988 , batting leaders averaged . 343 . Gwynn hit 119 points higher with runners on base (. 382 ) than with the bases empty (. 263 ) , the largest differential in the NL that season . He tied Pedro Guerrero for the highest average with runners in scoring position (. 371 ) . During the season , McKeon replaced Bowa as Padres manager , and moved Gwynn from right to center field . Gwynn also reached 1,000 career hits on April 22 with a single off Nolan Ryan of the Astros . On September 17 , he passed Dave Winfield as the Padres career leader in hits with his 1,135 th off Jim Acker of the Atlanta Braves . In the 1989 season , he was hurting in September while he was in the race for another batting title . His right toe made it hard for him to put a shoe on , and his left Achilles tendon was sore and prevented him from pushing off properly when swinging . His batting average dropped , but he insisted on playing until his manager forced him to sit out for two games . The Padres were battling the San Francisco Giants for the division title in September , but they were eliminated from contention the game before hosting a season - ending three - game series with the Giants . Although the race for the division was over , Gwynn was still trailing San Francisco 's Will Clark for the batting title , . 333 to . 332 . Gwynn went 3 - for - 4 in the last two games , finishing at . 336 to claim his third title . `` I lost to the best '' , Clark said . Gwynn became the first NL player to win three consecutive batting titles since Musial in 1950 -- 52 . In December 1989 , Gwynn fell to being the seventh - highest - paid Padre at $1 million a year , and he questioned the team 's salary structure . He felt he deserved more money than players like Jack Clark , who signed a lucrative deal with the New York Yankees before being traded to San Diego . Gwynn 's request for a contract renegotiation was denied . 1990 -- 92 ( edit ) Gwynn 's 1990 Gold Glove award Widely respected by his peers and known as one of the most dedicated players in baseball , Gwynn in 1990 was accused by some teammates of being selfish and caring more about his batting average than winning . First baseman Jack Clark , most notably , stated that Gwynn should be swinging with runners in scoring position instead of bunting and protecting his batting average . Clark did not approve of Gwynn bunting with runners on first and second with nobody out , believing he was trying to either bunt for a hit or get credit for a sacrifice if he failed . On the other hand , Gwynn felt he was advancing runners for the team 's `` game changers '' -- Clark and Joe Carter -- which was consistent with McKeon 's style . Gwynn said he resorted to bunting to advance the runners because he was not a good pull hitter . `` No one bothers Tony Gwynn because he wins batting titles , but the Padres finish fourth or fifth every year '' , said Clark , who also stirred controversy on his prior teams . Teammates Mike Pagliarulo and Garry Templeton sided with Clark , who also said Gwynn was `` 50 pounds overweight '' , leading to his lower stolen base total . Stung by the criticism , Gwynn was miserable the rest of the season and became withdrawn and distrustful among his teammates . Conscious of being perceived as selfish , he altered his hitting style by attempting to pull the ball to move runners in situations where he would normally hit to the opposite field . Rumors that he might be traded affected his play . In September , Gwynn was upset when a figurine of his likeness was hanging in effigy in the Padres ' dugout , and race became an issue due to the undercurrent of lynchings being evoked with Gwynn being black and Clark being white . The Padres said a groundskeeper was responsible , but Gwynn believed it was a cover - up . Clark denied any involvement . After breaking his right index finger mid-month in Atlanta while trying to make a catch at the wall , Gwynn missed the final 19 games of the season . He left the team for the season to avoid contact with the media and teammates . He was further upset that neither management nor other teammates came to his defense at the time . He later regretted saying he wanted to avoid his teammates in general instead of being more specific which ones he was referring to . `` It just involved one great guy , and that 's Tony Gwynn , and anything they want to say about Tony Gwynn is going to be news . It got all blown out of proportion '' , Carter said . Gwynn countered , `` I 've been doing the same things my whole career , playing the same way . Now , why is it an issue ? Because Jack Clark says it is . '' Gwynn finished the season batting . 309 , ranking sixth in the league but the lowest average of any full season in his career ; he had entered the season with a . 332 career average . However , his 72 RBI that season were a then - career high . He also began experiencing soreness and swelling in his left knee . The cartilage under his kneecap was wearing out , which doctors attributed to his playing basketball and baseball year - round for seven years from high school through college . Gwynn and Clark said they could continue to play together , but Clark signed with the Boston Red Sox as a free agent in the offseason . Gwynn felt appreciated after he was signed to a three - year contract extension for $12.25 million , including a $1 million signing bonus . McKeon praised Gwynn , saying , `` He 's one of the most unselfish players I 've ever managed . In ' 89 , when he was going for a batting title , he was giving himself up to move runners along . '' Dick Williams , who managed Gwynn from 1982 through 1985 , said of Gwynn , `` I do n't think I 've ever had a player who worked harder , cared more and was more deserving of his awards . '' Clark continued to criticize him , which Gwynn attributed to jealousy . Gwynn responded with his own criticism of Clark : `` Let 's talk about him walking 104 times , being a No. 4 hitter . Let 's talk about his not flying on team flights . Let 's talk about him getting booted out of games on a called strike three . '' In 1992 , Gwynn sympathized with Clark , who filed for bankruptcy after bad loans by his agent . `` I really appreciated the things Tony said about my situation '' , Clark said . `` People can say what they want to say about me . I know I 've never driven in a lot of runs . That stat never has been that important to me . But who in this league is better at putting the bat on the ball ? Nobody . '' -- Tony Gwynn , 1991 Gwynn in 1991 passed Gene Richards as the Padres ' all - time leader in steals and triples . He reached a season - high batting average of . 373 in June , and late in the month was among the league leaders in RBIs . His left knee began causing him problems before the All - Star break , and he had been suffering from shin splints as well . He injured his left knee on August 5 at Houston while sliding into second base . He played through the injury , missing just one game over the next 3 ⁄ weeks . He had fluid drained from his knee on August 31 , and played just once in the week that followed while surgery was discussed . He attempted to finish out the season , but lasted just five more games . He underwent arthroscopic surgery to clean out the knee and smooth the articular cartilage , missing the final 21 games of the year . Gwynn was leading the league in hitting at . 326 late in August , and had enough plate appearances already to qualify for the title , when many people -- including his father and Padres announcer Jerry Coleman -- advised him to take care of his knee and secure another batting title . However , Gwynn was still reeling from Clark 's criticism over his conditioning and being selfish , and he wanted to continue playing . Gwynn finished the season ranked third in batting at . 317 , behind Terry Pendleton (. 319 ) and Hal Morris (. 318 ) . After the All - Star Game , he hit just . 243 . In 1992 Gwynn ended the season on the DL for the third straight year . On September 8 in a 16 - inning game in San Francisco , he had the third five - hit game of his career and his first since 1987 . He sprained the medial collateral ligament in his left knee in the same game , and played just four more innings the rest of the season . He required arthroscopic surgery on the knee . Gwynn met Hall of Famer Ted Williams for the first time during the 1992 All - Star Game , which was hosted at San Diego Jack Murphy Stadium ( known later as Qualcomm Stadium ) . At the time , Gwynn considered himself to be an accomplished hitter , content to hit singles and doubles . Williams called Gwynn `` a big guy '' , capable of hitting for more power . He chided Gwynn for using a `` toothpick '' for a bat . His encounter with Williams spurred him to think more about hitting , and he began to hit for more power . `` I 've never been a home run guy , never been a big RBI guy , but from that point to the end of my career , I was much better at it '' , said Gwynn . 1993 -- 97 ( edit ) Gwynn entered the 1993 season anticipating that he would be better after his past two surgeries , and he had also incorporated Williams ' advice into his swing . The Padres lost 101 games that year for the team 's worst record during his career . They finished last in the division , behind even the Colorado Rockies , who were an expansion team in their inaugural season . San Diego that season had traded most of its star players -- including Fred McGriff , Gary Sheffield , and Tony Fernández -- in fire sales . Gwynn finished with a . 358 average , the then - second best average of his career , but Colorado 's Andrés Galarraga won the title at . 370 . He batted . 587 on pulled balls , compared to his . 315 in 1991 before Williams ' pointers . Gwynn was affected early in the season by a sprained thumb , but he hit . 400 ( 76 - for - 190 ) over the second half of the season . On June 10 , he missed the opportunity to hit for the cycle when Manager Jim Riggleman replaced him in the seventh inning of a 14 -- 2 rout against the Dodgers after he had hit for a home run , double , and triple in his three prior at - bats . Riggleman was not aware that he needed a single to complete the cycle . Still wary of Clark 's earlier criticism that he was selfish , Gwynn did not contest his removal , which angered his manager when he found out after the game . On August 4 against the Giants , Gwynn had the only six - hit game of his career . He might have gone 7 -- for -- 7 if not for an excellent play at first base by Will Clark . Gwynn recorded his 2,000 th hit with a single off Colorado lefthander Bruce Ruffin on August 6 . His last game was September 5 before undergoing arthroscopic surgery to clear `` loose bodies '' from his knee . It was the fourth consecutive year his season ended early , and the third straight season it was due to left knee surgery . After the season , Gwynn 's father , Charles , died young at the age of 57 from heart problems . Two days earlier , Charles had argued with Gwynn that he should leave San Diego , questioning the Padres ' commitment to winning . Gwynn eventually concluded , `` No , I like it here , I should stay . '' He contemplated leaving baseball after his father 's death ; however , he recalled his father always telling him to `` never be a quitter , work hard '' . For years during Gwynn 's career , media preseason predictions declared that `` this season '' he would become the first player to hit . 400 since Williams in 1941 . Relatively healthy in 1994 , Gwynn batted . 394 , his career - high and the highest in the National League since Bill Terry hit . 401 in 1930 ; he also had a league - leading . 454 OBP . From April 22 through the 24 against Philadelphia , he had eight consecutive hits and reached base nine straight times , tying Padres records held by Winfield and Bip Roberts , respectively . Gwynn was batting . 383 at the All - Star break ; however , talk of a strike by the Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) was looming , and he wanted to get to . 400 before that date . He hit . 423 over 28 games in the second half , and heated up to . 475 though 10 games in August , when the season ended prematurely on August 11 due to the baseball strike . He was 6 - for - 9 in the last two games and 3 - for - 5 in the eventual finale , falling short of batting . 400 by three hits . Fans were awaiting an end to the strike and for Gwynn to resume his quest for . 400 , but hopes of the season restarting were dashed when the World Series was canceled . He later commented , `` I 'm not unhappy or bitter that the strike came . I look at it this way : I would have sooner fell short due to the strike than if I would have hit . 400 and then the strike came . Then people would have thought I would have collapsed down the stretch , instead of being at . 390 when the strike came and being so close . '' That year , Gwynn pulled the ball with greater regularity . He was 10th in the league with a slugging percentage of . 568 , which was also his career - high . His 12 homers in 419 at - bats was a higher rate than in 1986 , when he hit a then - career high 14 homers in 642 at - bats . He won another batting title (. 368 ) in 1995 . For the second straight year , he did not go longer than two games without a hit . He led the NL in batting with runners in scoring position (. 394 ) , and he had a then - career high 90 RBI . Gwynn hit in 15 straight games in July , his longest hitting streak since his 18 - game run in 1988 . He hit 28 - for - 65 (. 431 ) with 15 RBI during the streak . Although he missed batting . 400 in 1994 , he batted . 403 during a 179 - game stretch between July 3 , 1993 and May 9 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Padres won the division with 91 wins and returned to the playoffs for the first time in 12 years . Gwynn called it the worst injury season of his career . His hurt heel in April was diagnosed as an inflamed bursa sac . He tried multiple shoes to alleviate the pain , and was on the DL for a month at midseason . He played the rest of the year in pain , and surgery after the season revealed a 40 percent tear ( or fraying ) at the top of his right Achilles ' tendon . On September 28 , Gwynn hit a patented single between third base and shortstop to score two runs and break a 2 -- 2 tie in the eighth against the Dodgers , clinching a playoff berth for the Padres . He called it his most memorable regular - season hit until his 3,000 th career hit . Gwynn 's brother , Chris , also played for San Diego that season and hit the game - winner in the season finale in extra innings , completing a three - game sweep over Los Angeles to win the division . Chris had only hit . 169 entering the game , and some fans were convinced that he was on the team only because of his brother . Earlier in the week , Gwynn had criticized fans for booing his brother . `` Today , I 'm just Chris Gwynn 's anonymous brother '' , said Gwynn , who also won his seventh batting title that day . Although he was four plate appearances ( PAs ) short of the minimum to qualify for the title , MLB Rule 10.22 ( a ) -- which also came to be known as the Tony Gwynn rule -- allowed hitless at - bats to be added to his record to qualify . Gwynn , who batted . 353 in 498 PAs , would have dropped to . 349 with the extra at - bats , still five points better than second - place Ellis Burks ' . 344 . In the postseason , the Padres were swept by the St. Louis Cardinals in the opening round . Shoes worn by Gwynn in 1997 , when he batted . 372 In April 1997 , Gwynn signed a three - year contract extension for $12.6 million . Recovered from his Achilles problem the year before , he was able to plant his front foot to pull inside pitches . That season , Gwynn reached career highs with 17 home runs and 119 RBIs . He batted . 372 for his eighth batting title , second only to Ty Cobb ( 12 ) . He led the NL in hits for the seventh time , tying Rose 's record . The 220 hits led the majors , and was both a team record . Gwynn led the majors with a . 459 average with runners in scoring position . In his 16th season , he became the oldest major leaguer at age 37 to reach 100 RBIs for the first time . His RBI total was the second - highest in club history . He also hit a Padres record of 49 doubles , ranking second in the league , and established a career - best of 324 total bases . On June 7 , Gwynn hit his 100th career home run off of Donne Wall of Houston , becoming the third Padre to reach the mark . He was batting . 402 on July 14 , the latest in the season he had ever been at . 400 . However , his average tailed off as he suffered from kidney stones later in the month , and he also battled problems with his left knee that required postseason surgery . 1998 -- 2001 ( edit ) In 1998 , Gwynn batted . 321 and helped the Padres win a franchise - record 98 games and their second pennant . He began the year with his first - ever opening - day home run , and continued his trend of hitting for more power with 16 homers for the season . The Padres reached the World Series in 1998 after defeating Houston and Atlanta in the playoffs . However , the Padres lost to the Yankees in a four - game sweep , despite Gwynn hitting . 500 ( 8 - for - 16 ) in the series ; the rest of the team batted only . 203 . Gwynn hit a home run off the second - deck facade in the opening game at Yankee Stadium against pitcher David Wells , which he calls his favorite hit and highlight of his career . `` That 's the biggest game in the world , a World Series game . And the fact that it was in New York in Yankee Stadium . I 'll remember that forever '' , he said . Calf injuries force Gwynn to miss 44 games in the first half of 1999 . At the 1999 All - Star Game at Fenway Park in Boston , he escorted Williams to the mound , and steadied his friend in throwing out the ceremonial first pitch . It was Gwynn 's most memorable All - Star moment in his career . As he approached 3,000 career hits in July , two unidentified Padres said there was too much focus on reaching the milestone . Additionally , Jim Leyritz , after being traded from the Padres to the Yankees , said Gwynn lacked the `` intangibles '' of a team player . In the next game in San Diego , Padres fans gave Gwynn a standing ovation after he was removed for a pinch runner following his 2,994 hit . Gwynn approached 3,000 hits on the road , first playing in a series against the Cardinals . On August 4 , Gwynn collected three hits , including a grand slam , to reach 2,998 hits , receiving a standing ovation from the St. Louis crowd after each hit . The following day , Gwynn collected hit number 2,999 in the same game that the Cardinals ' Mark McGwire hit his 500th home run . Gwynn got his 3,000 th hit on August 6 with a single in the first inning off Montreal Expos pitcher Dan Smith . He had four hits in the game . His 2,000 th hit was also on August 6 , which is also the birthday of Gwynn 's mother . The milestone was delayed by a left calf injury that season which sent Gwynn to the DL twice , forcing him to miss 44 games . He reached 3,000 in 2,284 games , the third - fewest games among the 22 players to reach the mark behind Cobb ( 2,135 ) and Nap Lajoie ( 2,224 ) . No player born after 1900 got there in fewer games or at - bats ( 8,874 ) than Gwynn . Gwynn in 2001 Gwynn , who turned 40 in 2000 , had a left knee injury that required his knee to be drained seven times before he underwent season - ending surgery . He was limited to playing just 36 of the Padres ' first 71 games , and he started only 26 games in right field . He batted . 408 from May 19 to June 23 to raise his average from . 196 and finish the season at . 323 . Gwynn had microfracture surgery performed on his knee , which involved tiny holes being created to promote cartilage growth . The Padres bought out their $6 million option on Gwynn for 2001 , paying him $2 million instead , and he became a free agent for the first time . After weeks of negotiation that were at times bitter , Gwynn re-signed with the Padres for 2001 , agreeing to a one - year , $2 million contract with a chance to earn another $3.7 million in performance incentives . However , he was hampered that season by problems to his right leg , which had been his `` good leg '' , and was limited to just 17 games on the field . In the first half of the season , he missed 64 games due to a right hamstring that resulted in two stints on the DL . After returning , he began having problems with his right knee . He was limited to pinch - hitting duties and started only one game after mid-July due to a torn meniscus in the right knee . Gwynn formally announced on June 28 that he would retire at the end of the season , and subsequently received an ovation at each stadium the Padres visited . He was honored as a non-playing squad member at the 2001 All - Star Game During the game , he and Cal Ripken , who had announced his retirement nine days before Gwynn , were presented the Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award by Commissioner Bud Selig . On October 6 , 2001 , at Qualcomm Stadium , Gwynn had a pinch RBI double off Gabe White of Colorado for the final hit of his career . He considered starting the next day in the final game of the season , but he was not confident he could handle a fly ball . In his final appearance , he pinch hitter in the ninth inning , grounding out to shortstop . Although he was limited to only 112 plate appearances , Gwynn finished the season with a . 324 average , his 19th consecutive season batting at least . 300 . Player profile ( edit ) Gwynn was an aggressive hitter who was able to expand his hitting zone and frequently hit bad balls that were out of the strike zone . He rarely struck out and generally did not draw many walks . His philosophy was to `` see the ball and react '' . He was less concerned with getting a hit in a particular at - bat and was more focused with being comfortable at the plate , having a fluid swing , and making solid contact . Over the course of the season , he figured it would result in success . Gwynn saw the ball better than any of his peers , identifying the type of pitch as the ball left the pitchers hand . He rarely recognized the rotation of the ball , and did not look to the pitcher 's arm speed for clues . He had excellent 20 -- 10 vision that later decreased to 20 -- 15 . He tried wearing glasses around 1994 but stopped , fearing he `` looked like a dork '' . His peripheral vision allowed him to stare directly at the pitcher and still adjust his hitting based on the defense 's setup , even if players shifted before the pitch was released . He would identify gaps in the defense based on where fielders were positioned , and then wait for a pitch which allowed him to hit the ball where he wanted . A Gwynn game - used and autographed bat Among Gwynn 's primary strengths was his patience in allowing the ball to reach the strike zone before starting his swing . His bats were as small as anyone used during his career , and their lightness allowed him to wait longer before committing to his swing ; he was rarely fooled by a pitch . Growing up , he was not overparticular about his baseball bats , using anything that was available . Gwynn started with a 34 - inch , 32 - ounce aluminum bat in college . As a junior , he had to replace it as after it got dented , and came across a 32 - inch , 31 - ounce model that was more to his liking . At his first minor league stop at Walla Walla , the shortest bat they had was 34 inches . To Gwynn 's surprise , he uncharacteristically started hitting home runs . On their first road trip to Eugene , Oregon , he acquired a couple of 32 - inch bats that he could better handle . In the first 12 years of his MLB career , Gwynn used a 321⁄2 - inch , 31 - ounce bat . In his final eight years , he employed a 33 - inch , 301⁄2 - ounce bat . Gwynn wanted his wooden bats light like his aluminum ones in college . Instead of having the barrel of his bats shaved , as many batters do , he had them `` cupped '' , with the end of the barrel hollowed out like the bottom of a wine bottle . His small hands required that he use thin - handled bats . His bat control made him a good hit - and - run batter , although some former teammates complained he would swing for a hit even when a player was trying to steal , depriving his teammate of a stolen base . Gwynn was able to hit the ball to all fields , but liked to hit balls the opposite way to the left , between third base and shortstop . Gwynn dubbed it the `` 5.5 hole '' , since baseball scorekeeping designates third base using a 5 and shortstop with a 6 . He preferred an outside pitch , waiting as long as possible and using his strong wrists to quickly hit the ball . He was not considered a home run hitter , reaching double - figures just five times , but he was a gap hitter with power to drive hits between outfielders . Opposing outfielders typically played him deep . Gwynn became a complete hitter after following Ted Willams ' advice to drive inside pitches instead of finessing them , which Gwynn learned he could do without sacrificing his average . He initially thought that home runs were `` boring '' , and he concentrated on his craft of making contact . However , Williams said Gwynn was `` wasting an opportunity '' , and convinced him to turn on inside fastballs more and capitalize on his strength and power pitchers pitching him inside . Applying Williams ' approach , Gwynn employed the entire field , and was no longer satisfied with mostly hitting to left field . His home runs increased , and he drove in more runs . Forty - three of his 135 career home runs were in his final three full seasons ( 1997 -- 99 ) . Gwynn credited his later improvement to Williams and his book , The Science of Hitting , which he said that he read `` four or five times a year '' . He and Williams became friends , and they often talked for hours about hitting . Gwynn lamented not having met Williams earlier and possibly adjusting his hitting approach sooner . Gwynn 's physical appearance defied his athleticism . He stood 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.80 m ) , thick around the middle and thighs . Even at his athletic prime when he could really run , he weighed around 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) and was considered pudgy . His roly - poly frame was a self - described `` body by Betty Crocker '' , a reference to the food product brand . Towards the end of his breakout season in 1984 , he conceded that his `` extra weight has n't helped me . My bat 's slower than it has been all year . '' At the time , he attributed his weight gain to soft drinks : `` It 's killing me . It 's always been a weakness . I 've got ta cut down on the soda pop . '' Jim Murray of the Los Angeles Times opined in 1993 that Gwynn 's `` deceptive '' looks and not `` look ( ing ) the part '' contributed to his regularly being overlooked in the voting for league MVP . Gwynn was sensitive about his weight . His knee injuries over his career prompted the Padres organization , media , and fans to question his weight , conditioning , and eating habits . However , he rejected the notion that his weight led to his injuries . Gwynn contended that his weight was only a topic when he was struggling , and not when he was performing . He also believed that the criticism stemmed mainly from his not fitting people 's profile of what an athlete should look like . He said he had `` a football player 's body '' , with his father , grandfather and brothers also being big . Gwynn said his hitting style put a lot of torque on his knees . He started experiencing problems with his legs in 1986 , when he suffered from shin splints . In his career , he had 13 operations , including eight involving his knees . Limited by injuries , he played over 135 games just once in his final 11 seasons . Gwynn used to run a great deal to keep in shape , but his last five years were mostly limited to working out in the gym . His actual weight is generally thought to have been under - reported during the latter part of his career , when it was officially listed between 215 and 220 pounds ( 98 -- 100 kg ) . He was a leading base stealer in the first half of his career . He was also able to hit triples , reaching double figures four times . As he became slower in later years while his body grew and his injuries mounted , Gwynn would anticipate pitchers ' moves and would sometimes steal bases by breaking for second base before the pitcher started delivering the ball to the hitter . Defensively , he improved considerably and was among the best right fielders at quickly going to the line , cutting the ball off , and throwing to second base . He worked on his defense , constantly checking right field walls in ballparks to study how balls bounced off them . His running ability also helped him on defense . When he entered the majors , Gwynn was not a very good right fielder nor an accurate thrower . For a long time , he worked on his defense harder than he did his hitting . While he was a natural hitter , he was most proud of his five Gold Gloves , calling his first one from 1986 his most treasured piece of memorabilia . He became a perennial leader in outfield assists . Although his arm was not particularly strong , he learned to use his body to build momentum into his throws . In college , he could not even throw the ball from center field to second base without it hopping first . Gwynn was hard - working and renowned for his work ethic and devotion to extra batting practice . On the road , he stayed in his hotel room , studying video of his at - bats or playing video games . In an era before laptops and tablets , Gwynn bought his own video equipment and lugged it from town to town along with tapes of his games . His wife traveled with a Betamax video cassette recorder that was the size of a suitcase to tape his at - bats . Still , the Padres were the last MLB team to hire a video coordinator . Gwynn later invested in close to $100,000 in video equipment that he shared with his teammates . Few hitters were as meticulous as Gwynn with his detailed notebooks and videotape , which he spent hours studying . He studied pitchers , watching them in the bullpen and on television or video , to learn their tendencies on every count . He spent hours watching video and analyzing his swing frame by frame . He had one tape of each team , which included his at - bats against that team in the season . `` Tony taught me more about hitting than I ever taught him '' , said Merv Rettenmund , his hitting coach for nine years with the Padres . Gwynn was friendly and accessible to both the media and fans . Even on the occasions that he began an interview tight - lipped , he almost inevitably opened up and offered abundant material . He spoke with a twang in his high - pitched voice , often filled with loud , infectious , childlike laughter . Gwynn possessed a cheerful personality , being friendly towards others while being critical of himself . He considered himself `` a good player ... but I knew my place . I was not a game - changer . I was not a dominant player '' . His demeanor was even - keeled ; Rettenmund said , `` You could n't tell if ( Gwynn had ) gone 3 - for - 3 or 0 - for - 3 . '' After the death of his father in 1993 , Gwynn followed his father 's advice and became more outspoken and more of a team leader . Post-baseball honors ( edit ) Padres retired numbers , including Gwynn 's No. 19 , at Petco Park In 1997 , SDSU 's baseball facility , Smith Stadium , was extensively renovated with $4 million from Padres owner John Moores . At Moores 's request , the stadium was renamed Tony Gwynn Stadium . Gwynn was inducted into the Padres Hall of Fame in 2002 , and the team retired his No. 19 in 2004 . He was inducted into the California Hall of Fame in 2016 . In 2007 , a 91⁄2 - foot ( 2.9 m ) , 1,200 - pound ( 540 kg ) bronze statue of Gwynn was unveiled in the park just beyond Petco Park 's outfield in an area named Tony Gwynn Plaza . The address of Petco Park is 19 Tony Gwynn Drive . At the 2016 All - Star Game in San Diego , MLB announced that the annual winner of the NL batting title would be known henceforth as the `` Tony Gwynn National League Batting Champion '' . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Gwynn 's exhibit at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . On January 9 , 2007 , Gwynn was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame , being selected on 532 out of 545 ballots ( 97.61 % ) , the seventh highest percentage in Hall of Fame voting history . He was relieved that he did not exceed Tom Seaver 's record of 98.8 percent . Gwynn considered his selection to be validation for the value of contact hitters , who are not as celebrated as power hitters . He was inducted alongside Cal Ripken Jr. on July 29 , 2007 . Ripken and Gwynn are two of the 46 players in the Hall of Fame who played their entire major league career for only one team . Both were elected almost unanimously in their first year of eligibility . The Gwynn - Ripken induction weekend was notable for a number of attendance records , which were announced during the ceremony . 14,000 people visited the Hall of Fame Museum on July 28 , a record number for a single - day . Baseball attendance for all games played on July 28 also set a single - day record . The induction ceremony also had the greatest collection of Hall of Famers present , 53 of the 61 living members . A record crowd estimated at 75,000 attended the induction ceremony , shattering the previous record of 25,000 in 1999 . In 2002 , Gwynn was also inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame honoring San Diego 's finest athletes both on and off the playing surface . A week before his induction , Gwynn appeared on a Wheaties box . Legacy ( edit ) Gwynn was known as `` Mr. Padre '' . Gwynn was a 15 - time All - Star , voted 11 times by fans to be a starter . He accumulated 3,141 hits and a career batting average of . 338 , and hit . 371 in two World Series . Gwynn was often lauded for his artistry at the plate , and his Hall of Fame plaque refers to him as `` an artisan with the bat '' . The New York Times called him `` arguably the best pure hitter of his generation '' . Hall of Fame pitcher Greg Maddux , against whom Gwynn had more hits than any other pitcher , called him `` the best pure hitter in the game . Easily '' . A 1997 Sports Illustrated cover declared Gwynn as `` The Best Hitter Since Ted Williams '' . Gwynn won eight NL batting titles , tying him with Honus Wagner for the league record -- second only to all - time Major League leader Ty Cobb , who won 12 AL titles . He finished in the top 10 in batting for 15 consecutive seasons . From 1984 though 1997 , he finished in the top five in all but one season ( 1990 ) , when he missed it by one hit . He recorded five of the 14 highest season averages since Ted Williams hit . 406 in 1941 . Gwynn hit above . 300 in an NL - record 19 consecutive seasons , exceeded only by Cobb ( 23 ) . The only season Gwynn failed to bat . 300 was his first , when he hit . 289 in 54 games . Seven times he batted over . 350 , the most of any player since World War II . He was just the fourth player in MLB history to hit above . 350 for five consecutive years . During that span ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , which was preceded by his first meeting with Williams , Gwynn averaged . 368 while leading the league each season except 1993 , when he hit . 358 to finish second . The four consecutive NL batting titles he won starting in 1994 had not been matched since Rogers Hornsby won six straight beginning in 1920 . Gwynn is the only major leaguer to win four batting titles each in two separate decades , and he batted . 351 over his final 10 seasons . Six times he led the NL in both batting average and hits in a season , and five times he reached the 200 - hit milestone . Gwynn 's . 338 career average is the highest of any player who began his career after World War II , and ranks 17th all - time ; he and Williams are the only ones of the top - 17 to play after 1938 . Gwynn had the fourth - highest career average of any player with 3,000 hits , and the highest of anyone who was born after 1900 . Playing in an era when around 75 batters struck out 100 times in a season , Gwynn never struck out more than 40 times a year . He had eight seasons , including six consecutive , when he had fewer than 20 strikeouts . Ten times in his career he finished the season as the hardest player in the NL to strike out . Since 1975 , Gwynn is one of only two players that batted . 300 in a season while striking out at most once every 25 at - bats . He struck out only 434 times in his whole career , which averaged out to just once every 21 at - bats , or 29 times per 162 games . He became more difficult to strike out later in his career , even as pitchers were growing bigger and stronger and throwing harder . He stuck out three times in a game just once in his career , compared to his 297 career three - hit games . Gwynn is one of five players with more than 500 doubles and fewer than 500 strikeouts in their career and the only Hall of Famer since 1965 to finish his career with more doubles than strikeouts . He did not draw many walks , but drew more walks than strikeouts in every season but his rookie year . Though he was not considered a power hitter , opposing managers chose to intentionally walk him nonetheless . He drew 203 intentional passes during his career , which was 50 percent more than his career home run total . Gwynn was solid on defense , and won five Gold Gloves in a six - year span . He stole 318 bases in his career , with a high of 56 and a four - year stretch when he averaged 40 . Only four players in MLB history had 300 steals and a career batting average of at least . 338 ; Gwynn was the only one of the four to have played since 1928 . He was also just the 10th player to retire with over 3,000 hits and 300 steals . Gwynn in 1999 was the first National League player to reach 3,000 hits since Lou Brock in August 1979 . Seven American Leaguers reached the mark after Brock and before Gwynn ; all but one played at least 400 games as a designated hitter . An NL player could not be a DH until 1997 , when it was allowed for the few interleague games that were played in AL parks . Just six of Gwynn 's first 3,000 hits came as a designated hitter . `` If you want to do it in the National League , you have to play a position '' , he said . `` It 's been 20 years since anybody has been able to do it . That tells you how tough it is to do it in this league . '' Gwynn was the 11th player to collect all 3,000 hits with one team . George Brett of the Kansas City Royals and Robin Yount of the Milwaukee Brewers were the last to achieve the milestone for one team in 1992 . He played his entire career for San Diego , a rarity for his generation in an era of free agency . `` In this era it does n't happen . It takes a little bit of loyalty and luck . It also takes the organization wanting a player to stay with the club '' , said Gwynn . He regularly took less money to keep his family rooted in San Diego , which prompted criticism from the MLBPA for his setting a lower market value for other star hitters . Gwynn earned $47 million as player , but never received more than $6.3 million in a season , nor signed a contract valued over $12.25 million . Only 17 MLB players have played at least 20 seasons with one club . He is widely considered the greatest Padres player ever . `` There 's simply no bigger figure in baseball that San Diego 's ever had '' , said former teammate Trevor Hoffman . The San Diego Union - Tribune placed Gwynn No. 1 in their 2014 ranking of the city 's most influential sports figures . He eschewed the added fame that might have come from playing elsewhere , opting instead to stay with the small - market team that had just seven winning seasons during his two decades with them . Gwynn transcended sports and became a civic icon . `` It 's rare , and becoming rarer , that one man is so identified with a franchise and a city as Tony is with San Diego and the Padres '' , said political columnist and baseball writer George Will . Grantland called him `` quite simply , one of the most beloved figures in the history of the city of San Diego . '' Gwynn 's career paralleled that of Wade Boggs , who also debuted in the major leagues in 1982 . Gwynn and Boggs were the premier contact hitters in an era dominated by home runs . They both won multiple batting titles -- Gwynn 's eight to Boggs 's five -- and each won four straight to join Cobb , Hornsby , and Carew as the only players to do so . Gwynn and Boggs each hit over . 350 in four straight seasons , the only players to do so since 1931 . They joined Brock and Carew as the only players whose careers ended after World War II who finished with 3,000 hits and fewer than 160 home runs . Gwynn , though , had a career slugging percentage of . 459 , higher than comparable contemporaries such as Boggs , Brock , Carew , and Rose . Among that group , he had more RBIs ( 1,138 ) than everyone but Rose . Nicknamed `` Captain Video '' , Gwynn used video to study his swing before it became common in baseball . When he began the practice in 1983 , MLB teams were years away from using video for scouting . Hoffman said that Gwynn `` revolutionized video in baseball '' . Gwynn prospered during the steroid era of baseball . While other players were transforming their physiques over a single offseason , his body grew pudgier and rounder . Though no longer the base stealer or defensive player he was early in his career , he continued to excel as a hitter . From 1995 through 2001 , Gwynn hit a major league leading . 350 while power hitters were recording the six highest single - season home run totals in MLB history . Gwynn placed in the top 10 in voting for the National League MVP seven times in his career , including his only top - five finish in 1984 , when he ended up third . In 2005 , Sporting News ranked Gwynn No. 57 on the list of their 100 Greatest Baseball Players , and he was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . However , Gwynn 's significance is muted by the non-traditional measurements in sabermetrics , which tends to favor power and the ability to get on base over batting average . As of 2014 , his career 65.0 WAR ranked 34th among outfielders , and a few above him had not yet been voted into the Hall of Fame . While he had a first - rate on - base percentage of . 388 , he was one of only four players to hit . 335 or more who did not have career . 400 OBP . During his career , he finished in the top - 10 in the NL in OBP 10 times . Gwynn 's run production was another rap against him . He exceeded 90 RBIs in a season just once , when he had 119 in 1997 , but he batted . 349 in his career with runners in scoring position . `` He was devastating with runners in scoring position . Impossible '' , former player Eric Davis said . Despite his fame , Gwynn was renowned for his dignity and modesty . He was honored for his character and humanitarianism with the 1995 Branch Rickey Award , the 1998 Lou Gehrig Memorial Award and the 1999 Roberto Clemente Award , which USA Today called `` baseball 's Triple Crown of humanity and kindness '' . Tom Verducci of SI.com called Gwynn `` an ambassador not just for the game of baseball but for mankind '' . Commissioner Selig called Gwynn `` '' the greatest Padre ever and one of the most accomplished hitters that our game has ever known , whose all - around excellence on the field was surpassed by his exuberant personality and genial disposition in life `` . Personal life ( edit ) Gwynn was married to Alicia Gwynn , and was the father of R&B singer Anisha Nicole and major league outfielder Tony Gwynn Jr. , whose major league debut ( with the Milwaukee Brewers ) and first major league hit on July 19 , 2006 came 24 years to the day of his father 's first major league hit -- each Gwynn hit a double . Gwynn 's brother , Chris , was also a major league outfielder . Both Chris and Tony Jr. played with the Padres during their careers . Until Gwynn 's death he split time between homes in Poway , California and Fishers , Indiana . Post-playing career ( edit ) Gwynn in 2006 Following his playing career , Gwynn was the baseball head coach at SDSU for 12 seasons , compiling a 363 -- 363 record including three Mountain West Conference championships and three NCAA Tournament appearances . During his last season playing for the Padres in 2001 , he lobbied for the coaching position after Jim Dietz announced he would step down after the 2002 season . In September 2001 , Gwynn signed a three - year contract with his alma mater to be an unpaid volunteer coach for 2002 with a base salary of $100,000 starting in 2003 . In the five - year period 2007 -- 2011 , the baseball team was penalized with a reduction in scholarships for failing to meet the NCAA 's Academic Progress Rate . However , Gwynn 's teams improved their academic performance for the five years ending in 2012 . The Aztecs finished . 500 or better in five of Gwynn 's final seven seasons , and they qualified for the NCAA Tournament three times in his final six seasons . As the Aztecs ' coach , Gwynn oversaw the development of future major leaguers such as Justin Masterson and Stephen Strasburg , the No. 1 overall draft pick in 2009 . Gwynn 's bout with cancer caused him to miss time intermittently . He missed the start of the 2012 season after undergoing surgery , and missed games in 2013 while involved with a clinical trial . Days before his death in June 2014 , he was given a one - year contract extension although he had been on a leave of absence since March while recovering from cancer treatment . Gwynn was also a broadcaster , working as a game and studio analyst for ESPN . He also worked postseason games on TBS , and served as an expert analyst for Yahoo ! Sports . He also served as color analyst for Padres games on Channel 4 in San Diego and later Fox Sports San Diego . In May 2012 , Gwynn joined a group led by movie producer Thomas Tull to bid on purchasing the Padres from Moores . Gwynn had no financial stake in the group , and Tull withdrew his bid in June . Health and death ( edit ) Gwynn had three procedures to remove noncancerous growths from his parotid gland since 1997 . In 2010 , he was diagnosed with cancer of a salivary gland and had lymph nodes and tumors from the gland removed . The operation left his face partially paralyzed on the right side , leaving him unable to smile . Later that year , he underwent eight weeks of chemotherapy and radiation treatments . He was declared cancer free afterwards , and also regained his ability to smile . Additional surgery was performed in 2012 to remove more cancerous growth and address nerve damage . Gwynn attributed the cancer to the dipping tobacco habit that he had since playing rookie ball in Walla Walla in 1981 . Doctors , however , stated that studies had not linked parotid cancer with use of chewing tobacco . After his playing career ended , Gwynn 's weight peaked at 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) , and he underwent adjustable gastric banding surgery in 2009 in an attempt to lose weight . He did not closely adhere to the diet , and his weight loss began to stall . His weight problem led to a slipped disc in his back that affected a nerve down his leg in 2010 . He needed a walker before he had the damaged disc removed to cure the pain while walking . Later , he experienced a loss of taste for food during radiation therapy for his cancer , and while being limited to a liquid diet , he lost 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) , all of which he regained after he resumed eating solid foods . During another round of cancer treatments in April 2014 , a mishap occurred in which Gwynn lost oxygen and was barely able to move . He was sent to rehabilitation to learn how to walk again . On June 16 , 2014 , Gwynn died at Pomerado Hospital in Poway due to complications from his cancer . He was 54 years old . The night before , on Father 's Day , he had gone into cardiac arrest , and he was rushed from his home to the hospital . A public memorial service was held for Gwynn at Petco Park on June 26 , 2014 . The service was attended by 23,229 fans , who heard tributes to Gwynn from baseball and civic leaders , and from Gwynn 's family . The Mountain West Conference posthumously renamed its baseball Player of the Year Award to the Tony Gwynn Award . During the 2016 MLB All - Star Game in San Diego , it was announced that , going forward , the award given to the National League player with the best batting average would be officially known as the Tony Gwynn Award . Baseball achievements ( edit ) Awards and honors ( edit ) Award / Honor # of Times Dates Refs NL batting champion 8 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 NL All - Star 15 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 NL Silver Slugger 7 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 NL Gold Glove 5 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award 2001 Roberto Clemente Award 1999 Lou Gehrig Memorial Award 1998 Branch Rickey Award 1995 Records ( edit ) Gwynn No. 19 shirts on display Major League records Accomplishment Record Refs Most 5 - hit games in a season 4 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Tied with Willie Keeler , Ty Cobb , Stan Musial , and Ichiro Suzuki . National League records Accomplishment Record Refs Most batting titles 8 Most seasons leading league in hits 7 Most consecutive seasons batting . 300 or better 19 Most seasons leading league in singles 7 Jump up ^ Tied with Honus Wagner Jump up ^ Tied with Pete Rose Tony Gwynn Drive outside of Petco Park . Padres records Accomplishment Record Refs Highest batting average , career . 338 Highest batting average , season . 394 ( 1994 ) Highest on - base percentage , season . 454 ( 1994 ) Most games played , career 2,440 Most at bats , career 9,288 Most plate appearances , career 10,232 Most runs scored , career 1,383 Most hits , career 3,141 Most hits , season 220 ( 1997 ) Most total bases , career 4,259 Most doubles , career 543 Most doubles , season 49 ( 1997 ) Most triples , career 85 Most triples , season 13 ( 1987 ) Most runs batted in , career 1,138 Most walks , career 790 Most stolen bases , career 319 Jump up ^ Tied with Dave Roberts Career statistics ( edit ) Bold indicates Padres all - time leader AVG AB 2B 3B HR RBI BB SO SB CS OBP SLG . 338 2,440 9,288 1,383 3,141 543 85 135 1,138 790 434 319 125 . 388 . 459 Publications ( edit ) Gwynn , Tony ; Geschke , Jim ( 1986 ) . Tony ! . Contemporary Books . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 5034 - 9 . Gwynn , Tony ; Rosenthal , Jim ( 1992 ) . Gwynn 's Total Baseball Player . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 07097 - 7 . Gwynn , Tony ; Vaughan , Roger ( 1998 ) . The Art of Hitting . GT Pub . ISBN 1 - 57719 - 347 - 4 . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal San Diego portal List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders List of Gold Glove Award winners at outfield List of Silver Slugger Award winners at outfield Major League Baseball titles leaders Major League Baseball titles streaks DHL Hometown Heroes List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball single - game hits leaders List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Other major leaguers include George Sisler , Ty Cobb , Tris Speaker , and Benny Kauff . Jump up ^ Baseball-Reference.com lists his average in scoring position as . 371 , not . 382 as in Men at Work ... 382 was his average with runners on base . ^ Jump up to : Limited to seasons where Gwynn played 100 games or more . Jump up ^ In comparison , slugger Babe Ruth used bats ranging 44 to 52 ounces . Ernie Banks hit 512 career home runs using a 32 ounce bat . Jump up ^ Gwynn hit 39 - for - 94 (. 415 ) with no strikeouts and seven intentional walks in his career against Maddux . Jump up ^ Cobb ( 11 times , 1909 -- 1919 ) , Rogers Hornsby ( 6 , 1920 -- 1925 ) , and Al Simmons ( 5 , 1927 -- 1931 ) achieved it before him . Jump up ^ Cobb (. 366 ) , Tris Speaker (. 345 ) and Nap Lajoie (. 33820 ) ranked higher than Gwynn (. 33818 ) Jump up ^ Bill Buckner did it four times , while Gwynn had eight . Jump up ^ Others include Paul Waner , Charlie Gehringer , Tris Speaker and Nap Lajoie . Jump up ^ The others are Cobb , Lajoie , and Tris Speaker . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rhoden , William C. ( October 1 , 1996 ) . `` A Tale From The Brothers Gwynn '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staples , Bill ; Herschlag , Rich ( 2007 ) . Before the Glory : 20 Baseball Heroes Talk About Growing Up and Turning Hard Times Into Home Runs . Health Communications , Inc . pp. 367 -- 73 . ISBN 9780757306266 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Richard ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn , Hall of Fame Batting Champion , Dies at 54 of Cancer '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Jeff ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Visiting Tony Gwynn 's hometown reveals some secrets to his success '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keisser , Bob ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Path to Hall began in L.B. '' Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( 1990 ) . Men at Work : The Craft of Baseball . MacMillian . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 628470 - 7 . Jump up ^ Staples , Herschlag 2007 , pp. 367 . ^ Jump up to : Will 1990 , pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Benson , Lee ( October 12 , 1984 ) . `` Gwynn has no 2nd thoughts about 2nd love '' . The Deseret News . p. 4B . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Staples , Herschlag 2007 , pp. 373 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking hitting with Stan Musial and Tony Gwynn '' . Sporting News . July 28 , 1997 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Keisser , Bob ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` The Hitman Tony Gwynn Enters the Baseball Hall of Fame This Weekend As One of the Most Prolific Hitters To Ever Play The Game '' . Daily News . Los Angeles . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Tennis , Mark ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn nearly quit baseball '' . CalHiSports.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Canepa , Nick ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` Tony 's average is n't only thing that 's fat '' . Evening Tribune . p. C - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Guardabascio , Mike ; Trevino , Chris ( 2015 ) . Basketball in Long Beach . Arcadia Publishing . p. 98 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Purvis Miller Is CIF `` AAAA '' Basketball Player Of Year 1977 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Citizens Savings Athletic Foundation . March 31 , 1977 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staples , Herschlag 2007 , p. 381 . ^ Jump up to : Maffei , John ( November 24 , 2007 ) . `` Gwynn 's legend grew at SDSU '' . North County Times . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cushman , Tom ( December 2006 ) . `` Hitting the Hall '' . San Diego Magazine . 59 ( 2 ) : 134 . ISSN 0036 - 4045 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 19 Tony Gwynn '' . goaztecs.cstv.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffe , Jay ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn , a pioneer , a legend and a Hall of Famer , dies at age 54 '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushman , Tom ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` Dietz 's Gwynn connection happened by accident '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p. C - 6 . Jump up ^ Canepa , Nick ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` The masterstroke '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ringolsby , Tracy ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Meacham played big role in Gwynn 's legacy '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maffei , John ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` COMMENTARY : Gwynn began road to Hall of Fame 30 years ago this week '' . North County Times . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kreidler , Mark ( April 9 , 1985 ) . `` Gwynn hits the jackpot in 1984 '' . The San Diego Union . p . Baseball - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Kuenster , John , ed. ( 2006 ) . The best of baseball digest : the greatest players , the greatest games , the greatest writers from baseball 's most exciting years . Ivan R. Dee . p. 406 . ISBN 1566636558 . ^ Jump up to : Kurkjian , Time ( December 28 , 2006 ) . `` Since Williams , no greater hitter than Gwynn '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haudricourt , Tom ( May 4 , 1998 ) . `` Hit man : Gwynn 's still the toughest out around '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p. 4C . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maffei , John ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Padres took their time drafting Gwynn in 1981 '' . North County Times . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Paul ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn did it his way -- as a Padre '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tony in his own words '' . U-T San Diego . June 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Verducci , Tom ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Talking a Good Game '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Bob ; Swank , Bill ( 2012 ) . Bob Chandler 's Tales From The San Diego Padres Dugout : A Collection of the Greatest Padres Stories Ever Told . Skyhorse Publishing . p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61321 - 088 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Posnanski , Joe ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` No. 75 : Tony Gwynn '' . joeposnanski.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( August 7 , 1999 ) . `` A Tony Neighborhood '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com News Service ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn Dies '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Chris ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tony Gwynn : 19 memories of No. 19 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier , Phil ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Gwynn 's mind boggled by his rapid ascent to Major Leagues '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Verducci , Tom ( August 9 , 1999 ) . `` Single Minded '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 3 , 2001 ) . `` Hazardous Duty : Gwynn Has Endured Injuries During Much Of His Playing Career '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Missed 64 games during two stints on disabled list ( April 21 -- May 8 and May 11 -- July 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Staples , Herschlag 2007 , p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Madden , Bill ; O'Keefe , Michael ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn dead at 54 '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Gwynn 1983 Batting Gamelog '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kuenster 2006 , p. 409 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 84 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vecsey , George ( October 14 , 1984 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Tony Gwynn : Just Arriving '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gwynn gets hefty raise '' . Star - Phoenix . Associated Press . November 17 , 1984 . p . B12 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Will , George F. ( 2010 ) . Men at Work : The Craft of Baseball . HarperCollins . pp. 178 -- 180 . ISBN 0061999814 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Distel , Dave ( March 25 , 1985 ) . `` Padres ' Gwynn Is a Big Hit : National League Batting Champion Was Busy in Winter '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Brian ( March 31 , 1989 ) . `` PADRES 1989 : 84 ' REVISITED ? : MEMORIES : World Series Was a Disaster , but It Was Fun Getting There '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wiggins clears table for Padres '' . The Montreal Gazette . United Press International . July 27 , 1984 . p. C - 9 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( March 16 , 1985 ) . `` Lineup experiment does n't faze Gwynn '' . Evening Tribune . p . B - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( August 25 , 1985 ) . `` BASEBALL ; PADRES ' OFFENSE IS WEAKENED BY THE DEPARTURE OF WIGGINS '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Marty ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mets hopeful October fantasies become reality '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naiman , Porter 2010 p. 179 . Jump up ^ Mowery , Matthew M. ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tigers Brad Ausmus , Torii Hunter have fond memories of Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn '' . The Morning Sun . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , Wayne ( April 18 , 1998 ) . `` Gwynn wrote the book on artful hitting '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p . D - 2 . It is interesting , too , to hear the reaction to what was considered in these parts to be a pretty nifty thing -- Gwynn 's willingness to take less money to stay in San Diego than he could have commanded on the open market . ^ Jump up to : Krasovic , Tom ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` Scaling heights of pay not Gwynn 's only way '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p. C - 15 . Gwynn said he never begrudged fellow big leaguers their larger salaries , though Gene Orza , an executive with the players union , exchanged profanities with Gwynn after the player agreed to a six - year , $4.6 million pact following the 1984 season -- two years before Gwynn filed for personal bankruptcy . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 85 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Joe ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Twins : What can Mauer do for an encore ? '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Bruce ( April 14 , 1986 ) . `` 12 San Diego Padres '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Gwynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 86 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pouliot , Matthew ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn 's Hall of Fame career , by the numbers '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Chris ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` The hit parade '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Canepa , Nick ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` DEATH OF GWYNN HITS LIKE A SHARP PUNCH TO THE GUT '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friend , Tom . `` Padres Go Down in History , Then Down in Defeat '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNeal , Stan . `` Gwynn Timeline : From 1 to 3,000 '' . SportingNews.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 87 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Verducci , Tom ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn was a joy to watch at the plate , and in life '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , p. 166 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Tim ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` NOTHING CHEAP ABOUT SULTAN OF SINGLES IN HALL '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , pp. 169 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Will 1990 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Malinowski , Erik ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Hall of Famer Gwynn 's incredible career in baseball , by the numbers '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Swank 2012 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Gwynn 1988 Batting Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , pp. 211 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Kernan , Kevin ( September 18 , 1988 ) . `` Padres split as Gwynn reaches top of hit parade '' . The San Diego Union . p. H - 1 . Then in the seventh , he broke Winfield 's record when he lined a single to right on a sinker off right - hander Jim Acker . ^ Jump up to : Will 1990 , pp. 165 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Swank 2012 , pp. 215 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Kurkjian , Tim ( March 11 , 1991 ) . `` Beginning Again '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Samantha ( October 11 , 1990 ) . `` Despite Feud , Gwynn Says He 'll Play With Clark '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gwynn Abandoned Padre Teammates , Jack Clark Says '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . September 30 , 1990 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Naiman , Joe ; Porter , David ( 2003 ) . The San Diego Padres Encyclopedia . p. 126 . ISBN 9781582610580 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fainaru , Steve ( April 11 , 1991 ) . `` Clark is ready to make a powerful statement '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Chandler , Bob ; Swank , Bill ( 2006 ) . Bob Chandler 's Tales from the San Diego Padres . Sports Publishing . p. 113 . ISBN 9781596700246 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( March 23 , 1990 ) . `` Gwynn : Criticism ' Tough to Swallow ' : Padres : His reaction to published comments by teammate Mike Pagliarulo overshadows another loss , 6 -- 1 in Montreal '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( June 30 , 1991 ) . `` Season just perfect for true fans of baseball '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry ( May 3 , 1991 ) . `` Happy days are here again for Gwynn '' . The Record . Bergen County , New Jersey . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( April 14 , 1991 ) . `` Wait till this year For Jack Clark , there are only a few baseball Octobers left . Is this the man who can take the Red Sox all the way ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` Through the years : ' 90 -- ' 91 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p . TONY GWYNN - 1 . `` When the doctors examined me , they said it was more a product of playing seven straight years of both basketball and baseball in high school and college than baseball '' , Gwynn said . ^ Jump up to : Nightengale , Bob ( March 5 , 1991 ) . `` Gwynn Rips Clark , Cites ' Jealousy ' '' . Sun Sentinel . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Claire ( March 3 , 1991 ) . `` His Uniform Changes But Clark Does n't '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around the majors '' . The Washington Post . October 12 , 1990 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Clark blasts Gwynn '' . Chicago Sun - Times . September 30 , 1990 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ; Fainaru , Steve ( March 15 , 1991 ) . `` Kiecker looks impressive again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gwynn says he 'll play with Padres , Clark '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 11 , 1990 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( May 2 , 1991 ) . `` McIlvaine finds welcome mat out at Shea '' . The Record . Bergen County , New Jersey . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Mets get confirmation of bone spurs in Viola 's elbow '' . Chicago Sun - Times . March 5 , 1991 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( August 30 , 1992 ) . `` Friend in need Despite feud , Gwynn sympathetic to Clark '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Goddard , Joe ; van Dyck , Dave ( May 26 , 1991 ) . `` Frey unwilling to wait : Time to win is now '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( June 21 , 1991 ) . `` Gwynn Turns a Rap to Raves : Padre 's Acclaim Fueled in Part by Clark 's Rips '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kernan , Kevin ( June 5 , 1991 ) . `` Padres ' 7 - run second gives Benes 2nd thrill '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p . D - 1 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 -- via NewsBank.com . Jump up ^ Posner , Jay ( September 17 , 1991 ) . `` Gwynn out with injury -- Surgery likely to end year , hopes for fifth batting title '' . Evening Tribune . p. C - 1 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 -- via NewsBank.com . Jump up ^ Chandler , Swank 2012 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Center , Bill ( October 1 , 1995 ) . `` Tony 's won six , could have won 9 hitting titles '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p. C - 14 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 -- via NewsBank.com . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 92 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Chris ( October 1 , 2001 ) . `` When Ted talked , Tony listened '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p . E-2 . ^ Jump up to : Rhoden , William C. ( July 30 , 2007 ) . `` Baseball : A weekend for the good guys '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 29 , 2007 ) . `` Hall of Fame welcomes two class acts '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 93 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staples , Herschlag 2007 , p. 388 . ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` A superhero in the batter 's box '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marchman , Tim ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` How Tony Gwynn Cracked Baseball 's Code And Became A Legend '' . Deadspin . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Tim ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn was a pure hitter , a pure joy '' . The Courier - Journal . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Swank 2012 , p. 335 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , Tom ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn used fear as motivation '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thorn , John ; Palmer , Pete ; Gershman , Michael ; Pietrusza , David ; Silverman , Matthew ; Lahman , Sean ( 1999 ) . Total Baseball : The Official Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball . Total Sports . p. 155 . ISBN 1892129035 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( April 25 , 1994 ) . `` Gwynn makes Phillies pay for knockdown '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p . D - 1 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 -- via NewsBank.com . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline ' 94 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn : A Kindred Spirit Of Ted Williams , A Favorite Of Anyone Who Loves Baseball '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kevin ; Gutman , Bill ( 2005 ) . Twice Around the Bases : The Thinking Fan 's Inside Look at Baseball . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073463 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Face to Face with Tony Gwynn '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Ziff Davis ( 85 ) : 94 . August 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Krasovic , Tom ( August 1995 ) . `` Ted Williams ' Batting Tips Absorbed by Tony Gwynn '' . Baseball Digest . 54 ( 8 ) : 38 -- 40 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Corcoran , Cliff ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 best seasons of Tony Gwynn 's Hall of Fame career '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill ( October 7 , 2001 ) . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 95 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` 19 incredible stats about Tony Gwynn 's Hall of Fame career '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friend , Tom ( September 30 , 1996 ) . `` Another Gwynn Gives Padres Title '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kovacevic , Dejan ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Kovacevic : Ca n't crown cheating Cabrera '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( June 29 , 2001 ) . `` ON BASEBALL ; Hits to Stop Coming Once Gwynn Is Gone '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Naiman , Porter 2010 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( August 24 , 1997 ) . `` Baseball Notebook '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline : ' 97 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . 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Beaver County Times . p . B3 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Upset Gwynn nears 3,000 hit '' . The Hour . Associated Press . August 2 , 1999 . p . B3 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Diaz , George ( August 5 , 1999 ) . `` Mcgwire , Gwynn Swing For History '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Phil ( August 6 , 1999 ) . `` Milestone For Mcgwire '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( August 7 , 1999 ) . `` BASEBALL ; Another Day , Another Milestone '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stark , Jason ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn 's incredible numbers '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Center , Bill . `` THE GREATEST PADRE : career timeline ' 00 '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Vorkunov , Mike ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Mets , David Wright learned hitting lesson from Tony Gwynn '' . NJ.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nightengale , Bob ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Nightengale : Tony Gwynn was truly the greatest '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` In a . 338 Lifetime Average , Every Day Counted '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nightengale , Bob ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Nightengale : Tony Gwynn left a lasting impression '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Crasnick , Jerry ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Memorable encounter with Mr. Padre '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will 1990 , pp. 221 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Chris ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Padres legend Tony Gwynn dead at 54 '' . U-T San Diego . 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Jump up ^ Schmehl , James ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Detroit Tigers saddened by passing of Tony Gwynn : ' We lost a great man , a great baseball player ' '' . mlive.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Greg ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Gwynn on steroid era : ' We 're all guilty ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Swydan , Paul ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn Was Always in Control '' . Fangraphs . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Tony ( June 30 , 1999 ) . `` Soon - to - be National Treasure It 's Been 20 Years , But Tony Gwynn Is Poised To Become First in League with 3,000 Hits Since ' 79 '' . Rocky Mountain News . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Krasovic , Tom ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` GWYNN 'S 3,000 TH LAUNCHES 4 - FOR - 5 NIGHT '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Two Elected to Hall of Fame ; McGwire Misses '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Tony ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Flags to fly at half - staff in San Diego after death of Tony Gwynn '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Kirk ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` The 52 : Tony Gwynn is No. 1 in our book '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Randy ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn , dead at 54 , was ' basically indefensible ' as hitter , says Doug Glanville '' . NJ.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` After Hall of Fame Snub , Tim Raines 's Numbers Bear a Closer Look '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keisser , Bob ( 2013 ) . Baseball in Long Beach . The History Press . p. 35 . ISBN 9781609499969 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Power the other way '' . yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Paul ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn was the purest hitter of an impure era '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Justin ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Padres great Tony Gwynn dies of cancer at 54 '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn : The man could hit '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( August 14 , 1988 ) . `` Padre Notebook : Davis Gave Up Some Leverage for Secure , Merry Christmas '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( 1999 ) . Bunts . Simon and Schuster . pp. 158 -- 9 . ISBN 9780684853741 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Shaun ( February 20 , 2001 ) . `` Gwynn could be sliding down the order '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Gwynn Career Batting Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Jane ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Giants 7 , Brewers 6 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Gwynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Bruce ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn 's Second Base : Indianapolis '' . indianapolismonthly.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kenney , Kirk ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Gwynn , Martinez receive extensions '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gwynn arguably the best hitter of his era '' . Wilkes Journal - Patriot . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PLUS : COLLEGE BASEBALL ; Gwynn to Coach San Diego State '' . The New York Times . September 21 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schrotenboer , Brent ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Aztecs improve academic scores '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Aztecs , Gwynn still going for now '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Kirk ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Gwynn : ' I 'm doing good ' '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Padres announce broadcast schedule '' . MLB.com . March 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasters '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acee , Kevin ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tull withdraws bid to buy team '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn Has Cancer '' . dailycaller.com . Associated Press . October 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Lee `` Hacksaw '' ( October 9 , 2010 ) . `` 1 - MAN 'S OPINION : Tony Gwynn Fighting Cancer '' . SanDiego.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan Brennan , Deborah ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Gwynn battled rare cancer '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , Tom ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Gwynn returns after facing cancer '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Gwynn taking fight with cancer a day at a time '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Hall of Famer Gwynn passes away at 54 '' . MLB.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Chris ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Live Like Tony ' 20,000 - Plus Bid Farewell to Mr. Padre '' . U-T San Diego . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain West Baseball MVP Award Named ' Tony Gwynn Award ' '' . KPBS.org . September 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 26 , 2004 ) . `` League 's Best Relievers Lift Rangers Back Into Pennant Race '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naiman , Porter 2010 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego Padres Top 10 Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Mitchell , Jane . One on One : My Journey With Hall of Famers , Fan Favorites , And Rising Stars . Sweet Dreams Publishing , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9824461 - 7 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tony Gwynn . The Official Website of Tony Gwynn Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Tony Gwynn at the Baseball Hall of Fame Tony Gwynn at Find a Grave `` One on One with Jane Mitchell -- Tony Gwynn '' on YouTube , video feature on Gwynn 's Hall of Fame induction and death Links to related articles National League batting champions 1876 : Barnes 1877 : White 1878 : Hines 1879 : Hines 1880 : Gore 1881 : Anson 1882 : Brouthers 1883 : Brouthers 1884 : Kelly 1885 : Connor 1886 : Kelly 1887 : Thompson 1888 : Anson 1889 : Brouthers 1890 : Glasscock 1891 : Hamilton 1892 : Brouthers 1893 : Hamilton 1894 : Duffy 1895 : Burkett 1896 : Burkett 1897 : Keeler 1898 : Keeler 1899 : Delahanty 1900 : Wagner 1901 : Burkett 1902 : Beaumont 1903 : Wagner 1904 : Wagner 1905 : Seymour 1906 : Wagner 1907 : Wagner 1908 : Wagner 1909 : Wagner 1910 : Magee 1911 : Wagner 1912 : Zimmerman 1913 : Daubert 1914 : Daubert 1915 : Doyle 1916 : Chase 1917 : Roush 1918 : Wheat 1919 : Roush 1920 : Hornsby 1921 : Hornsby 1922 : Hornsby 1923 : Hornsby 1924 : Hornsby 1925 : Hornsby 1926 : Hargrave 1927 : Waner 1928 : Hornsby 1929 : O'Doul 1930 : Terry 1931 : Hafey 1932 : O'Doul 1933 : Klein 1934 : Waner 1935 : Vaughan 1936 : Waner 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Mize 1940 : Garms 1941 : Reiser 1942 : Lombardi 1943 : Musial 1944 : D. 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Walker 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Pujols 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Lee 2006 : Sanchez 2007 : Holliday 2008 : Jones 2009 : Ramírez 2010 : González 2011 : Reyes 2012 : Posey 2013 : Cuddyer 2014 : Morneau 2015 : Gordon 2016 : LeMahieu 2017 : Blackmon 3,000 hit club Pete Rose Ty Cobb Hank Aaron Stan Musial Tris Speaker Derek Jeter Honus Wagner Carl Yastrzemski Paul Molitor Eddie Collins Willie Mays Eddie Murray Nap Lajoie Cal Ripken Jr . George Brett Paul Waner Robin Yount Tony Gwynn Alex Rodriguez Dave Winfield Cap Anson Ichiro Suzuki Craig Biggio Rickey Henderson Rod Carew Adrián Beltré Lou Brock Rafael Palmeiro Wade Boggs Al Kaline Roberto Clemente Italics denotes active player Book : 3,000 hit club Roberto Clemente Award 1971 : Mays 1972 : Robinson 1973 : Kaline 1974 : Stargell 1975 : Brock 1976 : Rose 1977 : Carew 1978 : Luzinski 1979 : Thornton 1980 : Niekro 1981 : Garvey 1982 : Singleton 1983 : Cooper 1984 : Guidry 1985 : Baylor 1986 : Maddox 1987 : Sutcliffe 1988 : Murphy 1989 : Carter 1990 : Stewart 1991 : Reynolds 1992 : Ripken Jr . 1993 : Larkin 1994 : Winfield 1995 : Smith 1996 : Puckett 1997 : Davis 1998 : Sosa 1999 : Gwynn 2000 : Leiter 2001 : Schilling 2002 : Thome 2003 : Moyer 2004 : Martínez 2005 : Smoltz 2006 : Delgado 2007 : Biggio 2008 : Pujols 2009 : Jeter 2010 : Wakefield 2011 : Ortiz 2012 : Kershaw 2013 : Beltrán 2014 : Konerko & Rollins 2015 : McCutchen 2016 : Granderson 2017 : Rizzo National League Outfielder Silver Slugger Award 1980 : Baker , Dawson , Hendrick 1981 : Baker , Dawson , Foster 1982 : Durham , Guerrero , Murphy 1983 : Cruz , Dawson , Murphy 1984 : Cruz , Gwynn , Murphy 1985 : McGee , Murphy , Parker 1986 : Gwynn , Parker , Raines 1987 : Davis , Dawson , Gwynn 1988 : Gibson , Van Slyke , Strawberry 1989 : Davis , Gwynn , Mitchell 1990 : Bonds , Bonilla , Strawberry 1991 : Bonds , Bonilla , Gant 1992 : Bonds , Van Slyke , Walker 1993 : Bonds , Dykstra , Justice 1994 : Alou , Bonds , Gwynn 1995 : Bichette , Gwynn , Sosa 1996 : Bonds , Burks , Sheffield 1997 : Bonds , Gwynn , Walker 1998 : Alou , Sosa , Vaughn 1999 : Guerrero , Sosa , Walker 2000 : Bonds , Guerrero , Sosa 2001 : Bonds , L. Gonzalez , Sosa 2002 : Bonds , Guerrero , Sosa 2003 : Bonds , Pujols , Sheffield 2004 : Abreu , Bonds , Edmonds 2005 : Cabrera , Jones , Lee 2006 : Beltrán , Holliday , Soriano 2007 : Beltrán , Holliday , Lee 2008 : Braun , Holliday , Ludwick 2009 : Braun , Ethier , Kemp 2010 : Braun , C. González , Holliday 2011 : Braun , Kemp , Upton 2012 : Braun , Bruce , McCutchen 2013 : Bruce , Cuddyer , McCutchen 2014 : McCutchen , Stanton , Upton 2015 : C. González , Harper , McCutchen 2016 : Blackmon , Céspedes , Yelich 2017 : Blackmon , Ozuna , Stanton National League Outfielder Gold Glove Award 1958 : Aaron , Mays , Robinson 1959 : Aaron , Brandt , Mays 1960 : Aaron , Mays , Moon 1961 : Clemente , Mays , Pinson 1962 : Clemente , Mays , Virdon 1963 : Clemente , Flood , Mays 1964 : Clemente , Flood , Mays 1965 : Clemente , Flood , Mays 1966 : Clemente , Flood , Mays 1967 : Clemente , Flood , Mays 1968 : Clemente , Flood , Mays 1969 : Clemente , Flood , Rose 1970 : Agee , Clemente , Rose 1971 : Bo . Bonds , Clemente , W. Davis 1972 : Cedeño , Clemente , W. Davis 1973 : Bo . Bonds , Cedeño , W. Davis 1974 : Bo . Bonds , Cedeño , Gerónimo 1975 : Cedeño , Gerónimo , Maddox 1976 : Cedeño , Gerónimo , Maddox 1977 : Gerónimo , Maddox , Parker 1978 : Maddox , Parker , Valentine 1979 : Maddox , Parker , Winfield 1980 : Dawson , Maddox , Winfield 1981 : Baker , Dawson , Maddox 1982 : Dawson , Maddox , Murphy 1983 : Dawson , McGee , Murphy 1984 : Dawson , Dernier , Murphy 1985 : Dawson , McGee , Murphy 1986 : Gwynn , McGee , Murphy 1987 : E. Davis , Dawson , Gwynn 1988 : E. Davis , Dawson , Van Slyke 1989 : E. Davis , Gwynn , Van Slyke 1990 : Ba . Bonds , Gwynn , Van Slyke 1991 : Ba . Bonds , Gwynn , Van Slyke 1992 : Ba . Bonds , Van Slyke , Walker 1993 : Ba . Bonds , Grissom , Walker 1994 : Ba . Bonds , Grissom , Lewis 1995 : Finley , Grissom , Mondesí 1996 : Ba . Bonds , Finley , Grissom 1997 : Ba . Bonds , Mondesí , Walker 1998 : Ba . Bonds , Jones , Walker 1999 : Finley , Jones , Walker 2000 : Edmonds , Finley , Jones 2001 : Edmonds , Jones , Walker 2002 : Edmonds , Jones , Walker 2003 : Cruz , Edmonds , Jones 2004 : Edmonds , Finley , Jones 2005 : Abreu , Edmonds , Jones 2006 : Beltrán , Cameron , Jones 2007 : Beltrán , Jones , Francoeur , Rowand 2008 : Beltrán , McLouth , Victorino 2009 : Bourn , Kemp , Victorino 2010 : Bourn , González , Victorino 2011 : Ethier , Kemp , Parra 2012 : González , Heyward , McCutchen 2013 : Gómez , González , Parra 2014 : Heyward , Lagares , Yelich 2015 : Heyward , Marte , Pollock 2016 : Heyward , Inciarte , Marte 2017 : Heyward , Inciarte , Ozuna Lou Gehrig Memorial Award 1955 : Dark 1956 : Reese 1957 : Musial 1958 : McDougald 1959 : Hodges 1960 : Groat 1961 : Spahn 1962 : Roberts 1963 : Richardson 1964 : Boyer 1965 : Law 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Banks 1968 : Kaline 1969 : Rose 1970 : Aaron 1971 : Killebrew 1972 : Parker 1973 : Santo 1974 : Stargell 1975 : Bench 1976 : Sutton 1977 : Brock 1978 : Kessinger 1979 : Niekro 1980 : Pérez 1981 : John 1982 : Cey 1983 : Schmidt 1984 : Garvey 1985 : Murphy 1986 : Brett 1987 : Sutcliffe 1988 : Bell 1989 : Smith 1990 : Davis 1991 : Hrbek 1992 : Ripken , Jr . 1993 : Mattingly 1994 : Larkin 1995 : Schilling 1996 : Butler 1997 : Molitor 1998 : Gwynn 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Stottlemyre 2001 : Franco 2002 : Graves 2003 : Moyer 2004 : Thome 2005 : Smoltz 2006 : Hoffman 2007 : Timlin 2008 : Victorino 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Jeter 2011 : Zimmerman 2012 : Zito 2013 : Hamilton 2014 : Beltre 2015 : Granderson 2016 : Harvey 2017 : Altuve Branch Rickey Award 1992 : Winfield 1993 : Puckett 1994 : Smith 1995 : Gwynn 1996 : Butler 1997 : Biggio 1998 : Molitor 1999 : Leiter 2000 : Stottlemyre 2001 : Schilling 2002 : Valentine 2003 : Hemond 2004 : Moyer 2005 : Gonzalez 2006 : Lasorda 2007 : Smoltz 2008 : Hoffman 2009 : Hunter 2010 : Wells 2011 : Victorino 2012 : Dickey 2013 : Kershaw 2014 : Rizzo Members of the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame Buzzie Bavasi Ken Caminiti Nate Colbert Jerry Coleman Tony Gwynn Trevor Hoffman Randy Jones Ray Kroc Benito Santiago Garry Templeton Dick Williams Ted Williams Dave Winfield San Diego Padres retired numbers 6 Steve Garvey 19 Tony Gwynn 31 Dave Winfield 35 Randy Jones 51 Trevor Hoffman Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 2007 BBWAA Vote Tony Gwynn ( 97.6 % ) Cal Ripken , Jr. ( 98.5 % ) Veterans Committee none J.G. Taylor Spink Award Rick Hummel Ford C. Frick Award Denny Matthews Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Barry Bonds Roger Clemens Roberto Clemente Ken Griffey Jr . Tony Gwynn Rickey Henderson Derek Jeter Mark McGwire Cal Ripken , Jr . Mariano Rivera Rachel Robinson Vin Scully Seattle Mariners Sammy Sosa Ichiro Suzuki San Diego State Aztecs head baseball coaches John Hancock ( 1926 ) Lee Waymire ( 1927 ) Harold G. Brucker ( 1928 -- 1929 ) No team ( 1930 ) Morris Gross ( 1931 -- 1932 ) No team ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Charles R. Smith ( 1936 -- 1942 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Charles R. Smith ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Lyle Olsen ( 1965 -- 1971 ) Jim Dietz ( 1972 -- 2002 ) Tony Gwynn ( 2003 -- 2014 ) Mark Martinez ( 2014 -- ) Mountain West Conference Baseball Coach of the Year 2000 : Alday 2001 : Law 2002 : Peters 2003 : Schlossnagle 2004 : Gwynn 2005 : Gouldsmith 2006 : Schlossnagle 2007 : Schlossnagle 2008 : Schlossnagle 2009 : Schlossnagle 2010 : Schlossnagle 2011 : Schlossnagle 2012 : Birmingham 2013 : Birmingham 2014 : Chambers 2015 : Johnson 2016 : Batesole 2017 : Birmingham Major League Baseball on TBS Related programs Braves TBS Baseball ( broadcasters ) CBS Sports Spectacular Related articles Major League Baseball on cable television Television contracts Music `` I Love This Town '' ( 2007 - 2008 ) `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' ( 2009 ) `` Born Free '' ( 2010 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 2011 ) `` Land of Hope and Dreams '' ( 2012 ) `` Do or Die '' ( 2013 ) `` Play Ball '' ( 2014 ) `` Heavy Is the Head '' ( 2015 ) `` The Line '' ( 2017 ) Commentators ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS Key figures Brian Anderson Chip Caray Matt Devlin Ernie Johnson Jr . 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Joe Simpson Michele Mary Smith John Smoltz Steve Stone Studio hosts Marc Fein Keith Olbermann Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Dusty Baker Mark DeRosa Todd Frazier Curtis Granderson Dirk Hayhurst Pedro Martínez Jimmy Rollins Gary Sheffield Frank Thomas Shane Victorino David Wells Field reporters David Aldridge Sam Ryan Craig Sager Lauren Shehadi Tom Verducci Lore televised by Turner Regular season lore Civil Rights Game Postseason lore `` The Bug Game '' ( 2007 ) Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter ( 2010 ) `` Infield Fly Game '' ( 2012 ) `` The Illegal Slide Game '' ( 2015 ) Tie - breaker games 2007 NL Wild Card 2008 AL Central 2009 AL Central 2013 AL Wild Card AL Championship Series 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 NL Championship Series 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 AL Division Series 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2018 2020 NL Division Series 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2016 2018 2020 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 ESPN Major League Baseball Related programs Baseball Tonight ( 1990 -- present ) Sunday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Monday Night Baseball ( 2002 -- present ) Wednesday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Thursday Night Baseball ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Radio Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio ( 1998 -- present ) The Baseball Show ( 2005 -- present ) Non-ESPN programming Major League Baseball on ABC ( broadcasters ) Major League Baseball on TSN ( 1984 -- present ) Non-MLB programming College World Series on ESPN Little League World Series ( broadcasters ) Related articles Major League Baseball on cable television ESPN Baseball Tonight ( video game ) Television contracts Home Run Derby ( 1993 -- present ) Commentators Radio Baseball Tonight ALDS NLDS Key figures Dave Barnett Chris Berman Bob Carpenter Pedro Gomez Jim Hughson Sean McDonough Tom Mees Joel Meyers Jon Miller Dave O'Brien Steve Physioc Karl Ravech John Sanders Jon Sciambi Dan Shulman Dave Sims Dewayne Staats Charley Steiner Gary Thorne Matt Vasgersian Steve Zabriskie Color commentators Aaron Boone Dallas Braden Jeff Brantley Dave Campbell Terry Francona Nomar Garciaparra Tony Gwynn Orel Hershiser Norm Hitzges Tommy Hutton Reggie Jackson David Justice Eric Karros Kevin Kennedy Ray Knight Mike Lupica Fred Lynn Buck Martinez Jessica Mendoza Joe Morgan Mark Mulder Jim Palmer Steve Phillips Eduardo Pérez Kirby Puckett Jerry Reuss Alex Rodriguez Jim Rooker Chris Singleton Steve Stone Rick Sutcliffe Bobby Valentine Field reporters Erin Andrews Bonnie Bernstein Duke Castiglione Peter Gammons Tim Kurkjian Gary Miller Wendi Nix Buster Olney Sam Ryan Lore 2,131 ( 1995 ) Chasing Maris ( 1998 ) Civil Rights Game ( 2007 ) Death of Osama bin Laden ( 2011 ) Wild Card Wednesday ( 2011 ) Fort Bragg Game Tie - breaker games 1995 AL West Playoff 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff New York Yankees Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Postseason Baseball 's longest postseason game ( 2005 ) AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 NL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 AL Wild Card Game 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Wild Card Game 2014 2016 2018 2020 VIAF : 21124420 LCCN : n85212757 SNAC : w68g8nnj Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Gwynn&oldid=826066711 '' Categories : 1960 births 2014 deaths African - American baseball players African - American basketball players Amarillo Gold Sox players Baseball players from California Basketball players from California Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from salivary gland cancer Gold Glove Award winners Hawaii Islanders players Las Vegas Stars ( baseball ) players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Major League Baseball right fielders National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League All - Stars National League batting champions San Diego Clippers draft picks San Diego Padres broadcasters San Diego Padres players San Diego State Aztecs baseball coaches San Diego State Aztecs baseball players San Diego State Aztecs men 's basketball players Silver Slugger Award winners Sportspeople from Los Angeles Walla Walla Padres players Sportspeople from Long Beach , California Point guards People from Poway , California People from Fishers , Indiana Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Simple English Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 00 : 29 . 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About Wikipedia	what is tony gwynn's lifetime batting average	[ "\n\nTony Gwynn\n\n\n\nGwynn at the 2011 Hall of Fame induction parade\n\n\n\nRight fielder\n\n\nBorn: (1960-05-09)May 9, 1960\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nDied: June 16, 2014(2014-06-16) (aged 54)\nPoway, California\n\n\n\n\n\nBatted: Left\nThrew: Left\n\n\n\n\n\nMLB debut\n\n\nJuly 19, 1982, for the San Diego Padres\n\n\nLast MLB appearance\n\n\nOctober 7, 2001, for the San Diego Padres\n\n\nMLB statistics\n\n\nBatting average\n.338\n\n\nHits\n3,141\n\n\nHome runs\n135\n\n\nRuns batted in\n1,138\n\n\n\n\n\nTeams\n\n\n\n\nSan Diego Padres (1982–2001)\n\n\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\n8× NL batting champion (1984, 1987–1989, 1994–1997)\n15× All-Star (1984–1987, 1989–1999)\n5× Gold Glove Award (1986–1987, 1989–1991)\n7× Silver Slugger Award (1984, 1986–1987, 1989, 1994–1995, 1997)\nRoberto Clemente Award (1999)\nSan Diego Padres No. 19 retired\nSan Diego Padres Hall of Fame\n\n\n\n\nMember of the National\n\n\n Baseball Hall of Fame \n\n\nInduction\n2007\n\n\nVote\n97.6% (first ballot)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ ".338" ]
2180368990623236875	Victor French	Victor French - wikipedia Victor French Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Victor French Victor French as Roy Mobey in Carter Country Victor Edwin French ( 1934 - 12 - 04 ) December 4 , 1934 Santa Barbara , California , United States June 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 15 ) ( aged 54 ) Los Angeles , California , United States Cause of death Lung cancer Resting place Ashes scattered at sea near Santa Barbara Years active 1954 -- 1989 Spouse ( s ) Judith Schenz ( 1959 -- ? ) Julie Cobb ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Children Victor Edwin French ( December 4 , 1934 -- June 15 , 1989 ) was an American actor and director . He is remembered for roles on the television programs Little House on the Prairie , Highway to Heaven and Carter Country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 2 Work with Michael Landon 3 Death 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Director ( film and television ) 6 References 7 External links Early career ( edit ) Born in Santa Barbara , California , to Ted French , an actor and stuntman who appeared in westerns in the 1940s , French later appeared with his father in one episode of Gunsmoke entitled `` Prime Of Life '' in 1966 , as well as a war film in 1963 called The Quick And The Dead . Ted French died in 1978 . Following in his father 's footsteps , French also began his television career as a stuntman in mostly westerns and anthology shows . During this period , he guest starred in some thirty - nine television series . Though he was uncredited as an office clerk in the film , The Magnificent Seven , French 's first real western role was the 1961 episode `` The Noose '' of the syndicated series , Two Faces West ; his fellow guest star on the segment was L.Q. Jones , another actor destined to become well known in western roles . French was cast as Larrimore in the episode `` Fargo '' on the ABC / Warner Brothers western series , The Dakotas . French appeared twenty - three times on Gunsmoke , often playing a crook , whether dangerous or bumbling . On October 25 , 1971 , he portrayed a cold - hearted gunman named `` Trafton '' , who while robbing the communion vessels in a Roman Catholic church murders a priest . As the clergyman lies dying , he forgives his killer , a development which dogs Trafton , who holds human life in low regard , for the entire episode until he is shot to death by Marshal Matt Dillon . French guest starred in another episode , titled Matt 's Love Story , in which Dillon falls in love with a character played by Michael Learned . This episode would then lead to the story line in the 1990 made - for - television movie , Gunsmoke : The Last Apache in which Matt rejoins with Learned 's character `` Mike '' and he learns that he has a grown daughter . The appearance also led to French 's re-teaming with Learned in a guest - actor role on The Waltons a year later . In `` The Fulfillment '' , French plays a blacksmith named Curtis Norton whose wife could not have children and subsequently adopts an eight - year - old orphan boy who has come to spend the week on Walton 's Mountain . This led to his being cast in his most well - known role as Mr. Edwards in the series based on the books of Laura Ingalls Wilder entitled Little House on the Prairie , beginning in 1974 . In other work , French also starred opposite Elvis Presley in the 1969 western , Charro ! and played the recurring character `` Agent 44 '' in the NBC series Get Smart in 1965 - 1966 , where he portrayed an undercover spy who showed up in the worst , most unlikely of places ( like a mailbox or a porthole in a boat ) and appeared in a few episodes of Bonanza , with Michael Landon . The two young actors found considerable common ground and became each other 's best friend as a result . Shortly before being teamed up once again , French made a guest appearance on Kung Fu as a corrupt , bigoted sheriff in 1973 . French also guest starred in episode 24 ( `` Trial by Fury '' ) of season 2 of Mission : Impossible , in which he played the informer in a prison . In 1976 , French appeared in an episode of the western series Sara . In 1982 , French appeared in the film An Officer and a Gentleman as the stepfather of protagonist Paula Pokrifki , played by Debra Winger . Work with Michael Landon ( edit ) French is most widely known for costarring with Michael Landon on two television series . He appeared on Little House on the Prairie ( 1974 -- 1977 ) , ( 1981 -- 1984 ) as Isaiah Edwards ( French also directed some episodes of Little House ) . He appeared on Highway to Heaven ( 1984 -- 1989 ) as Mark Gordon . From 1977 -- 79 , he left Little House to star as a small - town Georgia police chief in Carter Country . When the series ended , the actor was surprised that Landon was agreeable to his returning to the character of Mr. Edwards . French appeared in Episode 8 of Season 6 , in Episode 8 of Season 8 , then returned full - time , starting with Episode 19 of Season 8 . According to interviews with Cindy Landon , and Kent and Susan McCray on the A&E DVD release of Highway to Heaven Season 3 , French and Michael Landon were `` crazy about each other '' , indicating that they always made each other laugh and enjoyed each other 's company . Cindy Landon mentions that French was a quiet and reclusive kind of guy as opposed to Landon 's outgoing personality . Death ( edit ) French died at the age of 54 on June 15 , 1989 at Sherman Oaks Community Hospital in Los Angeles , California , after a three - month battle with lung cancer . According to one anecdote , he left a final , good - humored message for friends and family at his wake , having arranged for an airplane to fly overhead with it . In 1998 , French was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The Magnificent Seven - Front Office Clerk ( uncredited ) ( 1960 ) The Quick and the Dead - Milo Riley ( 1963 ) Charro ! - Vince Hackett ( 1969 ) Death of a Gunfighter - Phil Miller ( 1969 ) There Was a Crooked Man ... - Whiskey ( 1970 ) Flap - Rafferty ( 1970 ) Rio Lobo - Ketcham ( 1970 ) Wild Rovers - Sheriff ( 1971 ) The Other - Angelini ( 1972 ) Chato 's Land - Martin Hall ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride - Paddie ( 1974 ) The House on Skull Mountain - Dr. Andrew Cunningham ( 1974 ) An Officer and a Gentleman - Joe Pokrifiki ( 1982 ) Television ( edit ) Hazel - episode - A Matter of Principle - Bailiff ( 1961 ) The Virginian - episode - The Accomplice - Roy ( 1962 ) Bonanza - episode - Gallagher 's Sons - Conn ( 1962 ) The Virginian - episode - The Secret of Brynmar Hall - Michael ( 1964 ) Mister Ed - episode - Anybody got a Zebra ? - Murphy ( 1965 ) Wagon Train - episode - The Silver Lady - Beal ( 1965 ) Death Valley Days - episode Hugh Glass Meets the Bear - Louis Baptiste ( 1966 ) Get Smart - 7 episodes - Insurance Man / Agent 44 ( 1965 - 1966 ) Tarzan - Episode 20 , A Pride of Assassins - Cotonasos ( 1966 ) Branded - episode - Kellie - Sheriff ( 1966 ) Batman - episode - A Death Worse Than Fate - Hood No . I ( 1966 ) Gunsmoke - 18 episodes - Various ( 1966 - 1975 ) The Hero - 10 episodes - Fred Gilman ( 1966 ) Daniel Boone - episode - The Ballad of Sidewinder and Cherokee - Blue Belly Sangster ( 1967 ) The F.B.I. - episode - False Witness - Loyd Smit ( 1967 ) Death Valley Days - episode - The Girl Who Walked The West - Toussaint Charbonneau , husband of Sacajawea ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible - episode - Trial by Fury - Leduc ( 1968 ) Gentle Ben - episode - Ben the Champ - Turner ( 1968 ) Bonanza - episode - The Burning Sky - Aaron Gore ( 1968 ) The F.B.I. - episode - Moment of Truth - Vincent Roger Tobias ( 1969 ) Bonanza - episode - Meena & The Horse Traders - Jesse Potter ( 1969 - 1970 ) Daniel Boone - episodes - Love and Equity , The Landlords , & How to Become a Goddess - Ess ( 1969 - 1970 ) Mannix - episode - Figures in a Landscape - Carl Hastings ( 1970 ) O'Hara , U.S. Treasury - episode - Operation : Deadhead - Paris Kohler ( 1971 ) Bonanza - episode - An Earthquake Called Callahan - Tom Callahan ( 1971 ) Mission : Impossible - episode - The Tram - Vic Hatcher ( 1971 ) Kung Fu - episode - The Ancient Warrior - Sheriff Aldon Pool ( 1973 ) The Streets of San Francisco - episode - Deathwatch - Reggie ' Reg ' Norris ( 1973 ) The F.B.I. - episode - Tower of Terror - Riles ( 1973 ) Mannix - episode - The Dark Hours - Matt Brandon ( 1974 ) The Waltons - episode - The Fulfillment - Curtis Norton ( 1974 ) Little House on the Prairie - 59 episodes - Isaiah Edwards ( 1974 - 1983 ) Battle of the Network Stars III - TV Special - Himself - ABC Team ( 1977 ) Carter Country - 44 episodes - Chief Roy Mobey ( 1977 - 1979 ) Dinah ! - episode - 3 / 6 / 1978 - Himself ( 1978 ) Disney 's Wonderful World - episode - The Ghosts of Buxley Hall : Parts 1 & 2 - Sergeant Major Cheater B. Sweet ( 1980 ) Disney 's Wonderful World - episode - The Cherokee Trail - Scant Luther ( 1981 ) Little House : Look Back to Yesterday - TV Movie - Isaiah Edwards ( 1983 ) Little House : Bless All the Dear Children - TV Movie - Isaiah Edwards ( 1984 ) Little House : The Last Farewell - TV Movie - Isaiah Edwards ( 1984 ) Fame - Mr. Donlon ( 1984 ) Highway to Heaven - 111 episodes - . The Rookies , episode entitled ' ' Deadly Cage ' ' from 1973 . played an inmate Director ( film and television ) ( edit ) Little House on the Prairie - 18 episodes ( 1974 - 1983 ) Gunsmoke - 5 episodes ( 1974 - 1975 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century - episode - The Satyr ( 1981 ) Dallas - episode - Denial ( 1982 ) Little House : Look Back to Yesterday - TV movie ( 1983 ) Little House : Bless All the Dear Children - TV movie ( 1984 ) Highway to Heaven - 12 episodes ( 1984 - 1986 ) Rock - a-Doodle - co-director ( live action segments ) ( 1991 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Victor French , 54 , Actor on TV '' . New York Times . June 16 , 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Noose `` , Two Faces West , May 15 , 1961 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fargo , '' The Dakotas , February 25 , 2013 `` . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FOLKART , BURT A. ( 16 June 1989 ) . `` Victor French ; Actor , Director on ' Highway to Heaven , ' ' Little House ' '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 30 , 1998 ) . `` Bronze statue of Reagan to be unveiled at awards Western Heritage ceremony packs star power '' . Dallas Morning News . External links ( edit ) Biography portal United States portal California portal Television portal Film portal Victor French on IMDb WouldYouBelieve.com Victor French at Find a Grave VIAF : 19887376 LCCN : nr2004001624 ISNI : 0000 0000 6301 6449 BNF : cb140990311 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_French&oldid=801903771 '' Categories : 1934 births 1989 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male television actors Male actors from Santa Barbara , California Deaths from lung cancer Deaths from cancer in California American directors American male film actors Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mr edwards in little house on the prairie	[ "Victor Edwin French (December 4, 1934 – June 15, 1989) was an American actor and director.[1] He is remembered for roles on the television programs Little House on the Prairie, Highway to Heaven and Carter Country." ]	[ "Victor Edwin French" ]
3506772758530306034	President of Nigeria	President of Nigeria - wikipedia President of Nigeria This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Seal of the President Presidential Standard Incumbent Muhammadu Buhari since May 29 , 2015 Executive Branch of the federal government Style Mr. President His Excellency Member of Federal Executive Council National Security Council Residence Aso Rock Presidential Villa Seat Abuja , F.C.T. Appointer Popular vote Term length Four years renewable once Constituting instrument Constitution of Nigeria Formation October 1 , 1963 ; 54 years ago ( 1963 - 10 - 01 ) First holder Nnamdi Azikiwe October 1 , 1963 Deputy Vice President of Nigeria Salary ₦ 14,000,000 ( $70,351 ) annually Website www.statehouse.gov.ng Former standard of the President Flag of the President as Commander in Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution ( show ) Human rights Government ( show ) President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly ( show ) Senate House of Representatives Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Subdivisions ( show ) States State governors Local Government Areas Elections ( show ) Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 2019 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 2019 Political parties Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nigeria to Nigeria Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria . The President of Nigeria is also the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years . The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe , who took office on October 1 , 1963 . The current President , Muhammadu Buhari , took office on May 29 , 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions of the President of Nigeria 3 Eligibility 4 Oath of office 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) On October 1 , 1960 , Nigeria gained independence from Britain . An all - Nigerian Executive Council was headed by a Prime Minister , Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . On November 16 , 1960 , Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe , became the first Governor - General of a Federation of three Regions of the North , East and West , with Lagos as the Federal Capital . Each of the Regions was headed by a Premier with a Governor as Ceremonial Head . On October 1 , 1963 , Nigeria became a Federal Republic and severed whatever ties were left with the British monarchy , but remained a member in the Commonwealth of Nations . The Governor - General 's position was , therefore , replaced with that of President . In January 1966 , a group of army officers , led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu , overthrew the central and regional governments , killed the prime minister , and tried to take control of the government in a failed coup d'état . Nzeogwu was countered , captured and imprisoned by General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi . General Aguiyi - Ironsi was named Military Head of State . In July 1966 , a group of northern army officers revolted against the government , killed General Johnson Aguiyi - Ironsi , and appointed the army chief of staff , General Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government . In 1975 , General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and General Murtala Mohammed was the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976 . In 1976 , General Olusegun Obasanjo was made head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council , keeping the chain of command established by Murtala Muhammed in place . In 1979 , Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution , with provision for an executive President as head of government , and a National Assembly , comprising a Senate and House of Representatives . In October 1979 , after more than 13 years of military rule , Nigeria returned to democratic rule . The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Alhaji Shehu Shagari was elected President . On December 31 , 1983 , the military overthrew the Second Republic . Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the Chairman of the Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) , the new Head of State . In August 1985 , General Buhari 's government was peacefully overthrown by Army Chief of Staff , Major General Ibrahim Babangida . Babangida became the President and Chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council . In August 1993 , General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him . Ernest Shonekan was named as interim president . General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan in November 1993 and became the President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council . On 8 June 1998 , General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital , Abuja . Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new President and Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council . In May 1999 , Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down , and the former military head of state , Olusegun Obasanjo , became the newly elected civilian president . Obasanjo served two terms in office . In May 2007 , Alhaji Umaru Yar'Adua was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , the 13th head of state of Nigeria . Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 in the Presidential villa , in Abuja , Nigeria . On 6 May 2010 , the Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state . On 29 May 2015 , Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election . Functions of the President of Nigeria ( edit ) The President has the powers entrusted by the Constitution and legislation , including those necessary to perform the functions of Head of State and Head of the national executive . The President is responsible for : Assenting to and signing Bills Referring a Bill back to the National Assembly for reconsideration of the Bill 's constitutionality Referring a Bill to the Supreme Court for a decision on the Bill 's constitutionality Summoning the National Assembly or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business Making any appointments that the Constitution or legislation requires the President to make , other than as head of the national executive Appointing commissions of inquiry Appointing the Supreme Court Justices of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council of Nigeria and subject to confirmation by the Senate Calling a national referendum in terms of an Act of Parliament Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives Appointing ambassadors , plenipotentiaries , and diplomatic and consular representatives and other federal officers with the advice and consent of a majority of the Senate Pardoning or reprieving offenders and remitting any fines , penalties or forfeitures Conferring honours Eligibility ( edit ) Chapter VI , Part I , Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the President if : he is a citizen of Nigeria by birth ; he has attained the age of thirty five years ; he is a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party ; he has been educated up to at least School Certificate level or its equivalent . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the President if : he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a country other than Nigeria or , except in such cases as may be prescribed by the National Assembly , he has made a declaration of allegiance to such other country ; he has been elected to such office at any two previous elections ; under the law in any part of Nigeria , he is adjudged to be a lunatic or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind ; he is under a sentence of death imposed by any competent court of law or tribunal in Nigeria or a sentence of imprisonment or fine for any offence involving dishonesty or fraud or for any other offence , imposed on him by any court or tribunal or substituted by a competent authority for any other sentence imposed on him by such a court of tribunal ; within a period of less than ten years before the date of the election to the office of President he has been convicted and sentenced for an offence involving dishonesty or he has been found guilty of the contravention of the Code of Conduct ; he is an undischarged bankrupt , having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in Nigeria or any other country ; being a person employed in the civil or public service of the Federation or of any State , he has not resigned , withdrawn or retired from the employment at least thirty days before the date of the election ; or he is a member of any secret society ; he has been indicted for embezzlement or fraud by a Judicial Commission of Inquiry or an Administrative Panel of Inquiry or a Tribunal set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry Act , a Tribunals of Inquiry law or any other law by the federal or state government which indictment has been accepted by the federal or state government respectively ; he has presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission . Oath of office ( edit ) The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the President of the federation . The oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office : I do solemnly swear / affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria ; that as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability , faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law , and always in the interest of the sovereignty , integrity , solidarity , well - being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ; that I will strive to preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions ; that I will to the best of my ability preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ; that in all circumstances , I will do right to all manner of people , according to law , without fear or favour , affection or ill - will ; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President ; and that I will devote myself to the service and well - being of the people of Nigeria . So help me God . See also ( edit ) Nigeria portal Politics portal List of Governors - General of Nigeria List of heads of state of Nigeria List of heads of government of Nigeria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ibeh , Nnenna ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Buhari to earn N14 million as annual salary , allowances '' . Premium Times . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Elections in Nigeria Presidential elections 1979 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 House elections 1923 1928 1933 1938 1943 1947 1954 1959 1964 1979 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Senate elections 1979 1992 1998 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Regional elections 1951 1953 1954 1956 − 57 1960 − 61 1964 British Cameroons : 1959 1961 Local elections 1950 1953 Referendums 1959 1961 Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Heads of state and government of Africa Heads of state UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of government UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Defunct states and governments Belgian Congo Governor - General Burundi King Prime Minister Ethiopia Emperor ( list ) Malawi Prime Minister Kenya Prime Minister Rwanda King Rhodesia President Prime Minister Southern Rhodesia Governor South Africa Governor - General State President Prime Minister Sudan Governor - General Zanzibar Sultan Prime Minister Zambia Prime Minister Zimbabwe Prime Minister Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Nigeria&oldid=845766868 '' Categories : Presidents by country Politics of Nigeria Presidents of Nigeria Government of Nigeria Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto Galego 한국어 Igbo ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Українська Yorùbá 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the first nigerian president	[ "The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the national executive of Nigeria. The President of Nigeria is also the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The President is elected in national elections which take place every four years. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe, who took office on October 1, 1963. The current President, Muhammadu Buhari, took office on May 29, 2015 as the 15th President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria." ]	[ "Nnamdi Azikiwe" ]
