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-5112861908383315276	The Jungle Book (2016 film)	The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Disney 's 2016 film . For other films and related topics , see The Jungle Book ( franchise ) . The Jungle Book Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $177 million ( gross ) $154 million ( net ) Box office $966.6 million The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks , and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 38th - highest - grossing film of all time , praised for its visual effects , musical score , direction , faithfulness to the original animated film , and vocal performances , particularly those of Murray , Kingsley , and Elba . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings , while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives , detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo , and the boy agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's short story collection The Jungle Book was in development on July 9 , 2013 , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film , the 1998 direct - to - video film Mowgli 's Story and the studio 's fourth overall after the 1967 animated musical . Jon Favreau was confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated musical . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a movie with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney John Debney chronology The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . The film had a special Hindi version with famous actors giving their voices to the main characters , including Irrfan Khan as Baloo , Om Puri as Bagheera , Priyanka Chopra as Ka , Nana Patekar as Sher Khan and Shefali Shah as Raksha , for its Indian audiences as the book and the Disney series based on it had been immensely popular in India in 1990s . Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' ( originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ) , overseen by the original Hindi song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a sleeper hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % , based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age , and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Remember When Disney Made 2 Jungle Book Movies in the ' 90s ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=843162074 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films Annie Award winners Disney film remakes The Jungle Book ( franchise ) Films about animals Films about bears Films about elephants Films about orphans Films about snakes Films about tigers Films scored by John Debney Films directed by Jon Favreau Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in 1893 Films set in forests Films set in India Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award IMAX films Jungle adventure films The Jungle Book films Performance capture in film Walt Disney Pictures films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the voice of the tiger in jungle book 2016	[ "Idris Elba as Shere Khan, a fearsome, scar-faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli." ]	[ "Idris Elba" ]
6365262263615589048	Hoar Cross Hall	Hoar Cross Hall - wikipedia Hoar Cross Hall Jump to : navigation , search Hoar Cross Hall Hoar Cross Hall Spa Hotel General information Type Hotel & day spa Architectural style Jacobean Address Maker Lane , Hoar Cross , DE13 8QS Country England Construction started 1862 Completed 1871 Renovated 1993 ( Extension ) Owner Meynell family ( 1862 -- 1954 ) Stephen Joynes ( 1989 to present ) Technical details Material Red brick Floor count 2 ( OG ) 1 ( UG ) Design and construction Architect Henry Clutton Other information Number of rooms 96 bedrooms Website www.hoarcross.co.uk Listed Building -- Grade II Designated 26 April 1984 Reference no . 1038508 Hoar Cross Hall is a 19th - century country mansion situated near the villages of Hoar Cross and Hamstall Ridware , Staffordshire which is operated as a hotel and spa , together with facilities for conferences and weddings . It is a Grade II listed building . The original Hoar Cross estate comprised 490 acres and was bought for 18 pence in 1450 during Henry VI 's reign , including a moat and a drawbridge common in Tudor estate houses . It is reported that onlookers would simply turn up , just to set eyes on the building . It survived for nearly 300 years before being demolished in 1740 . From the early 17th century , Hoar Cross had been the first seat of the Ingram family whose principal residence was Temple Newsam , Leeds , West Riding of Yorkshire . In 1661 Henry Ingram was brought up as Baron Ingram and Viscount of Irvine . On the death of the 9th Viscount in 1778 the Viscountcy became extinct . The estates descended to his daughters and in 1841 to Hugo Charles Meynell ( grandson of Hugo Meynell and son of Sir Hugo Meynell who had married Elizabeth Ingram in 1782 ) . Upon inheritance Meynell incorporated `` Ingram '' into his surname to become Meynell Ingram . In 1793 Hugo Meynell built what was to be called the ' Old Hall ' , a manor house for use as an occasional hunting lodge in the glorious Needwood Forest . This provides a real link to today 's property , which still features the Meynell Room . When he died in 1808 , Hugo 's eldest son , Hugo Francis Meynell Ingram inherited the estate . Not much changed at Hoar Cross until 1863 when he set about an ambitious construction plan for a new hall to celebrate his marriage to Lady Charlotte Wood , She was the daughter of Charles Wood , 1st Viscount Halifax , who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1846 to 1852 . The Meynells were moving in august circles and Hugo appointed renowned architect Henry Clutton to oversee an ambitious building project to match their status . The brief was to design an Elizabethan style house , with Jacobean overtones . Its lofty gables , cupolas , 48 chimneys and mullioned windows are good examples of the period style . Two large weather vanes were designed , overlooking the halls ' turrets , in the shape of the letters M and I , for Meynell Ingram . The 114 ft Long Gallery runs along the north side of the house , and was typical in Tudor homes , as a place where the family , particularly during bad weather , could walk , play music , or sit and talk . The private chapel is at the east end of the Long Gallery , off which came the private chapel , built in memory of Meynell 's son , by his widow , Charlotte Wood . The private chapel was designed again by Bodley , and completed in 1897 , at of cost of almost £ 1,000 . Meynell Ingram died in 1871 and Lady Charlotte built the church in his memory . She remained in occupation of the hall until her death in 1904 when her nephew Frederick George Lindley Wood ( later Meynell ) inherited the estate . In 1989 , businessman Stephen Joynes bought the Hall and refurbished it , creating a new health spa in the Hall . In 2012 , the business received an investment to create hotel amenities alongside the existing spa . See also ( edit ) The Church of the Holy Angels , Hoar Cross References ( edit ) Ingram Pedigree form Stirnet Images of England : Hoar Cross Hall External links ( edit ) Hoar Cross Hall Spa Hotel Coordinates : 52 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 1 ° 49 ′ 06 '' W / 52.8054 ° N 1.8183 ° W / 52.8054 ; - 1.8183 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoar_Cross_Hall&oldid=797686132 '' Categories : Grade II listed buildings in Staffordshire Country houses in Staffordshire 1871 establishments in England Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many bedrooms does hoar cross hall have	[ "\n\nHoar Cross Hall\n\n\nHoar Cross Hall Spa Hotel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nType\nHotel & day spa\n\n\nArchitectural style\nJacobean\n\n\nAddress\nMaker Lane, Hoar Cross, DE13 8QS\n\n\nCountry\nEngland\n\n\nConstruction started\n1862\n\n\nCompleted\n1871\n\n\nRenovated\n1993 (Extension)\n\n\nOwner\n\n\n\nMeynell family (1862–1954)\nStephen Joynes (1989 to present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nMaterial\nRed brick\n\n\nFloor count\n2(OG) 1(UG)\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\nHenry Clutton\n\n\nOther information\n\n\nNumber of rooms\n96 bedrooms\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nwww.hoarcross.co.uk\n\n\n\n\n\n\nListed Building – Grade II\n\n\n\nDesignated\n26 April 1984\n\n\nReference no.\n1038508\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "96" ]
7302792426241383286	Sania	Sania - Wikipedia Sania Sania Gender Female Language ( s ) Hindi Urdu Origin Meaning `` brilliant '' `` radiant '' `` splendid '' Region of origin Arabic India Other names Related names Saniya Sania ( Urdu : ثانیہ ‬ ‎ , Hindi : सानिया ) is a Hindu / Urdu Indian feminine given name , which means `` brilliant '' , `` radiant '' and `` splendid '' . Notable people named Sania ( edit ) Sania Khan ( born March 23 , 1985 ) , a Pakistani cricketer Sania Mirza ( born November 15 , 1986 ) , Indian tennis player Sania Nishtar ( born February 16 , 1963 ) , Pakistani academist , cardiologist and writer Sania Saeed ( born August 28 , 1975 ) , a Pakistani actress and anchor Notable people named Saniya ( edit ) Saniya Anklesaria ( born September 30 , 2001 ) , Indian actress Others ( edit ) Sania Ramel Airport , a Moroccan airport This given name -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sania&oldid=856054084 '' Categories : Arabic feminine given names Pakistani feminine given names Urdu feminine given names Hindu given names Indian feminine given names Given name stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Urdu - language text All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 15 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of sania in arabic	[ "Sania (Urdu: ثانیہ ‬‎, Hindi : सानिया) is a Hindu/Urdu Indian feminine given name, which means \"brilliant\", \"radiant\" and \"splendid\".\n", "Sania (Urdu: ثانیہ ‬‎, Hindi : सानिया) is a Hindu/Urdu Indian feminine given name, which means \"brilliant\", \"radiant\" and \"splendid\".\n", "Sania (Urdu: ثانیہ ‬‎, Hindi : सानिया) is a Hindu/Urdu Indian feminine given name, which means \"brilliant\", \"radiant\" and \"splendid\".\n" ]	[ "brilliant", "radiant", "splendid" ]