2666948055058935479	The New York Times	The New York Times - wikipedia The New York Times Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Times . `` NYT '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nyt . The New York Times Cover of The New York Times ( November 15 , 2012 ) , with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner ( s ) The New York Times Company ( Carlos Slim ( 17 % ) ) Founder ( s ) Henry Jarvis Raymond George Jones Publisher A.G. Sulzberger Opinion editor James Bennet Sports editor Jason Stallman Photo editor Michele McNally Staff writers 1,300 news staff ( 2016 ) Founded September 18 , 1851 ; 166 years ago ( 1851 - 09 - 18 ) ( as New - York Daily Times ) Headquarters The New York Times Building 620 Eighth Avenue New York City , New York 10018 Country United States Circulation 571,500 Daily 1,087,500 Sunday 2,500,000 Digital - only ( as of May ( Sunday ) / November ( daily ) 2016 / ( Digital - only ) Nov 2017 ) ISSN 0362 - 4331 OCLC number 1645522 Website www.nytimes.com Media of the United States List of newspapers The New York Times ( sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times ) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership . Founded in 1851 , the paper has won 122 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . As of September 2016 , it had the largest combined print - and - digital circulation of any daily newspaper in the United States . The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation . The paper is owned by The New York Times Company , which is publicly traded but primarily controlled by the Ochs - Sulzberger family through a dual - class share structure . It has been owned by the family since 1896 ; A.G. Sulzberger the paper 's publisher and , his father , Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. the company 's chairman , is the fourth and fifth generation of the family to helm the paper . Nicknamed `` The Gray Lady '' , The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national `` newspaper of record '' . The paper 's motto , `` All the News That 's Fit to Print '' , appears in the upper left - hand corner of the front page . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , The New York Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials / Opinions - Columns / Op - Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features . On Sunday , The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine ( T is published 13 times a year ) . The New York Times stayed with the broadsheet full page set - up ( as some others have changed into a tabloid lay - out ) and an eight - column format for several years , after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Ochs era 1.3 Post-war expansion 1.4 New York Times v. Sullivan 1.5 The Pentagon Papers 1.6 1970s and 1980s 1.7 1990s and 2000s 1.8 Digital era 1.9 Headquarters building 1.10 Discrimination in employment 1.11 Slogan 2 Organization 2.1 News staff 2.2 Ochs - Sulzberger family 2.3 Public editors 3 Content 3.1 Style 4 Products 4.1 Print newspaper 4.2 International print edition 4.3 Website 4.4 Mobile presence 4.5 Podcasts 4.6 Chinese - language version 4.7 TimesMachine 5 Interruptions 6 Editorial stance 7 Criticism and controversies 7.1 Failure to report famine in Ukraine 7.2 World War II 7.3 Fashion news articles promoting advertisers 7.4 Iraq War 7.5 Jayson Blair plagiarism 7.6 Duke University lacrosse case 7.7 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 7.8 M.I.A. quotes out of context 7.9 Delayed publication of 2005 NSA warrantless surveillance story 7.10 Irish student controversy 7.11 Nail salon series 7.12 Iran 7.13 Hiring practices 7.14 Accusations of bias 8 Reputation 8.1 Awards 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Further reading 11 External links History First published issue of New - York Daily Times , on September 18 , 1851 Origins Front page of The New York Times on July 29 , 1914 , announcing Austria - Hungary 's declaration of war against Serbia The New York Times was founded as the New - York Daily Times on September 18 , 1851 . Founded by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond ( 1820 -- 1869 ) , and former banker George Jones , the Times was published by Raymond , Jones & Company ( which raised about $70,000 initially ) . Early investors in the company were Edwin B. Morgan , Christopher Morgan , and Edward B. Wesley . Sold for a penny ( equivalent to 29 cents today ) , the inaugural edition attempted to address various speculations on its purpose and positions that preceded its release : We shall be Conservative , in all cases where we think Conservatism essential to the public good ; -- and we shall be Radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform . We do not believe that everything in Society is either exactly right or exactly wrong ; -- what is good we desire to preserve and improve ; -- what is evil , to exterminate , or reform . In 1852 , the newspaper started a western division , The Times of California , which arrived whenever a mail boat got to California . However , when local California newspapers came into prominence , the effort failed . The newspaper shortened its name to The New - York Times on September 14 , 1857 . It dropped the hyphen in the city name on December 1 , 1896 . On April 21 , 1861 , The New York Times began publishing a Sunday edition to offer daily coverage of the Civil War . One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair , the subject of twenty editorials it published alone . The main office of The New York Times was attacked during the New York Draft Riots . The riots , sparked by the beginning of drafting for the Union Army , beginning on July 13 , 1863 . On `` Newspaper Row '' , across from City Hall , Henry Raymond stopped the rioters with Gatling guns ( early machine guns ) , one of which he manned himself . The mob diverted , and attacked the headquarters of abolitionist publisher Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune until forced to flee by the Brooklyn City Police , who had crossed the East River to help the Manhattan authorities . In 1869 , Raymond died , and George Jones took over as publisher . The Times Square Building , The New York Times ' publishing headquarters , 1913 -- 2007 The newspaper 's influence grew during 1870 -- 1871 when it published a series of exposés on William Tweed , leader of the city 's Democratic Party -- popularly known as `` Tammany Hall '' ( from its early 19th century meeting headquarters ) -- that led to the end of the Tweed Ring 's domination of New York 's City Hall . Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars ( equivalent to more than 100 million dollars today ) to not publish the story . In the 1880s , The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical . In 1884 , the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland ( former Mayor of Buffalo and Governor of New York State ) in his first presidential campaign . While this move cost The New York Times a portion of its readership among its more progressive and Republican readers ( the revenue declined from $188,000 to $56,000 from 1883 - 1884 ) , the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years . Ochs era After George Jones died in 1891 , Charles Ransom Miller and other New York Times editors raised $1 million dollars to buy the Times printing it under the New York Times Publishing Company . However , the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893 , and by 1896 , the newspaper had a circulation of less than 9,000 , and was losing $1,000 a day . That year , controlling interest in it was gained by Adolph Ochs , publisher of the Chattanooga Times for $75,000 . Shortly after assuming control of the paper , Ochs coined the paper 's slogan , `` All The News That 's Fit To Print '' . The slogan has appeared in the paper since September 1896 , and has been printed in a box in the upper left hand corner of the front page since early 1897 . It was a jab at competing papers such as Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal which were now being known for a lurid , sensationalist and often inaccurate reporting of facts and opinions known by the end of the century as `` yellow journalism '' . Under Ochs ' guidance , The New York Times achieved international scope , circulation , and reputation ( the Sunday circulation went from under 9,000 in 1896 to 780,000 in 1934 ) . In 1904 , The New York Times , along with The Times received the first on - the - spot wireless telegraph transmission from a naval battle , a report of the destruction of the Imperial Russian Navy 's Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in the Straits of Tsushima off the eastern coast of Korea in the Yellow Sea in the western Pacific Ocean after just sailing across the globe from Europe from the press - boat Haimun during the Russo - Japanese War . In 1910 , the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began . The New York Times ' first trans - Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible . In 1920 , a `` 4 A.M. Airplane Edition '' was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening . Post-war expansion In the 1940s , the paper extended its breadth and reach . The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942 , and the fashion section in 1946 . The New York Times began an international edition in 1946 . The international edition stopped publishing in 1967 , when The New York Times joined the owners of the New York Herald Tribune and The Washington Post to publish the International Herald Tribune in Paris . New York Times v. Sullivan Main article : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The paper 's involvement in a 1964 libel case helped bring one of the key United States Supreme Court decisions supporting freedom of the press , New York Times Co. v. Sullivan . In it , the United States Supreme Court established the `` actual malice '' standard for press reports about public officials or public figures to be considered defamatory or libelous . The malice standard requires the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case prove the publisher of the statement knew the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity . Because of the high burden of proof on the plaintiff , and difficulty in proving malicious intent , such cases by public figures rarely succeed . The Pentagon papers Main article : Pentagon Papers In 1971 , the Pentagon Papers , a secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States ' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1967 , were given ( `` leaked '' ) to Neil Sheehan of The New York Times by former State Department official Daniel Ellsberg , with his friend Anthony Russo assisting in copying them . The New York Times began publishing excerpts as a series of articles on June 13 . Controversy and lawsuits followed . The papers revealed , among other things , that the government had deliberately expanded its role in the war by conducting air strikes over Laos , raids along the coast of North Vietnam , and offensive actions taken by U.S. Marines well before the public was told about the actions , all while President Lyndon B. Johnson had been promising not to expand the war . The document increased the credibility gap for the U.S. government , and hurt efforts by the Nixon administration to fight the ongoing war . When The New York Times began publishing its series , President Richard Nixon became incensed . His words to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger included `` People have got ta be put to the torch for this sort of thing ... '' and `` Let 's get the son - of - a-bitch in jail . '' After failing to get The New York Times to stop publishing , Attorney General John Mitchell and President Nixon obtained a federal court injunction that The New York Times cease publication of excerpts . The newspaper appealed and the case began working through the court system . On June 18 , 1971 , The Washington Post began publishing its own series . Ben Bagdikian , a Post editor , had obtained portions of the papers from Ellsberg . That day the Post received a call from the Assistant Attorney General , William Rehnquist , asking them to stop publishing . When the Post refused , the U.S. Justice Department sought another injunction . The U.S. District court judge refused , and the government appealed . On June 26 , 1971 , the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take both cases , merging them into New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) . On June 30 , 1971 , the Supreme Court held in a 6 -- 3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the burden of proof required . The justices wrote nine separate opinions , disagreeing on significant substantive issues . While it was generally seen as a victory for those who claim the First Amendment enshrines an absolute right to free speech , many felt it a lukewarm victory , offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security were at stake . 1970s and 1980s In the 1970s , the paper introduced a number of new lifestyle sections including Weekend and Home , with the aim of attracting more advertisers and readers . Many criticized the move for betraying the paper 's mission . On September 7 , 1976 , the paper switched from an eight - column format to a six - column format . The overall page width stayed the same , with each column becoming wider . The New York Times newsroom , 1942 On September 14 , 1987 , the Times printed the heaviest ever newspaper , at over 12 pounds ( 5.4 kg ) and 1,612 pages . 1990s and 2000s The Times was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on October 16 , 1997 . Digital era A speech in the newsroom after announcement of Pulitzer Prize winners , 2009 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) The New York Times switched to a digital production process sometime before 1980 , but only began preserving the resulting digital text that year . In September 2008 , The New York Times announced that it would be combining certain sections effective October 6 , 2008 , in editions printed in the New York metropolitan area . The changes folded the Metro Section into the main International / National news section and combined Sports and Business ( except Saturday through Monday , when Sports is still printed as a standalone section ) . This change also included having the name of the Metro section be called New York outside of the Tri-State Area . The presses used by The New York Times allow four sections to be printed simultaneously ; as the paper had included more than four sections all days except Saturday , the sections had to be printed separately in an early press run and collated together . The changes will allow The New York Times to print in four sections Monday through Wednesday , in addition to Saturday . The New York Times ' announcement stated that the number of news pages and employee positions will remain unchanged , with the paper realizing cost savings by cutting overtime expenses . In 2009 , the newspaper began production of local inserts in regions outside of the New York area . Beginning October 16 , 2009 , a two - page `` Bay Area '' insert was added to copies of the Northern California edition on Fridays and Sundays . The newspaper commenced production of a similar Friday and Sunday insert to the Chicago edition on November 20 , 2009 . The inserts consist of local news , policy , sports , and culture pieces , usually supported by local advertisements . Following industry trends , its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million . In August 2007 , the paper reduced the physical size of its print edition , cutting the page width from 13.5 inches ( 0.34 m ) to a 12 inches ( 0.30 m ) . This followed similar moves by a roster of other newspapers in the previous ten years , including USA Today , The Wall Street Journal , and The Washington Post . The move resulted in a 5 % reduction in news space , but ( in an era of dwindling circulation and significant advertising revenue losses ) also saved about $12 million a year . Because of its steadily declining sales attributed to the rise of online alternative media and social media , the newspaper has been going through a downsizing for several years , offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses , in common with a general trend among print news media . In December 2012 , the Times published `` Snow Fall '' , a six - part article about the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche which integrated videos , photos , and interactive graphics and was hailed as a watershed moment for online journalism . In 2016 , reporters for the newspaper were reportedly the target of cyber security breaches . The Federal Bureau of Investigation was reportedly investigating the attacks . The cyber security breaches have been described as possibly being related to cyberattacks that targeted other institutions , such as the Democratic National Committee . In February 2018 , The New York Times Company reported increased revenue from the digital - only subscriptions , adding 157,000 new subscribers to a total of 2.6 million digital - only subscribers . Digital advertising also saw growth during this period . At the same time , advertising for the print version of the journal fell . Headquarters building The newspaper 's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street in New York City . In 1854 , it moved to 138 Nassau Street , and in 1858 to 41 Park Row , making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use . The newspaper moved its headquarters to the Times Tower , located at 1475 Broadway in 1904 , in an area called Longacre Square , that was later renamed Times Square in honor of the newspaper . The top of the building -- now known as One Times Square -- is the site of the New Year 's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball , which was started by the paper . The building is also notable for its electronic news ticker -- popularly known as `` The Zipper '' -- where headlines crawl around the outside of the building . It is still in use , but has been operated by Dow Jones & Company since 1995 . After nine years in its Times Square tower the newspaper had an annex built at 229 West 43rd Street . After several expansions , the 43rd Street building became the newspaper 's main headquarters in 1960 and the Times Tower on Broadway was sold the following year . It served as the newspaper 's main printing plant until 1997 , when the newspaper opened a state - of - the - art printing plant in the College Point section of the borough of Queens . A decade later , The New York Times moved its newsroom and businesses headquarters from West 43rd Street to a new tower at 620 Eighth Avenue between West 40th and 41st Streets , in Manhattan -- directly across Eighth Avenue from the Port Authority Bus Terminal . The new headquarters for the newspaper , known officially as The New York Times Building but unofficially called the new `` Times Tower '' by many New Yorkers , is a skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano . Discrimination in employment Discriminatory practices restricting women in editorial positions were previously employed by the paper . The newspaper 's first general woman reporter was Jane Grant , who described her experience afterwards . She wrote , `` In the beginning I was charged not to reveal the fact that a female had been hired '' . Other reporters nicknamed her Fluff and she was subjected to considerable hazing . Because of her gender , promotions were out of the question , according to the then - managing editor . She was there for fifteen years , interrupted by World War I . In 1935 , Anne McCormick wrote to Arthur Hays Sulzberger , `` I hope you wo n't expect me to revert to ' woman 's - point - of - view ' stuff . '' Later , she interviewed major political leaders and appears to have had easier access than her colleagues did . Even those who witnessed her in action were unable to explain how she got the interviews she did . Clifton Daniel said , `` ( After World War II , ) I 'm sure Adenauer called her up and invited her to lunch . She never had to grovel for an appointment . '' Covering world leaders ' speeches after World War II at the National Press Club was limited to men by a Club rule . When women were eventually allowed in to hear the speeches , they still were not allowed to ask the speakers questions , although men were allowed and did ask , even though some of the women had won Pulitzer Prizes for prior work . Times reporter Maggie Hunter refused to return to the Club after covering one speech on assignment . Nan Robertson 's article on the Union Stock Yards , Chicago , was read aloud as anonymous by a professor , who then said , `` ' It will come as a surprise to you , perhaps , that the reporter is a girl , ' he began ... ( G ) asps ; amazement in the ranks . ' She had used all her senses , not just her eyes , to convey the smell and feel of the stockyards . She chose a difficult subject , an offensive subject . Her imagery was strong enough to revolt you . ' '' The New York Times hired Kathleen McLaughlin after ten years at the Chicago Tribune , where `` ( s ) he did a series on maids , going out herself to apply for housekeeping jobs . '' Slogan The New York Times has had one slogan . Since 1896 , the newspaper 's slogan has been `` All the News That 's Fit to Print . '' In 1896 , Adolph Ochs held a competition to attempt to find a replacement slogan , offering a $100 prize for the best one . Entries included `` News , Not Nausea '' ; `` In One Word : Adequate '' ; `` News Without Noise '' ; `` Out Heralds The Herald , Informs The World , and Extinguishes The Sun '' ; `` The Public Press is a Public Trust '' ; and the winner of the competition , `` All the world 's news , but not a school for scandal . '' On May 10 , 1960 , Wright Patman asked the FTC to investigate whether The New York Times 's slogan was misleading or false advertising . Within 10 days , the FTC responded that it was not . Again in 1996 , a competition was held to find a new slogan , this time for NYTimes.com . Over 8,000 entries were submitted . Again however , `` All the News That 's Fit to Print , '' was found to be the best . Organization The New York Times headquarters 620 Eighth Avenue News staff In addition to its New York City headquarters , the paper has newsrooms in London and Hong Kong . Its Paris newsroom , which had been the headquarters of the paper 's international edition , was closed in 2016 , although the city remains home to a news bureau and an advertising office . The paper also has an editing and wire service center in Gainesville , Florida . As of 2013 , the newspaper had 6 news bureaus in the New York region , 14 elsewhere in the United States , and 24 in other countries . In 2009 , Russ Stanton , editor of the Los Angeles Times , a competitor , stated that the newsroom of The New York Times was twice the size of the Los Angeles Times , which had a newsroom of 600 at the time . Ochs - Sulzberger family In 1896 , Adolph Ochs bought The New York Times , a money - losing newspaper , and formed the New York Times Company . The Ochs - Sulzberger family , one of the United States ' newspaper dynasties , has owned The New York Times ever since . The publisher went public on January 14 , 1969 , trading at $42 a share on the American Stock Exchange . After this , the family continued to exert control through its ownership of the vast majority of Class B voting shares . Class A shareholders are permitted restrictive voting rights while Class B shareholders are allowed open voting rights . The Ochs - Sulzberger family trust controls roughly 88 percent of the company 's class B shares . Any alteration to the dual - class structure must be ratified by six of eight directors who sit on the board of the Ochs - Sulzberger family trust . The Trust board members are Daniel H. Cohen , James M. Cohen , Lynn G. Dolnick , Susan W. Dryfoos , Michael Golden , Eric M.A. Lax , Arthur O. Sulzberger , Jr. and Cathy J. Sulzberger . Turner Catledge , the top editor at The New York Times from 1952 to 1968 , wanted to hide the ownership influence . Arthur Sulzberger routinely wrote memos to his editor , each containing suggestions , instructions , complaints , and orders . When Catledge would receive these memos he would erase the publisher 's identity before passing them to his subordinates . Catledge thought that if he removed the publisher 's name from the memos it would protect reporters from feeling pressured by the owner . Public editors The position of public editor was established in 2003 to `` investigate matters of journalistic integrity '' ; each public editor was to serve a two - year term . The post `` was established to receive reader complaints and question Times journalists on how they make decisions . '' The impetus for the creation of the public editor position was the Jayson Blair affair . Public editors were : Daniel Okrent ( 2003 -- 2005 ) , Byron Calame ( 2005 -- 2007 ) , Clark Hoyt ( 2007 -- 2010 ) ( served an extra year ) , Arthur S. Brisbane ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Margaret Sullivan ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( served a four - year term ) , and Elizabeth Spayd ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . In 2017 , the Times eliminated the position of public editor . Content Style When referring to people , The New York Times generally uses honorifics , rather than unadorned last names ( except in the sports pages , Book Review and Magazine ) . The New York Times printed a display advertisement on its first page on January 6 , 2009 , breaking tradition at the paper . The advertisement , for CBS , was in color and ran the entire width of the page . The newspaper promised it would place first - page advertisements on only the lower half of the page . In August 2014 , The Times decided to use the word `` torture '' to describe incidents in which interrogators `` inflicted pain on a prisoner in an effort to get information . '' This was a shift from the paper 's previous practice of describe such practices as `` harsh '' or `` brutal '' interrogations . The paper maintains a strict profanity policy . A 2007 review of a concert by punk band Fucked Up , for example , completely avoided mention of the group 's name . However , the Times has on occasion published unfiltered video content that includes profanity and slurs where it has determined that such video has news value . During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign , the Times did print the words `` fuck '' and `` pussy , '' among others , when reporting on the vulgar statements made by Donald Trump in a 2005 recording . Times politics editor Carolyn Ryan said : `` It 's a rare thing for us to use this language in our stories , even in quotes , and we discussed it at length , '' ultimately deciding to publish it because of its news value and because `` ( t ) o leave it out or simply describe it seemed awkward and less than forthright to us , especially given that we would be running a video that showed our readers exactly what was said . '' Products Print newspaper In the absence of a major headline , the day 's most important story generally appears in the top - right column , on the main page . The typefaces used for the headlines are custom variations of Cheltenham . The running text is set at 8.7 point Imperial . The newspaper is organized in three sections , including the magazine . News : Includes International , National , Washington , Business , Technology , Science , Health , Sports , The Metro Section , Education , Weather , and Obituaries . Opinion : Includes Editorials , Op - eds and Letters to the Editor . Features : Includes Arts , Movies , Theater , Travel , NYC Guide , Food , Home & Garden , Fashion & Style , Crossword , The New York Times Book Review , T : The New York Times Style Magazine , The New York Times Magazine , and Sunday Review . Some sections , such as Metro , are only found in the editions of the paper distributed in the New York -- New Jersey -- Connecticut Tri-state area and not in the national or Washington , D.C. editions . Aside from a weekly roundup of reprints of editorial cartoons from other newspapers , The New York Times does not have its own staff editorial cartoonist , nor does it feature a comics page or Sunday comics section . From 1851 to 2017 , The New York Times published around 60,000 print issues containing about 3.5 million pages and 15 million articles . Like most other American newspapers , The New York Times has experienced a decline in circulation . Its printed weekday circulation dropped by 50 percent to 571,500 copies from 2005 to 2016 . Monday to Friday 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2014 2015 2016 International print edition The New York Times International Edition is a print version of the paper tailored for readers outside the United States . Formerly a joint venture with The Washington Post named The International Herald Tribune , The New York Times took full ownership of the paper in 2002 and has gradually integrated it more closely into its domestic operations . Website The New York Times began publishing daily on the World Wide Web on January 22 , 1996 , `` offering readers around the world immediate access to most of the daily newspaper 's contents . '' The website had 555 million pageviews in March 2005 . The domain nytimes.com attracted at least 146 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study . In March 2009 , The New York Times Web site ranked 59th by number of unique visitors , with over 20 million unique visitors , making it the most visited newspaper site with more than twice the number of unique visitors as the next most popular site . as of May 2009 , nytimes.com produced 22 of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs . NYTimes.com was ranked 118 in the world , and 32 in the U.S. by Alexa on June 4 , 2017 . In September 2005 , the paper decided to begin subscription - based service for daily columns in a program known as TimesSelect , which encompassed many previously free columns . Until being discontinued two years later , TimesSelect cost $7.95 per month or $49.95 per year , though it was free for print copy subscribers and university students and faculty . To avoid this charge , bloggers often reposted TimesSelect material , and at least one site once compiled links of reprinted material . On September 17 , 2007 , The New York Times announced that it would stop charging for access to parts of its Web site , effective at midnight the following day , reflecting a growing view in the industry that subscription fees can not outweigh the potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site . In addition to opening almost the entire site to all readers , The New York Times news archives from 1987 to the present are available at no charge , as well as those from 1851 to 1922 , which are in the public domain . Access to the Premium Crosswords section continues to require either home delivery or a subscription for $6.95 per month or $39.95 per year . Times columnists including Nicholas Kristof and Thomas Friedman had criticized TimesSelect , with Friedman going so far as to say `` I hate it . It pains me enormously because it 's cut me off from a lot , a lot of people , especially because I have a lot of people reading me overseas , like in India ... I feel totally cut off from my audience . '' The New York Times was made available on the iPhone and iPod Touch in 2008 , and on the iPad mobile devices in 2010 . It was also the first newspaper to offer a video game as part of its editorial content , Food Import Folly by Persuasive Games . In 2010 , The New York Times editors collaborated with students and faculty from New York University 's Studio 20 Journalism Masters program to launch and produce `` The Local East Village '' , a hyperlocal blog designed to offer news `` by , for and about the residents of the East Village '' . That same year , reCAPTCHA helped to digitize old editions of The New York Times . In 2012 , The New York Times introduced a Chinese - language news site , cn.nytimes.com , with content created by staff based in Shanghai , Beijing and Hong Kong , though the server was placed outside of China to avoid censorship issues . In March 2013 , The New York Times and National Film Board of Canada announced a partnership titled A Short History of the Highrise , which will create four short documentaries for the Internet about life in highrise buildings as part of the NFB 's Highrise project , utilizing images from the newspaper 's photo archives for the first three films , and user - submitted images for the final film . The third project in the series , `` A Short History of the Highrise '' , won a Peabody Award in 2013 . Falling print advertising revenue and projections of continued decline resulted in a `` metered paywall '' being instituted in 2011 , regarded as modestly successful after garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions and about $100 million in revenue as of March 2012 . As announced in March 2011 , the paywall would charge frequent readers for access to its online content . Readers would be able to access up to 20 articles each month without charge . ( Although beginning in April 2012 , the number of free - access articles was halved to just ten articles per month . ) Any reader who wanted to access more would have to pay for a digital subscription . This plan would allow free access for occasional readers , but produce revenue from `` heavy '' readers . Digital subscriptions rates for four weeks range from $15 to $35 depending on the package selected , with periodic new subscriber promotions offering four - week all - digital access for as low as 99 ¢ . Subscribers to the paper 's print edition get full access without any additional fee . Some content , such as the front page and section fronts remained free , as well as the Top News page on mobile apps . In January 2013 , The New York Times ' Public Editor Margaret M. Sullivan announced that for the first time in many decades , the paper generated more revenue through subscriptions than through advertising . In December 2017 , the number of free articles per month was reduced from ten to five , as the first change to the metered paywall since 2012 . An executive of The New York Times Company stated that the decision was motivated by `` an all - time high '' in the demand for journalism . The newspaper 's website was hacked on August 29 , 2013 , by the Syrian Electronic Army , a hacking group that supports the government of Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . The SEA managed to penetrate the paper 's domain name registrar , Melbourne IT , and alter DNS records for The New York Times , putting some of its websites out of service for hours . The food section is supplemented on the web by properties for home cooks and for out - of - home dining . New York Times Cooking ( cooking.nytimes.com ; also available via iOS app ) provides access to more than 17,000 recipes on file as of November 2016 , and availability of saving recipes from other sites around the web . The newspaper 's restaurant search ( nytimes.com/reviews/dining ) allows online readers to search NYC area restaurants by cuisine , neighborhood , price , and reviewer rating . The New York Times has also published several cookbooks , including The Essential New York Times Cookbook : Classic Recipes for a New Century , published in late 2010 . As of December 2017 , the New York Times has 3.5 million paid subscriptions and more than 130 million monthly readers , more than double its audience two years previously . Mobile presence The Times Reader is a digital version of The New York Times . It was created via a collaboration between the newspaper and Microsoft . Times Reader takes the principles of print journalism and applies them to the technique of online reporting . Times Reader uses a series of technologies developed by Microsoft and their Windows Presentation Foundation team . It was announced in Seattle in April 2006 , by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , Bill Gates , and Tom Bodkin . In 2009 , the Times Reader 2.0 was rewritten in Adobe AIR . In December 2013 , the newspaper announced that the Times Reader app would be discontinued on January 6 , 2014 , urging readers of the app to instead begin using the subscription - only `` Today 's Paper '' app . In 2008 , The New York Times created an app for the iPhone and iPod Touch which allowed users to download articles to their mobile device enabling them to read the paper even when they were unable to receive a signal . In April 2010 , The New York Times announced it would begin publishing daily content through an iPad app . As of October 2010 , The New York Times iPad app is ad - supported and available for free without a paid subscription , but translated into a subscription - based model in 2011 . In 2010 , the newspaper also launched an app for Android smartphones , followed later by an app for Windows Phones . Podcasts The New York Times began producing podcasts in 2006 . Among the early podcasts were Inside The Times and Inside The New York Times Book Review . Several of the Times podcasts were cancelled in 2012 . The Times returned to launching new podcasts in 2016 , including Modern Love with WBUR . On January 30 , 2017 , The New York Times launched a news podcast , The Daily . Chinese - language version In June 2012 , The New York Times launched its first official foreign - language variant , cn.nytimes.com , in Chinese , viewable in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters . The project was led by Craig S. Smith on the business side and Philip P. Pan on the editorial side . The site 's initial success was interrupted in October that year following the publication of an investigative article by David Barboza about the finances of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao 's family . In retaliation for the article , the Chinese government blocked access to both nytimes.com and cn.nytimes.com inside the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Despite Chinese government interference , however , the Chinese - language operations have continued to develop , adding a second site , cn.nytstyle.com , iOS and Android apps and newsletters , all of which are accessible inside the PRC . The China operations also produce three print publications in Chinese . Traffic to cn.nytimes.com , meanwhile , has risen due to the widespread use of VPN technology in the PRC and to a growing Chinese audience outside mainland China . New York Times articles are also available to users in China via the use of mirror websites , apps , domestic newspapers , and social media . The Chinese platforms now represent one of The New York Times ' top five digital markets globally . The editor - in - chief of the Chinese platforms is Ching - Ching Ni . TimesMachine The TimesMachine is a web - based archive of scanned issues of The New York Times from 1851 through 2002 . Unlike The New York Times online archive , the TimesMachine presents scanned images of the actual newspaper . All non-advertising content can be displayed on a per - story basis in a separate PDF display page and saved for future reference . The archive is available to New York Times subscribers , home delivery and / or digital . Interruptions Because of holidays , no editions were printed on November 23 , 1851 ; January 2 , 1852 ; July 4 , 1852 ; January 2 , 1853 ; and January 1 , 1854 . Because of strikes , the regular edition of The New York Times was not printed during the following periods : December 9 , 1962 , to March 31 , 1963 . Only a western edition was printed because of the 1962 -- 63 New York City newspaper strike . September 17 , 1965 , to October 10 , 1965 . An international edition was printed , and a weekend edition replaced the Saturday and Sunday papers . August 10 , 1978 , to November 5 , 1978 . A multi-union strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers . No editions of The New York Times were printed . Two months into the strike , a parody of The New York Times called Not The New York Times was distributed in the city , with contributors such as Carl Bernstein , Christopher Cerf , Tony Hendra and George Plimpton . Editorial stance The New York Times editorial page is often regarded as liberal . In mid-2004 , the newspaper 's then public editor ( ombudsman ) , Daniel Okrent , wrote that `` the Op - Ed page editors do an evenhanded job of representing a range of views in the essays from outsiders they publish -- but you need an awfully heavy counterweight to balance a page that also bears the work of seven opinionated columnists , only two of whom could be classified as conservative ( and , even then , of the conservative subspecies that supports legalization of gay unions and , in the case of William Safire , opposes some central provisions of the Patriot Act . '' The New York Times has not endorsed a Republican Party member for president since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 ; since 1960 , it has endorsed the Democratic Party nominee in every presidential election ( see New York Times presidential endorsements ) . However , the New York Times did endorse incumbent moderate Republican mayors of New York City Rudy Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005 and 2009 . The Times also endorsed Republican New York state governor George Pataki for re-election in 2002 . Criticism and controversies Main article : New York Times controversies Failure to report famine in Ukraine The New York Times was criticized for the work of reporter Walter Duranty , who served as its Moscow bureau chief from 1922 through 1936 . Duranty wrote a series of stories in 1931 on the Soviet Union and won a Pulitzer Prize for his work at that time ; however , he has been criticized for his denial of widespread famine , most particularly the Ukrainian famine in the 1930s . In 2003 , after the Pulitzer Board began a renewed inquiry , the Times hired Mark von Hagen , professor of Russian history at Columbia University , to review Duranty 's work . Von Hagen found Duranty 's reports to be unbalanced and uncritical , and that they far too often gave voice to Stalinist propaganda . In comments to the press he stated , `` For the sake of The New York Times ' honor , they should take the prize away . '' World War II On November 14 , 2001 , in The New York Times ' 150th anniversary issue , former executive editor Max Frankel wrote that before and during World War II , the NY Times had maintained a consistent policy to minimize reports on the Holocaust in their news pages . Laurel Leff , associate professor of journalism at Northeastern University , concluded that the newspaper had downplayed the Third Reich targeting of Jews for genocide . Her 2005 book Buried by the Times documents the paper 's tendency before , during and after World War II to place deep inside its daily editions the news stories about the ongoing persecution and extermination of Jews , while obscuring in those stories the special impact of the Nazis ' crimes on Jews in particular . Leff attributes this dearth in part to the complex personal and political views of the newspaper 's Jewish publisher , Arthur Hays Sulzberger , concerning Jewishness , antisemitism , and Zionism . During the war , The New York Times journalist William L. Laurence was `` on the payroll of the War Department '' . Fashion news articles promoting advertisers In the mid to late 1950s , `` fashion writer ( s ) ... were required to come up every month with articles whose total column - inches reflected the relative advertising strength of every ( '' department '' or `` specialty '' ) store ( `` assigned '' to a writer ) ... The monitor of all this was ... the advertising director ( of the NYT ) ... `` However , within this requirement , story ideas may have been the reporters ' and editors ' own . Iraq War The New York Times supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq . On May 26 , 2004 , a year after the war started , the newspaper asserted that some of its articles had not been as rigorous as they should have been , and were insufficiently qualified , frequently overly dependent upon information from Iraqi exiles desiring regime change . Reporter Judith Miller retired after criticisms that her reporting of the lead - up to the Iraq War was factually inaccurate and overly favorable to the Bush administration 's position , for which The New York Times later apologized . One of Miller 's prime sources was Ahmed Chalabi , an Iraqi expatriate who returned to Iraq after the U.S. invasion and held a number of governmental positions culminating in acting oil minister and deputy prime minister from May 2005 until May 2006 . Jayson Blair plagiarism Main article : Jayson Blair § Plagiarism and fabrication scandal In May 2003 , The New York Times reporter Jayson Blair was forced to resign from the newspaper after he was caught plagiarizing and fabricating elements of his stories . Some critics contended that African - American Blair 's race was a major factor in his hiring and in The New York Times ' initial reluctance to fire him . Duke University lacrosse case The newspaper was criticized for largely reporting the prosecutors ' version of events in the 2006 Duke lacrosse case . Suzanne Smalley of Newsweek criticized the newspaper for its `` credulous '' coverage of the charges of rape against Duke University lacrosse players . Stuart Taylor , Jr. and KC Johnson , in their book Until Proven Innocent : Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case , write : `` at the head of the guilt - presuming pack , The New York Times vied in a race to the journalistic bottom with trash - TV talk shows . '' Israeli -- Palestinian conflict A 2003 study in The Harvard International Journal of Press / Politics concluded that The New York Times reporting was more favorable to Israelis than to Palestinians . A 2002 study published in the journal Journalism examined Middle East coverage of the Second Intifada over a one - month period in the Times , Washington Post and Chicago Tribune . The study authors said that the Times was `` the most slanted in a pro-Israeli direction '' with a bias `` reflected ... in its use of headlines , photographs , graphics , sourcing practices and lead paragraphs . '' For its coverage of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , some ( such as Ed Koch ) have claimed that the paper is pro-Palestinian , while others ( such as As'ad AbuKhalil ) have insisted that it is pro-Israel . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , by political science professors John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt , alleges that The New York Times sometimes criticizes Israeli policies but is not even - handed and is generally pro-Israel . On the other hand , the Simon Wiesenthal Center has criticized The New York Times for printing cartoons regarding the Israeli - Palestinian conflict that were claimed to be anti-Semitic . Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected a proposal to write an article for the paper on grounds of lack of objectivity . A piece in which Thomas Friedman commented that praise awarded to Netanyahu during a speech at congress was `` paid for by the Israel lobby '' elicited an apology and clarification from its writer . The New York Times ' public editor Clark Hoyt concluded in his January 10 , 2009 , column , `` Though the most vociferous supporters of Israel and the Palestinians do not agree , I think The New York Times , largely barred from the battlefield and reporting amid the chaos of war , has tried its best to do a fair , balanced and complete job -- and has largely succeeded . '' M.I.A. Quotes out of Context In February 2009 , a Village Voice music blogger accused the newspaper of using `` chintzy , ad - hominem allegations '' in an article on British Tamil music artist M.I.A. concerning her activism against the Sinhala - Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka . M.I.A. criticized the paper in January 2010 after a travel piece rated post-conflict Sri Lanka the `` # 1 place to go in 2010 '' . In June 2010 , The New York Times Magazine published a correction on its cover article of M.I.A. , acknowledging that the interview conducted by current W editor and then - Times Magazine contributor Lynn Hirschberg contained a recontextualization of two quotes . In response to the piece , M.I.A. broadcast Hirschberg 's phone number and secret audio recordings from the interview via her Twitter and website . Delayed publication of 2005 NSA warrantless surveillance story The New York Times was criticized for the 13 - month delay of the December 2005 story revealing the U.S. National Security Agency warrantless surveillance program . Ex-NSA officials blew the whistle on the program to journalists James Risen and Eric Lichtblau , who presented an investigative article to the newspaper in November 2004 , weeks before America 's presidential election . Contact with former agency officials began the previous summer . Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman . Keller explained the silence 's rationale in an interview with the newspaper in 2013 , stating `` Three years after 9 / 11 , we , as a country , were still under the influence of that trauma , and we , as a newspaper , were not immune '' . In 2014 , PBS Frontline interviewed Risen and Lichtblau , who said that the newspaper 's plan was to not publish the story at all . `` The editors were furious at me '' , Risen said to the program . `` They thought I was being insubordinate . '' Risen wrote a book about the mass surveillance revelations after The New York Times declined the piece 's publication , and only released it after Risen told them that he would publish the book . Another reporter told NPR that the newspaper `` avoided disaster '' by ultimately publishing the story . Irish student controversy On June 16 , 2015 , The New York Times published an article reporting the deaths of six Irish students staying in Berkeley , California when the balcony they were standing on collapsed , the paper 's story insinuating that they were to blame for the collapse . The paper stated that the behavior of Irish students coming to the US on J1 visas was an `` embarrassment to Ireland '' . The Irish Taoiseach and former President of Ireland criticized the newspaper for `` being insensitive and inaccurate '' in its handling of the story . Nail Salon series In May 2015 , a New York Times exposé by Sarah Maslin Nir on the working conditions of manicurists in New York City and elsewhere and the health hazards to which they are exposed attracted wide attention , resulting in emergency workplace enforcement actions by New York governor Andrew M. Cuomo . In July 2015 , the story 's claims of widespread illegally low wages were challenged by former New York Times reporter Richard Bernstein , in the New York Review of Books . Bernstein , whose wife owns two nail salons , asserted that such illegally low wages were inconsistent with his personal experience , and were not evidenced by ads in the Chinese - language papers cited by the story . The New York Times editorial staff subsequently answered Bernstein 's criticisms with examples of several published ads and stating that his response was industry advocacy . The independent NYT Public Editor also reported that she had previously corresponded with Bernstein and looked into his complaints , and expressed her belief that the story 's reporting was sound . In September and October 2015 , nail salon owners and workers protested at The New York Times offices several times , in response to the story and the ensuing New York State crackdown . In October 2015 , Reason magazine published a three part re-reporting of the story by Jim Epstein , charging that the series was filled with misquotes and factual errors respecting both its claims of illegally low wages and health hazards . Epstein additionally argued that The New York Times had mistranslated the ads cited in its answer to Bernstein , and that those ads actually validated Bernstein 's argument . In November 2015 , The New York Times ' public editor concluded that the exposé 's `` findings , and the language used to express them , should have been dialed back -- in some instances substantially '' and recommended that `` The Times write further follow - up stories , including some that re-examine its original findings and that take on the criticism from salon owners and others -- not defensively but with an open mind . '' Iran A 2015 study found that The New York Times fed into an overarching tendency towards national bias . During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the `` negative processes '' of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran . This tendency was shared by other papers such as The Guardian , Tehran Times , and the Fars News Agency , while Xinhua News Agency was found to be more neutral while at the same time mimicking the foreign policy of the Peoples ' Republic of China . Hiring practices In April 2016 , two black female employees in their sixties filed a federal class action lawsuit against The New York Times Company CEO Mark Thompson and chief revenue officer Meredith Levien , claiming age , gender , and racial discrimination . The plaintiffs claim that the Times advertising department favored younger white employees over older black employees in making firing and promotion decisions . The Times said that the suit was `` entirely without merit '' and was `` a series of recycled , scurrilous and unjustified attacks . '' Accusations of bias New York Times public editor ( ombudsman ) Elizabeth Spayd wrote in 2016 that `` Conservatives and even many moderates , see in The Times a blue - state worldview '' and accuse it of harboring a liberal bias . Spayd did not analyze the substance of the claim , but did opine that the Times is `` part of a fracturing media environment that reflects a fractured country . That in turn leads liberals and conservatives toward separate news sources . '' Times executive editor Dean Baquet stated that he does not believe coverage has a liberal bias , but that : `` We have to be really careful that people feel like they can see themselves in The New York Times . I want us to be perceived as fair and honest to the world , not just a segment of it . It 's a really difficult goal . Do we pull it off all the time ? No . '' Times public editor Arthur Brisbane wrote in 2012 : `` When The Times covers a national presidential campaign , I have found that the lead editors and reporters are disciplined about enforcing fairness and balance , and usually succeed in doing so . Across the paper 's many departments , though , so many share a kind of political and cultural progressivism -- for lack of a better term -- that this worldview virtually bleeds through the fabric of The Times . '' In mid-2004 , the newspaper 's then - public editor Daniel Okrent , wrote an opinion piece in which he said that The New York Times did have a liberal bias in news coverage of certain social issues such as abortion and same - sex marriage . He stated that this bias reflected the paper 's cosmopolitanism , which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City . He wrote , `` if you 're examining the paper 's coverage of these subjects from a perspective that is neither urban nor Northeastern nor culturally seen - it - all ; if you are among the groups The Times treats as strange objects to be examined on a laboratory slide ( devout Catholics , gun owners , Orthodox Jews , Texans ) ; if your value system would n't wear well on a composite New York Times journalist , then a walk through this paper can make you feel you 're traveling in a strange and forbidding world . '' Okrent wrote that the Time 's Arts & Leisure ; the Sunday Times Magazine , and Culture coverage trend to the left . In December 2004 , a University of California , Los Angeles study by former fellows of a conservative think tank gave The New York Times a score of 73.7 on a 100 - point scale , with 0 being most conservative and 100 being most liberal , making it the second-most liberal major newspaper in the study after The Wall Street Journal ( 85.1 ) . The validity of the study has been questioned , however . The liberal watchdog group Media Matters for America pointed out potential conflicts of interest with the author 's funding , and political scientists , such as Brendan Nyhan , cited flaws in the study 's methodology . Donald Trump has frequently criticized The New York Times on his Twitter account before and during his presidency ; since November 2015 , Trump has referred to the Times as `` the failing New York Times '' in a series of tweets . Despite Trump 's criticism , New York Times editor Mark Thompson noted that the paper had enjoyed soaring digital readership , with the fourth quarter of 2016 seeing the highest number of new digital subscribers to the newspaper since 2011 . Critic Matt Taibbi accused The New York Times of favoring Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders in the paper 's news coverage of the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries . Responding to the complaints of many readers , New York Times public editor Margaret Sullivan wrote that `` The Times has not ignored Mr. Sanders 's campaign , but it has n't always taken it very seriously . The tone of some stories is regrettably dismissive , even mocking at times . Some of that is focused on the candidate 's age , appearance and style , rather than what he has to say . '' Times senior editor Carolyn Ryan defended both the volume of New York Times coverage ( noting that Sanders had received about the same amount of article coverage as Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio ) and its tone . Reputation The Times has developed a national and international `` reputation for thoroughness '' over time . Among journalists , the paper is held in high regard ; a 1999 survey of newspaper editors conducted by the Columbia Journalism Review found that the Times was the `` best '' American paper , ahead of The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , and Los Angeles Times . The Times also was ranked # 1 in a 2011 `` quality '' ranking of U.S. newspapers by Daniel de Vise of The Washington Post ; the objective ranking took into account the number of recent Pulitzer Prizes won , circulation , and perceived Web site quality . A 2012 report in WNYC called the Times `` the most respected newspaper in the world . '' Nevertheless , like many other U.S. media sources , the Times had suffered from a decline in public perceptions of credibility in the U.S. from 2004 to 2012 . A Pew Research Center survey in 2012 asked respondents about their views on credibility of various news organizations . Among respondents who gave a rating , 49 % said that they believed `` all or most '' of the Times 's reporting , while 50 % disagreed . A large percentage ( 19 % ) of respondents were unable to rate believability . The Times 's score was comparable to that of USA Today . Media analyst Brooke Gladstone of WNYC 's On the Media , writing for The New York Times , says that the decline in U.S. public trust of the mass media can be explained ( 1 ) by the rise of the polarized Internet - driven news ; ( 2 ) by a decline in trust in U.S. institutions more generally ; and ( 3 ) by the fact that `` Americans say they want accuracy and impartiality , but the polls suggest that , actually , most of us are seeking affirmation . '' Awards Main article : List of awards won by the New York Times The New York Times has won 122 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . The prize is awarded for excellence in journalism in a range of categories . It has also ( as of 2014 ) won three Peabody Awards ( and jointly received two ) . See also List of New York City newspapers and magazines List of newspapers in the United States List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times List of The New York Times employees New York Times Building ( disambiguation ) New York Times Index The New York Times Best Seller list Journalism portal New York City portal References Notes Jump up ^ Seven different newspapers have been published under The New York Times name , with the earliest being published by a David Longworth and Nicholas Van Riper in 1813 , but they all died out within a few years . Jump up ^ The article is located at : Barboza , David ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Billions in Hidden Riches for Family of Chinese Leader '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Citations Jump up ^ Vinton , Kate . `` These 15 Billionaires Own America 's News Media Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Jason Stallman -- Times Insider '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` New York Times Co. to Offer Buyouts to Employees '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Company 10 - K '' ( PDF ) . nypost.com . February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Victor , Daniel ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` New York Times Will Offer Employee Buyouts and Eliminate Public Editor Role '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Washington Post closing in on the Times ? '' . POLITICO Media . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` News of the world '' . The Economist. 2012 - 03 - 17 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Pulitzer Prizes '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Pulitzer Prizes : Daily News and ProPublica Share Public Service Award ; New York Times Wins 3 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 annual report '' . The New York Times Company . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( 2009 ) . `` Mexican Billionaire Invests in The New York Times Company '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levitz , Eric ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` A.G. Sulzberger Vanquishes His Cousins , Becomes Deputy Publisher of the New York Times '' . New York . Jump up ^ Berger , Meyer ( September 17 , 1951 ) . `` The Gray Lady Reaches 100 '' . Life . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pérez - Peña , Richard ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Times Plans to Combine Sections of the Paper '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Site Index '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Letter to Our Readers About the Sunday Review '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 2011 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside The New York Times Book Review '' . C-SPAN.org . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Jake ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Behind the Relaunch of The New York Times Magazine '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company -- Redesigned T Magazine Franchise to Launch in 2013 '' . investors.nytco.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New York Times to Change To a 6 - Column Format Sept. 7 '' . The New York Times . June 15 , 1976 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Timeline 1971 -- 2000 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berger , Myer ( 1951 ) . The Story of The New York Times 1851 - 1951 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Jay P . `` The New York Times Company '' . International Directory of Company Histories . Gale . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ( password - protected ) ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. `` A Happy 200th to The Times 's First Publisher , Whom Boss Tweed Could n't Buy or Kill '' . City Room . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Case of Hoffman. ; The Prisoner Finds Bail '' . The New York Times . July 24 , 1860 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Word about Ourselves '' . New - York Daily Times . September 18 , 1851 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The New York Times Company . `` Our History The New York Times Company '' . www.nytco.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Note : in recent years the New York Times has been expanding its coverage of the Silicon Valley technology world with coverage by Nellie Bowles and others . Jump up ^ `` It Can Hyphen Here : Why the New - York Historical Society Includes a Hyphen '' '' New - York Historical Society . Blog.nyhistory.org ( February 13 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , 2004 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ On This Day : August 1 , 1863 The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adler , John with Draper Hill . ( 2008 ) . Doomed by Cartoon : How Cartoonist Thomas Nast and the New York Times Brought Down Boss Tweed and His Ring of Thieves . Garden City , NY : Morgan James Publishing , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60037 - 443 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Timeline 1851 -- 1880 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . pp. 215 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Times Timeline 1881 -- 1910 '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . pp. 155 -- 178 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company '' . Gale . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Editor and Publisher . Editor & Publisher Company . 1922 . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adolph S. Ochs Dead at 77 ; Publisher of Times Since 1896 '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen - Brown , Peter . `` Decent and Dignified Journalism - a History of `` All the News that 's Fit to Print '' . Early Sports ' n ' Pop - Culture History Blog . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Elmer Holmes Davis ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 - 1921 . The New York Times . pp. 274 -- 277 . Jump up ^ The World 's Work ... : A History of Our Time . Doubleday , Page . 1905 . pp. 5844 -- 5845 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Timeline 1911 -- 1940 '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1964 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Noam . `` Pentagon Papers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Audio Tapes from the Nixon White House '' . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( February 2017 ) . `` How The New York Times Is Clawing Its Way into the Future '' . Wired . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Heaviest ever newspaper '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panel : The future of the past : Modernizing The New York Times archive '' . www.rjionline.org . Reynolds Journalism Institute . 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perez - Peña , Richard ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Newspaper Circulation Falls 10 % '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Times to Reduce Page Size and Close a Plant in 2008 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times to Cut Size 5 Percent ; Keller Says Paper Better Off Smaller the New York Observer '' . The New York Observer . July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times trims paper size to cut costs '' . Press Gazette . August 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( December 4 , 2006 ) . `` In Tough Times , a Redesigned Journal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joyner , James . `` New York Times Fires 500 Staffers '' . Outside the Beltway . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Co. to Offer Buyouts to Employees '' . The New York Times . May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paige ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Inside `` Snow Fall , '' the New York Times multimedia storytelling sensation `` . Nieman Storyboard . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Rebecca ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` What the New York Times 's ' Snow Fall ' Means to Online Journalism 's Future '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Prokupecz , Shimon ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` FBI investigating Russian hack of New York Times reporters , others '' . CNN . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sdyney ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` New York Times Co . Subscription Revenue Surpassed $1 Billion in 2017 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bond , Shannon ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` New York Times sees boom in online subscribers '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( November 14 , 2001 ) . `` 150th Anniversary : 1851 -- 2001 ; Six Buildings That Share One Story '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Surely the most remarkable of these survivors is 113 Nassau Street , where the New - York Daily Times was born in 1851 ... After three years at 113 Nassau Street and four years at 138 Nassau Street , The New York Times moved to a five - story Romanesque headquarters at 41 Park Row , designed by Thomas R. Jackson . For the first time , a New York newspaper occupied a structure built for its own use . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( April 8 , 2004 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , an Intersection 's New Name : Times Square '' ) The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKendry , Joe ( 2011 ) . One Times Square : A Century of Change at the Crossroads of the World . David R. Godine Publisher . pp. 10 -- 14 . ISBN 9781567923643 . Jump up ^ Boxer , Sarah B. ( December 31 , 2007 ) . `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poulin , Richard ( 2012 ) . Graphic Design and Architecture , A 20th Century History : A Guide to Type , Image , Symbol , and Visual Storytelling in the Modern World . Rockport Publishers . p. 53 . ISBN 9781592537792 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dow Jones taking over news ' zipper ' `` '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kazaz , Tamir . `` Appraisal of Real Property 229 West 43rd Street Between Seventh and Eighth Avenues New York , New York County , NY 10036 In a Restricted Appraisal Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Josephs , Larewnce ( January 3 , 1982 ) . `` A New Owner Takes the Reins in Times Square '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` The New York Times Building -- 229 West 43rd Street '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of The New York Times Building '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Headquarters '' . SkyscraperPage.com. 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grant , Jane , Confession of a Feminist , in The American Mercury , vol . LVII , no . 240 , Dec. 1943 ( microfilm ) , pp. 684 -- 691 , esp . pp. 684 -- 686 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony : Women , Men , and The New York Times ( N.Y. : Random House , ( 2nd printing ? ) 1992 ( ISBN 0 - 394 - 58452 - X ) ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 76 ( italics in original ) . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) . `` 1896 ' News , Not Nausea ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Professor W. Joseph ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Story of the most famous seven words in US journalism '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ LaFrance , Adrienne. `` 118 Years Ago , The New York Times Crowdsourced a New Motto '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' ALL THE WORLD 'S NEWS , BUT NOT A SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL. `` '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1960 . pp. 11311 -- 11312 . Jump up ^ `` Slogan for The Times on the Web : ' All the News That 's Fit to Print ' '' . partners.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Turvill , William ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` New York Times London office may exceed 100 staff but it is ' not looking to compete with local media ' '' . Press Gazette . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bradsher , Keith ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` In Hong Kong , a Bureau Evolves With Its City '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bond , Shannon ; Thomson , Adam ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` New York Times to shut Paris HQ of international edition '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) . `` New York Times Co . Plans to Close Paris Editing and Press Operations '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Clark , Anthony ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Some N.Y.T. News Service jobs moving to Gainesville '' . Ocala.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Media Group '' . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Jon ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Can Russ Stanton turn around the L.A. Times ? '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lucey , Bill . `` The New York Times : A Chronology : 1851 - 2010 '' . New York State Library . Jump up ^ Ellison , Sarah ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Money Manager Battled New York Times '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Daniel ( 2006 ) `` ' An Interested Reader ' : Measuring Ownership Control at the New York Times '' , Critical Studies in Media Communication , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Margaret Sullivan '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Margaret Sullivan is the fifth public editor appointed by The New York Times ... The public editor 's office also handles questions and comments from readers and investigates matters of journalistic integrity . The public editor works independently , outside of the reporting and editing structure of the newspaper ; her opinions are her own . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Victor , New York Times Will Offer Employee Buyouts and Eliminate Public Editor Role , The New York Times ( May 31 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Liz Spayd , The Public Editor Signs Off , The New York Times ( June 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Clark . `` A Question of Honorifics '' . New York Times - Public Editor 's Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pinkington , Ed ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` All the news fit to print . ( And a page 1 advert ) '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Rabil , Sarah ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` New York Times Starts Selling Ad Space on Front Page '' . Bloomberg L.P . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` N.Y. Times broadens use of ' torture ' '' . Politico . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( Dec 10 , 2014 ) . `` The New York Times ' Obscene Profanity Policy '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David M. Halbfinger , Profanity , Vitriol , Slurs : Why The Times Published Unfiltered Trump Rally Video , The New York Times ( August 5 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Hadas Gold , New York Times , CNN report Trump 's vulgarities in full : Media grapple with whether to use offensive terms in unaltered state , Politico ( October 7 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Kurz , Stephan ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` History of the NYT nameplate '' . Typophile . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS ; A Face - Lift for The Times , Typographically , That Is '' . The New York Times . October 21 , 2003 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times to Discontinue New Jersey Edition of Sunday Metropolitan Section '' . Planet Princeton . August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Syndicate -- Cartoons '' . www.nytsyn.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despite subscription surges for largest U.S. newspapers , circulation and revenue fall for industry overall '' . Pew Research Center . 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Source : The New York Times Company . Annual Reports 2005 -- 2016 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 etc . ) . Figures for 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 are omitted . In these years the Alliance for Audited Media added the digital circulation to that of print before it resumed the previous practice . Jump up ^ Lichterman , Joseph ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` 20 years ago today , NYTimes.com debuted `` on - line '' on the web `` . Nieman Journalism Lab . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company Reports NYTimes. com 's Record - Breaking Traffic for March '' . The New York Times . April 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Newspaper Sites for March '' . Editor & Publisher . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Most Popular Newspaper Blogs '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nytimes.com Traffic , Demographics and Competitors -- Alexa '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About TimesSelect '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` can I get TimesSelect for free '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Introduces TimesSelect University ; Program Offers College Students and Faculty Special Access to TimesSelect '' . Business Wire . January 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` Goof Lets Times ' Content Go Free '' . Wired . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tabin , John . `` Never Pay Retail '' . John Tabin . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why The New York Times is Free '' . Blorge . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pérez - Peña , Richard ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Raab , Selwyn . `` Archive 1851 -- 1980 : Advanced Search '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaus , Mickey ( June 18 , 2006 ) . `` Touting Mark Warner -- Suellentrop 's secret scooplet '' . Slate . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Friedman at Webbys '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bray , Hiawatha ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` Sure the new iPhone is cool , but those apps ... '' The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : Albanesius , Chloe ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` New York Times iPad App Gets Overhaul , More Content '' . PC Magazine . Jump up ^ McCauley , Dennis ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Cultural Milestone : New York Times to Carry Newsgames '' . GamePolitics.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roy , Jessica ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` NYU and New York Times Collaborate on East Village Local Blog '' . The Local East Village . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is reCAPTCHA ? '' . Recaptcha.net . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haughney , Christine ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Times Is Introducing a Chinese - Language News Site '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newton , Sarah ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` NFB 's Highrise series builds new foundations in New York '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 73rd Annual Peabody Awards , May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sass , Erik ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' NYT ' Pay Wall Could Bring $100 M Annually '' . Media Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guaglione , Sara ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` ' New York Times ' Tightens Metered Paywall '' . MediaPost . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sulzberger , Arthur Ochs , Jr . ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` A Letter to Our Readers About Digital Subscriptions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Staci D. ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` NYTimes.com Paywall Picture About to Get Much Clearer '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sullivan , `` A Milestone Behind , a Mountain Ahead '' , The New York Times , January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerry Shih and Joseph Menn ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` New York Times , Twitter hacked by Syrian group '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Preview : NYT Cooking -- Recipes from The New York Times '' . itunes.apple.com . Apple Inc . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Year of Audience '' . New York Times . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( April 29 , 2006 ) . `` Microsoft Software Will Let Times Readers Download Paper '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Times Reader 2.0 Is Now Available '' . The New York Times . May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Important Information About Times Reader '' . The New York Times . December 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYTimes iPhone App '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robin Wauters ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` The New York Times Launches Free iPad App ( For Real Now ) , Paid App On The Way '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NYTimes Mobile Apps '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romenesco , Jim . `` New York Times drops many podcasts '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctor , Ken . `` The New York Times gets serious about podcasting '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times launches a podcast team to create a new batch of wide - reaching shows '' . Nieman Lab . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for The Daily , Your Audio News Report '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sensing an opening in audio , The New York Times is launching a daily news podcast this week '' . Nieman Lab . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tania Branigan ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` New York Times launches website in Chinese language '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tao ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` David Barboza Wins Pulitzer For The Wen Jiabao Story That Got The New York Times Blocked In China '' . Beijing Cream . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the New York Times is eluding censors in China '' . Quartz. April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How The New York Times Gets Around Censors In China '' . The Huffington Post . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ching - Ching Ni 倪青青 : Training and Working with Millennials US - China Institute '' . china.usc.edu . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives -- The New York Times '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TimesMachine -- Browse The New York Times Archive -- NYTimes.com '' . timesmachine.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About New York Times Store Page Reprints '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ( 2008 ) . The New York Times : The Complete Front Pages : 1851 -- 2008 . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 749 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' Not the New York Times ' from 1978 remains the best NYT parody '' . Poynter . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` In 1978 , a Faux Paper Was Real Genius '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNBC Exclusive : CNBC Transcript : New York Times CEO Mark Thompson Discusses Media in the Trump Era on CNBC 's `` Power Lunch '' Today `` . CNBC . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ * Okrent Daniel , ( July 25 , 2004 ) PUBLIC EDITOR ; Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper ? ( NYT article ) Sullivan Margaret , ( August 18 , 2013 ) Margaret Sullivan web extra ( CNN interview ) Spayd Liz , ( July 23 , 2016 ) Why Readers See The Times as Liberal ( NYT article ) ^ Jump up to : Okrent , Daniel ( July 25 , 2004 ) . `` '' Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper ? '' ( Public Editor column ) `` . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Allison ( October 27 , 2012 ) . `` The New York Times Endorses Obama Again '' . Political Ticker ( blog of CNN ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Re-elect Mayor Giuliani '' . The New York Times . October 26 , 1997 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Endorsement for Mayor '' . The New York Times . October 23 , 2005 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For Mayor of New York City '' . The New York Times . October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ George Pataki for Governor , The New York Times ( October 27 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Lyons , Eugene ( 1938 ) . Assignment in Utopia . Greenwood Press Reprint . ISBN 9781412817608 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Conquest , R. Reflections on a Ravaged Century . W.W. Norton & Company . New York . 2000 . Jump up ^ Stuttaford , Andrew ( May 7 , 2003 ) . `` Prize Specimen -- The Campaign to Revoke Walter Duranty 's Pulitzer '' . National Review . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Foreign Office and the famine : British documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932 -- 1933 '' . Studies in East European nationalisms . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Times Urged to Rescind 1932 Pulitzer '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Max Frankel ( November 14 , 2001 ) . `` Turning Away From the Holocaust '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leff , Laurel ( 2005 ) . Buried by the Times : The Holocaust and America 's Most Important Newspaper . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81287 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leslie R. Groves . `` Now It Can Be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project '' Da Capo Press , 1983 , p. 326 . `` it seemed desirable for security reasons , as well as easier for the employer , to have Laurence continue on the payroll of The New York Times , but with his expenses covered by the MED '' Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' Archived March 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Robertson , Nan , The Girls in the Balcony , pp. 82 -- 83 ( page break between `` the '' & `` relative '' ; & quotations in brackets per id. , p. 82 ) . The requirement is not given a date except that the author was in `` New York in 1955 '' and then went to be `` interview ( ed ) '' by a NYT `` hiring '' `` assistant '' , id. , p. 77 , she was temporarily hired at age 28 to work in `` the women 's news department '' `` as a news assistant '' for `` a special fashion section '' , id. , p. 78 , and the department was `` ( her ) home for the next five years '' , id. , p. 79 . It is not stated whether the requirement began earlier or continued later . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times ' role in promoting war on Iraq '' , by Antony Loewenstein , The Sydney Morning Herald , March 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Times and Iraq '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ricks , Thomas E. ( 2006 ) . Fiasco . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 103 - X . Jump up ^ `` James Moore : That Awful Power : How Judy Miller Screwed Us All '' . The Huffington Post . September 15 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chalabi Named Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister , Acting Oil Minister '' . Newstandardnews.net . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Howard ( May 26 , 2004 ) . `` N.Y. Times Cites Defects in Its Reports on Iraq '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jayson Blair : A Case Study of What Went Wrong at The New York Times '' . PBS NewsHour . December 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jr. , Stuart ( August 29 , 2006 ) . `` Witness for the Prosecution ? -- The New York Times Is Still Victimizing Innocent Dukies '' . Slate . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stuart Taylor Jr . & KC Johnson ( 2007 ) . Until Proven Innocent : Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case . Thomas Dunne Books . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Smalley , Suzanne ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Would Bloggers Have Cracked Chandra 's Case ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matt Viser ( September 2003 ) . `` Attempted Objectivity : An Analysis of the New York Times and Ha'aretz and their Portrayals of the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict '' . The International Journal of Press / Politics . 8 ( 4 ) : 114 -- 120 . doi : 10.1177 / 1081180X03256999 . This study explores the biases , pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian , by looking at quantitative indicators of news coverage in the New York Times and Ha'aretz . Several time periods were examined ( 1987 -- 88 , 2000 -- 01 , and post-September 11 , 2001 ) , using multiple indicators . By these measures , the New York Times is more favorable toward the Israelis than the Palestinians , and the partiality has become more pronounced with time . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Barbie ; Park , David ; Gudelunas , David ( December 2002 ) . `` How Bias Shapes the News : Challenging the New York Times ' Status as a Newspaper of Record on the Middle East '' . Journalism. 3 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 307 . doi : 10.1177 / 146488490200300305 . Jump up ^ As ` ad AbuKhalil ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` A New Low for The New York Times : Ethan Bronner on Gaza '' . Pressaction.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ed Koch ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` The New York Times ' Anti-Israel Bias '' . Real Clear Politics . Jump up ^ `` Editorial bias is also found in papers like the New York Times . The New York Times occasionally criticizes Israeli policies and sometimes concedes that the Palestinians have legitimate grievances , but it is not even ‐ handed . '' Mearsheimer and Walt paper hosted at University of Chicago `` The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy '' , Kennedy School of Government Working Paper No . RWP06 - 011 ( PDF format ) . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Groups Slam ' Hideously anti-Semitic ' Cartoon on Gaza '' . Haaretz . March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ לאון , אלי . `` '' מתחרט על ניסוח הביקורת על נאום רה `` מ בקונגרס '' `` . ישראל היום . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Clark ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Standing Between Enemies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Baron , Zach . `` The Sri Lankan Government 's War with M.I.A. continues '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` The Dissonant Undertones of M.I.A '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The 31 Places to Go in 2010 '' . The New York Times . January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Escobedo Shepherd , Julianne ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` That New MIA Track Is Actually a Protest Song Called ' Space Odyssey ' '' . The Fader . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hirschberg , Lynn ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` M.I.A. 's Agitprop Pop '' . The New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` M.I.A. Quotes Were Out of Context , NY Times Editor 's Note Says -- Paper 's Website Now Concedes That Two Quotes in Controversial Feature Were Rearranged '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` MIA : / \ / \ / \ Y / \ '' . The Observer . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Understanding M.I.A. : 5 Things You Need to Know '' . Spin . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grieve , Tim ( August 14 , 2006 ) . `` What the Times knew , and when it knew it '' . Salon . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times , Justice Dept . under fire for concealing info on NSA snooping '' . RT . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Lessons in a Surveillance Drama Redux '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkenflik , David ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' New York Times ' Editor : Losing Snowden Scoop ' Really Painful ' '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Nagourney , Mitch Smith and Quentin Hardy , `` Deaths of Irish Students in Berkeley Balcony Collapse Cast Pall on Program '' , New York Times , June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Terry Prone : `` The ' New York Times ' apology was a sorry attempt to right a wrong '' , Irish Examiner , June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Price of Nice Nails '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Perfect Nails , Poisoned Workers '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuomo Orders Emergency Measures to Protect Workers at Nail Salons '' . The New York Times . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 -- via New York Times . Jump up ^ Richard Bernstein . `` What the ' Times ' Got Wrong About Nail Salons '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuttal to The NYRB 's Article on NYT Nail Salon Series -- The New York Times Company '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret . `` Criticism of ' Unvarnished ' Brings a Strong Times Defense '' . Jump up ^ Sage Lazzaro ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Nail Salon Industry Stages Protest Outside NYT Building '' . Observer . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helen Holmes . `` Here 's Why Hundreds of Nail Salon Owners Are Protesting the New York Times '' . Jezebel . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times ' Nail Salons Series Was Filled with Misquotes and Factual Errors . Here 's Why That Matters . ( Part 1 ) '' . Reason . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How The New York Times ' Flawed Reporting on Nail Salons Closed Opportunities For Undocumented Immigrants ( Part 2 ) '' . Reason . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Says Working in Nail Salons Causes Cancer and Miscarriages . The Evidence Says Otherwise . ( Part 3 ) '' . Reason . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Questions on Nail Salon Investigation , and a Times Response '' . Public Editor 's Journal . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jesse Hearns - Branaman . `` Official Enemies in Commercial and Soft Power Media : Agency and the Iran crisis in the United States , United Kingdom , Chinese , and Iranian news '' , Journalism Studies , September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hannon , Elliot ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` New York Times CEO Sued for Allegedly Promoting Age , Gender , and Racial Discrimination '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Rupert Neate ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` New York Times boss sued over alleged ageist , racist and sexist hiring practices '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Spayd , Liz ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Why Readers See The Times as Liberal '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brisbane Arthur S. , ( August 25 , 2012 ) Success and Risk as The Times Transforms . Jump up ^ Okrent Daniel , ( July 25 , 2004 ) PUBLIC EDITOR ; Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper ? ( NYT article ) . Jump up ^ Groseclose , Tim ( December 2004 ) . `` A Measure of Media Bias '' . University of California -- Los Angeles . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former fellows at conservative think tanks issued flawed UCLA - led study on media 's `` liberal bias '' `` . Media Matters . December 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Does the US Media Have a Liberal Bias ? '' . Perspectives on Politics . August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maggie Coughlan ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` ' Failing NYT ' editor : Trump just wants our approval '' . New York Post . Trump has infamously dubbed the newspaper the `` failing New York Times '' in a series of tweets that began as early as November 2015 Jump up ^ Michelle Fox ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` The New York Times not ' failing , ' Trump taken in by ' fake news , ' NYT CEO says '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Chris D'Angelo , The ' Failing ' New York Times Reports Record Digital Growth , Huffington Post ( February 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Joe Pompeo , New York Times CEO takes on Trump 's ' failing ' claims , Politico ( February 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` How the ' New York Times ' Sandbagged Bernie Sanders '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Has The Times Dismissed Bernie Sanders ? '' . New York Times Public Editor 's Journal . Jump up ^ Margaret Sullivan , Times Senior Editor Carolyn Ryan on Sanders Coverage , The New York Times ( September 9 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Scholarly vs. Popular Sources , Yale Center for Teaching and Learning , Yale University ( last accessed February 8 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Daniel de Vise , What if the rankers ranked newspapers ? , ( October 4 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Jessica Bennett , Inside the New York Times ' Photo Morgue , A Possible New Life for Print , WNYC News ( May 7 , 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Further Decline in Credibility Ratings for Most News Organizations '' . Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooke Gladstone ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` ' Trust ' in the News Media Has Come to Mean Affirmation '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pulitzer Prizes -- The New York Times Company '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A Short History of the New York Times ' Peabody Awards , September 2014 . Further reading Davis , Elmer Holmes ( 1921 ) . History of the New York Times , 1851 -- 1921 . The New York Times . Durham , Meenakshi G. ( February 2013 ) . `` Vicious assault shakes Texas town : the politics of gender violence in The New York Times ' coverage of a schoolgirl 's gang rape '' . Journalism Studies . Taylor & Francis Online . 14 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1080 / 1461670X. 2012.657907 . Knox , Edward C. ( 2002 ) . `` The `` New York Times '' Looks at France `` . The French Review . 75 ( 6 ) : 1172 -- 1180 . doi : 10.2307 / 3132941 ( inactive 2017 - 11 - 21 ) . JSTOR 3132941 . Leff , Laurel ( 2000 - 03 - 01 ) . `` A Tragic `` Fight in the Family '' : The New York Times , Reform Judaism and the Holocaust `` . American Jewish History . 88 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 51 . doi : 10.1353 / ajh. 2000.0016 . ISSN 1086 - 3141 . Schwarz , Daniel R. ( 2012 ) . Endtimes ? : crises and turmoil at the New York times , 1999 - 2009 . Albany : Excelsior Editions . ISBN 1438438966 . OCLC 802059662 . Salisbury , Harrison E. ( 1980 ) . Without Fear or Favor : The New York Times and Its Times ( First ed . ) . New York : Times Books . ASIN 0812908856 . ISBN 9780812908855 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Taylor , S.J. ( 1990 - 03 - 29 ) . Stalin 's Apologist : Walter Duranty : The New York Times 's Man in Moscow ( 1st ed . ) . New York u.a : Oxford University Press . ASIN 0195057007 . ISBN 9780195057003 . 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6638775381533433336	NBA regular season records	NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 20 by Ben Wallace , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Clippers ) on December 11 , 2005 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 363 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant ( 18 years , 158 days ) Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey ( 45 years , 363 days ) Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish ( 43 years , 118 days ) Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double LeBron James is the youngest , doing so on January 19 , 2005 for the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers at the age of 20 years , 20 days . He had 27 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 7004128450000000000 ♠ 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 37 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics at the age of 18 years , 348 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Memphis Grizzlies against the Utah Jazz at the age of 39 years , 293 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Clyde Drexler is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Houston Rockets against the Sacramento Kings at the age of 34 years , 132 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record a triple - double and every point milestone from 1,000 to 25,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- Kobe Bryant ( 34 years , 104 days ) on December 5 , 2012 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Other than the longest game , all records in this section are since the 1954 -- 55 season ( the first season with a shot clock ) . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 39 -- The Dallas Mavericks ( 18 ) vs. the Golden State Warriors ( 21 ) on March 25 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,108 games : Dallas Mavericks ( February 27 , 1999 -- December 14 , 2012 ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://keepingitheel.com/2016/11/15/unc-in-the-nba-vince-carter-breaks-record-held-by-michael-jordan/ Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Warriors become 2nd team with back - to - back 65 - win seasons Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/gamenotes/mavericks.pdf Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=799935808 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 18 : 12 . About Wikipedia	most points scored in one quarter in nba history	[ "\n\n\n37 by Klay Thompson, Golden State Warriors (vs. Sacramento Kings) on January 23, 2015 (3rd)[3]\n\n\n" ]	[ "37" ]
-7045749074416456493	The Empire Strikes Back	The Empire Strikes Back - Wikipedia The Empire Strikes Back Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Empire Strikes Back ( disambiguation ) . The Empire Strikes Back Theatrical release poster by Roger Kastel Directed by Irvin Kershner Produced by Gary Kurtz Screenplay by Leigh Brackett Lawrence Kasdan Story by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Harrison Ford Carrie Fisher Billy Dee Williams Anthony Daniels David Prowse Kenny Baker Peter Mayhew Frank Oz Music by John Williams Cinematography Peter Suschitzky Edited by Paul Hirsch Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 17 ) ( Washington , D.C. ) May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 -- 33 million Box office $534.1 -- 538.4 million The Empire Strikes Back ( also known as Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ) is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner . Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay , with George Lucas writing the film 's story and serving as executive producer . The second installment in the original Star Wars trilogy , it was produced by Gary Kurtz for Lucasfilm and stars Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , Carrie Fisher , Billy Dee Williams , Anthony Daniels , David Prowse , Kenny Baker , Peter Mayhew , and Frank Oz . The film is set three years after Star Wars . The Galactic Empire , under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor , is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker and the rest of the Rebel Alliance . While Vader relentlessly pursues the small band of Luke 's friends -- Han Solo , Princess Leia Organa , and others -- across the galaxy , Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda . When Vader captures Luke 's friends , Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader and save them . Following a difficult production , The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21 , 1980 . It received mixed reviews from critics initially but has since grown in esteem , becoming the most critically acclaimed chapter in the Star Wars saga ; it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time . The film ranks # 3 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . It became the highest - grossing film of 1980 and , to date , has earned more than $538 million worldwide from its original run and several re-releases . When adjusted for inflation , it is the second - highest - grossing sequel of all time and the 13th - highest - grossing film in North America . The film was followed by Return of the Jedi , which was released in 1983 . In 2010 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States ' National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Effects 3.4 Filming 4 Themes 5 Releases 5.1 Special Edition 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.3. 1 Legacy 7 Soundtrack 8 Other media 8.1 Novelization 8.2 Comic book adaptation 8.3 Book - and - record set 8.4 Video games 8.5 Radio adaptation 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Works cited 10.4 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their former base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire . The rebels , led by Princess Leia , have set up a new base on the ice planet Hoth . The Imperial fleet , led by Darth Vader , continues to hunt for the Rebels ' new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy . Luke Skywalker is captured by a wampa while investigating one such probe , but he manages to escape from the wampa 's cave with his lightsaber . Before Luke succumbs to the freezing temperatures , the spirit of his late mentor , Obi - Wan Kenobi , instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda . Luke is found by Han Solo , and the duo are eventually rescued by a search party . Meanwhile , the probe alerts the Imperial fleet to the rebels ' location . The Empire launches a large - scale attack , using AT - AT Walkers to capture the base , which forces the rebels to retreat . Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C - 3PO and Chewbacca , but the ship 's hyperdrive malfunctions . They hide in an asteroid field , where Han and Leia grow closer and eventually kiss . Vader summons bounty hunters to assist in finding the Falcon . Luke , meanwhile , escapes with R2 - D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash - lands on the swamp planet Dagobah . He meets a diminutive creature who reveals himself to be Yoda ; after conferring with Obi - Wan 's spirit , Yoda reluctantly accepts Luke as his student . After evading the Imperial fleet , Han 's group travel to the floating Cloud City on the planet of Bespin , which is run by Han 's old friend , Lando Calrissian . Unbeknownst to the group , the bounty hunter Boba Fett tracks the Falcon ; shortly after their arrival , Lando leads the group into a trap and they are handed over to Darth Vader and Boba Fett . Vader plans to use the group as bait to lure out Luke , intending to capture him alive and take him to Emperor Palpatine . Luke sees a premonition of Han and Leia in pain and , against the wishes of Yoda and Obi - Wan , abandons his training to rescue them . Vader intends to hold Luke in suspended animation via carbon freezing , and selects Han to be frozen as a test subject . Han survives the process and is given to Fett , who intends to deliver Han to Jabba the Hutt . Lando initiates an escape and frees Leia and the others , but they are too late to stop Fett from departing with Han . They fight their way back to the Falcon and flee Cloud City . Meanwhile , Luke arrives at Cloud City and engages with Vader in a lightsaber duel that leads them over the city 's central air shaft . Vader severs Luke 's right hand , disarming him ; when Luke refuses to join Vader against the Emperor , accusing him of murdering his father , Vader reveals that he , in fact , is his father . Horrified by the truth , Luke intentionally falls into the air shaft and is ejected beneath the floating city , where he grabs onto an antenna . He makes a telepathic plea to Leia , who senses it and persuades Lando to return for him in the Falcon . After Luke is brought on board , they are chased by TIE fighters but R2 - D2 reactivates the Falcon 's hyperdrive , allowing them to escape . Aboard a medical frigate in the Rebel fleet , Luke 's severed hand is replaced with a robotic hand . Lando and Chewbacca set off for Tatooine in the Falcon in order to find Jabba the Hutt and save Han . As the Falcon departs , Luke , Leia , R2 - D2 , and C - 3PO gaze out on the galaxy and await word from Lando . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Empire Strikes Back characters and List of Star Wars cast members Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : A Jedi in training , who is powerfully connected with the Force . Harrison Ford as Han Solo : A smuggler and Captain of the Millennium Falcon . Carrie Fisher as Leia Organa : A leader of the Rebel Alliance , the former Princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan . Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian : Administrator of Cloud City and an old friend to Han Solo . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : A humanoid protocol droid in the Rebel Alliance . David Prowse as Darth Vader : A warrior of the dark side of the Force and the Emperor 's second - in command . The character 's voice is provided by James Earl Jones . Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : A Wookiee and loyal friend to Han Solo . Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 : An astromech droid in the Rebel Alliance and long - time friend to C - 3PO . He also portrays a GONK power droid in the background . Frank Oz as Yoda : The wise , centuries - old Grand Master of the Jedi , who is Luke 's self - exiled Jedi Master living on Dagobah . Oz was assisted by several other performers , including Kathryn Mullen , David Barclay , Wendy Froud , Wendy Midener , and Deep Roy . Jeremy Bulloch as Boba Fett : A bounty hunter , hired by the Galactic Empire . Jason Wingreen provided Fett 's voice in the film 's original theatrical cut and the 1997 Special Edition . In the 2004 and 2011 special editions , Temuera Morrison , who played Jango Fett in Attack of the Clones and all his clones , replaced Wingreen as Fett 's voice . Bulloch also makes a cameo appearance as the Imperial officer who grabs Leia when she tells Luke to avoid Vader 's trap with John Morton doubling as Fett in this scene . Several different actors portray the Emperor : The evil ruler of the Galactic Empire and Darth Vader 's powerful Sith Master , who appears via hologram . Clive Revill originally provided the voice of the Emperor , while Marjorie Eaton portrayed the Emperor 's physical form , filmed under heavy makeup with superimposed chimpanzee eyes . Ultimately they were replaced by Ian McDiarmid , who portrayed the character in later films , for the 2004 Special Edition and subsequent releases . Alec Guinness appears briefly as Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Force - ghost : Luke 's deceased mentor , who guides him to Yoda . Denis Lawson reprises his role as Wedge Antilles from the first film . John Hollis plays ' Lobot ' , Lando 's personal aide . Julian Glover appears as General Veers , a general who leads the Empire in the battle of Hoth ; Kenneth Colley portrays Admiral Piett , the Empire 's top admiral ; Michael Sheard as Admiral Ozzel , Vader 's previous admiral ; Michael Culver appears as Captain Needa , one of the Empire 's captains who failed to catch the Millennium Falcon ; John Ratzenberger portrays Major Derlin , one of the officers who led the rebels in the battle of Hoth ; Bruce Boa appears as General Rieekan , Princess Leia 's military advisor on Hoth ; Christopher Malcolm plays Rebel snowspeeder pilot Zev Senesca , who finds Skywalker and Solo on the surface of Hoth ; and John Morton portrays Dak , Luke 's gunner in the battle of Hoth who was killed by an AT - AT . Richard Oldfield is Rebel pilot Hobbie Klivian . Morris Bush portrays the bounty hunter Dengar , Alan Harris portrays the bounty hunter Bossk and Chris Parsons portrays the robotic bounty hunter 4 - LOM . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) George Lucas , writer / director of the first film , decided to only executive produce and co-write this film George Lucas ' 1977 film Star Wars exceeded all expectations in terms of profit , had a revolutionary effect on the film industry , and had an unexpected resonance as a cultural phenomenon . Lucas hoped to become independent from the Hollywood film industry , choosing to finance The Empire Strikes Back himself with $33 million from loans and the previous film 's earnings , going against the principles of many Hollywood producers never to invest one 's own money . Now fully in command of his Star Wars enterprise , Lucas chose not to direct The Empire Strikes Back because of his other production roles , including overseeing his special effects company Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) and handling of the financing . Lucas offered the role of director to Irvin Kershner , one of his former professors at the USC School of Cinematic Arts . Lucas hired veteran independent film maker and his former professor Irvin Kershner to direct the movie Kershner was known for smaller - scale , character - driven films , but had more recently directed the true - life drama Raid on Entebbe ( 1977 ) and the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) . Kershner initially turned Lucas down , citing his belief that a sequel would never meet the quality or originality of Star Wars . He called his agent , who immediately demanded that he take the job . Writing ( edit ) Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . He also took the script to a darker extreme by having Han Solo encased in carbonite and left in limbo . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke 's father ; there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978 . After writing the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back in which the point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin Skywalker was Ben Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by The Emperor ( who was really a Sith Lord and not simply just a politician ) . Anakin battled Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was wounded , but then resurrected as Darth Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Republic became the Empire and Vader systematically hunted down the Jedi . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the screenplay impressed Lucas , who hired him to write the next drafts with additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Effects ( edit ) Play media The Imperial AT - AT walkers at the Battle of Hoth were created using models and a new stop motion animation technique developed by Phil Tippett for The Empire Strikes Back . When making Dragonslayer ( 1981 ) Tippett called it `` go motion '' . Landscape paintings ( by Mike Pangrazio ) were used as backgrounds to enhance the scenery . After the release of Star Wars , ILM grew from being a struggling company and moved to Marin County , California . The Empire Strikes Back provided the company with new challenges . Whereas Star Wars mostly featured space sequences , The Empire Strikes Back featured not only space dogfights but also an ice planet battle opening sequence and elements of cities that floated among the clouds . For the battle scenes on the ice planet Hoth , the initial intent was to use bluescreen to composite the Imperial walkers into still - shots from the original set . Instead , an artist ( Michael Pangrazio ) was hired to paint landscapes , resulting in the Imperial walkers being shot using stop motion animation in front of the landscape paintings . The original designs for the AT - ATs were , according to Phil Tippett , `` big armored vehicles with wheels '' . Many believe the finished design was inspired by the Port of Oakland container cranes , but Lucas denied this . In designing the Jedi Master Yoda , Stuart Freeborn used his own face as a model and added the wrinkles of Albert Einstein for the appearance of exceptional intelligence . Sets for Dagobah were built five feet above the stage floor , allowing puppeteers to crawl underneath and hold up the Yoda puppet . The setup presented communication problems for Frank Oz , who portrayed Yoda , as he was underneath the stage and unable to hear the crew and Mark Hamill above . Hamill later expressed his dismay at being the only human character on set for months ; he felt like a trivial element on a set of animals , machines , and moving props . Kershner commended Hamill for his performance with the puppet . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in Norway , at the Hardangerjøkulen glacier near the town of Finse , on March 5 , 1979 . Like the filming of Star Wars , where the production in Tunisia coincided with the area 's first major rainstorm in fifty years , the weather was against the film crew . While filming in Norway , they encountered the worst winter storm in fifty years . Temperatures dropped to − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) , and 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) of snow fell . On one occasion , the crew were unable to exit their hotel . They achieved a shot involving Luke 's exit of the Wampa cave by opening the hotel 's doors and filming Mark Hamill running out into the snow while the crew remained warm inside . Mark Hamill 's face was scarred in a motor accident that occurred between filming of Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back . Despite reports to the contrary , the scene in which Luke is knocked unconscious by the Wampa was not added specifically to explain this change to Hamill 's face . Lucas admitted that the scene `` helped '' the situation , though he felt that Luke 's time fighting in the rebellion was sufficient explanation . The production then moved to Elstree Studios in London on March 13 , where over 60 sets were built , more than double the number used in the previous film . A fire in January on Stage 3 ( during filming of Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining ) forced the budget to be increased from $18.5 million to $22 million , and by July the budget increased $3 million more . Filming finished by mid-September . One memorable exchange of dialogue was partially ad - libbed . Originally a scene in which Princess Leia professed her love to Han Solo , with Han replying `` I love you too . '' Harrison Ford felt the characterization was not being used effectively , and Kershner agreed . After several takes , the director told the actor to improvise on the spot , and Ford changed Solo 's line to `` I know . '' During production , great secrecy surrounded the fact that Darth Vader was Luke 's father . The film includes a brief image of Vader with his mask off , facing away from the camera . For the original viewers of the film , this scene made it clear that Vader is not a droid . Like the rest of the crew , Prowse -- who spoke all of Vader 's lines during filming -- was given a false page that contained dialogue with the revelatory line being `` Obi - Wan killed your father . '' Hamill was informed just moments before cameras rolled on his close - up , and did not tell anyone , including his wife ; according to Hamill , Ford did not learn the truth until he watched the film . To preserve the dramatic opening sequences of his films , Lucas wanted the screen credits to come at the end of the films . While this practice has become more common over the years , this was a highly unusual choice at the time . The Writers and Directors Guilds of America had no problem allowing it on Star Wars , back in 1977 , because the writer - director credit ( George Lucas ) matched the company name , but when Lucas did the same thing for the sequel it became an issue because Lucas had his last name on the start of the film ( Lucasfilm ) , while the director and the writers had theirs on the end . They fined him over $250,000 and attempted to pull Empire out of theaters . The DGA also attacked Kershner ; to protect his director , Lucas paid all the fines to the guilds . Due to the controversy , he left the Directors and Writers Guilds , and the Motion Picture Association . The initial production budget of $18 million was 50 percent more than that of the original . After the various increases in budget , The Empire Strikes Back became one of the most expensive films of its day and after the bank threatened to call in his loan , Lucas was forced to approach 20th Century Fox . Lucas made a deal with the studio to secure the loan in exchange for paying the studio more money , but without the loss of his sequel and merchandising rights . After the film 's box office success , unhappiness at the studio over the deal 's generosity to Lucas caused studio president Alan Ladd , Jr. to quit . The departure of his longtime ally caused Lucas to take Raiders of the Lost Ark to Paramount Pictures . Themes ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Like its predecessor , The Empire Strikes Back draws from several mythological stories and world religions . It also includes elements of 1930s film serials such as Flash Gordon , a childhood favorite of Lucas ' , that similarly featured a city afloat in the sky . Releases ( edit ) The world premiere of The Empire Strikes Back was held on May 17 , 1980 , at the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. ( as a special Children 's World Premiere event ) . The film had a Royal Charity Premiere in London at the Odeon Cinema in Leicester Square on May 20 . The special event was dubbed `` Empire Day '' , a playful take the British Commonwealth Day holiday ( known as Empire Day prior to 1958 ) , where legions of stormtroopers were unleashed across the city . A series of other charity benefit premieres were held in numerous locations on May 19 and 20 . The film went on to official general release in North America and the U.K. on May 21 , 1980 . The first wave of release included 126 70 mm prints , before a wider release in June 1980 ( which were mostly 35 mm prints ) . During the initial theatrical run in Europe and Australia , the short film Black Angel by Star Wars art director Roger Christian was shown before the feature . Though the film was simply titled The Empire Strikes Back in its original promotional materials , the film still started with the title Star Wars on - screen which was followed by the opening crawl that gave the film 's subtitle as Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back , causing some surprise among cinema goers at the time as the original Star Wars film had not been given an episode number or subtitle for its first release in 1977 . However , Episode IV : A New Hope was added to its opening crawl from its 1981 re-release onwards . Like A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back was rated PG by the Motion Picture Association of America , and certificate U in the United Kingdom . This original version was released on CED in 1984 and on VHS and Laserdisc several times during the 1980s and 1990s . Special Edition ( edit ) The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film ( art by Drew Struzan ) As part of Star Wars 's 20th anniversary celebration in 1997 , The Empire Strikes Back was digitally remastered and re-released along with Star Wars and Return of the Jedi under the title Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . Lucas took this opportunity to make several minor changes to the film . These included explicitly showing the Wampa creature on Hoth in full form , creating a more complex flight path for the Falcon as it approaches Cloud City , digitally replacing some of the interior walls of Cloud City with vistas of Bespin , and replacing certain lines of dialogue . A short sequence was also added depicting Vader 's return to his Super Star Destroyer after dueling with Luke , created from alternate angles of a scene from Return of the Jedi . Most of the changes were small and aesthetic ; however , some fans believe that they detract from the film . The film was also resubmitted to the MPAA for rating ; it was again rated PG , but under the Association 's new description nomenclature , the reason given was for `` sci - fi action / violence '' . This version of the film runs 127 minutes . Home Media ( edit ) DVD release The Empire Strikes Back was released on DVD in September 2004 , bundled in a box set with A New Hope , Return of the Jedi , and a bonus disc of extra features . The films were digitally restored and remastered , with additional changes made by George Lucas . The bonus features include a commentary by George Lucas , Irvin Kershner , Ben Burtt , Dennis Muren , and Carrie Fisher , as well as an extensive documentary called Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Also included are featurettes , teasers , trailers , TV spots , still galleries , video game demos , and a preview of Revenge of the Sith . For the DVD release , Lucas and his team made changes that were mostly implemented to ensure continuity between The Empire Strikes Back and the recently released prequel trilogy films . The most noticeable of these changes was replacing the stand - in used in the holographic image of the Emperor ( with Clive Revill providing the voice ) with actor Ian McDiarmid providing some slightly altered dialogue . With this release , Lucas also supervised the creation of a high - definition digital print of The Empire Strikes Back and the original trilogy 's other films . It was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three - disc `` limited edition '' boxed set that did not feature the bonus disc . The film was reissued again on a separate two - disc Limited Edition DVD for a brief time from September 12 , 2006 , to December 31 , 2006 , this time with the film 's original , unaltered version as bonus material . It was also re-released in a trilogy box set on November 4 , 2008 . There was controversy surrounding the initial release , because the DVDs featured non-anamorphic versions of the original films based on LaserDisc releases from 1993 ( as opposed to newly remastered , film - based high definition transfers ) . Since non-anamorphic transfers fail to make full use of the resolution available on widescreen televisions , many fans were disappointed with this choice . Blu - ray release On August 14 , 2010 , George Lucas announced that all six Star Wars films in their Special Edition form would be released on Blu - ray Disc in Fall 2011 . On January 6 , 2011 , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced the Blu - ray release for September 2011 in three different editions . Digital release On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Empire Strikes Back through the iTunes Store , Amazon Video , Vudu , Google Play , and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $6,415,804 on its opening weekend in limited release on 126 screens . After four weeks on release , it expanded to 824 screens and grossed $10,840,307 for the weekend setting a new weekly record of $20,380,052 . Within three months of the release of The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas had recovered his $33 million investment and distributed $5 million in bonuses to employees . It earned $181,379,640 during its first run in the United States and Canada . It was re-released on July 31 , 1981 and grossed a further $26,758,774 and again on November 19 , 1982 with a gross of $14,535,852 to bring its gross to $222,674,266 and about $450 million worldwide . When The Empire Strikes Back returned to cinemas in 1997 , it grossed $21,975,993 on its first weekend of re-release . As of 2007 , the film has grossed $290,475,750 domestically and $538,375,067 worldwide . 35 years after the film 's initial release , it re-entered the UK box office at number 9 grossing $470,000 from June 4 -- 7 , 2015 . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) The Empire Strikes Back received mixed reviews from critics upon its initial release . For example , Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote a largely negative review of the film . David Denby of New York magazine called the film `` a Wagnerian pop movie -- grandiose , thrilling , imperiously generous in scale , and also a bit ponderous '' . Judith Martin of The Washington Post criticized the film 's `` middle - of - the - story '' plot , which she claimed had no particular beginning or end . However , this was a concept that Lucas had intended . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , The Empire Strikes Back currently holds a 94 % approval rating , based on 87 reviews , with an average rating of 8.9 / 10 . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes : `` Dark , sinister , but ultimately even more involving than A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back defies viewer expectations and takes the series to heightened emotional levels . '' Bob Stephens of The San Francisco Examiner described The Empire Strikes Back as `` the greatest episode of the Star Wars Trilogy '' in 1997 . In 2016 , James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film # 3 on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals . Roger Ebert described the film as the strongest and `` most thought - provoking '' film of the original trilogy . Chuck Klosterman suggested that while `` movies like Easy Rider and Saturday Night Fever painted living portraits for generations they represented in the present tense , The Empire Strikes Back might be the only example of a movie that set the social aesthetic for a generation coming in the future . '' Accolades ( edit ) At the Academy Awards in 1981 , The Empire Strikes Back won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing , which was awarded to Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Greg Landaker , and Peter Sutton . In addition , this film received the Special Achievement Academy Award for Best Visual Effects that was awarded to Brian Johnson , Richard Edlund , Dennis Muren , and Bruce Nicholson . Composer John Williams was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score , and Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , Harry Lange , Alan Tomkins , and Michael Ford were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design . In addition , John Williams was awarded the British Academy Film Award for his compositions : the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music . The Empire Strikes Back also received British Academy Film Award nominations for Best Sound and Best Production Design . Williams was also nominated for a Grammy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his musical score of the film . The Empire Strikes Back received four Saturn Awards , for Mark Hamill as Best Actor , Irvin Kershner for Best Director , Brian Johnson and Richard Edlund for Best Special Effects , and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . The Empire Strikes Back won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . The film was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . The Empire Strikes Back was awarded the Golden Screen Award in Germany . Legacy ( edit ) Darth Vader was ranked as the third - greatest film villain of all time in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 100 greatest heroes and villains , and Wizard magazine selected the ending of The Empire Strikes Back as the greatest cliffhanger of all time . The line `` No , I am your father '' is often misquoted as `` Luke , I am your father . '' The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , a list of the greatest American film quotes . Yoda 's statement to Luke Skywalker , `` Try not ! Do , or do not . There is no try '' , was also a nominee for the same list by the AFI . The film was selected in 2010 to be preserved by the Library of Congress as part of its National Film Registry . It is unclear whether a copy of the 1980 theatrical version or the 1997 Special Edition has been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . In the 2014 Empire Magazine list , `` The 301 Greatest Movies of All Time '' voted by fans , The Empire Strikes Back was named as the greatest film ever made . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Darth Vader -- No. 3 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I am your father . '' -- Nominated `` Do , or do not . There is no try . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Empire Strikes Back ( soundtrack ) The musical score of The Empire Strikes Back was composed and conducted by John Williams , and it was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra at a cost of about $250,000 . In 1980 , the company RSO Records published this film 's original musical score as both a double LP album and as an 8 - track cartridge in the United States . Its front cover artwork features the mask of Darth Vader against a backdrop of outer space , as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film . In 1985 , the first Compact disc ( CD ) issue of the film score was made by the company Polydor Records , which had absorbed both RSO Records and its music catalog . Polydor Records used a shorter , one compact - disc edition of the music as their master . In 1993 , 20th Century Fox Film Scores released a special boxed set of four compact discs : the Star Wars Trilogy : The Original Soundtrack Anthology . This anthology included the film scores of all three members of the original Star Wars Trilogy in separate CDs , even though there was significant overlap between the three ( such as the Star Wars theme music ) . In 1997 , the record company RCA Victor released a definitive two - CD set to accompany the publications of all three of the Special Editions of the films of the Star Wars Trilogy . This original limited - edition set of CDs featured a 32 - page black booklet that was enclosed within a protective outer slip - case . The covers of the booklet and of the slip - case have selections from the poster art of the Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . All of the tracks have been digitally re-mastered supposedly for superior clarity of sound . RCA Victor next re-packaged the Special Edition set later on in 1997 , offering it in slim - line jewel case packaging as an unlimited edition , but without the packaging that the original `` black booklet '' version offered . In 2004 , the Sony Classical Records company purchased the sales rights of the original trilogy 's musical scores -- primarily because it already had the sales rights of the music from the trilogy of prequels : The Phantom Menace , Attack of the Clones , and Revenge of the Sith . Hence in 2004 , the Sony Classical company began manufacturing copies of the film - score CDs that RCA Victor had been making since 1997 , including the one for The Empire Strikes Back . This set was made with new cover artwork similar to that of the film 's first publication on DVD . Despite the digital re-mastering by Sony Classical , their CD version made and sold since 2004 is essentially the same as the version by RCA Victor . Other Media ( edit ) Novelization ( edit ) Main article : The Empire Strikes Back ( novel ) A novelization of the film was released on April 12 , 1980 , and published by the company Del Rey Books . The novelization was written by Donald F. Glut , and it was based on the screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan , Leigh Brackett , and George Lucas . This novelization was originally published as Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back . However , the later editions have been renamed Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back to conform with the change in the titles of the Star Wars saga . Like the other novelizations of the Star Wars Trilogy , background information is added to explain the happenings of the story beyond that which is depicted on - screen . Comic book adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( 1977 comic book ) Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back which was written by Archie Goodwin and illustrated by Al Williamson and Carlos Garzon . It was published simultaneously in four formats : as a magazine ( Marvel Super Special # 16 ) , an oversized tabloid edition ( Marvel Special Edition Featuring Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ) , as part of a serialized comic book series , and as a paperback pocket book . In the paperback and tabloid versions , which were published first and for which early concept designs were the only available art reference , Yoda was given a quite different appearance than in the films : Yoda is thinner , he has long white hair , and he has purple skin , rather than green skin . For the magazine and serialized comic book editions , there was enough time for the artwork featuring Yoda to be revised extensively , and his appearance was changed to match that in the film . Comic book historians and industry professionals have remarked that Marvel 's Star Wars comics published in the years before The Empire Strikes Back include plot points similar to those later used in the film . However , the film 's makers have not acknowledged receiving any inspiration from the comic books . Book - and - record set ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children 's book - and - record set . Released in 1980 , the 24 - page Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back read - along book was accompanied by a 331⁄3 rpm 7 - inch gramophone record . Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the film with an abridged and condensed version of the story . The record was produced by Buena Vista Records . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars video games Video games based on the film have been released on several consoles . Additionally , several Star Wars video games feature or mention key events seen in the film , but are not entirely based upon the film . In 1982 Parker Brothers released Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Atari 2600 games console , which featured the speeder attack on the AT - ATs on Hoth . The arcade game Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back followed in 1985 . The game features familiar battle sequences and characters played from a first - person perspective . Specific battles include the Battle of Hoth and the subsequent escape of the Millennium Falcon through an asteroid field . A conversion was released in 1988 for the ZX Spectrum , Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , BBC Micro , Atari ST , and Commodore Amiga . In 1992 , JVC released the LucasArts - developed video game also titled Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) console . The player assumes the role of Luke Skywalker and maneuvers through Skywalker 's story as seen in the film . In 1992 , Ubisoft released a version for the Game Boy . Like its previous incarnation , it follows the story of Luke Skywalker . Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back was developed for the console Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) by LucasArts and was released by JVC in 1993 . The SNES game is similar in spots to the 1991 NES release , and is on a 12 - megabit cartridge . Radio adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( radio ) A radio play adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back was written by Brian Daley , and was produced for and broadcast on the National Public Radio network in the U.S. during 1983 . It was based on characters and situations created by George Lucas , and on the screenplay by Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan . Its director was John Madden , with sound mixing and post-production work done by Tom Voegeli . Mark Hamill , Billy Dee Williams , and Anthony Daniels reprised their roles as Luke Skywalker , Lando Calrissian , and C - 3PO respectively , with John Lithgow voicing Yoda . This radio play was designed to last for five hours of radio time , usually presented in more than one part . Radio agencies estimate that about 750,000 people tuned in to listen to this series radio play beginning on February 14 , 1983 . In terms of the canonical Star Wars story , this radio drama has been given the highest designation , G - canon . See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Science fiction portal The Story of Star Wars Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , a science fiction novel set in the Star Wars universe List of films considered the best List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the theatrical and home video distribution rights to all other Star Wars films were to be transferred to Walt Disney Studios by May 2020 , 20th Century Fox was to continue to own theatrical , home video , digital , and broadcast distribution rights to A New Hope for the foreseeable future . On December 14 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company announced it is acquiring most of Fox 's parent company , 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Power Lawyers : How ' Star Wars ' Nerds Sold Lucasfilm to Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' . The Walt Disney Company ( Press release ) . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tales From The Dark Side : The Making Of The Empire Strikes Back '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Ep . V : The Empire Strikes Back -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian . `` The 500 greatest movies of all time , No. 3 : Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Empire . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Film features : 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Films of All Time '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Movies of All Time by Mr. Showbiz '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Films adjusted for inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Those Yoda Guys '' . Jump up ^ Gourley , Matt . `` I Was There Too '' . earwolf.com . Earwolf . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ @ pablohidalgo ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Okay here 's what I 've got . It is not Elaine Baker in the movie . @ PhilTippett sculpted the piece and Rick applied it '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alasdair Wilkins ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Yoda was originally played by a monkey in a mask , and other secrets of The Empire Strikes Back '' . io9 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( 22 Oct 2013 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ( Enhanced ed . ) . Ballantine Group . ISBN 9780345543363 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Changes '' . dvdactive . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm Defends DVD Changes '' . Sci - Fi Wire . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : The Empire Strikes Back '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . `` Cliffhanging '' . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York City : Harry N. Abrams Inc . pp. 122 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . 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Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Hamill on Star Citizen , Wing Commander and Star Wars . YouTube . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Origins -- Flash Gordon '' . Star Wars Origins . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved November 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) '' . The 80s Movies Rewind . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` An ' Empire Day ' to Remember StarWars.com '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Empire release '' . From Script To DVD.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Short film meant to accompany ' Empire Strikes Back ' makes a comeback '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' , TIME , May 19 , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars on Ced '' . Amazon.com Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doug Smith ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Yesterday 's technology can be a collectible '' . 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Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smokey 2 No. 1 in Domestic B.O. Maiden Wk . With $17,805,900 '' . Daily Variety . August 25 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' B.O. History '' . Variety . May 17 , 1999 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Empire Strikes Back ' Returns to Top 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 15 , 1980 ) . `` ' The Empire Strikes Back ' Strikes a Bland Note ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( May 26 , 1980 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back '' . New York . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Judith Martin ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` ' The Empire Strikes Back ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Bob ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` '' Empire Strikes Back ' is the best of `` Star Wars ' trilogy '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Revenge of the Movie : 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals '' . Playboy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( June 22 , 2004 ) . Sex , Drugs , and Cocoa Puffs : A Low Culture Manifesto . Scribner . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3601 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Academy Awards ( 1981 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back -- Awards & Nominations '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2006 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How Many Academy Awards Did The Empire Strikes Back Win In 1980 ? '' . AtThaMovies . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) -- Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the Golden Canvas '' . Goldene Leinwand . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jake Rossen ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` The Top 25 Cliffhangers of All Time ! '' . Wizard . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael French ( 2003 ) . `` The Common Concept of Indiana Jones '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Blockbusters , Independent Films and Shorts Selected for 2010 National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . Jump up ^ `` Empire Magazine - 301 Greatest Movies of All Time '' , empireonline.com , Retrieved December 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ Arnold 1980 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Soundtrack from the Film The Empire Strikes Back '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved October 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trilogy : The Original Soundtrack Anthology ( BOX SET ) ( SOUNDTRACK ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Special Edition ) SOUNDTRACK '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars / The Empire Strikes Back / Return of the Jedi ( Original Soundtracks -- 2004 reissue ) '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Star Wars , Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Amazon.com . ISBN 0345283929 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 16 '' . comics.org . Jump up ^ Marvel Special Edition Featuring Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Edwards , Ted ( 1999 ) . `` Adventures in the Comics '' . The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium . Little , Brown and Company . p. 82 . ISBN 9780316329293 . In 1980 The Empire Strikes Back hit theaters and Marvel published their adaptation of the movie in a few different formats . The earliest version appeared in a paperback - size book followed by the magazine - size Marvel Super Special No. 16 , and then in regular comic book form in six parts . Jump up ^ Keane , Mike ( June 2009 ) . `` Bob Wiacek '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 34 ) : 53 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back , The '' . The Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Advertising poster Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for NES '' . Moby Games . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for Game Boy '' . Moby Games . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robb , Brian J. ( 2012 ) . A Brief Guide to Star Wars . London : Hachette . ISBN 9781780335834 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back Produced by NPR '' . HighBridge Audio . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Radiodrama '' . NPR Shop . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keeper of the Holocron '' . Star Wars : Blogs . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Canon '' . Canon Wars . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Works cited ( edit ) -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of Star Wars '' ( 3.0 ed . ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnold , Alan . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of Making the Empire Strikes Back . Sphere Books , London . 1980 . 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18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - 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'' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 186700474 LCCN : n80020079 GND : 4396738 - 3 SUDOC : 182088855 BNF : cb14438655w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Empire_Strikes_Back&oldid=837817554 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films American films British films The Empire Strikes Back Star Wars films 1980s science fiction films American epic films American robot films American science fantasy films American science fiction war films American space adventure films American sequel films Family in fiction Films about twins Films adapted into radio programs Films featuring puppetry Films shot in Norway Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films using computer - generated imagery Films using stop - motion animation Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Prosthetics in fiction Rebellions in fiction Science fiction adventure films Telekinesis in film United States National Film Registry films 20th Century Fox films Films shot at Elstree Studios Lucasfilm films Films scored by John Williams Films directed by Irvin Kershner Films produced by Gary Kurtz Screenplays by Leigh Brackett Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 06 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played luke skywalker in empire strikes back	[ "\nMark Hamill as Luke Skywalker: A Jedi in training, who is powerfully connected with the Force.\nHarrison Ford as Han Solo: A smuggler and Captain of the Millennium Falcon.\nCarrie Fisher as Leia Organa: A leader of the Rebel Alliance, the former Princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan.\nBilly Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian: Administrator of Cloud City and an old friend to Han Solo.\nAnthony Daniels as C-3PO: A humanoid protocol droid in the Rebel Alliance.\nDavid Prowse as Darth Vader: A warrior of the dark side of the Force and the Emperor's second-in command. The character's voice is provided by James Earl Jones.\nPeter Mayhew as Chewbacca: A Wookiee and loyal friend to Han Solo.\nKenny Baker as R2-D2: An astromech droid in the Rebel Alliance and long-time friend to C-3PO. He also portrays a GONK power droid in the background.\nFrank Oz as Yoda: The wise, centuries-old Grand Master of the Jedi, who is Luke's self-exiled Jedi Master living on Dagobah. Oz was assisted by several other performers, including Kathryn Mullen, David Barclay, Wendy Froud, Wendy Midener, and Deep Roy.[14]\nJeremy Bulloch as Boba Fett: A bounty hunter, hired by the Galactic Empire. Jason Wingreen provided Fett's voice in the film's original theatrical cut and the 1997 Special Edition. In the 2004 and 2011 special editions, Temuera Morrison, who played Jango Fett in Attack of the Clones and all his clones, replaced Wingreen as Fett's voice. Bulloch also makes a cameo appearance as the Imperial officer who grabs Leia when she tells Luke to avoid Vader's trap with John Morton doubling as Fett in this scene.\nSeveral different actors portray the Emperor: The evil ruler of the Galactic Empire and Darth Vader's powerful Sith Master, who appears via hologram. Clive Revill originally provided the voice of the Emperor, while Marjorie Eaton portrayed the Emperor's physical form,[15][16] filmed under heavy makeup with superimposed chimpanzee eyes.[17][18] Ultimately they were replaced by Ian McDiarmid, who portrayed the character in later films, for the 2004 Special Edition and subsequent releases.[19][20]\nAlec Guinness appears briefly as Obi-Wan Kenobi's Force-ghost: Luke's deceased mentor, who guides him to Yoda.\n" ]	[ "Mark Hamill" ]
732101519390604710	The House of the Rising Sun	The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia The House of the Rising Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early versions 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early folk and blues releases 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement 2 The Animals ' version 2.1 Recording and releases 2.2 Reception 2.3 Charts 3 Frijid Pink version 3.1 Sales and certifications 4 Billboard Country Chart 4.1 Jody Miller version 4.2 Geordie version 4.3 Thin Lizzy instrumental version 4.4 Dolly Parton version 5 Five Finger Death Punch version 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) 6.1 Charts 7 Possible real locations 8 References 9 External links Origin and early versions ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl Great God , and I for one The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . The Animals ' version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for US release Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' Released June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May 18 , 1964 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 Label Columbia Graphophone Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . Recording and releases ( edit ) The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' In the United States however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 . The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version '' . Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittlesbach organ . The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . Reception ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on September 5 , 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . According to John Steel , Bob Dylan told him that when he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio , he stopped to listen , `` jumped out of his car '' and `` banged on the bonnet '' , inspiring him to go electric . But he stopped playing the song after the Animals ' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favourite number one song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Preceded by `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by The Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1964 -- September 19 , 1964 Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Preceded by `` It 's Over '' by Roy Orbison UK Singles Chart number - one single July 9 , 1964 -- July 15 , 1964 Succeeded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones Frijid Pink version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for Danish , French and German releases ( French pressing pictured ) Single by Frijid Pink from the album Frijid Pink B - side `` Drivin ' Blues '' Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Psychedelic rock Length 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) Label Parrot Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Michael Valvano Frijid Pink singles chronology `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6 , 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27 , 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4 , 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30 , 1970 . The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Billboard country chart ( edit ) The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . Jody Miller version ( edit ) In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . Geordie version ( edit ) Recorded by Brian Johnson 's band ' Geordie ' for their 1974 album `` Do n't Be Fooled By The Name '' , Johnson went on to become vocalist for AC / DC . Thin Lizzy instrumental version ( edit ) The song was recorded as an electric but fairly mellow instrumental on the Deep Purple tribute album recorded by Thin Lizzy circa 1972 , Funky Junction Play a Tribute to Deep Purple . Here it was simply called Rising Sun , and credited to Leo Muller ( producer ) , the German businessman and label - owner . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for German release Single by Dolly Parton from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs B - side `` Workin ' Girl '' Released September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1980 Genre Country pop Length 4 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Mike Post Dolly Parton singles chronology `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , including on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped in New Orleans . Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 Released February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Recorded November 2013 Genre Folk metal Length 4 : 07 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live . Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) `` Le Pénitencier '' Single by Johnny Hallyday from the album ' Le Pénitencier ' Released October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 ) ( France ) Format 7 - inch single , 25 - cm LP Recorded September 1964 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy , Alan Price Producer ( s ) Lee Hallyday Johnny Hallyday singles chronology `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) Music video `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live on French TV , 1966 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live at the Théâtre de Paris , 2013 ) on YouTube The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday . His version ( titled `` Le Pénitencier '' ) was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no . 1 on the singles sales chart in France ( from October 17 to 23 ) . In Wallonia ( French Belgium ) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart , also peaking at number 1 . He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) France ( singles sales ) Possible real locations ( edit ) Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife . Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . 1867 ad noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century . Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2 . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed October 19 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program January 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , August 17 , 2005 . Accessed May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 15 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted December 9 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 19 June 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 151 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Animals Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David A. Carson . Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Le pénitencier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , June 26 , 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ B&B site , more theories External links ( edit ) Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry The sheet music The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Dylan ( album ) Side one `` You 're No Good '' `` Talkin ' New York '' `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` Fixin ' to Die '' `` Pretty Peggy - O '' `` Highway 51 '' Side two `` Gospel Plow '' `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' `` Freight Train Blues '' `` Song to Woody '' `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Category Sandi Thom Albums Smile ... It Confuses People The Pink & the Lily Merchants and Thieves Singles `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' `` What If I 'm Right '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The Devil 's Beat '' `` Saturday Night '' `` This Ol ' World '' `` Gold Dust '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Maggie McCall '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love and Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category Five Finger Death Punch Zoltan Bathory Jeremy Spencer Ivan Moody Jason Hook Chris Kael Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) And Justice for None ( 2018 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' `` Gone Away '' Related articles Discography Invidia Miriam Makeba Studio albums Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1962 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) Johnny Hallyday Studio albums Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime Solitudes à deux Hollywood À partir de maintenant En pièces détachées Pas facile Quelque part un aigle La Peur Hallyday 84 : Nashville en direct Rock'n'Roll Attitude Gang Cadillac Ça ne change pas un homme Rough Town Lorada Ce que je sais Sang pour sang À la vie , à la mort ! Ma vérité Le Cœur d'un homme L'Attente Singles `` T'aimer follement '' `` Souvenirs , souvenirs '' `` Itsy bitsy petit bikini '' `` Kili watch '' `` Viens danser le twist '' `` Retiens la nuit '' `` Ya ya twist '' `` Elle est terrible '' `` Tes tendres années '' `` Les Bras en croix '' ( c / w `` Quitte - moi doucement '' and `` Dis - moi oui '' on the EP ) `` Da dou ron ron '' `` Ma guitare '' `` Pour moi la vie va commencer '' `` Le Pénitencier '' `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' `` Quand revient la nuit '' `` Cheveux longs et idées courtes '' `` Noir c'est noir '' `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' `` Hey Joe '' `` Petite fille '' `` San Francisco '' `` À tout casser '' `` Cours plus vite Charlie '' `` Que je t'aime '' `` Ceux que l'amour a blessé '' `` Jésus Christ '' `` Deux amis pour un amour '' `` Essayez '' `` Oh ! Ma jolie Sarah '' `` Comme un corbeau blanc '' `` J'ai un problème '' ( with Sylvie Vartan ) `` Noël interdit '' `` Prends ma vie '' `` Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime '' `` Johnny Rider '' `` La Fille de l'été dernier '' `` La Terre promise '' `` Requiem pour un fou '' `` Derrière l'amour '' ( c / w `` Joue pas de rock'n'roll pour moi '' ) `` Gabrielle '' `` Ne me quitte pas '' ( live ) `` L'Envie '' ( live ) `` Que je t'aime '' ( live ) `` Tous ensemble '' `` Marie '' `` Mon plus beau Noël '' `` Ça n'finira jamais '' Other songs `` Je n'suis pas un héros '' Films Tales of Paris D'où viens - tu Johnny ? Cherchez l'idole À tout casser The Specialist Point de chute L'aventure , c'est l'aventure L'Animal Détective Terminus The Iron Triangle Why Not Me ? The Man on the Train Crime Spree Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse Quartier V.I.P. Jean - Philippe Vengeance The Pink Panther 2 Titeuf Salaud , on t'aime Rock'n Roll Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction Family Sylvie Vartan David Hallyday Laura Smet Related articles Johnny Hallyday discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=837112090 '' Categories : American folk songs Music of New Orleans Songs about New Orleans Year of song unknown 1964 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway The Animals songs Alan Price songs B.B. King songs Bob Dylan songs Lead Belly songs Joan Baez songs Johnny Hallyday songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Miriam Makeba songs Nina Simone songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Dolly Parton songs Jody Miller songs Alt - J songs Demis Roussos songs Deram Records singles Folk songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles RCA Records Nashville singles Mercury Records singles Parrot Records singles MGM Records singles Five Finger Death Punch songs Songs about prostitutes Songwriter unknown Song recordings produced by Mike Post Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Wallonia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is house of the rising sun lyrics about	[ "\"The House of the Rising Sun\" is a traditional folk song, sometimes called \"Rising Sun Blues\". It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate. The most successful commercial version, recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals, was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France.[1] As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band, it has been described as the \"first folk rock hit\".[2][3]" ]	[ "a life gone wrong in New Orleans" ]
-350872263673996506	List of Super Bowl champions	List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which nfl team has played in the most superbowls	[ "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5–5), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–1974. The Denver Broncos (3–5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966–1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972–1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974–1975 and 1978–1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992–1993), the Denver Broncos (1997–1998), and the New England Patriots (2003–2004). Among those, Dallas (1992–1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl." ]	[ "New England" ]
4719772493435184519	Life of the Party (2018 film)	Life of the Party ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Life of the Party ( 2018 film ) Life of the Party Theatrical release poster Directed by Ben Falcone Produced by Ben Falcone Melissa McCarthy Chris Henchy Written by Ben Falcone Melissa McCarthy Starring Melissa McCarthy Gillian Jacobs Maya Rudolph Julie Bowen Matt Walsh Molly Gordon Stephen Root Jacki Weaver Music by Fil Eisler Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Brian Olds Production company New Line Cinema On the Day Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $65.7 million Life of the Party is a 2018 American comedy film directed by Ben Falcone and written by Falcone and Melissa McCarthy . It is the third film directed by Falcone and co-written by the pair , following Tammy ( 2014 ) and The Boss ( 2016 ) . The film , starring McCarthy , Molly Gordon , Gillian Jacobs , Jessie Ennis , Adria Arjona , Maya Rudolph , Julie Bowen , Matt Walsh , Debby Ryan , with Stephen Root and Jacki Weaver , follows a newly divorced mother who returns to college to complete her degree , and ends up bonding with her daughter 's friends . Produced by On the Day Productions and New Line Cinema , the film was released on May 11 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures . It received mixed reviews from critics , who called it `` a frustratingly middling comedy that never really figures out what to do with all that talent and fails to produce consistent laughs . '' Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) After dropping off their daughter Maddie ( Molly Gordon ) to her senior year at Decatur University in Atlanta , Dan tells Deanna ( Melissa McCarthy ) that he wants a divorce because he has fallen in love with another woman , a realtor Marcie ( Julie Bowen ) , and he also wants to sell their house under his name . Heartbroken , Deanna visits her parents Mike ( Stephen Root ) and Sandy ( Jacki Weaver ) to tell them what happened , but Mike is frustrated because Dan made Deanna drop out of her college because she was pregnant , as well as his overbearing ways during their marriage . Deanna goes to see Maddie in her dorm to tell the news about her divorce and her plans to study again at the university to earn a degree in Archaeology . Maddie initially has doubts about her plan but she ultimately accepts it . Maddie introduces Deanna to her friends - Amanda ( Adria Arjona ) , neurotic Debbie ( Jessie Ennis ) , and Helen ( Gillian Jacobs ) . Deanna later meets her agoraphobic and chronically depressed roommate Leonor ( Heidi Gardner ) . On the first day of school , she meets demeaning girls , Jennifer ( Debby Ryan ) and her friend Trina ( Yani Simone ) , who mocks Deanna 's age . Deanna later signed the divorce papers , with her best friend Christine , in front of Dan and Marcie . At night , Maddie and her friends take Deanna to the party , where she meets a boy named Jack ( Luke Benward ) , who later falls in love with her and , the next day , they have sex inside the library . In another night , they attend an 80 's - themed party where Deanna has a dance - off with Jennifer , resulting in earning the respect of her schoolmates . Deanna later has stage fright during her oral presentation and she faints . While Deanna hanging out for the dinner with Christine , her husband , and their couple friends , Dan and Marcie unexpectedly show up , who declare that they are getting married . Jack turns out to be Marcie 's son and knowing about Deanna sleeping with Jack , Marcie walks out in disgust . On the night of Dan and Marcie 's wedding , Deanna and her friends get high from chocolate bark laced with weed , and they head to the reception , where they start wrecking the wedding hall . Dan , Marcie , and Maddie find them and Marcie tells Deanna she is cut off financially from Dan . Deanna is filled with shame , if only because of how Maddie saw her . Deanna tries to make amends with Maddie , but she tells her that she is leaving college since she has no means of completing the rest of the year on her own . The girls then come up with a plan to throw a party to raise money to pay for Deanna 's tuition . Since everyone is at Christina Aguilera concert , Helen posts the message on her Twitter , claiming Aguilera will be at the party after her show . Christine shows up with her husband , as do Mike and Sandy . Mike offers to give Deanna a 401K check to pay her tuition , but Deanna refuses to take it . The party is not a success until Aguilera ( who ends up being Leonor 's cousin ) arrives and she puts on a show with Deanna and the girls to an excited crowd . Later on , Deanna is due to repeat her presentation in class . She is still nervous until Maddie , Helen , Amanda , Debbie , and all the sorority sisters show up to support her , and Deanna manages to give the presentation with ease . At the end of the year , Deanna and Maddie graduate together , with all their friends and family there to support them . Maddie encourages Deanna to throw her cap in the air . She does so , and it hits Dan in the face , knocking out an earring he was wearing while Marcie berates him for losing the expensive diamond stud . Cast ( edit ) Melissa McCarthy as Deanna `` Dee Rock '' Miles ( née Cook ) Molly Gordon as Maddie Miles , Dan and Deanna 's daughter Gillian Jacobs as Helen , a sorority sister who is older than the rest due to having been in a coma for eight years . Maya Rudolph as Christine Davenport , Deanna 's neurotic and heavy drinking best friend Jessie Ennis as Debbie , a sorority sister with `` issues '' Adria Arjona as Amanda , another sorority sister with `` issues '' Matt Walsh as Daniel `` Dan '' Miles , Deanna 's ex-husband , Maddie 's father Julie Bowen as Marcie Strong , a real estate agent , Deanna 's nemesis and Dan 's lover Debby Ryan as Jennifer , a `` mean girl '' in Deanna 's archaeology class Stephen Root as Michael `` Mike '' Cook , Deanna 's father and Maddie 's grandfather Jacki Weaver as Sandy Cook , Deanna 's mother and Maddie 's grandmother Luke Benward as Jack Strong , a frat boy infatuated with Deanna Jimmy O. Yang as Tyler , Maddie 's boyfriend and Jack 's friend Chris Parnell as Wayne Truzack , Deanna 's professor Heidi Gardner as Leonor , Deanna 's reclusive Goth roommate Yani Smone as Trina , Jennifer 's snarky sidekick Damon Jones as Frank Davenport , Christine 's husband Ben Falcone as Dale , the Uber driver Nat Faxon as Lance Sarah Baker as Gildred Karen Maruyama as Mediator Steve Mallory as Bill Courtney Patterson as Amy Steve Falcone ( Ben Falcone 's real - life father ) as Older Man # 1 / Vince Michael D. McCarthy ( Melissa McCarthy 's real - life father ) as Older Man # 2 / Dennis Christina Aguilera as herself ( cameo ) Production ( edit ) Filming began in August 2016 in the metro Atlanta area . The sorority house used in the film is The Twelve Oaks Bed & Breakfast ( www.thetwelveoaks.com ) located in Covington , GA . The interior of the mansion was replicated in a warehouse in Decatur , GA for the interior scenes and the exterior scenes were filmed on location at the inn . Release ( edit ) Life of the Party was released on May 11 , 2018 . The first official trailer for the film was released on February 5 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Life of the Party grossed 52.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $12.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $65.7 million . In the United States and Canada , Life of the Party was released alongside Breaking In , and was projected to gross $18 -- 21 million from 3,656 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $4.9 million on its first day , including $700,000 from Thursday night previews , down from the $985,000 McCarthy 's The Boss grossed in March 2016 , and similar to the $650,000 grossed by Snatched on the Thursday before the same weekend the previous year . The film went on to debut to $17.9 million , and finished second behind Avengers : Infinity War ( $62 million in its third week ) ; 80 % of its audience was over the age of 25 , while 70 % was female . It fell 57 % in its second weekend , to $7.6 million , finishing fourth at the box office , and another 33 % to $5.1 million in its third , finishing fifth . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 38 % based on 129 reviews , and an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Life of the Party 's good - natured humor and abundance of onscreen talent are n't enough to make up for jumbled direction and a script that misses far more often than it hits . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 , based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , higher than the `` C + '' earned by McCarthy and Falcone 's previous two film collaborations . Matt Zoller - Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film two out of four stars , calling it `` the latest Melissa McCarthy star vehicle that fails to do justice to the sheer awesomeness of its leading lady . '' Leigh Monson from Birth. MoviesDeath wrote , `` One hundred minutes of self - indulgence and tedium , even if it 's well - meaning in its intentions . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Nominated Choice Summer Movie Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated People 's Choice Awards The Comedy Movie Star of 2018 Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LIFE OF THE PARTY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday Box Office : McCarthy 's ' Life Of The Party ' Nabs $700 K , Union 's ' Breaking In ' Earns $615 K '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of the Party ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Life of the Party Crashes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Melissa McCarthy 's ' Life of the Party ' Coming to Theaters in 2018 '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Life Of The Party ' Trailer : Melissa McCarthy Goes Back To School In College Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Will Take Spoils In Third Weekend , But Can Melissa McCarthy Be The ' Life Of The Party ' At B.O. ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life Of The Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging In As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low At The B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $101 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life of the Party ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life of the Party Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoller - Seitz , Matt ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Life of the Party '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Monson , Leigh ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` LIFE OF THE PARTY Review : Melissa McCarthy Flunks Out Again '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Life of the Party on IMDb Films directed by Ben Falcone Tammy ( 2014 ) The Boss ( 2016 ) Life of the Party ( 2018 ) Super Intelligence ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_of_the_Party_(2018_film)&oldid=866480234 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American films American comedy films Films directed by Ben Falcone Films produced by Ben Falcone Films produced by Melissa McCarthy Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Atlanta Screenplays by Ben Falcone Screenplays by Melissa McCarthy New Line Cinema films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the dad on life of the party	[ "Melissa McCarthy as Deanna \"Dee Rock\" Miles (née Cook)\nMolly Gordon as Maddie Miles, Dan and Deanna's daughter\nGillian Jacobs as Helen, a sorority sister who is older than the rest due to having been in a coma for eight years.\nMaya Rudolph as Christine Davenport, Deanna's neurotic and heavy drinking best friend\nJessie Ennis as Debbie, a sorority sister with \"issues\"\nAdria Arjona as Amanda, another sorority sister with \"issues\"\nMatt Walsh as Daniel \"Dan\" Miles, Deanna's ex-husband, Maddie's father\nJulie Bowen as Marcie Strong, a real estate agent, Deanna's nemesis and Dan's lover\nDebby Ryan as Jennifer, a \"mean girl\" in Deanna's archaeology class\nStephen Root as Michael \"Mike\" Cook, Deanna's father and Maddie's grandfather\nJacki Weaver as Sandy Cook, Deanna's mother and Maddie's grandmother\nLuke Benward as Jack Strong, a frat boy infatuated with Deanna\nJimmy O. Yang as Tyler, Maddie's boyfriend and Jack's friend\nChris Parnell as Wayne Truzack, Deanna's professor\nHeidi Gardner as Leonor, Deanna's reclusive Goth roommate\nYani Smone as Trina, Jennifer's snarky sidekick\nDamon Jones as Frank Davenport, Christine's husband\nBen Falcone as Dale, the Uber driver\nNat Faxon as Lance\nSarah Baker as Gildred\nKaren Maruyama as Mediator\nSteve Mallory as Bill\nCourtney Patterson as Amy\nSteve Falcone (Ben Falcone's real-life father) as Older Man #1 / Vince\nMichael D. McCarthy (Melissa McCarthy's real-life father) as Older Man #2 / Dennis\nChristina Aguilera as herself (cameo)" ]	[ "Matt Walsh" ]
-1828135631367189354	Radio in the United States	Radio in the United States - wikipedia Radio in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal Radio broadcasting in the United States is a major mass medium . Unlike radio in most other countries , American radio has historically relied primarily on commercial advertising sponsorship on for - profit stations . The U.S. does not have a national broadcaster that aims its programs at the general public . Nonprofit broadcasting typically comes in three forms : radio evangelism , community radio , and government - subsidized public radio , all of which rely at least to some extent on listener donations . Shortwave broadcasting in the United States includes federal government programs , as well as a limited number of privately managed broadcasts , for overseas audiences . Radio broadcasting became popular in the 1920s , alongside the new film industry . The arrival of television in the 1950s forced radio into a niche role , as leading participants moved into the much larger field of television . In the 21st century , radio has been adjusting to the arrival of the Internet and Internet radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pioneers 1.2 1920s 1.3 1930 - 1945 1.3. 1 Battle with the newspapers 1.3. 2 Advertising as the basis of profitability 1.3. 3 Growing importance of news 1.3. 4 Local radio in the Golden Age 1.4 Education 1.5 Television era 1.6 FM broadcasting 1.7 Talk radio 1.8 Satellite broadcasting 2 Broadcast call signs 3 Modern era 4 Public radio 5 Recent developments 6 See also 6.1 Public Radio Networks 6.2 Programs 6.3 Organizations 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links History ( edit ) Pioneers ( edit ) In 1912 , most amateur - radio transmissions were restricted to wavelengths below 200 meters ( i.e. , frequencies above 1500 kHz ) to prevent interference to future commercial broadcasters . The beginning of regular , commercially licensed radio broadcasting in the United States in 1920 , along with the concurrent development of sound and color film in that decade , ended the print monopoly of mass media and opened the doors to the immediate ( and pervasive ) electronic media . By 1928 , the United States had three national radio networks : two owned by NBC ( the National Broadcasting Company ) , and one by CBS ( the Columbia Broadcasting System ) . Until 1943 , there were four major national radio networks : two owned by NBC , one owned by CBS and one owned by Mutual Broadcasting System . Stations were connected by broadcast - quality , leased telephone lines . NBC 's second network became ABC , the American Broadcasting Company . 1920s ( edit ) By 1919 , after the war , radio pioneers across the country resumed transmissions . The early stations gained new call signs . Some early stations were started by newspapers : the first to do this was 8MK ( today WWJ ) in Detroit , which was owned by the Detroit News . While many sources cite KDKA in Pittsburgh as the first station , and give its first broadcast as November 2 , 1920 , the question of who came first is still in dispute among historians . For example , there is evidence 8MK was on the air with Michigan state election returns on August 31 , 1920 Many other early stations were owned by small companies , such as AMRAD ( the American Radio and Research Company , Medford Hillside MA ) ; by some accounts , it broadcast voice and music as early as March 1916 , and was on the air sporadically till it began a daily schedule in May 1921 , using call letters 1XE and later , WGI . Perhaps the best - known early station began as experimental station 8XK , which became KDKA in 1920 . AM radio signals traveled long distances , and KDKA 's signal covered much of the country . The existence of early experimental radio stations encouraged young men ( and a small number of young women ) to build crystal sets ( with ear phones ) to listen to the new technical marvel . Entrepreneurs set up stations primarily with the goal of selling expensive console radio sets that the whole family could listen to , or which restaurants and shops would buy to attract customers . Until early 1922 , there were fewer than forty commercial stations broadcasting . But in mid-1922 , the so - called `` radio craze '' began , when several hundred new stations took to the airwaves , and thousands of people wanted to buy their own radio set . Even President Warren G. Harding had a radio installed in the White House . While `` direct advertising '' was not allowed in radio 's formative years , per the order of then - head of the Department of Commerce Herbert Hoover , station owners wanted this policy changed , since it was very expensive to operate a radio station . By 1926 , when the National Broadcasting Company went on the air , advertising was gradually allowed . Madison Avenue recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium . Advertising provided the major funding for most stations . The United States never had a license fee for set users . The National Broadcasting Company began regular broadcasting in 1926 , with telephone links between New York and other Eastern cities . NBC became the dominant radio network , splitting into Red and Blue Networks . The Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) began in 1927 owned and directed by William S. Paley . Prior to 1927 , U.S. radio was supervised by the Department of Commerce . Then , the Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission ( FRC ) . One of the FRC 's early major moves was the implementation of General Order 40 , designating AM radio stations as Clear Channel , Regional , and Local . Most stations ' frequencies were changed to implement General Order 40 at 3 : 00 am EST on November 11 , 1928 . 1930 - 1945 ( edit ) Battle with the newspapers ( edit ) In the early 1930s , a furious battle broke out as the newspaper industry tried to block the transmission of news by radio . Advertising revenues were plunging during the Great Depression , and newspapers were desperate to protect their main flow of income from the upstart 's threat to the status quo . In one particular incident , the newspapers attempted to claim that a broadcast of the H.G. Wells story The War of the Worlds caused a mass hysteria among listeners who thought the broadcast was real news , a myth that continues to the present day . Hollywood briefly became involved , by preventing its stars from appearing on the radio ; it soon realized , however , that radio was not a direct competition and the greater visibility for their stars met even larger audiences . The newspaper attack failed , and the networks set up their own newsgathering and reporting system , which played a major role during World War II . In 1934 , the FRC was renamed the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and remains in operation under this name . An FCC decision in 1939 required NBC to divest itself of its Blue Network . That decision was sustained by the Supreme Court in a 1943 decision , National Broadcasting Co. v. United States , which established the framework that the `` scarcity '' of radio - frequency meant that broadcasting was subject to greater regulation than other media . This Blue Network network became the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . Around 1946 , ABC , NBC , and CBS began regular television broadcasts . The small DuMont Television Network , was founded earlier ; it disbanded in 1956 . In 1934 , several independent stations formed the Mutual Broadcasting System to exchange syndicated programming , including The Lone Ranger and Amos ' n ' Andy . Advertising as the basis of profitability ( edit ) Paley at CBS was the first to fully realize that profitability depended primarily on maximizing the sales of commercials , which in turn meant reaching as large an upscale audience as possible . Surveys and polls could be used to determine not only the size of the audience , but their affluence . Frank Stanton , the president of CBS , worked with Columbia University sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld to develop techniques for measuring audiences . Before Paley , owners typically viewed their stations as stand - alone outlets or as the broadcast equivalent of local newspapers . It was their job to sell ads to local business . Individual stations bought programming from the network and , thus , were considered the network 's clients . Paley changed the business model by looking at national advertisers as the critical element . CBS therefore provided network programming to affiliate stations at a nominal cost , thereby ensuring the widest possible distribution for both the programming and the advertising . The advertisers then became the network 's primary clients and , because of the wider distribution brought by the growing network , Paley was able to charge more for the ad time . Affiliates were required to carry programming offered by the network for part of the broadcast day , receiving a portion of the network 's fees from advertising revenue . At other times in the broadcast day , affiliates were free to offer local programming and sell advertising time locally . Growing importance of news ( edit ) By 1940 , the greatest audience attention was on the networks ' evening programs of variety shows , music , and comedy and drama . In the morning and afternoon , smaller audiences ( chiefly housewives ) listened to 61 soap operas . Phone - in talk shows were rare , but disk jockeys attracted a following through their chatter between records . The most popular radio shows during the Golden Age of Radio . The Jack Benny Program , Fibber McGee and Molly , The Goldbergs and other top - rated American radio shows were heard by 30 -- 35 percent of the radio audience . In a major technical move , the FCC mandated that 795 of the 883 United States broadcasters on the AM band shift their broadcast frequencies on March 29 , 1941 , in what was called `` Radio Movin ' Day '' in the press , and was the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement . The goal was to improve AM reception inside the United States , and reduce interference to and from stations outside the United States . Fireside chat on government and capitalism ( September 30 , 1934 ) President Franklin Roosevelt 's opponents had control of most newspapers in the 1930s ; press reports were under their control and involved hostile editorial commentary . Roosevelt 's solution was a series of 30 evening broadcasts in an informal , almost casual setting , dubbed `` Fireside chats . '' Historian Douglas B. Craig says that he , `` offered voters a chance to receive information unadulterated by newspaper proprietors ' bias '' through the new medium of radio . '' Roosevelt 's radio audiences averaged 18 percent during peacetime , and 58 percent during the war . His address of May 27 , 1941 , was heard by 70 percent of the radio audience . Radio 's instant , on - the - spot reports of dramatic events drew large audiences starting in 1938 in the run - up to World War II . Local radio in the Golden Age ( edit ) All broadcast stations are licensed locally , in the past with mandated obligations to their `` city of service , '' fulfillment of which for license renewal is today largely passé . For many a `` 250 - watt station in my hometown , '' expensive facilities emulated the networks ' in the form of multiple , acoustically fine studios in art deco style for local origination of music and variety programs , featuring local , mostly volunteer , talented teens and energetic young adults motivated by the possibility of being discovered . Local programs were `` sustaining '' ( covered by general ad revenue ) , or the talent found their own sponsors and bought station time . Often paid just over minimum wage , `` combo operator - announcers , '' later called DJs , nevertheless came to consider themselves entertainers , often in fact becoming local celebrities , who cultivated `` on - air personalities , '' sometimes pairing one who was straight - laced with one playing the clown . Practical jokes by full - time staff were common , the unseeing audience none the wiser unless someone broke up laughing . Continuous station operations were manual ( until automation debuted in the 1970s ) , and could originate programming only three ways : live ; live via remote telephone line ( including network feeds as well as store openings and church services around town ) ; or played from `` electrical transcription '' ( ET ) phonograph discs . ETs up to 16in diameter played 15 minute syndicated programs , mailed to stations by the thousands , many for government sales of savings bonds and military recruiting . Magnetic tape arrived after 1947 and the Bing Crosby / Ampex alliance . All sound was monophonic until introduction of the stereo LP in 1958 , when sister stations `` simulcast '' the left signal on AM , the right on FM , requiring audiofans to set up two receivers . For both practitioners and attentive listeners , local radio during the Golden Age was fun . Education ( edit ) Radio in education began as early as April 1922 , when Medford Hillside 's WGI Radio broadcast the first of an ongoing series of educational lectures from Tufts College professors . These lectures were described by the press as a sort of `` wireless college . '' Soon , other colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula ; some , like the University of Iowa , even provided what today would be known as distance - learning credits . Curry College in Massachusetts introduced one of the nation 's first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs . In the 1950s , television courses became popular . After 2000 , Internet - based transmission of college courses came on line . 2012 was the `` year of the MOOC '' ( massive open online course ) . Television era ( edit ) After 1955 television 's visual images replaced the audio - only limitation of radio as the predominant entertainment and news vehicle . Radio adapted by replacing entertainment programs with schedules of music interspersed with news and features , a free - form format adopted by NBC when it launched its popular weekend - long Monitor in 1955 . During the 1950s automobile manufacturers began offering car radios as standard accessories , and radio received a boost as Americans listened to their car radios as they drove to and from work . Although this period saw the overall decline of the AM radio , some new stations , like the WGIV station in Charlotte dedicated to African American Music , were still coming up . In the 1950s , as a result of television 's increased popularity coupled with dramatically loosened restrictions on playing recorded music on air , the network model of radio dramatically declined . In its place was the first music radio format : top 40 , the forerunner to modern contemporary hit radio . Top 40 stations could be operated locally and gave rise to the disc jockeys , who became prominent local celebrities in their own right . Top 40 became the outlet for the relatively new style of music known as rock and roll . FM Broadcasting ( edit ) FM radio , which was the successor to the failed Apex band ( also known as ultra-shortwave ) experiments of the 1930s , arrived in the United States in 1941 , but it was not until the 1960s that it saw broad adoption . This was due in large part to a 1945 Federal Communication Commission decision which shifted FM 's allocation of frequencies from 42 - 50 MHZ to 88 - 108 MHz . This allowed FM much more room for growth when listeners arrived after 1960 , but rendered hundreds of thousands of already - existing Armstrong - FM sets useless overnight , and set adoption of FM in the United States back years . The FCC later decided to reduce program duplication on AM and FM sister stations , giving the younger medium space to grow . The better sound fidelity of FM , the less static , dated a natural for musical programming . The first FM stations were primarily instrumental , featuring formats that would come to be known as easy listening and beautiful music , and were targeted at shopping centers . Other , later FM sign - ons became known for experimentation ; the early freeform stations eventually evolved into progressive rock , the first radio format designed specifically to showcase rock music . From progressive rock came album - oriented rock , which in turn spawned the modern formats of classic rock , active rock and adult album alternative . Top 40 radio would begin arriving on the FM band in the 1970s as FM reached critical mass . As the amount of archival music from the rock and roll era began to expand , oldies radio stations began to appear , later evolving into the modern classic hits and later adult hits formats . FM radio made a major expansion in the late 1980s with the FCC 's Docket 80 - 90 , which expanded the number of available FM licenses in the suburban areas of the United States . Country music in particular , previously only heard on rural AM stations particularly in the Southern and Western United States , benefited from this docket , moving en masse to FM ; the beautiful music and easy listening formats mostly died out , with adult contemporary music taking its place . Talk radio ( edit ) Main article : Conservative talk radio Meanwhile , the AM band began declining . All - news radio became popular in the major cities in the late 1960s . As each successive radio format moved to FM , AM radio stations were left with fewer and fewer options . One of the last `` AM only '' formats was MOR , or `` middle - of - the - road '' , the direct forerunner of adult contemporary music and adult standards . Talk radio , although it had a small following in the cities , did not achieve mainstream popularity until the 1980s , when a combination of factors led to the rise of conservative talk radio . The politically charged format swept the country , bringing stardom to one of its pioneers , Rush Limbaugh . Also rising to popularity in the late 1980s was sports radio , which was dedicated to talk about sports as well as the broadcasting of sports events . What few country stations remained on AM typically shifted to classic country and focused primarily on older music . While shock jocks had been in existence since at least the 1970s ( see , for example , Don Imus ) and the morning zoo radio format was popular among local stations beginning in the 1980s , the first shock jock to make a major national impact was Howard Stern , whose New York - based show was syndicated nationwide beginning in the early 1990s . Stern built a multimedia empire that incorporated television , books and feature films , which led to him bestowing upon himself the title of `` King of All Media . '' Stern left terrestrial radio in 2005 . Satellite Broadcasting ( edit ) Satellite networks began replacing landline - based models in the 1980s , making possible wider and quicker national distribution of both talk and music radio . At the same time , the traditional networks started collapsing : NBC Radio and Mutual both were acquired by syndication company Westwood One , while ABC ( both radio and television ) was acquired by Capital Cities Communications . CBS would later acquire Westwood One , only to spin it off in 2007 ; as of 2015 , Westwood One is now in the hands of Cumulus Media . ABC would end up in the hands of The Walt Disney Company , who broke the radio network up in 2007 ; Disney owns portions of the old network , while the rest of it is in the hands of Cumulus . Mutual was dissolved in 1999 , replaced by CNN Radio , which itself was dissolved in 2012 . CBS still owns much of its original network , the last of the four major networks of the Golden Age to do so ; its programming is mostly funneled through Cumulus . Two other major commercial networks have appeared since the 1990s : Premiere Networks , the division of iHeartMedia , and the Salem Radio Network . Premiere owns the radio distribution rights to the current `` fourth major network '' , Fox ( which owns no radio stations ) , and distributes that company 's news and sports radio broadcasts . iHeart 's immediate predecessor , Clear Channel Communications , benefited from the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , which allowed for greater media consolidation , and built a large empire of both large and small market radio stations ; Clear Channel , having overextended itself , jettisoned most of its small - market stations ( as well as its now - dissolved television division ) in the late 2000s . The Salem Radio Network , a division of Salem Communications ( which outside of radio also has a large Internet operation ) , primarily has a Christian / conservative focus and specializes in Christian music , preaching stations and conservative talk radio , both owning stations and producing original content . Oaktree Capital Management briefly attempted a foray into building a radio network when it purchased the assets of several struggling radio networks in the late 2000s ; while it still owns stations through its Townsquare Media holding company , it has since spun off its network holdings ( which operated under the Dial Global brand ) to Cumulus . Direct - to - consumer subscription satellite radio began appearing in the United States in the early 2000s , but despite heavy investment in programming has continually lost money and has less than a tenth of the reach of terrestrial radio . The two competing satellite radio services , Sirius and XM , merged to form Sirius XM Radio in 2009 and now has a government - regulated monopoly on the format . Broadcast call signs ( edit ) Further information : List of radio stations in North America by media market While broadcast radio stations will often brand themselves with plain - text names , identities such as `` cool FM '' , `` rock 105 '' or `` the ABC network '' are not unique . Another station , in another city or country , may ( and often will ) have a similar brand ; the name of a broadcast station for legal purposes is , therefore , normally its ITU call sign . Broadcast stations in North America generally use call letters in the international series , with common conventions followed in each country . In the United States , the first letter generally is K for stations west of the Mississippi River and W for those east of the Mississippi ; all new call signs have had four characters since 1930 , although there are historical three - character calls still in use ( such as WOR in New York City , WBZ in Boston , WOL in Washington DC , WSB in Atlanta , WMC in Memphis , WGN in Chicago , KOA in Denver , KSL in Salt Lake City , KEX in Portland , Oregon , KUT in Austin , and KFI in Los Angeles ) . A 1940 QSL card for WWV , indicating its early location in the U.S. state of Maryland ( now in Colorado ) Modern era ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The expansion and dominance of FM radio , which has better audio quality but a more - limited broadcast range than AM , represented the major technical change in radio during the 1970s and 1980s . FM radio ( aided by the development of smaller portable radios and `` Walkman '' headsets ) dominates music programming , while AM has largely shifted to talk and news formats . Talk radio became more popular during the 1980s as a result of improved satellite communications , the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine and ( by the mid-1990s ) extensive concentration of media ownership stemming from the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . While before the 1980s talk radio was primarily a local phenomenon , the development of national spoken - word programming contributed to the renewed popularity of AM radio . However , this popularity is fading as previously AM - only stations begin moving their operations to FM simulcasts or translators , and as the audience of talk radio ages . Both FM and AM radio have become increasingly specialized . Music formats ( for instance ) comprise a variety of specializations , the top five in 1991 being `` country and western '' , `` adult contemporary '' , `` Top 40 '' , `` religion '' and `` oldies '' . Radio has been shaped by demographics , although to a lesser degree than television ; modern radio formats target groups of people by age , gender , urban ( or rural ) setting and race . As such , freeform stations with broad - spanning playlists have become uncommon on commercial radio . In an era in which TV is the predominant medium , the reach of radio is still extensive . Ninety - nine percent of American households in 1999 had at least one radio ; the average is five per household . Every day , radio reaches 80 percent of the U.S. population . Revenue more than doubled in a decade , from $8.4 billion in 1990 to more than $17 billion in 2000 . Radio continues to prevail in automobiles and offices , where attention can be kept on the road ( or the task at hand ) while radio is an audio background . The popularity of car radios has led to drive time being the most listened - to dayparts on most radio stations , followed by midday ( or the `` at work '' shift ) . Transistor radios , a technology that has been available since the 1950s , were the method of choice for listening to music on the go for most of the late 20th century , before digital media players and later smartphones ( many of which have FM radios as part of their hardware ) took those roles in the 20th century . The majority of programming in the United States is in English , with Spanish the second-most popular broadcast language ; these are the only two languages with domestically produced , national radio networks . In the largest urban areas of the United States , `` world ethnic '' stations may be found with a wide variety of languages ( including Russian , Chinese , Korean and the languages of India ) ; relatively widespread languages French and German have comparatively few radio outlets ( in the case of German , due to the fact that most of its speakers are Amish or from similar sects and thus shun radio technology ) . French speakers can generally receive programming direct from Canadian broadcasters , which are receivable across the Canada -- US border and a handful of local stations serving the Haitian diaspora and Creole populations also serve areas in the southeast . Until the 1980s , most commercial radio stations were affiliated with large networks such as ABC , CBS , the Mutual Broadcasting System , NBC , and others ( e.g. , RKO in the 1980s ) . The traditional major networks that had dominated the history of American radio up to that point began to be dissolved in the 1980s ; RKO was forced to break up in a billing scandal , while NBC Radio and Mutual sold their assets to up - and - coming syndicator Westwood One , which itself would be bought by rival CBS in the 1990s . ABC maintained most of its radio network until 2007 , when it sold off most of its stations to Citadel Broadcasting and later Cumulus Media ( it maintains two specialty networks , sports - oriented ESPN Radio and youth top 40 Radio Disney , the latter of which has largely shifted to Internet radio ; ABC still produces radio programming in addition to its terrestrial networks ) . CBS sold off Westwood One to private equity interests in the late 2000s as well , but unlike its rivals maintained ownership of its flagship stations . As of 2012 , most commercial radio stations are controlled by media conglomerates and private equity firms such as Bain Capital ( Clear Channel Communications ) , Oaktree Capital Management ( Townsquare Media ) and Cumulus Media . Public radio ( edit ) Main article : NPR Unlike most countries , the national and state governments in the U.S. do not operate any stations or networks directed at its own domestic citizens . It does operate networks overseas through the Broadcasting Board of Governors ; the most widely known of these networks is Voice of America , which serves a general worldwide audience ; other networks target specific geographic regions . Broadcasting Board of Governors networks were , until 2013 , expressly forbidden from being marketed to American citizens ; they still neither own nor affiliate with any AM or FM station . The U.S. also provides the American Forces Network , a service for American armed servicemen stationed overseas that mostly relays commercial programming ; AFN broadcasts are restricted to listeners in Japan , Korea and parts of Europe . In lieu of a national broadcaster , the United States government instead subsidizes nonprofit radio programming through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by private foundations , universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by donations , foundations , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) The BBC World Service has been distributed in the United States since 1986 ; until July 2012 by PRI , and since then by APM . Recent developments ( edit ) A new form of radio which is gaining popularity is satellite radio . Sirius XM Radio has a monopoly on the technology after the merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio . Unlike terrestrial - radio broadcasting , most channels feature few ( or no ) commercials . Satellite - radio content is not regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Cable radio , a slightly older technology , has also become widespread ; Music Choice is the market leader in this field , with its primary competitors being Sirius XM , Muzak , DMX , Sonic Tap and Canada - based Galaxie . CRN Digital Talk Radio Networks specialize in talk radio . Cable radio has the disadvantage that it requires a cable TV hookup , limiting its use outside the home . Unlike the mandated digital television transition , the U.S. government has not mandated a transition to digital radio , although it allows digital radio to be broadcast . The national standard is HD Radio , a proprietary in - band on - channel format that allows digital and analog signals to be broadcast simultaneously . Radio companies aggressively marketed HD Radio throughout the 2000s , touting its clearer signal and capacity for digital subchannels , but the technology never caught on with the general public . The negatives were cost , signal reception problems , a general lack of quality programming on the subchannels , and ( especially on AM HD stations ) adjacent - channel interference . HD Radio 's primary use has been to exploit an FCC loophole to allow low - power broadcast translators to carry HD subchannels in analog , thus giving radio station groups the ability to program more program services in a market than the federally mandated maximum number of stations allowed . FMeXtra is another subchannel service authorized for use in the United States , although that service is generally limited to voice transmissions due to lower bandwidth . Internet radio , digital music players and streaming - capable smartphones are a challenge to terrestrial radio . Unlike satellite radio , most Internet stations do not require a subscription ; several of the more popular ones use algorithms which allow listeners to customize the music they want to hear and select new music which may interest them . The proliferation of internet - based stations ( which are more numerous and easier to set up than their television counterparts ) creates a threat of audience fracturing beyond that experienced by television due to cable and satellite providers . Although not nearly to the extent that AM radio has declined in neighboring Canada , AM radio has also begun to decline in the United States . To partially combat this , radio ownership groups have increasingly moved their signals to FM , either through low - power broadcast translators ( primarily on small , independent and / or rural stations ) or through simulcast on full - market FM stations . The AM - to - FM phenomenon began primarily in mid-sized markets , where there is more bandwidth and less competition , but has since progressed even to New York City , where as of 2012 sports - talk AM stations WEPN and WFAN have both acquired FM stations with the intent to either move or simulcast their AM programming . By 2013 most of the AM / FM simulcasts had been discontinued , in part due to redundancy and the fact that most listeners to AM stations stayed with AM while very few new listeners were picked up on the FM side . See also ( edit ) Call signs in North America List of 50 kW AM radio stations in the United States List of United States radio networks Amateur radio Crossley ratings , polling to rate size & composition Internet radio , online streaming Radio News Magazine for Amateur radio fans War Emergency Radio Service , WWII List of AM - band radio station lists issued by the United States government Public Radio Networks ( edit ) National Public Radio Public broadcasting Public Radio International Programs ( edit ) Grand Ole Opry Radio drama Organizations ( edit ) Academy of Radio Arts & Sciences National Association of Broadcasters References ( edit ) Abridged from U.S. State Department IIP publications and other U.S. government materials . Jump up ^ Thomas H. White , `` United States Early Radio History '' , p. 4 . Archived from the original 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jim Cox , American Radio Networks : A History ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Erik Barnouw . A Tower in Babel : A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933 . Oxford University Press , 1968 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Zack Stiegler . `` Radio Revisionism : Media Historiography and the KDKA Myth . '' Journal of Radio & Audio Media ( Vol. 15 , # 8 ) , 2008 , pp. 90 - 101 . Jump up ^ `` The News Radiophone to Give Vote Results . '' Detroit News , August 31 , 1920 , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Music Sent by Wireless . '' Boston Globe , March 27 , 1916 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willard DeLue . `` Those Amazing Years . '' Boston Globe , March 15 , 1950 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lynn Boyd Hinds , Broadcasting the local news : The early years of Pittsburgh 's KDKA - TV ( Penn State Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Michael B. Schiffer ( 1991 ) . The Portable Radio in American Life . University of Arizona Press . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` 35 Radio Broadcasting Stations Now Active , '' Charlotte Observer , March 3 , 1922 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Radiophone for the White House . '' ( Jersey City NJ ) Jersey Journal , February 9 , 1922 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Congress . '' Time , October 20 , 1924 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Susan Smulyan , Selling radio : The commercialization of American broadcasting , 1920 - 1934 ( Smithsonian Inst Press , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Sally Bedell Smith , In All His Glory : the Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Gwenyth Jackaway , `` America 's press - radio war of the 1930s : A case study in battles between old and new media , '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio & Television ( 1994 ) 14 # 3 pp 299 - 314 Jump up ^ William B. Ray , FCC : The ups and downs of radio - TV regulation ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Mark R. Levy , `` The Lazarsfeld ‐ Stanton Program Analyzer : An Historical Note . '' Journal of Communication ( 1982 ) 32 # 4 pp : 30 - 38 . Jump up ^ Lewis J. Paper , Empire : William S. Paley and the Making of CBS ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Billboard. 21 April 1945 . p. 6 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Alice Goldfarb Marquis , `` Radio grows up , '' American Heritage ( Aug / Sep1983 ) 34 # 5 pp 64 - 80 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Movin ' Day Set for March 29 ; 90 Pct . Change Dial Spots '' . Arlington Heights Herald . 1941 - 03 - 29 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Douglas B. Craig ( 2005 ) . Fireside Politics : Radio and Political Culture in the United States , 1920 - 1940 . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Craig , Fireside Politics p 156 Jump up ^ Erik Barnouw ( 1968 ) . A History of Broadcasting in the United States : Volume 2 : The Golden Web . 1933 to 1953 . Oxford UP . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Gerd Horten ( 2002 ) . Radio Goes to War : The Cultural Politics of Propaganda During World War II . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Robin Miller `` American Radio Then & Now : Stories of local Radio from the Golden Age '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Tufts College to Give Radio Lecture Course . '' Olympia ( WA ) Daily Recorder , March 25 , 1922 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` U of I Offers Full Credits in Air School . '' Rockford ( IL ) Daily Register , October 5 , 1925 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Blakely , To serve the public interest : Educational broadcasting in the United States ( Syracuse Univ Press , 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Laura Pappano , Laura . `` The Year of the MOOC . '' The New York Times Feb. 12 , 2012 , online Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling , and Michael C. Keith , eds . Sounds of change : A history of FM broadcasting in America ( U. of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Frank Hoffmann and Jack M. Dempsey , and Martin J. Manning , Sports - Talk radio in America : Its context and culture ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ White , Thomas H. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Mystique of the Three - Letter Callsigns '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. White . `` Mystique of the Three - Letter Callsigns '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ George H. Gibson Public Broadcasting ; The Role of the Federal Government , 1919 - 1976 ( Praeger Publishers , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Michael P. McCauley , NPR : The trials and triumphs of National Public Radio ( Columbia University Press , 2005 ) Jump up ^ http://americanpublicmedia.publicradio.org/press/archive/pr_0323.12.html Jump up ^ Chad Navis and Mary Ann Glynn , `` How new market categories emerge : Temporal dynamics of legitimacy , identity , and entrepreneurship in satellite radio , 1990 -- 2005 . '' Administrative Science Quarterly ( 2010 ) 55 # 3 pp : 439 - 471 . Jump up ^ John Allen Hendricks , and Bruce Mims , The Radio Station : Broadcast , Satellite , and Internet ( CRC Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ John Nathan Anderson , `` Radio broadcasting 's digital dilemma . '' Convergence : The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies ( 2012 ) : 1354856512451015 . Further reading ( edit ) Aitkin Hugh G.J. The Continuous Wave : Technology and the American Radio , 1900 - 1932 ( Princeton University Press , 1985 ) . Barnouw Erik . The Golden Web ( 1968 ) ; The Sponsor ( 1978 ) ; A Tower in Babel ( 1966 ) . ( all Oxford University Press ) ; Comprehensive history of American broadcasting Covert Cathy , and Stevens John L. Mass Media Between the Wars ( Syracuse University Press , 1984 ) Cox , Jim . Radio Journalism in America : Telling the News in the Golden Age and Beyond ( McFarland , 2013 ) Cox , Jim . American Radio Networks : A History ( McFarland , 2009 ) Cox , Jim . Radio After the Golden Age : The Evolution of American Broadcasting Since 1960 ( McFarland , 2013 ) Craig , Douglas B. Fireside Politics : Radio and Political Culture in the United States , 1920 - 1940 ( 2005 ) Dimmick , John , and Daniel G. McDonald . `` Network radio oligopoly , 1926 - 1956 : Rivalrous imitation and program diversity . '' Journal of Media Economics ( 2001 ) 14 # 4 pp : 197 - 212 . Douglas , Susan . Inventing American Broadcasting , 1899 - 1922 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1989 ) Dunning , John . On The Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio ( Oxford University Press , 1998 ) Gibson George H. Public Broadcasting ; The Role of the Federal Government , 1919 - 1976 ( Praeger , 1977 ) Hilmes , Michele . Only Connect : A cultural history of broadcasting the United States ( Wadsworth , 2007 , 2nd ed . ) Jackaway ; Gwenyth L. Media at War : Radio 's Challenge to the Newspapers , 1924 - 1939 ( Praeger , 1995 ) Lackmann , Ron . Encyclopedia of American Radio ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) , Over 1000 short articles ; not much changed from first edition which was entitled Same Time ... Same Station ( 1995 ) . Lazarsfeld Paul F. The People Look at Radio ( University of North Carolina Press , 1946 ) Leblebici , Huseyin , et al. `` Institutional change and the transformation of interorganizational fields : An organizational history of the US radio broadcasting industry . '' Administrative science quarterly ( 1991 ) : 333 - 363 , Highly influential article . in JSTOR McCauley , Michael P. NPR : The trials and triumphs of National Public Radio ( Columbia University Press , 2005 ) McChesney ; Robert W. Telecommunications , Mass Media , and Democracy : The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting , 1928 - 1935 ( Oxford University Press , 1994 ) Maclaurin W. Rupert . Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry ( Macmillan , 1949 ; reprinted by Arno Press , 1971 ) McCourt ; Tom . Conflicting Communication Interests in America : The Case of National Public Radio ( Praeger , 1999 ) online Ray William B. FCC : The Ups and Downs of Radio - TV Regulation ( Iowa State University Press , 1990 ) Rosen Philip T . The Modern Stentors ; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920 - 1934 ( Greenwood , 1980 ) Slater Robert . This ... is CBS : A Chronicle of 60 Years ( Prentice - Hall , 1988 ) Smith , F. Leslie , John W. Wright II , David H. Ostroff ; Perspectives on Radio and Television : Telecommunication in the United States ( Lawrence Erlbaum , 1998 ) Sies , Luther F. Encyclopedia of American Radio : 1920 - 1960 ( McFarland , 2d ed. 2 vols. , 2014 ) Sterling , Christopher H. , and Kittross John M. Stay Tuned : A History of American Broadcasting ( LEA / Routledge , 2002 , 3rd ed . ) . Sterling , Christopher H. , and Michael C. Keith . Sounds of change : A history of FM broadcasting in America ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) Terrace , Vincent . Radio 's golden years : The encyclopedia of radio programs , 1930 - 1960 ( 1981 ) White Llewellyn . The American Radio ( University of Chicago Press , 1947 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Kahn , Frank J. ed . Documents of American Broadcasting ( Prentice - Hall , 4th ed. , 1984 ) , Focuses on regulatory issues External links ( edit ) Broadcasting timeline : `` History of American Radio '' from a Pennsylvania State University website Academy of Radio Arts & Sciences of America Radio in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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-7521564246729161508	Pretty Little Liars (season 7)	Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Detective Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Dr. Elliott Rollins / Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Detective Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Lieutenant Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=799561297 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are going to be in pll season 7	[ "\n\nPretty Little Liars (season 7)\n\n\n\nSeason 7 DVD Cover\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTroian Bellisario\nAshley Benson\nTyler Blackburn\nLucy Hale\nIan Harding\nLaura Leighton\nShay Mitchell\nAndrea Parker\nJanel Parrish\nSasha Pieterse\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n20\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nFreeform\n\n\nOriginal release\nJune 21, 2016 (2016-06-21) – June 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 6\n\n\n\nList of Pretty Little Liars episodes\n\n" ]	[ "20" ]