-1322913353217740093	Begum Akhtar	Begum Akhtar - wikipedia Begum Akhtar Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Indian singer . For other uses , see Begum Akhtar ( disambiguation ) . Beghum Akhtar Screen shot as `` Akhtari Fyzabadi '' from film Roti ( 1942 ) Background information Birth name Akhtaribai Faizabadi ( 1914 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1914 Lucknow , United Provinces , British India Origin Faizabad , Uttar Pradesh , India 30 October 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 30 ) ( aged 60 ) Ahmedabad , India Genres Ghazal , Thumri , Dadra Occupation ( s ) Singer Years active 1929 -- 1974 Akhtari Bai Faizabadi , also known as Begum Akhtar ( 7 October 1914 -- 30 October 1974 ) , was a well known Indian singer of Ghazal , Dadra , and Thumri genres of Hindustani classical music . She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for vocal music , and was awarded Padma Shri and later , Padma Bhushan , posthumously by Govt. of India . She was given the title of Mallika - e-Ghazal ( Queen of Ghazals ) . Begum Akhtar 's ancestral home in Faizabad Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Death 4 Discography 4.1 List 4.2 Hindi films 5 Filmography 6 Awards and recognition 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Her father , Asghar Hussain , was a young lawyer who fell in love with her mother Mushtari and made her his second wife . He subsequently disowned her and his twin daughters Zohra and Bibbi ( Akhtar ) . Career ( edit ) Akhtar was barely seven when she was captivated by the music of Chandra Bai , an artist attached to a touring theatre group . However at her uncle 's insistence she was sent to train under Ustad Imdad Khan , the great sarangi exponent from Patna , and later under Ata Mohammed Khan of Patiala . Later , she travelled to Calcutta with her mother and learnt music from classical stalwarts like Mohammad Khan , Abdul Waheed Khan of Lahore , and finally she became the disciple of Ustad Jhande Khan . Her first public performance was at the age of fifteen . The famous poet Sarojini Naidu appreciated her singing during a concert which was organised in the aid of victims of the 1934 Nepal -- Bihar earthquake . This encouraged her to continue singing ghazals with more enthusiasm . She cut her first disc for the Megaphone Record Company , at that time . A number of gramophone records were released carrying her ghazals , dadras , thumris , etc . She was amongst the early female singers to give public concert , and break away from singing in mehfils or private gatherings , and in time came to be known as Mallika - e-Ghazal ( Queen of Ghazal ) . Begum Akhtar 's good looks and sensitive voice made her an ideal candidate for a film career in her early years . When she heard great musicians like Gauhar Jaan and Malak Jan , however , she decided to forsake the glamour of the film world for a career in Indian classical music . Her supreme artistry in light classical music had its moorings in the tradition of pure classicism . She chose her repertoire in primarily classical modes : a variety of raags , ranging from simple to complex . After the advent of talkie era in India , Begum Akhtar acted in a few Hindi movies in the 1930s . East India Film Company of Calcutta approached her to act in `` King for a Day '' ( alias Ek Din Ka Badshah ) and Nal Damayanti in 1933 . Like others of that era , she sang her songs herself in all her films . She continued acting in the following years . Subsequently , Begum Akhtar moved back to Lucknow where she was approached by the famous producer - director Mehboob Khan , to act in Roti which was released in 1942 and whose music was composed by the maestro Anil Biswas . `` Roti '' contained six of her ghazals but unfortunately due to some trouble with the producer , Mehboob Khan subsequently deleted three or four ghazals from the film . All the ghazals are available on Megaphone gramophone records . Begum Akhtar , meanwhile , left Bombay and returned to Lucknow . In 1945 , Akhtari Bai married a Lucknow - based barrister , Ishtiaq Ahmed Abbasi , and became known as Begum Akhtar . However , after marriage , due to her husband 's restrictions , she could not sing for almost five years and subsequently , fell ill . That is when her return to music was prescribed as a befitting remedy , and in 1949 she returned to the recording studios . She sang three ghazals and a dadra at Lucknow All India Radio station . She wept afterwards and returned to singing in concerts , which she continued to do unto death . She sang publicly in Lucknow , in a women 's only concert in aid of the war , which was held in 1962 . Her voice matured with time , acquiring richness and depth . She sang ghazals and other light classical pieces , in her inimitable style . She has nearly four hundred songs to her credit . She was a regular performer on All India Radio . She usually composed her own ghazals and most of her compositions were raag based . She sang the timeless Bengali classical song `` Jochona Koreche Aari '' ( জোছনা করেছে আড়ি ) . On October 7 , 2017 , Google dedicated a Doodle commemorating the 103rd birthday of Begum Akthar . Death ( edit ) During her last concert in Balaramapuram near Thiruvananthapuram , she raised the pitch of her voice as she felt that her singing had not been as good as she had wanted it to be and felt unwell . The stress she put herself under resulted in her falling ill and she was rushed to the hospital . She died on 30 October 1974 in the arms of Nilam Gamadia , her friend , who invited her to Ahmedabad , which became her final performance . Her tomb was a mango orchard within her home , ' Pasanda Bagh ' in Thakurganj area , of Lucknow . She was buried alongside her mother , Mushtari Sahiba . However , over the years , much of the garden has been lost to the growing city , and the tomb has fallen into disrepair . The marble graves enclosed in a red brick enclosure , were restored in 2012 , along with their pietra dura style marble inlay . Attempts are on to convert her home built in 1936 in China bazaar , Lucknow into a museum . Her disciples include Shanti Hiranand , who later received Padma Shri and wrote , a biography Begum Akhtar : The Story of My Ammi ( 2005 ) . Art critic S. Kalidas directed a documentary on her titled Hai Akhtari . Discography ( edit ) List ( edit ) See Begum Akhtar Discography for comprehensive list . Hindi films ( edit ) Naseeb Ka Chakkar -- Kalyug Hai Jabse Aaya Maya Ne ... Roti Anna Sahab Mainkar Wo Hans Rahe Hain Aah Kiye Jaa ... Ulajh Gaye Nayanwa Chhute Nahin ... Char Dino Ki Jawani Matwale ... Ai Prem Teri Balihari Ho ... Phir Fasle Bahaar Aayi Hai ... Rehne Laga Hai Dil Me Andhera ... film Panna Dai Gyan Dutt Hamen Yaad Teri Sataane Lagi ... Main Raja Ko Apne Rijha Ke Rahungi ... Dana Pani Mohan Junior Ishq Mujhe Aur Kuchh To Yaad Nahi ... Ehsaan ( 1954 -- hame. n dil me. n basaa bhi lo ) ... Filmography ( edit ) Year Movie Name 1933 King for a Day ( 1933 , director : Raaj Hans ) 1934 Mumtaz Beghum Ameena Roop Kumari ( 1934 , director : Madan ) 1935 Jawani Ka Nasha 1936 Naseeb Ka Chakkar ( Director : Pesi Karani ) 1940 AnaarBala ( Director : AM Khan ) 1942 Roti ( Director : Maadhav Kaale ) 1958 Jalsaghar ( Director : Satyajit Ray ) Awards and recognition ( edit ) 1968 : Padma Shri 1972 : Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 1975 : Padma Bhushan ( posthumously ) Bibliography ( edit ) In Memory of Begum Akhtar , by Shahid Ali Agha . US Inter Culture Associates , 1979 . Great Masters of Hindustani Music , by Susheela Misra . Published by Hem Publishers , 1981 . Chapter 26 . Begum Akhtar : The Queen of Ghazal , by Sutapa Mukherjee . Rupa & Co , 2005 , ISBN 81 - 7167 - 985 - 4 . Begum Akhtar : The Story of My Ammi , by Shanti Hiranand . Published by Viva Books , 2005 , ISBN 81 - 309 - 0172 - 2 . Ae Mohabbat ... Reminiscing Begum Akhtar , by Jyoti Sabharwal & Rita Ganguly , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 904559 - 3 - 0 . Begum Akhtar : Love 's Own Voice , by S. Kalidas. 2009 , ISBN 978 - 8174365958 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Memory of Begum Akhtar The Half - inch Himalayas , by Shahid Ali Agha , Agha Shahid Ali , Published by Wesleyan University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 1132 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dadra Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives , by Peter Lamarche Manuel , Peter Manuel . Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1989 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0673 - 5 . Page 157 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uttar Pradesh Government approved new guidelines for Begum Akhtar Award '' . Jagranjosh.com. 12 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ' What a life -- Begum Akhtar 's real life was much wilder than fiction Mint newspaper , Published 7 November 2008 , Retrieved 27 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Bhavita Bhatia ( 16 January 2011 ) . `` In memory of Begum Akhtar '' . The Times of India newspaper . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Filmography of Akhtari Faizabadi on IMDb , Retrieved 27 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Tapas Chakraborty ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Tomb tribute to Begum Akhtar '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Begum Akhtar ( 1914 -- 1974 ) -- Biography NRCW , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ Singh , Anjali ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Begum 's thumri soars again '' . Business Line . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hamza Khan ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` After 38 yrs , Begum Akhtar 's grave gets due attention '' . Indian Express . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 -- 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNA : List of Akademi Awardees '' . Sangeet Natak Akademi Official website . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Memory of Begum Akhtar '' . www.goodreads.