4389687591090980769	Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 - Wikipedia Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Jump to : navigation , search It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989 . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Part of Chinese Democracy Movement in 1989 , Revolutions of 1989 and the Cold War Tiananmen Square in 1988 Date April 15 -- June 4 , 1989 ( 1 month , 2 weeks and 6 days ) Location 400 cities nationwide Beijing Tiananmen Square 39 ° 54 ′ 12 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 30 '' E / 39.90333 ° N 116.39167 ° E / 39.90333 ; 116.39167 Coordinates : 39 ° 54 ′ 12 '' N 116 ° 23 ′ 30 '' E / 39.90333 ° N 116.39167 ° E / 39.90333 ; 116.39167 Caused by Death of Hu Yaobang Economic reform Inflation Political corruption Nepotism Career prospects Revolutions of 1989 in Europe Goals A Communist Party without corruption , with democratic reforms , freedom of the press and freedom of speech Methods Hunger strike , sit - in , occupation of public square Resulted in Enforcement of martial law in certain areas of Beijing executed by force from June 3 , 1989 ( declared from May 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 20 ) -- January 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 10 ) , 7 months and 3 weeks ) Protesters ( mainly workers ) and rioters barricading the PLA troops and nearby civilians shot by the PLA at multiple sites ( excluding Tiananmen Square ) in Beijing , hundreds to thousands killed , thousands wounded Uncertain reports of few and isolated deaths of protestors inside Tiananmen Square Several soldiers killed by rioters on June 4 after civilians were killed on June 3 and June 4 Protest leaders and pro-democracy activists later exiled or imprisoned Some rioters charged with violent crimes were executed in the following months Zhao Ziyang was purged from General Secretary and Politburo Jiang Zemin was promoted to General Secretary and paramount leader , who was the Party Secretary of Shanghai before . Western economic sanctions and arms embargoes on the PRC Market reforms delayed Media control tightened Political reform halted Parties to the civil conflict Communist Party of China Government of China People 's Liberation Army People 's Armed Police Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation University students Factory workers Beijing residents Intellectuals Pro-democracy protesters Reformists Republic of China ( Taiwan ) loyalists Loyalists of the Kuomintang Lead figures `` hardliners '' Deng Xiaoping Li Peng Yang Shangkun Yao Yilin Chen Yun Qiao Shi Li Ximing Chen Xitong Chi Haotian Liu Huaqing `` moderates '' Zhao Ziyang Hu Qili Yan Mingfu Bao Tong Deng Liqun Wan Li Xi Zhongxun Xu Qinxian student leaders Wang Dan Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Shen Tong Liu Gang Feng Congde Li Lu intellectuals Liu Xiaobo Wang Juntao Dai Qing Hou Dejian Cui Jian Zhang Boli Wei Jingsheng Casualties Death ( s ) 218 civilians ; 10 PLA soldiers ; 13 Peoples ' Armed Police ( official government figures ) 180 -- 2,600 civilians ; ~ 50 soldiers and policemen ( estimates and retracted Chinese Red Cross statement ) The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , commonly known in mainland China as the June Fourth Incident ( 六四事件 ) , were student - led demonstrations in Beijing , the capital of the People 's Republic of China , in 1989 . More broadly , it refers to the popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests during that period , sometimes referred to as the ' 89 Democracy Movement ( 八九民运 ) . The protests were forcibly suppressed after the government declared martial law . In what became known in the West as the Tiananmen Square Massacre , troops with assault rifles and tanks killed at least several hundred demonstrators trying to block the military 's advance towards Tiananmen Square . The number of civilian deaths has been estimated at anywhere from hundreds to thousands . Set against a backdrop of rapid economic development and social changes in post-Mao China , the protests reflected anxieties about the country 's future in the popular consciousness and among the political elite . The reforms of the 1980s had led to a nascent market economy which benefitted some people but seriously disaffected others ; the one - party political system also faced a challenge of legitimacy . Common grievances at the time included inflation , limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy , and restrictions on political participation . The students called for democracy , greater accountability , freedom of the press , and freedom of speech , though they were loosely organized and their goals varied . At the height of the protests , about a million people assembled in the Square . As the protests developed , the authorities veered back and forth between conciliatory and hardline tactics , exposing deep divisions within the party leadership . By May , a student - led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country and the protests spread to some 400 cities . Ultimately , China 's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and other Communist Party elders believed the protests to be a political threat , and resolved to use force . Communist Party authorities declared martial law on May 20 , and mobilized as many as 300,000 troops to Beijing . Upon realization of the Chinese government 's use of force by other nations , the government was internationally condemned and criticized . Western countries imposed economic sanctions and arms embargoes . The Chinese government initially condemned the protests as a counter-revolutionary riot , and criticized other nations . In the aftermath of the crackdown , the government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters , suppressed other protests around China , expelled foreign journalists and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press . The police and internal security forces were strengthened . Officials deemed sympathetic to the protests were demoted or purged . More broadly , the suppression temporarily halted the policies of liberalization in the 1980s . Considered a watershed event , the protests also set the limits on political expression in China well into the 21st century . Its memory is widely associated with questioning the legitimacy of Communist Party rule , and remains one of the most sensitive and most widely censored political topics in mainland China . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Challenges with reform 2.2 Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis 2.3 1986 student demonstrations 3 Protest development 3.1 Death of Hu Yaobang 3.2 Turning point : April 26 Editorial 3.3 April 27 demonstration 4 Protests escalate 4.1 Preparing for dialogue 4.2 Hunger strikes begin 4.3 Gorbachev visit 4.4 Gathering momentum 4.5 Outside Beijing 5 Military action 5.1 Martial law 5.2 June 1 -- 3 5.3 June 3 -- 4 : Clearing the Square 5.4 June 5 5.5 Protests outside Beijing 5.6 Government pronouncements 5.6. 1 Deng addresses the Army 6 Death toll 6.1 Official figures 6.2 Other estimates 6.3 Identifying the dead 6.4 Deaths in Tiananmen Square itself 7 Aftermath 7.1 Arrests and punishment 7.2 Leadership changes 7.3 Media coverage 7.3. 1 Chinese media 7.3. 2 Foreign media 7.4 International reaction 7.5 Economic impact 8 Aftermath 8.1 Student leaders 8.2 Domestic political developments 8.3 Hong Kong 8.4 Impact on China 's national image 8.4. 1 Domestic trends 8.4. 2 International perception 8.5 EU and US arms embargo 9 Legacy 9.1 Censorship in China 9.2 Calls to reverse the verdict 9.3 Leaders voicing regret 9.4 United Nations report 9.5 Documentaries 10 Cultural references 10.1 Political 10.2 `` Tank Man '' 10.3 Songs 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Names ( edit ) Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Chinese 六四事件 Literal meaning June Fourth Incident ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Liù - Sì Shìjiàn Wade -- Giles Liu - Szu Shihchien Yale Romanization Lyòu - Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn mi = ( ljôusɹ̩̂ ʂɻ̩̂tɕjɛ̂n ) Wu Romanization Loh - sy Zy - ji Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Lùhk - sei Sih gihn IPA Cantonese pronunciation : ( lʊ̏kɕīː ɕìːkɪ̀n ) Jyutping Luk sei si gin Southern Min Hokkien POJ La̍k - sù Sū - kian Name used by the PRC Government Chinese 1989 年春夏之交的政治风波 Literal meaning Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin 1989 - nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō Wade -- Giles 1989 - nien ch'un - hsia chih - chiao te cheng - chih feng - po Wu Romanization 1989 - ni tshen - ghô tsy - jiau di tsen - tsy fhon - bo Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization 1989 - nìhn cheūnhaah jígáau dī jingchìh fūngbō Jyutping 1989 - nin ceon ci fung bo Southern Min Hokkien POJ 1989 - nî chhun - hē chi - kau tī chèng - tī hong - pho Second alternative Chinese name Chinese 八九民運 Literal meaning Eighty - Nine Democracy Movement ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bā - Jiǔ Mínyùn Wade -- Giles Pa - Chiu Minyün Yale Romanization Bā - Jyǒu Mínyùn Wu Romanization poh - cieu Min - yiuin Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization baatgáu màhnwahn IPA Cantonese pronunciation : ( pāːtkɐ̌u mɐ̏nwɐ̀n ) Jyutping baat gau man wan Southern Min Hokkien POJ pat - káu bîn - ūn In the Chinese language , the incident is most commonly known as the June Fourth Incident . Events named by date in Chinese are conventionally named by the number of the month and the date , followed by the type of event . Thus , the common Chinese name for the crackdown on the 1989 massacre , is `` 六四事件 '' ( June Fourth Incident ) , literally `` Six '' `` Four '' `` Incident '' ( `` 六 '' means `` six '' , `` 四 '' means `` four '' , `` 事件 '' means `` incident '' ) . The nomenclature of the former is consistent with the customary names of the other two great protests that occurred in Tiananmen Square : the May Fourth Movement of 1919 , and the April Fifth Movement of 1976 . `` June Fourth '' refers to the day on which the People 's Liberation Army cleared Tiananmen Square of protesters , although actual operations began on the evening of June 3 . Names such as June Fourth Movement ( Chinese : 六四运动 ; pinyin : Liù - Sì Yùndòng ) and ' 89 Democracy Movement ( Chinese : 八九民运 ; pinyin : Bā - Jiǔ Mínyùn ) are used to describe the event in its entirety . Outside mainland China , and among circles critical of the crackdown within mainland China , it is commonly referred to in Chinese as June Fourth Massacre ( Chinese : 六四屠杀 ; pinyin : Liù - Sì Túshā ) and June Fourth Crackdown ( Chinese : 六四镇压 ; pinyin : Liù - Sì Zhènyā ) . To bypass internet censorship in China , which uniformly considers all the above - mentioned names too ' Sensitive ' for search engines and public forums , alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the Internet , such as May 35th , VIIV ( Roman numerals for 6 and 4 ) and `` Eight Squared '' ( i.e. , 8 = 64 ) . The government of the People 's Republic of China have used numerous names for the event since 1989 , gradually reducing the intensity of terminology applied . As the events were unfolding , it was labelled a `` counterrevolutionary riot '' , which was later changed to simply `` riot '' , followed by `` political storm '' , and finally the leadership settled on the more neutralized phrase `` political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989 '' , which it uses to this day . In English , the terms Tiananmen Square Massacre , Tiananmen Square Protests or Tiananmen Square Crackdown are often used to describe the series of events . However , much of the violence did not actually happen in Tiananmen , but outside the square in the city of Beijing near the Muxidi area . The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing , when in fact they occurred in many cities throughout China . ( Examples include Chengdu from the account of Louisa Lim 's The People 's Republic of Amnesia ) . Background ( edit ) History of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) 1949 -- 1976 Mao era Revolution Korean War Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong Zhen Fan Three - anti / five - anti campaigns Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Movement Great Leap Forward ( Great Chinese Famine ) Cultural Revolution ( Lin Biao Gang of Four Tiananmen Incident ) 1976 -- 1989 Restructuring Economic reform Sino - Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Tiananmen protests 1989 -- 2002 Rising power One country , two systems ( Hong Kong Macau ) Chinese reunification 2002 -- present China today Sichuan earthquake Beijing Olympics Shanghai 2010 Expo Wang Lijun incident 2015 China Victory Day Parade Anti-corruption campaign after the 18th Party Congress History of China PRC constitution Beijing Shanghai Generations of leadership 1 . Mao 2 . Deng 3 . Jiang 4 . Hu 5 . Xi Culture Economy Education Geography Politics China portal Deng Xiaoping emerged as Mao 's successor in 1978 and launched the comprehensive economic reforms The Cultural Revolution ended with chairman Mao Zedong 's death in 1976 . The movement , spearheaded by Mao , caused severe damage to the country 's economic and social fabric . The country was mired in poverty as economic production slowed or came to a halt . Political ideology was paramount in the lives of ordinary people as well as the inner workings of the Communist Party itself . At the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978 , Deng Xiaoping emerged as China 's de facto leader . Deng launched a comprehensive program to reform the Chinese economy . Within the span of several years , the direction of the country had shifted in its entirety . The focus on ideological purity was gone , replaced by a full - on drive to achieve material prosperity . To run his reform agenda , Deng promoted his allies to top government and party posts . Hu Yaobang was appointed the General Secretary of the Communist Party in February 1980 , and Zhao Ziyang was named as Premier of the People 's Republic of China in September . Challenges with reform ( edit ) The reforms aimed to decrease the role of the state in the economy and gradually introduced private forms of production in agriculture and industry . By 1981 , 73 % of rural farms had de-collectivized and 80 % of state owned enterprises were permitted to retain profits . Within a few years , production increased by leaps and bounds , and poverty was reduced substantially . While the reforms were generally well received by the public , concerns grew over a series of social problems that the changes brought about , including corruption and nepotism by elite party bureaucrats . The state - mandated pricing system , in place since the 1950s , had long kept prices stable at low levels . The initial reforms created a two - tier system where some prices were fixed while others were allowed to fluctuate . In a market with chronic shortages , this allowed people with powerful connections to buy goods at low prices and sell at market prices . In addition , the money supply had expanded too fast . At least a third of factories were unprofitable . The government tightened the money supply in 1988 , leaving much of the economy without loans . Following the 1988 Beidaihe meeting , the party leadership under Deng agreed to a transition to a market - based pricing system . News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals , buying and hoarding all over China . The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks , but its impact was pronounced for a much longer period of time . Inflation soared . Official indices report a Consumer Price Index increase of 30 % in Beijing between 1987 -- 88 , leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods . Moreover , in the new market economy , unprofitable state - owned enterprises were pressured to cut costs . The `` iron rice bowl '' , i.e. , job security and a host of social benefits that come with it , ranging from medical care to subsidized housing , were at risk for a vast segment of the population . Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis ( edit ) Reformist leaders envisioned in 1978 that intellectuals would play a leading role in guiding the country through reforms , but this did not happen as planned . Despite the opening of new universities and increased enrollment , the state - directed education system did not produce enough graduates to meet increased market demand in the areas of agriculture , light industry , services , and foreign investment . The job market was especially limited for students specializing in social sciences and the humanities . Moreover , private companies no longer needed to accept students assigned to them by the state , and many high - paying jobs were offered on the basis of nepotism and favoritism . Gaining a good state - assigned placement meant navigating a highly inefficient bureaucracy that gave power to officials who had little expertise in their area of jurisdiction . Facing a dismal job market and limited chances of going abroad , intellectuals and students had a greater vested interest in political issues . Small study groups , such as the `` Democracy Salon '' and the `` Lawn Salon '' ( Caodi Shalong ) , began appearing on Beijing university campuses . These organizations motivated the students to get involved politically . At the same time , the party 's nominally socialist ideology faced a legitimacy crisis as it gradually adopted capitalist practices . Private enterprise gave rise to profiteers who took advantage of lax regulations , and who often flaunted their wealth in front of those who were less well off . Popular discontent was brewing over unfair wealth distribution . Greed , not skill , appeared to be the most crucial factor of success . There was widespread public disillusionment over the country 's future . People wanted change , yet the power to define ' the correct path ' continued to rest solely in the hands of the unelected government . The comprehensive and wide - ranging reforms created political differences over the pace of marketization and the control over the ideology that came with it , opening a deep chasm within the central leadership . The reformers ( `` the right '' , led by Hu Yaobang ) favoured political liberalization and a plurality of ideas as a channel to voice popular discontent , and pressed for further reforms . The conservatives ( `` the left '' , led by Chen Yun ) said that the reforms had gone too far , and advocated a return to greater state control to ensure social stability and to better align with the party 's socialist ideology . Both sides needed the backing of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping to carry out important policy decisions . 1986 student demonstrations ( edit ) Main article : 1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations In mid-1986 , astrophysics professor Fang Lizhi , who had returned from a tenure at Princeton University , began a personal tour around universities in China , speaking about liberty , human rights , and separation of powers . Fang was part of a wider undercurrent within the elite intellectual community that thought China 's poverty and underdevelopment as well as the disaster of the Cultural Revolution was the direct result of an authoritarian political system and the rigid planned economy that came with it . The view that political reform was the only answer to China 's on - going problems gained widespread appeal amongst students , as Fang 's recorded speeches became widely circulated all over the country . In response , Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was blindly worshipping Western lifestyles , capitalism , and multi-party systems , while undermining China 's socialist ideology , traditional values , and the party 's leadership . Inspired by Fang and other ' people - power ' movements around the world , in December 1986 , student demonstrators staged protests against the slow pace of reform . The issues were wide - ranging , and included demands for economic liberalization , democracy , and rule of law . While the protests were initially contained in Hefei , where Fang lived , it quickly spread to Shanghai , Beijing and other major cities . The central leadership was alarmed by the protests , and accused the students of instigating Cultural Revolution - style turmoil . General secretary Hu Yaobang was blamed for taking a soft attitude and mishandling the protests , thus undermining social stability . He was denounced thoroughly by conservatives . Hu was forced to resign as general secretary on January 16 , 1987 . Following his resignation , the party began the `` Anti-bourgeois liberalization Campaign '' , taking aim at Hu , political liberalization and Western - inspired ideas in general . The Campaign put a stop to student protests and tightened the political environment , but Hu remained popular with progressives within the party , intellectuals , and students . Protest development ( edit ) Student leaders Name Origin and affiliation Chai Ling Shandong ; Beijing Normal University Wu'erkaixi ( Örkesh ) Xinjiang ; Beijing Normal University Wang Dan Beijing ; Peking University Feng Congde Sichuan ; Peking University Shen Tong Beijing ; Peking University Wang Youcai Zhejiang ; Peking University Li Lu Hebei ; Nanjing University Zhou Yongjun China University of Political Science and Law Death of Hu Yaobang ( edit ) When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on April 15 , 1989 , students reacted strongly , most of them believing that his death was related to his forced resignation . Hu 's death provided the initial impetus for students to gather in large numbers . In university campuses , many posters appeared eulogizing Hu , calling for a revival of Hu 's legacy . Within days , most posters were writing about broader political issues , such as freedom of the press , democracy , and corruption . Small spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on April 15 around Monument to the People 's Heroes at Tiananmen Square . On the same day , many students at Peking University ( PKU ) and Tsinghua University erected shrines , and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion . Organized student gatherings also began on a small scale in Xi'an and Shanghai on April 16 . On April 17 , students at the China University of Political Science and Law ( CUPL ) made a large wreath to commemorate Hu Yaobang . Its laying - party was on April 17 and a larger - than - expected crowd assembled . At five p.m. , 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the Great Hall of the People , near Tiananmen Square , to mourn Hu . The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds giving public orations commemorating Hu and discussing social problems . However , it was soon deemed obstructive to the operation of the Great Hall , so police intervened and attempted to disperse the students by persuasion . Starting on the night of April 17 , three thousand PKU students marched from the campus towards Tiananmen Square , and soon nearly a thousand students from Tsinghua joined . Upon arrival , they soon joined forces with those already gathered at the Square . As its size grew , the gathering gradually evolved into a protest , as students began to draft a list of pleas and suggestions ( Seven Demands ) for the government : Affirm as correct Hu Yaobang 's views on democracy and freedom ; Admit that the campaigns against spiritual pollution and bourgeois liberalization had been wrong ; Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family members ; End the ban on privately run newspapers and stop press censorship ; Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals ' pay ; End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing Provide objective coverage of students in official media . On the morning of April 18 , students remained in the Square . Some gathered around the Monument to the People 's Heroes singing patriotic songs and listening to impromptu speeches by student organizers , others gathered at the Great Hall . Meanwhile , a few thousand students gathered at Xinhua Gate , the entrance to Zhongnanhai , the seat of the party leadership , where they demanded dialogue with the leadership . Police restrained the students from entering the compound . Students then staged a sit - in . On April 20 , most students had been persuaded to leave Xinhua Gate . To disperse about 200 students that remained , police employed batons ; minor clashes were reported . Many students felt they were abused by the police , and rumours about police brutality spread quickly . The Xinhua Gate incident angered students on campus , where those who were not politically active decided to join the protests . Also on this date , a group of workers calling themselves the `` Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation '' issued two handbills challenging the central leadership . Hu 's state funeral took place on April 22 . On the evening of April 21 , some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen Square , ignoring orders from Beijing municipal authorities that the Square was to be closed off for the funeral . The funeral , which took place inside the Great Hall and attended by the leadership , was broadcast live to the students . General secretary Zhao Ziyang delivered the eulogy . The funeral seemed rushed , and only lasted 40 minutes , as emotions ran high in the Square . Students wept . Security cordoned off the east entrance to the Great Hall , but several students pressed forward . Three of these students knelt on the steps of the Great Hall to present a petition and demanded to see Premier Li Peng . However , no leaders emerged from the Great Hall , leaving the students disappointed and angry ; some called for a class boycott . From April 21 to 23 , students began organizing under the banners of formal organizations . On April 23 , the `` Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation '' ( also known as `` the Union '' ) was formed . It elected CUPL student Zhou Yongjun as chair ; Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi also emerged as leaders . From this vantage point , the Union called for a general class boycott at all Beijing universities . Such an independent organization operating outside of party jurisdiction alarmed the leadership . On April 22 , near dusk , serious rioting broke out in Changsha and Xi'an . In Xi'an , arson from rioters destroyed cars and houses , and looting occurred in shops near the city 's Xihua Gate . In Changsha , 38 stores were ransacked by looters . Over 350 people were arrested in both cities . In Wuhan , university students organized protests against the provincial government . As the situation became more volatile nationally , Zhao Ziyang called numerous meetings of the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) . Zhao stressed three points : discourage students from further protests and ask them to go back to class , use all measures necessary to combat rioting , and open forms of dialogue with students at different levels of government . Premier Li Peng called upon Zhao to condemn protestors and recognize the need to take more serious action . Zhao dismissed Li 's views . Despite calls for him to remain in Beijing , Zhao left for a scheduled state visit to North Korea on April 23 . Turning point : April 26 editorial ( edit ) General Secretary Zhao Ziyang ( left ) who declared dialogue with students and Premier Li Peng ( right ) who declared martial law and backed military action . Main article : April 26 Editorial Zhao 's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing . On April 24 , Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing and mayor Chen Xitong to gauge the situation at the Square . The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis , and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China 's political system and major party leaders , including Deng Xiaoping . In Zhao 's absence , the PSC agreed that firm action against protesters must be taken . On the morning of April 25 , President Yang Shangkun and Premier Li Peng met with Deng at the latter 's residence . Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate ' warning ' must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations . The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests from the leadership , and highlighted Deng 's having ' final say ' on important issues . Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng 's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high - level Communist Party officials in an effort to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters . On April 26 , the party 's official newspaper People 's Daily issued a front - page editorial titled `` It is necessary to take a clear - cut stand against disturbances . '' The language in the editorial effectively branded the student movement to be an anti-party , anti-government revolt . The article enraged students , who interpreted it as a direct indictment on the protests and its cause . The editorial backfired . Instead of scaring students into submission , it squarely antagonized the students against the government . The polarizing nature of the editorial made it a major sticking point for the remainder of the protests . The editorial evoked memories of the Cultural Revolution , employing similar rhetoric as that used during the 1976 Tiananmen Incident -- an event that was initially branded an anti-government conspiracy but was later rehabilitated as `` patriotic '' under Deng 's leadership . Han Dongfang , founder of the Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation April 27 demonstration ( edit ) Main article : April 27 Demonstration Organized by the Union , on April 27 some 50,000 -- 100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square , breaking through lines set up by police , and receiving widespread public support along the way , particularly from factory workers . The student leaders , eager to show the patriotic nature of the movement , also toned down anti-Communist slogans , choosing to present a message of `` anti-corruption , anti-cronyism '' but `` pro-party '' . In a twist of irony , student factions who genuinely called for the overthrow of the Communist Party gained traction as the result of an April 26 editorial . The stunning success of the March forced the government into making concessions and meeting with student representatives . On April 29 , State Council spokesman Yuan Mu ( 袁木 ) met with appointed representatives of government - sanctioned student associations . While the talks discussed a wide range of issues , including the editorial , the Xinhua Gate incident , and freedom of the press , they achieved few substantive results . Independent student leaders such as Wuer Kaixi refused to attend . The government 's tone grew increasingly conciliatory as Zhao Ziyang returned from Pyongyang on April 30 and resumed his executive authority . In Zhao 's view , the hardliner approach was not working , and concession was the only alternative . Zhao asked that the press be opened to report the movement positively , and delivered two sympathetic speeches on 3 -- 4 May . In the speeches , Zhao said that the student 's concerns about corruption were legitimate , and that the student movement was patriotic in nature . The speeches essentially negated the message presented by April 26 Editorial . While some 100,000 students marched on the streets of Beijing on 4 May to commemorate the May Fourth Movement and repeat demands from earlier marches , many students were satisfied with the government 's concessions . On 4 May , all Beijing universities except PKU and BNU announced the end of the class boycott . Subsequently , the majority of students began to lose interest in the movement . Protests escalate ( edit ) Party and government leaders Name Position ( s ) in 1989 Deng Xiaoping Chairman of the Central Military Commission ; de facto `` paramount leader '' Chen Yun Chairman of the CPC Central Advisory Commission Zhao Ziyang General Secretary of the Communist Party of China First Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Peng Premier of the People 's Republic of China Qiao Shi Secretary of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary of the CPC Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Hu Qili First Secretary of the Secretariat of the Communist Party Yao Yilin First Vice Premier of the People 's Republic of China Yang Shangkun President of the People 's Republic of China Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Xiannian Chairman of the Conference National Committee Wan Li Chairman of the Congress Standing Committee Wang Zhen Vice President of the People 's Republic of China Jiang Zemin Communist Party Shanghai Municipal Secretary Zhu Rongji Mayor of Shanghai Hu Jintao Communist Party Tibet Regional Secretary Wen Jiabao Chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China Bold text indicates membership in the Politburo Standing Committee Italics text indicates Great Eminent Officials Preparing for dialogue ( edit ) Main article : Student and Government Dialogue during the 1989 Student Movement The leadership was divided on how to respond to the movement as early as mid-April . After Zhao Ziyang 's return from North Korea , the divisions intensified . Those who supported continued dialogue and a soft approach with students rallied behind Zhao Ziyang , while hardliner conservatives who opposed the movement rallied behind Premier Li Peng . Zhao and Li clashed at a PSC meeting on 1 May . Li maintained that the need for stability overrides all else , while Zhao said that the party should show support for increased democracy and transparency . Zhao pushed the case for further dialogue . In preparation for dialogue , the Autonomous Student Union elected representatives to a formal Dialogue Delegation . However , the Union leaders were reluctant to let the Delegation unilaterally take control of the movement . Facing internal discord and declining engagement from the student body at large , a group of charismatic leaders , including Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi , called for more radical measures to regain momentum . They believed that the government 's ' dialogue ' was merely a way to trick the students into submission . They began mobilizing students for a hunger strike on 11 May . Hunger strikes begin ( edit ) Main article : The Students ' Hunger Strike of the 1989 Tiananmen Protests A photo of Pu Zhiqiang , a student protester at Tiananmen , taken on 10 May 1989 . Students began the hunger strike on 13 May , two days prior to the highly publicized state visit by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev . Knowing that the welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev was scheduled to be held on the Square , student leaders wanted to use the hunger strike there as a bargaining chip to force the government into meeting their demands . Moreover , the hunger strike gained widespread sympathy from the population at large and earned the student movement the moral high ground that it sought . By the afternoon of 13 May , some 300,000 were gathered at the Square . Inspired by the course of events in Beijing , protests and strikes began at universities in other cities , with many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration . Generally , the demonstration at Tiananmen Square was well - ordered , with daily marches of students from various Beijing - area colleges displaying their solidarity with the class boycott and with the demands of the protest . The students sang The Internationale , the world socialist anthem , on their way to , and within , the square . Afraid that the movement would now spin out of control , Deng Xiaoping asked that the Square be cleared for the Gorbachev visit . Executing Deng 's request , Zhao used a soft approach , and directed his subordinates to coordinate negotiations with students immediately . Zhao believed he could appeal to the students ' patriotism , and that the students understood signs of internal turmoil during the Sino - Soviet summit would embarrass the nation ( not just the government ) . On the morning of 13 May , Yan Mingfu , head of the Communist Party 's United Front , called an emergency meeting , gathering prominent student leaders and intellectuals , including Liu Xiaobo , Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao . Yan said the government was prepared to hold immediate dialogue with student representatives , but that the Tiananmen welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev would be cancelled whether the students withdraw or not -- in effect removing the bargaining power the students thought they possessed . The announcement sent the student leadership into disarray . Gorbachev visit ( edit ) Press restrictions were loosened significantly during early to mid May . State media began broadcasting footage sympathetic to protesters and the movement , including the hunger strikers . On 14 May , intellectuals led by Dai Qing gained permission from Hu Qili to bypass government censorship and air the progressive views of the nation 's intellectuals on Guangming Daily . The intellectuals then issued an urgent appeal for the students to leave the Square in an attempt to deescalate the conflict . Many students , however , believed that the intellectuals were speaking for the government , and refused to budge . That evening , formal negotiations took place between government representatives led by Yan Mingfu and student representatives led by Shen Tong and Xiang Xiaoji . Yan affirmed the patriotic nature of the student movement and pleaded for the students to withdraw from the Square . While Yan 's apparent sincerity for compromise satisfied some students , the meeting grew increasingly chaotic as competing student factions relayed uncoordinated and incoherent demands to the leadership . Shortly after student leaders learned that the event had not been broadcast nationally as initially promised by the government , the meeting fell apart . Yan then personally went to the Square to appeal to the students , even offering himself to be held hostage . Yan also took the student 's pleas to Li Peng the next day , asking Li to consider formally retracting the April 26 editorial and re-branding the movement as `` patriotic and democratic '' ; Li refused . The students remained in the Square during the Gorbachev visit ; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport . The Sino - Soviet summit , the first of its kind in some thirty years , marked the normalization of Sino - Soviet relations , and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China 's leaders . That the smooth proceedings of this event had been derailed by the student movement embarrassed the leadership on the global stage , and drove many moderates in government onto a more ' hardliner ' path . The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the Great Hall of the People amidst the backdrop of commotion and protest in the Square . When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May , Zhao told the Soviet leader , and by extension the international press , that Deng was still the ' paramount authority ' in China . Deng felt that this remark was Zhao 's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement to him . The statement marked a decisive split between the country 's two most senior leaders . Gathering momentum ( edit ) The hunger strike galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country . Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity on 17 -- 18 May . These included PLA personnel , police officers , and lower party officials . Many grassroots Party and Youth League organizations , as well as government - sponsored labour unions , encouraged their membership to demonstrate . In addition , several of China 's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng in support of students . The Chinese Red Cross issued a special notice and sent in a large number of personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the Square . After the departure of Mikhail Gorbachev , many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests , giving the movement international spotlight . Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint . The movement , on the wane at the end of April , now regained significant momentum . By 17 May , as students from across the country poured into the capital to join the movement , protests of varying sizes were occurring in some 400 Chinese cities . Students demonstrated at provincial party headquarters in Fujian , Hubei , and Xinjiang . Without a clearly articulated official position from the Beijing leadership , local authorities did not know how to respond . Since the demonstrations now incorporated a wide array of social groups , each carrying its own set of grievances , it became increasingly unclear with whom the government should negotiate , and what exactly the demands were . The government , continuing to be split on how to deal with the movement , saw its authority and legitimacy gradually erode as the hunger strikers took the limelight and gained widespread sympathy . These combined circumstances put immense pressure on the authorities to act , and martial law was discussed as a viable response . Since the situation seemed intractable , the weight of taking decisive action fell on paramount leader Deng Xiaoping . On 17 May , a PSC meeting was called at Deng 's residence . At the meeting , Zhao Ziyang 's concessions - based strategy , which called for the retraction of the April 26 Editorial , was thoroughly criticized . Li Peng and Deng asserted that by making a conciliatory speech on 4 May , Zhao exposed divisions within the top leadership and emboldened the students . Deng warned that if Beijing was not pacified quickly , the country risked civil war and another Cultural Revolution ; his views were echoed by the party elders . Deng then moved to declare martial law as a show of the government 's no - tolerance stance . To justify martial law , the demonstrators were described as tools of `` bourgeois liberalism '' advocates who were pulling the strings behind the scenes , as well as tools of elements within the party who wished to further their personal ambitions . On the evening of 17 May , the PSC met at Zhongnanhai to finalize plans for martial law . At the meeting , Zhao announced that he was ready to `` take leave '' , citing he could not bring himself to carry out martial law . The elders in attendance at the meeting , Bo Yibo and Yang Shangkun , urged the PSC to follow Deng 's orders . Zhao did not consider the inconclusive PSC vote to have legally binding implications on martial law ; Yang Shangkun , in his capacity as Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission , went on to mobilize the military to move into the capital . Students , we came too late . We are sorry . You talk about us , criticize us , it is all necessary . The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us . All I want to say is that students are getting very weak , it is the 7th day since you went on hunger strike , you ca n't continue like this . ( ... ) You are still young , there are still many days yet to come , you must live healthy , and see the day when China accomplishes the four modernizations . You are not like us , we are already old , it does n't matter to us any more . `` '' -- Zhao Ziyang at Tiananmen Square . 19 May 1989 . Wen Jiabao , then chief of the Party 's General Office , accompanied Zhao Ziyang to meet with students in the Square . Wen survived the political purge of the Party 's liberals and later served as Premier from 2003 to 2013 . Li Peng met with students for the first time on 18 May in an attempt to placate public concern over the hunger strike . During the talks , student leaders once again demanded that the government rescind the April 26 editorial and affirm the student movement as `` patriotic '' . Li Peng said the government 's main concern was sending hunger strikers to hospital . The discussions yielded little substantive results , but gained student leaders prominent airtime on national television . In the early morning of 19 May , Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen in what became his political swan song . He was accompanied by Wen Jiabao . Li Peng also went to the Square , but left shortly thereafter . At 4 : 50 am Zhao made a speech with a bullhorn to a crowd of students , urging the students to end the hunger strike . He told the students that they were still young and urged them to stay healthy and not to sacrifice themselves without due concern for their futures . Zhao 's emotional speech was applauded by some students . It would be his last public appearance . On 19 May , the PSC met with military leaders and party elders . Deng presided over the meeting and said that martial law was the only option . At the meeting Deng declared that he was ' mistaken ' in choosing Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang as his successors , and resolved to remove Zhao from his position as general secretary . Deng also vowed to deal resolutely with Zhao 's supporters and begin propaganda work . Outside Beijing ( edit ) Main article : Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests University students in Shanghai also took to the streets to commemorate the death of Hu Yaobang and protest against certain policies of the government . In many cases , these were supported by the universities ' Party committees . Jiang Zemin , then - Municipal Party Secretary , addressed the student protesters in a bandage and ' expressed his understanding ' , as he was a former student agitator before 1949 . At the same time , he moved swiftly to send in police forces to control the streets and to purge Communist Party leaders who had supported the students . On April 19 , the editors of the World Economic Herald , a magazine close to reformists , decided to publish a commemorative section on Hu . Inside was an article by Yan Jiaqi , which commented favourably on the Beijing student protests , and called for a reassessment of Hu 's 1987 purge . Sensing the conservative political trends in Beijing , Jiang Zemin demanded that the article be censored . Many newspapers were printed with a blank page . Jiang then suspended Qin Benli . His decisive action earned accolades from party elders , who praised Jiang 's loyalty . In Hong Kong , on 27 May , over 300,000 people gathered at Happy Valley Racecourse for a gathering called `` Democratic songs dedicated for China '' ( 民主歌聲獻中華 ) . Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing . The following day , a procession of 1.5 million people , one fourth of Hong Kong 's population , led by Martin Lee , Szeto Wah and other organization leaders , paraded through Hong Kong Island . Across the world , especially where ethnic - Chinese lived , people gathered and protested . Many governments , including those of the United States and Japan , issued travel warnings to China . Military action ( edit ) Main article : People 's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Martial law ( edit ) The Chinese government declared martial law on 20 May , and mobilized at least 30 divisions from five of the country 's seven military regions . At least 14 of PLA 's 24 army corps contributed troops . As many as 250,000 troops were eventually sent to the capital , some arriving by air and others by rail . Guangzhou 's civil aviation authorities put regular airline tickets on hold to prepare for transporting military units . The army 's entry into the city was blocked at its suburbs by throngs of protesters . Tens of thousands of demonstrators surrounded military vehicles , preventing them from either advancing or retreating . Protesters lectured soldiers and appealed to them to join their cause ; they also provided soldiers with food , water , and shelter . Seeing no way forward , the authorities ordered the army to withdraw on 24 May . All government forces retreated to bases outside the city . While the Army 's withdrawal was initially seen as ' turning the tide ' in favour of protesters , in reality mobilization took place across the country for a final assault . At the same time , internal divisions intensified within the student movement itself . By late May , the students became increasingly disorganized with no clear leadership or unified course of action . Moreover , Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and facing serious hygiene problems . Hou Dejian suggested an open election of the student leadership to speak for the movement , but was met with opposition . Meanwhile , Wang Dan moderated his position , ostensibly sensing the impending military action and consequences , and advocated for a temporary withdrawal from Tiananmen Square to re-group on campus , but this was opposed by ' hardliner ' student factions who wanted to hold the Square . The increasing internal friction would lead to struggles for control of the loudspeakers in the middle of the square in a series of ' mini-coups ' : whoever controlled the loudspeakers was ' in charge ' of the movement . Some students would wait at the train station to greet arrivals of students from other parts of the country in an attempt to enlist factional support . Student groups began accusing each other of ulterior motives such as collusion with the government and attempting to gain personal fame from the movement . Some students even attempted to oust Chai Ling and Feng Congde from their leadership positions in an attempted kidnapping , an action Chai called a `` well - organized and pre-meditated plot . '' June 1 -- 3 ( edit ) On June 1 , Li Peng issued a report titled `` On the True Nature of the Turmoil '' , which was circulated to every member of the Politburo . The report aimed to persuade the Politburo of the necessity and legality of clearing Tiananmen Square by referring to the protestors as terrorists and counterrevolutionaries . The report stated that turmoil was continuing to grow , the students had no plans to leave , and they were gaining popular support . Further justification for martial law came in the form of a report submitted by the Ministry of State Security ( MSS ) to the party leadership , which emphasized the infiltration of bourgeois liberalism into China and the negative effect that the West -- particularly the United States -- had on the students . The MSS expressed its belief that American forces had intervened in the student movement in hopes of overthrowing the Communist Party . The report created a sense of urgency within the party , and provided justification for military action . In conjunction with the plan to clear the Square by force , the Politburo received word from the martial law troops headquarters stating that the troops were ready to help stabilize the capital , and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil . On June 2 , the movement saw an increase in action and protest , solidifying the CPC 's decision that it was time to act . Protests broke out as newspapers published articles that called for the students to leave Tiananmen Square and end the movement . Many of the students in the Square were not willing to leave and were outraged by the articles . They were also outraged by Beijing Daily 's June 1 article `` Tiananmen , I Cry for You '' , written by a fellow student who had become disillusioned with the movement , as he thought it was chaotic and disorganized . In response to the articles , thousands of students lined the streets of Beijing to protest against leaving the Square . Three intellectuals , Liu Xiaobo , Zhou Duo , Gao Xin , and a Taiwanese singer Hou Dejian declared a second hunger strike because they wanted to revive the pro-democracy movement . After weeks of occupying the Square , the students were tired , and internal rifts opened between moderate and hardliner student groups . In their declaration speech , the hunger strikers openly criticized the government 's suppression of the movement to remind the students that their cause was worth fighting for , and pushed them to continue their occupation of the Square . On June 2 , Deng Xiaoping and several party elders met with the three remaining politburo standing committee members , Li Peng , Qiao Shi and Yao Yilin , Zhao Ziyang and Hu Qili having been ousted , and they agreed to clear the Square so `` the riot can be halted and order be restored to the Capital . '' They also agreed that the Square needed to be cleared as peacefully as possible , but if protesters did not cooperate , the troops were authorized to use force to complete the job . That day , state - run newspapers reported that troops were positioned in ten key areas in the city . Units of the 27th , 65th and the 24th Armies were secretly moved into the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the Square and the Ministry of Public Security compound east of the Square . On the evening of June 2 , reports that an army trencher ran into four civilians , killing three sparked fear that the army and the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square . Student leaders issued emergency orders to set up roadblocks at major intersections to prevent the entry of troops into the center of the city . On the morning of June 3 , students and residents discovered troops dressed in plainclothes trying to smuggle weapons into the city . The students seized and handed the weapons to Beijing Police . The students protested outside the Xinhua Gate of the Zhongnanhai leadership compound and the police fired tear gas . Unarmed troops emerged from the Great Hall of the People and were quickly met with crowds of protesters . Several protesters attempted to injure the troops as they collided outside the Great Hall of the People . Forcing soldiers to retreat , but , only for a short while . At 4 : 30pm on June 3 , the three politburo standing committee members met with military leaders , Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing , mayor Chen Xitong , and State Council secretariat Luo Gan , and finalized the order for the enforcement of martial law : The operation to quell the counterrevolutionary riot was to begin at 9 : 00 pm . Military units should converge on the Square by 1 : 00 am on June 4 and the Square must be cleared by 6 : 00 am . No delays would be tolerated . No person may impede the advance of the troops enforcing martial law . The troops may act in self - defense and use any means to clear impediments . State media will broadcast warnings to citizens . The order did not explicitly contain a shoot - to - kill directive but permission to `` use any means '' was understood by some units as authorization to use lethal force . That evening , the leaders monitored the operation from the Great Hall of the People and Zhongnanhai . June 3 -- 4 : clearing the Square ( edit ) See also : People 's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 On the evening of June 3 , state - run television warned residents to stay indoors but crowds of people took to the streets , as they had two weeks before , to block the incoming army . PLA units advanced on Beijing from every direction -- the 38th , 63rd and 28th Armies from the west , the 15th Airborne Corps , 20th , 26th and 54th Armies from the south , the 39th Army and the 1st Armored Division from the east and the 40th and 64th Armies from the north . A Type 59 main battle tank on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing . On June 3 , 1989 , People 's Liberation Army deployed Type 59 tanks in the crackdown . Type 63 armored personnel carrier deployed in Beijing in 1989 Unlike in the 1976 Tiananmen Incident , which did not involve the military , in 1989 soldiers were armed with the Type 56 assault rifle ( above ) , a variant of the AKS - 47 ( below ) , and fired live ammunition at civilians . At about 10 : 00 pm , the 38th Army opened fire on protesters at the Wukesong intersection on Chang'an Avenue , about 10 km west of Square . The crowds were stunned that the army was using live ammunition and reacted by hurling insults and projectiles . Song Xiaoming , a 32 - year - old aerospace technician , killed at Wukesong , was the first confirmed fatality of the night . The troops used expanding bullets , which expand upon entering the body and create larger wounds and also prevented collateral damage from bullets . At about 10 : 30 pm , the advance of the army was briefly halted at Muxidi , about 5 km west of the Square , where articulated trolleybuses were placed across a bridge and set on fire . Crowds of residents from nearby apartment blocks tried to surround the military convoy and halt its advance . The 38th Army again opened fire , inflicting heavy casualties . According to the tabulation of victims by Tiananmen Mothers , 36 people died at Muxidi , including Wang Weiping , a doctor tending to the wounded . Several were killed in the apartments of high - ranking party officials overlooking the boulevard . Soldiers raked the apartment buildings with gunfire , and some people inside or on their balconies were shot . The 38th Army also used armored personnel carriers ( APCs ) to ram through the buses . They continued to fight off demonstrators , who hastily erected barricades and tried to form human chains . As the army advanced , fatalities were recorded all along Chang'an Avenue , at Nanlishilu , Fuxingmen , Xidan , Liubukou and Tiananmen . Among those killed was Duan Changlong , a Tsinghua University graduate student , who was shot in the chest as he tried to negotiate with soldiers at Xidan . To the south , paratroopers of the 15th Airborne Corps also used live ammunition , and civilians deaths were recorded at Hufangqiao , Zhushikou , Tianqiao , and Qianmen . The killings infuriated city residents , some of whom attacked soldiers with sticks , rocks and molotov cocktails , setting fire to military vehicles . The Chinese government and its supporters have attempted to argue that the troops acted in self - defense and seized upon troop casualties to justify the use of force . Lethal attacks on troops occurred after the military had opened fire at 10 : 00 pm on June 3 and the number of military fatalities caused by protesters is relatively few -- seven , according to Wu Renhua 's study , compared to hundreds of civilian deaths . At 8 : 30 pm , army helicopters appeared above the Square and students called for campuses to send reinforcements . At 10 : 00 pm , the founding ceremony of the Tiananmen Democracy University was held as scheduled at the base of the Goddess of Democracy . At 10 : 16 pm , the loudspeakers controlled by the government warned that troops may take `` any measures '' to enforce martial law . By 10 : 30pm , news of bloodshed to the west and south of the city began trickling into the Square , often told by witnesses drenched in blood . At midnight , the students ' loudspeaker announced news that a student had been killed on West Chang'an Avenue , near the Military Museum and a somber mood settled on the Square . Li Lu , the deputy commander of the student headquarters , urged students to remain united in defending the Square through non-violent means . At 12 : 30 am , Wu'erkaixi fainted after learning that a female student at Beijing Normal University , who had left campus with him earlier in the evening , had just been killed . Wuerkaixi was taken away by ambulance . By then , there were still 70,000 -- 80,000 people in the Square . At about 12 : 15 am , a flare lit up the sky and the first armored personnel vehicle appeared on the Square from the west . At 12 : 30 am , two more APCs arrived from the South . The students threw chunks of cement at the vehicles . One APC stalled , perhaps by metal poles jammed into its wheels , and the demonstrators covered it with gasoline - doused blankets and set it on fire . The intense heat forced out the three occupants , who were swarmed by demonstrators . The APCs had reportedly run over tents and many in the crowd wanted to beat the soldiers . But students formed a protective cordon and escorted the three men to the medic station by the History Museum on the east side of the Square . Pressure mounted on the student leadership to abandon non-violence and retaliate against the killings . At one point , Chai Ling picked up the megaphone and called on fellow students to prepare to `` defend themselves '' against the `` shameless government . '' But she and Li Lu agreed to adhere to peaceful means and had the students ' sticks , rocks and glass bottles confiscated . At about 1 : 30 am , the vanguard of the 38th Army and paratroopers from the 15th Airborne Corps arrived at the north and south ends of the Square , respectively . They began to seal off the Square from reinforcements of students and residents , killing more demonstrators who were attempting to enter the Square . Meanwhile , the 27th and 65th Armies poured out of the Great Hall of the People to the west and the 24th Army emerged from behind the History Museum to the east . The remaining students , numbering several thousand , were completely surrounded at the Monument of the People 's Heroes in the center of the Square . At 2 am , the troops fired shots over the heads of the students at the Monument . The students broadcast pleadings back toward the troops : `` We entreat you in peace , for democracy and freedom of the motherland , for strength and prosperity of the Chinese nation , please comply with the will of the people and refrain from using force against peaceful student demonstrators . '' At about 2 : 30 am , several workers near the Monument emerged with a machine gun they had captured from the troops and vowed to take revenge . They were persuaded to give up the weapon by Hou Dejian . The workers also handed over an assault rifle without ammunition , which Liu Xiaobo smashed against the marble railings of the Monument . Shao Jiang , a student who had witnessed the killings at Muxidi , pleaded with the older intellectuals to retreat , saying too many lives had been lost . Initially , Liu Xiaobo was reluctant , but eventually joined Zhou Tuo , Gao Xin and Hou Dejian in making the case to the student leaders for a withdrawal . Chai Ling , Li Lu and Feng Congde initially rejected the idea of withdrawal . At 3 : 30am , at the suggestion of two doctors in the Red Cross camp , Hou Dejian and Zhuo Tuo agreed to attempt to negotiate with the soldiers . They rode in an ambulance to the northeast corner of the Square and spoke with Ji Xinguo , the political commissar of the 38th Army 's 336th Regiment , who relayed the request to command headquarters , which agreed to grant safe passage for the students to the southeast . The commissar told Hou , `` it would be a tremendous accomplishment , if you can persuade the students to leave the Square . At 4 : 00 am , the lights on the Square suddenly turned off , and the government 's loudspeaker announced : `` Clearance of the Square begins now . We agree with the students ' request to clear the Square . '' The students sang The Internationale and braced for a last stand . Hou returned and informed student leaders of his agreement with the troops . At 4 : 30 am , the lights relit and the troops began to advance on the Monument from all sides . At about 4 : 32 am , Hou Dejian took the student 's loudspeaker and recounted his meeting with the military . Many students , who learned of the talks for the first time , reacted angrily and accused him of cowardice . The soldiers initially stopped about 10 meters from the students . The first row of troops took aim with machine guns in the prone position . Behind them soldiers squatted and stood with assault rifles . Mixed among them were anti-riot police with clubs . Further back were tanks and APCs . Feng Congde took to the loudspeaker and explained that there was no time left to hold a meeting . Instead , a voice vote would decide the collective action of the group . Although the `` stays '' were louder than `` gos '' , Feng said the `` gos '' had prevailed . Just at that time , at about 4 : 40 am , a squad of soldiers in camouflaged uniform charged up the Monument and shot out the students ' loudspeaker . Other troops beat and kicked dozens of students at the Monument , seizing and smashing their cameras and recording equipment . An officer with a loudspeaker called out `` you better leave or this wo n't end well . '' Some of the students and professors persuaded others still sitting on the lower tiers of the Monument to get up and leave , while soldiers beat them with clubs and gunbutts and prodded them with bayonets . Witnesses heard bursts of gunfire . At about 5 : 10 am , the students began to leave the Monument . They linked hands and marched through a corridor to the southeast , though some departed through the north . Those who refused to leave were beaten by soldiers and ordered to join the departing procession . Having removed the students from the square , soldiers were ordered to relinquish their ammunition , after which they were allowed a short reprieve from 7 : 00 am to 9 : 00 am . The soldiers were then ordered to clear the square of all debris left over from the student occupation . The debris was either piled and burnt on the square , or placed in large plastic bags that were then airlifted away by military helicopters . After the cleanup of the square was completed the troops stationed at The Great Hall of the People remained confined within for the next nine days . During this time the soldiers were left to sleep on the floors and fed a single packet of instant noodles split between three men daily . Officers apparently suffered no such deprivation , and were served regular meals apart from their troops . Just past 6 : 00 am on June 4 , as a convoy of students who had vacated the Square were walking westward in the bicycle lane along Chang'an Avenue back to campus , three tanks pursued them from the Square , firing tear gas and one drove through the crowd , killing 11 students , injuring scores . Later in the morning , thousands of civilians tried to re-enter the Square from the northeast on East Chang'an Avenue , which was blocked by rows of infantry . Many in the crowd were parents of the demonstrators who had been in the Square . As the crowd approached the troops , an officer sounded a warning , and the troops opened fire . The crowd scurried back down the avenue in view of journalists in the Beijing Hotel . Dozens of civilians were shot in the back as they fled . Later , the crowds surged back toward the troops , who opened fire again . The people fled in panic . An ambulance that was arriving was also caught in the gunfire . The crowd attempted several more times but could not enter the Square , which remained closed to the public for two weeks . June 5 ( edit ) On June 5 , suppression of the protest was immortalized in Western media by the famous video footage and photographs of a lone man standing in front of a column of tanks driving out of Tiananmen Square . The iconic photo that would eventually make its way around the world was taken on June 5 on Chang'an Avenue . As the tank driver attempted to go around him , the `` Tank Man '' moved into the tank 's path . He continued to stand defiantly in front of the tanks for some time , then climbed up onto the turret of the lead tank to speak to the soldiers inside . After returning to his position in front of the tanks , the man was pulled aside by a group of people . A stopped convoy of 37 APCs on Changan Boulevard at Muxidi was forced to abandon their vehicles after becoming stuck among an assortment of burned out buses and military vehicles . In addition to occasional incidents of soldiers opening fire on civilians in Beijing , Western news outlets reported clashes between Units of the PLA . Late in the afternoon 26 tanks , three armored personnel carriers and supporting infantry took up defensive positions facing East at Jianguomen and Fuxingmen overpasses . Shellfire was heard throughout the night and the next morning a U.S. Marine in the Eastern part of the city reported spotting a damaged armored vehicle that had been disabled by an armor - piercing shell . The ongoing turmoil in the capital disrupted the flow of everyday life . No editions of the People 's Daily were available in Beijing on June 5 despite assurances that they had been printed . Many shops , offices , and factories were not able to open as workers remained in their homes , and public transit services were limited to Subway and suburban bus routes . By and large , the government regained control in the week following the military 's seizure of the Square . A political purge followed in which officials responsible for organizing or condoning the protests were removed , and protest leaders jailed . Protests outside Beijing ( edit ) After order was restored in Beijing on June 4 , protests of varying scales continued in some 80 other Chinese cities , outside of the spotlight of the international press . In the then - British colony of Hong Kong , people again took to wearing black in solidarity with the demonstrators in Beijing . There were also protests in other countries , many adopting the use of black armbands as well . In Shanghai , students marched on the streets on June 5 , and erected roadblocks on major thoroughfares . Factory workers went on a general strike and took to the streets as well ; railway traffic was also blocked . Public transport was also suspended and prevented people from getting to work . On June 6 , the municipal government attempted clearing the rail blockade , but was met with fierce resistance from the crowds . Several people died from having been run over by a train . On June 7 , students from major Shanghai universities stormed various campus facilities to erect biers in commemoration of the dead in Beijing . The situation gradually came under control without resorting to deadly force . The municipal government gained recognition from the top leadership in Beijing for averting a major upheaval . In the interior cities of Xi'an , Wuhan , Nanjing , and Chengdu , many students continued protests after June 4 , often erecting roadblocks . In Xi'an , students stopped workers from entering factories . In Wuhan , students blocked the Yangtze River Railway bridge , and another 4,000 gathered at the railway station . About one thousand students staged a railroad ' sit - in ' . Rail traffic on the Beijing - Guangzhou and Wuhan - Dalian lines was interrupted . The students also urged employees of major state - owned enterprises to go on strike . In Wuhan the situation was so tense that residents reportedly began a bank run and resorted to panic - buying . Similar scenes unfolded in Nanjing . On June 7 , hundreds of students staged a blockade at the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge as well as the Zhongyangmen Railway Bridge ; they were persuaded to evacuate without incident later that day , though returned the next day to occupy the main railway station and the bridges . The atmosphere in Chengdu was more violent . On the morning of June 4 , police forcibly broke up the student demonstration taking place in Chengdu 's main square . The resulting violence killed eight people , and injured hundreds more . The most brutal attacks occurred on June 5 and 6 . Witnesses estimate that 30 to 100 bodies were thrown onto a truck after a crowd broke into the Jinjiang Hotel . According to Amnesty International , at least 300 people were killed in Chengdu on June 5 . Troops in Chengdu used concussion grenades , truncheons , knives and electric cattle prods against civilians . Hospitals were ordered to not accept students and on the second night the ambulance service was stopped by police . Government pronouncements ( edit ) At a news conference on June 6 , State Council spokesperson Yuan Mu announced that based on `` preliminary statistics '' , `` nearly 300 people died ... includ ( ing ) soldiers '' , 23 students , `` bad elements who deserve ( d ) this because of their crimes , and people who were killed by mistake . '' The wounded , he said , included `` 5,000 ( police ) officers and ( soldiers ) '' and over `` 2,000 civilians , including the handful of lawless ruffians and the onlooking masses who do understand the situation . '' Military spokesperson Zhang Gong stated that no one was killed in Tiananmen Square and no one was run over by tanks in the Square . Deng addresses the Army ( edit ) Main article : June 9 Deng Speech On June 9 , Deng Xiaoping , appearing in public for the first time since the protests began , delivered a speech praising the `` martyrs '' ( PLA soldiers who had died ) . Deng stated that the goal of the movement was to overthrow the Party and the state . `` Their goal is to establish a totally Western - dependent bourgeois republic '' , Deng said of the protesters . Deng argued that protesters had complained about corruption to cover their real motive , which was to replace the socialist system . He said that `` the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road '' . Death toll ( edit ) The civilians killed in the city of Beijing , according to the city police , `` included university professors , technical people , officials , workers , owners of small private enterprises , retired workers , high school students and grade school students , of whom the youngest was nine years old . '' The number of deaths and the extent of bloodshed in the Square itself have been in dispute since the events . As the Chinese authorities actively suppress discussion of the events as well as research of the subject , it is difficult to verify exact figures . As a result , large discrepancies exist among various casualty estimates . Official figures ( edit ) Official figures of the dead range from 200 to 300 . At the State Council press conference on June 6 , spokesman Yuan Mu said that `` preliminary tallies '' by the government showed that about 300 civilians and soldiers died , including 23 students from universities in Beijing , along with a number of people he described as `` ruffians '' . Yuan also said some 5,000 soldiers and police along with 2,000 civilians were wounded . On June 19 , Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing reported to the Politburo that the government 's confirmed death toll was 241 , including 218 civilians ( of which 36 were students ) , 10 PLA soldiers and 13 People 's Armed Police , along with 7,000 wounded . Other estimates ( edit ) Unofficial estimates of the death toll have usually been higher than government figures , and go as high as several thousand . Nicholas D. Kristof , then Beijing bureau chief for The New York Times wrote on June 21 that `` it seems plausible that about a dozen soldiers and policemen were killed , along with 400 to 800 civilians . '' U.S. ambassador James Lilley said that , based on visits to hospitals around Beijing , a minimum of several hundred had been killed . In a 1990 article addressing the question , Time magazine said that the Chinese Red Cross had given a figure of 2,600 deaths on the morning of June 4 , though later this figure was retracted . A declassified NSA cable filed on the same day estimated 180 -- 500 deaths up to the morning of June 4 . Amnesty International 's estimates puts the number of deaths at between several hundred and close to 1,000 , while a Western diplomat who compiled estimates put the number at 300 to 1,000 . Identifying the dead ( edit ) The Tiananmen Mothers , a victims ' advocacy group co-founded by Ding Zilin and Zhang Xianling , whose children were killed during the crackdown , have identified 202 victims as of August 2011 . The group has worked painstakingly , in the face of government interference , to locate victims ' families and collect information about the victims . Their tally has grown from 155 in 1999 to 202 in 2011 . The list includes four individuals who committed suicide on or after June 4 , for reasons that related to their involvement in the demonstrations . Wu Renhua of the Chinese Alliance for Democracy , an overseas group agitating for democratic reform in China , said that he was only able to verify and identify 15 military deaths . Wu asserts that if deaths from events unrelated to demonstrators were removed from the count , only seven deaths among military personnel may be counted as those `` killed in action '' by rioters . Deaths in Tiananmen Square itself ( edit ) A replica of Goddess of Democracy outside of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Chinese government officials have long asserted that no one died in the Square itself in the early morning hours of June 4 , during the ' hold - out ' of the last batch of students in the south of the Square . Initially foreign media reports of a `` massacre '' on the Square were prevalent , though subsequently journalists have acknowledged that most of the deaths occurred outside of the Square in western Beijing . Several people who were situated around the square that night , including Jay Mathews , former Beijing bureau chief of the Washington Post , and Richard Roth , CBS correspondent , reported that while they had heard sporadic gunfire , they could not find enough evidence to suggest that a massacre took place on the Square itself . Records by the Tiananmen Mothers suggest that three students died in the Square the night of the Army 's push into the Square . Democracy activist Wu Renhua asserted that the government 's discussion of the issue was a red herring intended to absolve itself of responsibility and showcase its benevolence . Wu said that it was irrelevant whether the shooting occurred inside or outside of the Square itself , as it was still a reprehensible massacre of unarmed civilians . Aftermath ( edit ) Arrests and punishment ( edit ) The authorities carried out mass arrests . Many workers were summarily tried and executed . In contrast , the students -- many of whom came from relatively affluent backgrounds and were well - connected -- received much lighter sentences . Wang Dan , the student leader who topped the most wanted list , spent seven years in prison . Many of the students and university staff implicated were permanently politically stigmatized , some never to be employed again . Some student leaders such as Chai Ling and Wuer Kaixi were able to escape to the United States , the United Kingdom , France , and other Western nations under Operation Yellowbird that was organized from Hong Kong , a British territory at the time . Smaller protest actions continued in other cities for a few days . Some university staff and students who had witnessed the killings in Beijing organized or spurred commemorative events upon their return to school . At Shanghai 's prestigious Jiaotong University , for example , the party secretary organized a public commemoration event , with engineering students producing a large metal wreath . According to the Dui Hua Foundation , citing a provincial government , 1,602 individuals were imprisoned for protest - related activities in the early 1989 . As of May 2012 , at least two remain incarcerated in Beijing and five others remain unaccounted for . In June 2014 it was reported that Miao Deshun was believed to be the last known prisoner incarcerated for their participation in the protests ; he was last heard from a decade ago . All are reported to be suffering from mental illness . Leadership changes ( edit ) The Party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ) . Hu Qili , another PSC member who opposed the martial law but abstained from voting , was also removed from the committee . He was , however , able to retain his party membership , and after `` changing his opinion '' , was reassigned as deputy minister in the Ministry for Machinery and Electronics Industry . Another reform - minded Chinese leader , Wan Li , was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at Beijing Capital Airport upon returning from his shortened trip abroad ; the authorities declared his detention to be on health grounds . When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally `` changed his opinion '' he , like Qiao Shi , was transferred to a different position with equal rank but a mostly ceremonial role . Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum . Jiang Zemin , the party secretary of Shanghai , where student protests were subdued largely without violence , was promoted to succeed Zhao Ziyang as CPC general secretary in 1989 . Jiang Zemin , then Party Secretary of Shanghai , was promoted to General Secretary of the Communist Party . Jiang 's decisive actions in Shanghai involving the World Economic Herald and his having prevented deadly violence in the city won him support from party elders in Beijing . Having put the new leadership team in place and recognising his weakened position , Deng Xiaoping himself also bowed out of the party leadership -- at least officially -- by resigning his last leadership position as Chairman of the Central Military Commission later that year . He kept a low profile until 1992 . According to diplomatic cables de-classified by Canada , the then Swiss ambassador informed Canadian diplomats in confidence that over several months following the massacre , `` every member of the Politburo Standing Committee has approached him about transferring very significant amounts of money to Swiss bank accounts '' . Bao Tong , Zhao Ziyang 's aide , was the highest - ranking official to be formally charged with a crime in connection with 1989 demonstrations . He was convicted in 1992 of `` revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing '' and served seven years in prison . To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators among the party 's rank - and - file , the party leadership initiated a one - and - a-half - year - long rectification program to `` deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization '' . Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests . More than 30,000 communist officers were deployed to assess ' political reliability ' of more than one million government officials . The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country . Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street ; others were arrested at night . Many were jailed or sent to labor camps . They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep . Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists , and torture was not uncommon . Media coverage ( edit ) Chinese media ( edit ) An article that compiles all the important editorials released by the People 's Daily can be found at the following page , People 's Daily during the 1989 Student Protest . The suppression on June 4 marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China , and media workers -- both foreign and domestic -- faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown . State media reports in the immediate aftermath were sympathetic to the students . As a result , those responsible were all later removed from their posts . Two news anchors Xue Fei and Du Xian , who reported this event on June 4 in the daily Xinwen Lianbo broadcast on China Central Television were fired because they displayed sad emotions . Wu Xiaoyong , the son of former foreign minister Wu Xueqian was removed from the English Program Department of Chinese Radio International , ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters . Editors and other staff at People 's Daily , including director Qian Liren and Editor - in - Chief Tan Wenrui , were also sacked because of reports in the paper which were sympathetic towards the protesters . Several editors were arrested . Foreign media ( edit ) Main article : Foreign Media and the Tiananmen Square Protests With the imposition of martial law , the Chinese government cut off the satellite transmissions of foreign broadcasters such as CNN and CBS . Broadcasters attempted to defy these orders by reporting via telephone . Footage was quickly smuggled out of the country . The only network which was able to record shots during the night of June 4 was Televisión Española of Spain ( TVE ) . During the military action , some foreign journalists faced harassment from authorities . CBS correspondent Richard Roth and his cameraman were taken into custody while filing a report from the Square via mobile phone . Several foreign journalists who had covered the crackdown were expelled in the weeks that followed , while others were harassed by authorities or blacklisted from reentering the country . In Shanghai , foreign consulates were told that the safety of journalists who failed to heed newly enacted reporting guidelines could not be guaranteed . The USC U.S. - China Institute 's Assignment : China series includes a segment on American media coverage of the protests and their suppression . Tiananmen Square features interviews with correspondents for the Associated Press and United Press International , the New York Times , the Washington Post , the Wall Street Journal , Time Magazine , the Voice of America , ABC , CBS , and CNN . International reaction ( edit ) A replica of the memorial in the Polish city of Wrocław depicting a destroyed bicycle and a tank track as a symbol of the Tiananmen Square protests . The original was destroyed by Security Service despite the fact that it was after the 1989 elections . Main article : Reactions to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 The Chinese government 's response was widely denounced , particularly by Western governments and media . Criticism came from both Western and Eastern Europe , North America , Australia and some west Asian and Latin American countries . Many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests ; the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum , so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China , and to offer political empathy for the events . Cuba , Czechoslovakia , and East Germany , among others , supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests . Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe , America , the Middle East and Asia . Economic impact ( edit ) There was a significant impact on the Chinese economy after the incident . Foreign loans to China were suspended by the World Bank , Asian Development Bank , and foreign governments ; tourism revenue decreased from US $2.2 billion to US $1.8 billion ; foreign direct investment commitments were cancelled and there was a rise in defense spending from 8.6 % in 1986 , to 15.5 % in 1990 , reversing a previous 10 year decline . Chinese Premier Li Peng visited the United Nations Security Council on January 31 , 1992 , and argued that the economic and arms embargoes on China were a violation of national sovereignty . Aftermath ( edit ) Student leaders ( edit ) Among the student leaders , Wang Dan and Zhao Changqing were arrested . As a lesser figure in the demonstrations , Zhao was released after six months in prison . However , he was once again incarcerated for continuing to petition for political reform in China . Wang Dan was sent to prison , then allowed to emigrate to the United States in 1998 on the grounds of medical parole . He eventually received a PhD from Harvard University and went on to teach modern Chinese history at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu , Taiwan . Wu'erkaixi fled to Taiwan and has since become a political commentator on Taiwanese national radio . Chai Ling fled to France , and then went on to the United States to study at Princeton and Harvard . She then founded an IT start - up company and a non-profit organization called `` All Girls Allowed '' , which addresses issues such as women 's rights and female infanticide in China . Li Lu became an investment banker and venture capitalist on Wall Street , started his own hedge fund and became a business partner to Charlie Munger of Berkshire Hathaway , partly through human rights contacts was acquainted with as a result of his involvement at Tiananmen Square . Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao were arrested in late 1989 for their involvement in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests . Chinese authorities alleged they were the `` black hands '' behind the movement . Both Chen and Wang rejected the allegations made against them . They were put on trial in 1990 and sentenced to 13 years in prison . Domestic political developments ( edit ) The protests led to a strengthened role for the state . In its aftermath , many of the freedoms introduced during the 1980s were rescinded , as the party returned to a conventional Leninist mold and re-established firm control over the press , publishing , and mass media . The protests were also a blow to the ' separation of powers ' model established by the 1982 Constitution and by convention , whereby the President was a symbolic position ( figurehead ) , and the real centres of power of the General Secretary of the Communist Party , the Premier of the State Council and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission were intended to be different people , to prevent the excesses of Mao - style personal rule . However , when President Yang Shangkun asserted his reserve powers with his post of Vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and openly split with general secretary Zhao Ziyang over the use of force to side with Premier Li Peng and Central Military Commission chairman Deng Xiaoping , official policy became inconsistent and incoherent , significantly impeding the exercise of power . In 1993 , the positions of General Secretary , Central Military Commission Chairman and President were all consolidated into the same office , reverting to the previous Maoist distribution of power that had previously existed since 1972 . In 1989 , neither the Chinese military nor the Beijing police had sufficient anti-riot gear , such as rubber bullets and tear gas . After the Tiananmen Square protests , riot police in Chinese cities were equipped with non-lethal equipment for riot control . The protests led to increased spending on internal security and expanded the role of the People 's Armed Police in suppressing urban protests . The aftermath of the protests saw the resurgence of conservative attitudes towards reform among policymakers , intended to slow the rapid changes that were said to have contributed to the causes of the protest . Deng Xiaoping , the `` architect '' of the reform policy , saw his influence significantly reduced following the protests , forcing him into making concessions with socialist hardliners . In dismissing Zhao Ziyang , who shared Deng 's vision for economic reform but disagreed with him over politics , Deng had lost the foremost champion of his own economic vision . Facing pressure from the conservative camp , Deng distanced himself from the affairs of state . This slow pace of reform was met with stiff resistance from provincial governors and broke down completely in the early 1990s as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Deng 's Southern Tour of 1992 , designed by the ailing but influential leader as a means to reinstate his economic reform agenda . On the tour , Deng criticized the leftist hardliners that had gained power following the protests , and praised entrepreneurship and other market - driven policies . Initially ignored by Beijing , the Chinese Politburo eventually sided with Deng and economic reforms again gained prominence . Hong Kong ( edit ) Candlelight vigil in Hong Kong in 2009 on 20th anniversary of the June 4th incident In Hong Kong , the Tiananmen square protests led to fears that the PRC would renege on its commitments under one country , two systems following the impending handover in 1997 . In response , Governor Chris Patten attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong , which led to friction with Beijing . For many Hong Kongers , Tiananmen served as a turning point for when they lost trust in the Beijing government . The event , coupled with general uncertainty over the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty , led to a sizeable exodus of Hong Kong people to Western countries such as Canada and Australia prior to 1997 . There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997 . The June 4th Museum closed in July 2016 , after only two years in its location . The group that runs the museum , the Hong Kong Alliance , has started to crowdfund money to open the museum in a new location . Impact on China 's national image ( edit ) The Chinese government drew widespread condemnation for its suppression of the protests . In its immediate aftermath , China seemed well on its way to becoming a pariah state , increasingly isolated on the international stage . This was a significant setback for the leadership , who had courted international investment for much of the 1980s as the country emerged from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution . Deng Xiaoping and the core leadership , however , vowed to continue economic liberalization policies after 1989 . From there on , China would work domestically as well as internationally to reshape its national image from that of a repressive regime to a benign global economic and military partner . Domestic trends ( edit ) During the early 1990s , officials such as Yang Shangkun , Li Peng and others sought to return to a planned economy . Deng Xiaoping largely stayed out of politics until his groundbreaking 1992 `` southern tour '' , which was intended to re-instate policies of economic liberalization . Along with the liberalization came the loosening of state control in many areas of daily life . Privately run print media flourished . Private newspapers increased from 250 in the 1980s to over 7,000 by 2003 . Provincially run satellite TV stations sprung up all over the country and challenged the market share of state - run CCTV . The leadership also stepped away from promoting communism as an all - encompassing belief system . State - approved religious organizations increased their membership significantly , as traditional beliefs suppressed during the Mao era also re-appeared . This state - sanctioned plurality also created the environment for unsanctioned forms of spirituality and worship to grow . In order to reduce the need for controversial methods of state control , while Protestants , Buddhists , and Taoists were largely left alone , the state often employed these ' approved ' denominations to `` fight against cults '' such as Falun Gong -- playing sects off each other . As the party departed from the orthodox communism it was founded upon , much of its attention was focused on the cultivation of nationalism as an alternative ideology . This policy largely succeeded in tying the party 's legitimacy to China 's `` national pride '' , turning public opinions in its favour . This is perhaps most prominently seen in May 1999 , when the US bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade . The bombings saw an outpouring of nationalist sentiment and increased support for the party as the foremost advocate of China 's national interest . International perception ( edit ) Facing global condemnation for their handling of the protests in 1989 , China has endeavored to demonstrate its willingness to participate in international economic and defense institutions in order to secure investment for continued economic reforms . Before the end of 1991 , China normalized ties with the Russian government 's newly elected president , Boris Yeltsin . The PRC also welcomed Taiwanese business as a replacement for Western investment . Further , China expedited negotiations with the World Trade Organization as well as established relations with Indonesia , Israel , South Korea , and others in 1992 . Regarding defense alignments , the government signed The Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 , The Convention on Chemical Weapons in 1993 , and The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996 . Whereas China had been a member of just 30 international organizations in 1986 , this membership increased to over 50 by 1997 . Finally , while China was a net recipient of aid throughout the 1980s , its growing economic and military role transformed it into a provider of aid , with $100 million given to Thailand in 1997 alone . Furthermore , the government has successfully promoted China as an attractive destination for investment by emphasizing the country 's skilled workers , comparatively lower wages , established infrastructure , and sizeable consumer base . Increased foreign investment in the country led many world leaders to believe that by constructively engaging China in the global marketplace , political reforms would inevitably follow . At the same time , the explosion of commercial interest in the country opened the way for multinational corporations to turn a blind eye to politics and human rights in favour of `` doing business . '' Since then , Western leaders who were previously critical of China have generally paid lip service to the legacy of Tiananmen , but the substance of bilateral relationships focus on business and trade interests . In Hong Kong , the events of Tiananmen in 1989 -- perhaps to a greater degree than anywhere else outside of mainland China -- have become permanently etched in the public consciousness . The events continue to have a strong impact on perceptions of China , its government , attitudes towards democracy , and the extent to which Hong Kong'ers should identify as `` Chinese '' . The events of June 4 are seen as emblematic of the Chinese ' brand ' of authoritarianism and is prominently discussed in Hong Kong 's political circles , often in relation to democratic reform in Hong Kong and the territory 's relationship with Beijing . Academic studies indicate that those who supported the rehabilitation of the Tiananmen Square movement had a tendency to support democratization in the territory as well as the election of pro-democracy parties . EU and us arms embargo ( edit ) Main article : European Union arms embargo on the People 's Republic of China The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to the PRC , put in place as a result of the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests , remains in place today . The PRC has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from EU members . Since 2004 , China has portrayed the ban as `` outdated '' , and damaging to China - EU relations . In early 2004 , French President Jacques Chirac spearheaded a movement within the EU to lift the ban , which was supported by German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder . However , the passing of the Anti-Secession Law of the People 's Republic of China in March 2005 increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan , damaging attempts to lift the ban , and several EU Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban . Moreover , Schröder 's successor Angela Merkel opposed lifting the ban . Members of the U.S. Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the EU if the latter lifted the ban . The UK also opposed the lifting of the embargo when it took charge of the EU presidency in July 2005 . The election of José Manuel Barroso as European Commission President also made a lifting of the ban more difficult , because Barroso is a critic of China 's human rights record . In addition , the European Parliament has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to the PRC . Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban , many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body . The arms embargo has limited China 's options from where it may seek military hardware . Among the sources that were sought included the former Soviet bloc that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the Sino - Soviet split . Other willing suppliers have previously included Israel and South Africa , but American pressure has restricted this co-operation . Legacy ( edit ) Censorship in China ( edit ) Part of a series on Denial of mass killings Instances of denial Armenian Genocide denial Denial of the Holodomor Holocaust denial Nanking Massacre denial Serbian genocide denial Denial of the Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 66 Denial of 1971 genocide and war crimes in Bangladesh Cambodian Genocide denial Cover up of the Tiananmen Square massacre Rwandan genocide denial Srbrenica massacre denial Scholarly controversy over mass killings Holodomor genocide question Legacy of Mao Zedong Legacy of Augusto Pinochet Legacy of the colonization of Australia Legacy of the Islamic rule of India Legacy of the Mongol conquest Causes of Native American population decline Legacy of the 1944 -- 1950 Expulsions of Germans Great Irish Famine genocide question Individuals who have denied , or been accused of denying , mass killings Holocaust denial List of Holocaust Deniers David Irving Armenian Genocide denial Bernard Lewis Justin McCarthy Rwandan Genocide denial Robin Philpot Peter Erlinder Cambodian Genocide denial Malcolm Caldwell Nanking Massacre denial Shūdō Higashinakano Masaaki Tanaka Holodomor denial Walter Duranty Douglas Tottle Serbian Genocide denial Bosnian Genocide denial Milorad Dodik Tomislav Nikolić Related Topics Historical negationism Historical revisionism Further information : Censorship in the People 's Republic of China See also : Internet censorship of the protest The Communist Party of China ( CPC ) forbids discussion of the Tiananmen Square protests , and has taken measures to block or censor related information . Textbooks have little , if any , information related to the protests . Following the protests , officials banned controversial films and books , and shut down a large number of newspapers . Within a year , 12 percent of all newspapers , 8 percent of publishing companies , 13 percent of social science periodicals and more than 150 films were banned or shut down . In addition , the government also announced it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes . Access to media and internet resources on the subject are restricted or blocked by censors . Banned literature and films include Summer Palace , Forbidden City , Collection of June Fourth Poems , The Critical Moment : Li Peng diaries , and any writings of Zhao Ziyang or his aide Bao Tong , including Zhao 's memoirs . However , contraband and internet copies of these publications can be found . The party 's official stance towards the incident is that the use of force was necessary in order to control a ' political disturbance ' and that it ensured the stability necessary for economic prosperity . Chinese leaders , including former paramount leaders Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao , reiterate this line when questioned by foreign press . Public memory of the Tiananmen Square protests has been suppressed by the authorities since 1989 . Print media containing reference to the protests must be consistent with the government 's version of events . Currently , many Chinese citizens are reluctant to speak about the protests because of potential repercussions . Rob Gifford held that many young people born after 1980 are unfamiliar with the events and are apathetic about politics while some older intellectuals no longer aspire for political change and instead focus on economic issues . Youth in China are generally unaware of the events that took place , of the symbols such as tank man , or of the significance of the date June 4 itself . While public discussion of the events have become a social taboo , private discussions continue to take place despite frequent interference and harassment from the authorities . Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo remained in China to speak out about Tiananmen in the 1990s despite offers of asylum ; he faced constant surveillance . Zhang Xianling and Ding Zilin , mothers of victims who lost their lives in 1989 , founded the Tiananmen Mothers organization and were particularly outspoken on the humanitarian aspects of the subject . The authorities mobilize security forces , including members of the People 's Armed Police , every year on June 4 to prevent public displays of remembrance , with especially ' beefed up ' security forces for major anniversaries such as the 20th anniversary in 2009 and the 25th anniversary in 2014 . Journalists have been frequently denied entry to the Square on anniversaries . In addition , the authorities are known to have detained foreign journalists and increase surveillance on prominent human rights activists during this time of year . Internet searches of ' June 4 ' or ' Tiananmen Square ' return censored results or result in temporarily severed server connections . Specific web pages with select keywords are censored , while other websites , such as those of overseas Chinese democracy movements , are blocked wholesale . The censorship , however , has been inconsistent -- with many sites being blocked , unblocked , and re-blocked over the years , including YouTube , Wikipedia , and Flickr . In addition , the policy is much more stringent with Chinese - language sites than foreign - language ones . Social media censorship is more stringent during anniversaries ; even oblique references to the protests are usually deleted within hours . In January 2006 , Google agreed to censor their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects considered ' sensitive ' by the authorities . Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010 . Calls to reverse the verdict ( edit ) Over the years some Chinese citizens have called for a reassessment of the protests and compensation from the government to victims ' families . One group in particular , Tiananmen Mothers , seeks compensation , vindication for victims and the right to receive donations from within the mainland and abroad . Zhang Shijun , a former soldier who was involved in the military crackdown , had published an open letter to President Hu Jintao seeking to have the government reevaluate its position on the protests . He was subsequently arrested and taken from his home . Although the Chinese government never officially acknowledged relevant accusations when it came to the incident , in April 2006 a payment was made to the mother of one of the victims , the first publicized case of the government offering redress to a Tiananmen - related victim 's family . The payment was termed a `` hardship assistance '' , given to Tang Deying ( 唐德英 ) whose son , Zhou Guocong ( simplified Chinese : 周国聪 ; traditional Chinese : 周國聰 ) died at the age of 15 while in police custody in Chengdu on June 6 , 1989 , two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen protesters . She was reportedly paid CNY70 , 000 ( approximately US $10,250 ) . This has been welcomed by various Chinese activists , but was regarded by some as a measure to maintain social stability and not believed to herald a changing of the Party 's official position . Leaders voicing regret ( edit ) Before his death in 1998 , Yang Shangkun told army doctor Jiang Yanyong that `` June 4 '' was the most serious mistake committed by the Communist Party in its history , a mistake that Yang himself could not correct but one that certainly will eventually be corrected . Zhao Ziyang remained under house arrest until his death in 2005 . Zhao 's aide Bao Tong has repeatedly called on the government to reverse the verdict for the demonstrations . Chen Xitong , the mayor of Beijing , who read the martial law order and was later disgraced by a political scandal , expressed regret for the death of innocent civilians in 2012 , a year before his death . Premier Wen Jiabao reportedly suggested reversing the government 's position on Tiananmen in party meetings prior to his departure from politics in 2013 , only to be rebuffed by his colleagues . United nations report ( edit ) The Committee Against Torture met for its forty - first session from November 3 -- 21 , 2008 to consider reports submitted by member states under article 19 of the Convention . The Committee found that China 's response to the 1989 Democracy movement was worrying . The Committee was concerned that despite the multiple requests by relatives of people `` killed , arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression '' , there was a lack of investigations into these matters . It was also concerned with the failure of the Chinese government to inform families of the fate of relatives involved , and it regretted that those responsible for the use of excessive force have not `` faced any sanction , administrative or criminal . '' The Committee recommended that : The State party should conduct a full and impartial investigation into the suppression of the Democracy Movement in Beijing in June 1989 , provide information on the persons who are still detained from that period , inform the family members of their findings , offer apologies and reparation as appropriate and prosecute those found responsible for excessive use of force , torture and other illtreatment . In December 2009 , the Chinese government responded to the Committee 's recommendations . It stated that the government had closed the case concerning the `` political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989 . '' It also stated that the `` practice of the past 20 years has made it clear that the timely and decisive measures taken by the Chinese Government at the time were necessary and correct . '' It claimed that the labelling of the `` incident as ' the Democracy Movement ' '' is a `` distortion in the nature of the incident . '' According to the Chinese Government these observations were `` inconsistent with the Committee 's responsibilities . '' Documentaries ( edit ) In 1995 , Richard Gordon and Carma Hinton produced The Gate of Heavenly Peace an award - winning three - hour documentary film about the Tiananmen Square protests . The film contains interviews with Liu Xiaobo , Wang Dan , Wu'erkaixi , Han Dongfang , Ding Zilin , Chai Ling , Dai Qing , Feng Congde , and Hou Dejian . The same year saw the release of Moving the Mountain a feature documentary directed by Michael Apted and produced by Trudie Styler , with cinematography by Maryse Alberti . The film takes its title from the memoir by Li Lu , one of the student leaders of the Tiananmen Square protests . Though Li Lu is a central figure in the finished film , the project set out to provide a comprehensive understanding of the events leading up to and following the protests , and features many other interviews . A primetime special hosted by Tom Brokaw honored both the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing and the fall of the Berlin Wall in that momentous year for human rights around the world , 1989 . In April 2006 , the PBS series Frontline produced an episode titled The Tank Man , which examined his role in the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and the change that has overtaken the PRC economically and politically since . On June 3 , 2009 , the BBC aired the documentary Kate Adie returns to Tiananmen , in which documented reporter Kate Adie 's return to China , where she recalls the events she witnessed in 1989 . Cultural references ( edit ) Political ( edit ) In May 1998 , an Indonesian general threatened a `` Tiananmen Square massacre '' in Jakarta to suppress student - led demonstrations against President Suharto . CNN news anchor Kyra Phillips drew criticism in March 2006 when she compared the 2006 youth protests in France , in which it was later determined that no one was killed , to the Tiananmen Square protests , saying `` Sort of brings back memories of Tiananmen Square , when you saw these activists in front of tanks . '' In February 2011 , Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , in response to an uprising in Benghazi against his rule , held up China 's 1989 military assault on Tiananmen Square as an example of how to deal with popular unrest . Chinese media censored Gaddafi 's reference to Tiananmen Square . `` Tank Man '' ( edit ) Main article : Tank Man Since Tiananmen , the iconic `` tank man '' image has become a worldwide symbol for civil disobedience . What happened to the `` Tank Man '' following the demonstration is not known . Some say he was pulled away and went into hiding , others say he was executed by the authorities . Time Magazine dubbed him The Unknown Rebel and later named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century . In an interview with U.S. media , then Chinese paramount leader Jiang Zemin said he did not think the man was killed . Songs ( edit ) Joan Baez ' song `` China '' , from her 1989 Speaking of Dreams album , was a chronicle of the events . She also dedicated the album to the students who `` nonviolently , and at an enormous price , have changed the face of China forever '' . The 1989 song `` The King of Sunset Town '' by Marillion has its lyrical roots in the massacre . The 1989 song `` Tin Omen '' by Skinny Puppy is about the massacre . The 1990 song `` Tiananmen Square '' by Chumbawamba , from their album Slap ! , explicitly refers to the tragedy . The 1991 song `` Shiny Happy People '' by R.E.M. is supposedly an ironic reference to a piece of roughly translated Chinese propaganda regarding the massacre , two years before the song was released . The 1992 song `` Watching TV '' by Roger Waters ( from his album Amused to Death ) describes a fictional woman killed at Tiananmen Square in 1989 to show how much of an effect someone 's death can have on the world if it happens live on TV . The 1996 song `` The Tienanmen Man '' by Nevermore appears on their album , The Politics of Ecstasy . The song is about the anonymous person who became known as `` Tank Man '' . The 2005 song `` Hypnotize '' by System of a Down calls the nature of protest movements themselves into question , implying that for most young people involved their participation is staged simply out of a desire to appear trendy and hip rather than out of an actual desire to take any real action . For this reason protesters can be just as `` simple minded '' as those who fall under the influence of regime and nation state propaganda . The 2013 song `` Gunfight '' by Sick Puppies has a verse about the incident . See also ( edit ) China portal Beijing portal 1980s portal Cold War portal Communism portal Social movements portal February 28 Incident Gwangju Uprising People 's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 Executive Order 12711 List of massacres in China May Fourth Movement Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang The Gate of Heavenly Peace Tiananmen Incident ( April Fifth Movement of 1976 ) 8888 Uprising EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 June 4th Museum Bonus Army Egypt 's Rabaa Massacre of 2013 Women 's roles during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Finances of Student Organizations during the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jay Mathews , former Beijing bureau chief for the Washington Post said `` as far as can be determined from the available evidence , no one died that night in Tiananmen Square '' . He goes on to conclude : A few people may have been killed by random shooting on streets near the square , but all verified eyewitness accounts say that the students who remained in the square when troops arrived were allowed to leave peacefully . Hundreds of people , most of them workers and passersby , did die that night , but in a different place and under different circumstances . Jump up ^ Richard Roth reported that he was held captive by troops in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the Square on the night of June 3 and could hear but not see into the Square until dawn when they were driven through the Square . He heard a `` volley of gunfire '' to silence the students ' loudspeakers . He added that there 's no doubt that many people were killed in the area on the way to and around the Square , mostly in western Beijing , which the Chinese government denies . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kristoff , Nicholas D. ( June 21 , 1989 ) . `` A Reassessment of How Many Died in the Military Crackdown in Beijing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jan Wong , Red China Blues , Random House 1997 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Andrew J. ( January -- February 2001 ) . `` The Tiananmen Papers '' . Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2004 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tiananmen Square , 1989 : The Declassified History ; George Washington University ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 171 . Jump up ^ Anthony Saich , The People 's Movement : Perspective on Spring 1989 M.E. Sharpe 1990 , ISBN 9780873327466 . p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , James ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Tiananmen killings : Were the media right ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Declassified British cable '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton Dube , Talking Points , June 3 -- 18 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Ezra F. ( 2011 ) . Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 634 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05544 - 6 . ASIN 0674055446 . ^ Jump up to : `` China tightens information controls for Tiananmen anniversary '' . The Age . Australia . AFP . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miles , James ( 1997 ) . The Legacy of Tiananmen : China in Disarray . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08451 - 7 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Consequences of Tiananmen '' , Andrew J. Nathan . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , David S.G. ( 1994 ) . Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese revolution . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11252 - 9 . p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The day China trampled on freedom '' . The Age . Australia . May 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lim , Louisa ( 2015 ) . People 's Republic of Amnesia . Oxford University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0190227913 . 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Asian Survey . 5 . 30 ( 5 ) : 505 -- 521 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1990.30. 5.01 p0385c . JSTOR 2644842 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , E. pp. 603 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Full text of the April 26 Editorial '' . Xinhua News Agency . February 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 155 Jump up ^ Zhao , D. p. 157 . Jump up ^ Zhao , D. p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Vogel , E. p. 608 . ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , E. pp. 612 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 167 . Jump up ^ Amnesty International ( August 30 , 1989 ) . Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians , Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since June 3 , 1989 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Zhao , D. p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 165 . Jump up ^ Zhao , D. p. 169 Jump up ^ Li , Peng . Diary entry for 15 May . Jump up ^ Zhao , D. p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Zhao , D. p. 181 Jump up ^ Li , Peng ( 2010 ) . `` Entry for 17 May '' . 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Jump up ^ Ignatius , Adi . `` Preface '' . In Zhao Ziyang . Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang . Trans & Ed . Bao Pu , Renee Chiang , and Adi Ignatius . New York : Simon & Schuster . 2009 . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4938 - 0 . p.x. Jump up ^ Exiled Tiananmen dissident back in Taiwan . Yahoo ! News . June 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ignatius , Adi . `` Preface '' . In : Zhao Ziyang , Prisoner of the State : The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . 2009 . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4938 - 0 . p. xv . Jump up ^ Kate Wright , `` The Political Fortunes of the World Economic Herald '' , Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs , nr 23 , pp 121 -- 132 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Playlist of `` Democratic Songs for China '' on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Wu 2009 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 六四北京戒严部队的数量和番号 '' 《 1989 天安门事件二十周年祭》之三 Accessed June 29 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Brook , Timothy ( 1998 ) . Quelling the People : The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 80 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3638 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary of State 's Morning Summary for 3 June 1989 '' . George Washington University . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Gate of Heavenly Peace '' . ITVN , The Ford Foundation , the Rockefeller Foundation . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 335 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 349 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Michael Fathers . ( June 3 , 1989 ) . `` Moveable Feast Starts Again on Tiananmen Square '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 , from LexisNexis . ^ Jump up to : Jay Mathews . ( June 2 , 1989 ) . `` Chinese Army Moving Closer to Protesters : Finances , Leadership Split Student Ranks '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post ( 1877 -- 1994 ) . ( Document ID : 734005592 ) . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 363 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 天安门广场清场命令的下达 '' 《 1989 天安门事件二十周年祭》之五 Accessed June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tiananmen Papers , 355 -- 362 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 戒严部队的挺进目标和路线 '' 《 1989 天安门事件二十周年祭》系列之十三 . Accessed June 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang 2001 , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 89 天安门事件大事记 : 6 月 3 日星期六 '' Accessed July 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Nicholas Kristof . ( June 3 , 1989 ) . `` Beijing Residents Block Army Move Near City Center : Tear Gas said to be Fired '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ) . ( Document ID : 115057724 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richelson & Michael Evans ( June 1 , 1999 ) . On the Brink : Document 9 `` Secretaries Morning Summary , 3 June 1989 '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 , from Tiananmen Square , 1989 : The Declassified History : http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/documents/09-01.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Timothy Brook '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Tiananmen Mothers , 六四天安门惨案死难者遇难地点示意图 ( Map of Fatalities from the June Fourth Tiananmen Tragedy ) February 2008 edition Accessed June 26 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with John Pomfret '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Tony : The Tank Man ( documentary film ) Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` 调停者段昌隆之死 '' Tiananmen Mothers Accessed July 2 , 2013 ; Duan was the grand nephew of the warlord Duan Qirui , whose troops were responsible for the March 18 Massacre of 1926 , the deadliest use of force against students in Beijing until 1989 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 戒严部队军警的死亡情况 '' 《 1989 天安门事件二十周年祭》 No. 9 Accessed June 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Wu 2009 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 天安门事件的最后一幕 '' Accessed July 2 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 天安门事件的最后一幕 '' . Accessed July 2 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 89 天安门事件大事记 : 6 月 4 日星期日 '' Accessed July 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ BBC News , June 2 , 2009 : Tiananmen killings : Were the media right ? '' ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 天安门事件的最后一幕 '' Accessed July 2 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 天安门事件的最后一幕 '' Accessed July 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ Image of soldiers storming the Monument Jump up ^ Lim , Louisa ( 2014 ) . The People 's Republic of Amnesia : Tiananmen Revisited . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022791 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lim , Louisa ( 2014 ) . The People 's Republic of Amnesia : Tiananmen Revisited . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022791 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lilley , James ( July 12 , 1989 ) . `` Latin American Diplomat Eyewitness Account of June 3 -- 4 Events on Tiananmen Square '' . WikiLeaks . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lim , Louisa ( 2014 ) . The People 's Republic of Amnesia : Tiananmen Revisited . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 022791 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Wu Renhua , `` 六部口坦克追轧学生撤退队伍事件 '' Accessed June 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` Olympic hopeful who lost his legs in Tiananmen Square '' Independent August 6 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Thomas 2006 , 32 : 23 -- 34 : 50 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Jan Wong '' . PBS . April 11 , 2006 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Committee of June Fourth Memorial '' published `` Folk June Fourth Whitepaper '' 2009 - 04 - 28 , retrieved on March 12 , 2014 . RFA Cantonese Jump up ^ Karl Schoenberger , `` 8 Sentenced to Die in Beijing Fighting : Are Convicted of Beating Soldiers , Burning Vehicles '' L.A. Times , June 18 , 1989 Jump up ^ `` FRONTLINE : The Tank Man transcript '' . ^ Jump up to : Brook , Timothy ( 1992 ) . Quelling the People : The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507457 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nicholas D. Kristof , `` UNITS SAID TO CLASH : Troops in Capital Seem to Assume Positions Against an Attack '' , The New York Times , June 6 , 1989 , A1 . Jump up ^ Brook , Timothy ( 1992 ) . Quelling the People : The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507457 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nicholas D. Kristof , `` UNITS SAID TO CLASH : Troops in Capital Seem to Assume Positions Against an Attack '' , The New York Times , June 6 , 1989 , A14 . Jump up ^ Jan Wong , `` Troops Brace for Attack in Beijing '' , The Globe and Mail , June 6 , 1989 , A1 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Anjali ; Pang , Esther . `` China 's Tiananmen activists : Where are they now ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tianamen Square : Ageing rebels , bitter victims '' . The Economist citing Louisa Lim . May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ BBC Shanghai City Service , `` Public Transport Suspended , Roads Barricaded in Shanghai '' , June 6 , 1989 , BBC Summary of World Broadcasts , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , pp. 399 , 404 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Louisa Lim , NPR Jump up ^ Cheng , Chu - Yuan ( 1990 ) . Behind the Tiananmen Massacre : Social , Political and Economic Ferment in China . p. 139 . Westview Press , Inc. , Oxford . ^ Jump up to : Oksenberg , Sullivan & Lambert 1990 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Oksenberg , Sullivan & Lambert 1990 , pp. 361 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Deng Xiaoping ( June 9 , 1989 ) . 在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时的讲话 ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Deng 's June 9 Speech : ' We Faced a Rebellious Clique ' and ' Dregs of Society ' '' . New York Times . June 30 , 1989 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deng 's 9 June Speech '' . World Affairs . 3 . 152 . June 28 , 1989 . JSTOR 20672226 . Jump up ^ Oksenberg , Sullivan & Lambert 1990 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ China since Tiananmen : the politics of transition ( 2001 ) . Joseph Fewsmith . p. 42 Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Zhang 2001 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Frontline -- The Memory of Tiananmen 1989 . PBS . 2006 . Jump up ^ Lilley , James , China Hands , 322 . ^ Jump up to : How Many Really Died ? Time magazine , June 4 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State 's Morning Summary for 4 June 1989 '' . George Washington University . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China : 15 years after Tiananmen , calls for justice continue and the arrests go on '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Tiananmen Mothers Victims of June Fourth Name List Accessed June 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Ren Jianmin ( Victim No. 106 ) , was a farmer from Hebei who was passing through the city and wounded by gunfire in the stomach on June 4 . He was unable to afford medical bills and hung himself in August because of unbearable pain . Zou Bing ( Victim No. 51 ) , a 19 - year - old student at the Beijing Broadcasting Institute , hung herself in September 1989 because of her inability to pass interrogation into her involvement in the protest . Qi Li , ( Victim No. 162 ) , a student at the Central Academy of Drama , hung himself to escape the pressure of post-protest investigation at his school . Wei Wumin ( Victim No. 163 ) , also a student at the Central Academy of Drama , who participated in the hunger strike , committed suicide by standing in front of an oncoming train . List of casualties , Ding Zilin . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Jay Mathews ( September -- October 1998 ) . `` The Myth of Tiananmen '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Jump up ^ There was no `` Tiananmen Square Massacre '' , CBS News Jump up ^ An English translation of the Tiananmen Mothers ' Database -- Note : contains incorrect English spellings of some victims ' names . `` Not Forget Us '' Accessed June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wu Renhua , Regarding the Clearing of the Square of June 4 ( in Chinese ) : `` Really , whether the fully equipped army of troops massacred peaceful ordinary folks inside or outside the Square makes very little difference . It is not even worthwhile to have this discussion at all . '' Jump up ^ `` Article : Still on the wing ; inside Operation Yellowbird , the daring plot to help dissidents escape. ( special report : China ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Less Than a Dozen June Fourth Protesters Still in Prison '' Dui Hua Foundation May 31 , 2012 Jump up ^ Harron , Celia . `` Miao Deshun : China 's last Tiananmen prisoner ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Beijing Orders Its Ambassadors Home for a Meeting , New York Times , June 29 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Washington Post , June 17 , 1989 Jump up ^ Fresh details of ' savage ' Tiananmen massacre emerge in embassy cables -- Telegraph Jump up ^ Miles , James ( 1997 ) . The Legacy of Tiananmen : China in Disarray . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08451 - 7 . pp. 27 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Miles , James ( 1997 ) . The Legacy of Tiananmen : China in Disarray . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08451 - 7 . p. 30 Jump up ^ See Assignment : China -- Tiananmen Square for footage of the shutting down of CNN . Jump up ^ Interview with Eugenio Bregolat , Spanish ambassador in Beijing during the Tiananmen Square protests ( in Spanish ) ( August 9 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Bregolat , Eugenio ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` TVE in Tiananmen '' . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roth , Richard ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Remembering Tiananmen Square '' . CBS . Jump up ^ Michael Fathers , `` China in Crisis : Reporting continues , but for how long ? '' , The Independent , June 10 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Kristof , `` Beijing Ousts 2 American Correspondents '' , New York Times , June 14 , 1989 . See Assignment : China -- Tiananmen Square for interviews with Al Pessin ( VOA ) and John Pomfret ( AP ) , both of whom were expelled . Jump up ^ Michael Bociurkiw , `` Shanghai student leaders prepare offensive despite crackdown '' , The Globe and Mail , June 12 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Assignment : China -- Tiananmen Square '' . USC Annenberg . USC US - China Institute . May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` China : Aftermath of the Crisis '' State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research , ( July 27 , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Places 20 years apart -- column by C. Raja Mohan , The Indian Express , June 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ Troubles in China provoke protests , Spokane Chronicle , June 7 , 1989 , page A8 Jump up ^ Thakur , M. , Burton , G.E. & Srivastava , B.N. International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill , 1997 . pp. 404 -- 405 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kelley , N.L. & Shenkar , O. International Business in China . Routledge , 1993 . pp. 120 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05345 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gordon , W.C. The United Nations at the Crossroads of Reform . M.E. Sharpe , 1994 . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 400 - 1 . Jump up ^ Listening to China 's Dissidents Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg BusinessWeek , December 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Pulliam , Susan . `` From Tiananmen Square to Possible Buffett Successor '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( 2014 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Chen Ziming , Dissident in China , Is Dead at 62 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chinese human rights official says the crackdown ' completely correct ' Rebecca MacKinnon , `` Tiananmen Ten Years Later . '' CNN , June 2 , 1999 . Jump up ^ The Politics of China By Roderick MacFarquhar Jump up ^ Kam , Vivian ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Hong Kong 's Tiananmen Museum to close '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Deng et al. , `` Minutes of the CCP Central Politburo Standing Committee Meeting '' , in The Tiananmen Papers : The Chinese Leadership 's Decision to use Force Against their own People -- In their Own Words , eds . Zhang Liang , Andrew J. Nathan , and Perry Link ( New York : Perseus , 2001 ) , 424 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Cabestan , `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself on the International Stage and Re-Engage the World after Tiananmen '' , in The Impact of China 's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre , ed. Jean - Philippe Beja ( New York : Routledge , 2011 ) , 194 . Jump up ^ Cabestan , `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '' , 195 . Jump up ^ Joshua Kurlantzick , `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth : How the West Winks at Chinese Repression '' , World Policy Journal , 20 no . 1 ( 2003 ) : 50 , https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209847 Jump up ^ Kurlantzick , `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '' , 50 . ^ Jump up to : Kurlantzick , `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '' , 52 . ^ Jump up to : Cabestan , `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '' , 199 . Jump up ^ Cabestan , `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '' , 201 . ^ Jump up to : Link , `` June Fourth : Memory and Ethics '' , 30 . Jump up ^ Link , `` June Fourth : Memory and Ethics '' , 19 . ^ Jump up to : Cabestan , `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '' , 196 . Jump up ^ Cabestan , `` How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself '' , 198 . ^ Jump up to : Kurlantzick , `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '' , 56 . Jump up ^ Kurlantzick , `` The Dragon Still Has Teeth '' , 55 . Jump up ^ Francis L.F. Lee , `` Generational Differences in the Impact of Historical Events : The Tiananmen Square Incident in Contemporary Hong Kong Public Opinion '' , International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 24 no . 2 ( 2012 ) : 144 , doi : 10.1093 / ijpor / edro42 , 153 . Jump up ^ Lee , `` Generational Differences '' , 155 . Jump up ^ Daniel Griffiths , EC leader urges China to reform , BBC News , July 15 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Japan concerned by call to lift China embargo -- official '' Archived November 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Forbes , November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Saiget , `` China Faces Dark Memory of Tiananmen '' , Agence France - Presse , https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ixE-jRK7NgYPxXveg0taL2WzXr0w Jump up ^ Alexa Olesen , Associated Press Jump up ^ Pei , M. ( 1994 ) . From Reform to Revolution : The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union . Harvard University Press . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 32563 - 0 . Jump up ^ Zetter , `` China Censors : The Tiananmen Square Anniversary Will Not Be Tweeted '' , Wired , https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/06/china-censors-internet-before-tiananmen-square-anniversary/ Jump up ^ Higgins , Charlotte ( September 5 , 2006 ) . Director hailed at Cannes faces five - year film ban in China . The Guardian . Jump up ^ China : ban on anthology of poems about Tiananmen Square movement Archived June 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Reporters Without Borders . September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Trying times for journalists in China , Asia Times , August 29 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Human Rights Watch , `` China : Tiananmen 's Unhealed Wounds '' , https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/05/12/china-tiananmen-s-unhealed-wounds ^ Jump up to : International Herald Tribune , `` Relatives of dead at Tiananmen seek review '' , https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/29/world/asia/29iht-china.1839321.html?_r=1 Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 's Long - Haired ' Provocateur '' OhmyNews International , David Kootnikoff Jump up ^ `` China 's Youth post-Tiananmen : Apathy a fact or front ? '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gifford , Rob . `` No Longer Relying on Heaven . '' China Road . 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ segment Archived November 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Young clerk let Tiananmen ad slip past censors : paper '' . Reuters . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Reporters Without Borders , `` All references to Tiananmen Square massacre closely censored for 20 years '' , http://en.rsf.org/china-all-references-to-tiananmen-square-02-06-2009,33198.html ^ Jump up to : Michael Bristow , `` Journalists banned from Tiananmen '' . BBC News , http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8082407.stm Jump up ^ `` Security tight on Tiananmen Anniversary : China clamps down on Web access 20 years after bloody crackdown '' MSNBC / Associated Press , June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Alexa was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ China eases its Tiananmen taboo , The National , April 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ BBC News , `` Tiananmen in anniversary lockdown '' , http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8080437.stm Jump up ^ Google censors itself for China , BBC News , January 25 , 2006 Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Far - Ranging Support for Google 's China Move '' . 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Committee Against Torture , `` Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention : China '' , CAT / C / CHN / CO / 4 , page 8 , paragraph 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention : Comments by the Government of the People 's Republic of China concerning the Concluding Observations and Recommendations of the Committee Against Torture '' , Committee Against Torture , CAT / C / CHN / CO / 4 / ADD. 2 , page 13 , paragraph 9 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Adie returns to Tiananmen '' . BBC . June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andreas Harsano , `` ' Tiananmen threat ' halts rally '' The Nation May 21 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` French protests ' Tiananmen ' '' . FIN24 . March 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Higgins , `` For China , relations with Libya a balancing act '' Washington Post August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Picture Power : Tiananmen Standoff BBC News . Last updated October 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Iyer , Pico ( April 13 , 1998 ) . `` TIME 100 : The Unknown Rebel '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montesano , Jeri . `` Marillion -- Seasons End '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Kathy ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` Skinny Puppy bring Politicized Industrial , Over-the - Top Theatrics to The Rave '' . MilwaukeeRecord.com . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 111 Wussiest Songs of All Time ( No. 1 ) -- AOL Music '' . Music.aol.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Watching TV by Roger Waters -- Songfacts '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Binyan , Liu ; Ruan Ming ; Xu Gang ( 1989 ) . Tell the World : What happened in China and Why . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 58370 - 9 . OCLC 20392647 . Black , George ; Robin Munro ( 1993 ) . Black Hands of Beijing : Lives of Defiance in China 's Democracy Movement . New York : John Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 57977 - 9 . OCLC 243766880 . Calhoun , Craig C ; Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth Perry ( Editors ) ( 1994 ) . `` Science , Democracy , and the Politics of Identity '' . Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China . Westview Press . pp. 140 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2042 - 7 . OCLC 30623957 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cunningham , Philip J. ( 2010 ) . Tiananmen Moon : Inside the Chinese Student Uprising of 1989 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6673 - 6 . Oksenberg , Michel ; Sullivan , Lawrence R. ; Lambert , Marc , eds. ( 1990 ) . Beijing Spring , 1989 : Confrontation and Conflict : The Basic Documents . Qiao Li . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 9780765640574 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Salisbury , Harrison ( 1992 ) . The New Emperors : China in the Era of Mao and Deng . New York : Avon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 72025 - 5 . OCLC 28306886 . Spence , Jonathan D ( 1999 ) . `` Testing the Limits '' . The Search for Modern China . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97351 - 8 . OCLC 39143093 . Thomas , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Tank Man ( Video ) . PBS . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Wong , Jan ( 1997 ) . Red China Blues : My Long March from Mao to Now ( Trade paperback , 416 pages ed . ) . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 48232 - 5 . OCLC 37690446 . `` Deng Is Said to Have Backed Tiananmen Violence '' article by Michael Wines and Andrew Jacobs in The New York Times June 4 , 2010 Wu , Renhua ( 2009 ) . 六四事件中的戒严部队 ( Military Units Enforcing Martial Law During the June 4 Incident ) ( in Chinese ) . Hong Kong : 真相出版社 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9823203 - 8 - 9 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Zhang , Liang ( 2001 ) . Nathan , Andrew ; Link , Perry , eds . The Tiananmen Papers . Public Affairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 122 - 3 . Review and synopsis of the book is in the journal Foreign Affairs at The Tiananmen Papers Zhang , Liang ( pseudonym ) ( 2001 ) . June Fourth : The True Story ( in Chinese ) . Hong Kong : Ming jing chu ban she . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 122 - 3 . OCLC 243498894 . Further reading ( edit ) Peter Li ; Marjorie H. Li ; Steven Mark ( 31 December 2011 ) . Culture and Politics in China : An Anatomy of Tiananmen Square . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 1199 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTiananmen Square protests of 1989at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity The Gate of Heavenly Peace -- Feature - length Documentary And various archival documents Secret recordings resurrect Chinese PM 's criticism of Tiananmen crackdown -- Radio France Internationale The Tank Man , 2006 PBS documentary BBC 's Witnessing Tiananmen : Clearing the Square with eyewitness accounts of Tiananmen Tiananmen Square , 1989 The Declassified History Tiananmen Dossiers and Video Clips ( in French ) Official site of Hong Kong `` Concert For Democracy In China '' ( in Traditional Chinese ) SBS 's `` After 6 / 4 '' interactive with Western and CPC perspectives on events of Tiananmen Square , 1989 ( in English and Simplified Chinese ) `` Voices from Tiananmen '' . SCMP Chronicles . South China Morning Post . Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Background May Fourth Movement Tiananmen Incident of 1976 Beijing Spring 1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Corruption Economic reform Household - responsibility system Socialism with Chinese characteristics Criticism of communism Chronology April 26 Editorial April 27 demonstrations The Students ' Hunger Strike Dialogue between students and government Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China Mao portrait incident Sino - Soviet Summit June 9 Deng speech Military involvement Communist Party Elders Deng Xiaoping Chen Yun Yang Shangkun Li Xiannian Wang Zhen Peng Zhen Bo Yibo Standing Committee Zhao Ziyang Li Peng Qiao Shi Hu Qili Yao Yilin Regional leaders Li Ximing Chen Xitong Jiang Zemin Zhu Rongji Hu Jintao Others Bao Tong Hu Yaobang Luo Gan Yan Mingfu Yuan Mu Wan Li Wen Jiabao Wu Xueqian Dissidents Leading figures Bei Dao Chai Ling Cui Jian Dai Qing Ding Zilin Fang Lizhi Fang Zheng Feng Congde Liu Gang Han Dongfang Hou Dejian Li Lu Liu Xianbin Liu Xiaobo Qin Benli Shen Tong Tang Baiqiao Wang Bingzhang Wang Dan Wang Youcai Wu'erkaixi Xiong Yan Yan Jiaqi Yu Dongyue Zhang Boli Zhao Changqing Zhou Yongjun Groups Beijing Workers ' Autonomous Federation Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Military Generals Liu Huaqing Chi Haotian Yang Baibing Zhao Nanqi Qin Jiwei Hong Xuezhi Liang Guanglie Xu Qinxian Army units 12th 15th 20th 24th 26th 27th 28th 38th 39th 40th 54th 63rd 64th 65th 67th Works Almost a Revolution Collection of June Fourth Poems The Critical Moment Escape from China Execution The Gate of Heavenly Peace A Heart for Freedom Prisoner of the State Quelling the People Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Papers Hong Kong Goddess of Democracy Pillar of Shame Human rights groups China Support Network Democracy Party of China Hong Kong Alliance Human Rights in China Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy Operation Yellowbird Tiananmen Mothers Anniversaries 1st ( 1990 ) 5th ( 1994 ) 10th ( 1999 ) 20th ( 2009 ) 21st ( 2010 ) 24th ( 2013 ) 25th ( 2014 ) Icons Goddess of Democracy `` Nothing to My Name '' Tank Man June 4th Museum Related Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia People Power Revolution Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars Armed conflicts involving the People 's Republic of China Internal Chinese Civil War ( 1927 -- 50 ) Kuomintang Islamic insurgency ( 1950 -- 58 ) Kuomintang insurgency ( 1949 - 1961 ) Battle of Chamdo ( 1950 ) Tibetan uprising ( 1959 ) Xinjiang conflict ( 1980 -- present ) Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989 ) Cross-Taiwan Strait ( vs Taiwan ) ( after 1 Oct 1949 ) Kuningtou ( 1949 ) Dengbu Island ( 1949 ) Hainan Island ( 1950 ) Nanri Island ( 1952 ) Dongshan Island ( 1953 ) Yijiangshan Islands ( 1955 ) Dachen Archipelago ( 1955 ) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1958 ) Burmese border Dong - Yin ( 1965 ) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1995 -- 96 ) Others vs USSR Sino - Soviet border conflict ( 1969 ) vs United States and allies Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 70 ) vs India Sino - Indian War ( 1962 ) Chola incident ( 1967 ) Sino - Indian skirmish ( 1987 ) Sino - Indian Standoff ( 2017 ) vs South Vietnam / Vietnam Paracel Islands ( 1974 ) Sino - Vietnamese War ( 1979 ) Sino - Vietnamese conflicts 1979 -- 90 Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) See also Incorporation of Tibet into the People 's Republic of China Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People 's Republic of China Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts GND : 4242020 - 9 NKC : ph249600 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989&oldid=812138650 '' Categories : Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Protests in China 1989 in China 1980s in Beijing Conflicts in 1989 Civil rights protests History of Beijing History of the People 's Republic of China Mass murder in 1989 Massacres in China Political controversies in China Political repression in China Protest - related deaths Revolutions in China Student protests in China Tiananmen Square April 1989 events May 1989 events June 1989 events Chinese democracy movements Censorship in China Deng Xiaoping Human rights in China Riots and civil disorder in China Socialism in China 1989 in Asia 1980s in China 20th century in Beijing Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - 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About Wikipedia	what were the student protesters who occupied tiananmen square in beijing in june 1989 demanding	[ "\n\nTiananmen Square protests of 1989\n\n\nPart of Chinese Democracy Movement in 1989, Revolutions of 1989 and the Cold War\n\n\n\nTiananmen Square in 1988\n\n\n\nDate\nApril 15 – June 4, 1989\n(1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days)\n\n\nLocation\n400 cities nationwide\n Beijing\n Tiananmen Square 39°54′12″N 116°23′30″E / 39.90333°N 116.39167°E / 39.90333; 116.39167Coordinates: 39°54′12″N 116°23′30″E / 39.90333°N 116.39167°E / 39.90333; 116.39167\n\n\nCaused by\n\n\nDeath of Hu Yaobang\nEconomic reform\nInflation\nPolitical corruption\nNepotism\nCareer prospects\nRevolutions of 1989 in Europe\n\n\n\n\nGoals\nA Communist Party without corruption, with democratic reforms, freedom of the press and freedom of speech\n\n\nMethods\nHunger strike, sit-in, occupation of public square\n\n\nResulted in\n\n\nEnforcement of martial law in certain areas of Beijing executed by force from June 3, 1989 (declared from May 20, 1989 (1989-05-20) – January 10, 1990 (1990-01-10), 7 months and 3 weeks)\nProtesters (mainly workers) and rioters barricading the PLA troops and nearby civilians shot by the PLA at multiple sites (excluding Tiananmen Square) in Beijing, hundreds to thousands killed, thousands wounded\nUncertain reports of few and isolated deaths of protestors inside Tiananmen Square\nSeveral soldiers killed by rioters on June 4 after civilians were killed on June 3 and June 4\nProtest leaders and pro-democracy activists later exiled or imprisoned\nSome rioters charged with violent crimes were executed in the following months\nZhao Ziyang was purged from General Secretary and Politburo\nJiang Zemin was promoted to General Secretary and paramount leader, who was the Party Secretary of Shanghai before.\nWestern economic sanctions and arms embargoes on the PRC\nMarket reforms delayed\nMedia control tightened\nPolitical reform halted\n\n\n\n\nParties to the civil conflict\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Communist Party of China\n Government of China\n People's Liberation Army\n People's Armed Police\n\n\nBeijing Students' Autonomous Federation\nUniversity students\nFactory workers\nBeijing residents\nIntellectuals\nPro-democracy protesters\nReformists\n Republic of China (Taiwan) loyalists\n Loyalists of the Kuomintang\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLead figures\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"hardliners\"\n\nDeng Xiaoping\nLi Peng\nYang Shangkun\nYao Yilin\nChen Yun\nQiao Shi\nLi Ximing\nChen Xitong\nChi Haotian\nLiu Huaqing\n\n\"moderates\"\n\nZhao Ziyang\nHu Qili\nYan Mingfu\nBao Tong\nDeng Liqun\nWan Li\nXi Zhongxun\nXu Qinxian\n\n\n\n\n\nstudent leaders\n\nWang Dan\nWu'erkaixi\nChai Ling\nShen Tong\nLiu Gang\nFeng Congde\nLi Lu\n\nintellectuals\n\nLiu Xiaobo\nWang Juntao\nDai Qing\nHou Dejian\nCui Jian\nZhang Boli\nWei Jingsheng\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCasualties\n\n\nDeath(s)\n\n218 civilians; 10 PLA soldiers; 13 Peoples' Armed Police (official government figures)\n180–2,600 civilians; ~50 soldiers and policemen (estimates and retracted Chinese Red Cross statement)[1]\n\n" ]	[ "A Communist Party without corruption, with democratic reforms, freedom of the press and freedom of speech" ]
-2608171064750619689	Texas Rangers (baseball)	Texas Rangers ( Baseball ) - wikipedia Texas Rangers ( Baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sports team . For the law enforcement agency , see Texas Ranger Division . For other uses , see Texas Rangers . Texas Rangers 2018 Texas Rangers season Established in 1961 Based in Arlington since 1972 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1961 -- present ) West Division ( 1972 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 7 26 34 42 Colors Royal blue , red , white Name Texas Rangers ( 1972 -- present ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Ballpark Globe Life Field ( planned for 2020 or 2021 ) Globe Life Park in Arlington ( 1994 -- present ) a.k.a. Rangers Ballpark in Arlington ( 2007 -- 2013 ) a.k.a. Ameriquest Field in Arlington ( 2004 -- 2006 ) a.k.a. The Ballpark in Arlington ( 1994 -- 2004 ) Arlington Stadium ( 1972 -- 1993 ) RFK Stadium ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Griffith Stadium ( 1961 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None AL Pennants ( 2 ) 2011 West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) Rangers Baseball Express , LLC Manager Jeff Banister General Manager Jon Daniels President of Baseball Operations Jon Daniels The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Rangers franchise currently competes in Major League Baseball as a member of the American League ( AL ) West division . Since 1994 , the Rangers have played in Globe Life Park in Arlington in Arlington , Texas . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first American League ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , Texas , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Texas Rangers Baseball Club has made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . Texas then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Since then the team has not won a post-season series , and they are the oldest franchise in MLB ( 57 years from inception ) without a World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) 1.2 First years in Texas ( 1972 -- 1984 ) 1.3 The Valentine , Ryan , and Bush years ( 1985 -- 1994 ) 1.4 First success ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1.5 The lean years ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 1.5. 1 2001 -- 2003 1.5. 2 2004 1.6 2005 - 2006 1.6. 1 Building the brand 1.6. 2 2007 -- 2009 1.6. 3 Financial troubles and new ownership 1.7 2010 -- present : Rise to contention 1.7. 1 2010 and 2011 : AL Champions 1.7. 1.1 2010 1.7. 1.2 2011 1.7. 2 2012 : Final week collapse 1.7. 3 2013 : Missed playoffs 1.7. 4 2014 : Injury plagued 1.7. 5 2015 : Mid-season revitalization 2 Season - by - season records 3 Baseball Hall of Famers 3.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.2 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Mascot 5 Team captains 6 Retired numbers 7 Texas Rangers Hall of Fame 8 Current roster 9 Minor league affiliations 10 Franchise records and award winners 10.1 Season records 11 Radio and television 11.1 Radio 11.2 Television 12 Texas Rangers Six Shooters 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Texas Rangers ( baseball ) This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from / to History of the Texas Rangers ( baseball ) . Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) When the second Washington Senators moved to Minnesota in 1960 as the Twins , Major League Baseball decided to expand a year earlier than planned to stave off the twin threats of competition from the proposed Continental League and loss of its exemption from the Sherman Antitrust Act . This new team adopted the old Senators name , but was ( and still is ) considered an expansion team since the Twins retained the old Senators ' records and history . The Senators and Angels began to fill their rosters with American League players in an expansion draft . The team played the 1961 season at old Griffith Stadium before moving to District of Columbia Stadium ( now the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ) . For most of their existence , the new Senators were the definition of futility , losing an average of 90 games a season . The team 's struggles led to a twist on a joke about the old Senators -- `` Washington : first in war , first in peace and still last in the American League . '' Frank Howard , known for his towering home runs , was the team 's most accomplished player , winning two home run titles . Ownership changed hands several times during the franchise 's stay in Washington and was often plagued by poor decision - making and planning . Owner Elwood Richard Quesada once wondered why he should have to pay his players because he believed they did n't belong in the majors . He later agreed to a 10 - year lease at D.C. Stadium -- a move that would come back to haunt the Senators . In 1963 , Quesada sold his stake in the club and resigned . Washington stockbrokers James Johnston and James Lemon owned the team briefly , suffering massive financial losses . Johnston died in 1967 and Lemon sold the team a year later to hotel and trucking executive Bob Short , who outbid a group headed by Bob Hope . Short named himself general manager and hired Hall of Famer Ted Williams as manager . Although Williams had never coached or managed at any level of baseball , he seemed to light a spark under the once - moribund Senators . Williams kept them in contention for most of the season ; their 86 -- 76 record would be their only winning season in Washington . U.S. President Richard Nixon throwing Opening Day ceremonial first pitch at RFK Stadium on April 7 , 1969 with Ted Williams ( left ) and Bob Short ( right , partially obscured by Ralph Houk ) . The success though was brief , as Short borrowed most of the $9.4 million he had used to pay for the team . As the Senators general manager , Short was forced to make many questionable trades to lower the debt and acquire amounts of the much - needed revenue . As a result , the team rapidly fell back into the American League 's cellar position . Fans kept their distance from the Senators while the Baltimore Orioles , 45 miles ( 72 km ) to the northeast , won four American League pennants and two World Series from the 1966 season through the 1971 season . By the end of the 1970 season , Short had issued an ultimatum : unless someone was willing to buy the Senators for $12 million ( in comparison , the New York Yankees were sold in 1973 for $8.8 million ) , he would not proceed to renew the stadium lease and would move the team elsewhere . When that season ended , Short dealt his best starting pitcher and the left side of his infield to the Detroit Tigers for erstwhile 30 - game - winner Denny McLain , who had spent most of the 1970 campaign suspended because of gambling allegations . The deal -- alleged by onetime Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield to have been made in order to secure the Tigers ' vote in favor of the Senators ' eventual move to Texas -- turned Detroit back into contenders , while McLain was a monumental bust , losing an embarrassing league - worst of 22 games . Short was especially receptive to an offer brought up by Arlington , Texas mayor Tom Vandergriff , who had been trying to obtain a Major League sports team to play in the Metroplex for over a decade . Years earlier , Charles O. Finley , the owner of the Kansas City Athletics , sought to relocate his baseball team to Dallas , Texas , but the idea was rebuffed and ultimately declined by the other A.L. team owners . Arlington 's hole card was Turnpike Stadium , a 10,000 - seat park which had been built in 1965 to house the AA Dallas - Fort Worth Spurs of the Texas League . However , it had been built to Major League specifications and also located in a natural bowl , meaning only minor excavations would be necessary to expand the park to accommodate Major League crowds . After Vandergriff offered a multimillion - dollar down payment , Short decided to make the move to Arlington . On September 21 , 1971 , by a vote of 10 to 2 ( the Orioles ' Jerold Hoffberger and John Allyn of the Chicago White Sox registered the dissenting votes ) , American League owners granted approval to move the franchise to Arlington , Texas for the 1972 season . Senators fans were livid . Enmity came to a head at the club 's last game in Washington . Thousands of fans simply walked in without paying after the security guards left early , swelling the paid attendance of 14,460 to around 25,000 , while fans unfurled a banner reading `` SHORT STINKS '' . With the Senators leading 7 -- 5 and two outs in the top of the ninth inning , several hundred youths stormed the field , raiding it for souvenirs . One man grabbed first base and ran off with it . With no security in sight and only three bases , umpire crew chief Jim Honochick forfeited the game to the New York Yankees . It would be 33 years before major league baseball returned to the nation 's capital , in the form of the National League 's Washington Nationals , which had previously been known as the Montreal Expos . First years in Texas ( 1972 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) During the off - season , improvements were made to Turnpike Stadium , which reopened as Arlington Stadium for the 1972 season . Meanwhile , ownership announced that the franchise would be renamed the Texas Rangers . The team played its first game on April 15 , 1972 , a 1 -- 0 loss at their expansion cousin California Angels . The next day , the Rangers defeated the Angels 5 -- 1 for the club 's first victory . After the season Ted Williams retired as manager ; he had made no secret of his displeasure with the franchise 's new location . Whitey Herzog was named the new manager , but he was replaced before the end of the 1973 season by Billy Martin . In 1974 , the Rangers began to come into their own as a team . Under the ownership of Brad Corbett , they finished the season second in the American League West with an 84 -- 76 record , behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics . The 1974 Rangers are still the only MLB team to finish above . 500 after two consecutive 100 - loss seasons . Mike Hargrove was awarded A.L. Rookie of the Year , Billy Martin was named Manager of the Year , Jeff Burroughs won American League MVP , and Ferguson Jenkins was named the Comeback Player of the Year after winning 25 games , a club record to this day . However , after a 44 -- 51 start in 1975 , Martin was fired as the Rangers ' manager and was replaced by Frank Lucchesi . After excellent seasons between 1977 -- 79 , the Rangers came very close to clinching a playoff spot in the first half of 1981 . But when Texas lost its last game before the players ' strike began , the Oakland A 's won the A.L. West in the first half by a half - game . After 1981 , the Rangers would not post a winning record for another five seasons . During this stretch , the Rangers made one of their most unpopular trades ever , sending multi-Gold Glove catcher and fan favorite Jim Sundberg to the Milwaukee Brewers for future Brewers ' manager Ned Yost . The Rangers faced an attendance problem for a few years after moving their team to Texas , in part due to the team 's inconsistent performance and in part due to the oppressive heat and humidity that can encompass the area in the summer . Until the Florida Marlins arrived in 1993 , Arlington Stadium was often the hottest stadium in the Majors , with temperatures frequently topping around 100 ° throughout the months of summer . In part because of this , the Rangers began playing most of even their weekend games between May and September at night -- a tradition that continues to this day . They usually get a waiver from ESPN to play Sunday night games . The Valentine , Ryan , and Bush years ( 1985 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Bobby Valentine became steward over an influx of splendid talent in the late 1980s and early 1990s . A winning season in 1986 was a shock to pundits and fans alike as the Rangers remained in the race for the American League pennant for the entire season . With a team consisting of many stellar young rookies such as Rubén Sierra , Pete Incaviglia , Mitch Williams , Bobby Witt , and Edwin Correa , the Rangers finished the season 2nd place with an 87 -- 75 record , just five games behind the division champion California Angels . The season marked a dramatic 25 - win improvement over the 1985 season , which resulted in yet another last - place finish in the West . The signing of 41 - year - old star pitcher Nolan Ryan prior to the 1989 season allowed Ryan to reach his 5,000 th strikeout , 300th win , and sixth and seventh no - hitters with the Rangers . Coupled with powerful batters like Juan González , Rubén Sierra , Julio Franco , and Rafael Palmeiro and a pitching staff that also included Charlie Hough , Bobby Witt , Kevin Brown , and Kenny Rogers , fans held really high expectations for the Rangers ' upcoming season . However , the team never posted a finish higher than second place and Valentine was relieved of his duties during the 1992 season . Nolan Ryan pitching to Detroit Tigers ' Travis Fryman , Arlington Stadium , August 16 , 1992 . In April 1989 , Rangers owner and oil tycoon Eddie Chiles , sold the team to an investment group headed by George W. Bush . After hearing that Chiles planned to sell the team , Bush headed a group of investors ( including Frank L. Morsani and the Mack family ) that bought the team for $89 million . While his own equity in the team was a small one ( $500,000 ) , he was named Managing General Partner of the new ownership group . He increased his investment to $600,000 the following year . During his tenure , the Rangers and the City of Arlington decided to replace the aging Arlington Stadium with a new publicly funded stadium , at a cost of $193 million , financed by Arlington residents , through a sales tax increase . Ground was broken on October 30 , 1991 on what would become The Ballpark in Arlington ( now named Globe Life Park in Arlington ) . The city , through the Arlington Sports Facilities Development Authority , also controversially authorized the seizure of 13 acres ( 53,000 m ) of land through eminent domain for the Rangers future development . Landowners filed lawsuits over the acquisition and eventually won settlements of $22.2 million which the Rangers failed to pay . Bush left his position with the Rangers when he was elected Governor of Texas in 1994 . Although Bush no longer has any ownership stake in the Rangers , he remains a fan of the team to this day and regularly attends the team 's home games . In 1993 , Kevin Kennedy took over managerial duties , presiding over the team for two seasons , keeping the 1993 Rangers in the hunt for a playoff berth into mid-September . Kennedy was let go in 1994 , although the team led the A.L. West prior to the players ' strike . On July 28 Kenny Rogers pitched the 12th perfect game in Major League history . The strike prematurely ended what could have been the Rangers ' first division championship when commissioner Bud Selig canceled the remainder of the season and the playoffs . First success ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Rangers Ballpark in Arlington opened in 1994 The year 1995 saw the beginnings of promise for the Rangers . With a brand new ballpark that hosted its first All - Star Game that year , Johnny Oates was hired as the Rangers ' manager . Rangers logo , 1994 -- 2002 Oates and company promptly helped to bring home the 1996 A.L. Western Division Championship , the first division championship in franchise history . The first playoff series , 24 years after the franchise came to Texas , saw the Rangers lose to the New York Yankees , 3 games to 1 . Oates was named A.L. Manager of the Year and Juan González was named A.L. MVP . The team featured a powerful lineup of hitters with Iván Rodríguez , Will Clark , Mark McLemore , Dean Palmer , Rusty Greer , Juan González , and Mickey Tettleton but continued to struggle with pitching -- a common stereotype of Rangers teams -- despite having Rick Helling , and Aaron Sele on their roster . Oates led the team to consecutive A.L. West championships in 1998 and 1999 . Neither of Oates ' last two playoff teams could win a single game , losing all 6 in back - to - back sweeps at the hands of the Yankees , a team that won 3 World Championships in the 1990s after defeating Rangers teams in the first round . The 1999 team would be the last playoff - bound team for over a decade , as the Rangers took a step backwards at the beginning of the new millennium . En route to a second straight last - place finish , Oates resigned his position 28 games into the 2001 season . The Rangers finished the decade going 1 -- 9 in the postseason , without a single home win . In 1998 , venture capital billionaire Tom Hicks bought the team for $250 million . Hicks also agreed to pay the $22.2 million awarded in settlements in relation to the 1991 eminent domain litigation concerning the Ballpark in Arlington . The lean years ( 2001 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) 2001 -- 2003 ( edit ) Prior to the 2001 season , star free agent shortstop Alex Rodriguez was signed by the Rangers in the most lucrative deal in baseball history : a 10 - year , $252 million contract . The move was controversial and is frequently maligned by fans and writers who thought that owner Tom Hicks was placing too much emphasis on one player instead of utilizing team resources to acquire several players , especially for a team that lacked pitching talent . Club officials maintained that Rodriguez would be the cornerstone of future postseason success . Although Rodriguez 's individual performance was outstanding , the Rangers continued to struggle and manager Jerry Narron was fired following the 2002 season , and he was replaced by seasoned manager Buck Showalter . The 2003 season signified the fourth straight last - place finish , and after a post-season fallout between Rodriguez and club management , the reigning A.L. MVP and newly appointed Rangers captain was traded to the New York Yankees for second baseman Alfonso Soriano and infielder prospect Joaquin Arias . Michael Young , Rangers v. Baltimore Orioles , Camden Yards , April 25 , 2009 . Prior to the 2004 season , little hope was held out for the Rangers to improve on their losing ways . However , the Rangers battled with the Anaheim Angels and Oakland Athletics for first place in the A.L. West for much of the season . Mark Teixeira , Alfonso Soriano , Michael Young , and Hank Blalock became some of the best - hitting infielders in the league , with Young , Blalock , and Soriano being named to the 2004 All - Star Game . Soriano was named the All - Star MVP after going 2 for 3 with a three - run home run . Late in September , the Oakland A 's visited Arlington for a 3 - game series . After taking the first two games of the series , the Rangers trailed 4 -- 2 , in the bottom of the ninth . A loss would have dropped them to four games behind the Athletics . A home run by Hank Blalock and a dramatic two - out , two - run double by David Dellucci ( known amongst fans as the `` Dellucci Double '' ) gave the Rangers a 5 -- 4 win , one of the most memorable in club history . It also allowed the Rangers to sweep the first - place Athletics and leave them just two games behind with 10 to play . Unfortunately , the Rangers ended up losing six of the final ten games and another turnaround season came up short . The club finished in third place behind the Angels and A 's , a mere 3 games out of first place . 2005 - 2006 ( edit ) In 2005 the Rangers again struggled to find consistency amid controversy and injuries , notwithstanding that the team swept an entire homestand for the first time in its history . Frank Francisco and Carlos Almanzar , two key members of the bullpen , were sidelined for Tommy John surgery . Kenny Rogers , the team 's ace pitcher , received a 20 - game suspension from commissioner Bud Selig for attacking a cameraman at Ameriquest Field prior to a game . Management later placed opening day starter Ryan Drese on waivers , where he was claimed by the Washington Nationals . After Drese 's release and Rogers ' suspension , the Rangers ' performance on the mound faltered , and a disastrous 1 -- 12 August road trip all but sealed the squad 's fate . On October 4 , 2005 , the Rangers announced that John Hart would step down as general manager and that Jon Daniels was being promoted from assistant general manager to replace him . Daniels , at 28 years and one month , would become the youngest general manager in Major League history . Daniels and the Rangers front office were very active in the 2005 -- 2006 offseason . Alfonso Soriano , who had often been mentioned in trade speculation , was finally dealt to the Nationals for outfielders Brad Wilkerson and Terrmel Sledge . The Rangers then began making moves to acquire pitching talent . The Rangers gained enigmatic starter Vicente Padilla from the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Ricardo Rodríguez and acquired San Diego Padres pitchers Adam Eaton and Akinori Otsuka in exchange for Chris Young , Adrian Gonzalez , and Sledge . Finally , they signed free agent starter Kevin Millwood to a five - year contract worth $60 million . The Rangers 2006 season ended with a disappointing 80 -- 82 record and a third - place finish in the West . Though the club showed strength in the early going , the team proved unable to keep pace with the surging Oakland Athletics in the second half and fell out of contention in September . To some extent the Rangers were the victims of bad luck , as their win - loss record was worse than their + 51 run differential for the season would normally indicate . However , the element that the club continued to lack was a solid pitching staff , whose combined ERA ranked 9th in the A.L. at the season 's end . The Rangers were represented in the 2006 All - Star game by center fielder Gary Matthews , Jr. and shortstop Michael Young , who was named the MVP for his game - winning two - run triple in the ninth inning . Significant player moves in - season included a July 28 deal acquiring outfielders Carlos Lee and Nelson Cruz from the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Kevin Mench , Francisco Cordero , and Laynce Nix . On October 4 after two attempts to replicate the success of the 2004 team , the Rangers dismissed Buck Showalter as manager with three years left on his contract . A month later , the team announced that Oakland Athletics third base coach Ron Washington had accepted their offer to manage the team . A change at manager would be the first of several moves to strengthen the team in yet another busy off - season . Gary Matthews , Jr. , Mark DeRosa , Carlos Lee , and Adam Eaton all signed with other clubs as free agents . Vicente Padilla accepted a three - year , $33 million offer with an option for a fourth year at $12 million . The Rangers also signed 1B / OF Frank Catalanotto to a multi-year deal . The Rangers later added reliever Éric Gagné and veteran outfielders Kenny Lofton and Sammy Sosa on short - term deals . In a sign that GM Jon Daniels was looking for results in 2007 , the Rangers ' top pitching prospect John Danks was traded to the Chicago White Sox along with reliever Nick Masset for 23 - year - old starter Brandon McCarthy . The Danks trade caused quite a stir amongst fans , many of which had followed the minor league careers of the highly touted `` DVD '' trio of pitchers that included Danks , Edinson Vólquez , and Thomas Diamond . All three pitchers would eventually reach the majors , with varying degrees of success , while McCarthy 's career became marred by injury . Building the brand ( edit ) Home Plate Entrance at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington The Rangers previously negotiated a 30 - year , $75 million stadium naming rights agreement with Ameriquest Mortgage Company in 2004 , renaming the Ballpark `` Ameriquest Field '' . Under the Ameriquest moniker , the Ballpark featured a replica of the Liberty Bell in the stands above the Diamond Club ( representing Ameriquest 's logo ) that rang after home runs . In 2007 , though , the Rangers announced the termination of the agreement with Ameriquest , and changed the name to Rangers Ballpark in Arlington . Club president Jeff Cogen cited that the team was more concerned about getting their name back on the ballpark than Ameriquest 's public financial troubles . `` It 's all about the brand '' , Cogen said . The Rangers lost a reported $2.5 million per year from the lack of naming rights but regained advertising space given over to Ameriquest in the naming rights deal . Regardless of Cogen 's comments , Ameriquest dissolved within months after the naming rights were terminated , and the company ended most business operations in September 2007 . 2007 -- 2009 ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : MLB : Rangers score 30 runs against Orioles in first game of doubleheader The Rangers struggled offensively early in the season , despite playing in a notoriously hitter - friendly park . On June 20 , Sammy Sosa hit his 600th career home run against the Chicago Cubs at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington . Hank Blalock , the starting 3rd baseman who had been enjoying a good season , was placed on the 60 - day disabled list on the May 19 due to thoracic outlet syndrome , and Mark Teixeira followed him onto the disabled list on June 9 ( for the first time in his career ) with a strained left quadriceps muscle . With a record of 46 -- 59 at the July 31 trade deadline , the team traded Mark Teixeira and Ron Mahay to the Atlanta Braves in a deal that would eventually bring 5 prospects to the Rangers organization , including four of Atlanta 's top prospects Jarrod Saltalamacchia , Elvis Andrus , Matt Harrison , and Neftalí Feliz . The team also traded closer Éric Gagné to the Boston Red Sox for left - hander Kason Gabbard and Minor League outfielders David Murphy and Engel Beltre . These moves were the beginnings of a rebuilding project headed by Jon Daniels with a focus on the acquisition and development of young players . In the coming years , more club resources would be dedicated to improving the quality of the farm system and scouting departments , most notably in Latin America and the Far East . The objective of Daniels ' plan was to field a legitimately competitive team by the 2010 season . The 2007 season remains notable in the minds of baseball fans for two inexplicable oddities . On August 19 at the Metrodome , the Minnesota Twins logged 19 strikeouts against the Rangers , one short of the Major League record . Three days later , the 22nd , in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park at Camden Yards , the Rangers ' bats came alive with a modern record for runs by one team , defeating the Baltimore Orioles 30 -- 3 . Their 27 - run margin of victory is also a modern - day MLB record . Wes Littleton gained probably the easiest save in Major League history : entering the game in the bottom of the seventh , with his team already ahead 14 -- 3 , he pitched three innings to finish the game , and gave up just two hits and a walk . The Rangers began the 2008 season red hot , headlined by newcomer Josh Hamilton who looked to be a threat to win the Triple Crown , before fading off as the season wore on . During the All - Star festivities at Yankee Stadium , Hamilton crushed a first round home run record in the 2008 Home Run Derby with 28 . Hamilton hit another four in the second round and three during the final round , for a total of 35 home runs , but lost to the Twins ' Justin Morneau . Four Rangers played in the All Star Game : Josh Hamilton , Ian Kinsler , Milton Bradley , and Michael Young , who would repeat his 2006 All - Star Game feat by driving in the winning run via a sac fly . The Rangers would finish the season with yet another sub -. 500 record ( 79 -- 83 ) , yet ended the season second in the West , the club 's best finish since 1999 . The off - season saw perennial All - Star shortstop Michael Young ask for a trade when the team told him he would be moving to third base to make room for rookie Elvis Andrus . After speaking with club president Nolan Ryan and his agent , Young later rescinded his trade request , and agreed to move to third base . The offseason also saw the departure of mercurial outfielder / DH Milton Bradley to free agency . Scott Feldman Derek Holland is considered the best pitching prospect drafted by the Rangers since the departure of John Danks The 2009 season saw the Rangers soar into playoff contention for the first time since 2004 . Despite injuries to Josh Hamilton and Ian Kinsler , the Rangers held first place in their division for long stretches of the summer before fading after September 1 , losing the division to the Los Angeles Angels . The Rangers finished the season at 87 -- 75 , their first winning season since 2004 and good enough for second place in the A.L. West . Michael Young responded to his move to third base by posting one of his best offensive seasons ever while committing just nine errors and earning a sixth straight All - Star appearance . Josh Hamilton and Nelson Cruz were also named 2009 A.L. All - Stars . Several young stars with the club broke out including the debuts of highly rated rookies Elvis Andrus , Derek Holland , and Neftalí Feliz . Second baseman Ian Kinsler hit for the cycle in April , while having a 30 -- 30 season in home runs and stolen bases . Starting pitcher Scott Feldman posted a fantastic season as well in 2009 , finishing 3rd in the A.L in wins with 17 . Financial troubles and new ownership ( edit ) While the 2009 season was strong on the field , club owner Tom Hicks became the focus of several reports indicating serious financial problems with his holding group , Hicks Sports Group , which also owned the Dallas Stars , the Frisco Roughriders ( the Rangers AA - farm club ) , 1 / 2 of Liverpool F.C. ( sold in mid-October 2010 to New England Sports Ventures , owners of the Boston Red Sox ) , and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo ( later sold by HSG ) . HSG was reported to have gone into default on a $525 million loan . In April 2009 , Hicks announced he would be willing to sell a minority interest in the team . Only one month later , Hicks announced he would be willing to sell majority control of the Rangers . In July 2009 , it was reported that Hicks borrowed money from Major League Baseball to meet the team 's payroll . After the 2009 season , Hicks began scouting prospective buyers and in December entered into exclusive negotiating rights for sale of the Rangers with a consortium headed by Pittsburgh sports lawyer Chuck Greenberg and Rangers team president Nolan Ryan . On January 22 , 2010 , Hicks Sports Group officially reached a formal agreement to sell the Texas Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan ( later called Rangers Baseball Express ) for approximately $570 million . Under the provisions of the deal , former owner Hicks stayed on as a limited minority partner , but was not allowed to retain a seat on the board of governors . Co-lead investors Dallas businessmen Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen . Hicks also sold much of the land surrounding Rangers Ballpark to Rangers Baseball Express in a separate deal . The deal was subject to approval by the other MLB owners ( a 3 / 4 vote is required ) and completed by April 1 . However , one of HSG 's principal lenders ( Monarch Alternative Capital ) opposed the sale on grounds that the proceeds would not fully repay the defaulted HSG notes . On April 21 , Major League Baseball issued a statement declaring the Rangers ' sale to be under the control of the Commissioner to expedite the process . Because of public comments made by Hicks deemed detrimental to the process , MLB also stripped Hicks of any responsibility regarding the sale of the team . On May 13 , MLB threatened to seize control of the rest of the team 's operations if a deal was not completed by the deadline set by the Commissioner . As the stalemate between HSG and its creditors continued , on May 24 , 2010 the Texas Rangers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . As of that date , the Rangers and HSG had an estimated debt of $575 million . Much of the unsecured debt was owed in back salary . Officially , New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez topped the list of unsecured creditors with an estimated $24.9 million owed by the Rangers . Additionally , the Rangers also owed Baltimore Orioles pitcher Kevin Millwood $12.9 million , and then current Rangers third baseman Michael Young $3.9 million . At a press conference , the Greenberg - Ryan group proposed to buy the team for $575 million . The sale would repay all the team 's creditors , including players owed back salary . After several attempts to resolve the deal fell through , the bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4 . The Greenberg / Ryan bid would be the opening bid , and other offers ( subject to MLB approval ) would have to be submitted by the prior day in order to be considered . At the auction , only one other MLB - approved group submitted an offer -- Radical Baseball LLC , a group formed by Houston businessman Jim Crane ( who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Houston Astros , and ultimately bought that team in 2011 ) and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban ( who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Chicago Cubs ) . The auction lasted until the early morning of August 5 , with the winning bid submitted by Greenberg / Ryan . The bankruptcy court approved the bid later that morning and the bankruptcy case closed . The sale to the Greenberg / Ryan was approved by all 30 MLB owners at the owners meeting in Minneapolis on Thursday August 12 . `` I 'll be the managing partner and CEO . If you like what 's going on or you do n't like what 's going on , I take responsibility for that . When it comes to baseball , I 'm not going to interject my opinions . If Nolan and ( Jon Daniels ) want to discuss something with me , they can , but I have complete faith and trust in the decisions that they make . I 'll be as involved as they wish me to be , but with complete faith and confidence in them . What I 'm going to focus on , particularly since the baseball side is in great shape , is the business side . How do we connect with the community ? How do we create a higher tempo of energy in the front office ? How can we do a better job of filling the stands and make an impact on people 's lives ? If we succeed on the business side and continue on path on the baseball side and combine it with a dynamic market like this is , we can be and should be one of the powerhouse franchises in baseball . '' -- Chuck Greenberg The new ownership group , which included Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan , was called Rangers Baseball Express , LLC and had Greenberg serving as managing general partner and Ryan as club president . Davis and Simpson were named co-chairmen . In March 2011 Greenberg resigned as Chief Executive and Managing General Partner and sold his interest in the Club following a `` falling out '' with his partners . Following Greenberg 's resignation , Nolan Ryan was named Chief Executive Officer in addition to his continuing role as Team President . Ryan was subsequently designated the Controlling Owner of the Club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12 , 2011 . Co-Chairmen Simpson and Davis stated they would not be involved in day - to - day operations . 2010 -- present : rise to contention ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Texas Rangers season Offseason moves made by the Rangers sent Kevin Millwood to the Baltimore Orioles and acquired free agents Rich Harden , Colby Lewis , and Vladimir Guerrero . With the new influx of talent and success in 2009 , the Rangers entered the season expecting to compete for the division and achieve the front office 's goals of 2007 . During the offseason , Texas Rangers ' team President Nolan Ryan spoke about the Rangers ' chances in the upcoming season saying , `` My expectations today are that we 're going to be extremely competitive and if we do n't win our division , I 'll be disappointed . '' Ian Kinsler After stumbling out of the gates with a sub -. 500 start in April , the Rangers took the division lead with a franchise - best month of June , going 21 -- 6 . The Rangers would never relinquish first place after an 11 - game winning streak . On July 9 , the club dealt one of its top prospects , Justin Smoak , with two other minor leaguers to the Seattle Mariners for former Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee and Mark Lowe . The Rangers also made moves to acquire veterans Bengie Molina , Jorge Cantú , Cristian Guzmán , and Jeff Francoeur . In the 2010 All - Star Game , the team was represented by Cliff Lee , Vladimir Guerrero , Ian Kinsler , Josh Hamilton , Elvis Andrus , and Neftalí Feliz . After the All - Star Game , came the debut of the claw and antler hand gestures , which gained much popularity , especially after the release of various apparel and souvenir options for the fans . Foam claws and helmets with deer antlers became quite commonplace in the ballpark as the Rangers played further into the fall . The Rangers won the A.L. West on September 25 , advancing to the postseason for the first time since 1999 . 2010 and 2011 : A.L. champions ( edit ) Main articles : 2010 American League Division Series , 2010 American League Championship Series , and 2010 World Series After winning the AL West with a 90 -- 72 record , the Rangers entered the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , and faced the Tampa Bay Rays for the first round , which ultimately resulted in a 3 -- 2 series victory and marked the first postseason series victory in the 50 - year history of the Rangers / Washington Senators franchise . Facing the Rangers in the American League Championship Series were the defending World Champion New York Yankees , the team the Rangers failed against three separate times in the 1990s . In the playoffs , the Rangers record against the Yankees was 1 -- 9 . In a 6 - game series , the Texas Rangers came out victorious , winning the first pennant in franchise history in front of an ecstatic home crowd . Josh Hamilton was awarded ALCS MVP after setting a series record for intentional walks . The Texas Rangers faced the San Francisco Giants in the 2010 World Series . The Rangers offense struggled against the Giants ' young pitching and eventually lost the Series 4 -- 1 , the lone win coming in Arlington on October 30 . For the first time , the Rangers ended their season in the month of November . 2011 ( edit ) Main articles : 2011 Texas Rangers season , 2011 American League Division Series , 2011 American League Championship Series , and 2011 World Series The Rangers successfully defended their AL West Division title in 2011 , making the club 's second straight division title and postseason appearance and fifth division title and postseason appearance overall . The Rangers set records for best record ( 96 -- 66 with a . 592 winning percentage ) and home attendance ( 2,946,949 ) . On October 15 , they went back to the World Series after beating the Detroit Tigers 15 -- 5 in Game 6 of the ALCS . The series featured Nelson Cruz hitting 6 home runs , the most home runs by one player in a playoff series in MLB history . In game 2 Cruz also became the first player in postseason history to win a game with a walk - off grand slam as the Rangers defeated the Tigers 7 -- 3 in 11 innings . However , they would proceed to lose the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games , after twice being one strike away from the championship in game 6 . Game 7 is notable for the controversy surrounding the manager Ron Washington 's pre-game clubhouse speech . 2012 : final week collapse ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Texas Rangers season and 2012 American League Wild Card Game The Rangers lost C.J. Wilson to the rival Angels in the offseason , but managed to gain the services of Japanese pitcher Yu Darvish . They also added Joe Nathan to fill the closer role vacated by Neftalí Feliz , who was shifted to full - time starter . The Rangers dominated the American League standings for much of the season , despite losing Feliz and Colby Lewis to the 60 - day DL . Darvish quickly flourished in the starting rotation , finishing with a 16 -- 9 record and a 3.90 ERA . Josh Hamilton also had a spectacular season , finishing with 43 home runs , four of which came in a single game against the Baltimore Orioles on May 8 . However the Rangers floundered in September , culminating in a sweep by the Oakland Athletics in the final series . Before the last series of the regular season , the Rangers faced the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on September 29 , 2012 . The game was postponed due to a rain delay and the game was held off until the next day . The Texas Rangers then lost to the Angels 5 -- 4 for the first game and won 8 -- 7 in the second game later that night , which guaranteed them a spot in the first ever American League wild - card playoff game . As a result of their 93 -- 69 record , finishing second in the AL West behind the Oakland A 's , the Texas Rangers settled for the Wild Card playoff slot . In the new Wild Card Game , the Rangers ' woes continued , as they lost 5 -- 1 to the Orioles . 2013 : missed playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Texas Rangers season The Rangers finished the season in second place in the American League West with a 91 - 72 record , 5 1 / 2 games behind the Oakland Athletics . On September 30 , 2013 , the Rangers faced the Tampa Bay Rays in a 163rd play - in 2013 American League Wild Card tie - breaker game , to determine the second participant in the 2013 American League Wild Card Game against the Cleveland Indians . The 163rd game was determined to be an extension of the regular season and not considered to be part of the 2013 Major League Baseball Postseason . The Rangers lost to the Rays 5 - 2 in the tie - breaker and were eliminated from playoff contention for the first time since 2009 . On October 17 , 2013 , Nolan Ryan announced that he was stepping down as Rangers CEO effective October 31 , 2013 . 2014 : injury plagued ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Texas Rangers season Injuries took a major toll on the Rangers in 2014 . The lone bright spot was Adrián Beltré , who despite spending some time injured , was the most consistent offensive player on the team . On September 4 , 2014 , the Rangers became the first MLB team officially eliminated from 2014 postseason contention when a 10 -- 2 loss at home to the Seattle Mariners dropped their record to 53 -- 87 . The following day , manager Ron Washington resigned , citing personal issues . 2015 : mid-season revitalization ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Texas Rangers season The 2015 season started off on a bad note with the Ranger 's Ace pitcher Yu Darvish having to undergo Tommy John surgery due to a torn UCL before the season began . According to most experts , the Rangers were not expected to place any better than fourth or fifth in the American League West . However , even though the Rangers started the season with an 8 - 16 record , they were able to surpass the . 500 mark on a few different occasions throughout the year . Surprisingly , in 2015 the Rangers were one of the best road teams in all of baseball with a road record of 45 - 36 . Only the Chicago Cubs had a better road record with 48 - 33 . With the acquisition of Cole Hamels , the Rangers would retain a winning record after August 3 . The Rangers would overtake the Houston Astros and clinch the American League West title on the final day of the season with a record of 88 - 74 . It was the Rangers ' 6th division title and 7th postseason appearance in franchise history . Hamels ' positive effect on the Rangers was compared to that of the Toronto Blue Jays ' David Price , another ace starting pitcher who helped spearhead a run to the postseason after blending in seamlessly with a struggling team who acquired him at the trade deadline. ( 1 ) The Rangers lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the Division Series after squandering a 2 - 0 series lead . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Texas Rangers seasons Through the 2016 season , the Rangers have won 4,277 games and lost 4,649 over their history , equating to a . 479 lifetime winning percentage . After the 2011 World Series and the 2012 season , the team is 19 -- 25 in individual playoff games , and 4 -- 6 overall for postseason series . Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Main article : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Texas Rangers Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Washington Senators , Texas Rangers Nellie Fox Ted Williams Texas Rangers Bert Blyleven Goose Gossage Whitey Herzog Ferguson Jenkins Gaylord Perry Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Rangers or Senators cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . Chuck Hinton and Frank Howard , who played for the franchise in Washington ( although Howard played for the Rangers in 1972 ) , are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park in Washington . So are Gil Hodges and Mickey Vernon , who managed the `` New Senators '' . Vernon also played for the `` Old Senators '' , who became the Minnesota Twins . Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( edit ) Texas Rangers Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jon Miller Eric Nadel Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Rangers or Senators . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Rangers in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1972 -- 1981 Born in Waco 7 Iván Rodríguez 1991 -- 2002 , 2009 10 Jim Sundberg 1974 -- 1983 1988 -- 1989 27 Lance Berkman 1B 2013 Elected mainly on his performance with Houston Astros , born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 34 Nolan Ryan 1989 -- 1993 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 46 Burt Hooton 1985 Elected mainly on his performances with Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers , born in Greenville , attended University of Texas - Austin Mascot ( edit ) Rangers Captain , pictured in May 2016 Rangers Captain is the mascot for the Texas Rangers . Introduced in 2002 , he is a palomino - style horse , dressed in the team 's uniform . He wears the uniform number `` 72 '' in honor of 1972 , the year the Rangers relocated to Arlington . The mascot also has multiple uniforms to match each of the variants the team has . Rangers Captain 's chosen uniform for the game matches the uniform choice made by the team for that particular game . Captain 's outfits sometimes match a theme the team is promoting ; on Apr 24 , 2010 , he was dressed up like Elvis as part of an Elvis Presley themed night . Team captains ( edit ) Buddy Bell 1985 Alex Rodriguez 2004 ( offseason only ) Adrián Beltré 2013 -- present Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Iván Rodríguez Retired August 12 , 2017 Johnny Oates Mgr Retired August 6 , 2005 Nolan Ryan Retired September 15 , 1996 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Texas Rangers Hall of Fame ( edit ) `` Texas Rangers Hall of Fame '' redirects here . For the law enforcement agency , see Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum . The Texas Rangers Hall of Fame was created in 2003 to honor the careers of former Texas Rangers players , managers , executives and broadcasters . There are currently 20 members . The Hall is located in Globe Life Park in Arlington , behind right field . The Hall 's two levels contain 13,000 square feet , a 235 - seat theater , and various plaques , photos , and memorabilia . It can accommodate up to 600 people . Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Ranger Bold Recipient of the Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2003 49 Charlie Hough 1980 -- 1990 26 Johnny Oates Manager 1995 -- 2001 34 Nolan Ryan 1989 -- 1993 10 Jim Sundberg 1974 -- 1983 1988 -- 1989 25 Buddy Bell 3B 1979 -- 1985 , 1989 31 Fergie Jenkins 1974 -- 1975 1978 -- 1981 -- Tom Vandergriff Broadcaster 1975 -- 1977 2005 -- Mark Holtz Broadcaster 1981 -- 1997 35 John Wetteland 1997 -- 2000 2007 29 Rusty Greer LF 1994 -- 2002 2009 11 , 17 Toby Harrah 3B / SS Manager 1969 -- 1978 1985 -- 1986 1992 3 , 21 , 24 , 28 , 38 Rubén Sierra RF / DH 1986 -- 1992 2000 -- 2001 2003 4 , 6 Tom Grieve OF 1970 , 1972 -- 1977 2011 37 Kenny Rogers 1989 -- 1995 2000 -- 2002 2004 -- 2005 2012 -- Eric Nadel Broadcaster 1979 -- present 2013 7 Iván Rodríguez 1991 -- 2002 , 2009 2014 -- Tom Schieffer Team President 1991 -- 1999 2015 13 , 19 Juan González OF 1989 -- 1999 2002 -- 2003 40 Jeff Russell 1985 -- 1992 1995 -- 1996 2016 2 , 10 Michael Young IF 2000 -- 2012 Current roster ( edit ) Texas Rangers 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 43 Tony Barnette 47 Clayton Blackburn 51 Matt Bush 58 Alex Claudio 41 Jake Diekman -- Doug Fister 45 Nick Gardewine 35 Cole Hamels -- Jonathan Hernández -- Ronald Herrera -- Ariel Jurado 50 Keone Kela 62 José Leclerc -- Brett Martin 31 Chris Martin 65 Yohander Méndez 36 Mike Minor -- Matt Moore -- Joe Palumbo 33 Martín Pérez 68 Ricardo Rodríguez 59 Connor Sadzeck Catchers -- Juan Centeno 61 Robinson Chirinos 6 Brett Nicholas -- Jose Trevino Infielders 1 Elvis Andrus 29 Adrián Beltré 13 Joey Gallo 67 Ronald Guzmán -- Isiah Kiner - Falefa 12 Rougned Odor 19 Jurickson Profar Outfielders 55 Willie Calhoun 17 Shin - Soo Choo 3 Delino DeShields 30 Nomar Mazara 18 Drew Robinson 16 Ryan Rua -- Carlos Tocci Pitchers 56 Austin Bibens - Dirkx -- Steve Delabar 38 Paolo Espino -- Erik Goeddel 21 Chi Chi Gonzalez -- David Hurlbut -- Kevin Jepsen -- Shawn Tolleson Infielders 2 Hanser Alberto -- Christian Lopes Outfielders -- Destin Hood Manager 28 Jeff Banister Coaches 27 Tony Beasley ( third base ) 46 Doug Brocail ( pitching ) 24 Steve Buechele ( first base ) 66 Josh Frasier ( bullpen catcher ) 9 Anthony Iapoce ( hitting ) 0 Justin Mashore ( assistant hitting ) 4 Héctor Ortiz ( bullpen ) -- Don Wakamatsu ( bench ) -- Dan Warthen ( assistant pitching ) 40 active , 0 inactive , 11 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated January 4 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Texas Rangers minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Round Rock Express Pacific Coast League Round Rock , Texas AA Frisco RoughRiders Texas League Frisco , Texas Advanced A Down East Wood Ducks Carolina League Kinston , North Carolina Hickory Crawdads South Atlantic League Hickory , North Carolina Short Season A Spokane Indians Northwest League Spokane , Washington Rookie AZL Rangers Arizona League Surprise , Arizona DSL Rangers 1 & 2 Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Franchise records and award winners ( edit ) Main articles : Texas Rangers team records and Texas Rangers award winners and league leaders Season records ( edit ) Highest batting average : . 359 , Josh Hamilton ( 2010 ) Most games : 163 , Al Oliver ( 1980 ) Most hits : 221 , Michael Young ( 2005 ) Highest slugging % : . 643 , Juan González ( 1996 ) Most doubles : 52 , Michael Young ( 2006 ) Most triples : 14 , Rubén Sierra ( 1989 ) Most home runs : 57 , Alex Rodriguez ( 2002 ) Most RBIs : 157 , Juan González ( 1998 ) Most stolen bases : 52 , Bump Wills ( 1978 ) Most wins : 25 , Ferguson Jenkins ( 1974 ) Strikeouts : 301 , Nolan Ryan ( 1989 ) Complete games : 29 , Ferguson Jenkins ( 1974 ) Saves : 49 , Francisco Cordero ( 2004 ) Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Texas Rangers broadcasters Radio ( edit ) KRLD - FM 105.3 FM KRLD ( AM ) NewsRadio 1080 KRLD ( AM ) will carry any games that conflict with previously scheduled programming on 105.3 The FAN . KFLC 1270 AM ( Spanish ) In addition to the flagship stations listed above , Rangers games can be heard on affiliates throughout much of Texas , and also in parts of Oklahoma , Arkansas , Louisiana , and New Mexico . Eric Nadel is the primary play - by - play announcer . He has called games for the club since 1979 beginning on television broadcasts , then moving exclusively to radio beginning in 1985 . He became the primary announcer after the late Mark Holtz moved to television . Currently , Nadel provides play - by - play in the 1st , 2nd , 5th , 6th , 8th , and 9th innings , and color commentary for the other innings . On December 11 , 2013 , he was awarded the 2014 Ford C. Frick Award by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum for excellence in broadcasting . Matt Hicks now shares the broadcast booth with Nadel . He joined the broadcast in 2012 after Steve Busby moved from radio to television to replace Dave Barnett . Hicks provides play - by - play in the 3rd , 4th , and 7th innings , and color commentary for the other innings . Jared Sandler hosts the pre-game and post-game shows , and also fills in whenever Nadel or Hicks have a day off . For the Spanish radio affiliates , Eleno Ornelas is the play - by - play announcer , and former Rangers pitcher José Guzmán is the color analyst . Television ( edit ) Texas Rangers games currently air on regional television network Fox Sports Southwest . During the 2016 season , they had an average 3.96 rating and 105,000 viewers on primetime broadcasts . Since 2017 , Dave Raymond is the primary television play - by - play announcer . Since 1982 on both TV and radio , Busby has had various stints in various positions on Rangers broadcasts from play - by - play to color commentary to pre-game and post-game analysis . In June 2012 , Busby moved back to his current role after Dave Barnett left his position as game announcer following an episode in which he experienced speech difficulties . Beginning in 2016 , Dave Raymond will substitute for Busby on select games . Tom Grieve is the primary color analyst . A former Rangers player and general manager , Grieve has been in the TV booth since 1995 following the end of his tenure as GM . Another former Ranger , Mark McLemore , substitutes for Grieve and has been doing so more often in recent seasons . McLemore often joins the booth for an inning during home games . He and former Ranger Iván Rodríguez are among the pre-game and post-game analysts used on Fox Sports Southwest . FSSW pre-game and post-game shows are hosted by a rotation among Dana Larson , John Rhadigan , Ric Renner , and Erin Hartigan . In - game reporters include Jim Knox , Rhadigan , Hartigan , and Rangers employee Emily Jones ( formerly of FSSW ) . Due to the Rangers having to play many of their Sunday home games at night , the team has been featured frequently on ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball during the summer months . Rangers games can also be seen on MLB on Fox and TBS . Texas Rangers six Shooters ( edit ) The Texas Rangers Six Shooters is an interactive dance squad for the Texas Rangers that perform various duties at Rangers home games . The women dance , tumble , and interact with fans . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal All - Time roster Lone Star Series -- rivalry with the Houston Astros Managers and ownership of the Texas Rangers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Rangers unveil 2009 uniforms '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uniforms and Logos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wills , Todd ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Davis , Simpson to continue as low - key counsel '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Davis approved as Rangers ' control person '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minot , Jr. , George ( September 22 , 1971 ) . `` Short Takes Senators to Texas '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ McPherson , Myra ; Huth , Tom ( October 1 , 1971 ) . `` Rowdy Fans Hand Senators Final Loss '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kalinsky , George ; Shannon , Bill ( 1975 ) . The Ballparks . New York : Hawthorn Books , Inc . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times : `` Chiles Reaches Agreement on Sale of Rangers '' August 27 , 1988 Jump up ^ ESPN : `` A series of beneficial moves '' By Tom Farrey November 1 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` President George W. Bush Baseball Game Attendance Log '' . Jump up ^ George W. Bush and the Texas Rangers , Espn.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Rangers select Washington to manage '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Rangers come to terms with Padilla '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2006 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Rangers acquire McCarthy from Sox '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) . `` It 's now Rangers Ballpark in Arlington '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers exploring SS Michael Young 's trade demand -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Young will shift to third base texasrangers.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Young Stats -- Texas Rangers -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 1976 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks ' Sports Group Defaults On $525 Million In Loans '' . FINalternatives. 2009 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks might sell MLB 's Texas Rangers , not NHL 's Dallas Stars -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Rangers borrow money from MLB -- MLB -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hicks ' sale of Rangers finalized MLB.com Jump up ^ `` Brown : Time for MLB to Play Hardball on the Texas Rangers Sale '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2010 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` MLB statement on Rangers sale : Texas Rangers Blog `` . The Dallas Morning News . Rangersblog.dallasnews.com. 2010 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fort Worth Star - Telegram ( 2010 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Foul Territory : MLB says it 's in control of sale '' . Startelegramsports.typepad.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers owner Tom Hicks : I 'm concerned about the sale '' . The Dallas Morning News . 2010 - 04 - 21 . Texas Rangers Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Selig Sets Deadline on Stalled Texas Rangers Sale '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2010 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Madden , Bill ; Siemaszko , Corky ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` A-Rod takes a hit : Texas Rangers file for bankruptcy , could cost Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez $25 million '' . Daily News . New York . ^ Jump up to : Morath , Eric ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Rangers Owe Alex Rodriguez $24.9 Million '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Q - and - A with new Texas Rangers owner Chuck Greenberg -- ESPN Dallas '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers go to Greenberg - Ryan in auction texasrangers.com : News '' . Texas.rangers.mlb.com. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Durrett , Richard . `` Club release on Chuck Greenberg 's exit -- Dallas Texas Rangers Blog -- ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nolan Ryan approved by MLB as controlling owner of Texas Rangers texasrangers.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Davis , Simpson to continue as low - key counsel -- Board co-chairmen's roles will remain behind the scenes '' . Texas Rangers . MLB . March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved Oct 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Durrett ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Ryan expects restrictions to be lifted '' . ESPNDallas.com . sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` With Cantu 's help , Rangers clinch AL West '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pennant vanquishes Rangers ' ghosts '' . ESPN . 2010 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com Gameday texasrangers.com : Gameday '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2011 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ RoseCrans , Trent . `` Ron Washington 's Game 7 pregame speech. leaked '' . CBS . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fraley , Gerry ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Nolan Ryan to retire as Texas Rangers CEO on Halloween '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keri , Johnah . `` The Texas Rangers ' Lost Season '' . Grantland . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Land , Brandon . `` Rangers chasing dubious record '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Andracki , Tony ; Stankevitz , JJ . `` MLB Power Rankings : Running down each team 's MVP '' . CSN Chicago . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mailhot , Jake . `` Series Preview : Mariners ( 71 - 58 ) vs Rangers ( 50 - 79 ) '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mariners 10 , Rangers 2 : Recap '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Standings -- Sep 4 , 2014 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Steven . `` Ron Washington , good man / bad manager , resigns '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The word `` Baseball '' is often inserted after `` Rangers '' , to distinguish the Hall from the law - enforcement Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum . Texas Rangers Baseball Hall of Fame . TexasRangers.com MLB Adbanced Media , L.P. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Texas Rangers Baseball Hall of Fame . TexasRangers.com MLB Adbanced Media , L.P. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers Radio Affiliates '' . Texas Rangers . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Ford C. Frick Award Winner Eric Nadel '' . Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Rangers ( baseball ) . Official website Lone Star Ball Texas Rangers Subreddit The Newberg Report Sports E-Cyclopedia Texas Rangers Hall of Famers Texas Rangers Formerly the Washington Senators Based in Arlington , Texas ( Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex ) Franchise Expansion draft History ( as Washington Senators ) Seasons Team records No - hitters Awards winners and league leaders Broadcasters Owners and executives Managers Players First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium Arlington Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Globe Life Field Spring training Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium Ranger Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture and lore Continental League Captain ( mascot ) Ten Cent Beer Night Kenny Rogers ' perfect game 2012 AL Wild Card Game 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker The 53 minute 7th inning Rivalries Houston Astros Retired numbers 7 26 34 42 Key personnel Owners : Ray Davis & Bob R. Simpson General Manager : Jon Daniels Manager : Jeff Banister Team Captain : Adrián Beltré Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Buddy Bell Juan González Rusty Greer Tom Grieve Toby Harrah Mark Holtz Charlie Hough Ferguson Jenkins Eric Nadel Johnny Oates Iván Rodríguez Kenny Rogers Jeff Russell Nolan Ryan Tom Schieffer Rubén Sierra Jim Sundberg Tom Vandergriff John Wetteland Michael Young Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 American League West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 American League championships ( 2 ) 2011 Minor league affiliates AAA : Round Rock Express AA : Frisco RoughRiders A Adv. : Down East Wood Ducks A : Hickory Crawdads Short A : Spokane Indians Rookie : AZL Rangers DSL Rangers Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Texas Rangers managers Mickey Vernon ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Eddie Yost ( 1963 ) Gil Hodges ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Jim Lemon ( 1968 ) Ted Williams ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1973 ) Del Wilber ( 1973 ) Billy Martin ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Frank Lucchesi ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1977 ) Connie Ryan ( 1977 ) Billy Hunter ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Pat Corrales ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Don Zimmer ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Darrell Johnson ( 1982 ) Doug Rader ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Bobby Valentine ( 1985 -- 1992 ) Toby Harrah ( 1992 ) Kevin Kennedy ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Johnny Oates ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Jerry Narron ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Buck Showalter ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Ron Washington ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Tim Bogar ( 2014 ) Jeff Banister ( 2015 -- ) Texas Rangers retired numbers 7 Iván Rodríguez 26 Johnny Oates 34 Nolan Ryan Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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4943766679121655389	Aaron Judge	Aaron Judge - wikipedia Aaron Judge Jump to : navigation , search Aaron Judge Judge with the Yankees in 2017 New York Yankees -- No. 99 Right fielder Born : ( 1992 - 04 - 26 ) April 26 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Linden , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut August 13 , 2016 , for the New York Yankees MLB statistics ( through September 27 , 2017 ) Batting average . 269 Hits 165 Home runs 54 Runs batted in 119 Teams New York Yankees ( 2016 -- present ) Career highlights and awards All - Star ( 2017 ) Home Run Derby champion ( 2017 ) 3 × AL Rookie of the Month ( April -- June 2017 ) Aaron James Judge ( born April 26 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Judge played college baseball at Fresno State . The Yankees selected Judge in the first round of the 2013 MLB draft . After making his MLB debut in 2016 and hitting a home run in his first career at bat , Judge has had a record - breaking rookie year in 2017 . He was named an All - Star and won the Home Run Derby . He broke the Yankees ' record for home runs by a rookie ( besting Joe DiMaggio 's 29 with 30 before the All - Star break ) , while also breaking the MLB rookie record of reaching base 164 times before the All - Star break . He won the American League 's ( AL ) Rookie of the Month Awards for April , May , and June 2017 , as well as the AL 's Player of the Month Award in June . Judge set a new MLB rookie record for home runs , surpassing Mark McGwire 's total of 49 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and amateur career 2 Professional career 2.1 Minor leagues 2.2 New York Yankees 2.2. 1 2016 2.2. 2 2017 : All - Star season 2.3 New York Yankees franchise records 2.4 MLB records 3 Uniform 4 Player profile 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life and amateur career Judge was born and raised in Linden , California and was adopted the day after he was born by Patty and Wayne Judge , who both worked as teachers . When he was 10 years old , his parents told him that he was adopted ; he recalls , `` I knew I did n't look like them . '' He telephones his parents every day . He has an older brother , John , who was also adopted . Judge attended Linden High School , where he was a three - sport star . He played as a pitcher and first baseman for the baseball team , a wide receiver for the football team , and as a center for the basketball team . He set a school record for touchdowns ( 17 ) in football and led the team in points per game ( 18.2 ) in basketball . In baseball , he was part of the Linden High School team that made the California Interscholastic Federation Division III playoffs . Various colleges recruited Judge to play tight end in football , including Notre Dame , Stanford , and UCLA , but he preferred baseball . The Oakland Athletics selected him in the 31st round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft , but he opted to enroll at California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) , to play for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . Louisville Slugger named him a Freshman All - American . He won the 2012 TD Ameritrade College Home Run Derby . In his junior year , Judge led the Bulldogs in home runs , doubles , and runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Judge was named to the all - conference team in all three of his seasons for the Bulldogs -- in the WAC in his first two seasons , and the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) as a junior ( the Bulldogs joined the MW in July 2012 , between his sophomore and junior seasons ) . Professional career Minor leagues Judge during Yankees ' spring training in 2015 The Yankees drafted Judge in the first round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft with the 32nd overall selection , a pick the team received as compensation after losing Nick Swisher in free agency . Judge signed with the Yankees , receiving a $1.8 million signing bonus . He tore a quadriceps femoris muscle while participating in a base running drill , which kept him out of the 2013 season . He made his professional debut with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League in 2014 . He had a . 333 batting average , . 428 on - base percentage ( OBP ) , . 530 slugging percentage ( SLG ) , and hit nine home runs with 45 RBIs in 65 games for Charleston . The Yankees promoted him to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League during the season , where he hit . 283 with a . 411 OBP , . 442 SLG , eight home runs , and 33 RBIs in 66 games for Tampa . The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015 . Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League . After Judge batted . 284 with a . 350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton , the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June . He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All - Star Futures Game . The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call - ups . Judge batted . 224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton / Wilkes - Barre . The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016 , and he began the season with Scranton / Wilkes - Barre . Judge was named to the International League All - Star Team in 2016 , but did not play in the 2016 Triple - A All - Star Game after he spent on a month of the disabled list due to a knee sprain . In 93 games for the RailRiders , Judge had a . 270 batting average , 19 home runs , and 65 RBIs . New York Yankees 2016 Judge batting in 2016 Judge made his MLB debut on August 13 , 2016 , starting in right field against the Tampa Bay Rays . In his first at - bat , Judge hit a home run off Matt Andriese ; the previous batter , Tyler Austin , also making his MLB debut , had done the same . This marked the first time that two teammates had hit home runs in their first career at bats in the same game . Judge also hit a home run in his second MLB game , becoming the second Yankees player to do so , after Joe Lefebvre in 1980 . Judge 's debut season , in which he batted . 179 and struck out 42 times in 84 at - bats ( 95 plate appearances ) , ended prematurely when he was placed on the 15 - day disabled list with a grade 2 right oblique strain on September 13 , 2016 against the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2017 : All - Star season The Yankees named Judge their right fielder for Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Rays . He had his first multi-home run game on April 28 against the Baltimore Orioles to help the Yankees win 14 -- 11 , coming back from a 9 -- 1 deficit . One of the home runs had a measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour ( 192.2 km / h ) , the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast since it was adopted in 2015 . Judge ended the month of April with 10 home runs , tying the rookie record set by José Abreu and Trevor Story . He was named the American League 's ( AL ) Rookie of the Month for April . In April , he had a . 303 batting average , 10 home runs , 20 RBIs , and a . 411 OBP in 22 games . On May 3 , Judge hit his 13th home run of the season , becoming the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season . The Yankees debuted a cheering section in the right - field seats of Yankee Stadium on May 22 , called `` The Judge 's Chambers '' , three rows in section 104 , containing 18 seats . Fans are chosen by the team to sit there , and are outfitted with black robes , wigs , and foam gavels . In a game against the Oakland Athletics on May 28 , Judge hit his first career grand slam . Judge was named AL Rookie of the Month once again for May . In May , he had a . 347 batting average , seven home runs , 17 RBIs , and a . 441 OBP in 26 games . On June 10 , Judge hit a home run that had an exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour ( 194.9 km / h ) , again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast . The following day , Judge went 4 - for - 4 with two home runs , one of which traveled 495 feet ( 151 m ) , which was the longest in MLB in the 2017 season . On June 12 , Judge was named the AL Player of the Week . His week ended with him leading the AL in all three Triple Crown categories . Judge was named the AL Player of the Month for the month of June , batting . 324 with 10 home runs , 25 RBIs and a . 481 OBP . His performance in the month of June also earned him his third consecutive AL Rookie of the Month award , the longest streak since Mike Trout won four in a row in 2012 . Judge had a 32 - game on - base streak , including reaching base in every game in the month of June . On July 2 , Judge was voted as a starting outfielder to the 2017 MLB All - Star Game , receiving 4,488,702 votes , the most out of any player in the AL . Judge broke Joe DiMaggio 's record for most home runs hit in a Yankees ' rookie season with his 30th on July 7 . He became the second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All - Star break after Mark McGwire in 1987 , the first Yankee to do so since Alex Rodriguez in 2007 and the first player in baseball since Chris Davis and Miguel Cabrera in 2013 . Before the All - Star break , Judge hit . 329 with 30 home runs and 66 RBIs . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , besting Minnesota Twins third baseman Miguel Sanó 11 -- 10 in the final round to become the first rookie to ever win the Derby outright . Judge hit four home runs over 500 feet , one of which travelled 513 feet , the farthest in the Derby . After his performance , MLB commissioner Rob Manfred stated that Judge is a player `` who can become the face of the game . '' On July 21 , Judge a hit a home run that almost travelled out of Safeco Field . The ball was hit so hard that Statcast could not measure the details on the home run . On July 27 , Judge lost a portion of his front left tooth during a celebration circle after Brett Gardner hit a walk - off home run . The next game , Judge hit his 33rd home run of the season , for 37 home runs total through his first 125 career games , third-most in MLB history . On August 17 , Judge hit a 457 - foot home run at Citi Field that reached the third deck but also struck out in the game , which marked 33 consecutive games with a strikeout , breaking Adam Dunn 's record for a position player . On August 20 , Judge tied pitcher Bill Stoneman 's streak of striking out in 37 consecutive games . Judge would break Curtis Granderson 's record of 195 for most single - season strikeouts in Yankees history . On September 4 , Judge became the first AL rookie to record 100 walks in a single season since Al Rosen ( 1950 ) , and the first player in MLB to do it since Jim Gilliam ( 1953 ) . During a game on September 10 , Judge received his 107th walk , the most walks by a rookie in a season since Ted Williams in 1939 . During the same game , he also became the second rookie in MLB history to hit 40 home runs in a season since McGwire ( 1987 ) . He joined Babe Ruth ( 1920 ) , Lou Gehrig ( 1927 ) , Joe DiMaggio ( 1937 ) and Mickey Mantle ( 1956 ) as the only Yankees to hit 40 home runs in a season at age 25 or younger . On September 20 , Judge became the first player since José Bautista in 2010 , and the first rookie , to record 100 runs , 45 home runs , 100 RBIs , and 100 walks in a single season . On September 25 , Judge hit his 49th and 50th home runs , tying and surpassing Mark McGwire 's single season rookie home run record . With this historic achievement , Judge also took his first ' curtain call ' at Yankee Stadium as the crowd called him out of the dugout to a standing ovation . New York Yankees franchise records Most home runs in a season by a rookie : 50 ( Joe DiMaggio held the record with 29 ) Fifth Yankee to have 50 home runs in a single season . He joins Babe Ruth ( 54 in 1920 , 59 in 1921 , 60 in 1927 , 54 in 1928 ) , Mickey Mantle ( 52 in 1956 , 54 in 1961 ) , Roger Maris ( 61 in 1961 ) , and Alex Rodriguez ( 54 in 2007 ) . First Yankee with at least 110 walks and 110 runs scored since Mickey Mantle in 1961 ( 126 walks , 131 runs ) . Second player in Yankees history to hit a home run in each of his first two games . ( Joe Lefebvre was the first Yankee to do so in 1980 ) . Holds the Yankees single season record for strikeouts with 199 . ( Passing Curtis Granderson 's 195 ) 27 home runs at Yankee Stadium in a single season . First right - handed hitter in Yankees history with at least 100 RBIs , 100 runs scored and 100 walks ; in a single season Eighth player in Yankees history with at least 100 runs , 100 RBIs and 100 walks in a season . Fourth rookie in franchise history with 100 RBIs in a season ( joining Joe DiMaggio , Tony Lazzeri and Hideki Matsui ) . MLB records Most home runs by a rookie , 50 ( Mark McGwire held record with 49 ) Became the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season . Measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour ( 192.2 km / h ) , the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast. ( April 28 , 2017 ) Measured exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour ( 194.9 km / h ) , again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast . ( June 10 , 2017 ) Second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All - Star break after Mark McGwire ( 33 in 1987 ) . Holds the MLB record for striking out in 37 consecutive games . ( 2017 ) Holds the MLB record for most strikeouts by a rookie with 201 . First rookie in MLB history with at least 45 home runs , 100 RBIs and 100 runs scored . Second rookie in MLB history with 100 + RBIs , 100 + runs scored and 100 + walks in a season . ( Ted Williams is the other ) . Uniform Judge has worn the unusual uniform number of 99 since it was given to him during 2016 spring training ( higher numbers are often given to young players who are not expected to make the regular - season team ) . Judge has stated he would prefer either No. 44 ( retired by the Yankees to honor Reggie Jackson ) or No. 35 ( worn by Michael Pineda since 2014 ) , but is not sure whether he would switch if the latter two were to become available . MLB along with the MLB Players Association , created Players Weekend to let players ' express themselves while connecting with their past in youth baseball ' . From August 25 - 27 , 2017 , players wore alternate team jerseys inspired by youth league designs . They also had the option to replace their last names with their nicknames on their jersey nameplates , and the vast majority of players did so . Judge chose the nickname `` All Rise '' ( given to him by teammate Todd Frazier ) to be worn on the back of his jersey nameplate . Player profile Judge is listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) and 282 pounds ( 128 kg ) . Due to his large size and strength , he has elicited comparisons to Giancarlo Stanton , Richie Sexson , Dave Winfield , and Willie Stargell . Personal life Judge is a Christian and has posted about his faith on his Twitter account . He keeps a note on his phone that reads ``. 