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Tribute to Begum The Telegraph newspaper , 19 October 2008 , Retrieved 27 October 2016 ' * Zikr us Parivash Ka ' : Begum Akhtar in Lucknow , by Saleem Kidwai in Shaam e Awadh : Writings on Awadh , edited : Veena Oldenberg , Penguin Book , 2007 , New Delhi . External links ( edit ) Amazing Facts About Beghum Akhtar Biography of Beghum Akhtar An Article of Beghum Akhtar Beghum Akhtar - interesting insights Free download Begum Akhtar Songs Begum Akhtar the Undisputed Malika of Ghazals ( NewAgeIslam ) ( hide ) Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1970 -- 1979 ) 1970 Ramkinkar Baij Hirabai Barodekar Buddhadeb Bosu Amiya Chakravarty T.S. Avinashilingam Chettiar Lala Hansraj Gupta Ratan Lal Joshi Gurram Jashuva Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar Kumari Kamala P.K. Kelkar M.S. Krishnan Syed Abdul Latif Bhagwantrao Mandloi Mahesh Prasad Mehray Sombhu Mitra Krishnaswami Ramiah Anant alias Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe Surrendar Saini Viswanatha Satyanarayana Ahmed Jan Thirakwa N.M. Wagle Prem Nath Wahi Yashpal 1971 N. Ramaswami Ayyar Suraj Bhan Gokulbhai Bhatt Jaishankar Bhojak Kandathil Mammen Cherian Ramrao Deshmukh Satish Dhawan Abasaheb Garware Gangubai Hangal Musiri Subramania Iyer Palghat Mani Iyer Jainendra Kumar Raj Kapoor Dhananjay Keer Amir Khan Nissar Hussain Khan Guru Kunchu Kurup R.K. Laxman Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta Kalindi Charan Panigrahi D.K. Pattammal Krishnarao Phulambrikar Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai Vulimiri Ramalingaswami Suresh Chandra Roy Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme Pichu Sambamoorthi Bhagwati Charan Verma 1972 Jagjit Singh Aurora Madhavrao Bagal Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Kunhiraman Palat Candeth Ram Narayan Chakravarti Yashodhara Dasappa Hari Chand Dewan Minoo Merwan Engineer Inderjit Singh Gill Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani L.A. Krishna Iyer Sourendra Nath Kohli Jai Krishna Nilakanta Krishnan Ashwini Kumar T.A. Pai Vinayakrao Patwardhan Dattatraya Yeshwant Phadke Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare Tapishwar Narain Raina Bharat Ram Mohinder Singh Randhawa Adya Rangacharya M.B. Ramachandra Rao A.S. Rao Sujoy Bhushan Roy Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Shantilal C. Sheth Baldev Singh Khem Karan Singh Sartaj Singh Sagat Singh Birendranath Sircar Papanasam Sivan Chandrika Prasad Srivastava M.S. Swaminathan Bal Dattatreya Tilak Syed Husain Zaheer 1973 Om P. Bahl Chembai Harindranath Chattopadhyay Banarsidas Chaturvedi M.A. Muthiah Chettiar M.F. Husain Pothan Joseph N.R. Malkani Vinoo Mankad Krishnarao Shankar Pandit Vennelakanti Raghavaiah Raja Ramanna K. Sukumaran Alice Boner Camille Bulcke Ram Kumar Caroli Dhirendra Nath Ganguly D.V. Gundappa V.S. Huzurbazar Chintamoni Kar Mogubai Kurdikar Jayant Pandurang Naik Habib Rahman Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy John Richardson Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan Sukhlal Sanghvi Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia Jaideva Singh Khushwant Singh Arunachala Sreenivasan Raman Viswanathan Begum Akhtar Dilbagh Singh Athwal Asima Chatterjee Madhav Sadashiv Gore Pratul Chandra Gupta P.K. Iyengar Darab Jehangir Jussawala Pancheti Koteswaram Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay Kirpal Singh Narang John Richardson Ratan Shastri 1976 Malcolm Adiseshiah Harivansh Rai Bachchan Nabakanta Barua Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi Zehra Ali Yavar Jung Mallikarjun Mansur Yash Pal Bhogilal Pandya Udupi Ramachandra Rao Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi Devulapalli Krishnasastri C. Sivaramamurti E.C. George Sudarshan 1977 Gopinath Aman Prithvi Singh Azad Harish - Chandra Kumar Gandharva Phulrenu Guha Jagmohan Kailas Nath Kaul Yousuf Hussain Khan K.S. Narayanaswamy Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi Perugu Siva Reddy Annapurna Devi Yudhvir Singh M.N. Srinivas Thenpattinam Ponnusamy Meenakshi Sundaran # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 VIAF : 22391143 LCCN : no97075144 ISNI : 0000 0001 1488 671X BNF : cb145994419 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begum_Akhtar&oldid=806311275 '' Categories : 1914 births 1974 deaths Indian Muslims Indian women ghazal singers Indian film actresses 20th - century Indian actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Hindustani singers Thumri Indian female film singers Singers from Lucknow People from Faizabad district Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 20th - century Indian singers Women Hindustani musicians Women artists from Uttar Pradesh 20th - century Indian women artists Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Español فارسی हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 18 . About Wikipedia	begum akhtar specialised in which form of vocal music	[ "Akhtari Bai Faizabadi, also known as Begum Akhtar (7 October 1914 – 30 October 1974), was a well known Indian singer of Ghazal, Dadra, and Thumri genres of Hindustani classical music.[3]" ]	[ "Hindustani classical music" ]
955630942336284352	Life of the Party (Shawn Mendes song)	Life of the Party ( Shawn Mendes song ) - wikipedia Life of the Party ( Shawn Mendes song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Life of the Party '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album The Shawn Mendes EP and Handwritten Released June 26 , 2014 Format Digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 35 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Ido Zmishlany Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Ido Zmishlany Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Life of the Party '' ( 2014 ) Life of the Party2014 `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' ( 2014 ) Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) 2014 `` Life of the Party '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play ( EP ) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten ( 2015 ) . Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris , it was recorded in Toronto , Ontario and released on June 26 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Background 3 Chart performance 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References Music Video ( edit ) A lyric video , released on June 30 , 2014 , is a long , one - shot zoom - in on Shawn Mendes in the George Street diner , who occasionally converses with the waitress of the diner as he is singing . Lyrics from the song appear in spots such as tables and hanging lights . It ends with the waitress reading a note left from Shawn , smiling as the scene fades . Background ( edit ) The title of the song , `` Life of the Party '' , may give the impression that it 's an upbeat dance song , but in an interview , Mendes described the song as not `` super happy , but it 's also not depressing '' . The lyrics represent being happy with yourself and figuring out who you are and who you want to be . It was written by two writers from New York , Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris , though Mendes felt a strong connection to it . Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of July 12 , 2014 , at number 24 , making it his first entry in the chart and first top 40 hit . Mendes became the youngest artist to debut in the top 25 with a debut song on the Billboard Hot 100 at 15 years , 11 months and 4 days of age . The song debuted at number five on the Hot Digital Songs chart with 148,000 downloads . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 48 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 9 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 5 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 44 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 89 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Life Of The Party ( Lyric Video ) '' . ShawnMendesVEVO . YouTube . June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abel , A. ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Get to know the next Ed Seeran , vine star Shawn Mendes - plus , get a sneak peek at his first single '' . Seventeen Magazine . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Hannah ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Premiere ! You Have to Watch Vine Star Shawn Mendes 's First Music Video : Swooning begins in 3 , 2 , 1 ... '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Claims Longest Hot 100 Reign For A Female Rapper With ' Fancy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes , 15 - Year - Old Vine Celebrity , Makes Record - Breaking Debut on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Idolator . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1309 ( Week Commencing 30 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 21 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201438 into search . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2014 - 06 - 29 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201438 into search . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2014 - 06 - 29 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year of 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the party '' . Recorded Music NZ . line feed character in title = at position 43 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Life of the Party '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_of_the_Party_(Shawn_Mendes_song)&oldid=787594701 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Debut singles Pop ballads Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 09 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was life of the party music video filmed	[ "\"Life of the Party\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play (EP) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten (2015). Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris, it was recorded in Toronto, Ontario and released on June 26, 2014." ]	[ "Toronto, Ontario" ]