179 '' , his batting average with the Yankees in 2016 , and looks at it daily as a source of motivation . Judge appeared on the cover of the edition of May 15 , 2017 of Sports Illustrated . On May 15 , 2017 , he appeared on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where he posed undercover to ask Yankee fans questions about himself . Judge has earned praise for his humble personality and willingness to be a team player . See also Baseball portal 50 home run club References ^ Jump up to : `` Klapisch : Yankees ' Aaron Judge never forgot his roots '' . northjersey.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kernan , Kevin ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Blessed ' Yankees prospect elicits Stargell , Stanton comps '' . New York Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Apstein , Stephanie ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Powerful Yankees slugger Aaron Judge stands out , but all he wants to do is blend in '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braziller , Zach ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Where Aaron Judge comes from explains who he is '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ballew , Bill ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` SAL notes : Yanks ' Judge advocates patience '' . MiLB.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinsand , Mark ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees prospect Aaron Judge has a huge future in pinstripes '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs ' Judge takes College Home Run Derby title '' . Omaha.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB draft : Fresno State 's Aaron Judge looks like a first - round pick '' . Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge is making a powerful impression on the Yankees -- FOX Sports '' . foxsports.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks come to terms with first - round pick Judge '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Santasiere III , Alfred ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Feature on Prospect Aaron Judge -- in the Spring Issue of Yankees Magazine '' . MLB.com / Yankees Magazine . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees spring training : Aaron Judge , Luis Severino headline non-roster invitees '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 3 - run homer as Thunder open with win '' . trentonian.com. April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge , Yankees ' top position prospect , gets a hit in first Triple - A game '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prospects Aaron Judge and Gary Sanchez to represent Yankees in Futures Game '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiPietro , Lou ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees ' September call - ups will be ' all hands on deck ' -- except Aaron Judge : GM Brian Cashman confirms top prospect wo n't be in the Bronx on Sept. 1 '' . YES Network . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Why Yankees prospect Aaron Judge struggled at Triple - A '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - A All - Star Game Rosters BaseballAmerica.com '' . BaseballAmerica.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge to come off DL in 4 -- 5 days Bronx Pinstripes BronxPinstripes.com '' . bronxpinstripes.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Yanks release Alex Rodriguez , promote Aaron Judge , Tyler Austin '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` After A-Rod's final game , Yankees call up Aaron Judge and bat him 8th vs. Rays '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vorkunov , Mike ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees ' Tyler Austin and Aaron Judge Hit Back - to - Back Homers in Debuts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kussoy , Howie ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge shows off power with encore Day 2 homer '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Braziller , Zach ; Kerber , Fred ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` If Aaron Judge 's strange year is finished , he gets a thumbs up '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Judge named Yanks ' Opening Day right fielder '' . MLB . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees 14 , Orioles 11 : Judge , Castro , Holliday help Yankees come back from 9 -- 1 deficit -- River Avenue Blues '' . River Avenue Blues. April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Aaron Judge craze hits stunning peak after stunning shot New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge continues destroying baseballs and Statcast records '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Aaron Judge has big April with 10 homers MLB.com '' . M.mlb.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike . `` Aaron Judge wins AL Rookie of the Month after dominant April '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge wins AL Rookie of the Month after dominant April '' . NY Daily News . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge 's 13th HR a record for young sluggers '' . MLB . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` LOOK : Yankee Stadium now has ' The Judge 's Chambers ' in right - field seats '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clair , Michael ; Hoch , Bryan ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge now has very own Judge 's Chambers section at Yankee Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Every team needs a Judge 's Chambers section , and here are some suggestions '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ; Martell , Matthew . `` Yankees break out behind Aaron Judge 's 1st slam '' . MLB . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge named AL Rookie of Month for May '' . Newsday . June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tasch , Justin . `` VIDEO : Aaron Judge hits hardest home run ever recorded '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge crushes a 495 - foot HR '' . MLB . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Triple Crown - leading Judge named AL POW : Yankees rookie earns distinction for 1st time in career '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge makes more history after a scorching June '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ III , George A. King ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees finally get to splurge on international free agents '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Receives Most All - Star Votes For AL Players '' . www.fanragsports.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 30th HR , breaks Joe DiMaggio 's mark for Yankees rookies '' . Boston.com . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 30th homer to break Joe DiMaggio 's rookie record for Yankees '' . Los Angeles Times . July 7 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge obliterates Joe DiMaggio 's Yankees rookie home run record '' . Sporting News . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge drops the gavel on Miguel Sano to win All - Star Home Run Derby '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge puts on unbelievable show , wins 2017 Home Run Derby '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Home Run Derby moonshots that compare to Aaron Judge 's 500 - footers '' . For The Win . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Rob Manfred Says Aaron Judge Could Become the Face of MLB '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruff , Rivea . `` Aaron Judge Seems to Break Statcast with Ridiculous Home Run '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walk - off celebration goes awry as Judge loses tooth in 6 -- 5 victory over Rays '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martell , Matthew . `` Aaron Judge OK , but tooth caper a hot topic '' . MLB . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Reveals Safety Plan After Belting Another Homer '' . NY Post . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despite HR , Judge sets dubious strikeout mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge hits 117 - mph rocket into 3rd deck at Citi Field '' . MLB . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge whiffs again , extends streak to 37 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Aaron Judge 's strikeout streak ends with whiff of controversy '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Beat Orioles 8 - 2 '' . NBC New York . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Timothy . `` Aaron Judge Sets MLB Rookie Record for Most Walks in a Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge becomes second rookie to reach 40 home runs '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 40th , 41st home runs , as Yankees crush Rangers '' . The Denver Post . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge hits 45th home run '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge bashes 49th and 50th to surpass Mark McGwire rookie record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joltin ' Judge : Rookie tops DiMaggio HR mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Katie ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` Yankees with 110 + runs and 110 + walks in a season : Aaron Judge Mickey Mantle ( 6x ) Lou Gehrig ( 5x ) Babe Ruth ( 10x ) '' . @ ktsharp . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Writer , RONALD BLUM AP Baseball . `` Yankees go from perennial to millennials '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge , Todd Frazier homer in Yankees ' blowout win over Orioles '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aaron Judge keeps forcing his way into the record books '' . September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Gregorius tops Jeter HR total , Yankees top Twins for sweep '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge breaks Mark McGwire 's rookie home run record '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Yankees ' Judge breaks a record as home - run binge continues '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge sets exit velocity record '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` Watch : Judge HR sets Statcast - era exit velocity record '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge obliterates Joe DiMaggio 's Yankees rookie home run record '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge 's historic strikeout streak does n't mean anything '' . For The Win. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge : Hits 45th home run '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge on wearing 99 , not his favorite number '' . NJ.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickname Jerseys Revealed '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercandetti , Vince . `` Aaron Judge , Comparing Top Yankees Prospect to Other Players of his Stature '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge on Twitter : `` Happy Easter everyone ! He is Risen ! '' `` . Twitter.com. April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From . 179 to the All - Star Game : The climb of Aaron Judge '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge latest highlight : Sports Illustrated cover man ( PHOTO ) '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge wore a disguise to interview Yankees fans on ' The Tonight Show ' '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge 's high school coaches say he was always a humble star '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Judge . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Aaron Judge on Twitter 2013 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Mark Appel Kris Bryant Jon Gray Kohl Stewart Clint Frazier Colin Moran Trey Ball Hunter Dozier Austin Meadows Phil Bickford Dominic Smith D.J. Peterson Hunter Renfroe Reese McGuire Braden Shipley J.P. Crawford Tim Anderson Chris Anderson Marco Gonzales Jonathon Crawford Nick Ciuffo Hunter Harvey Chi Chi Gonzalez Billy McKinney Christian Arroyo Eric Jagielo Phillip Ervin Rob Kaminsky Ryne Stanek Travis Demeritte Jason Hursh Aaron Judge Ian Clarkin New York Yankees first - round draft picks 1965 : Burbach 1966 : Lyttle 1967 : Blomberg 1968 : Munson 1969 : Spikes 1970 : Cheadle 1971 : Whitfield 1972 : McGregor 1973 : Heinhold 1974 : Sherrill 1975 : McDonald 1976 : Tabler 1977 : S. Taylor 1978 : Hudler , Winters , Ryder 1979 : None 1980 : None 1981 : None 1982 : None 1983 : None 1984 : Pries 1985 : Balabon 1986 : None 1987 : None 1988 : None 1989 : None 1990 : Everett 1991 : B. Taylor 1992 : Jeter 1993 : Drews 1994 : Buchanan 1995 : Morenz 1996 : Milton 1997 : Godwin , Bradley 1998 : Brown , Prior 1999 : Walling 2000 : Parrish 2001 : Griffin , Sardinha , Skaggs 2002 : None 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Hughes , Poterson , Marquez 2005 : Henry 2006 : Kennedy , Chamberlain 2007 : Brackman 2008 : Cole , Bleich 2009 : Heathcott 2010 : Culver 2011 : Bichette 2012 : Hensley 2013 : Jagielo , Judge , Clarkin 2014 : None 2015 : Kaprielian , Holder 2016 : Rutherford 2017 : Schmidt Home Run Derby champions 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge New York Yankees current roster Active roster 11 Brett Gardner 12 Chase Headley 14 Starlin Castro 17 Matt Holliday 18 Didi Gregorius 19 Masahiro Tanaka 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 24 Gary Sánchez 26 Tyler Austin 27 Austin Romine 29 Todd Frazier 30 David Robertson 31 Aaron Hicks 33 Greg Bird 34 Jaime García 36 Erik Kratz 39 Tyler Wade 40 Luis Severino 45 Chasen Shreve 47 Jordan Montgomery 48 Tommy Kahnle 50 Giovanny Gallegos 52 CC Sabathia 54 Aroldis Chapman 55 Sonny Gray 57 Chad Green 61 Ben Heller 64 Domingo Germán 65 Jonathan Holder 66 Bryan Mitchell 67 Miguel Andújar 68 Dellin Betances 74 Ronald Torreyes 77 Clint Frazier 99 Aaron Judge Inactive roster 64 Garrett Cooper -- Ronald Herrera -- Kyle Higashioka Disabled list 35 Michael Pineda 41 Caleb Smith 43 Adam Warren 85 Luis Cessa Coaching staff Manager 28 Joe Girardi Bench 59 Rob Thomson First base 56 Tony Peña Third base 53 Joe Espada Hitting 62 Alan Cockrell Pitching 58 Larry Rothschild Bullpen 60 Mike Harkey Assistant hitting 63 Marcus Thames Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Judge&oldid=802642147 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people People from Linden , California Baseball players from California American adoptees Major League Baseball outfielders New York Yankees players Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players Charleston RiverDogs players Tampa Yankees players Scottsdale Scorpions players Trenton Thunder players Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders players Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Twitter username same as Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 14 : 22 . 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About Wikipedia	who did aaron judge play for in 2015	[ "The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015.[12] Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League.[13] After Judge batted .284 with a .350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton, the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June.[14] He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game.[15] The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call-ups.[16] Judge batted .224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.[17] The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016, and he began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Judge was named to the International League All-Star Team in 2016, but did not play in the 2016 Triple-A All-Star Game after he spent on a month of the disabled list due to a knee sprain.[18][19] In 93 games for the RailRiders, Judge had a .270 batting average, 19 home runs, and 65 RBIs.[20]", "The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015.[12] Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League.[13] After Judge batted .284 with a .350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton, the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June.[14] He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game.[15] The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call-ups.[16] Judge batted .224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.[17] The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016, and he began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Judge was named to the International League All-Star Team in 2016, but did not play in the 2016 Triple-A All-Star Game after he spent on a month of the disabled list due to a knee sprain.[18][19] In 93 games for the RailRiders, Judge had a .270 batting average, 19 home runs, and 65 RBIs.[20]", "The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015.[12] Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League.[13] After Judge batted .284 with a .350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton, the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June.[14] He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game.[15] The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call-ups.[16] Judge batted .224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.[17] The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016, and he began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Judge was named to the International League All-Star Team in 2016, but did not play in the 2016 Triple-A All-Star Game after he spent on a month of the disabled list due to a knee sprain.[18][19] In 93 games for the RailRiders, Judge had a .270 batting average, 19 home runs, and 65 RBIs.[20]" ]	[ "Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League", "Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League", "the Yankees at the 2015 All-Star Futures Game" ]
-8067346568476896682	List of The Cosby Show characters	List of the Cosby show characters - wikipedia List of the Cosby show characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby , which aired for eight seasons on NBC from 1984 until 1992 . The show focuses on the Huxtable family , an upper middle - class African - American family living in Brooklyn , New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Cliff Huxtable 1.2 Clair Huxtable 1.3 Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux 1.4 Denise Huxtable Kendall 1.5 Theo Huxtable 1.6 Vanessa Huxtable 1.7 Rudy Huxtable 1.8 Elvin Tibideaux 1.9 Martin Kendall 1.10 Olivia Kendall 1.11 Pam Tucker 2 Recurring characters 3 Notable guest stars 4 References Main characters Cliff Huxtable Main article : Cliff Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Bill Cosby All 202 ( all ) Dr. Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable is known for his comical antics , playful admonishments , and relentless teasing humor . He lives in Brooklyn Heights , New York . Cliff had a brother , James Theodore Huxtable , who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7 . In his high school and college years , he was an athlete who wrestled , played football , and ran track . He later served in the Navy before going to medical school . He is an OB / GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home . In the show , most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as `` Dr. Huxtable '' , and he is well - respected in the community . Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable . Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional Hillman College . Together , they have five children : Sondra , Denise , Theodore ( Theo ) , Vanessa , and Rudith ( Rudy ) . Cliff enjoys live jazz , has an extensive collection of albums , and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it . Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him , especially his family , however he is very kind - hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor . Although he and his wife fostered a tight - knit , loving family , a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house . Very playful , Cliff enjoys competition , often making bets with Clair over various things , such as the date a certain jazz song was released , or having a `` Smooth Contest '' to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town , as judged by the children . He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends , which sometimes gets very passionate . Unfortunately , Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games , as , for example , he has never beaten his father - in - law at chess . However , Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster ( played by Roscoe Lee Browne ) , an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair 's literary professor at Hillman College . In the pilot episode , Cosby 's character 's full name is Clifford , as shown on a sign on the exterior of the house . His full name was subsequently changed to Heathcliff , even though in one episode Clair called him `` Heathclifford '' , and he is commonly called `` Cliff '' throughout the series . Originally , Cliff was to have worked as a chauffeur , with most of the humor coming from his interactions with customers . However , the show was changed before airing to have Cliff be a medical doctor , and the humor to come from his interactions with his family . Cliff also appears in three episodes of A Different World : the pilot ( with Rudy ) , `` Rudy and the Snow Queen '' ( also with Rudy ) and `` If Chosen , I May Not Run '' . He is the only character to appear in every episode . Clair Huxtable Main article : Clair Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Phylicia Rashād All 193 Clair Olivia Huxtable ( née Hanks ) is the elegantly tough , eloquent , and engaging wife of Cliff , who is known for her relaxed confidence and striking emphasis as shown . Aside from her deep and decorated self - expression , Clair can also be playful and silly . She is an intelligent , classy , and successful businesswoman . A great debater , Clair rarely if ever loses an argument on the show , a testament to her career as lawyer . She is also highly skilled in areas of recall about facts and dates , which she uses during discussions and debates : in one episode she is shown quoting a passage and even the page number of a book during an appearance at a television roundtable . Clair is bilingual but is only shown speaking Spanish on a couple of occasions . Several episodes also showcased her singing talent . Despite her elegant brand of toughness and strictness , Clair is a very loving mother and wife . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's wife , Camille Olivia Hanks - Cosby . Her age is directly stated only once during the series , and two separate episodes provide contradictory information on the age difference between herself and Cliff . He celebrates his 50th birthday during season three ( `` Cliff 's 50th Birthday '' ) , while she celebrates her 46th during season five ( `` Birthday Blues , '' two years later ) , indicating that she is six years younger . However , in the season four episode `` The Locker Room , '' it is stated that Clair is four years younger . Her character was originally supposed to be a housewife , but when the show finally aired , she became a lawyer . During the series , she becomes a partner in her law firm . As an attorney she helps her family with legal issues , and she successfully represents her eldest daughter , Sondra , in a case over dishonest car repairs . When it came to the Huxtable household , she was in charge , even though she let Cliff think he was in charge ( although Cliff was known to lay down the law when he had to ) . She was the chief disciplinarian of the children , as shown in an episode where Vanessa and her friends sneak off to Baltimore to see a rock concert and Clair delivers a memorable and scathing diatribe to her . Another memorable moment came when the normally composed Clair lost her temper when Sondra announced she was n't going to law school after paying her tuition to attend Princeton . Clair also appears in four episodes of A Different World : `` Clair 's Last Stand '' , `` Risky Business '' ( with Theo and Vanessa ) , `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Martin and Olivia ) and `` Success , Lies and Videotapes '' . Clair Huxtable has been ranked highly in several lists of the top television mothers . She was voted as television 's `` Favorite TV Mom '' in a poll conducted by the Opinion Research Company in 2004 . In 2009 , she was included in the Top 5 Classic TV Moms by Film.com . In May 2012 , Clair was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of `` Mommy Dearest : The TV Moms You Love '' . AOL named her the ninth Most Memorable Female TV Character . Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux Main article : Sondra Huxtable -- Tibideaux Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Sabrina LeBeauf 2 -- 8 ; recurring in 1 53 `` Bonjour Sondra '' Sondra Tibideaux ( née Huxtable ) , the eldest daughter of Cliff and Clair , did not appear on screen until mid-way through season one . She did not exist in the pilot episode ( Clair : `` Why do we have four children ? '' Cliff : `` Because we did not want five . '' ) In her first appearance , she is a sophomore in college , and Cliff notes her to be 20 years old ( episode 10 ) , making her birth year 1964 . She earned a degree from Princeton University and had intentions of pursuing a career as a lawyer , like her mother . She married her boyfriend , Elvin Tibideaux , in season four , and later gave birth to twins -- a boy and a girl -- named after Nelson and Winnie Mandela . More serious , earnest and responsible than the other children , Sondra fits many of the characteristics of the first born from a large family . Though she had her moments of bizarre thinking ( e.g. dropping out of law school to open up a wilderness store with Elvin ) , she 'd usually snap out of them relatively quickly . Because of her intelligence level and overachieving nature , she is looked upon by her parents proudly , but also is held to a higher standard than the rest of the children . Sondra appeared sporadically in early seasons of the series due to the character being off at college at the time . Sondra was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child ( e.g. a college graduate ) . Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable . Sabrina LeBeauf almost missed out on the role because she is only 10 years younger ( b . 1958 ) than Phylicia Rashad ( b . 1948 ) . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's eldest daughter , Erika , who was approximately the same age as Sondra . Denise Huxtable Kendall Main article : Denise Huxtable -- Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Final appearance Lisa Bonet 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ; recurring in 4&5 119 `` Cliff and Jake '' Denise Kendall ( née Huxtable ) is the second daughter of Cliff and Clair Huxtable . At the beginning of the series , she is sixteen years old , putting her year of birth in 1968 . She loves fashion and music , but did not want to attend school to pursue either interest . She is noted as being an individual who usually wishes to march to the beat of her own drum , and often learns lessons up front for herself rather than based off the experiences of others . A two - year stint at Hillman College ends with Denise wishing to see what she can accomplish on her own , which leads her to Africa as a photographer 's assistant . While there , she meets and marries Navy Lt. Martin Kendall , and also becomes stepmother to Martin 's three - year - old daughter Olivia , his child from a previous marriage . Denise eventually decides to become a special education teacher and makes arrangements to attend Medgar Evers College to this effect , but that idea does not work out as Denise eventually leaves New York again when Martin is posted to Singapore on a long - term assignment . It is revealed in the series finale that she is pregnant . During the first two seasons , Denise was portrayed as a very popular high - schooler , with many friends , who seemingly had a different boyfriend every episode . Along with her constantly fluctuating love life , were her various hairstyles and choices of clothing , which were occasionally made fun of by Cliff . In later seasons , however , she exhibited a more flighty nature , often expressing ideas that left Cliff and Clair greatly puzzled . In season three , Denise left home to attend Hillman College , a fictional , historically African - American college , of which her mother , father and grandfather were all alumni . The Cosby Show 's producers created a spin - off series , entitled A Different World , which initially dealt with the life of Denise at college . Denise was written out of the series following its inaugural season ( which aired concurrently with season four of The Cosby Show ) , after actress Lisa Bonet became pregnant . Shortly after the start of season five , Denise traveled to Africa for a year , and there she fell in love with and married Martin . In the season six premiere , she returned home , shocking her parents with the news of her surprise marriage to a divorced single father . However , Cliff and Clair accepted the couple when they met Olivia , who immediately won their hearts and was welcomed into the family . She appears regularly during the first three seasons , and is in only four episodes each of seasons four and five ( a picture of her can be seen in the opening credits of season four ) , she appears regularly in season six , but only appears in a handful of episodes during season seven . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's daughter , Erinn , who was approximately the same age as Denise . Additionally , Denise attended Hillman College , whereas Erinn attended Spelman College , the university that Hillman is believed to be modeled after . Theo Huxtable Main article : Theodore Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Malcolm - Jamal Warner All 176 Theodore Aloysius `` Theo '' Huxtable is the middle child and only son of Cliff and Clair Huxtable , and is athletic and obsessed with impressing girls , and obtaining a sports car or motorcycle . He is fourteen years old when the series begins , making his birth year 1970 . In the pilot episode , he is lectured by his father for not applying himself at school ( `` I brought you in this world , and I 'll take you out '' ) . Also in the early seasons , he was somewhat of a troublemaker , as illustrated through incidents both alluded to and explicitly portrayed in the series , such as letting his best friend 's younger sister pierce his ear , resulting in an infected earlobe , but his behavior had improved by the time he left high school . A running theme of the early seasons revolved around Theo 's academic struggles , especially in his sophomore - year geometry class , taught by Mrs. Westlake ( Sonia Braga ) . As the seasons progressed , Theo gradually evolved from being an under - achiever to a successful high school -- and college -- student ( in interviews , Cosby noted a similar change in his real - life son , Ennis ) . While Theo was a student at NYU , it was revealed that he suffered from dyslexia , a learning disability that inspired him to work harder , and as a result overcame it . By the final season , Theo was a student teacher , helping other children with dyslexia at a local education center . In the show 's final episode , he graduated from NYU with a degree in psychology . In the pilot , and once more in season one ( the episode `` Bad Dreams '' ) , he is referred to by Vanessa as `` Teddy '' , instead of `` Theo . '' Theo has a long - running , but on - and - off relationship with a girl named Justine , who is mentioned many times throughout the series , but appears in only nine episodes . During his high school years , Theo 's best friend was Walter Bradley ( Carl Anthony Payne II ) , better known as `` Cockroach '' , who was more of a scholastic underachiever than Theo . The two of them would occasionally compose rap songs for various school assignments . When Theo got tickets to `` Dance Mania '' ( a `` Soul Train '' - like television dance show ) , and only one of them was allowed into the studio , Theo let Cockroach have the spot , but did not feel good about it when he saw Cockroach on TV , and as the center of their friends ' attention the next day at school . This episode marked the final appearance of the character , and Cockroach was rarely mentioned in subsequent episodes . Theo appears in the series the most out of the Huxtable children . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's only son Ennis , who was approximately the same age as Theo ( and was also dyslexic ) . Theo also appears in two episodes of A Different World : `` My Dinner With Theo '' ( with Rudy ) and `` Risky Business '' ( with Clair and Vanessa ) . Vanessa Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Tempestt Bledsoe All 157 Vanessa Huxtable is the fourth child and third daughter of Cliff and Clair . In season one , she is eleven years old , making her birth year 1973 . As Vanessa grew up , she faced typical teenage problems and heartbreaks , such as wearing make - up before her 15th birthday in violation of her parents ' rules and spending a lot of time talking on the phone with her friends . Unlike her older brother , she was an excellent student and seemed to enjoy school ; at the beginning of season seven , she went off to college one year early . She became engaged in the final season to Dabnis Brickey , a man in his late twenties . Dabnis was the head of maintenance at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania , where Vanessa was enrolled . However , Vanessa realized that she was not ready to get married , and they broke off the engagement . They maintained they were `` just friends '' by the end of the season . In the early seasons , Vanessa is usually considered to be nosy , as she usually -- sneakily -- tries to find out what goes on in the Huxtable house , especially when it involves someone ( usually Theo ) in trouble with their parents . But , in a later episode , the tables are turned , as Theo catches Vanessa 's friends smoking cigarettes in her room , although Vanessa herself did not take part , and even tried to dissuade her friends from doing so . She often fought with her younger sister , Rudy , over typical childish issues . At one point , their fighting caused damage to both their bedrooms and the kitchen ceiling , driving Cliff to declare their rooms off limits because of `` World War Five '' and exile them to the basement until repairs were finished . But , on one occasion , Vanessa got into a physical tussle with Denise over a sweater that Vanessa stole from Denise 's closet after Denise did not allow her to borrow it . One of Vanessa 's best friends in high school was a girl named Kara ( played by Elizabeth Narvaez ) , who could ramble on about nothing in particular at high speed . Whenever Cliff -- who once referred to Kara as `` Turbo Tongue '' -- was on the receiving end of her babbling , he would always reply with a bewildered `` Thank you . '' Vanessa appeared sporadically in the final two seasons of the series due to the character being away at college . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's daughter , Ensa , who was approximately the same age as Vanessa . Vanessa also appears in the A Different World episode `` Risky Business '' ( with Clair and Theo ) . Rudy Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Keshia Knight Pulliam All 177 Rudith Lillian `` Rudy '' Huxtable is the youngest of the Huxtable children . She is only five years old at the beginning of the series , making her birth year 1979 . She comes of age during the course of the show . A number of Rudy 's friends appear in episodes as the series progresses . Among the best known are the taciturn Peter Chiara who repeatedly ran out the Huxtables ' front door when frightened ; and the chauvinist , blues - loving Kenny , whom she nicknames `` Bud '' , and who always gets advice from his ( unseen ) older brother about basically everything . This unfortunately gives him the wrong conception about certain things and gets him in trouble , although he seemed to grow out of it as the series reached its end . Keshia Knight Pulliam was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in season two , becoming the youngest nominee ever . One of her fellow nominees that year was Phylicia Rashad . Neither won . The Huxtable family was originally going to be two boys and two girls . The youngest child , Rudy , was initially supposed to be a boy , but the character was re-written for a girl ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) when no boys auditioned . Jaleel White , later known for his role as Steve Urkel on Family Matters , revealed in a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair that he had auditioned for the role of Rudy . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's youngest daughter , Evin , who was approximately the same age as Rudy . Rudy also appears in three episodes of A Different World : the pilot ( with Cliff ) , `` Rudy and the Snow Queen '' ( also with Cliff ) and `` My Dinner with Theo '' ( with Theo ) . Elvin Tibideaux Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Geoffrey Owens 4 -- 8 ; recurring in 2&3 44 `` Cliff in Love '' Elvin Tibideaux is Sondra 's boyfriend , and later , husband . They met at Princeton , where they both earned degrees . The two constantly bickered during early episodes , until his interactions with the Huxtables , particularly Clair , challenged him to confront his `` male - chauvinist '' attitudes . When they return from their honeymoon , they shock Cliff and Clair by announcing their intentions to forego medical school and law school , and start a wilderness supply store in Brooklyn . When his children are born , Elvin then announces that he will re-apply to medical school . This decision later convinces Sondra to resume her studies at law school . Elvin was a wrestler in high school and for one year at Princeton , but had to quit after injuring his hip . During season three , he helped Theo with some strategy and moves . Martin Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Joseph C. Phillips 6 and 7 , recurring in 8 21 `` Denise : The Saga Continues '' Lt. Martin Kendall is a Navy officer , husband of Denise Huxtable , and father of Olivia . Phillips ' role as Martin Kendall came about when Denise unexpectedly married him in Africa , unbeknownst to her parents and family . When the newlyweds arrive back home , Martin learns that Denise 's family not only does not know about their marriage , they do not know about him at all , so he wants to introduce himself to the Huxtables now that he has married into their family and to show his intentions of marrying his daughter were honorable . This does not go over smoothly at first , as Clair and Cliff are uneasy with the whirlwind marriage of Martin , however in due time they become accustomed to this blended family . Kendall also had an ex-wife , named Paula ( played by Victoria Rowell of The Young and the Restless ) . In the finale , it is revealed that he and Denise are expecting a baby together . Joseph C. Phillips played Sondra 's date in a season two episode , before coming back as a new character , and playing the husband of Denise . Martin appears frequently in the sixth season but is only seen in a handful episodes of the seventh season , Joseph C. Phillips 's final season as a regular . Martin makes his final appearance in an episode of season eight , `` Olivia Comes Out of the Closet . '' Martin also appears in the Different World episode `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Clair and Olivia ) . Olivia Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Raven - Symoné 6 -- 8 63 `` Denise : The Saga Continues '' Olivia Kendall is Denise Huxtable 's precocious stepdaughter , who is three years old when she first appears in the series . Olivia is the only child of Martin and Paula Kendall . After a few years of marriage , her parents divorced , and her mother , Paula , gave Martin full custody , as she felt overwhelmed by marriage and motherhood . Olivia was then raised by her grandparents and father . When Olivia was almost four years old , her father Martin married Denise Huxtable , whom he met in Africa . The new family moved in with Denise 's parents , Clair and Cliff Huxtable , who are now Olivia 's step - grandparents . Martin , as a Naval officer , is required to travel a lot , so for a while , Olivia was unable to spend time with him . During his absences , her stepmother , Denise , raised her . Olivia continued to live with her step - grandparents while her parents were in Singapore during the final season . The character was named after Bill Cosby 's wife , Camille Olivia Hanks - Cosby . Olivia also appears in the Different World episode `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Clair and Martin ) . Pam Tucker Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Erika Alexander 7 -- 8 21 `` Period of Adjustment '' Pam Tucker is Clair Huxtable 's distant cousin . The daughter of a single mother , Pam comes to live with the Huxtables after her mother moved to California to take care of Pam 's grandmother . Upon moving in , Pam is a high school junior -- younger than Vanessa , but older than Rudy . At first , she is not used to the Huxtables ' upper - middle - class lifestyle or close - knit family relationships . Eventually , she fits in , and becomes just another one of the Huxtable clan . Pam makes her first appearance in the fourth episode , `` A Period of Adjustment , '' Tin season seven . Frequently , Pam is shown interacting with her best friend , Charmaine Brown ( Karen Malina White ) , and Charmaine 's boyfriend , Lance Rodman ( Allen Payne ) . The character had a mixed reception . Recurring characters Russell Huxtable ( Earle Hyman ) Cliff 's father ( 40 episodes ) Kenny , aka `` Bud '' ( Deon Richmond ) Rudy 's longtime friend ( 32 episodes ) Anna Huxtable ( Clarice Taylor ) Cliff 's mother ( 19 episodes ) Charmaine Brown ( Karen Malina White ) Pam 's best friend ( 13 episodes ) ( later became a regular on the final season of A Different World ) Winnie Tibideaux ( Domonique & Monique Reynolds , Jalese & Jenelle Grays , Jessica Ann Vaughn ) daughter of Sondra and Elvin ( 18 episodes ) Peter Chiara ( Peter Costa ) Rudy 's friend ( 13 episodes ) Walter Bradley , aka `` Cockroach '' ( Carl Anthony Payne II ) Theo 's best friend in high school ( 12 episodes ) Nelson Tibideaux ( Christopher & Clayton Griggs , Darrian & Donovan Bryant , Gary LeRoi Gray ) son of Sondra and Elvin ( 7 episodes ) Denny ( Troy Winbush ) Theo 's high school , college friend ( 11 episodes ) Lance Rodman ( Allen Payne ) Charmaine 's boyfriend ( 11 episodes ) Janet Meiser ( Pam Potillo ) Vanessa 's friend ( 10 episodes ) Howard ( Reno Wilson Theo 's college friend ( 10 episodes ) Justine Phillips ( Michelle Thomas ) Theo 's longtime girlfriend ( 8 episodes ) Kara ( Elizabeth Narvaez ) Vanessa 's friend ( 8 episodes ) Stanley ( Merlin Santana ) Rudy 's boyfriend ( 7 episodes ) Kim Ogawa ( Naoka Nakagawa ) Rudy 's friend ( 7 episodes ) Carrie Hanks ( Ethel Ayler ) Clair 's mother ( 6 episodes ) Robert Foreman ( Dondre T. Whitfield ) Vanessa 's boyfriend ( 6 episodes ) Lou Hernandez ( Alex Ruiz ) Theo 's college friend ( 6 episodes ) Dabnis Brickey ( William Thomas Jr . ) Vanessa 's fiance ( 6 episodes ) Jeffry Engels ( Wallace Shawn ) the Huxtables ' neighbor ( 5 episodes ) Smitty ( Adam Sandler ) Theo 's high school friend ( 4 episodes ) Arthur Bartell a.k.a. `` Slide '' ( Mushond Lee ) Pam 's ex-boyfriend ( 4 episodes ) Al Hanks ( Joe Williams ) Clair 's father ( 4 episodes ) Aaron Dexter ( Seth Gilliam ) Pam 's boyfriend ( 3 episodes ) Mrs. McGee ( Elaine Stritch ) Rudy 's teacher ( 3 episodes ) Jade ( Vanessa A. Williams ) Theo 's friend ( 2 episodes , season 5 ) Cheryl ( Vanessa A. Williams ) Theo 's friend ( 2 episodes , season 7 ) Notable guest stars Debbie Allen as Emma ( `` If the Dress Fits , Wear It '' , season 5 ) John Amos as Dr. Herbert ( `` The Physical '' , season 5 ) Tichina Arnold as Delores ( `` Theo 's Women '' , season 5 ) Angela Bassett as Mrs. Mitchell ( `` Mr. Quiet '' , season 1 ) , and Paula ( `` Bookworm '' , season 4 ) Norman Beaton as Carleton ( `` There 's Still No Joy in Mudville '' season 7 ) U.S. Senator Bill Bradley as Cliff 's teammate # 1 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Sônia Braga as Anna Maria Westlake ( `` Mrs. Westlake '' and `` An Early Spring '' , season 2 ) Valerie Brisco - Hooks as herself ( `` Off to the Races '' , season 2 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as Dr. Foster ( `` Shakespeare '' , season 4 ) Red Buttons as Jake , owner of Jake 's Appliances ( `` Cliff and Jake '' , season 7 ) Naomi Campbell as Julia ( `` The Birth '' and `` Cyranoise de Bergington '' , season 5 ) Betty Carter as Amanda Woods ( `` How Do You Get to Carnegie Hall '' , season 5 ) Robert Culp as Scott Kelly ( `` Bald and Beautiful '' , season 3 ) Sammy Davis , Jr. as Ray Palomino ( `` No Way , Baby '' , season 5 ) Dave DeBusschere as Cliff 's teammate # 2 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Plácido Domingo as Alberto Santiago ( `` Birthday Blues '' , season 5 ) Teresa Edwards as Opponent # 2 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Yvonne Irvin as Clair 's Sister ( `` Clair 's Sister '' , season 2 ) Al Freeman , Jr. as Ernie Scott ( `` Back to the Track , Jack '' , season 1 ) Minnie Gentry as Gramtee ( `` The Storyteller '' , season 6 ) Dizzy Gillespie as Mr. Hampton ( `` Play It Again Vanessa '' , season 1 ) Erica Gimpel as Jennifer ( `` Waterworks '' , season 4 ) Robin Givens as Susanne ( `` Theo and the Older Woman '' , season 2 ) Pam Grier as Samantha ( `` Planning Parenthood '' , season 3 ) Moses Gunn as Joe Kendall ( `` Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables '' , season 6 ) Walt Hazzard as Cliff 's teammate # 3 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Lena Horne as herself ( `` Cliff 's Birthday '' , season 1 ) Iman as Mrs. Montgomery ( `` Theo and the Joint '' , season 1 ) Danny Kaye as Dr. Burns ( `` The Dentist '' , season 2 ) , in one of his last TV appearances Alicia Keys as Maria ( `` Slumber Party '' , season 1 ) B.B. King as Riley Jackson ( `` Not Everybody Loves the Blues '' , season 6 ) LaChanze as Sylvia ( `` The Prom '' , season 4 ) Audrey Landers as Cookie Bennett ( `` Cliff and Jake '' , season 7 ) Sheldon Leonard as Dr. Wexler ( `` Physician of the Year , '' season 1 ) Nancy Lieberman as Opponent # 1 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Miriam Makeba as herself ( `` Olivia Comes Out of the Closet '' , season 8 ) S. Epatha Merkerson as Book Club Member 5 ( `` Bookworm '' , season 4 ) Melba Moore as Patricia Abbott ( `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' , season 4 ) Rita Moreno as Mrs. Granger ( `` You Only Hurt the One You Love '' , season 3 ) Lou Myers as Mr. Davis ( `` You Only Hurt the One You Love '' , & `` Andalusian Flu '' , season 3 ) Tony Orlando as Tony Castillo ( `` Mr. Quiet '' , season 1 ) Tito Puente as timbal player ( `` Play It Again , Russell '' , season 2 ) Christopher Plummer as Professor Jonathan Lawrence ( `` Shakespeare '' , season 4 ) Patricia Richardson as Mrs. Schrader ( `` Calling Doctor Huxtable '' , season 3 ) John Ritter as Ray Evans ( `` Total Control '' , season 7 ) Frank Robinson as Frank Potter ( `` There 's Still No Joy in Mudville '' , season 7 ) Victoria Rowell as Paula Kendall ( `` Cliff 's Wet Adventure '' , season 6 ) Howard `` Sandman '' Sims as himself ( `` Mr. Sandman '' , season 6 ) Special Ed as J.T. Freeze ( `` Warning : A Double - Lit Candle Can Cause a Meltdown '' , season 8 ) Bern Nadette Stanis as Carolyn Thompson ( `` Adventures in Babysitting '' , season 7 ) Leslie Uggams as Kris Temple ( `` The Return of the Clairettes '' , season 7 ) Blair Underwood as Denise 's boyfriend ( uncredited ) ( `` Jitterbug Break '' , season 1 ) , and Mark ( `` Theo and the Older Woman '' , season 2 ) Mario Van Peebles as Garvin ( `` Clair 's Sister '' , season 2 ) Jim Valvano as John Velarde ( `` The Getaway '' , season 8 ) Dick Vitale as Dan Vicente ( `` The Getaway '' , season 8 ) Malinda Williams as Althea Logan ( `` Calling Doctor Huxtable '' , season 3 ) and Shana ( `` Denise Kendall : Singles Counselor '' , season 6 ) Nancy Wilson as Lorraine Kendall ( `` Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables '' , season 6 ) Stevie Wonder as himself ( `` A Touch of Wonder '' , season 2 ) Amy Yasbeck as Alicia Evans ( `` Total Control '' , season 7 ) References ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Top 10 Favorite TV Couples '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Race : Television and the Struggle for Blackness -- Herman Gray -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Polls > Maybe It 's the Sweaters ; Cliff Huxtable is the TV Dad Americans Would Have Wanted Growing Up '' . Harris Interactive . 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women Watching Television : Gender , Class , and Generation in the American ... -- Andrea L. Press -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Babies : Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic -- Mark Anthony Neal -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` With Amusement for All : A History of American Popular Culture Since 1830 -- LeRoy Ashby -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Huxtable Top 10 TV Dads TIME.com '' . Entertainment.time.com. 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Television Studies -- Jonathan Bignell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Huxtable named best TV mom -- today > entertainment -- today > entertainment > tv - TODAY.com '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stacey ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Film.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel , Jacki ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Mommy Dearest : The TV Moms You Love '' . iVillage . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jet -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk. 1988 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Why I wish ' Rudy ' had skipped Cosby 's trial '' . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Mark ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Cosby : His Life and Times '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Television Series of the 1980s : Essential Facts and Quirky Details '' . Rowman & Littlefield . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ McCann , Bob ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television '' . McFarland . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mike Ryan ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Jaleel White on His 31 - Year Career '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Playbook : Let 's Add a Kid ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television -- Bob McCann '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shaded Lives : African - American Women and Television -- Beretta E. Smith - Shomade '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 58 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cosby : His Life and Times -- Mark Whitaker '' . Books.google.co.uk. 2014 - 09 - 16 . p. 341 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Dictionary of African American Television -- Kathleen Fearn - Banks , Anne Burford - Johnson '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 113 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show : Where are they now ? -- Erika Alexander -- Pam Tucker '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Replaced Classic TV Characters We Never Got Over ( Aunt Viv , Brenda Walsh , & More ! ) '' . 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Joe Reid and Kevin . `` Celebrating 30 Years of ' The Cosby Show ' by Debating Four Key ' Cosby ' Questions '' . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ( hide ) The Cosby Show Characters Cliff Huxtable Clair Huxtable Sondra Huxtable Denise Huxtable Theodore Huxtable Rudy Huxtable Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Goodbye Mr. Fish '' Seasons 6 7 8 Related A Different World episodes characters Dwayne Cleofis Wayne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Cosby_Show_characters&oldid=820890464 '' Categories : The Cosby Show Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from New York City Lists of sitcom television characters The Cosby Show characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did sandra appear on the cosby show	[ "Sondra Tibideaux (née Huxtable), the eldest daughter of Cliff and Clair, did not appear on screen until mid-way through season one. She did not exist in the pilot episode (Clair: \"Why do we have four children?\" Cliff: \"Because we did not want five.\") In her first appearance, she is a sophomore in college, and Cliff notes her to be 20 years old (episode 10), making her birth year 1964. She earned a degree from Princeton University and had intentions of pursuing a career as a lawyer, like her mother. She married her boyfriend, Elvin Tibideaux, in season four, and later gave birth to twins—a boy and a girl—named after Nelson and Winnie Mandela. More serious, earnest and responsible than the other children, Sondra fits many of the characteristics of the first born from a large family. Though she had her moments of bizarre thinking (e.g. dropping out of law school to open up a wilderness store with Elvin), she'd usually snap out of them relatively quickly. Because of her intelligence level and overachieving nature, she is looked upon by her parents proudly, but also is held to a higher standard than the rest of the children. Sondra appeared sporadically in early seasons of the series due to the character being off at college at the time." ]	[ "mid-way through season one" ]
-7062004311522046045	Times Square Ball	Times Square ball - wikipedia Times Square ball Jump to : navigation , search Times Square New Year 's Eve ball drop The ball resting atop One Times Square in 2011 Genre New Year 's Eve event Date ( s ) December 31st Begins 6 : 00 PM EST Ends 12 : 15 AM EST Frequency Annually Location ( s ) Times Square , New York City Inaugurated 1907 Founder Adolph Ochs Organized by Times Square Alliance Countdown Entertainment Website timessquareball.net The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City 's Times Square . Located on the roof of One Times Square , the ball is a prominent part of a New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop , where the ball descends 141 feet ( 43 m ) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole , beginning at 11 : 59 : 00 p.m. ET , and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year . In recent years , the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment , including performances by musicians . The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs , owner of The New York Times newspaper , as a successor to a series of New Year 's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times , while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss . First held on December 31 , 1907 , to welcome 1908 , the ball drop has been held annually since , except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts . The ball 's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology ; the ball was initially constructed from wood and iron , and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs . The current incarnation features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangular crystal panels . These panels contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme . Since 2009 , the current ball has been displayed atop One Times Square year - round , while the original , smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor 's center . The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment , a company led by Jeff Strauss , and is among the most notable New Year 's celebrations internationally : it is attended by at least 1 million spectators yearly , and is nationally televised as part of New Year 's Eve specials broadcast by a number of networks and cable channels . The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar `` drops '' at other local New Year 's Eve events across the country ; while some use balls , some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Event organization 1.2 Festivities 1.2. 1 Past songs before the ball drop 1.3 Cleanup 2 History 2.1 Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) 2.2 The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) 2.3 Into the new millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2.4 Present day ( 2008 -- present ) 2.5 Weather at midnight 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Past broadcasts 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Event organization ( edit ) Spectators celebrate the arrival of 2013 . Oswaldo San Andres and Lillianne Perez join Michael Bloomberg in activating the drop for 2007 . To facilitate the arrival of attendees , Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year 's Eve . The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as `` pens '' , into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival . Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) , even more so since the 2001 -- 02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks . Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen , and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event . Security was increased further for 2017 -- 18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31 , and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas ; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels , rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers , and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters . Festivities ( edit ) Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6 : 00 p.m. ET . Party favors are distributed to attendees , which have historically included large balloons , hats , and other items branded with the event 's corporate sponsors . The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries , along with live music performances by popular musicians . Some of these performances are organized by , and aired on New Year 's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square . The drop itself occurs at 11 : 59 p.m. -- the last minute of the year , and is ceremonially `` activated '' by a dignitary or celebrity joined on - stage by the current Mayor of New York City . The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square , along with the playing of `` Auld Lang Syne '' by Guy Lombardo , `` Theme from New York , New York '' by Frank Sinatra , `` America the Beautiful '' by Ray Charles , `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong , and `` Over the Rainbow '' by IZ . Since the 1996 New Year 's Eve celebration , the current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest , selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance , in ceremonially `` activating '' the ball drop by pressing a button , resembling a smaller version of the ball itself , at exactly one minute to midnight . The button itself does not actually trigger the drop ; that is done from a control room , synchronized using a government time signal . Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included : 1996 -- 1997 : Oseola McCarty 1997 -- 1998 : A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City 's centennial 1998 -- 1999 : Chinese gymnast Sang Lan ( who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City ) 1999 -- 2000 : Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders 2000 -- 2001 : Muhammad Ali 2001 -- 2002 : Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan ; this was Giuliani 's final act as mayor . Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002 , and took his oath of office shortly after midnight . 2002 -- 2003 : Christopher and Dana Reeve 2003 -- 2004 : Cyndi Lauper , along with Shoshana Johnson -- the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority 2004 -- 2005 : Secretary of State Colin Powell 2005 -- 2006 : Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis 2006 -- 2007 : A group of eight United States Armed Forces members 2007 -- 2008 : Karolina Wierzchowska , an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian 2008 -- 2009 : Bill and Hillary Clinton 2009 -- 2010 : Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report `` America 's Best High Schools Top 100 ' Gold Medal ' List '' 2010 -- 2011 : Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta 2011 -- 2012 : Musician Lady Gaga 2012 -- 2013 : The Rockettes 2013 -- 2014 : U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . 2014 -- 2015 : Cuban - American musician Jencarlos Canela , joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City , in partnership with the International Rescue Committee 2015 -- 2016 : Hugh Evans 2016 -- 2017 : United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; this was Ban Ki - moon 's final act as UN Secretary - General , as António Guterres took office on January 1 , 2017 . 2017 -- 2018 : Tarana Burke Since the 2005 -- 06 edition of the event , the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon 's song `` Imagine '' . Until 2009 -- 2010 , the original recording was used ; since 2010 -- 2011 , the song has been performed by the headlining act ; 2010 -- 2011 : Taio Cruz 2011 -- 2012 : Cee - Lo Green 2012 -- 2013 : Train 2013 -- 2014 : Melissa Etheridge 2014 -- 2015 : O.A.R. 2015 -- 2016 : Jessie J 2016 -- 2017 : Rachel Platten 2017 -- 2018 : Andy Grammer Past songs before the ball drop ( edit ) For 1999 - 2000 and 2000 - 01 , Times Square played `` Ascent of Time '' by Charles B. Kim , performed by the Peabody Symphony Orchestra of Johns Hopkins University . The piece included music from a `` virtual orchestra '' arranged by Forrest Tobey , played by computers , revolutionary for 1999 , because they expected great advancements in computer technology during the next millennium . To honor the victims of the September 11 attacks , the song was changed to `` God Bless America '' by Irving Berlin for 2001 - 02 . For 2002 - 03 and 2003 - 04 , the song was changed to Lee Greenwood 's God Bless the U.S.A. . The original version was played for 2002 - 03 , and the American Idol season 2 encore version was used for 2003 - 04 . `` God Bless America '' was again played for 2004 - 05 . Since 2005 - 06 , the last song of the year in Times Square has been `` Imagine '' . Cleanup ( edit ) After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees , cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning . Few traces of the previous night 's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed : following the 2013 -- 14 drop , the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 : 00 a.m. , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance . History ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200,000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building . Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration ; it was built from iron and wood , electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs , weighed 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) , and measured 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men . Once it hit the roof of the building , the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 - foot tall sign indicating the new year , and trigger a fireworks show . The first ever `` ball drop '' was held on December 31 , 1907 , welcoming the year 1908 . In 1913 , only eight years after it moved to One Times Square , the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street . The Times still maintained ownership of the tower , however , and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop . The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) ( edit ) The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a second design ; the second ball remained 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter , but was now constructed from iron , weighing 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) . The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II . Instead , a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square , accompanied by the sound of church bells and chimes played from sound trucks . The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955 ; again , it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors , but was now constructed from aluminium , and weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . In 1981 , the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign , with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple . For 1988 , organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day ( leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC , which is five hours before midnight in New York ) by extending the drop to 61 seconds , and by including a special one - second light show during the extra second . The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989 , but were replaced by red , white , and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield . The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996 , adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights , and over 12,000 rhinestones . Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were `` something ( that ) had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium . '' The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal ; the new system was not without issues , however , as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent . After its 44th use in 1999 , the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group , owners of One Times Square . Most recent incarnations The fourth ball ( on display at Waterford Crystal 's headquarters in Ireland ) The 2008 ball ( on display at Times Square Visitors Center ) The current ball , as seen in 2009 Into the New millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On December 28 , 1998 , during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani , organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium , and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal . The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop ; companies such as Discover Card , Korbel Champagne , and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square . The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as `` NYC 2000 '' , which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations . A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000 , which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry , representing countries entering the new year at that hour . Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators . The fourth ball , measuring 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds ( 490 kg ) , incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs , 504 triangle - shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford , 96 strobe lights , and spinning , pyramid - shaped mirrors . The ball was constructed at Waterford 's factory in Ireland , and was then shipped to New York City , where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed . Many of the triangles were inscribed with `` Hope '' - themed designs changing yearly , such as `` Hope for Fellowship '' , `` Hope for Wisdom '' , `` Hope for Unity '' , `` Hope for Courage '' , and `` Hope for Abundance '' . For 2002 , as part of the theme `` Hope for Healing '' , 195 of the ball 's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . In December 2011 , the `` Hope for Healing '' panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum . Present day ( 2008 -- Present ) ( edit ) In honor of the ball drop 's centennial anniversary , a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year 's Eve 2008 . Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , but weighing 1,212 pounds ( 550 kg ) , it used LED lamps provided by Philips ( which can produce 16,777,216 or 2 colors ) , with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City - based lighting firm Focus Lighting . The ball featured 9,576 energy - efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters . The 2008 ball was only used once , and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event . For 2009 , a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced -- an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps . Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball , at 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels , with a weight of 11,875 pounds ( 5,386 kg ) . It was designed to be weatherproof , as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year - round following the celebrations . Yearly themes for the ball 's crystal panels continued ; from 2008 to 2013 , the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as `` World of Celebration '' , including themes such as `` Let There Be Light '' and `` Let There Be Peace '' . For 2014 , all the ball 's panels were replaced , marking a new theme series known as `` Greatest Gifts '' , beginning with `` Gift of Imagination '' . The numerical sign indicating the year ( which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself ) uses Philips LED lamps . For 2014 , the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company 's `` Hue '' line of multi-color LED lamps , allowing them to have computerized lighting cues . Weather at midnight ( edit ) According to the National Weather Service , from 1907 to 2016 , the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) and the wind chill was − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . The warmest temperature was 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , in 1965 and 1972 . It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events ( one being light snow ) -- 1926 , 1934 , 1948 , 1952 , 1961 , 1967 , and 2009 -- and it has rained multiple times . Festivities in 2018 were the second - coldest on record due to an arctic air mass , forecast at 11 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) before wind chill . Broadcasting ( edit ) ABC News ' presence at Times Square for ABC 2000 Today As a public event , the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television . As of 2016 - 17 , a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage . The event is covered as part of New Year 's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks . By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ; created , produced , and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012 , and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy , the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC , where it has been broadcast ever since . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently been the most - watched New Year 's Eve special in the U.S. annually , peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition . Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012 , a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute . Across the remaining networks , NBC broadcasts New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year 's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes , which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year 's Eve Live until 2014 . From 2015 to 2017 , Fox broadcast Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution from Miami instead , but returned to New York - oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018 . Spanish - language network Univision broadcasts ¡ Feliz ! , hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca , while Telemundo has the Bienvedido series with Daniel Sarcos from Un Nuevo Dia for 2017 and Jorge Bernal from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! for 2018 . On cable , CNN carries coverage of the festivities , known as New Year 's Eve Live , which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square . Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo ; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018 . Fox News carries All - American New Year , which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square . Since 2009 , an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced , streamed via Livestream.com . Past broadcasts ( edit ) Beginning in the 1940s , NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television . Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show , continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno 's tenures on the program . NBC would introduce a dedicated special , New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , beginning in 2003 . From 1956 to 1976 , CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City , featuring his band 's famous rendition of `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight . After Lombardo 's death in 1977 , CBS and the Royal Canadians , now led by Victor Lombardo , attempted to continue the special . However , Guy 's absence and the growing popularity of ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely . The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special , Happy New Year , America , which ran in various formats with different hosts ( such as Paul Anka , Donny Osmond , Andy Williams , Paul Shaffer , and Montel Williams ) until it was discontinued after 1996 . CBS , barring a special America 's Millennium broadcast for 2000 , has no longer broadcast any national New Year 's programming since . For 2000 , in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day - long telecast , ABC 2000 Today . Hosted by Peter Jennings , the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world , including those in New York City . Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square . MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network 's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza . For 2011 , MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights , New Jersey , the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore , featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant `` hamster ball '' . Originally , MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square , but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg , whose mayoral term ended at midnight , did not attend , and celebrated privately with his family instead . Unlike Bloomberg 's inauguration in 2002 , which was held shortly after midnight , Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion . Jump up ^ Cee - Lo 's performance was criticized by fans for his change of a lyric relating to religion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to Times Square party ; 1 million expected '' . CNN . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve security main focus for NYPD '' . CNN . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Benjamin ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) . `` In Wake of Attacks , Tighter Security for Times Square on New Year 's Eve '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` For New Year 's Eve , the Tie - Ins Erupt '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Very Confetti New Year 's '' . Time . January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Etheridge added to Times Square New Year 's Eve lineup '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAYOR GIULIANI ANNOUNCES NEW TRADITION FOR NEW YEAR 'S EVE : COMMUNITY HERO TO LEAD TIMES SQUARE CELEBRATION '' . City of New York . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Balkin , Adam ( December 30 , 2003 ) . `` Technology Helps Times Square New Year 's Eve Ball Drop Run Smoothly '' . NY1 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Across America , traditions of ham hocks , Watch Nights and the Times Square ball '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CITY KEEPS THE BALL ROLLING IT 'S ANOTHER ROUND IN TIMES SQ . FOR SEASONED PARTYERS '' . New York Daily News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` On the ball : Sang Lan was in the spotlight on New Year 's ... '' Chicago Tribune . January 5 , 1999 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS TO JOIN TIMES SQUARE BALL DROP DURING NEW YEARS EVE FESTIVITIES '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ali To Drop Ball On New Year 's '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg '' . Gotham Gazette . January 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Times Square Crowd Watches Ball Drop '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 1 , 2003 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Announces Special Guest For New Year 's 2004 Celebration In New York '' . Life . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regis , Colin Powell ring in New Year 's with'energy , enthusiasm ' '' . USA Today . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neither rain nor snow slows Times Sq . party '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military Service Members Honored at Time Square Celebration '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square New Year 's gala turns 100 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers ring in 2009 in Times Square '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best High Schools Heads to Times Square '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Salvatore Giunta in NYC for New Year 's Eve '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga to perform on New Year 's Eve in Times Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifman , David ( December 28 , 2012 ) . `` Rockettes to join Mayor Bloomberg on New Year 's Eve '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sotomayor to officiate at Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brrr - Braving the Ball Drop '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's In Times Square : Jencarlos Canela Will Be The First Latino To Push Ball Drop Countdown Button '' . Latin Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Ball Nearly Ready For New Year 's Eve In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activist to Help Drop Crystal Ball In Times Square '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` António Guterres appointed next UN Secretary - General by acclamation '' . United Nations . United Nations News Service . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. secretary - general to kick off Times Square New Year 's Eve countdown '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Founder of `` Me Too '' Movement , Tarana Burke , to be Special Guest of Times Square New Year 's Eve '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fans angry that Cee Lo changed ' Imagine ' lyrics '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golgowski , Nina ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Cee Lo Green changes lyrics to Lennon 's Imagine to include pro-religion message enraging fans '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz To Perform ' Imagine ' During New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Times Square New Year 's Eve Webcast : Watch Train , Cassadee Pope '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Organizers Release Star - Studded Roster Of Musical Talent Set To Perform Live In Times Square '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers To Install 288 New Waterford Crystals On New Year 's Eve Ball '' . CBS New York . CBS Radio . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square Alliance : Gavin DeGraw and Rachel Platten to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-Platinum Pop Singer and Songwriter Andy Grammer to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square New Year 's Eve Features `` Virtual '' Orchestra , Anthem from Peabody `` . November 27 , 1999 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Deconstructed -- Times Square Ball -- Lots of Sparkle for a Swift Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kushner , David ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` This New Year 's Eve , Technology Will Drop the Ball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Times Square '' . London : The Telegraph . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of New Year 's Holidays Worldwide . McFarland . p. 242 . ISBN 9781476607481 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( December 31 , 1987 ) . `` ' 88 Countdown : 3 , 2 , 1 , Leap Second , 0 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Larry . `` Bigger Ball to Peg Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` When Party Is Over , the Ball Lands Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( December 29 , 1998 ) . `` Here Comes 2000 , With Sponsors , Too ; Official Products in the Right Place : Millennial Partying in Times Sq '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Tina ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` There 's Another Countdown Before the Famed ' 10 , 9 , 8 ... ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year Theme Right On The Ball '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL SEPTEMBER 11 MEMORIAL MUSEUM TO ACCEPT SPECIAL COLLECTION OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL TRIANGLES FROM 2001 / 2002 TIMES SQUARE BALL '' ( PDF ) . nat . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve Preparations Under Way In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waterford and Times Square New Year 's Eve Reveal `` Gift of Imagination '' Crystal Design as Part of New 10 - Year `` Greatest Gifts '' Series `` . Waterford Crystal press release . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philips hue to Mark Colorful Start to 2014 at Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' ( Press release ) . Philips . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve / Ball Drop Weather at Central Park '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Forecast Office New York , New York . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Times Square braces for one of coldest New Year 's Eve parties on record '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Team Behind Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . TV Technology . NewBay Media . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` 4 Decades Later , He Still Counts '' . New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barmash , Jerry . `` Marking New Year 's Eve at Times Square Without Dick Clark '' . FishbowlNY . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ratings : Ryan Seacrest 's Rockin ' Eve Hits All - Time Highs , Fox 's Steve Harvey a Big Improvement Over Pitbull '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Nielsens : Clark 's ' Rockin ' Eve , ' football start year well '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to 2012 : What to watch on New Year 's Eve '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ring in the new year with Ryan , Carson or Anderson '' . Bradenton Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull to Host New Year 's Eve Live Show for Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Swaps Pitbull for Steve Harvey on New Year 's Eve '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` CNN Will Replace Kathy Griffin With Andy Cohen for New Year 's Eve '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` TV highlights : Networks compete for most entertaining New Year 's show '' . Washington Post . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taub , Erica A. ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` New Year 's Eve in Times Square Is Now a Webcast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Extra-bright ball to drop at Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenberg , Ann ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Battle of Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans Preferred Celebrating New Year 's Without Television '' . CNSNews.com . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Stephen ( December 31 , 1999 ) . `` New Year 's song remains ingrained in public mind '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Past , Present , and ... Future ? '' . Los Angeles Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Next week to be 25th New Year 's Eve without Guy Lombardo '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Carol Burton . `` New Guy Lombardo ? Dick Clark sees New Year 's tradition '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 28 , 2000 ) . `` Dick Clark offers longer New Year 's Eve special '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snooki ' dropped ' from Times Square New Year 's Eve celebration '' . Staten Island Advance . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Year celebrations in Times Square . Official website New Year 's Eve on the Times Square Alliance website ( hide ) New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 11 '' W / 40.7564 ° N 73.9865 ° W / 40.7564 ; - 73.9865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Square_Ball&oldid=837280602 '' Categories : Culture of New York City New Year celebrations Recurring events established in 1907 Times Square Winter traditions Festivals established in 1907 December events 1907 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first ball drop at times square	[ "The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs, owner of The New York Times newspaper, as a successor to a series of New Year's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times, while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss. First held on December 31, 1907, to welcome 1908, the ball drop has been held annually since, except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts.\n" ]	[ "December 31, 1907" ]
5196284034381167623	Arunachal Pradesh	Arunachal Pradesh - wikipedia Arunachal Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search `` Arunachal '' redirects here . For the hill at Thiruvannamalai , see Arunachala . Arunachal Pradesh State Seal Coordinates ( Itanagar ) : 27 ° 04 ′ N 93 ° 22 ′ E / 27.06 ° N 93.37 ° E / 27.06 ; 93.37 Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ N 93 ° 22 ′ E / 27.06 ° N 93.37 ° E / 27.06 ; 93.37 Country India Established 20 February 1987 Capital Itanagar Largest city Itanagar Districts 20 Government Body Government of Arunachal Pradesh Governor Brig . ( Dr . ) B.D. Mishra ( Retd . ) Chief Minister Pema Khandu ( BJP ) Legislature Unicameral ( 60 seats ) Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha 1 Lok Sabha 2 High Court Guwahati High Court - Itanagar Bench Area Total 83,743 km ( 32,333 sq mi ) Area rank 15th Population ( 2011 ) Total 1,382,611 Rank 27th Density 17 / km ( 43 / sq mi ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) ISO 3166 code IN - AR HDI 0.617 ( medium ) HDI rank 18th ( 2005 ) Literacy 66.95 % Official languages English Website arunachalpradesh.gov.in State symbols of Arunachal Pradesh Animal Bos frontalis Bird Hornbill Flower Foxtail orchid Tree Hollong Arunachal Pradesh / ˌɑːrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ / is one of the 29 states of India and is the northeastern-most state of the country . Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west , Myanmar in the east and is separated from China in the north by the disputed McMahon Line . Itanagar is the capital of the state . A major part of the state is claimed by the Republic of China , and the People 's Republic of China referring to it as `` South Tibet '' . The major part of the state which is claimed by China , was temporarily occupied by Chinese forces during the 1962 war . Land of the Dawn - Lit Mountains is the sobriquet for the state in Sanskrit ; it is also known as the Orchid State of India or the Paradise of the Botanists . Geographically , it is the largest of the North - eastern states known as the Seven Sister States . As in other parts of Northeast India , the people native to the state trace their origins to the Tibeto - Burman people . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Drawing of McMahon line 1.3 Sino - Indian War 1.3. 1 Tawang 1.4 Current name 1.5 Politics 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Biodiversity 3 Districts 4 Major Towns 4.1 Municipal Councils 4.2 Municipal Boards 4.3 Notified Towns 5 Economy 6 Tourism 7 Demographics 7.1 Religion 7.2 Languages 8 Transport 8.1 Air 8.2 Roads 8.3 Railway 9 Education 10 State symbols 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The history of pre-modern Arunachal Pradesh is unclear . According to the Arunachal Pradesh government , the Hindu texts Kalika Purana and Mahabharata mention the region as the Prabhu Mountains of the Puranas , and where sage Parashuram washed away sins , the sage Vyasa meditated , King Bhishmaka founded his kingdom , and Lord Krishna married his consort Rukmini . Recorded history from an outside perspective only became available in the Ahom and Chutiya chronicles . The Monpa and Sherdukpen do keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well . Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul , which flourished between 500 B.C. and 600 A.D. The remaining parts of the state , especially those bordering Myanmar , were under the control of the Chutiya Kings until the Ahom - Chutiya battle in the 16th century . The Ahoms held the areas until the annexation of India by the British in 1858 . However , most Arunachali tribes remained in practice largely autonomous up until Indian independence and the formalisation of indigenous administration in 1947 . Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples , such as the 14th century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in West Siang , indicate they were built during the Chutiya reign . Another notable heritage site , Bhismaknagar , has led to suggestions that the Idu ( Mishmi ) had an advanced culture and administration in prehistoric times . Again , however , no evidence directly associates Bhismaknagar with this or any other known culture but the Chutiya rulers held the areas around Bhismaknagar from the 12th to 16th century . The third heritage site , the 400 - year - old Tawang Monastery in the extreme north - west of the state , provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people . The sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso was born in Tawang . Drawing of McMahon line ( edit ) British map published in 1909 showing the Indo - Tibetan traditional border ( eastern section , top right ) British map published in 1922 shows an Indo - Bhutan - Tibetan border different from the 1909 map . In 1913 -- 1914 representatives of China , Tibet and Britain met in India ending with the Simla Accord with Tibetian and British representatives agreeing on the McMahon Line . However , the Chinese representatives refused the territory negotiation . This treaty 's objective was to define the borders between Inner and Outer Tibet as well as between Outer Tibet and British India . British administrator , Sir Henry McMahon , drew up the 550 miles ( 890 km ) McMahon Line as the border between British India and Outer Tibet during the Simla Conference . The Tibetan and British representatives at the conference agreed to the line , and Tawang and other areas ceded to the British Empire , since the British were not able to get an acceptance from China , Chinese considered the MacMahon line invalid . The Chinese representative refused to accept the agreement and walked out . The Tibetan and British governments went ahead with the Simla Agreement and declared that the benefits of other articles of this treaty would not be bestowed on China as long as it stays out of the purview . Tibet administered its territory until 1950 . The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China : Tibet could not have independently signed treaties , and per the Anglo - Chinese ( 1906 ) and Anglo - Russian ( 1907 ) conventions , any such agreement was invalid without Chinese assent . However , with the collapse of Chinese power in Tibet , the line had no serious challenges as Tibet had signed the convention . In 1935 , a Deputy Secretary in the Foreign Department Olaf Caroe `` discovered '' that McMahon Line was not drawn on official maps . The Survey of India published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937 . In 1938 , the British finally published the Simla Convention as a bilateral accord two decades after the Simla Conference ; in 1938 the Survey of India published a detailed map showing Tawang as part of North - East Frontier Agency . In 1944 Britain established administrations in the area from Dirang Dzong in the west to Walong in the east . The situation developed further as India became independent in 1947 and the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) was established in 1949 . In November 1950 , with the PRC poised to take over Tibet by force , India showed support for the Tibetan government to some extent irking the Chinese government . The McMahon Line was considered invalid by the Chinese government . Journalist Sudha Ramachandran argued that China claims Tawang on behalf of Tibetans and Tibetans are not claiming Tawang to be Tibetan territory . The Dalai Lama was upset over Mao 's `` Cultural Revolution '' which affected Tibet seriously . In January 2007 , he said that in 1914 both the Tibetan government and Britain recognized the McMahon Line . In 2008 , he said that `` Arunchal Pradesh was a part of India under the agreement signed by Tibetan and British representatives '' . According to the Dalai Lama , `` In 1962 during the India - China war , the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) occupied all these areas ( Arunachal Pradesh ) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew , accepting the current international boundary '' . Sino - Indian war ( edit ) Main article : Sino - Indian War The NEFA ( North - East Frontier Agency ) was created in 1954 . The issue was quiet for nearly a decade , with a period of cordial Sino - Indian relations , but its resurgence in 1960 was a factor leading to the Sino - Indian border conflict of 1962 . During the war in 1962 , China captured most of the area of Arunachal Pradesh . However , China soon declared victory , withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963 . It is believed by some commentators that Mao wanted to intimidate India for its continued support of the Dalai Lama , and for its stance on Tibet being an independent state and not a Chinese territory . There was a significant influx of Tibetan refugees into India , primarily to Dharamshala in North India . The war resulted in the termination of barter trade with Tibet , although since 2007 the Indian government has shown signs of wanting to resume barter trade . Tawang ( edit ) Tawang Monastery ( Tibetan Buddhist ) In recent years , China has occasionally made statements in conjunction with its claims on Tawang . India has rebutted these claims by the Chinese government and the Indian Prime Minister has informed the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India . India reiterated this to the Chinese prime minister when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009 . It was reported that during 2016 , the Chinese Army had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh . This was refuted by the Minister of State for Home Affairs , Kiren Rijiju . Later , in April 2017 , a publicized visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama ( and an earlier visit by the US ambassador to India ) was strongly objected to by China and is thought to have strained Indo - China relations . China has previously also objected to the Dalai Lama 's visits to the area . Current name ( edit ) NEFA was renamed as Arunachal Pradesh by Late Sri Bibhabasu Das Shastri , the then Director of Research and K.A.A. Raja , the then Chief Commissioner of Arunachal Pradesh on 20 January 1972 , and it became a Union Territory . Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987 . More recently , Arunachal Pradesh has come to face threats from certain insurgent groups , notably the National Socialist Council of Nagaland ( NSCN ) , who are believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and Tirap . These groups intend to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and want to merge a few territories of Arunachal Pradesh into Nagaland . Especially along the Tibetan border , the Indian army has a considerable presence due to concerns about Chinese intentions in the region . Special permits called Inner Line Permits ( ILP ) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with Assam . China renamed six places in Arunachal Pradesh in 2017 and since then these new names started to appear in Chinese maps . Politics ( edit ) See also : Political Parties in Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh suffered political crisis between April 2016 and December 2016 . The Indian National Congress Chief Minister Nabam Tuki replaced Jarbom Gamlin as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 1 November 2011 and continued till January 2016 . After a political crisis in 2016 , President 's rule was imposed ending his tenure as the chief minister . In February 2016 , Kalikho Pul became the Chief Minister when 14 disqualified MLAs were reinstated by the Supreme Court . On 13 July 2016 , the Supreme Court quashed the Arunachal Pradesh Governor J.P. Rajkhowa 's order to advance the Assembly session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015 , which resulted in President 's rule in Arunachal Pradesh . As a result , Nabam Tuki was reinstated as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 13 July 2016 . But hours before floor test , he resigned as the chief minister on 16 July 2016 . He was succeeded by Pema Khandu as the INC Chief Minister who later joined PPA in September 2016 along with majority of MLAs . Pema Khandu further joined BJP in December 2016 along with majority of MLAs . Geography ( edit ) A kettle lake at Se La in Tawang district . A view from Bhalukpong , a small town by the southern reaches of the Himalayas . Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28 ° N and 29.30 ° N latitude and 91.20 ° E and 97.30 ° E longitude and has an area of 83,743 km The topography rapidly rises to 7000 m at its highest peak . Kangte , Nyegi Kangsang , the main Gorichen peak and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas . Numerous river valleys dissect the precipitous terrain of Arunachal . Some of the major rivers are Kameng , Subansiri , Siang , Dibang , Lohit and Noa - Dihing rivers . Mountains till the Siang river are classified under the Eastern Himalayas mountain range . Between the Siang river and the Noa - Dihing river is classified as the Mishmi Hills that may be part of the Hengduan Shan , but the true extents of these mountains is unclear . South of the Noa - Dihing in Tirap and Longding districts , these mountains are parts of the Patkai Range . The rivers are fed by immense abundance of forest cover that absorb moisture and transfer it to subsurface flows . Summer melt water from snow caps also contribute to the volume of water . Either or both Dong Basti and Vijaynagar basti in Arunachal Pradesh receives the first morning sun rays in the entire country , as the easternmost village of the country . The mountain ranges in Arunachal Pradesh are described as `` the place where the sun rises '' in historical Indian texts and named the Aruna Mountains . Climate ( edit ) The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation . The low altitude 100 -- 1500 m ) have a Humid subtropical climate . High altitude and very high altitude areas ( 3500 -- 5500 m ) have a subtropical highland climate and alpine climate . Arunachal Pradesh receives 2,000 to 5,000 millimetres ( 79 to 197 in ) of rainfall annually , 70 - 80 % obtained between May and October . Biodiversity ( edit ) In the year 2000 Arunachal Pradesh was covered with 63,093 km of tree cover ( 77 % of its land area ) . Arunachal 's forests account for one - third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot - spot . In 2013 , 31,273 km of Arunachal 's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests ( 65,730 km , including forests in Myanmar , China and Bhutan ) known as Intact Forest Landscapes . It harbors over 5000 plants , about 85 terrestrial mammals , over 500 birds and a large number of butterflies , insects and reptiles . At the lowest elevations , essentially at Arunachal Pradesh 's border with Assam , are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests . Much of the state , including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills , are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests . Toward the northern border with Tibet , with increasing elevation , come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks . It supports a large number of medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants . The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine , temperate , and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron , oak , pine , maple and fir . The state has Mouling and Namdapha national parks . Districts ( edit ) Main article : Districts of Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh districts Arunachal Pradesh is divided into twenty districts , each administered by a district collector . The districts are : Tawang District West Kameng District East Kameng District Papum Pare District Kurung Kumey District Kra Daadi District Lower Subansiri District Upper Subansiri District West Siang District Central Siang District East Siang District Upper Siang District Upper Dibang Valley District Lower Dibang Valley District Anjaw District Lohit District Namsai District Changlang District Tirap District Longding District Major towns ( edit ) Below are the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh . Municipal Councils ( edit ) Itanagar Municipal Corporation ( for greater Itanagar ) Pasighat Municipal Council Municipal Boards ( edit ) Along ( Aalo ) Seppa Tezu Daporijo Namsai Ziro Roing Tawang Khonsa Bomdila Pasighat Notified Towns ( edit ) Jairampur Deomali Yingkiong Changlang Miao Basar Dirang Anini Koloriang Rupa Boleng Hawai Sagalee Yupia Doimukh Gumto Longding Pangin Likabali Malinithan Bhalukpong Nampong Hayuliang Palin Jamin Bhismaknagar Akshiganga Economy ( edit ) See also : List of Indian states by GDP The chart below displays the trend of the gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in billions of Indian Rupees . Year Gross Domestic Product ( Billion INR ) 1980 1.070 1985 2.690 5.080 1995 11.840 2000 17.830 2005 31.880 65.210 2014 155.880 Arunachal Pradesh 's gross state domestic product was estimated at US $706 million at current prices in 2004 and US $1.75 billion at current prices in 2012 . Agriculture primarily drives the economy . Jhum , the local term used for shifting cultivation is being widely practised among the tribal groups , though owing to the gradual growth of other sources of income in the recent years , it is not being practised as prominently as it was earlier . Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 square kilometres of forests , and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy . Among the crops grown here are rice , maize , millet , wheat , pulses , sugarcane , ginger , and oilseeds . Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards . Its major industries are rice mills , fruit preservation and processing units , and handloom handicrafts . Sawmills and plywood trades are prohibited under law . There are many saw mills in AP . Arunachal Pradesh accounts for a large percentage share of India 's untapped hydroelectric potential . In 2008 , the government of Arunachal Pradesh signed numerous memorandum of understanding with various companies planning some 42 hydroelectric schemes that will produce electricity in excess of 27,000 MW . Construction of the Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project , which is expected to generate between 10,000 and 12,000 MW , began in April 2009 . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in North East India Birsa Munda Waterfall Mehao Lake The state , on account of its unrivalled aesthetics and diverse cultural heritage possesses a great tourism potential . Popular tourist attractions include Tawang ( a town with a Buddhist monastery ) at 3000 m elevation , Ziro ( which holds cultural festivals ) , Yomcha ( limestone caves called ' tapen uru ' ) , the Namdapha tiger project in Changlang district and Sela lake near Bomdila with its bamboo bridges overhanging the river . Religious places of interest include Malinithan in Lekhabali , Rukhmininagar near Roing ( the place as per the popular Hindu mythology , Rukmini , Lord Krishna 's wife , said to have lived ) , and Parshuram Kund in Lohit district as Puranas is the lake where sage Parshuram washed away his sins , The Ganga lake ( Gyaker sinyi or Gekar Sinyi ) and various other tourist hot spots . Golden Pagoda at Namsai The state provides abundant scope for angling , boating , rafting , trekking and hiking . Rafting and trekking are common activities . Some suggested routes for travel or trekking are Tezpur -- Tipi -- Bomdila - Tawang - se la pass Tinsukia -- Tezu - Parasuramkund Margherita -- Miao - Namdapha Itanagar -- Ziro - Daporijo -- Along ( or Aalo ) - Pasighat . Aalo -- Yomcha ( 52 km ) Over the years , the Jawaharlal Nehru Museum , Itanagar has become an important tourist destination in the state capital . The Golden Pagoda Monastery at Namsai is another tourist attraction . The state is rich in wildlife and has a number of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks with rare animals , birds and plants . Perhaps the highest diversity of mammals in India is in Arunachal Pradesh ( 200 + species ) . The diversity of birds is also very high , 700 + and is second only to Assam . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh Nishi man in traditional dress ( show ) Population Growth Census Pop . % ± 1961 337,000 -- 1971 468,000 38.9 % 1981 632,000 35.0 % 1991 865,000 36.9 % 1,098,000 26.9 % 2011 1,382,611 25.9 % Source : Census of India First ever census was carried out in 1961 . Arunachal Pradesh can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres , on the basis of tribal identity , language , religion and material culture : the Tibetic area bordering Bhutan in the west , the Tani area in the centre of the state , the Mishmi area to the east of the Tani area , the Tai / Singpho / Tangsa area bordering Myanmar , and the `` Naga '' area to the south , which also borders Myanmar . In between there are transition zones , such as the Aka / Hruso / Miji / Sherdukpen area , which provides a `` buffer '' of sorts between the Tibetan Buddhist tribes and the animist Tani hill tribes . In addition , there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state , such as the Sulung . Within each of these cultural spheres , one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions . In the Tibetic area , one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople , with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages , and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees . Within the Tani area , major tribes include the Nyishi . Apatani also live among the Nyishi , but are distinct . In the centre , one finds predominantly Galo people , with the major sub-groups of Karka , Lodu , Bogum , Lare and Pugo among others , extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas ( which are close in many ways to Galo ) . In the east , one finds the Adi with many subtribes including Padam , Pasi , Minyong and Bokar , among others . Milang , while also falling within the general `` Adi '' sphere , are in many ways quite distinct . Moving east , the Idu , Miju and Digaru make up the `` Mishmi '' cultural - linguistic area , which may or may not form a coherent historical grouping . Moving southeast , the Tai Khamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes . They follow the Theravada ∞ sect of Buddhism . They also exhibit considerable convergence with the Singpho and Tangsa tribes of the same area , all of which are also found in Burma . Besides , the Nocte and Wancho exhibit cultural and possibly also linguistic affinities to the tribes of Nagaland , which they border . Buddhism is practised by 13 % of the population . Shown here is a statue of the Buddha in Tawang , Arunachal Pradesh . Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95 % in 2011 from 54.74 % in 2001 . The literate population is said to number 789,943 . The number of literate males is 454,532 ( 73.69 % ) and the number of literate females is 335,411 ( 59.57 % ) . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Arunachal Pradesh Religion in State ( 2011 ) Christianity ( 30.26 % ) Hinduism ( 29.04 % ) Donyi - Polo ( 26.2 % ) Tibetan Buddhism ( 11.76 % ) Islam ( 1.9 % ) Other ( 0.84 % ) An uncertain but relatively large percentage of Arunachal 's population are nature worshippers ( indigenous religions ) , and follow their own distinct traditional institutions like the Nyedar Namlo by the Nyishi , the Rangfrah by the Tangsa & Nocte , Medar Melo by the Apatani , the Kargu Gamgi by the Galo and Donyi - Polo Dere by the Adi under the umbrella of the indigenous religion the Donyi - Polo . A small number of Arunachali people have traditionally identified as Hindus , although the number may grow as animist traditions are merged with Hindu traditions . Tibetan Buddhism predominates in the districts of Tawang , West Kameng , and isolated regions adjacent to Tibet . Theravada Buddhism is practised by groups living near the Burmese border . Around 30 % of the population are followers of the Christian faith . According to the 2011 Indian Census , the religions of Arunachal Pradesh break down as follows : Christian : 418,732 ( 30.26 % ) Hindu : 401,876 ( 29.04 % ) Others ( mostly Donyi - Polo ) : 362,553 ( 26.2 % ) Buddhist : 162,815 ( 11.76 % ) Muslim : 27,045 ( 1.9 % ) Sikh : 1,865 ( 0.1 % ) Jain : 216 ( < 0.1 % ) As per 2001 census , out of the 705,158 tribals living in Arunachal , 333,102 are Animist ( 47.24 % ) , 186,617 are Christian ( 26.46 % ) , 92,577 are Hindu ( 13.13 % ) , and 82,634 are Buddhist ( 11.72 % ) . Out of the 101 recognised tribes , 37 have an animist majority ( Nyishi , Adi Gallong , Tagin , Adi Minyong , Adi , Apatani. etc . ) , 23 have a Christian majority ( Wancho , Mossang Tangsa , Bori , Lisu or Yobin. etc . ) , 15 have a Hindu majority ( Mishmi , Mishing / Miri , Deori , Aka , Longchang Tangsa. etc . ) and 17 have a Buddhist majority ( Chakma , Monpa , Khampti , Tawang Monpa , Momba , Singpho , Sherdukpen. etc . ) . The remaining eight tribes are multi-faith , i.e. , they do not have a dominant religion ( Nocte , Tangsa , Naga. etc . ) . Languages ( edit ) Languages of Arunachal Pradesh in 2001 Nyishi ( 18.94 % ) Adi ( 17.57 % ) Bengali ( 8.8 % ) Nepali ( 8.5 % ) Hindi ( 7.3 % ) Assamese ( 4.6 % ) Monpa ( 5.1 % ) Wancho ( 4.3 % ) Tangsa ( 3.1 % ) Mishmi ( 3.1 % ) Mishing ( 3.0 % ) Nocte ( 2.9 % ) Other ( 11.5 % ) Modern - day Arunachal Pradesh is one of the linguistically richest and most diverse regions in all of Asia , being home to at least 30 and possibly as many as 50 distinct languages in addition to innumerable dialects and subdialects thereof . Boundaries between languages very often correlate with tribal divisions -- for example , the Apatani and Nyishi are tribally and linguistically distinct -- but shifts in tribal identity and alignment over time have also ensured that a certain amount of complication enters into the picture -- for example , the Galo language is and has seemingly always been linguistically distinct from Adi , whereas the earlier tribal alignment of Galo with Adi ( i.e. , `` Adi Gallong '' ) has only recently been essentially dissolved . The vast majority of languages indigenous to modern - day Arunachal Pradesh belong to the Tibeto - Burman family . The majority of these in turn belong to a single branch of Tibeto - Burman , namely Abo - Tani language . Almost all Tani languages are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh , including ( moving from west to east ) the Nyishi , the Apatani , the Tagin , the Galo , the Bokar , the Adi , the Padam , the Pasi , and the Minyong . The Tani languages are noticeably characterised by an overall relative uniformity , suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present - day area of concentration . Most of the Tani languages are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language , meaning that the area constitutes a dialect chain , as was once found in much of Europe ; only Apatani and Milang stand out as relatively unusual in the Tani context . Tani languages are among the better - studied languages of the region . To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the `` Mishmi '' group of Tibeto - Burman : Idu , Digaru and Miju . A number of speakers of these languages are also found in Tibet . The relationships of these languages , both amongst one another and to other area languages , are as yet uncertain . Further south , one finds the Singpho ( Kachin ) language , which is primarily spoken by large populations in Myanmar 's Kachin State , and the Nocte and Wancho languages , which show affiliations to certain Naga languages spoken to the south in modern - day Nagaland . To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four Bodic languages , including Dakpa and Tshangla language ; within modern - day India , these languages go by the cognate but , in usage , distinct designations Monpa and Memba . Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring Bhutan and Tibet , and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions . Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie a large number of almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages , which , speculatively considered Tibeto - Burman , exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations . Among them are Sherdukpen , Bugun , Aka / Hruso , Koro , Miji , Bangru and Puroik / Sulung . The high linguistic significance these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them , even in view of their highly endangered status . Puroik , in particular , is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto - historical and anthropological - linguistic perspectives , and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print . Finally , other then the Bodic and Tani groups there are also certain migratory languages which are largely spoken by migratory and central government employees serving in the state in different departments and institutions in modern - day Arunachal Pradesh . They are classified as Non-Tribal as per the provisions of the Constitution of India . Outside of Tibeto - Burman , one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the Tai family , spoken by tribes like the Khampti and Singpho , which is closely affiliated to the Shan language of Myanmar 's Shan State . Seemingly , Khampti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates to 18th and / or early 19th - century migrations from northern Myanmar . In addition to these non-Indo - European languages , the Indo - European languages Assamese , Bengali , English , Nepali and especially Hindi are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh . Primarily as a result of the primary education system -- in which classes are generally taught by Hindi - speaking immigrant teachers from Bihar and other Hindi - speaking parts of northern India , a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-creolized variety of Hindi as a mother tongue . Hindi acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state . Despite , or perhaps because of , the linguistic diversity of the region , English is the only official language recognised in the state . The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2001 census are Nyishi ( 208,337 ) , Adi ( 193,379 ) , Bengali ( 97,149 ) , Nepali ( 94,919 ) , Hindi ( 81,186 ) , Monpa ( 55,428 ) , Assamese ( 51,551 ) , Wancho ( 48,544 ) , Tangsa ( 34,231 ) , Mishmi ( 33,522 ) , Mishing ( 33,381 ) , Nocte ( 32,591 ) , and Others ( 64,711 ) . Transport ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Itanagar Airport , a Greenfield project serving Itanagar is being planned at Holongi at a cost of Rs. 6.50 billion . The existing state owned Daporijo Airport , Ziro Airport , Along Airport , Tezu Airport and Pasighat Airport are small and are not in operation . The government has proposed to operationalise these airports . Before the state was connected by roads , these airstrips were originally used for the transportation of food . Roads ( edit ) Road Tinsukia to Parashuram Kund in Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh has two highways : the 336 km National Highway 52 , completed in 1998 , which connects Jonai with Dirak , and another highway , which connects Tezpur in Assam with Tawang . Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Services ( or APSTS ) is the state - owned road transport corporation . APSTS is running daily bus services from Itanagar to most district headquarters including Tezpur , Guwahati in Assam and Shillong in Meghalaya as well as Dimapur in Nagaland . As of 2007 , every village has been connected by road thanks to funding provided by the central government . Every small town has its own bus station and daily bus services are available . All places are connected to Assam , which has increased trading activity . An additional National Highway is being constructed following the Stillwell Ledo Road , which connects Ledo in Assam to Jairampur in Arunachal . Work on the ambitious 2,400 km two - lane Trans - Arunachal Highway Project announced by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 31 January 2008 on his maiden visit to the state , was scheduled to be completed by 2015 -- 16 but now due to political and social reasons it may take another decade . New longest India bridge is already constructed because of prime minister Narendra modi on 28 May 2017 . In 2014 , two major highways were proposed to be built in the state : East - West Industrial Corridor Highway , Arunachal Pradesh in the lower foot hills of the state and 2,000 - kilometre - long ( 1,200 mi ) Mago - Thingbu to Vijaynagar Arunachal Pradesh Frontier Highway along the McMahon Line , alignment map of which can be seen here and here . Railway ( edit ) Arunachal Pradesh got its first railway line in late 2013 with the opening of the new link line from Harmuti on the main Rangpara North - Murkongselak railway line to Naharlagun in Arunachal Pradesh . The construction of the 33 kilometre 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge railway line was completed in 2012 , and the link became operational after the gauge conversion of the main line from Assam . The state capital Itanagar was added to the Indian railway map on 12 April 2014 via the newly built 20 kilometre Harmuti - Naharlagun railway line , when a train from Dekargaon in Assam reached Naharlagun railway station , 10 kilometres from the centre of Itanagar , a total distance of 181 kilometres . On 20 February 2015 the first through train was run from New Delhi to Naharlagun , flagged off from the capital by the Indian prime minister , Narendra Modi . India plans to eventually extend the railway to Tawang , near the border with China . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Arunachal Pradesh See also : List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh NERIST academic block St Claret College Ziro The state government is expanding the relatively underdeveloped education system with the assistance of NGOs like Vivekananda Kendra , leading to a sharp improvement in the state 's literacy rate . The main universities are the Rajiv Gandhi University ( formerly known as Arunachal University ) , under which come 36 institutions offering regular undergraduate courses as well as teacher education and health sciences and nursing degrees , both under governmental and private managements , Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University and Himalayan University as well . The first college , Jawaharlal Nehru College , Pasighat , was established in 1964 . The First Technical University is Established in 2014 namely North East Frontier Technical University ( NEFTU ) . In Aalo , West Siang District by The Automobile Society India , New Delhi . There is also a deemed university , the North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology as well as the National Institute of Technology , Arunachal Pradesh , established on 18 August 2010 , is located in Yupia ( headquarter of Itanagar ) . NERIST plays an important role in technical and management higher education . The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states . Of the above institutions , only the following institutions are accredited by NAAC ( National Assessment and Accreditation Council ) , in the order of their grade : Jawaharlal Nehru College , Pasighat ( Grade A ) , St Claret College , Ziro ( Grade A ) , Indira Gandhi Govt . College , Tezu ( Grade B++ ) , Rajiv Gandhi University ( Grade B ) , National Institute of Technology , Arunachal Pradesh ( Grade B ) , Dera Natung Government College , Itanagar ( Grade B ) , Govt . College , Bomdila ( Grade B ) , Donyi Polo Govt . College , Kamki ( Grade B ) , and Rang Frah Govt . College , Changeling ( Grade C ) . There are also trust institutes , like Pali Vidyapith , run by Buddhists . They teach Pali and Khamti scripts in addition to typical education subjects . Khamti is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script . Libraries of scriptures are in a number of places in Lohit district , the largest one being in Chowkham . The state has two polytechnic institutes : Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic in Itanagar established in 2002 and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar established in 2006 . There is one law college called Arunachal Law Academy at Itanagar . The College of Horticulture and Forestry is affiliated to the Central Agricultural University , Imphal . State symbols ( edit ) State Bird State Flower State Animal State Tree Ref Hornbill Foxtail Orchid Mithun Hollong See also ( edit ) Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal India portal Himalaya region portal Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh Religion in Arunachal Pradesh List of people from Arunachal Pradesh List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region Sino - Indian border dispute South Tibet McMahon Line North - East Frontier Agency Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2014 ; Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Government Jump up ^ Mishra , BD ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` Retired Armyman BD Mishra Appointed New Arunachal Governor '' . NDTV News . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh '' . 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Four Villages East of the River ( ) South Tibet / Arunachal Pradesh ( ) Mongolia ( ) Jiangxinpo / Northern Kachin ( ) Kuril ( ) Liancourt Rocks ( ) Noktundo ( ) Paracels ( ) Senkaku ( ) Scarborough Shoal ( ) Sir Creek ( ) Spratlys ( ) Taiwan Area ( ) Bạch Long Vĩ island ( ) 1 : Inactive dispute 2 : Divided among multiple claimants VIAF : 244714539 GND : 4370617 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arunachal_Pradesh&oldid=807486361 '' Categories : Arunachal Pradesh Northeast India States and union territories of India Seven Sister States English - speaking countries and territories Territorial disputes of China Territorial disputes of India Tibet States and territories established in 1987 1987 establishments in India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which indian state is the first to get the morning rays of the sun	[ "Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑːrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 29 states of India and is the northeastern-most state of the country. Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east and is separated from China in the north by the disputed McMahon Line. Itanagar is the capital of the state." ]	[ "Arunachal Pradesh" ]
9162839393785194199	United States twenty-dollar bill	United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx . 1.0 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , Andrew Jackson , has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 ; the White House is featured on the reverse . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . About 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre -- Federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and Pocahontas 's marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design , with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate , with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note , with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note , with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on the front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=826373896 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appeared on the u.s. $20 dollar bill in 1875	[ "\n1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.\n1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.\n1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.\n1865: A national bank note with \"The Battle of Lexington\" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.\n1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.\n1875: As above, except with a different reverse.\n1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.\n1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.\n1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.\n1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.\n1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.\n1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.\n1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.\n" ]	[ "Alexander Hamilton" ]
5476816511515768737	Sheila Carter	Sheila Carter - Wikipedia Sheila Carter Jump to : navigation , search Sheila Carter Kimberlin Brown as Sheila Carter The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Kimberlin Brown ( 1990 -- ) Michelle Stafford ( 2006 -- 07 ) Duration 1990 -- 98 2002 -- 03 2005 -- 07 2017 -- First appearance May 1990 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 1990 , 1992 -- 95 ) Lee Phillip Bell ( 1992 ) Bradley Bell ( 2002 -- 03 ) John F. Smith ( 2005 ) Lynn Marie Latham and Josh Griffith ( 2006 ) Bradley Bell and Michael Minnis ( 2017 ) Crossover appearances The Bold and the Beautiful Classification Present ; recurring Profile Other names Sheila Grainger Sheila Forrester Sheila Warwick Sybil Weller Sheila Lovejoy Brenda Harris Jennifer Mitchell Phyllis Newman Betsy Occupation Waitress Executive assistant Nurse Residence Los Angeles , California Michelle Stafford as Sheila Carter ( show ) Family Family Carter Mother Molly Carter Sisters Sarah Smythe Husband Scott Grainger , Sr. ( 1991 -- 92 ) Eric Forrester ( 1993 -- 95 ) James Warwick ( 1997 -- 98 ) Sons Ryder Callahan Daughters Mary Carter Warwick Diana Carter Daisy Carter Granddaughters Lucy Romalotti Sheila Carter is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful , American soap operas on the CBS network . Created by William J. Bell , the role was introduced in 1990 -- by Edward J. Scott -- under the portrayal of Kimberlin Brown , who portrayed the role for many intervals on both soaps until 2006 . That same year , Michelle Stafford took over the role , after Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers . Brown returned to the role of Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful , beginning on June 9 , 2017 . Sheila is known as a villain . A significant portion of Sheila 's history on both soaps revolves around her long - running conflict with Lauren Fenmore , whom she has attempted to kill on multiple occasions . She has also had conflicts with Stephanie Forrester , Maggie Forrester , Amber Moore , Taylor Hayes , Brooke Logan , Phyllis Summers and Quinn Fuller . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1990 -- 92 3.2 1992 -- 98 3.3 2002 -- 03 3.4 2005 -- 07 3.5 2010 , 2012 3.6 2017 -- 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) The role was portrayed by Kimberlin Brown for a total of 16 years . Her first run was on The Young and the Restless from May 1990 to May 20 , 1992 , when the character crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful from May 21 , 1992 , to October 2 , 1998 , again from May 24 to November 5 , 2002 , and again finally from September 26 to October 10 , 2003 . Despite being a regular cast member on The Bold and the Beautiful , Brown returned to The Young and the Restless for several guest appearances beginning on October 27 , 1992 . Brown departed on November 5 , 1992 , and reappeared for one episode on December 23 , 1992 . She continued making appearance from January 7 to 14 , 1993 , February 19 , 1993 , to March 2 , 1993 , October 11 , 1993 , October 19 to 27 , 1993 , January 12 , 1994 , and February 28 , 1995 , until March 2 , 1995 . In July 2005 , after a 10 - year absence from The Young and the Restless , it was announced that Brown was to reprise the role . At the time , Brown had been appearing on ABC 's One Life to Live as Paige Miller , and Brown reportedly opted to leave the role when ABC was unable to match the financial terms of a contract offered to her by CBS . She returned on August 5 , 2005 , and her run ended on January 11 , 2006 . However , that December , the character returned , though not portrayed by Brown , but by Michelle Stafford , who in addition portrayed Phyllis Summers . For the reason of Brown not returning to the role , the actress said : `` I had a bad accident last year , and when they wanted me back in November , I really could n't go at that time , and that 's why I came back looking like somebody else . '' Stafford only portrayed the role for two months until February 9 , 2007 , when Sheila was shot by her longtime enemy Lauren Fenmore and presumed dead . In 2009 , reports speculated that Brown would reprise the role again on The Bold and the Beautiful , which was followed by more rumors speculating a return to The Young and the Restless . `` I actually got a call from ( B&B head writer and executive producer ) Brad Bell a while back asking if I 'd be interested in coming back , and I said , ' Sure ! ' The thing with daytime is that the storylines are ( written ) so far in advance , you just never know when ( you might be needed ) , '' Brown said at the time . When asked where her alter - ego may be `` hiding out '' , Brown said : `` I am still getting healthy from my car accident . Right now , Sheila is hiding out in North Carolina -- playing golf . But do n't worry : Sheila always comes back ! '' In June 2017 , Kimberlin Brown reprised her role as Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful . Executive producer Brad Bell announced Brown had been signed to a one - year deal with the serial . Development ( edit ) `` She seduced another woman 's husband and stole their child ... but if you think that 's bold , hold on tight ... because the hand that rocked The Young and the Restless is now rocking The Bold and the Beautiful . Sheila lives ... -- CBS promoting Kimberlin Brown 's crossover as Sheila On the topic of Sheila and Lauren 's `` cat fights '' , Brown said : `` People like cat fights because we can get away with what you ca n't get away with in everyday life . You 're living vicariously through me . There might be someone that ( boy ) you just might want to put it to someday , and you ca n't , but you can turn on the TV and see Sheila do it , and get away with it . Being mean and evil and fighting and by the end of the day , you 're spent . '' On the topic of Sheila `` terrorizing '' both Genoa City and Los Angeles while on both soaps , Brown said : `` You know , I came to L.A. to start a new life . And well they just did n't make it that easy for me , did they ? So I might 've shot a gun once or twice again , but it was n't my fault . You know what , people get what they deserve , they really do . I might 've poisoned someone by accident , but he never should 've talked to me like that . You just do n't do that . Anyway , people get what they deserve , and I think a lot of them have what 's coming to them , and I 'm not sure I 'm done yet . '' About Sheila 's personality , Brown said : `` Sheila 's just evil . There 's nothing bitchy about what she does , ( I mean ) it 's very straightforward . She 's manipulative but never in a bitchy way , in a way to get things accomplished , and get things done the way she wants to . When being nice and being diplomatic and when being all those things do n't work any longer , she snaps . '' On Sheila 's relationship with Stephanie Forrester , Brown said : `` Stephanie made my life miserable . So anyway , I shot Stephanie . I did . Stephanie felt she could be a better provider for my child than I could . And you know what , you do n't keep a mother like Sheila away from her child , you just do n't do that . And Stephanie could n't stop me . '' Brown also added that , `` To be a good villain , you have to make the character real for you . '' Storylines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1990 -- 92 ( edit ) Sheila was introduced on The Young and the Restless in 1990 as she relocated to Genoa City from Michigan . Sheila was a nurse who worked at Genoa City Memorial Hospital and immediately fell in love with the married Dr. Scott Grainger . Her feelings for Scott quickly turned from infatuation to obsession . In order to steal him away from his wife Lauren Fenmore , Sheila drugged him and had sex with him , resulting in a pregnancy . At the same time Lauren also became pregnant by Scott but did n't tell him . When the truth about the father of Sheila 's baby came out , Scott felt obligated , so he thus divorced Lauren and married Sheila . Sheila 's baby died , unbeknownst to Scott , and she secretly switches Lauren 's newborn with a black market baby , which Lauren named Dylan . Sheila began passing Lauren 's baby off as her own , and Dylan eventually dies from meningitis . Sheila 's mother , Molly Carter , found out about her daughter 's crime and intended to tell Lauren the truth , but suffers a stroke that rendered her speechless . Sheila sent her mother to her farmhouse in Michigan before Molly could expose her . Lauren eventually found out about the baby switch , but not before Sheila kidnapped both Lauren and Molly , and almost succeeded in killing both women , when during a brief struggle Lauren accidentally kicked over a lantern on a coffee table , setting the farmhouse they were imprisoned in on fire . Lauren and Molly are rescued by Lauren 's ex-husband , private investigator Paul Williams , and his secretary , Lynne Bassett . Sheila was never found , and authorities presumed that she perished in the fire when a body burned beyond recognition turned up in the ashes . The corpse turned out to be a meter man that had visited the house just before the fire started ; Sheila had escaped from the burning building . Picking up a discarded newspaper in an area diner , she read about an opening working as a company nurse for the Forresters in Los Angeles . She left Wisconsin to travel to California . Meanwhile , Lauren is reunited with Scott and her real son , Scott Jr . 1992 -- 98 ( edit ) In 1992 , Sheila is reintroduced on The Bold and the Beautiful and she quickly worms her way into fashion CEO Eric Forrester ( John McCook ) 's life by becoming the company nurse at Forrester Creations in Los Angeles , as well as working as Rick Forrester 's nanny ( after staging an accident that leaves the former nanny , Judy , hospitalized , and later threatening Judy and her family ) . Sheila and Eric fall in love and are eventually engaged , which angers Eric 's ex-wife Stephanie Forrester ( Susan Flannery ) , who suspects Sheila is a gold digger and a liar . To Sheila 's dismay , Eric 's most recent ex-wife Brooke Logan Forrester ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) is pregnant with a child that may either belong to Eric or his son Ridge Forrester ( Ronn Moss ) . After Bridget Forrester is born , Sheila manipulates the paternity test so that everyone will believe Ridge is the father . Security guard Mike Guthrie ( Ken Hanes ) catches her in the act and after threatening to blackmail her with the details , Sheila sets loose a vicious dog to attack him . Meanwhile , Lauren finds out that Sheila is alive and well , and living on the West Coast . Lauren follows her and they once again fight . Lauren threatens to expose Sheila to the Forrester family , but Sheila turns the tables on Lauren by blackmailing her with pictures she took of Lauren sleeping with Brad Carlton ( Don Diamont ) and sent to Lauren as puzzle pieces . Despite Sheila 's love for Eric , she panics when Lauren attempts to disclose her past at the wedding , and leaves a heartbroken Eric at the altar . After the guests leave , Sheila returns to the chapel and pleads for Eric 's forgiveness . Although Eric demands answers , he eventually forgives Sheila and the two are married . Sheila and Brooke become close friends . Sheila and Eric 's marriage becomes rocky when Sheila accepts a job from Brooke , who seizes control of Forrester Creations with her patent on the BeLieF formula . Eric feels betrayed by her actions and a rift is created in their marriage . Sheila proposes the two take a vacation and use this time to reconnect . The two leave town for Catalina Island . Scott , who became ill , also vacations with Lauren in Catalina Island , where the two run into Eric and Sheila . Lauren intends to use Scott to expose Sheila 's past to Eric ; however , Scott , still caring for Sheila , keeps mum . Scott eventually dies on the island as a result of his illness . With both women by his side , he wishes that Lauren give Sheila a second chance . Lauren tearfully agrees . When Sheila becomes concerned that Eric is excluding her from his will , she decides she would be more financially secure if she gave Eric a child . After a one - night stand with former rival Connor Davis ( Scott Thompson Baker ) , Sheila goes to Eric claiming she is pregnant with his child . Eric , who had recently had a vasectomy , tells Sheila he wants a divorce . For some time she begins to see psychiatrist Jay Garvin , who is friends with Brooke 's fiance Dr. James Warwick ( Ian Buchanan ) . James suspects Sheila is hiding something from the family , and tries to pry information from Dr. Garvin . However , during a brief struggle , Sheila accidentally pushes Jay off a balcony and to his death . James later learns from Lauren the secrets of her past . After attempting to drown Lauren in a hot tub , Sheila kidnaps James with the help of her new partner - in - crime , the security guard Mike . She imprisons him in the basement of her house ( known as `` The Houdini House '' ) for some time . When James escapes and her secrets finally surface , she holds Stephanie , Eric , Ridge , Brooke , Lauren and James hostage in the Forrester mansion , welcoming them to her `` goodbye party . '' At the `` party , '' Sheila tells everyone in attendance how they had personally wronged her , and threatens to kill them . Holding a gun to Stephanie , Sheila has a change of heart when the others step in front of her , and swallows a bottle of poison . Having survived , Sheila is placed in a psychiatric hospital , under the care of Dr. Brian Carey ( Kin Shriner ) , but does not remain there for long , despite Stephanie 's attempts to keep her there . Sheila tries to revive her friendship with Brooke , who sides with her at first , but later wants nothing to do with her . She begins dating neighbor Grant Chambers ( Charles Grant ) , and later her psychiatrist , James Warwick . She continues to see James at this time , and memories of her abusive childhood are revealed . Sheila confesses that she murdered her father by poisoning him . Sheila meets Maggie Forrester ( Barbara Crampton ) , whom she befriends . The two are amazed to discover they both have ties to the same family . When Stephanie attempts to take Brooke 's children , however , Sheila poisons her by replacing her medication with mercury pills , and ultimately frames Maggie for the crime . Maggie , later realizing who was behind the poisoning , fights with Sheila and accidentally pushes her onto a fire poker , seriously injuring her . Sheila also makes an enemy of Forrester Creations ' rival , Sally Spectra ( Darlene Conley ) who defends Stephanie to her , thus planting the seeds of the eventual friendship between Stephanie and Sally . After the fire poker incident , Sheila sets her sights on proving to James that she has changed for the better , in the hopes that he will fall in love with her . However , James has feelings for Maggie instead . Maggie goes to Sheila 's house to inform her that she needs to find a new therapist , because Maggie would n't allow her to see James anymore . As Maggie taunts her , Sheila snaps and nearly chokes Maggie to death . Mike later kidnaps her and holds her prisoner at an amusement park . Sheila , wanting to prove to James that she had changed , agrees to release Maggie . After having crashed James and Maggie 's wedding , Sheila reveals that she has become pregnant after a night alone with James . The three come to a settlement that Sheila would temporarily stay with them until her baby was born , and the child would be given to James and Maggie . After Sheila hands her baby , Mary , over to the Warwicks , she relocates to Death Valley , where she meets Amber Moore ( Adrienne Frantz ) . Anxious to see her daughter , Sheila suggests that Amber babysit for James and Maggie , so that she can secretly visit Mary in LA . Amber is hired and keeps her alliance with Sheila secret for some time , but when Sheila threatens her , she reveals to James and Maggie the real reason why she applied to be Mary 's babysitter . Sheila eventually takes matters into her own hands and takes Mary back . James attempts to trick Sheila into marrying him , so that he can gain full custody of his daughter . When Sheila realizes the marriage is a set - up , she attempts to kill herself again by jumping off a roof . James , who had actually fallen for Sheila during this time , promises to stay with her . Meanwhile , an angry Maggie sneaks into Sheila 's hospital room and cuts off her oxygen . Sheila is rescued by doctors and Maggie is immediately arrested . With the help of Mike and his brother Martin , a desperate Maggie captures Sheila and holds her prisoner , appropriately , in the house from Psycho at Universal Studios Hollywood . When Sheila escapes , James demands that Maggie leave . Maggie and Lauren later team up in an attempt to drive Sheila over the edge . They wire Sheila 's house with hidden cameras and an audio system , while the former nanny Judy surprises Sheila on her doorstep . The plan fails , however , and Maggie , realizing James and the baby are lost to her , leaves town . When a friendship begins between James and Stephanie , a paranoid Sheila becomes jealous and attempts to drown Stephanie in a pool . To prevent Stephanie from telling anyone about this incident , Sheila threatens to kill Stephanie 's grandson , Thomas Forrester . Sheila is arrested for the threat , but secretly switches places with a woman named Sybil . After breaking out of prison in disguise , Sheila shoots Stephanie , kidnaps baby Mary and leaves town . 2002 -- 03 ( edit ) Sheila returns to L.A. four years later to find her now - teenage daughter Mary ( whom she had renamed Erica Lovejoy ) ( Courtnee Draper ) . Erica , who is completely unaware of her mother 's past or her own real name , has traveled to L.A. to meet her idol - Amber Forrester . She soon develops a crush on Amber 's husband , Rick Forrester , although she never intends to act on her feelings . Sheila convinces Erica to seduce Rick , saying that a Forrester man would never abandon the woman carrying his child . She then pays off a man named Lance to drug Amber and take her to bed . Amber tracks Lance down and begins to question him . When a nervous Lance threatens to tell Amber everything , Sheila kills him by releasing a tank of bees into his apartment . Amber becomes increasingly suspicious and confronts Erica in Rick 's office . During a struggle , Erica falls and hits her head on a desk , making Amber look guilty of pushing her . At the hospital , a disguised Sheila confronts Amber , warning her to stay away from her daughter . Amber decides to look for clues at Erica 's apartment , but is impeded when Sheila throws a pot at the window and the police arrive , arresting Amber and causing the Forresters to distrust her further . Meanwhile , while browsing through a photo album of Eric 's , Erica is startled to find a picture of her mother . She learns that Sheila was formerly married to Eric , and that her mother wants her to live the life she had always dreamed of with Rick . Sheila pushes Erica to have sex with Rick , so that she can live vicariously as a Forrester through her daughter . As a reluctant Erica is about to carry out her mother 's plan , Rick 's brother Ridge bursts in and exposes Erica 's true identity . Rick kicks Erica out , but not before Sheila kidnaps Amber , who is stunned to learn that Erica is really Mary Warwick . Sheila stages a crime scene and drags Amber off to her apartment . Massimo Marone ( Joseph Mascolo ) , who had been romantically involved with Sheila for a short time , gets a call from her , and Stephanie recognizes her voice . The two track Sheila and Amber down . Sheila then flees and holds Eric and Taylor Hayes Forrester ( Hunter Tylo ) hostage at the mansion . But when Brooke walks into the room , a struggle ensues in which Taylor and Brooke are shot . Brooke survives her wounds , whereas Taylor succumbs ( a few years later , Taylor was revealed to still be alive ) . Sheila is arrested and subsequently confronted by her daughter , who condemns Sheila 's actions and wants nothing to do with her . Sheila is jailed for her crimes but soon escapes with the help of a sympathetic warden named Sugar ( Robin Mattson ) . She then kidnaps Ridge and Brooke , while on their South American honeymoon . Soon Ridge 's half - brother Nick Marone ( Jack Wagner ) arrives to rescue Ridge but he is soon captured by Sheila as well . When Ridge and Nick 's father , Massimo , arrives to deliver the ransom , Sheila reveals that she had a baby daughter , Diana , whom she claims to be the result of the fling she had with Massimo during her previous trip to L.A. When Massimo tries ( unsuccessfully ) to trick Sheila into handing over the infant , she and Sugar run away . Brooke and Nick are soon rescued ; however , it is believed that Ridge had been burned to death in the foundry Sheila stashed him in . Soon after , it is revealed that Ridge had survived , and he reunites with Brooke on the island . 2005 -- 07 ( edit ) Sheila returns to Genoa City ( on The Young and the Restless ) after being unseen for ten years , and begins terrorizing Lauren once again , by indirectly turning her now - adult son Scott ( Blair Redford ) against her , under the alias Brenda Harris . It is soon revealed that the woman in the psychiatric hospital who was believed to be Sheila is actually Sugar -- Sheila had tricked her into having plastic surgery in order to look just like Sheila , and then turned Sugar in to the police . Meanwhile , the real Sheila develops another persona , Jennifer Mitchell , by wearing a fake nose , wig , and speaking in a British accent . She allies with Tom Fisher ( Roscoe Born ) , who helps her in her scheme to poison Lauren with a necklace that Scott offers to his mother as a gift . In exchange , Tom has Sheila manipulate his estranged wife Gloria Abbott ( Judith Chapman ) into giving him money and later bailing him out of prison . When Lauren plans a rooftop dinner with her fiancé Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) , Sheila surprises her and persuades her to commit suicide by jumping off of the roof . Lauren believes Sheila is a hallucination , but before she can jump , Michael rescues her . At the hospital , Sheila sneaks into Lauren 's room as `` Jennifer , '' and attempts to inject the poison into Lauren 's bloodstream , but is interrupted . She then convinces Tom -- Michael 's stepfather -- to help her abduct Lauren from a yacht while on her honeymoon with Michael . She then bombs the yacht , hoping to kill both Lauren and Tom , whom she wants to take the fall for the crime . Tom realizes Sheila 's plan , and traps both Sheila and Lauren in a bomb shelter . Tom leaves the two together and in the meantime is shot and killed by John Abbott ( Jerry Douglas ) . As the bomb shelter collapses , Lauren is astonished when Sheila saves her life . As for Sugar , after she manages to leave the psychiatric hospital , she goes to see Scott who believes she is Sheila . Thinking that Lauren had died in the explosion , Scott is furious with her . Sugar then proceeds to stab him in order to exact her revenge on Sheila . Troy , a police officer , arrives to the scene and arrests her . Upon seeing her , Lauren immediately knows it is not Sheila whose ankle is sprained . Sugar walks well and has a raspy voice . She confirms that she is Sugar and hates Sheila for ruining her life . Troy then explains Sugar 's fingerprints do not match Sheila Carter 's . Sheila is then seen in an unidentified plastic surgeon 's office . She tells him : `` Thank God ! Your people were able to come and get me . '' She then uses crutches to walk , has a seat and asks him for a new face . Months later : it is revealed that Sheila Carter is still alive , had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers Newman ( Michelle Stafford ) , and that Paul Williams had been hiding the fact that he had been keeping her locked in a cage she had constructed in an abandoned warehouse . Ultimately , Sheila is determined to escape and take Phyllis 's place in order to infiltrate Michael and Lauren 's lives . Sheila is accidentally freed from the prison she created for Lauren by Maggie Sullivan , Paul 's girlfriend . After acting as a kidnap victim and pleading for Maggie 's help , Maggie sets her free but Sheila chokes her unconscious , steals her gun , and then shoots her , but Maggie survives . Subsequently , Paul returns to the warehouse only to be ambushed by Sheila who imprisons both Paul and Maggie in that cage . Sheila then went to Phyllis ' , tied her up and waited for Lauren and baby Fen to arrive while taunting Phyllis about how great it would be to take over her life with her husband Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) and her baby Summer . After Lauren arrived she was tied up , and Sheila flees with Phyllis and babies Fen and Summer as hostages . By this time , Michael arrives at the warehouse and frees Paul and Maggie , the latter being taken to the hospital . Posing as an elderly woman named Betsy , Sheila takes Phyllis , Summer , and Fen to a nearby retirement home to hide out . After learning of their location , Lauren goes to that home carrying a gun in her purse . Following a tip from a neighbor , Lauren finds Sheila 's apartment and forces her way inside . Sheila and Phyllis then argue over who is who , and Lauren screams at them to stop . Sheila then runs to grab baby Summer in order to use her as a shield against Lauren ; Phyllis tells Lauren to point the gun at her to protect her daughter , and a frightened Lauren , realizing the real Phyllis would never put her daughter in the line of fire , turns to Sheila and shoots her . Sheila is then declared dead at the scene . 2010 , 2012 ( edit ) In 2010 , Sarah Smythe , Sheila Carter 's sister , arrives in town . Having herself had plastic surgery to resemble Lauren , Sarah holds both Phyllis and Lauren responsible for her sister 's death . Sarah devises a plan with Daisy Carter and Ryder Callahan , Sheila 's twins with Tom Fisher , to take over Lauren 's life and riches . The plan fails , with Lauren shooting and killing Sarah in self - defense to Sarah 's attempt to fire her gun at Phyllis . In 2012 , a woman claiming to be Daisy 's mother checks her out of a mental institution , signing the name `` Sheila Carter '' on the release form . Michael has said signature analyzed to see if it fits Sheila 's handwriting , and results turn out to be inconclusive . 2017 -- ( edit ) Sheila ( Brown ) returns to Los Angeles in June 2017 . When she attempts to leave Katie Logan ( Heather Tom ) 's home without being noticed , Quinn Forrester ( Rena Sofer ) hears her leaving , immediately asking who she is . Introducing herself as a friend of the Logan family , Sheila reveals herself to Katie , making for her assistance in making amends with those she had wronged in Los Angeles . Startled by her arrival , Katie immediately alerts Eric of Sheila 's re-appearance ; arriving at Katie 's and believing that Sheila is the one who shot at Quinn , Eric escorts Sheila to the police station , and has her arrested for violating an order of protection he had previously filed years prior . When it is revealed that Deacon Sharpe ( Sean Kanan ) is the one who was targeting Quinn , Eric extends an olive branch to Sheila , welcoming her back to the Forrester estate , much to the disapproval of Quinn and Ridge ( Thorsten Kaye ) . Sheila immediately begins to dig into the life of Eric , rooting herself into his marriage with Quinn . After scheming with Forrester security officer , Charlie Webber , Sheila exposes Quinn 's affair with Ridge . As Sheila comforts and supports an emotionally hurt Eric , she is confronted by Steffy Forrester ( Jacqueline MacInnes Wood ) , who -- believing Sheila to be armed -- shoots her in Eric 's hotel room , but she survives , only sustaining a flesh wound . Sheila continues to insinuate herself into Eric 's life , faking a concussion after a catfight with Quinn to manipulate Eric into letting her stay in the Forrester mansion . Sheila blackmails her ex-husband , James Warwick , into lying about the severity of her condition . Critical reception ( edit ) Sheila is often considered to be one of the most popular villains in daytime . Kimberlin Brown was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in the role as Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1993 . With the global success of The Bold and the Beautiful , Sheila is arguably the most recognisable soap opera villain in the world . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Los Angeles - Sheila Carter '' . SoapCental . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 9 July 2005 ) . `` Y&R confirms the return of Kimberlin Brown '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Friday , 5th August 2005 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Wednesday , 11th January 2006 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Thursday , 28th December 2006 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Stafford Playing Sheila Carter on The Young and the Restless '' . She Knows Soaps . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimberlin Brown ( 2007 ) . KB Interview Nov 2007 . KOUS News . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Friday , 9th February 2007 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` Could Kimberlin Brown Return to B&B ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Is Kimberlin Brown returning to The Young and the Restless ? '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kimberlin Brown Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful as Supervillain Sheila Carter '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful : EP Bradley Bell Answers Our Burning Sheila Carter Questions '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimberlin Brown ( 1992 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful May 1992 Promo Sheila . CBS Daytime . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimberlin Brown ( 2008 ) . Planet Soap - Sheila & Lauren on Catfights . TV Tropolis . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kimberlin Brown ( 2008 ) . Planet Soap - Soap Villains Part 1 . TV Tropolis . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Soap Opera Villains of All Time '' . soaps.about.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soap opera slimeballs : The best villains '' . www.hlntv.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sheila Carter biography at SoapCentral The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Zende Dominguez Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J. Forrester Steffy Forrester Thorne Forrester Quinn Fuller Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Shirley Spectra Bill Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Bradley Baker Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Saul Feinberg Antonio Dominguez Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester C.J. Garrison Deacon Sharpe Caroline Spencer Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Jarrett Maxwell Mateo Darlita Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Darla Einstein Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Jessica Forrester Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Thomas Forrester Clarke Garrison Taylor Hayes Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Dayzee Leigh Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Margo Lynley Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Forrester Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless The Forrester family in The Bold and the Beautiful Angela Forrester Kristen Dominguez Ridge Forrester Thorne Forrester Felicia Forrester Eric Forrester Rick Forrester Bridget Forrester Thomas Forrester Phoebe Forrester Steffy Forrester Jessica Forrester R.J. Forrester Alexandria Forrester Zende Forrester Dominguez Dino Damiano Ivy Forrester John Forrester Spouses Stephanie Forrester Brooke Logan Sheila Carter Donna Logan Caroline Spencer Forrester Maggie Forrester Taylor Hayes Macy Alexander Sharpe Darla Einstein Clarke Garrison Antonio Dominguez Amber Moore Deacon Sharpe Dominick Marone Gabriela Moreno Liam Spencer Caroline Spencer Maya Avant Nicole Avant Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheila_Carter&oldid=841373136 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional characters from Michigan Fictional characters introduced in 1990 Fictional murderers Fictional nurses Fictional rapists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays sheila carter on bold and the beautiful	[ "Sheila Carter is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful, American soap operas on the CBS network. Created by William J. Bell, the role was introduced in 1990 — by Edward J. Scott — under the portrayal of Kimberlin Brown, who portrayed the role for many intervals on both soaps until 2006. That same year, Michelle Stafford took over the role, after Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers. Brown returned to the role of Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful, beginning on June 9, 2017.", "Sheila Carter is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful, American soap operas on the CBS network. Created by William J. Bell, the role was introduced in 1990 — by Edward J. Scott — under the portrayal of Kimberlin Brown, who portrayed the role for many intervals on both soaps until 2006. That same year, Michelle Stafford took over the role, after Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers. Brown returned to the role of Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful, beginning on June 9, 2017." ]	[ "Kimberlin Brown", "Michelle Stafford" ]
-3385299391982457741	That Girl	That Girl - wikipedia That Girl This article is about the sitcom . For other uses , see That Girl ( disambiguation ) . That Girl That Girl logo Genre Sitcom Created by Bill Persky Sam Denoff Starring Marlo Thomas Ted Bessell Lew Parker Bernie Kopell Rosemary DeCamp Theme music composer Sam Denoff Earle Hagen Opening theme `` That Girl '' Theme Song Composer ( s ) Warren Barker Luchi De Jesus Dominic Frontiere Harry Geller Earle Hagen Walter Scharf Carl Brandt Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 136 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sam Denoff Bill Persky Marlo Thomas Danny Thomas Producer ( s ) Danny Arnold Jerry Davis Sam Denoff Bernie Orenstein Bill Persky Saul Turteltaub Camera setup Single camera Running time 22 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Daisy Productions Distributor Metromedia Producers Corporation Worldvision Enterprises Shout ! Factory CBS Television Distribution ( current ) Release Original network ABC Picture format Color Audio format Monaural Original release September 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 08 ) -- March 19 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 19 ) That Girl is an American sitcom that ran on ABC from 1966 to 1971 . It starred Marlo Thomas as the title character Ann Marie , an aspiring ( but only sporadically employed ) actress , who moves from her hometown of Brewster , New York , to try to make it big in New York City . Ann has to take a number of offbeat `` temp '' jobs to support herself in between her various auditions and bit parts . Ted Bessell played her boyfriend Donald Hollinger , a writer for Newsview Magazine ; Lew Parker and Rosemary DeCamp played Lew Marie and Helen Marie , her concerned parents . Bernie Kopell , Ruth Buzzi and Reva Rose played Ann and Donald 's friends . That Girl was developed by writers Bill Persky and Sam Denoff , who had served as head writers on The Dick Van Dyke Show ( with which Thomas ' father , Danny Thomas , was closely associated ) earlier in the 1960s . Contents 1 Storyline 2 Intro 3 Production notes 4 Cast and characters 5 Episodes 5.1 Pilot 5.2 Syndication and home media 6 Novel 7 Spin - offs 8 Popular culture 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links Storyline ( edit ) Ted Bessell , Marlo Thomas and Jennifer Douglas ( Mary Frann , in one of her first roles ) in a scene from the show , 1968 That Girl was one of the first sitcoms to focus on a single woman who was not a domestic or living with her parents . Some consider this show the forerunner of the highly successful The Mary Tyler Moore Show , and an early indication of the changing roles of American women in feminist - era America . Thomas ' goofy charm , together with Bessell 's dry wit , made That Girl a solid performer on the ABC Television Network , and while the series , in the overall ratings , never made the top thirty during its entire five - year run , it did respectably well . At the end of the 1969 -- 1970 season , That Girl was still doing moderately well in the ratings , but after four years Thomas had grown tired of the series and wanted to move on . ABC convinced her to do one more year . In the beginning of the fifth season , Don and Ann became engaged , but they never actually married . The decision to leave the couple engaged at the end of the run was largely the idea of Thomas . She did not want to send a message to young women that marriage was the ultimate goal for them , and she worried that it would have undercut the somewhat feminist message of the show . Intro ( edit ) Every episode started with a small scene ending with someone saying `` That Girl '' as part of the dialogue and then the camera immediately focused on Marlo Thomas ( although it is sometimes of an image of Marlo Thomas such as a picture or a reflection in a mirror ) . This was followed by the opening credits and intro . Exceptions are as follows : Season 1 Episode 24 : Before the close up , Carrol O'Connor says `` Quella Ragazza '' followed by a caption of `` Quella Ragazza ( That Girl ) '' Season 2 Episode 9 : Donald does n't want to say she 'd be absolutely impossible to collaborate with , so he points towards Marlo Thomas with his thumb while the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 2 Episode 15 : An older man says `` I beg your pardon , young lady '' , but an older woman turns around with the caption `` Not You '' before a close up of Marlo Thomas with the caption `` That Girl '' Season 2 Episode 16 : When a woman is asked which person playing a guerrilla caused the problem , she responds , `` It was That Guerrilla '' and a `` That Guerilla '' caption appears before changing to a `` That Girl '' caption Season 2 Episode 25 : Marlo Thomas says after being scared , `` There , now who 's afraid ? '' and then the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 3 Episode 7 : Marlo Thomas says `` who 'd get locked in a shower ? '' and then the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 3 Episode 13 : Marlo Thomas says to Bessell , `` You 're going to spend this New Year 's Eve with '' and she points with her thumb at herself and then the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 3 Episode 20 : Casting director played by Jesse White says `` She 's the one we hit in the face with a pie '' and then the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 4 Episode 15 : Marlo Thomas says `` How about that girl ? '' pointing to someone else as a potential comedy partner for her agent . When that response is not satisfactory , she replies `` This Girl ? '' and points to herself . Season 4 Episode 18 : When told she 's going on a private plane , Marlo Thomas says `` Oh , no . Not this girl '' and then the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 4 Episode 23 : After Ann finds out she has an audition suddenly and asks Donald to take her place as the hat check person , Bessell is asked about a briefcase by someone and he responds `` ... You want the happy girl '' and then the `` That Girl '' caption appears Season 5 Episode 1 : Before the close up of Marlo Thomas ; Donald after he picks out a diamond ring says `` That girl , You 're This Girl '' Season 5 Episode 19 : When it 's suggested he work at a restaurant , Bessell says `` Not This Man '' ; followed by a closeup of him and the caption `` This Man '' which is quickly replaced by the caption `` That Girl '' Production notes ( edit ) According to Marlo Thomas , she was approached by ABC executive Edgar Scherick , who saw her in a screen test for a failed pilot , but still wanted to feature her in a project . Scherick gave Thomas several scripts to read , none of which she liked , as they all focused on a woman who was either a traditional girlfriend , wife or secretary to someone else ; Thomas wanted a show in which the main character was a young , modern woman focused on her own dreams and aspirations . Although never officially credited as such ( Persky and Denoff were the series ' creators and official executive producers ) , Thomas was also a de facto executive producer of the series through her Daisy Productions , which she formed specifically for the series ; it was credited on - screen as the production company . She originally wanted to name the sitcom Miss Independence , the nickname given to her by her parents . Manhattan exterior shots were filmed in several days . The apartment was located off the East River in the Upper East Side , in the upper 70s or lower 80s ( streets ) between York Avenue and East End Avenue . In the episode entitled `` Señorita , '' Ann Marie lists her address as 627 East 54th Street . In the second - season episode `` Nothing to Be Afreud of but Freud Himself '' , Donald gives out her address as 344 West 78th Street , Apartment D. Ann Marie 's acting school was modeled after the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre on East 54th Street between First and Second Avenues . That Girl was filmed at Desilu - Cahuenga Studios ( for many years called Ren - Mar Studios and now called Red Studios Hollywood ) , located at 846 North Cahuenga Boulevard in Hollywood . Cast and Characters ( edit ) Ann Marie ( Marlo Thomas ) , a beautiful young would - be actress from Brewster , New York , who moves to New York City in order to seek stardom , often tries to balance temporary jobs and auditions with having a boyfriend . Donald Hollinger ( Ted Bessell ) , writer for NewsView magazine , who becomes her boyfriend after meeting her during the filming of a TV commercial . Lew Marie ( Harold Gould ; pilot only ; Lew Parker ) , Ann 's father and the owner of the La Parisienne restaurant in Brewster , New York . Helen Marie ( Penny Santon pilot only ; Rosemary De Camp ) , Ann 's mother . Dr. Leon Bessemer ( Dabney Coleman ) , a neighbor of Ann 's and obstetrician . Judy Bessemer ( Bonnie Scott ) , Leon 's wife and Ann 's neighbor , the first person Ann meets as she moves into her new apartment . Jerry Bauman ( Bernie Kopell ) , a fellow employee at NewsView magazine . After the first season , Jerry and Ruth lived next door to Ann in Apt. C . Margie Bauman ( Arlene Golonka ) , Jerry 's wife in the episode `` Rain , Snow and Rice '' in the first season . Ruth Bauman ( Carol Ann Daniels ) , Jerry 's wife in the episode `` There 's Nothing to be Afreud of But Freud Himself '' in the second season . Ruth Bauman ( Alice Borden ) , Jerry 's wife beginning in the episode `` Write is Wrong '' in the fourth season . Margie `` Pete '' Peterson ( Ruth Buzzi ) , a friend of Ann 's . Harvey Peck ( Ronnie Schell ) , one of Ann 's agents at the Gilliam and Norris Theatrical Agency . George Lester ( George Carlin ) , another one of Ann 's agents in a single episode . Mildred Hollinger ( Mabel Albertson ) , Donald 's mother . Bert Hollinger ( George Cisar , later Frank Faylen ) , Donald 's father . Jules Benedict ( Billy De Wolfe ) , head of the Benedict Workshop of the Dramatic Arts . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of That Girl episodes Five complete seasons of That Girl aired , with the series finale airing on March 19 , 1971 . Over the five seasons , a total of 136 episodes aired . Thomas ' sister Terre , her brother Tony , and father Danny Thomas all appeared in a 1969 episode called `` My Sister 's Keeper '' . Season TV season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Time slot ( ET ) 1966 -- 67 30 September 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 08 ) April 6 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 06 ) Thursday at 9 : 30 pm 1967 -- 68 30 September 7 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 07 ) April 25 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 25 ) Thursday at 9 : 30 pm ( 1967 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 pm ( 1968 ) 1968 -- 69 26 September 26 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 26 ) March 27 , 1969 ( 1969 - 03 - 27 ) Thursday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 14 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 15 - 26 ) 1969 -- 70 26 September 18 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 18 ) March 26 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 26 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 pm 5 1970 -- 71 24 September 25 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 25 ) March 19 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 19 ) Friday at 9 : 00 pm Pilot ( edit ) The only episode never shown during the series ' original network run was the pilot produced in 1965 . The major differences were evident in its opening credits . Bessell 's character was Don Blue Sky , Ann Marie 's talent agent who was part Cherokee , and Harold Gould and Penny Santon played her parents . By the time the series aired on ABC , Thomas and Bessell were the only actors to receive top billing . The pilot episode centered on Ann Marie 's attempt to adopt a stage name based on her agent 's suggestion . After her use of `` Marie Brewster '' ( the names of her family and hometown combined ) was met with disapproval from her parents , she decided to not make the change in the end . This storyline and numerous scenes were recycled into the 11th episode of Season 1 titled `` What 's in a Name ? '' from November 17 , 1966 . The pilot was included in the 5 - disc set of That Girl : Season One , which was released by Shout ! Factory in 2006 . It has since been added to the series ' broadcast syndication package ; it led off a New Year 's Day marathon on Me - TV at the start of 2012 . Syndication and home Media ( edit ) On January 1 , 2012 , That Girl returned to national television on Me - TV with episodes shown on weekday mornings and Sunday afternoons until September 1 , 2013 . On September 1 , 2014 , the show returned to Me - TV . Reruns have previously aired on TV Land from the network 's launch in 1996 to 1998 . The series is distributed by CBS Television Distribution . Shout ! Factory has released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1 . Each release contains extensive bonus features including episodic promos , featurettes , commentary tracks and the original pilot episode . In Region 4 , Madman Entertainment has released all five seasons on DVD in Australia / New Zealand . On April 21 , 2010 , Madman released That Girl : The Complete Series , a 21 - disc box set that features all 136 episodes , as well as extensive bonus features . Novel ( edit ) Paul W. Fairman , That Girl , New York : Popular Library , 1971 . 125 pp . Newly engaged Ann travels to Maine to take the role of Cathy in a production of Wuthering Heights but finds herself embroiled in a real - life gothic . Spin - offs ( edit ) In 1973 , Rankin / Bass produced That Girl in Wonderland , an animated television special in which Marlo Thomas reprised the role of Ann Marie . It aired as an episode of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie . The special also featured the voices of Patricia Bright , Dick Hehmeyer , Rhoda Mann , and Ted Schwartz . Popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The series ' theme song and opening visuals have been parodied in pop culture several times . They appeared as a series of T - shirts , then as a Saturday Night Live skit featuring Danitra Vance in an African American remake `` That Black Girl '' , as a sequence on episodes of Animaniacs , The Simpsons , Family Guy , Clarissa Explains It All , Arthur , Friends and Roseanne . It was also parodied in the pre-credits teaser of an episode of The Nanny where Maxwell 's guest - starring mother encounters Fran at the florist ; in another episode of The Nanny , Peter Bergman , playing himself acting in The Young and the Restless casts Fran in the soap by asking for a co-star like `` that girl ! '' while pointing to Fran . The 2011 advertising campaign for the launch of Fox 's sitcom New Girl featured posters of that sitcom 's star , Zooey Deschanel , in the make - up , pose and graphic look of Marlo Thomas from the original `` That Girl '' series . An episode from Ugly Betty had Fabia forcing Wilhelmina Slater into making an exchange : she 'll give up her wedding date to Wilhelmina in exchange for the services of Wilhelmina 's assistant , Marc St. James , after Fabia evokes the opening lines . In 1968 , shortly after the feminist protest against bras and other feminine products at the Miss America pageant , Marlo Thomas began going braless on That Girl . `` God created women to bounce , '' Thomas said . `` So be it . '' In season 7 , episode 2 of Mad Men , That Girl , Episode 80 ( `` There Was a Time Ann Met a Pie Man '' ) which aired February 13 , 1969 can be seen playing in Donald Draper 's home . Further reading ( edit ) `` Tuning in to Women in Television '' ( National Women 's History Museum ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ann vs. Secretary '' ( 5 Dec. 1968 ) , That Girl : Season 3 , Episode 11 at IMDb , Accessed April 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` THAT GIRL on The Web : Interviews with Marlo Thomas '' Archived December 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Archive of American Television ( March 26 , 2003 ) . `` On `` Two 's Company '' ; on the genesis and pilot episode of That Girl `` . Interviews : People . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Paley Center for Media She Made It Marlo Thomas '' . The Paley Center for Media . Jump up ^ `` ' That Girl ' Marlo Thomas Now Plays a Mom '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . May 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 76 Minutes With Marlo Thomas '' . NYMag.com . Jump up ^ `` Commentaries '' . wysu.org . Jump up ^ `` That Girl ( 1966 ) '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Ren - Mar Studios '' . seeing-stars.com . Gary Wayne . ^ Jump up to : Stoddard , Sylvia . TV Treasures : That Girl . Second Edition . Los Angeles : SquareOne Publications , 2004 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara . `` TV on DVD : That Girl : Season One ; Brilliant But Cancelled : EZ Streets , '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , Thursday , May 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` That Girl Coming To MeTV Network In January 2012 , MeTV Merry - thon , & More Affiliates Added - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` MeTV Network - Page Not Found '' . metvnetwork.com . Jump up ^ `` Madman Entertainment '' . Madman.com.au . Jump up ^ The Big Cartoon DataBase ( January 13 , 1973 ) . `` Cartoon Characters , Cast and Crew for That Girl In Wonderland '' . Big Cartoon DataBase ( BCDB ) . Jump up ^ `` SNL Archives.com ; Sketches '' . Jump up ^ `` A Guided Tour of Animaniacs : Volume 4 with Rob Paulsen and Tom Ruegger '' . Mental Floss . Jump up ^ `` The Old Man and the Lisa transcript ( The Simpsons Archive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` tumblr.com '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Riordan , Teresa ( October 28 , 2002 ) . `` Patents ; In bra technology , an incremental improvement can translate into comfort '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to That Girl . That Girl on IMDb That Girl at TV.com That Girl page on Shout ! Factory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Girl&oldid=850550300 '' Categories : 1966 American television series debuts 1971 American television series endings 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in New York City Television series by Metromedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played that girl in the tv series	[ "That Girl is an American sitcom that ran on ABC from 1966 to 1971. It starred Marlo Thomas as the title character Ann Marie, an aspiring (but only sporadically employed) actress, who moves from her hometown of Brewster, New York, to try to make it big in New York City. Ann has to take a number of offbeat \"temp\" jobs to support herself in between her various auditions and bit parts. Ted Bessell played her boyfriend Donald Hollinger, a writer for Newsview Magazine; Lew Parker and Rosemary DeCamp played Lew Marie and Helen Marie, her concerned parents. Bernie Kopell, Ruth Buzzi and Reva Rose played Ann and Donald's friends. That Girl was developed by writers Bill Persky and Sam Denoff, who had served as head writers on The Dick Van Dyke Show (with which Thomas' father, Danny Thomas, was closely associated) earlier in the 1960s.\n" ]	[ "Marlo Thomas" ]
8258817176935418851	Franco-Prussian War	Franco - Prussian war - wikipedia Franco - Prussian war Jump to : navigation , search Franco - Prussian War Part of the wars of German unification Clockwise from top left : Prussian infantry at the Battle of Spicheren ; Jeanniot 's 1886 La ligne de feu ( Battle of Mars - La - Tour ) ; Werner 's depiction of the capitulation of Sedan ; Neuville 's 1873 Les dernières cartouches ( Battle of Bazeilles ) . Date 19 July 1870 -- 28 January 1871 ( 6 months , 1 week and 2 days ) Location France and Rhine Province Result German victory Fall of the Second French Empire Formation of the French Third Republic Formation of the German Empire Treaty of Frankfurt German annexation of Alsace - Lorraine Belligerents French Empire North German Confederation Prussia Baden Bavaria Württemberg Hesse - Darmstadt French Republic German Empire Commanders and leaders Napoleon III ( POW ) F.A. Bazaine ( POW ) Louis Jules Trochu Patrice de MacMahon ( POW ) Léon Gambetta William I Otto von Bismarck Helmuth von Moltke Crown Prince Friedrich Prince Friedrich Karl Karl F. von Steinmetz Albrecht von Roon Strength Total deployment : 2,000,740 Initially : 909,951 492,585 active , including 300,000 reservists 417,366 Garde Mobile Peak field army strength : 710,000 Total deployment : 1,494,412 Initially : 938,424 730,274 regulars and reservists 208,150 Landwehr Peak field army strength : 949,337 Casualties and losses 756,285 138,871 dead 143,000 wounded 474,414 captured or interned 144,642 17,585 killed in action 10,721 died of wounds 12,385 died from non-combat causes 4,009 missing and presumed dead 89,732 wounded 10,129 missing or captured Until 4 September 1870 . From 4 September 1870 . Leading member of the North German Confederation . From 18 January 1871 . Franco - Prussian War Wissembourg Spicheren Wörth Borny -- Colombey Strasbourg Toul Mars - la - Tour Gravelotte Metz Beaumont Noisseville Bazeilles Sedan Bellevue Coulmiers Havana Amiens Beaune - la - Rolande Villepion Loigny et Poupry Orléans Beaugency Hallue Bapaume Villersexel Le Mans Lisaine St. Quentin Paris Belfort Belgian reaction Paris Commune The Franco - Prussian War or Franco - German War ( German : Deutsch - Französischer Krieg , French : Guerre franco - allemande ) , often referred to in France as the War of 1870 ( 19 July 1870 -- 10 May 1871 ) or in Germany as 70 / 71 , was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia . The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded . Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked a French attack in order to draw the independent southern German states -- Baden , Württemberg , Bavaria and Hesse - Darmstadt -- into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia , while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded . On 16 July 1870 , the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later . The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France . The German forces were superior in numbers , had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology , particularly railroads and artillery . A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France , culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan , saw Napoleon III captured and the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated . A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war for another five months ; the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France . Following the Siege of Paris , the capital fell on 28 January 1871 , and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months , until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871 . The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I , finally uniting Germany as a nation - state . The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine , which became the Imperial territory of Alsace - Lorraine ( Reichsland Elsaß - Lothringen ) . The German conquest of France and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and Otto von Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades . French determination to regain Alsace - Lorraine and fear of another Franco - German war , along with British apprehension about the balance of power , became factors in the causes of World War I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Opposing forces 2.1 France 2.2 Germans 3 French Army incursion 3.1 Preparations for the offensive 3.2 Occupation of Saarbrücken 4 Prussian Army advance 4.1 Battle of Wissembourg 4.2 Battle of Spicheren 4.3 Battle of Wörth 4.4 Battle of Mars - La - Tour 4.5 Battle of Gravelotte 4.6 Siege of Metz 4.7 Battle of Sedan 5 The war of the Government of National Defence 5.1 Government of National Defence 5.2 Siege of Paris 5.3 Loire campaign 5.4 Northern campaign 5.5 Eastern campaign 5.6 Armistice 6 The war at sea 6.1 Blockade 6.2 Pacific and Caribbean 7 Aftermath 7.1 Analysis 7.2 Effects on military thought 7.3 Casualties 8 Subsequent events 8.1 Prussian reaction and withdrawal 8.2 The Paris Commune 8.3 German unification and power 8.4 French reaction and Revanchism 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 French and German studies 13.1 Caricatures and editorial cartoons 14 External links Causes ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the Franco - Prussian War Map of the North German Confederation ( red ) , the Southern German States ( orange ) and Alsace - Lorraine ( beige ) . The causes of the Franco - Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany . In the aftermath of the Austro - Prussian War of 1866 , Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation . This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars . Napoleon III , then the emperor of France , demanded compensations in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine to secure France 's strategic position , which the Prussian chancellor , Otto von Bismarck , flatly refused . Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany , where it sought to incorporate the southern German kingdoms , Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden and Hesse - Darmstadt , into a unified Prussia - dominated Germany . France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states , which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military . In Prussia , some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire . This aim was epitomized by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck 's later statement : `` I did not doubt that a Franco - German war must take place before the construction of a United Germany could be realised . '' Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia , hence giving Germans numerical superiority . Besides he was convinced that France would not find any allies in her war against Germany for the simple reason that `` France , the victor , would be a danger to everybody -- Prussia to nobody , '' and he added , `` That is our strong point . '' Many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe , and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace . The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of Leopold of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen , a Prussian prince , to the throne of Spain . France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain . The Hohenzollern prince 's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure , but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by releasing an altered summary of the Ems Dispatch , a telegram sent by William I rejecting French demands that Prussia never again support a Hohenzollern candidacy . Bismarck 's summary , as mistranslated by the French press Havas , made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion , which inflamed public opinion in France . Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war , particularly as a result of the diplomatic failure , in 1866 , to obtain any concessions following the Austro - Prussian War , and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia . They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems . Other historians , notably French historian Pierre Milza , dispute this . On 8 May 1870 , shortly before the war , French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III 's program in a national plebiscite , with 7,358,000 `` Yes '' votes against 1,582,000 `` No '' votes , an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869 . According to Milza , the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity . The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended . `` This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull '' , Bismarck later wrote . Gramont , the French foreign minister , declared that he felt `` he had just received a slap '' . The leader of the monarchists in Parliament , Adolphe Thiers , spoke for moderation , arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war , but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian . Napoleon 's new prime minister , Emile Ollivier , declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war , and that he accepted the responsibility `` with a light heart . '' A crowd of 15,000 -- 20,000 people , carrying flags and patriotic banners , marched through the streets of Paris , demanding war . On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government . The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia . Opposing forces ( edit ) For the organization of the two armies at the beginning of the war , see Franco - Prussian War order of battle . France ( edit ) A French mitrailleuse in the Bundeswehr Military History Museum The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers , some of them regulars , others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours . Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War , Algeria , the Franco - Austrian War in Italy , and in the Mexican campaign . However , following the `` Seven Weeks War '' between Prussia and Austria four years earlier , it had been calculated that the French Army could field only 288,000 men to face the Prussian Army when potentially 1,000,000 would be required . Under Marshal Adolphe Niel , urgent reforms were made . Universal conscription ( rather than by ballot , as previously ) and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists , who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation . Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile , a militia with a nominal strength of 400,000 . However , the Franco - Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented . The mobilisation of reservists was chaotic and resulted in large numbers of stragglers , while the Garde Mobile were generally untrained and often mutinous . French infantry were equipped with the breech - loading Chassepot rifle , one of the most modern mass - produced firearms in the world at the time . With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet , the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) with a short reloading time . French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench - warfare style fighting -- the so - called feu de bataillon . The artillery was equipped with rifled , muzzle - loaded La Hitte guns . The army also possessed a precursor to the machine - gun : the mitrailleuse , which could unleash significant , concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile , and thus prone to being easily overrun . The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon . French reservists responding to the call , painted by Pierre - Georges Jeanniot The army was nominally led by Napoleon III , with Marshals Francois Achille Bazaine and Patrice de Mac - Mahon in command of the field armies . However , there was no previously arranged plan of campaign in place . The only campaign plan prepared between 1866 and 1870 was a defensive one . Germans ( edit ) The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but of conscripts . Service was compulsory for all men of military age , and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war . German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible . Rather than advancing in a column or line formation , Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire . The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy . The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame , which was by this time showing the age of its 25 - year - old design . The rifle had a range of only 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots . The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6 - pounder ( 3 kg ) steel breech - loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries . Firing a contact - detonated shell , the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon , which relied on faulty time fuses . The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff , under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke . The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence , whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy , and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications . The officers of the General Staff were hand - picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie ( War Academy ) . Moltke embraced new technology , particularly the railroad and telegraph , to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces . French Army incursion ( edit ) Preparations for the offensive ( edit ) Map of German and French armies near their common border on 31 July 1870 On 28 July 1870 Napoleon III left Paris for Metz and assumed command of the newly titled Army of the Rhine , some 202,448 strong and expected to grow as the French mobilization progressed . Marshal MacMahon took command of I Corps ( 4 infantry divisions ) near Wissembourg , Marshal François Canrobert brought VI Corps ( four infantry divisions ) to Châlons - sur - Marne in northern France as a reserve and to guard against a Prussian advance through Belgium . A pre-war plan laid out by the late Marshal Niel called for a strong French offensive from Thionville towards Trier and into the Prussian Rhineland . This plan was discarded in favour of a defensive plan by Generals Charles Frossard and Bartélemy Lebrun , which called for the Army of the Rhine to remain in a defensive posture near the German border and repel any Prussian offensive . As Austria along with Bavaria , Württemberg and Baden were expected to join in a revenge war against Prussia , I Corps would invade the Bavarian Palatinate and proceed to `` free '' the South German states in concert with Austro - Hungarian forces . VI Corps would reinforce either army as needed . Unfortunately for Frossard 's plan , the Prussian army was mobilizing far more rapidly than expected . The Austro - Hungarians , still smarting after their defeat by Prussia in the Austro - Prussian War , were treading carefully before stating that they would only commit to France 's cause if the southern Germans viewed the French positively . This did not materialize as the South German states had come to Prussia 's aid and were mobilizing their armies against France . Occupation of Saarbrücken ( edit ) French Lancers and Cuirassiers guarding captured Bavarian soldiers Napoleon III was under immense domestic pressure to launch an offensive before the full might of Moltke 's forces was mobilized and deployed . Reconnaissance by Frossard 's forces had identified only the Prussian 16th Infantry Division guarding the border town of Saarbrücken , right before the entire Army of the Rhine . Accordingly , on 31 July the Army marched forward toward the Saar River to seize Saarbrücken . General Frossard 's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine 's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August , and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks . The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle , with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbrücken . However the Prussians resisted strongly , and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties . Saarbrücken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics . Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force , and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland . While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin , General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast . Moltke had indeed massed three armies in the area -- the Prussian First Army with 50,000 men , commanded by General Karl von Steinmetz opposite Saarlouis , the Prussian Second Army with 134,000 men commanded by Prince Friedrich Karl opposite the line Forbach - Spicheren , and the Prussian Third Army with 120,000 men commanded by Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm , poised to cross the border at Wissembourg . Prussian Army advance ( edit ) Battle of Wissembourg ( edit ) Bavarian infantry at the battle of Wissembourg , 1870 . Main article : Battle of Wissembourg ( 1870 ) Upon learning from captured Prussian soldiers and a local area police chief that the Prussian Crown Prince 's Third Army was just 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Saarbrücken near the town of Wissembourg , General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III decided to retreat to defensive positions . General Frossard , without instructions , hastily withdrew the elements of the Army of the Rhine in Saarbrücken back to Spicheren and Forbach . Marshal MacMahon , now closest to Wissembourg , spread his four divisions over 20 miles ( 32 km ) to react to any Prussian invasion . This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies , forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid them . What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste - Alexandre Ducrot , commander of the 1st Division . He told General Abel Douay , commander of the 2nd Division , on 1 August that `` The information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts , and has no desire to take the offensive '' . Two days later , he told MacMahon that he had not found `` a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff '' . Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans , MacMahon tried to warn the other divisions of his army , without success . The first action of the Franco - Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870 . This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps , with some attached cavalry , which was posted to watch the border , attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army . During the day , elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery , which blasted holes in the defenses of the town . Douay held a very strong position initially , thanks to the accurate long - range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it . Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him ; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat . The fighting within the town had become extremely intense , becoming a door to door battle of survival . Despite a never - ending attack of Prussian infantry , the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions . The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans . The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward , leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition . The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost c. 1,000 casualties . The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them . The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers , a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle - fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks , until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery . Battle of Spicheren ( edit ) Map of Prussian and German offensive , 5 -- 6 August 1870 Main article : Battle of Spicheren The Battle of Spicheren , on 5 August , was the second of three critical French defeats . Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine 's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank , while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear . The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous , unplanned move , leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle . He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren , cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process . On the French side , planning after the disaster at Wissembourg had become essential . General Le Bœuf , flushed with anger , was intent upon going on the offensive over the Saar and countering their loss . However , planning for the next encounter was more based upon the reality of unfolding events rather than emotion or pride , as Intendant General Wolff told him and his staff that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible . Therefore , the armies of France would take up a defensive position that would protect against every possible attack point , but also left the armies unable to support each other . While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth , the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken . A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard 's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren , and took this as a sign of Frossard 's retreat . Ignoring Moltke 's plan again , both German armies attacked Frossard 's French 2nd Corps , fortified between Spicheren and Forbach . The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once . Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes , Frossard did not request additional support from other units . By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing , it was too late . Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren , German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights . Because the reserves had not arrived , Frossard erroneously believed that he was in grave danger of being outflanked as German soldiers under General von Glume were spotted in Forbach . Instead of continuing to defend the heights , by the close of battle after dusk he retreated to the south . The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the Chassepot rifle . They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain -- Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights . Battle of Wörth ( edit ) Aimé Morot 's La bataille de Reichshoffen , 1887 Main article : Battle of Wörth The Battle of Wörth ( also known as Fröschwiller or Reichshoffen ) began when the two armies clashed again on 6 August near Wörth in the town of Fröschwiller , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Wissembourg . The Crown Prince of Prussia 's 3rd army had , on the quick reaction of his Chief of Staff General von Blumenthal , drawn reinforcements which brought its strength up to 140,000 troops . The French had been slowly reinforced and their force numbered only 35,000 . Although badly outnumbered , the French defended their position just outside Fröschwiller . By afternoon , the Germans had suffered c. 10,500 killed or wounded and the French had lost a similar number of casualties and another c. 9,200 men taken prisoner , a loss of about 50 % . The Germans captured Fröschwiller which sat on a hilltop in the centre of the French line . Having lost any hope for victory and facing a massacre , the French army disengaged and retreated in a westerly direction towards Bitche and Saverne , hoping to join French forces on the other side of the Vosges mountains . The German 3rd army did not pursue the French but remained in Alsace and moved slowly south , attacking and destroying the French garrisons in the vicinity . Battle of Mars - La - Tour ( edit ) The Prussian 7th Cuirassiers charge the French guns at the Battle of Mars - La - Tour , 16 August 1870 . Main article : Battle of Mars - La - Tour About 160,000 French soldiers were besieged in the fortress of Metz following the defeats on the frontier . A retirement from Metz to link up with French forces at Châlons , was ordered on 15 August and spotted by a Prussian cavalry patrol under Major Oskar von Blumenthal . Next day a grossly outnumbered Prussian force of 30,000 men of III Corps ( of the 2nd Army ) under General Konstantin von Alvensleben , found the French Army near Vionville , east of Mars - la - Tour . Despite odds of four to one , the III Corps launched a risky attack . The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville , blocking any further escape attempts to the west . Once blocked from retreat , the French in the fortress of Metz had no choice but to engage in a fight that would see the last major cavalry engagement in Western Europe . The battle soon erupted , and III Corps was shattered by incessant cavalry charges , losing over half its soldiers . The German Official History recorded 15,780 casualties and French casualties of 13,761 men . On 16 August , the French had a chance to sweep away the key Prussian defense , and to escape . Two Prussian corps had attacked the French advance guard , thinking that it was the rearguard of the retreat of the French Army of the Meuse . Despite this misjudgment the two Prussian corps held the entire French army for the whole day . Outnumbered 5 to 1 , the extraordinary élan of the Prussians prevailed over gross indecision by the French . The French had lost the opportunity to win a decisive victory . Battle of Gravelotte ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Juliusz Kossak , Battle of Gravelotte , depicting the Prussians at Gravelotte , 1871 Main article : Battle of Gravelotte The Battle of Gravelotte , or Gravelotte -- St. Privat ( 18 August ) , was the largest battle during the Franco - Prussian War . It was fought about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) west of Metz , where on the previous day , having intercepted the French army 's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars - La - Tour , the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces . The combined German forces , under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke , were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions , 133 cavalry squadrons , and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men . The French Army of the Rhine , commanded by Marshal François - Achille Bazaine , numbering about 183 infantry battalions , 104 cavalry squadrons , backed by 520 heavy cannons , totaling 112,800 officers and men , dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles , and their northern right flank at St. Privat . On 18 August , the battle began when at 08 : 00 Moltke ordered the First and Second Armies to advance against the French positions . By 12 : 00 , General Manstein opened up the battle before the village of Amanvillers with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division . But the French had spent the night and early morning digging trenches and rifle pits while placing their artillery and their mitrailleuses in concealed positions . Finally aware of the Prussian advance , the French opened up a massive return fire against the mass of advancing Germans . The battle at first appeared to favour the French with their superior Chassepot rifle . However , the Prussian artillery was superior with the all - steel Krupp breech - loading gun . By 14 : 30 , General Steinmetz , the commander of the First Army , unilaterally launched his VIII Corps across the Mance Ravine in which the Prussian infantry were soon pinned down by murderous rifle and mitrailleuse fire from the French positions . At 15 : 00 , the massed guns of the VII and VIII Corps opened fire to support the attack . But by 16 : 00 , with the attack in danger of stalling , Steinmetz ordered the VII Corps forward , followed by the 1st Cavalry Division . The `` Rifle Battalion 9 from Lauenburg '' at Gravelotte By 16 : 50 , with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up , the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert . At 17 : 15 , the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17 : 45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade . All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches . At 18 : 15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade , the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division , was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine . By 18 : 30 , a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville . With the defeat of the First Army , Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert 's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too . At 19 : 00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky 's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat . At 20 : 00 , the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine , the line stabilised . By then , the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw . With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting , the French were now able to mount a counter-attack . General Bourbaki , however , refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because , by that time , he considered the overall situation a ' defeat ' . By 22 : 00 , firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night . The next morning , the French Army of the Rhine , rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle - weary German armies , retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later . The casualties were horrible , especially for the attacking Prussian forces . A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed , wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle . The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war ( half of them were wounded ) for a total of 12,275 . While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles , most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells . In a breakdown of the casualties , Frossard 's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour . The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men . The Special Guards Jäger lost 19 officers , a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700 . The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men . The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men . On the French side , the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village . Siege of Metz ( edit ) Surrender of Metz . Main article : Siege of Metz ( 1870 ) With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine 's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte , the French were forced to retire to Metz , where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies . Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons , to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine . Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance . The Army of Châlons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine . The Prussians , under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke , took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip . He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz , except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony . With this army and the Prussian Third Army , Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August . After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons , the French withdrew toward Sedan . Having reformed in the town , the Army of Châlons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies . Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately . With MacMahon wounded on the previous day , General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field . Battle of Sedan ( edit ) Napoleon III and Bismarck talk after Napoleon 's capture at the Battle of Sedan by Wilhelm Camphausen Main article : Battle of Sedan On 1 September 1870 , the battle opened with the Army of Châlons , with 202 infantry battalions , 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns , attacking the surrounding Prussian Third and Meuse Armies totaling 222 infantry battalions , 186 cavalry squadrons and 774 guns . General De Wimpffen , the commander of the French V Corps in reserve , hoped to launch a combined infantry and cavalry attack against the Prussian XI Corps . But by 11 : 00 , Prussian artillery took a toll on the French while more Prussian troops arrived on the battlefield . The French cavalry , commanded by General Marguerite , launched three desperate attacks on the nearby village of Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated . Marguerite was killed leading the very first charge and the two additional charges led to nothing but heavy losses . By the end of the day , with no hope of breaking out , Napoleon III called off the attacks . The French lost over 17,000 men , killed or wounded , with 21,000 captured . The Prussians reported their losses at 2,320 killed , 5,980 wounded and 700 captured or missing . By the next day , on 2 September , Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner with 104,000 of his soldiers . It was an overwhelming victory for the Prussians , for they not only captured an entire French army , but the leader of France as well . The defeat of the French at Sedan had decided the war in Prussia 's favour . One French army was now immobilised and besieged in the city of Metz , and no other forces stood on French ground to prevent a German invasion . Nevertheless , the war would continue . The war of the Government of National Defence ( edit ) Government of National Defence ( edit ) `` Discussing the War in a Paris Café '' -- a scene published in the Illustrated London News of 17 September 1870 . When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men , the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris , which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu , Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September , the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence . After the German victory at Sedan , most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans , who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war . Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate . The Government of National Defence had no electoral mandate , the Emperor was a captive and the Empress in exile but there had been no abdication de jure and the army was still bound by an oath of allegiance to the defunct imperial régime . The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but while the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia , Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense , declared on 6 September that France would not `` yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses . '' The republic then renewed the declaration of war , called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance . Under these circumstances , the Germans had to continue the war , yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity . As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging - in near Paris , the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris . By September 15 , German troops reached the outskirts of Paris and Moltke issued the orders for an investment of the city . On September 19 , the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade , as already established at Metz , completing the encirclement on 20 September . Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Château de Ferrières and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge , which included Strasbourg , Alsace and most of the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital . In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly , Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul . To allow supplies into Paris , one of the perimeter forts had to be handed over . Favre was unaware that the real aim of Bismarck in making such extortionate demands was to establish a durable peace on the new western frontier of Germany , preferably by a peace with a friendly government , on terms acceptable to French public opinion . An impregnable military frontier was an inferior alternative to him , favoured only by the militant nationalists on the German side . When the war had begun , European public opinion heavily favoured the Germans ; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera . Bismarck 's demand that France surrender sovereignty over Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy , which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris , who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that `` Yesterday I said to you : war to the death to Bonaparte . Today I say to you : rescue the French Republic by every means . '' Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges , with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war . Siege of Paris ( edit ) `` The War : Defence of Paris -- Students Going to Man the Fortifications '' -- one of the iconic images of the Siege of Paris . Main article : Siege of Paris ( 1870 -- 1871 ) Prussian forces commenced the Siege of Paris on 19 September 1870 . Faced with the blockade , the new French government called for the establishment of several large armies in the French provinces . These new bodies of troops were to march towards Paris and attack the Germans there from various directions at the same time . Armed French civilians were to create a guerilla force -- the so - called Francs - tireurs -- for the purpose of attacking German supply lines . These developments prompted calls from the German public for a bombardment of the city . Von Blumenthal , who commanded the siege , was opposed to the bombardment on moral grounds . In this he was backed by other senior military figures such as the Crown Prince and Moltke . Loire campaign ( edit ) Dispatched from Paris as the republican government emissary , Léon Gambetta flew over the German lines in a balloon inflated with coal gas from the city 's gasworks and organized the recruitment of the Armée de la Loire . Rumors about an alleged German `` extermination '' plan infuriated the French and strengthened their support of the new regime . Within a few weeks , five new armies totalling more than 500,000 troops were recruited . The Germans dispatched some of their troops to the French provinces to detect , attack and disperse the new French armies before they could become a menace . The Germans were not prepared for an occupation of the whole of France . On 10 October , hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans . At first , the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November . After the surrender of Metz , more than 100,000 well - trained and experienced German troops joined the German ' Southern Army ' . The French were forced to abandon Orléans on 4 December , and were finally defeated at the Battle of Le Mans ( 10 -- 12 January ) . A second French army which operated north of Paris was turned back at the Battle of Amiens ( 27 November ) , the Battle of Bapaume ( 3 January 1871 ) and the Battle of St. Quentin ( 13 January ) . Northern campaign ( edit ) The Battle of Bapaume ( 1871 ) took place from 2 -- 3 January 1871 , during the Franco - Prussian War in and around Biefvillers - lès - Bapaume and Bapaume . The Prussian advance was stopped by Genéral Louis Léon César Faidherbe at the head of the Armée du Nord . Following the Army of the Loire 's defeats , Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe 's Army of the North . The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham , La Hallue , and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France , allowing Faidherbe 's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units , then retreat behind the fortresses . Despite access to the armaments factories of Lille , the Army of the North suffered from severe supply difficulties , which depressed morale . In January 1871 , Gambetta forced Faidherbe to march his army beyond the fortresses and engage the Prussians in open battle . The army was severely weakened by low morale , supply problems , the terrible winter weather and low troop quality , whilst general Faidherbe was unable to command due to his poor health , the result of decades of campaigning in West Africa . At the Battle of St. Quentin , the Army of the North suffered a crushing defeat and was scattered , releasing thousands of Prussian soldiers to be relocated to the East . Eastern campaign ( edit ) Following the destruction of the French Army of the Loire , remnants of the Loire army gathered in eastern France to form the Army of the East , commanded by general Charles - Denis Bourbaki . In a final attempt to cut the German supply lines in northeast France , Bourbaki 's army marched north to attack the Prussian siege of Belfort and relieve the defenders . In the battle of the Lisaine , Bourbaki 's men failed to break through German lines commanded by General August von Werder . Bringing in the German ' Southern Army ' , General von Manteuffel then drove Bourbaki 's army into the mountains near the Swiss border . Facing annihilation , the last intact French army crossed the border and was disarmed and interned by the neutral Swiss near Pontarlier ( 1 February ) . Armistice ( edit ) In this painting by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes a woman holds up an oak twig as a symbol of hope for the nation 's recovery from war and deprivation after the Franco - Prussian War . The Walters Art Museum . Main article : Armistice of Versailles On 26 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians . With Paris starving , and Gambetta 's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another , French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck . Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris ( including trains carrying millions of German army rations ) , on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians . Without the forts , the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris . Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians , the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer , and that Gambetta 's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris . President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre , who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles , with the armistice coming into effect at midnight . Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris , Favre broke into tears , and collapsed into his daughter 's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight . At Bordeaux , Gambetta received word from Paris on 29 January that the Government had surrendered . Furious , he refused to surrender . Jules Simon , a member of the Government arrived from Paris by train on 1 February to negotiate with Gambetta . Another group of three ministers arrived in Bordeaux on 5 February and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence , which promptly ordered a cease - fire across France . The war at Sea ( edit ) French warships at sea in 1870 Painting of Meteor in battle with Bouvet , by Robert Parlow ( de ) Blockade ( edit ) When the war began , the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts , which the small North German Federal Navy with only five ironclads and various minor vessels could do little to oppose . For most of the war , the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles ; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations . By the time engine repairs had been completed , the French fleet had already departed . The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris . Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war , were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland . Only part of the 470 - ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July . Before long , the French navy ran short of coal , needing 200 short tons ( 180 t ) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons ( 230 t ) . A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France , made the French naval efforts futile . Spotting a blockade - runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon ; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships . To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace - Lorraine , Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began . The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war , with its 50,000 - strong army and the Royal Danish Navy . It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports , including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery , which with a range of 4,000 yards ( 3,700 m ) , had double the range of French naval guns . The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible . The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III . A shortage of officers , following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan , led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile . As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships , the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter . The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war . Pacific and caribbean ( edit ) Outside Europe , the French corvette Dupleix blockaded the German corvette SMS Hertha in Nagasaki and the Battle of Havana took place between the Prussian gunboat SMS Meteor and the French aviso Bouvet off Havana , Cuba , in November 1870 . Aftermath ( edit ) Analysis ( edit ) German uhlans and an infantryman escorting captured French soldiers Europe at This Moment ( 1872 ) - A Political - Geographic Fantasy : An elaborate satirical map reflecting the European situation following the Franco - Prussian war . France had suffered a crushing defeat : the loss of Alsace and much of Lorraine ; The map contains satirical comments on 14 countries The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers , many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war . The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased . Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system , and adopted many of their innovations , particularly the General Staff , universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems . The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective , in contrast to the traditional French school . This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes . The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke 's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances . The Chief of the General Staff , effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army , was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch . The French General Staff -- along with those of every other European military -- was little better than a collection of assistants for the line commanders . This disorganization hampered the French commanders ' ability to exercise control of their forces . In addition , the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model ; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking . Indeed , this was Moltke 's expectation . The French , meanwhile , suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development . According to the military historian Dallas Irvine , the system `` was almost completely effective in excluding the army 's brain power from the staff and high command . To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy . '' Albrecht von Roon , the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873 , put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s . Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany . The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves . The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization . Thus , despite the population of France being greater than the population of all of the German states that participated in the war , the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle . Population and soldiers mobilized at the start of the war Population in 1870 Mobilized Second French Empire 38,000,000 500,000 Northern German states 32,000,000 550,000 At the outset of the Franco - Prussian War , 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them , the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration . This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies . Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis ( literally `` circle '' ) around the chief city in an area . Reservists rarely lived more than a day 's travel from their regiment 's depot . By contrast , French regiments generally served far from their depots , which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn . Reservists often faced several days ' journey to report to their depots , and then another long journey to join their regiments . Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations , vainly seeking rations and orders . The effect of these differences was accentuated by the pre-war preparations . The Prussian General Staff had drawn up minutely detailed mobilization plans using the railway system , which in turn had been partly laid out in response to recommendations of a Railway Section within the General Staff . The French railway system , with multiple competing companies , had developed purely from commercial pressures and many journeys to the front in Alsace and Lorraine involved long diversions and frequent changes between trains . Furthermore , no system had been put in place for military control of the railways , and officers simply commandeered trains as they saw fit . Rail sidings and marshalling yards became choked with loaded wagons , with nobody responsible for unloading them or directing them to the destination . Although Austria - Hungary and Denmark had both wished to avenge their recent military defeats against Prussia , they chose not to intervene in the war due to a lack of confidence in the French . Napoleon III also failed to cultivate alliances with the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom , partially due to the diplomatic efforts of the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck , and thus faced the German states alone . The French breech - loading rifle , the Chassepot , had a far longer range than the German needle gun ; 1,500 yards ( 1,400 m ) compared to 600 yd ( 550 m ) . The French also had an early machine - gun type weapon , the mitrailleuse , which could fire its thirty - seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd ( 1,100 m ) . It was developed in such secrecy that little training with the weapon had occurred , leaving French gunners with no experience ; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective . Worse still , once the small number of soldiers who had been trained how to use the new weapon became casualties , there were no replacements who knew how to operate the mitrailleuse . The French were equipped with bronze , rifled muzzle - loading artillery , while the Prussians used new steel breech - loading guns , which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire . Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire , which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition . In addition , the Prussian artillery batteries had 30 % more guns than their French counterparts . The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2 -- 3 kilometres ( 1.2 -- 1.9 mi ) , beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle . The Prussian batteries could thus destroy French artillery with impunity , before being moved forward to directly support infantry attacks . Effects on military thought ( edit ) The events of the Franco - Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years . Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system , the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry . The bold use of artillery by the Prussians , to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range , proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners . The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914 , exemplified in the French 75 , an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry . Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless - powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively . This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire , usually from a position of cover . At the Battle of Mars - la - Tours , the Prussian 12th Cavalry Brigade , commanded by General Adalbert von Bredow , conducted a charge against a French artillery battery . The attack was a costly success and came to be known as `` von Bredow 's Death Ride '' , which was held to prove that cavalry charges could still prevail on the battlefield . Use of traditional cavalry on the battlefields of 1914 proved to be disastrous , due to accurate , long - range rifle fire , machine - guns and artillery . Von Bredow 's attack had succeeded only because of an unusually effective artillery bombardment just before the charge , along with favorable terrain that masked his approach . Casualties ( edit ) The Germans raised a total of 33,101 officers and 1,113,254 men for the war , of which they lost 1,046 officers and 16,539 enlisted men killed in action . Another 671 officers and 10,050 men died of their wounds , for total battle deaths of 28,306 . Disease killed 207 officers and 11,940 men , with typhoid accounting for 6,965 . 4,009 were missing and presumed dead ; 290 died in accidents and 29 committed suicide . Among the missing and captured were 103 officers and 10,026 men . The wounded amounted to 3,725 officers and 86,007 men . French battle deaths were 77,000 , of which 41,000 were killed in action and 36,000 died of wounds . More than 45,000 died of sickness . Total deaths were 138,871 , with 136,540 being suffered by the army and 2,331 by the navy . The wounded totaled 137,626 ; 131,000 for the army and 6,526 for the navy . French prisoners of war numbered 383,860 . In addition , 90,192 French soldiers were interned in Switzerland and 6,300 in Belgium . Subsequent events ( edit ) Prussian reaction and withdrawal ( edit ) Europe after the Franco - Prussian War and the German Unification The Prussian Army , under the terms of the armistice , held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February ; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew . Bismarck honoured the armistice , by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city , prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity . The indemnity was proportioned , according to population , to be the exact equivalent to the indemnity imposed by Napoleon on Prussia in 1807 . At the same time , Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine . An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people , predominantly middle - class , went to the countryside . The Paris Commune ( edit ) See also : Paris Commune During the war , the Paris National Guard , particularly in the working - class neighbourhoods of Paris , had become highly politicised and units elected officers ; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government . National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871 . On 18 March 1871 , when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre , National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals . The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris . A commune was elected , which was dominated by socialists , anarchists and revolutionaries . The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army , which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21 -- 28 May in the Semaine Sanglante ( bloody week ) . During the fighting , the Communards killed c. 500 people , including the Archbishop of Paris , and burned down many government buildings , including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville . Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed between 7,000 and 30,000 Communards , both during the fighting and in massacres of men , women , and children during and after the Commune . More recent histories , based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune , put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000 . Twenty - six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested , which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences , of which 23 were inflicted . Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people , 1,160 people were transported to `` a fortified place '' and 3,417 people were transported . About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to Britain , Switzerland , Belgium or the United States . The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return . German unification and power ( edit ) Further information : Unification of Germany Proclamation of the German Empire , painted by Anton von Werner The creation of a unified German Empire greatly disturbed the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars . Germany had established itself as a major power in continental Europe , boasting the most powerful and professional army in the world . Although Britain remained the dominant world power overall , British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was limited , owing to its focus on colonial empire - building , allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland . Anglo - German straining of tensions was somewhat mitigated by several prominent relationships between the two powers , such as the Crown Prince 's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria . French reaction and Revanchism ( edit ) La Tache Noire ( 1887 ) by Albert Bettannier , depicting a French schoolteacher teaching his pupils about the loss of Alsace - Lorraine , represented by a black mark on the map The defeat in the Franco - Prussian War led to the birth of Revanchism ( literally , `` revenge - ism '' ) in France , characterised by a deep sense of bitterness , hatred and demand for revenge against Germany . This was particularly manifested in the desire for another war with Germany in order to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine . It also led to the development of right - wing ideologies emphasising `` the ideal of the guarded , self - referential nation schooled in the imperative of war '' , an ideology epitomised by figures such as General Georges Ernest Boulanger in the 1880s . Paintings that emphasized the humiliation of the defeat became in high demand , such as those by Alphonse de Neuville . See also ( edit ) War portal Franco - Prussian War order of battle History of French foreign relations Foreign relations of Germany Belgium and the Franco - Prussian War French -- German enmity International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ see Occupation of Saarbrücken ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 1991 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Nolte 1884 , pp. 526 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Nolte 1884 , p. 527 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ For instance , A. Ramm highlights three difficulties with the argument that Bismarck planned or provoked a French attack . Agatha Ramm , Germany 1789 - 1919 , Methuen & Co. Ltd , London , 1967 , pp. 308 - 313 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 1991 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ von Bismarck 1899 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Britannica : Franco - German War . Jump up ^ Von Poschinger , Heinrich , Conversations With Prince Bismarck , Harper and Brothers , London , 1900 , https://archive.org/stream/conversationswit00poscrich/conversationswit00poscrich_djvu.txt Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2002 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Milza , Pierre , `` L'année terrible , p. 47 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Milza , Pierre , `` L'année terrible , p. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ McElwee 1974 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : McElwee 1974 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Wawro 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2002 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Palmer 2010 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2002 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2002 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Palmer 2010 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2002 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Zabecki 2008 , pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 69 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 47 , 48 , 60 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 85 , 86 , 90 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 87 , 90 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 97 , 98 , 101 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 101 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 101 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 108 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 152 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 160 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Baldick 1964 , p. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 228 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Craig 1980 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Howard 1961 , pp. 230 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Ridley 1976 , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Howard , p 341 Jump up ^ Foley 2007 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Shann , Stephen ( 2012 ) . French Army 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War ( 2 ) : Republican Troops . Osprey . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Hozier , Sir Henry Montague ; Adams , William Henry Davenport ( 1872 ) . The Franco - Prussian War : Its Causes , Incidents , and Consequences . p. 217ff . Jump up ^ Ollier , Edmund ( 1883 ) . Cassell 's history of the war between France and Germany , 1870 -- 1871 . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` Hope '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ Sondhaus 2001 , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Rüstow & Needham 1872 , p. 229 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 190 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : Wawro 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Maurice & Long 1900 , pp. 587 -- 588 . Jump up ^ Rüstow & Needham 1872 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ van Creveld 1977 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Irvine 1938 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1942 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2004 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Howard 1991 , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2004 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2004 , pp. 218 -- 219 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 1961 , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Bailey 2004 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1988 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman ( London : Hamish Hamilton , 1955 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , pp. 301 , 310 . ^ Jump up to : Baldick 1964 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Horne 1965 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Rougerie 1995 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2000 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Wawro 2003 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Rougerie 2014 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Horne 1965 , pp. 422 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers : Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Karine Varley , `` The Taboos of Defeat : Unmentionable Memories of the Franco - Prussian War in France , 1870 -- 1914 . '' in Jenny Macleod , ed. , Defeat and Memory : Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) pp. 62 - 80 . Jump up ^ Karine Varley , Under the Shadow of Defeat : The War of 1870 - 71 in French Memory ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Brown , Frederick ( 2010 ) . For the Soul of France : Culture wars in the age of Dreyfus ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. xxv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26631 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert Jay , `` Alphonse de Neuville 's ' The Spy ' and the Legacy of the Franco - Prussian War , '' Metropolitan Museum Journal ( 1984 ) 19 : pp. 151 - 162 in JSTOR References ( edit ) Books Bailey , J.B.A. ( 2004 ) . Field Artillery and Firepower . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1591140293 . Baldick , R. ( 1964 ) . The Siege of Paris ( NEL , 1974 ed . ) . London : Batsford . ISBN 0 - 450 - 02190 - 4 . OCLC 752467622 . Clark , C. ( 2006 ) . Iron Kingdom : The Rise And Downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 67402 - 385 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Craig , G.A. ( 1980 ) . Germany : 1866 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 849737246 . Foley , R.T. ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . German Strategy and the Path to Verdun : Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition , 1870 -- 1916 ( pbk . ed . ) . Cambridge : CUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 04436 - 3 . Holborn , H. ( 1942 ) . `` Moltke 's Strategical Concepts '' . Military Affairs . VI ( 3 ) : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.2307 / 1982846 . ISSN 2325 - 6990 . JSTOR 1982846 . Horne , A. ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Paris : The Siege and the Commune 1870 -- 1 . London : Macmillan . OCLC 490599556 . Howard , M. ( 1961 ) . The Franco - Prussian War : The German Invasion of France 1870 -- 1871 . London : Rupert Hart - Davis . ISBN 0 - 24663 - 587 - 8 . Howard , M. ( 1991 ) . The Franco - Prussian War : The German Invasion of France 1870 -- 1871 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26671 - 8 . Irvine , D.D. ( 1938 ) . `` The French and Prussian Staff Systems Before 1870 '' . The Journal of the American Military History Foundation . 2 ( 4 ) : 192 -- 203 . ISSN 2326 - 6120 . JSTOR 3038792 . Maurice , J.F. ; Long , Wilfred James ( 1900 ) . The Franco - German War , 1870 -- 71 . London : S. Sonnenschein and Co . OCLC 3132807 . McElwee , W. ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20214 - 0 . Palmer , M.A. ( 2010 ) . The German Wars : A Concise History , 1859 -- 1945 . Minneapolis : MBI Pub. Co. and Zenith Press . ISBN 9781616739850 . Ridley , J. ( 1976 ) . Garibaldi . New York : Viking Press . OCLC 433850694 . Rougerie , J. ( 1995 ) . Paris Insurgé : La Commune de 1871 . Paris : Gallimard . ISBN 2070532895 . Rougerie , J. ( 2014 ) . La Commune de 1871 . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 13 - 062078 - 5 . Rüstow , W. ; Needham , John Layland ( 1872 ) . The War for the Rhine Frontier , 1870 : Its Political and Military History . Edinburgh : Blackwood . OCLC 13591954 . Sondhaus , L. ( 2001 ) . Naval Warfare , 1815 -- 1914 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21478 - 0 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1988 ) . Bismarck : The Man and the Statesman . London : Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 11565 - 5 . Wawro , G. ( 2000 ) . Warfare and Society in Europe , 1792 -- 1914 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21445 - 9 . Wawro , G. ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Society in Europe , 1792 -- 1914 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 20317 - 183 - 7 . Wawro , G. ( 2003 ) . The Franco - Prussian War : The German Conquest of France in 1870 -- 1871 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58436 - 1 . van Creveld , M. ( 1977 ) . Supplying War : Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29793 - 1 . von Bismarck , O. ( 1899 ) . Bismarck : The Man & The Statesman . Translated by A.J. Butler . New York : Harper & Brothers . OCLC 51415680 . Zabecki , D.T. ( 2008 ) . Chief of Staff : Napoleonic wars to World War I. Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 990 - 3 . Websites `` Franco - German War '' . Britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Bresler , Fenton . Napoleon III : A Life . New York : Carroll & Graf , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0660 - 0 Bucholz , Arden , Moltke and the German Wars , 1864 -- 1971 ( Houndmills : Palgrave , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 33368 - 758 - 2 De Cesare , R. ( 1909 ) . The Last Days of Papal Rome 1850 -- 1870 ( PDF ) . London : Archibald Constable & Co . OCLC 1301524 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Hughes , Daniel J. , ed. , Moltke on the Art of War : Selected Writings , trans . Harry Bell and Daniel J. Hughes ( Novato , CA : Presidio Press , 1993 ) ISBN 0891414843 Jerrold , B. ( 1874 ) . The Life of Napoleon III ( PDF ) . I. London : Longmans , Green & Co . OCLC 717506637 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jerrold , B. ( 1877 ) . The Life of Napoleon III ( PDF ) . III . London : Longmans , Green & Co . OCLC 832069805 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jerrold , B. ( 1882 ) . The Life of Napoleon III ( PDF ) . IV . London : Longmans , Green & Co . OCLC 832069819 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Kropotkin , P.A. ( 1891 ) . The Commune of Paris ( PDF ) . Freedom Pamphlets ( Freedom Pamphlets 1896 ed . ) . London : New Fellowship Press . OCLC 46570629 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Lowe , William Joseph . The Nest in the Altar or Reminiscences of the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 . Reprinted by Chapter Two , London in 1999 . ISBN 1 - 85307 - 123 - 4 . Lowe , J. ( 2013 ) . The Great Powers , Imperialism and the German Problem 1865 -- 1925 . Hoboken NY : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 13615 - 228 - 8 . Manchester , William . The Arms of Krupp : 1587 -- 1968 . Bantam Books , 1981 OCLC 0553131494 Milza , Pierre ( 2004 ) . Napoleon III . Paris : Editions Perrin . ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 02607 - 3 . Milza , Pierre ( 2009 ) . L'année terrible -- La Commune ( mars -- juin 1871 ) . Paris : Perrin . ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 03073 - 5 . Moltke , H. von ( 1873 ) . The Franco - German war of 1870 -- 71 ( PDF ) ( 1892 ed . ) . London : Osgood Mcilvaine . OCLC 424797 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Robertson , Charles Grant . Bismarck . H. Holt and Co. , 1919 OCLC 875856538 Séguin , Philippe ( 1990 ) . Louis Napoléon Le Grand . Paris : Bernard Grasset . ISBN 2 - 246 - 42951 - X . Sumner , Charles ( 1870 ) . The Duel Between France and Germany ( PDF ) . Boston : Wright and Potter . ISBN 1 - 4353 - 6958 - 0 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Taithe , Bertrand ( 2001 ) . Citizenship and Wars : France in Turmoil 1870 -- 1871 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23927 - 3 . Varley , Karine ( 2008 ) . Under the Shadow of Defeat : The War of 1870 -- 1871 in French Memory . London : Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 23000 - 519 - 5 . Wetzel , David . A Duel of Nations : Germany , France , and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870 -- 1871 ( University of Wisconsin Press ; 2012 ) ISBN 0 - 29929 - 134 - 0 French and German studies ( edit ) Audoin - Rouzeau , Stéphane , 1870 : La France dans la guerre ( Paris : Armand Colin , 1989 ) ISBN 2 - 20037 - 165 - 9 Baumont , Maurice . Broché -- Gloires et tragédies de la IIIe République . Hachette , 1956 OCLC 40712256 Fontane , Theodor , Der Krieg gegen Frankreich , 1870 -- 1871 , Verlag der königlichen geheimen Hofbuchdruckerei , Bwelin , 1873 , Reprint 2004 , ISBN 3 - 937135 - 25 - 1 Förster , Stig , ed. , Moltke : Vom Kabinettskrieg zum Volkskrieg : Eine Werkauswahl ( Bonn : Bouvier Verlag , 1992 ) ISBN 3 - 41680 - 655 - 7 Helmert , Heinz and Hansjürgen Usczeck , Preussischdeutsche Kriege von 1864 bis 1871 : Militärischer Verlauf ( Berlin : Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik , 1967 ) OCLC 4322242 Mehrkens , Heidi , Statuswechsel : Kriegserfahrung und nationale Wahrnehmung im Deutsch - Französischen Krieg 1870 / 71 ( Essen : Klartext , 2008 ) ISBN 3 - 89861 - 565 - 0 Nolte , Frédérick ( 1884 ) . L'Europe militaire et diplomatique au dix - neuvième siècle , 1815 -- 1884 ( 4 volumes ) . E. Plon , Nourrit et ce . OCLC 4899575 . Stoneman , Mark R. `` Die deutschen Greueltaten im Krieg 1870 / 71 am Beispiel der Bayern , '' in Kriegsgreuel : Die Entgrenzung der Gewalt in kriegerischen Konflikten vom Mittelalter bis ins 20 . Jahrhundert , ed . Sönke Neitzel and Daniel Hohrath ( Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh , 2008 ) , 223 -- 39 ISBN 3 - 50676 - 375 - X Caricatures and editorial cartoons ( edit ) Morna Daniels , `` Caricatures from the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 and the Paris Commune '' Electronic British Library Journal 2005 Online W. Jack Rhoden , `` French caricatures of the Franco - Prussian War and Commune at the British Library '' , FSLG Annual Review issue 6 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , pp. 22 -- 24 Online Bettina Müller , `` The Collections of French caricatures in Heidelberg : The English connection '' , FSLG Annual Review issue 8 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , pp. 39 -- 42 Online British Library collection of caricatures from the Franco - Prussian war Henry William Pullen , The Fight at Dame Europa 's School , 1871 . Satire with illustrations by Thomas Nast . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franco - Prussian War . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Franco - German War . ( in French ) La guerre de 1870 -- 71 en images Texts and documents about German -- French relations and an essay on the Franco - German war Information and maps on the battles of Wissembourg , Woerth and Gravelotte Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament German reunification Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg Germany portal GND : 4122110 - 2 BNF : cb11954150p ( data ) NDL : 00563600 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco-Prussian_War&oldid=815400256 '' Categories : Franco - Prussian War 1870 in France 1871 in France Conflicts in 1870 Wars involving Baden Wars involving Bavaria Wars involving Germany Wars involving Saxony Wars involving Württemberg Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 粵語中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 16 : 40 . 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About Wikipedia	where did the franco prussian war take place	[ "\n\n\n\nFranco-Prussian War\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nClockwise from top left:\nPrussian infantry at the Battle of Spicheren;\nJeanniot's 1886 La ligne de feu (Battle of Mars-La-Tour);\nWerner's depiction of the capitulation of Sedan;\nNeuville's 1873 Les dernières cartouches (Battle of Bazeilles).\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n19 July 1870 – 28 January 1871\n(6 months, 1 week and 2 days)\n\n\nLocation\n\n\n\nFrance\n\n\nand Rhine Province[1]\n\n\nResult\nGerman victory\n\n\n • Fall of the Second French Empire\n • Formation of the French Third Republic\n • Formation of the German Empire\n • Treaty of Frankfurt\n • German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n French Empirea\n\n North German\n Confederation\n\n Prussiac\n\n Baden\n Bavaria\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n\n\n French Republicb\n German Empired\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Napoleon III (POW)\n F. A. Bazaine (POW)\n Louis Jules Trochu\n Patrice de MacMahon (POW)\n Léon Gambetta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n William I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Crown Prince Friedrich\n Prince Friedrich Karl\n Karl F. von Steinmetz\n Albrecht von Roon\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\nTotal deployment: 2,000,740[2]\nInitially: 909,951\n\n492,585 active, including 300,000 reservists[3][2]\n417,366 Garde Mobile[3]\n\nPeak field army strength: 710,000[2]\n\nTotal deployment: 1,494,412[2]\nInitially: 938,424\n\n730,274 regulars and reservists[2]\n208,150 Landwehr[2]\n\nPeak field army strength: 949,337[2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n756,285[4]\n\n138,871 dead[5]\n143,000 wounded\n474,414 captured or interned\n\n\n\n144,642[6]\n\n17,585 killed in action\n10,721 died of wounds\n12,385 died from non-combat causes\n4,009 missing and presumed dead\n89,732 wounded\n10,129 missing or captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\na Until 4 September 1870.\nb From 4 September 1870.\nc Leading member of the North German Confederation.\nd From 18 January 1871.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nFranco-Prussian War\n\n\nPart of the wars of German unification\n\n\n\nClockwise from top left:\nPrussian infantry at the Battle of Spicheren;\nJeanniot's 1886 La ligne de feu (Battle of Mars-La-Tour);\nWerner's depiction of the capitulation of Sedan;\nNeuville's 1873 Les dernières cartouches (Battle of Bazeilles).\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n19 July 1870 – 28 January 1871\n(6 months, 1 week and 2 days)\n\n\nLocation\n\n\n\nFrance\n\n\nand Rhine Province[1]\n\n\nResult\nGerman victory\n\n\n • Fall of the Second French Empire\n • Formation of the French Third Republic\n • Formation of the German Empire\n • Treaty of Frankfurt\n • German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n French Empirea\n\n North German\n Confederation\n\n Prussiac\n\n Baden\n Bavaria\n Württemberg\n Hesse-Darmstadt\n\n\n French Republicb\n German Empired\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n\n\n\n Napoleon III (POW)\n F. A. Bazaine (POW)\n Louis Jules Trochu\n Patrice de MacMahon (POW)\n Léon Gambetta\n\n\n\n\n\n\n William I\n Otto von Bismarck\n Helmuth von Moltke\n Crown Prince Friedrich\n Prince Friedrich Karl\n Karl F. von Steinmetz\n Albrecht von Roon\n\n\n\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\nTotal deployment: 2,000,740[2]\nInitially: 909,951\n\n492,585 active, including 300,000 reservists[3][2]\n417,366 Garde Mobile[3]\n\nPeak field army strength: 710,000[2]\n\nTotal deployment: 1,494,412[2]\nInitially: 938,424\n\n730,274 regulars and reservists[2]\n208,150 Landwehr[2]\n\nPeak field army strength: 949,337[2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n756,285[4]\n\n138,871 dead[5]\n143,000 wounded\n474,414 captured or interned\n\n\n\n144,642[6]\n\n17,585 killed in action\n10,721 died of wounds\n12,385 died from non-combat causes\n4,009 missing and presumed dead\n89,732 wounded\n10,129 missing or captured\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\na Until 4 September 1870.\nb From 4 September 1870.\nc Leading member of the North German Confederation.\nd From 18 January 1871.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "France", "Rhine Province" ]
-5088889773943950501	Juris Doctor	Juris Doctor - wikipedia Juris Doctor Jump to : navigation , search Example of a diploma from Suffolk University Law School conferring the Juris Doctor degree The Juris Doctor degree ( J.D. or JD ) , also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree ( J.D. , JD , D. Jur. or DJur ) , is a graduate - entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees . It is earned by completing law school in Australia , Canada and the United States , and some other common law countries . It has the academic standing of a second - entry , baccalaureate degree in Canada , a master 's degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States ( in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D. or D.D.S. ) . The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree ( such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe ) . Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the scientific study of law , it is a degree that in most common law jurisdictions is the primary professional preparation for lawyers . It involves a three - year program in most jurisdictions . To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a given state in the United States , the majority of individuals holding a J.D. degree must pass a bar examination . The state of Wisconsin , however , permits the graduates of its two law schools to practice law in that state , and in its state courts , without having to take its bar exam -- a practice called `` diploma privilege '' -- provided they complete the courses needed to satisfy the diploma privilege requirements . In the United States , passing an additional bar exam is not required of lawyers authorized to practice in at least one state to practice in the national courts of the United States , courts commonly known as `` federal courts '' . Lawyers must , however , be admitted to the bar of the federal court before they are authorized to practice in that court . Admission to the bar of a federal district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and abbreviations 2 Historical context 2.1 Origins of the law degree 2.2 The history of legal training in England 2.3 Legal training in colonial North America and 19th century U.S. 2.3. 1 Revolutionary approach : Scientific study of law 3 Creation of the J.D. and major common law approaches to legal education 3.1 Legal education in the United States 3.1. 1 Creation of the Juris Doctor 3.2 Major common law approaches 4 Modern variants and curriculum 4.1 Types and characteristics 4.1. 1 Standard Juris Doctor curriculum 4.1. 2 Replacement for the LL. B . 4.2 Descriptions of the J.D. outside the U.S. 4.2. 1 Australia 4.2. 2 Canada 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Hong Kong 4.2. 5 India 4.2. 6 Italy 4.2. 7 Japan 4.2. 8 Mexico 4.2. 9 Philippines 4.2. 10 Singapore 4.2. 11 United Kingdom 5 In academia 6 Use of the title `` Doctor '' 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Etymology and abbreviations ( edit ) In the United States , the professional doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English as Juris Doctor ( sometimes shown on Latin diplomas in the accusative form Juris Doctorem ) and at some law schools Doctor of Law ( J.D. or JD ) , or Doctor of Jurisprudence ( also abbreviated JD or J.D. ) . `` Juris Doctor '' literally means `` Teacher of Law '' , while the Latin for `` Doctor of Jurisprudence '' -- Jurisprudentiae Doctor -- literally means `` Teacher of Legal Knowledge '' . The J.D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor ( LLD or LL. D . ) . In institutions where the latter can be earned , e.g. Cambridge University ( where it is titled Doctor of Law , though still retaining the abbreviation LLD ) and many other British institutions , it is a higher research doctorate representing a substantial contribution to the field over many years , beyond that required for a PhD and well beyond a taught degree such as the J.D. The LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States . Historical context ( edit ) Origins of the law degree ( edit ) The first university in Europe , the University of Bologna , was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the glossator school in that city . This served as the model for other law schools of the Middle Ages , and other early universities such as the University of Padua . The first academic degrees may have been doctorates in civil law ( doctores legum ) followed by canon law ( doctores decretorum ) ; these were not professional degrees but rather indicated that their holders had been approved to teach at the universities . While Bologna granted only doctorates , preparatory degrees ( bachelor 's and licences ) were introduced in Paris and then in the English universities . The History of legal training in England ( edit ) The Inns of Court of London served as a professional school for lawyers in England . The nature of the J.D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England . The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practice law . The universities only taught civil and canon law ( used in a very few jurisdictions such as the courts of admiralty and church courts ) but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions . Professional training for practicing common law in England was undertaken at the Inns of Court , but over time the training functions of the Inns lessened considerably and apprenticeships with individual practitioners arose as the prominent medium of preparation . However , because of the lack of standardisation of study and of objective standards for appraisal of these apprenticeships , the role of universities became subsequently of importance for the education of lawyers in the English speaking world . In England in 1292 when Edward I first requested that lawyers be trained , students merely sat in the courts and observed , but over time the students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences , which led to the institution of the Inns of Court system . The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court - like practice and lecture , as well as court proceedings observation . By the fifteenth century , the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge , though very specialized in purpose . With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades , the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously , and the demand for lawyers grew . Traditionally Oxford and Cambridge did not see common law as worthy of study , and included coursework in law only in the context of canon and civil law ( the two ' Laws ' in the original Bachelor of Laws , which thus became the Bachelor of Civil Law when the study of canon law was barred after the Reformation ) and for the purpose of the study of philosophy or history only . The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged , structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades . The training of solicitors by a five - year apprenticeship was formally established by the Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1728 , . William Blackstone became the first lecturer in English common law at the University of Oxford in 1753 , but the university did not establish the program for the purpose of professional study , and the lectures were very philosophical and theoretical in nature . Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based , where concentration on foundational principles can be had , instead of concentration on detail and procedure had through apprenticeship and the Inns of Court . The 1728 act was amended in 1821 to reduce the period of the required apprenticeship to three years for graduates in either Law or Arts from Oxford , Cambridge and Dublin , as `` the admission of such graduates should be facilitated , in consideration of the learning and abilities requisite for taking such degree '' . This was extended in 1837 to cover the newly established universities of Durham and London , and again in 1851 to include the new Queen 's University of Ireland . The Inns of Court continued but became less effective , and admission to the bar still did not require any significant educational activity or examination . In 1846 , Parliament examined the education and training of prospective barristers and found the system to be inferior to that of Europe and the United States as Britain did not regulate the admission of barristers . Therefore , formal schools of law were called for , but not finally established until later in the century , and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions . Until the mid nineteenth century , most law degrees in England ( the BCL at Oxford and Durham , and the LLB at London ) were postgraduate degrees , taken after an initial degree in Arts . The Cambridge degree , variously referred to as a BCL , BL or LLB , was an exception : it took 6 years from matriculation to complete , but only three of these had to be in residence , and the BA was not required ( although those not holding a BA had to produce a certificate to prove they had not only been in residence but had actually attended lectures for at least three terms ) . These degrees specialised in Roman Civil Law rather than English Common Law , which was the domain of the Inns of Court , and were thus more theoretical than practically useful . Cambridge reestablished its LLB degree in 1858 as an undergraduate course alongside the BA , and the London LLB , which had previously required a minimum of one year after the BA , become an undergraduate degree in 1866 . The older nomenclature continues to be used for the BCL at Oxford today , which is a master 's level program , while Cambridge moved its LLB back to being a postgraduate degree in 1922 but only renamed it as the LLM in 1982 . Between the 1960s and the 1990s , law schools in England took on a more central role in the preparation of lawyers and consequently improved their coverage of advanced legal topics to become more professionally relevant . Over the same period , American law schools became more scholarly and less professionally oriented , so that in 1996 Langbein could write : `` That contrast between English law schools as temples of scholarship and American law schools as training centers for the profession no longer bears the remotest relation to reality . '' Legal training in colonial North America and 19th century U.S. ( edit ) Initially there was much resistance to lawyers in colonial North America because of the role they had played in hierarchical England , but slowly the colonial governments started using the services of professionals trained in the Inns of Court in London , and by the end of the American Revolution there was a functional bar in each state . Due to an initial distrust of a profession open only to the elite in England , as institutions for training developed in what would become the United States they emerged as quite different from those in England . Initially in the United States the legal professionals were trained and imported from England . A formal apprenticeship or clerkship program was established first in New York in 1730 -- at that time a seven - year clerkship was required , and in 1756 a four - year college degree was required in addition to five years of clerking and an examination . Later the requirements were reduced to require only two years of college education . But a system like the Inns did not develop , and a college education was not required in England until the 19th century , so this system was unique . The clerkship program required much individual study and the mentoring lawyer was expected to carefully select materials for study and guide the clerk in his study of the law and ensure that it was being absorbed . The student was supposed to compile his notes of his reading of the law into a `` commonplace book '' , which he would try to memorize . Although those were the ideals , in reality the clerks were often overworked and rarely were able to study the law individually as expected . They were often employed to tedious tasks , such as making handwritten copies of documents . Finding sufficient legal texts was also a seriously debilitating issue , and there was no standardization in the books assigned to the clerk trainees because they were assigned by their mentor , whose opinion of the law may have differed greatly from his peers . It was said by one famous attorney in the U.S. , William Livingston , in 1745 in a New York newspaper that the clerkship program was severely flawed , and that most mentors `` have no manner of concern for their clerk 's future welfare ... ( T ) is a monstrous absurdity to suppose , that the law is to be learnt by a perpetual copying of precedents . '' There were some few mentors that were dedicated to the service , and because of their rarity , they became so sought after that the first law schools evolved from the offices of some of these attorneys who took on many clerks and began to spend more time training than practicing law . Tapping Reeve , founder of the first law school in North America , the Litchfield Law School , in 1773 In time , the apprenticeship program was not considered sufficient to produce lawyers fully capable of serving their clients ' needs . The apprenticeship programs often employed the trainee with menial tasks , and while they were well trained in the day - to - day operations of a law office , they were generally unprepared practitioners or legal reasoners . The establishment of formal faculties of law in U.S. universities did not occur until the latter part of the 18th century . With the beginning of the American Revolution , the supply of lawyers from Britain ended . The first law degree granted by a U.S. university was a Bachelor of Law in 1793 by the College of William and Mary , which was abbreviated L.B. ; Harvard was the first university to use the LL. B. abbreviation in the United States . The first university law programs in the United States , such as that of the University of Maryland established in 1812 , included much theoretical and philosophical study , including works such as the Bible , Cicero , Seneca , Aristotle , Adam Smith , Montesquieu and Grotius . It has been said that the early university law schools of the early 19th century seemed to be preparing students for careers as statesmen rather than as lawyers . At the LL. B. programs in the early 1900s at Stanford University and Yale continued to include `` cultural study '' , which included courses in languages , mathematics and economics . An LL. B. , or Bachelor of Laws , recognized that a prior bachelor 's degree was not required to earn an LL . B . In the 1850s there were many proprietary schools which originated from a practitioner taking on multiple apprentices and establishing a school and which provided a practical legal education , as opposed to the one offered in the universities which offered an education in the theory , history and philosophy of law . The universities assumed that the acquisition of skills would happen in practice , while the proprietary schools concentrated on the practical skills during education . Revolutionary approach : scientific study of law ( edit ) Joseph Story , U.S. Supreme Court Justice , lecturer of law at Harvard and proponent of the scientific study of law In part to compete with the small professional law schools , there began a great change in U.S. university legal education . For a short time beginning in 1826 Yale began to offer a complete `` practitioners ' course '' which lasted two years and included practical courses , such as pleading drafting . U.S. Supreme Court justice Joseph Story started the spirit of change in legal education at Harvard when he advocated a more `` scientific study '' of the law in the 19th century . At the time he was a lecturer at Harvard . Therefore , at Harvard the education was much of a trade school type of approach to legal education , contrary to the more liberal arts education advocated by Blackstone at Oxford and Jefferson at William and Mary . Nonetheless there continued to be debate among educators over whether legal education should be more vocational , as at the private law schools , or through a rigorous scientific method , such as that developed by Story and Langdell . In the words of Dorsey Ellis , `` Langdell viewed law as a science and the law library as the laboratory , with the cases providing the basis for learning those ' principles or doctrines ' of which law , considered as a science , consists . ' '' Nonetheless , into the year 1900 most states did not require a university education ( although an apprenticeship was often required ) and most practitioners had not attended any law school or college . Therefore , the modern legal education system in the U.S. is a combination of teaching law as a science and a practical skill , implementing elements such as clinical training , which has become an essential part of legal education in the U.S. and in the J.D. program of study . Creation of the J.D. and major common law approaches to legal education ( edit ) The J.D. originated in the United States during a movement to improve training of the professions . Prior to the origination of the J.D. , law students began law school either with only a high school diploma , or less than the amount of undergraduate study required to earn a bachelor 's degree . The LL. B. persisted through the middle of the twentieth century , after which a completed bachelor 's degree became a requirement for virtually all students entering law school . The didactic approaches that resulted were revolutionary for university education and have slowly been implemented outside the U.S. , but only recently ( since about 1997 ) and in stages . The degrees which resulted from this new approach , such as the M.D. and the J.D. , are just as different from their European counterparts as the educational approaches differ . Legal education in the United States ( edit ) Main article : Legal education in the United States Professional doctorates were developed in the United States in the 19th century , the first being the Doctor of Medicine in 1807 , but the professional law degree took more time . At the time the legal system in the United States was still in development as the educational institutions were developing . The status of the legal profession was at that time still ambiguous ; therefore , the development of the legal degree took much time . Even when some universities offered training in law , they did not offer a degree . Because in the United States there were no Inns of Court , and the English academic degrees did not provide the necessary professional training , the models from England were inapplicable , and the degree program took some time to develop . At first the degree took the form of a B.L. ( such as at the College of William and Mary ) , but then Harvard , keen on importing legitimacy through the trappings of Oxford and Cambridge , implemented an LL. B. degree . This was somewhat controversial at the time because it was a professional training without any of the cultural or classical studies required of a degree in England , where it was necessary to gain a general BA prior to an LLB or BCL until the nineteenth century . Thus , even though the name of the English LL. B. degree was implemented at Harvard , the program in the U.S. was nonetheless intended as a first degree which , unlike the English B.A. , gave practical or professional training in law . Creation of the Juris Doctor ( edit ) In the mid-19th century there was much concern about the quality of legal education in the United States . Christopher Columbus Langdell , who served as dean of Harvard Law School from 1870 to 1895 , dedicated his life to reforming legal education in the United States . The historian Robert Stevens wrote that `` it was Langdell 's goal to turn the legal profession into a university educated one -- and not at the undergraduate level , but through a three - year post baccalaureate degree . '' This graduate level study would allow the intensive legal training that Langdell had developed , known as the case method ( a method of studying landmark cases ) and the Socratic method ( a method of examining students on the reasoning of the court in the cases studied ) . Therefore , a graduate high level law degree was proposed , the Juris Doctor , implementing the case and Socratic methods as its didactic approach . According to professor J.H. Beale , an 1882 Harvard Law graduate , one of the main arguments for the change was uniformity . Harvard 's four professional schools of Theology , Law , Medicine and Arts and Sciences were all graduate schools , and their degrees were therefore a second degree . Two of them conferred a doctorate and the other two a baccalaureate degree . The change from LL. B. to J.D. was intended to end `` this discrimination , the practice of conferring what is normally a first degree upon persons who have already their primary degree '' . The J.D. was proposed as the equivalent of the J.U.D. in Germany to reflect the advanced study required to be an effective lawyer . The University of Chicago Law School was the first to offer the J.D. While approval was still pending at Harvard , the degree was introduced at many other law schools including at the law schools at NYU , Berkeley , Michigan and Stanford . Because of tradition , and concerns about less prominent universities implementing a J.D. program , prominent eastern law schools like those of Harvard , Yale and Columbia refused to implement the degree . Indeed , pressure from them led almost every law school ( except at the University of Chicago and other law schools in Illinois ) to abandon the J.D. and readopt the LL. B. as the first law degree by the 1930s . It was only after 1962 that a new push -- this time begun at less - prominent law schools -- successfully led to the universal adoption of the J.D. as the first law degree . Student and alumni support were key in the LL. B. - to - J.D. change , and even the most prominent schools were convinced to make the change : Columbia and Harvard in 1969 , and Yale , last , in 1971 . Nonetheless , the LL. B. at Yale retained the didactical changes of the `` practitioners courses '' of 1826 and was very different from the LL. B. in common law countries other than Canada . Christopher Langdell , one of the scholars at Harvard who established the J.D. Following standard modern academic practice , Harvard Law School refers to its Master of Laws and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees as its graduate level law degrees . Similarly , Columbia refers to the LL. M. and the J.S.D. as its graduate program . Yale Law School lists its LL. M. , M.S.L. , J.S.D. , and Ph. D. as constituting graduate programs . A distinction thus remains between professional and graduate law degrees in the United States . Major common law approaches ( edit ) See also : Legal education in the United Kingdom The English legal system is the root of the systems of other common - law countries , such as the United States . Originally , common lawyers in England were trained exclusively in the Inns of Court . Even though it took nearly 150 years since common law education began with Blackstone at Oxford for university education to be part of legal training in England and Wales , the LL. B. eventually became the degree usually taken before becoming a lawyer . In England and Wales the LL. B. is an undergraduate scholarly program and although it ( assuming it is a qualifying law degree ) fulfills the academic requirements for becoming a lawyer , further vocational and professional training as either a barrister ( the Bar Professional Training Course followed by Pupillage ) or as a solicitor ( the Legal Practice Course followed by a `` period of recognised training '' ) is required before becoming licensed in that jurisdiction . The qualifying law degree in most English universities is the LLB although in some , including Oxford and Cambridge , it is the BA in Law . Both of these can be taken with `` senior status '' in two years by those already holding an undergraduate degree in another discipline . A few universities offer `` exempting '' degrees , usually integrated master 's degrees denominated Master in Law ( MLaw ) , that combine the qualifying law degree with the legal practice course or the bar professional training course in a four - year , undergraduate - entry program . Legal education in Canada has unique variations from other Commonwealth countries . Even though the legal system of Canada is mostly a transplant of the English system ( Quebec excepted ) , the Canadian system is unique in that there are no Inns of Court , the practical training occurs in the office of a barrister and solicitor with law society membership , and , since 1889 , a university degree has been a prerequisite to initiating an articling clerkship . The education in law schools in Canada was similar to that in the United States at the turn of the 20th century , but with a greater concentration on statutory drafting and interpretation , and elements of a liberal education . The bar associations in Canada were influenced by the changes at Harvard , and were sometimes quicker to nationally implement the changes proposed in the United States , such as requiring previous college education before studying law . Modern variants and curriculum ( edit ) Legal education is rooted in the history and structure of the legal system of the jurisdiction where the education is given , therefore law degrees are vastly different from country to country , making comparisons among degrees problematic . This has proven true in the context of the various forms of the J.D. which have been implemented around the world . Until about 1997 the J.D. was unique to law schools in the U.S. But with the rise in international success of law firms from the United States , and the rise in students from outside the U.S. attending U.S. law schools , attorneys with the J.D. have become increasingly common internationally . Therefore , the prestige of the J.D. has also risen , and many universities outside the U.S. have started to offer the J.D. , often for the express purpose of raising the prestige of their law school and graduates . Such institutions usually aim to appropriate the name of the degree only , and sometimes the new J.D. program of study is the same as that of their traditional law degree , which is usually more scholarly in purpose than the professional training intended with the J.D. as created in the U.S. Various characteristics can therefore be seen among J.D. degrees as implemented in universities around the world . Comparisons of J.D. variants Jurisdiction Scholarly content absent ? Duration in years Different curriculum from LL. B. in jurisdiction ? Requires further training for license ? United States Yes No No Australia No 3 -- 4 Yes Yes Canada No No Yes Hong Kong No 2 -- 3 No Yes Japan No 2 -- 3 Yes Yes Philippines No Varies Yes Singapore No 2 -- 3 No Yes United Kingdom No 3 -- 4 Yes Yes Types and characteristics ( edit ) Until very recently , only law schools in the United States offered the Juris Doctor . Starting about 1997 , universities in other countries began introducing the J.D. as a first professional degree in law , with differences appropriate to the legal systems of the countries in which these law schools are situated . Standard Juris Doctor curriculum ( edit ) See also : Law school in the United States § Curriculum As stated by James Hall and Christopher Langdell , two people who were involved in the creation of the J.D. , the J.D. is a professional degree like the M.D. , intended to prepare practitioners through a scientific approach of analysing and teaching the law through logic and adversarial analysis ( such as the Casebook and Socratic methods ) . It has existed as described in the United States for over 100 years , and can therefore be termed the standard or traditional J.D. program . The J.D. program generally requires a bachelor 's degree for entry , though this requirement is sometimes waived . The program of study for the degree has remained substantially unchanged since its creation , and is an intensive study of the substantive law and its professional applications ( and therefore requires no thesis , although a lengthy writing project is sometimes required ) . As a professional training , it provides sufficient training for entry into practice ( no apprenticeship is necessary to sit for the bar exam ) . It requires at least three academic years of full - time study . While the J.D. is a doctoral degree in the US , lawyers usually use the suffix of `` esquire '' as opposed to the prefix `` Dr . '' Although calling an American lawyer `` doctor '' would not be incorrect , provided the attorney has a J.D. or other doctoral degree ( as opposed to an LL. B. , which is a baccalaureate , not a doctorate ) , the title is more commonly used in Europe and Asia than in the U.S. or Canada . Replacement for the LL. B. ( edit ) An initial attempt to rename the LL. B. to the J.D. in the US in the early 20th century started with a petition at Harvard in 1902 . This was rejected , but the idea took hold at the new law school established at the University of Chicago and other universities and by 1925 80 % of US law schools gave the J.D. to graduate entrants , while restricting undergraduate entrants ( who followed the same curriculum ) to the LL. B. Yet the change was rejected by Harvard , Yale and Columbia , and by the late 1920s schools were moving away from the J.D. and once again granting only the LL. B , with only Illinois law schools holding out . This changed in the 1960s , by which time almost all law school entrants were graduates . The J.D. was reintroduced in 1962 and by 1971 had replaced the LL. B. , again without any change in the curriculum , with many schools going as far as to offer a J.D. to their LL. B. alumni for a small fee . Canadian and Australian universities have law programs that are very similar to the J.D. programs in the United States . These include Queen 's University , University of British Columbia , University of Alberta , University of Victoria , Université de Moncton , University of Calgary , University of Saskatchewan , University of Manitoba , University of Windsor , University of Ottawa , University of Western Ontario , York University and University of Toronto in Canada , RMIT and the University of Melbourne in Australia . Therefore , when the J.D. program was introduced at these institutions , it was a mere renaming of their second - entry LL. B. program and entailed no significant substantive changes to their curricula . The reason given for doing so is because of the international popularity and recognizability of the J.D. , and the need to recognize the demanding graduate characteristics of the program . Because these programs are in institutions heavily influenced by those in the UK , the J.D. programs often have some small scholarly element ( see chart above , entitled `` Comparisons of J.D. Variants '' ) . And because the legal systems are also influenced by that of the UK , an apprenticeship is still required before being qualified to apply for a license to practice ( see country sections below , under `` Descriptions of the J.D. outside the U.S. '' ) . Descriptions of the J.D. Outside the U.S. ( edit ) See also : Admission to practice law Australia ( edit ) The traditional law degree in Australia was the undergraduate Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ) , however there has been a huge shift towards the JD in the past five years , with most Australian universities now offering a JD programme , including the country 's best ranked universities ( e.g. The University of New South Wales , the University of Sydney , the Australian National University , the University of Melbourne ) . Generally , universities that offer the JD also offer the LLB , though at some universities , only the JD is offered , and only at postgraduate levels . Due to recent changes in undergraduate degree structuring , some universities , such as the University of Melbourne , only allow law to be studied at the postgraduate level , and the JD has completely replaced the LLB . An Australian Juris Doctor consists of three years of full - time study , or the equivalent . The course varies across different universities , though all are obliged to teach the Priestley 11 subjects if they wish for their students to be able to practice law in Australia . As with LLB graduates , graduates of the JD need to complete the practical legal training ( PLT ) requirement before they are eligible for admission to practice . Some universities , such as the University of Technology , Sydney , have begun offering PLT as part of the JD , though this is unusual , as PLT is most often undertaken in early employment . On the Australian Qualifications Framework , the Juris Doctor is classified as a `` Masters degree ( Extended ) '' , with an exception having been granted to use the title Juris Doctor ( other such exceptions include Doctor of Medicine , Doctor of Dentistry and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine ) . It may not be described as a doctoral degree , and holders may not use the title `` Doctor '' . Along with other extended master 's degrees , the JD takes 3 - 4 years following a minimum of a 3 - year bachelor 's degree . Canada ( edit ) The J.D. degree is the dominant law degree in Canada , replacing the traditional LL. B. degree prominent in Commonwealth countries . The University of Toronto became the first to rename its law degree from LL. B. to J.D. in 2001 . As with the second - entry LL. B. , in order to be admitted to a Juris Doctor program , applicants must have completed a minimum of 2 or 3 years of study toward a bachelor 's degree and scored high on the North American Law School Admission Test . As a practical matter , nearly all successful applicants have completed one or more degrees before admission to a Canadian common law school , although despite this it is , along with other first professional degrees , considered to be a bachelor 's degree - level qualification . All Canadian Juris Doctor programs consist of three years , and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses . The mandatory first year courses in Canadian law schools outside Quebec include public law ( i.e. provincial law , constitutional law , and administrative law ) , property law , tort law , contract law , criminal law , and legal research and writing . Beyond first year and other courses required for graduation , course selection is elective with various concentrations such as commercial and corporate law , taxation , international law , natural resources law , real estate transactions , employment law , criminal law , and Aboriginal law . After graduation from an accredited law school , each province 's or territory 's law society requires completion of a bar admission course or examination , and a period of supervised `` articling '' prior to independent practice . Use of the `` J.D. '' designation by Canadian law schools is not intended to indicate an emphasis on American law , but rather to distinguish Canadian law degrees from English law degrees , which do not require prior undergraduate study . The Canadian J.D. is a degree in Canadian Law . Accordingly , United States jurisdictions other than New York and Massachusetts do not recognize Canadian Juris Doctor degrees automatically . This is equivalent to the manner in which United States J.D. graduates are treated in Canadian jurisdictions such as Ontario . To prepare graduates to practise in jurisdictions on both sides of the border , some pairs of law schools , such as the New York University ( NYU ) Law School and Osgoode Hall Law School , the University of Ottawa Law School and the Michigan State University Law School or American University , and the University of Windsor Law School and the University of Detroit Mercy Law School , have developed joint American - Canadian J.D. programs . Two notable exceptions are Université de Montréal and Université de Sherbrooke , which both offer a one - year J.D. program aimed at Quebec civil law graduates in order to practice law either elsewhere in Canada or in the state of New York . York University offered the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence ( D. Jur . ) as a research degree until 2002 , when the name of the program was changed to Ph. D. in Law . China ( edit ) J.D.s are not generally awarded in the People 's Republic of China ( P.R.C. ) . Instead , a J.M. ( Juris Magister ) is awarded as the counterpart of JD in the United States , the professional degree in law in China . The primary law degree in the P.R.C. is the bachelor of law . In the fall of 2008 the Shenzhen campus of Peking University started the School of Transnational Law , which offers a U.S. - style education and awards both a Chinese master 's degree and , by special authorization of the government , a J.D. Hong Kong ( edit ) The J.D. degree is currently offered at The Chinese University of Hong Kong , The University of Hong Kong , and City University of Hong Kong . The degree is known as the 法律博士 in Chinese , and in Cantonese it is pronounced Faat Leot Bok Si . The J.D. in Hong Kong is almost identical to the LL. B. and is reserved for graduates of non-law disciplines , but the J.D. is considered to be a graduate - level degree and requires a thesis or dissertation . Like the LL. B. there is much scholarly content in the required coursework . Although the universities offering the degree claim that the J.D. is a two - year program , completing the degree in two years would require study during the summer term . The JD is , despite its title , considered to be a master 's degree by the universities that offer it in Hong Kong , and it is positioned at master 's level in the Hong Kong Qualifications Framework . Neither the LL. B. nor the J.D. provides the education sufficient for a license to practice , as graduates of both are also required to undertake the PCLL course and a solicitor traineeship or a barrister pupillage . India ( edit ) At this time the Juris Doctor does not exist in India ; no official entity in India authorizes the award of such a degree . Italy ( edit ) No university in Italy awards a Juris Doctor degree , nor are there any plans to implement the degree . However , the law degree in Italy is longer ( 5 years of coursework ) than a standard undergraduate program , and lawyers in Italy often use the title of `` doctor '' ( Italian law authorizes all university graduates , including those from undergraduate programs , to use the title of doctor ) . Japan ( edit ) In Japan the J.D. is known as Homu Hakushi ( 法務博士 ) . The program generally lasts three years . Two year J.D. programs for applicants with legal knowledge ( mainly undergraduate level law degree holders ) are also offered . This curriculum is professionally oriented , but does not provide the education sufficient for a license to practice as an attorney in Japan , as all candidates for a license must have 12 month practical training by the Legal Training and Research Institute after passing the bar examination . Similarly to the US , the Juris Doctor is classed as a `` Professional Degree '' ( 専門職 ) in Japan , which is separate from the `` academic '' postgraduate sequence of master 's degrees and doctorates . Mexico ( edit ) To become a licensed lawyer , a person must hold the Licenciado en Derecho degree obtainable by four to five years of academic study and final examination . After these undergraduate studies it is possible to obtain a Maestría degree , equivalent to a master 's degree . This degree requires two to three years of academic studies . Finally , one can study for an additional three years to obtain the Doctor en Derecho degree , which is a research degree at doctoral level . Since most universities and law schools must have approval from the ministry of education ( Secretaría de Educación Pública ) through the general office of professions ( Direccion General de Profesiones ) all of the academic programs are similar throughout the country in public and private law schools . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , the J.D. exists alongside the more common LL. B. Like the standard LL. B , it requires four years of study , is considered a graduate degree and requires prior undergraduate study as a prerequisite for admission , and covers the core subjects required for the bar examinations . However , the J.D. requires students to finish the core bar subjects in just 21⁄2 years ; take elective courses ( such as legal theory , philosophy , and sometimes even theology ) ; undergo an apprenticeship ; and write and defend a thesis . The degree was first conferred in the Philippines by the Ateneo de Manila Law School , which first developed the model program later adopted by most schools now offering the J.D. . After the Ateneo , schools such as the University of Batangas College of Law and the De La Salle Lipa College of Law began offering the J.D. , with schools such as the Far Eastern University Institute of Law offering with De La Salle University 's Ramon V. Del Rosario College of Business for the country 's first J.D. - MBA program . In 2008 , the University of the Philippines College of Law began conferring the J.D. on its graduates , the school choosing rename its LL. B. program into a J.D. because to accurately reflect the nature of education the university provides as `` nomenclature does not accurately reflect the fact that the LL. B. is a professional as well as a post baccalaureate degree . '' In 2009 , the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila ( PLM ) and the Silliman University College of Law also shifted their respective LL. B Programs to Juris Doctor - applying the change to incoming freshmen students for School Year 2009 -- 2010 . The newly established De La Salle University College of Law is likewise offering the J.D. , although it will offer the program using a trimestral calendar , unlike the model curriculum that uses a semestral calendar . Singapore ( edit ) The degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence ( J.D. ) is offered at the Singapore Management University ( SMU ) , and it is treated as a qualifying law degree for the purposes of admission to the legal profession in Singapore . A graduate of this programme is a `` qualified person '' under Singapore 's legislation governing entry to the legal profession , and is eligible for admission to the Singapore Bar . However , like its counterpart the Bachelor of Laws ( LL. B . ) , whether obtained from the National University of Singapore , Singapore Management University or recognised overseas universities ( `` approved universities '' ) , the SMU J.D. is not in itself sufficient for entry into the Singapore legal profession . Qualified persons are still required to fulfill other criteria for admission to the Singapore Bar , most importantly being the completion of Part B of the Singapore Bar Examinations , and completion of the Practice Training Contract . United kingdom ( edit ) The Quality Assurance Agency consulted in 2014 on the inclusion of `` Juris Doctor '' in the UK Framework for Higher Education Qualifications as an exception to the rule that `` doctor '' should only be used by doctoral degrees . It was proposed that the Juris Doctor would be an award at bachelor level and would not confer the right to use the title `` doctor '' . This was not incorporated into the final framework published in November 2014 . The only JD degree currently awarded by a UK university is at Queens University Belfast . This is a 3 -- 4 year degree specified as being a professional doctorate at the doctoral qualifications level in the UK framework , sitting above the LLM and including a 30,000 word dissertation demonstrating `` The creation and interpretation of new knowledge , through original research or other advanced scholarship , of a quality to satisfy peer review , extend the forefront of the discipline , and merit publication '' that must be passed in order to gain the degree . Joint LLB / JD courses for a very limited number of students are offered by University College London , King 's College London and the London School of Economics in collaboration with Columbia University in the US , which is responsible for the award of the JD . These are four - year undergraduate courses leading to the award of both a British LLB and a US JD . Both the University of Southampton and the University of Surrey offer two - year graduate - entry LLBs described as `` JD Pathway '' degrees , which are aimed particularly at Canadian students . In academia ( edit ) As a professional doctorate , the Juris Doctor is the degree that prepares the recipient to enter the law profession ( as do the M.D. or D.O. in the medical profession and the D.D.S in the dental profession ) . While the J.D. is the sole degree necessary to become a professor of law or to obtain a license to practice law , it ( like the M.D. , D.O , or D.D.S. ) is not a `` research degree '' . Research degrees in the study of law include the Master of Laws ( LL. M . ) , which ordinarily requires the J.D. as a prerequisite , and the Doctor of Juridical Science ( S.J.D. / J.S.D. ) , which ordinarily requires the LL. M. as a prerequisite . However , the American Bar Association has issued a Council Statement , advising law schools that the J.D. should be considered equivalent to the Ph. D. for educational employment purposes . Accordingly , while most law professors are required to conduct original writing and research in order to be awarded tenure , the majority have a J.D. as their highest degree . Research in 2015 showed an increasing trend toward hiring professors with both J.D. and Ph. D. degrees , particularly at more highly ranked schools . Some international commentators have called the Council Statement `` self - seeking and egocentric '' , pointing out that it illogically compares the J.D. only to the taught component of the US Ph. D. , ignoring the research and dissertation components . The United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundation do not include the J.D. or other professional doctorates among the degrees that are equivalent to research doctorates . Among legal degrees , they accord this status only to the Doctor of Juridical Science degree . In Europe , the European Research Council follows a similar policy , stating that a first professional degree carrying the title `` doctor '' is not considered equivalent to a PhD . The Dutch and Portuguese National Academic Recognition Information Centres both classify the US J.D. ( along with other first professional degrees ) as equivalent to a master 's degree , although the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland states with respect to US practice that `` The ' 1st professional degree ' is a first degree , not a graduate degree even though it incorporates the word ' doctor ' in the title '' and Commonwealth countries also often consider the US J.D. equivalent to a bachelor 's degree . The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has advised that while the J.D. is probably not at the same level as a Ph. D. , it is `` equivalent to , if not higher than , a master 's degree '' . Use of the title `` Doctor '' ( edit ) Presumably because it did not entirely replace the L.L.B. for new graduates until 1971 , it has not been customary in the U.S. to address holders of the J.D. as `` doctor '' . It was noted in the 1920s , when the title was widely used by people with doctorates ( even those that , at the time , were undergraduate qualifications ) and others , that the J.D. stood out from other doctorates in this respect . This continues to be the case in general today . In the late 1960s the rising number of American law schools awarding J.D.s led to debate over whether lawyers could ethically use the title `` Doctor '' . Initial informal ethics opinions , based on the Canons of Professional Ethics then in force , came down against this . These were then reinforced with a full ethics opinion that maintained the ban on using the title in legal practice as a form of self - laudation ( except when dealing with countries where the use of `` Doctor '' by lawyers was standard practice ) , but allowed the use of the title in academia `` if the school of graduation thinks of the J.D. degree as a doctor 's degree '' . These opinions led to further debate . The introduction of the new Code of Professional Responsibility in 1969 seemed to settle the question -- in states where this was adopted -- in favour of allowing the use of the title . There was some dispute over whether only the Ph. D. - level Doctor of Juridical Science should properly be seen as granting the title , but ethics opinions made it clear that the new Code allowed J.D. - holders to be called `` Doctor '' , while reaffirming that the older Canons did not . As not all state bars adopted the new Code , and some omitted the clause permitting the use of the title , confusion over whether lawyers could ethically use the title `` Doctor '' continued . While many state bars now allow the use of the title , some prohibit its use where there is any chance of confusing the public about a lawyer 's actual qualifications ( e.g. if the public might be left with the impression that the lawyer is also a medical doctor ) . There has been discussion on whether it is permissible in some other limited instances . For example , in June 2006 the Florida Bar Board of Governors ruled that a lawyer could refer to himself as a `` doctor en leyes '' ( doctor in laws ) in a Spanish - language advertisement , reversing an earlier decision . The decision was reversed again in July 2006 , when the board voted to only allow the names of degrees to appear in the language used on the diploma , without translation . The Wall Street Journal notes specifically in its stylebook that `` Lawyers , despite their J.D. degrees , are n't called doctor '' , although the title is often used ( if preferred ) for holders of the Ed. D , D.D.S. , D.O. , M.D. , O.D. , and Ph. D. Many other newspapers reserve the title for physicians or do not use titles at all . In 2011 , Mother Jones published an article claiming that Michele Bachmann was misrepresenting her qualifications by using the `` bogus '' title Dr. based on her J.D. They later amended the article to note that the use of the title by lawyers `` is a ( begrudgingly ) accepted practice in some states and not in others '' , although they maintained that it was rarely used as it `` suggests that you 're a medical doctor or a Ph. D. -- and therefore conveys a false level of expertise '' . See also ( edit ) Bachelor of Civil Law ( B.C.L. , LL. B. , or LL. L . ) Bachelor of Laws ( LL. B) Doctor of Canon Law ( J.C.D. ) Doctor of Juridical Science ( J.S.D. or S.J.D. ) Doctor of Laws ( LL. D ) Master of Laws ( LL. M ) Legal education Admission to practice law Accelerated JD program Law degree Law school in the United States -- describes general characteristics of the J.D. curriculum in the U.S. Lawyer Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ University of California , Berkeley . `` General Catalog -- Graduate Education -- Graduate Degrees and Certificates '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ University of Southern California ( 1995 ) . `` Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : University of Melbourne . `` About Use - The Melbourne JD '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education ( 2008 ) . `` USNEI - Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate / Post Education Levels '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ College Blue Book ( 1999 ) . Degrees Offered by College and Subject . New York : MacMillan . p. 817 . Jump up ^ Kirsten McMahon ( January 2008 ) . `` Making the grade '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Lawyer . Jump up ^ Lisa Jemison ; Rosel Kim ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` A law degree by any other name '' . Queen 's Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Admissions '' . Faculty of Law . University of Toronto . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Juris Doctor Program '' . Faculty of Law Calendar 2011 - 2012 Academic Year . Queen 's University . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework '' ( PDF ) . Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada . Council of Ministers of Education , Canada . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Programs with a professional focus ... Some of them are first - entry programs , others are second - entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor 's programs in academic standing , some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature . Examples : DDS ( Dental Surgery ) , MD ( Medicine ) , LLB , or JD ( Juris Doctor ) ^ Jump up to : `` AQF qualification titles '' ( PDF ) . Australian Qualifications Framework Council . June 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Association of American Universities Data Exchange . `` Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ National Science Foundation ( 2006 ) . `` Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients '' . InfoBrief , Science Resource Statistics . NSF. 06 - 312 : 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Under `` Data notes '' this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate . Jump up ^ San Diego County Bar Association ( 1969 ) . `` Ethics Opinion 1969 - 5 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 ... Under `` other references '' differences between academic and professional doctorates , and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate Jump up ^ University of Utah ( 2006 ) . `` University of Utah -- The Graduate School -- Graduate Handbook '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ German Federal Ministry of Education . `` U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 . 2002 . p. 962 : 1a . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , R. ( 1971 ) . `` Two Cheers For 1870 : The American Law School '' , in Law in American History , eds . Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , 1971 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ University of Washington School of Law . `` JD Program & Policies '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Russo , Eugene ( 2004 ) . `` The Changing Length of PhDs '' . Nature . 431 ( 7006 ) : 382 -- 383 . doi : 10.1038 / nj7006 - 382a . PMID 15372047 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Board of Law Examiners NCBLE 919 - 848 - 4229 '' . Ncble.org. 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ itembridge.com . `` VBBE - Welcome '' . Barexam.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bole - Official Page New York State Bar Examination '' . Nybarexam.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` JD '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor of Jurisprudence '' . University of Texas . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor of Jurisprudence '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Higher doctorates '' . University of Cambridge . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ García y García , A. ( 1992 ) . `` The Faculties of Law , '' A History of the University in Europe , London : Cambridge University Press . Accessed May 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Noble , Keith Allen ( 1992 ) . An International Prognostic Study , Based on an Acquisition Model , of Degree Philosophiae Doctor ( Ph . D . ) ( PDF ) ( Ph. D . ) . University of Ottawa . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Some sources have the first doctorates in theology at Paris being awarded prior to the doctorates in law at Bologna . Jump up ^ Verger , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Licentia '' . Lexikon des Mittelalters . Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler. 5 . Jump up ^ Verger , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Doctor , doctoratus '' . Lexikon des Mittelalters . Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler. 3 . Jump up ^ de Ridder - Symoens , Hilde : A History of the University in Europe : Volume 1 , Universities in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36105 - 2 Jump up ^ Herbermann , et al. ( 1915 ) . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Encyclopedia Press . Accessed May 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 434 , 435 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 434 , 436 . ^ Jump up to : Stein ( 1981 ) , 436 . Jump up ^ Stein , R. ( 1981 ) . The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell : A History of Insular Reaction , Pace University School of Law Faculty Publications , 1981 , 57 Chi. - Kent L. Rev. 429 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 431 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 432 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 433 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 434 . ^ Jump up to : Stein ( 1981 ) , 435 . Jump up ^ Moline , Brian J. , Early American Legal Education , 42 Washburn Law Journal 775 , 793 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ 1 & 2 George IV . c. 48 . 8 June 1821 . Jump up ^ 1 Vict . c. 56 . 15 July 1837 . Jump up ^ 14 & 15 Vict . c . LXXXVIII. 7 August 1851 . Jump up ^ Oxford University Calendar. 1833 . Jump up ^ Durham University Calendar. 1844 . Jump up ^ London University Calendar. 1845 . Jump up ^ Cambridge University Calendar. 1833 . Jump up ^ Peter Searby . A History of the University of Cambridge : , Volume 3 ; Volumes 1750 - 1870 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 187 -- 190 . Jump up ^ `` The Solicitors ' Journal '' . 1865 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge '' . Norwich Mercury . 1858 - 10 - 20 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ University of London Calendar. 1866 . p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` LLM '' . Cambridge University Faculty of Law . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : John H. Langbein ( 1996 ) . `` Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education : American Trends and English Comparisons '' ( PDF ) . Pressing Problems in the Law , Volume 2 : What are Law Schools For ? . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , 775 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 429 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 438 . ^ Jump up to : Stein ( 1981 ) , 439 . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , 781 . ^ Jump up to : Moline ( 2003 ) , 782 . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , 782 and 783 . Jump up ^ Sonsteng , J. ( 2007 ) . `` A Legal Education Renaissance : A Practical Approach for the Twenty - First Century '' . William Mitchell Law Review , Vol. 34 , No. 1 , Revised April 2 , 2008 . Accessed May 26 , 2008 . page 13 . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Stein ( 1981 ) , 442 . Jump up ^ Kirkwood , M. and Owens , W. A Brief History of the Stanford Law School , 1893 -- 1946 Archived 2012 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Stanford University School of Law . Accessed May 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , 794 . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , 795 . Jump up ^ Kirkwood , 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sonsteng ( 2007 ) , 15 . ^ Jump up to : Moline ( 2003 ) , p. 798 . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , p. 800 . ^ Jump up to : Moline ( 2003 ) , p. 801 . Jump up ^ Ralph Michael Stein ( 1981 ) . `` The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell : A History of Insular Reaction '' . Chicago - Kent Law Review . 57 ( 2 ) : 445 . Jump up ^ William P. LaPiana ( 1994 ) . Logic and Experience : The Origin of Modern American Legal Education ) . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Ralph Michael Stein ( 1981 ) . `` The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell : A History of Insular Reaction '' . Chicago - Kent Law Review . 57 ( 2 ) : 449 -- 450 . Jump up ^ For detailed discussions of the development of Langdell 's method , see LaPiana ( 1994 ) and Stein ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Ellis , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Legal Education : A Perspective on the Last 130 Years of American Legal Training '' . Washington University Journal of Law & Policy . 6 : 166 . Jump up ^ Moline ( 2003 ) , p. 802 . Jump up ^ Sonsteng ( 2007 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Reed , A. ( 1921 ) . Training for the Public Profession of the Law . Carnegie 's Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 15 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , A. ( 1921 ) . Training for the Public Profession of the Law . Carnegie 's Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 15 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 165 . Jump up ^ Reed , A. ( 1921 ) . Training for the Public Profession of the Law . Carnegie 's Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 15 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Reed , A. ( 1921 ) . Training for the Public Profession of the Law . Carnegie 's Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 15 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Reed , A. ( 1921 ) . Training for the Public Profession of the Law . Carnegie 's Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 15 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 161 . Jump up ^ Alfred Zantzinger Reed . Present - day Law Schools in the United States and Canada . Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 21 . Boston : Merrymount Press . Jump up ^ Alfred Zantzinger Reed . Present - day Law Schools in the United States and Canada . Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 21 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Alfred Zantzinger Reed . Present - day Law Schools in the United States and Canada . Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 21 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Reed , A. ( 1921 ) . Training for the Public Profession of the Law . Carnegie 's Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , Bulletin 15 . Boston : Merrymount Press . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harno , A. ( 2004 ) Legal Education in the United States , New Jersey : Lawbook Exchange , page 50 . Jump up ^ William Roscoe Thayer ; William Richards Castle ; Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe ; Arthur Stanwood Pier ; Bernard Augustine De Voto ; Theodore Morrison ( 1902 ) . `` Shall the degree be J.D. instead of LL . B . '' . The Harvard graduates ' magazine . Harvard Graduates ' Magazine Association . pp. 555 -- 556 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , 112 -- 117 . Jump up ^ David Perry , `` How Did Lawyers Become ' Doctors ' ? '' , New York State Bar Journal , June 2012 , 20 at p. 21 , available at Heinonline ( login required ) . Jump up ^ David Perry , `` How Did Lawyers Become ' Doctors ' ? '' , New York State Bar Journal , June 2012 , 20 at pp. 22 - 23 , available at Heinonline ( login required ) ; see also `` What is the difference between the LL. B. degree and the J.D. degree ? '' . asklib.law.harvard.edu . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ; Schoenfeld , M. ( 1963 ) . `` J.D. or LL. B as the Basic Law Degree '' , Cleveland - Marshall Law Review , Vol. 4 , pp. 573 -- 579 , quoted in Joanna Lombard , LL. B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture Archived 2014 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting , Architecture : Material and Imagined and Technology Conference , 1997 . pp. 585 -- 591 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Program Harvard Law School '' . Law.harvard.edu. 2014 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Legal Studies '' . Columbia Law School . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Programs - Yale Law School '' . Law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Announcement '' . The Law Society and the General Council of the Bar . 1999 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bar Professional Training Course '' . Bar Standards Board . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pupillage '' . Bar Standards Board . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Practice Course ( LPC ) '' . Solicitors Regulation Authority . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Period of recognised training '' . Solicitors Regulation Authority . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifying law degree providers '' . Solicitors Regulation Authority . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Law - Senior Status '' . Queen Mary , University of London . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Exempting law degree providers '' . Solicitors Regulation Authority . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` MLaw '' . Northumbria University . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Reed ( 1921 ) , 27 . ^ Jump up to : Reed ( 1928 ) , 390 . Jump up ^ See , Langbein ( 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter A. Allard School of Law UBC Board of Governors Approves Request for LL. B. ( Bachelor of Laws ) degree to be renamed J.D. ( Juris Doctor ) '' . Law.ubc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Verification of the data in this table can be found in the subsequent paragraphs of this section . Jump up ^ `` No '' as originally introduced , but the JD is now at master 's degree level ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hall , J. ( 1907 ) . American Law School Degrees , Michigan Law Review , Vol. 6 , No. 2 , pp. 112 -- 117 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Admission Requirements - Trinity Law School '' . Lawschool.tiu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Applying Without a Bachelor 's Degree '' . Cooley.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Requirements NYU School of Law '' . Law.nyu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ David Perry ( June 2012 ) . `` HOW DID LAWYERS BECOME `` DOCTORS '' ? FROM THE LL. B. TO THE J.D '' ( PDF ) . New York State Bar Association Journal . New York State Bar Association . Jump up ^ Belford , T. ( 2009 ) . `` Why Change to a J.D. Degree ? Archived 2011 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ University of Toronto J.D. admissions FAQ ( 2 ) Archived 2012 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Belford , T. ( 2009 ) . `` Why Change to a J.D. Degree ? Archived 2011 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Globe Campus . Accessed August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ idem Jump up ^ `` Unsw Jd Law '' . Law.unsw.edu.au. 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Sydney Juris Doctor ( JD ) - Future Students - The University of Sydney '' . Sydney.edu.au. 2017 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The ANU Juris Doctor - ANU College of Law - ANU '' . Law.anu.edu.au. 2015 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Melbourne JD ( Juris Doctor ) : Melbourne Law School '' . Law.unimelb.edu.au . AU . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A decade into the Melbourne Model , young graduates give their assessment '' . Smh.com.au. 2015 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Careers Guide '' ( PDF ) . Suls.org.au . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Addendum to AQF Second Edition January 2013 : Amended Qualification Type : Masters Degree '' ( PDF ) . Australian Qualifications Framework Council . May 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Patrick Monahan on the Growing Number of Canadian Law Schools Switching from the LLB to JD Degree Designation '' . Osgoode Law School . May 2012 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First Year Admission Standards '' . Queen 's University . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Admission '' . University of Calgary . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Osgoode Hall Law School - JD Program - Degree Requirements - First Year Courses '' . Osgoode.yorku.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Law Degree Programs in Canada '' . Canadian-universities.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` University of Toronto - Faculty of Law : Prospective Students '' . Law.utoronto.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ NYU Law Archived 2009 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Law.nyu.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Legal Education '' . Nybarexam.org. 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` University of Windsor - JD / LLB - Welcome '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ University of Montreal J.D. ( Programme No 2 - 328 - 1 - 1 ) Accessed December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diplôme ( Juris Doctor ) - Faculté de droit - Université de Sherbrooke '' . Usherbrooke.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` September senate '' . York University . 10 October 2002 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the People 's Republic of China on Academic Degrees ( 2004 ) '' . P.R.C. National People 's Congress . 28 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circular authorizing Peking University to offer the international Fa Lv Shuo Shi on a trial basis '' ( PDF ) . Academic Degree Commission of the State Council of the People 's Republic of China . 27 August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ The University of Hong Kong . Juris Doctor ( JD ) Overview Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Law . The Juris Doctor ( JD ) Programme Archived 2007 - 12 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 29 , 2008 . City University of Hong Kong . Programmes and Courses : Juris Doctor Archived 2007 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The University of Hong Kong . Juris Doctor ( JD ) Overview Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed December 15 , 2008 . The Chinese University of Hong Kong . JD Programme Structure Archived 2008 - 07 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 29 , 2008 . City University of Hong Kong . Academic Programmes : Juris Doctor Archived 2008 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The University of Hong Kong . Juris Doctor ( JD ) Overview Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed December 15 , 2008 . The Chinese University of Hong Kong . The Juris Doctor ( JD ) Programme : Courses and Recommended Sequences Archived 2008 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 29 , 2008 . City University of Hong Kong . Academic Programmes : Juris Doctorate Archived 2007 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 29 , 2008 . ( The City University website says at the top of the page that it is a two - year program , then later on the same page , and on other pages in the site , says that `` normally , full - time J.D. students can complete the programme in 3 years . '' ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ : JURIS DOCTOR ( JD ) '' . CUHK Law . Chinese University of Hong Kong . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Is the JD Programme a doctoral or a master 's degree ? The JD Programme is formally classified as a taught master 's degree programme and it is not customary for JD graduates to use the title `` Doctor '' Jump up ^ `` Masters Degrees '' . Calendar 2016 -- 2017 . University of Hong Kong . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Juris Doctor ( JD ) - Information for entrants to be admitted in 2013 - 14 & thereafter '' . School of Law . City University of Hong Kong . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Although the award has the word ' Doctor ' in its title , this is a traditional usage and it is not generally regarded as equivalent to the PhD degree or other doctoral awards . It is a first law degree for students who are already graduates in a non-law discipline . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications Framework : Award Titles Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . 8 . Providers may continue to adopt titles traditionally used for degree and sub-degree qualifications in the mainstream education ( i.e. Associate at Level 4 , Bachelor at Level 5 , Master at Level 6 , and Doctor at Level 7 ) . 9 . The following qualifications currently offered by the university sector are recognised globally . These award titles will continue to be recognised under QF although they do not conform to ATS : * Juris Doctor ( JD ) at QF Level 6 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Bar Association . General Admission Archived 2008 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza is a second level ( master 's ) degree , which does not require a previous bachelor 's degree for the admission Jump up ^ Studio Misuraca , Franceschin and Associates Archived August 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Regio Decreto 4 giugno 1938 , n. 1269 , art . 48 Archived 2009 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Accessed February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Justice System Reform Council ( 2001 ) . For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st Century . Jump up ^ Yokohama National University Law School. Program Introduction and Dean 's Message Archived 2009 - 09 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Foote , D. ( 2005 ) . Justice System Reform in Japan . Annual meeting of the Research of Sociology of Law , Paris . European Network on Law and Society . Jump up ^ `` Degree Regulations of Nagoya University '' . Nagoya University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe University Degree Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Kobe University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Doctorado en Derecho '' . UNAM . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ateneo de Manila University '' . Ateneolaw.ateneo.edu. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ateneo de Manila Law School - Philippine Leadership Crisis and the J.D. Program '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Jerwin Lasin . `` De La Salle Lipa College of Law '' . Dlsl.edu.ph . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Curriculum models ( 2006 ) . Philippine Association of Law Schools . Jump up ^ University of Philippines College of Law . News Archived 2008 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Weekly Sillimanian Vol . LXXXII No. 4 : SU Law adopts Juris Doctor Program . By : Princess Dianne Kris S. Decierdo . Published July 15 , 2009 . Archived copies can be viewed and verified at the Sillimaniana Section of the Silliman University Main Library . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rule 5A , Legal Profession ( Qualified Persons ) Rules ( Cap . 161 , s. 2 ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) , Ministry of Law ( Singapore ) , Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ List of approved universities Archived 2014 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Ministry of Law ( Singapore ) , Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ What admission requirements must I fulfill ? Archived 2014 - 02 - 14 at Archive.is , Ministry of Law ( Singapore ) , Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK Quality Code for Higher Education Part A : Setting and maintaining academic standards The frameworks for higher education qualifications of UK degree - awarding bodies Post consultation draft ( v4 ) '' ( PDF ) . QAA . August 2014 . pp. 34 & 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 01 - 10 . Comment ( s4 ) : Footnote as follows will need to be added depending on decision re the JD : the award of a Juris Doctor is an exception to the principle that the title doctor should only be used for qualifications meeting the qualification descriptor for FHEQ level 8 / SCQF level 12 on the FQHEIS in full the Juris Doctor is not a doctoral qualification at level 8 of the FHEQ / SQCF level 12 but at level 6 of the FHEQ / SCQF level 10 on the FQHEIS ( with some modules at level 7 of the FHEQ / SCQF level 11 on the FQHEIS ) holders of the qualification are not entitled to use the title Dr . Jump up ^ `` CONSULTATION ON THE UK QUALITY CODE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION , PART A : SETTING AND MAINTAINING ACADEMIC STANDARDS , THE UK FRAMEWORKS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION QUALIFICATIONS '' ( PDF ) . University of Ulster Learning and Teaching Committee . 18 June 2014 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree - Awarding Bodies '' . QAA . November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Programme Specification ( 2015 - 16 ) '' ( PDF ) . Queens University Belfast . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Study regulations for research degree programmes '' . Queens University Belfast . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joint LLB / Juris Doctor ( JD ) with Columbia University , New York '' . University College London . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English Law & American Law LLB and JD '' . King 's College London . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Double Degree Programme : Columbia Law School '' . London School of Economics . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M101 LLB Accelerated Graduate Programme ( 2 yrs ) '' . University of Southampton . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Law ( JD Pathway ) LLB ( Hons ) -- 2017 entry '' . University of Surrey . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Kaoma Mwenda , Gerry Nkombo Muuka ( eds . ) , `` The Challenge of Change in Africa 's Higher Education in the 21st Century '' , Cambria Press ( 2009 ) ( 5 ) ; see esp . Mwenda 's comments on pp. 87 -- 88 , in the section labeled `` The Academic Rank of a JD '' and the quoted material from Pappas immediately preceding it . ^ Jump up to : `` LL. M. Admission - Yale Law School '' . Law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Council Statements '' ( PDF ) . Abanet.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Orin Kerr ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` The rise of the Ph. D. law professor '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kenneth K. Mwenda ( 2007 ) . Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems : Lessons for Commonwealth African Law Schools . Cambria Press . pp. 21 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure of the U.S. Education System : Research Doctorate Degrees '' . 2.ed.gov . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PhD and Equivalent Doctoral Degrees : The ERC Policy '' ( PDF ) . European Research Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . First - professional degrees will not be considered in themselves as PhD - equivalent , even if recipients carry the title `` Doctor '' . Jump up ^ `` Recognition of Qualifications '' ( PDF ) . NARIC Portugal . p. 49 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The American education system described and compared with the Dutch system '' ( PDF ) . NUFFIC . p. 3 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Professional Doctorates '' ( PDF ) . National Qualifications Authority of Ireland . October 2006 . p. 3 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth K. Mwenda ( 2007 ) . Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems : Lessons for Commonwealth African Law Schools . Cambria Press . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Michael Aytes ( 2 May 2006 ) . `` AFM Update : Chapter 31 : H - 1B Cap Exemption for Aliens Holding a Master 's or Higher Degree from a U.S. Institution . ( AD06 - 24 ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ A.L. Crabbe ( March 1925 ) . `` Who Is a Doctor ? '' . Peabody Journal of Education . 2 ( 5 ) : 268 -- 273 . JSTOR 1487677 . Jump up ^ Robert Hickey . `` How to Address an Attorney or Lawyer In the United States '' . Protocol School of Washington . Jump up ^ `` Summaries of Informal Opinions of the Standing Committee on Professional Ethics '' . American Bar Association Journal . 54 ( 7 ) : 657 . July 1968 . JSTOR 25724462 . 1001 . A lawyer holding a J.D. degree may not ethically use , either orally or in print , the title `` Doctor '' professionally or socially . Jump up ^ `` Summaries of Informal Opinions of the Standing Committee on Professional Ethics '' . American Bar Association Journal . 55 ( 6 ) : 589 . June 1969 . JSTOR 25724818 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics '' . American Bar Association Journal . 55 ( 5 ) : 451 -- 453 . May 1969 . JSTOR 25724785 . Jump up ^ David Hittner ( June 1969 ) . `` The Juris `` Doctor '' -- A Question of Ethics ? `` . American Bar Association Journal . 55 ( 7 ) : 663 -- 665 . JSTOR 25724845 . Jump up ^ William H. Shields ( June 1969 ) . `` '' Do n't Call Me Doctor `` '' . American Bar Association Journal . 55 ( 20 ) : 960 -- 963 . JSTOR 25724927 . Jump up ^ `` Views of our Readers - Editor 's Note '' . American Bar Association Journal . 55 ( 11 ) : 1024 . November 1969 . JSTOR 25724947 . Jump up ^ S.C. Yuter ( August 1971 ) . `` Revisting the `` Doctor '' Debate `` . American Bar Association Journal . 57 ( 8 ) : 790 -- 892 . JSTOR 25725564 . Jump up ^ `` Summaries of Informal Opinions of the Standing Committee on Professional Ethics '' . American Bar Association Journal . 56 ( 8 ) : 750 . August 1970 . JSTOR 25725213 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Maher ( November 2006 ) . `` LAWYERS ARE DOCTORS , TOO : But There is No Clear Ethics Rule on Whether They May Say So '' . American Bar Association Journal . 92 ( 11 ) : 24 . JSTOR 27846360 . Jump up ^ S.A.P. ( Mar 1 , 2013 ) . `` Trust me , I 'm a doctor of law '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Gary Blankenship ( July 1 , 2006 ) . `` Debate over ' doctor of law ' title continues '' . The Florida Bar News . Jump up ^ Gary Blankenship ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` Bar board settles Dr. of Law debate '' . The Florida Bar News . Jump up ^ Paul Martin ( 15 June 2010 ) . The Wall Street Journal Guide to Business Style and Us . Simon and Schuster . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Robin Abcarian ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Hi , I 'm Jill . Jill Biden . But please , call me Dr. Biden '' . LA Times . Newspapers , including The Times , generally do not use the honorific `` Dr . '' unless the person in question has a medical degree . Jump up ^ `` Why Does n't the Times Call Condi `` Dr. Rice '' ? `` . Slate. 27 December 2000 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Most newspapers dispense with such formalities and on second reference call people only by their last names . Jump up ^ Tim Murphy ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` Michele Bachmann Is Not a Doctor '' . Mother Jones . External links ( edit ) Look up Juris Doctor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ( hide ) Levels of academic degree Undergraduate ISCED level 5 Associate degree Foundation degree Higher National Diploma / Diploma of Higher Education / Certificate of Higher Education ISCED level 6 Bachelor 's degree Honours degree Postgraduate ISCED level 7 Master 's degree Magister degree Postgraduate certificate / diploma Diplom degree Specialist degree Engineer 's degree ISCED level 8 Doctorate Magister degree Candidate of Sciences Other Postdoctoral Higher doctorate Doktor nauk Habilitation Docent Tenure Fellow No dominant classification Laurea Licentiate Professional degree Graduate certificate / diploma Terminal degree Unearned Honorary degree Ad eundem degree Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juris_Doctor&oldid=816077434 '' Categories : Doctoral degrees Law degrees Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Shqip Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does jd stand for in law school	[ "The Juris Doctor degree (J.D. or JD), also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree (J.D., JD, D.Jur. or DJur), is a graduate-entry professional degree in law[1][2][3][4][5] and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States, and some other common law countries. It has the academic standing of a second-entry, baccalaureate degree in Canada,[6][7][8][9][10] a master's degree in Australia[11] and a professional doctorate in the United States (in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D. or D.D.S.).[12][13][14][15][16][17]" ]	[ "Juris Doctor degree" ]

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