-4256280185962242783	To Kill a Mockingbird	To Kill a Mockingbird - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird For the film based on the novel , see To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . To Kill a Mockingbird First edition cover -- late printing Author Harper Lee Country United States Language English Genre Southern Gothic , Bildungsroman Published July 11 , 1960 Publisher J.B. Lippincott & Co . Pages 281 To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . The story is told by the six - year - old Jean Louise Finch . The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . '' As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book `` an astonishing phenomenon '' . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' . It was adapted into an Academy Award - winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown . To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . Contents 1 Biographical background and publication 2 Plot summary 3 Autobiographical elements 4 Style 4.1 Genres 5 Themes 5.1 Southern life and racial injustice 5.2 Class 5.3 Courage and compassion 5.4 Gender roles 5.5 Laws , written and unwritten 5.6 Loss of innocence 6 Reception 6.1 Atticus Finch and the legal profession 6.2 Social commentary and challenges 6.3 Honors 7 Go Set a Watchman 8 Adaptations 8.1 1962 film 8.2 Play 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Biographical background and publication Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 -- 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 -- 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J.B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey , known professionally as Tay Hohoff . Hohoff was impressed , `` ( T ) he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , '' she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott , but as Hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . It was , as she described it , `` more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . '' During the following two and a half years , she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form . After the `` Watchman '' title was rejected , it was re-titled Atticus but Lee renamed it To Kill a Mockingbird to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait . The book was published on July 11 , 1960 . The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . In 1964 , Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , I never expected any sort of success with ' Mockingbird . ' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . Public encouragement . I hoped for a little , as I said , but I got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death I 'd expected . Instead of a `` quick and merciful death '' , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . Since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . Plot summary See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters The story takes place during three years ( 1933 -- 35 ) of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County . It focuses on six - year - old Jean Louise Finch ( nicknamed Scout ) , who lives with her older brother , Jeremy ( nicknamed Jem ) , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor , the reclusive Arthur `` Boo '' Radley . The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo , and few of them have seen him for many years . The children feed one another 's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place . Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . Although many of Maycomb 's citizens disapprove , Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability . Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus 's actions , calling him a `` nigger - lover '' . Scout is tempted to stand up for her father 's honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom . This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's perspective . Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial . No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony . Atticus establishes that the accusers -- Mayella and her father , Bob Ewell , the town drunk -- are lying . It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . Despite significant evidence of Tom 's innocence , the jury convicts him . Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he `` destroyed ( Ewell 's ) last shred of credibility at that trial . '' Ewell vows revenge , spitting in Atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge 's house , and menacing Tom Robinson 's widow . Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant . Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children 's rescue . The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley . Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight . The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem ( whom Atticus believes to be responsible ) or Boo ( whom Tate believes to be responsible ) . Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife . Boo asks Scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . While standing on the Radley porch , Scout imagines life from Boo 's perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them . Scout then goes back home to Atticus and stays up with him for a while in Jem 's room . Soon Atticus takes her to bed and tucks her in , before leaving to go back to Jem ... Autobiographical elements Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author `` should write about what he knows and write truthfully '' . Nevertheless , several people and events from Lee 's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , was an attorney , similar to Atticus Finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . After they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . Lee 's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper . Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . Though Scout 's mother died when she was a baby , Lee was 25 when her mother , Frances Cunningham Finch , died . Lee 's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . Lee 's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem . Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons . Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City . Like Dill , Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . Both Lee and Capote loved to read , and were atypical children in some ways : Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , and Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter that Lee 's father gave them . They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them `` apart people '' . In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood . Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up ; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys . The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame . He was hidden until virtually forgotten ; he died in 1952 . The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her . The story and the trial were covered by her father 's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death . After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . He died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . Scholars believe that Robinson 's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . However , in 2005 , Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served `` the same purpose '' to display Southern prejudices . Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson . Style The narrative is very tough , because ( Lee ) has to both be a kid on the street and aware of the mad dogs and the spooky houses , and have this beautiful vision of how justice works and all the creaking mechanisms of the courthouse . Part of the beauty is that she ... trusts the visual to lead her , and the sensory . -- Allan Gurganus The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee 's talent for narration , which in an early review in Time was called `` tactile brilliance '' . Writing a decade later , another scholar noted , `` Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story - telling . Her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . '' Lee combines the narrator 's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman 's reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . This narrative method allows Lee to tell a `` delightfully deceptive '' story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . However , at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout 's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson 's life . Writing about Lee 's style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar Jacqueline Tavernier - Courbin states : `` Laughter ... ( exposes ) the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . '' Scout 's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspired National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her `` hysterically funny '' . To address complex issues , however , Tavernier - Courbin notes that Lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child 's perspective . After Dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with Jem , Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . Scout 's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids Atticus from teaching her further . Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier - Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book 's title : Lee is doing the mocking -- of education , the justice system , and her own society -- by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval . Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . When Atticus is out of town , Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach . This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as Tom Robinson 's . Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life . Genres Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and a Bildungsroman . The grotesque and near - supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson , contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel . Lee used the term `` Gothic '' to describe the architecture of Maycomb 's courthouse and in regard to Dill 's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley . Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem 's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Despite challenging the town 's systems , Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one 's conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . However , scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification , noting that Boo Radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . Furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society . As children coming of age , Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them . Lee seems to examine Jem 's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout 's . Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial , `` It 's like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that 's what they seemed like '' . This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . As one scholar writes , `` To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman , for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . '' Themes In the 33 years since its publication , ( To Kill a Mockingbird ) has never been the focus of a dissertation , and it has been the subject of only six literary studies , several of them no more than a couple of pages long . -- Claudia Johnson in To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries , 1994 Despite the novel 's immense popularity upon publication , it has not received the close critical attention paid to other modern American classics . Don Noble , editor of a book of essays about the novel , estimates that the ratio of sales to analytical essays may be a million to one . Christopher Metress writes that the book is `` an icon whose emotive sway remains strangely powerful because it also remains unexamined '' . Noble suggests it does not receive academic attention because of its consistent status as a best - seller ( `` If that many people like it , it ca n't be any good . '' ) and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation . Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s . However , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : `` Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , Christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all Southerners . '' Southern life and racial injustice When the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about Lee 's ability to connect them . The first part of the novel concerns the children 's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem 's observations of their quirky neighbors . One writer was so impressed by Lee 's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism . This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee 's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character 's behavior in the novel . Scout 's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb 's inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb . This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell 's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson , and Scout 's definition of `` fine folks '' being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . The South itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters . The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed `` the spirit - corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro '' . In the years following its release , many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . Claudia Durst Johnson considers it `` reasonable to believe '' that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama : Rosa Parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott , and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted ( Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . In writing about the historical context of the novel 's construction , two other literary scholars remark : `` To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict - ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction . Inevitably , despite its mid-1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . '' Scholar Patrick Chura , who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced . Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the `` mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood '' . Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . Tom Robinson 's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury 's decision . Furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as `` stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him '' . Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , being shot seventeen times . The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . For example , Atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb , and Atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town 's racism without help from other white citizens . He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom 's trial . Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . Jones writes , `` ( t ) he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury 's and the town 's anger . '' Class One of the amazing things about the writing in To Kill a Mockingbird is the economy with which Harper Lee delineates not only race -- white and black within a small community -- but class . I mean different kinds of black people and white people both , from poor white trash to the upper crust -- the whole social fabric . -- Lee Smith In a 1964 interview , Lee remarked that her aspiration was `` to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama . '' Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . Atticus respects Calpurnia 's judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable Aunt Alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia . One writer notes that Scout , `` in Austenian fashion '' , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : `` affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status '' . Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex `` than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . '' Lee 's use of the middle - class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . Sharing Scout and Jem 's perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose ; the lower - class Ewells , and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond ; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community . The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior . Courage and compassion The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . Scout 's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . Atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus ' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , Atticus tells Jem that courage is `` when you 're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what '' . External video After Words interview with Shields on Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee , July 11 , 2015 , C - SPAN Charles J. Shields , who wrote the first book - length biography of Harper Lee , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that `` its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal '' . Atticus ' lesson to Scout that `` you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view -- until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it '' exemplifies his compassion . She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell 's testimony . When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus ' question if she has any friends , Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley . Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives , Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo 's perspective . One writer remarks , `` ... ( w ) hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense ( of ) courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . '' Gender roles Just as Lee explores Jem 's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , Scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . Scout 's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . Scout 's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie , both of whom are strong - willed , independent , and protective . Mayella Ewell also has an influence ; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . The female characters who comment the most on Scout 's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . For example , Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting Atticus ' intentions to defend Tom Robinson . By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , `` Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first - person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . '' Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . Scout and Jem 's mother died before Scout could remember her , Mayella 's mother is dead , and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo 's confinement to the house . Apart from Atticus , the fathers described are abusers . Bob Ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house to the extent that Boo is remembered only as a phantom . Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men , as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society , can lead society astray . Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : `` It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . '' Laws , written and unwritten Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , have drawn the attention of legal scholars . Claudia Durst Johnson writes that `` a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . The opening quote by the 19th - century essayist Charles Lamb reads : `` Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . '' Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem 's childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one 's palm , and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children : is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season ? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common - law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non-person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's `` fanatical '' attempts to place her in them made her feel `` a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on ( her ) '' . Johnson states , `` ( t ) he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . '' Loss of innocence Lee used the mockingbird to symbolize innocence in the novel Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . Their family name Finch is also Lee 's mother 's maiden name . The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air - rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot . Atticus warns them that , although they can `` shoot all the bluejays they want '' , they must remember that `` it 's a sin to kill a mockingbird '' . Confused , Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , `` They do n't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . '' Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , `` ' To kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless -- like Tom Robinson . '' Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point . Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . However , scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley : `` Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , Scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' -- that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . '' The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her , and , in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson , states about a character who was misunderstood , `` when they finally saw him , why he had n't done any of those things ... Atticus , he was real nice , '' to which he responds , `` Most people are , Scout , when you finally see them . '' The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R.A. Dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy . In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat , Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools . She guides the reader in such judgments , alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony . Scout 's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her , gossip , and `` reflect a smug , colonialist attitude toward other races '' while giving the `` appearance of gentility , piety , and morality '' . Conversely , when Atticus loses Tom 's case , he is last to leave the courtroom , except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony , who rise silently as he walks underneath them , to honor his efforts . Reception Despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles , in her hometown of Monroeville , and throughout Alabama . The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books . Initial reactions to the novel were varied . The New Yorker declared Lee `` a skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenuous writer '' , and The Atlantic Monthly 's reviewer rated the book `` pleasant , undemanding reading '' , but found the narrative voice -- `` a six - year - old girl with the prose style of a well - educated adult '' -- to be implausible . Time magazine 's 1960 review of the book states that it `` teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life '' and calls Scout Finch `` the most appealing child since Carson McCullers ' Frankie got left behind at the wedding '' . The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even - handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : `` This is in no way a sociological novel . It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . '' Not all reviewers were enthusiastic . Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners , and one - dimensional black victims , and Granville Hicks labeled the book `` melodramatic and contrived '' . When the book was first released , Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented , `` I think for a child 's book it does all right . It 's interesting that all the folks that are buying it do n't know they 're reading a child 's book . Somebody ought to say what it is . '' Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review , writing to a cousin : `` Well , honey , one thing we know is that she 's been poaching on my literary preserves . '' One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 -- 12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are `` most often cited as making a difference '' . It is considered by some to be the `` Great American Novel '' . The 50th anniversary of the novel 's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee 's `` rich use of language '' but writes that the central lesson is that `` courage is n't always flashy , is n't always enough , but is always in style '' . Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees , stating that the book `` still rouses fresh and horrified indignation '' as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee , rare among American novelists , writes with `` a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question '' , comparing her to William Faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland 's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen , stating the book 's central theme , that `` one 's moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled '' is eloquently discussed . Native Alabamian sports writer Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a `` repository of cracker - barrel epigrams '' and the novel represents a `` sugar - coated myth '' of Alabama history . Barra writes , `` It 's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature . Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated '' . Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus ' stiff and self - righteous demeanor , and calls Scout `` a kind of highly constructed doll '' whose speech and actions are improbable . Although acknowledging that the novel works , Mallon blasts Lee 's `` wildly unstable '' narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that `` the book has begun to cherish its own goodness '' by the time the case is over . Defending the book , Akin Ajayi writes that justice `` is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . '' Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them . External video Interview with Mary McDonagh Murphy on Scout , Atticus & Boo , June 26 , 2010 , C - SPAN Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo . Atticus Finch and the legal profession Main article : Atticus Finch I promised myself that when I grew up and I was a man , I would try to do things just as good and noble as what Atticus had done for Tom Robinson . -- Scott Turow One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession . As scholar Alice Petry explains , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . '' Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession , '' before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun '' . In 1992 , an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus , saying that as liberal as Atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' . In 2008 , Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who `` has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor '' . Social commentary and challenges To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . The book 's racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States . The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 -- 2009 . Following parental complaints about the racist language it contains , the novel was removed from classrooms in Virginia in 2016 and Biloxi in 2017 , where it was described as making people `` uncomfortable . '' In the Mississippi case , the novel was removed from the required reading list but subsequently made available to interested students with parental consent . Such decisions have been criticised : the American Civil Liberties Union noted the importance of engaging with the novel 's themes in places where racial injustice persists . Becky Little of The History Channel and representatives of the Mark Twain House pointed out the value of classics lies in their power to `` challenge the way we think about things '' ( Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has attracted similar controversy ) . Arne Duncan , who served as Secretary of Education under President Obama , noted that removal of the book from reading lists was evidence of a nation with `` real problems . '' In 1966 , a parent in Hanover , Virginia protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about Mayella Ewell 's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape . Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book 's appropriateness for the classroom , Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of `` the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice '' . The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations -- after Little Black Sambo . With a shift of attitudes about race in the 1970s , To Kill a Mockingbird faced challenges of a different sort : the treatment of racism in Maycomb was not condemned harshly enough . This has led to disparate perceptions that the novel has a generally positive impact on race relations for white readers , but a more ambiguous reception by black readers . In one high - profile case outside the U.S. , school districts in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia attempted to have the book removed from standard teaching curricula in the 1990s , stating : The terminology in this novel subjects students to humiliating experiences that rob them of their self - respect and the respect of their peers . The word ' Nigger ' is used 48 times ( in ) the novel ... We believe that the English Language Arts curriculum in Nova Scotia must enable all students to feel comfortable with ideas , feelings and experiences presented without fear of humiliation ... To Kill a Mockingbird is clearly a book that no longer meets these goals and therefore must no longer be used for classroom instruction . Furthermore , despite the novel 's thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . In its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and Calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the `` contented slave '' motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . One writer asserts that the use of Scout 's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . Scout 's voice `` functions as the not - me which allows the rest of us -- black and white , male and female -- to find our relative position in society '' . A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions , `` what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another '' . A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it `` demoralizing '' . Another criticism , articulated by Michael Lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural `` white trash '' . The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it `` arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement '' . Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book 's effectiveness is that it `` inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion '' and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . Young views the novel as `` an act of humanity '' in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War . Childress states the novel gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they 've been brought up with and to find another way . And most white people in the South were good people . Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child 's point of view . Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize - winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . McWhorter writes of Lee , `` for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual -- by its very existence an act of protest . '' Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar 's been lowered . And that 's really distressing . We need a thousand Atticus Finches . McBride , however , defends the book 's sentimentality , and the way Lee approaches the story with `` honesty and integrity '' . Honors Harper Lee and President George W. Bush at the November 5 , 2007 , ceremony awarding Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom for To Kill a Mockingbird During the years immediately following the novel 's publication , Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee . It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year , and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962 . Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . Since then , she declined talking with reporters about the book . She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : `` Introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . Mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . '' In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor . In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program . Lee declared that `` there is no greater honor the novel could receive '' . By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts , who supervised The Big Read , states `` people just seem to connect with it . It dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . It 's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people 's lives , and they cherish it . '' In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame . During the ceremony , the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her . Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush . In his remarks , Bush stated , `` One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . It 's been a gift to the entire world . As a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . '' Go set a Watchman Main article : Go Set a Watchman An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 . This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father , Atticus Finch , in Maycomb , Alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it , but this claim has been widely disputed . Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird . According to Lee 's agent Andrew Nurnberg , Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : `` They discussed publishing Mockingbird first , Watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . '' This assertion has been discredited , however , by rare - books expert James S. Jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee 's attorney and found them to be only another draft of To Kill a Mockingbird . Nurnberg 's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler 's description of how Watchman was seen as just the first draft of Mockingbird . Instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion . Adaptations 1962 film Main article : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) The book was made into the well - received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch . The film 's producer , Alan J. Pakula , remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : `` They said , ' What story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' I said , ' Have you read the book ? ' They said , ' Yes . ' I said , ' That 's the story . ' '' The movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2 - million budget . It won three Oscars : Best Actor for Gregory Peck , Best Art Direction - Set Decoration , Black - and - White , and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote . It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham , the actress who played Scout . Film producer Alan J. Pakula with Lee ; Lee spent three weeks watching the filming , then `` took off when she realized everything would be fine without her '' Harper Lee was pleased with the movie , saying : `` In that film the man and the part met ... I 've had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into TV or stage plays , but I 've always refused . That film was a work of art . '' Peck met Lee 's father , the model for Atticus , before the filming. Lee 's father died before the film 's release . Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocket watch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for Best Actor . Years later , he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport . When Peck eventually did tell Lee , he said she responded , `` ' Well , it 's only a watch . ' Harper -- she feels deeply , but she 's not a sentimental person about things . '' Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . Peck 's grandson was named `` Harper '' in her honor . In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : She 's like a national treasure . She 's someone who has made a difference ... with this book . The book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . Play See also : To Kill a Mockingbird ( 2018 play ) The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel . It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself `` The Literary Capital of Alabama '' . The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : `` It becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras . With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it 's part of a central , civic education -- what Monroeville aspires to be . '' Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch . The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch , his first London appearance in 22 years . The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a UK tour . According to a National Geographic article , the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture ; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances , because `` she abhors anything that trades on the book 's fame '' . To underscore this sentiment , Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia 's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum . David Lister in The Independent states that Lee 's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence `` makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart '' . Despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination , hoping to see Lee 's inspiration for the book , or Lee herself . Local residents call them `` Mockingbird groupies '' , and although Lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic `` Hell , no ! '' See also Southern literature Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Notes Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird has appeared on numerous other lists that describe its impact . In 1999 , it was voted the `` Best Novel of the 20th century '' by readers of the Library Journal . It is listed as number five on the Modern Library 's Reader 's List of the 100 Best Novels in the English language since 1900 and number four on the rival Radcliffe Publishing Course 's Radcliffe Publishing Course 's 100 Best Board Picks for Novels and Nonfiction Archived 2007 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... The novel appeared first on a list developed by librarians in 2006 who answered the question , `` Which book should every adult read before they die ? '' followed by the Bible and The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The British public voted in the BBC 's Big Read broadcast to rank it 6th of all time in 2003 . BBC -- The Big Read . Two thousand readers at Play.com voted it the ' Greatest novel of all time ' in 2008 . ( Urmee Khan , June 6 , 2008 . To Kill a Mockingbird voted Greatest Novel Of All Time , The Daily Telegraph ) . Jump up ^ Mallon received hate mail for his commentary , and declined to answer challenges about his observations from professional writers , saying he did not want to be the `` skunk at the garden party '' . ( Murphy , p. 18 . ) Jump up ^ In August 2009 , St. Edmund Campion Secondary School in Toronto removed To Kill a Mockingbird from the grade 10 curriculum because of a complaint regarding the language in the book . ( Noor , Javed ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Complaint prompts school to kill ' Mockingbird ' `` , The Star ( Toronto ) . Retrieved on August 19 , 2009 . ) Jump up ^ McWhorter went to school with Mary Badham , the actor who portrayed Scout in the film adaptation . ( Murphy , p. 141 ) Jump up ^ Lee has also been awarded honorary degrees from Mount Holyoke College ( 1962 ) and the University of Alabama ( 1990 ) . ( Noble , p. 8 . ) References Jump up ^ Crespino , J. ( 2000 ) . `` The Strange Career of Atticus Finch '' . Southern Cultures. 6 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 30 . doi : 10.1353 / scu. 2000.0030 . Jump up ^ Zipp , Yvonne ( July 7 , 2010 ) . Scout , Atticus & Boo , The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Michelle ( March 2 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee tops librarians ' must - read list , Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved on February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 79 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Nelle Harper Lee Alabama Academy of Honor : Alabama Department of Archives and History ( 2001 ) . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mahler , Jonathan ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lacher , Irene ( May 21 , 2005 ) . `` Harper Lee raises her low profile for a friend ; The author of ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' shuns fanfare . But for the kin of Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ Shields , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. xii Jump up ^ Lee , p. 249 Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee , '' in American Decades . Gale Research , 1998 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 122 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Albin . `` Truman Capote Is Dead at 59 ; Novelist of Style and Clarity '' , The New York Times , August 26 , 1984 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Capote '' . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Advameg , Inc. 2003 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Anne Taylor ( July 9 , 1976 ) . `` The Private World of Truman Capote '' , The New York Times Magazine . p . SM6 . Jump up ^ Steinem , Gloria ( November 1967 ) . `` Go Right Ahead and Ask Me Anything ( And So She Did ) : An Interview with Truman Capote '' , McCall 's , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Clasen , Sharon ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Read Harper Lee 's Profile of `` In Cold Blood '' Detective Al Dewey That Has n't Been Seen in More Than 50 Years `` . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hile , Kevin S. `` Harper Lee '' in Authors and Artists for Young Adults , Gale Research 13 ( August 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 8566 - 5 Jump up ^ Bigg , Matthew ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Novel Still Stirs Pride , Debate ; ' Mockingbird ' Draws Tourists to Town Coming to Grips With Its Past , The Washington Post , p . A3 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries , pp. 7 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Noble , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Chura , Patrick ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Prolepsis and Anachronism : Emmett Till and the Historicity of To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Literary Journal 32 ( 2 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : About Life & Little Girls Time ( August 1 , 1980 ) . Retrieved on February 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dave , R.A. ( 1974 ) . `` Harper Lee 's Tragic Vision '' Indian Studies in American Fiction MacMillan Company of India , Ltd . pp. 311 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 90034 - 5 Jump up ^ Graeme Dunphy , `` Meena 's Mockingbird : From Harper Lee to Meera Syal '' , Neophilologus , 88 ( 2004 ) 637 -- 660 . PDF online Jump up ^ Ward , L. `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( book review ) . '' Commonwealth : December 9 , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Phoebe ( August 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , by Harper Lee ( review ) '' . The Atlantic Monthly . New York . 206 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 99 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : LeMay , Harding ( July 10 , 1960 ) . `` Children Play ; Adults Betray '' , New York Herald Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Granville ( July 23 , 1970 ) . `` Three at the Outset '' , Saturday Review , 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tavernier - Courbin , Jacqueline `` Humor and Humanity in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Boerman - Cornell , William `` The Five Humors '' , The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 ( 4 ) , p. 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 822422 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Blackall , Jean `` Valorizing the Commonplace : Harper Lee 's Response to Jane Austen '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) . University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 39 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. x , 96 , 149 . Jump up ^ Fine , Laura `` Structuring the Narrator 's Rebellion in To Kill a Mockingbird '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections Alice Petry ( ed . ) , University of Tennessee Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 578 - 3 Jump up ^ Lee , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Ware , Michele `` ' Just a Lady ' : Gender and Power in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' in Women in Literature : Reading Through the Lens of Gender Jerilyn Fisher and Ellen S. Silber ( eds . ) , Greenwood Press ( 2003 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31346 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metress , Christopher ( September 2003 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Atticus Finch '' , The Chattahoochee Review , 24 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Noble , pp. vii -- viii . ^ Jump up to : `` Harper Lee Twits School Board In Virginia for Ban on Her Novel '' , The New York Times ( January 6 , 1966 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 20 -- 24 ^ Jump up to : Erisman , Fred ( April 1973 ) . `` The Romantic Regionalism of Harper Lee '' , The Alabama Review , 27 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bruell , Edwin ( December 1964 ) . `` Keen Scalpel on Racial Ills '' , The English Journal 51 ( 9 ) pp. 658 -- 661 . Jump up ^ Henderson , R. ( May 15 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Library Journal . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Claudia ( Autumn 1991 ) . `` The Secret Courts of Men 's Hearts '' , Studies in American Fiction 19 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hovet , Theodore and Grace - Ann ( Fall 2001 ) . `` ' Fine Fancy Gentlemen ' and ' Yappy Folk ' : Contending Voices in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 40 pp. 67 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Roslyn `` The Black Man and the Macabre in American Literature '' , Black American Literature Forum ( 1976 ) , 10 ( 4 ) , p. 133 . doi : 10.2307 / 3041614 Jump up ^ Lee , pp. 107 -- 113 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Carolyn ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Atticus Finch and the Mad Dog '' Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 34 ( 4 ) , pp. 53 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Shackelford , Dean ( Winter 1996 -- 1997 ) . `` The Female Voice in To Kill a Mockingbird : Narrative Strategies in Film and Novel '' , Mississippi Quarterly : The Journal of Southern Cultures , 50 ( 1 ) , pp. 101 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nelle Harper Lee . '' Contemporary Authors Online , Gale , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jolley , Susan `` Integrating Poetry and ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' , The English Journal ( 2002 ) , 92 ( 2 ) , p. 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 822224 Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Shields , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , Laura ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Gender Conflicts and Their ' Dark ' Projections in Coming of Age White Female Southern Novels '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South 36 ( 4 ) , pp. 121 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : Baecker , Diane ( Spring 1998 ) . `` Telling It In Black and White : The Importance of the Africanist Presence in To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Southern Quarterly : A Journal of the Arts in the South , 36 ( 3 ) , pp. 124 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Edgar `` Discovering Theme and Structure in the Novel '' The English Journal ( 1963 ) , 52 ( 7 ) p. 506 . doi : 10.2307 / 810774 Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook p. 207 . Jump up ^ Metress , Christopher . `` Lee , Harper . '' Contemporary Southern Writers . St. James Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 185 -- 188 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Robert `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 1980 ) , pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0390 - X Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The New Yorker ( September 10 , 1960 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Richard ( July 17 , 1960 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' , Chicago Sunday Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. 21 , 24 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , F. , `` Carson McCullers '' ( Book Review ) . Atlantic Monthly ( 1993 ) v. 287 no . 4 ( April 2001 ) pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Book description : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee HarperCollins ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools '' , Renaissance Learning , Inc. , 2008 . Retrieved on July 11 , 2008 . See also `` What Kids Are Reading : The Book Reading Habits of Students in American Schools Archived 2012 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Renaissance Learning , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved on May 1 , 2011 . where To Kill a Mockingbird appears at number 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 14 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' : Endearing , enduring at 50 years '' . USA Today . `` It is Lee 's only book and one of the handful that could earn the title of Great American Novel . '' Jump up ^ `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' Turns 50 : Fans Descend on Alabama Town to Celebrate Scout , Atticus and Boo Radley CBS News ( July 11 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zorn , Eric ( July 9 , 2010 ) , ' Mockingbird ' still sings after 50 years , The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jane ( July 9 , 2010 ) . To celebrate a Mockingbird , The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adichie , Chimamanda Ngozi ( July 10 , 2010 ) . Rereading : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Loxton , Rachel ( July 10 , 2010 ) . America 's favourite novel still vital after 50 years , The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( June 24 , 2010 ) . What ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' Is n't , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mallon , Thomas ( May 29 , 2006 ) . `` Big Bird : A biography of the novelist Harper Lee '' , The New Yorker , 82 ( 15 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ajayi , Akin ( July 9 , 2010 ) To Kill a Mockingbird : the case for the defence , The Guardian . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird '' . HarperCollins Publishers . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ Lubet , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` Reconstructing Atticus Finch '' , Michigan Law Review 97 ( 6 ) pp. 1339 -- 1362 . doi : 10.2307 / 1290205 Jump up ^ Petry , pp. xxv -- xxvii . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingbird ' Hero Honored in Monroeville '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) ( May 3 , 1997 ) , p. 7A . Jump up ^ `` Harper Lee Can Take a Place at the Bar '' , The Birmingham News ( March 17 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Top 100 Banned / Challenged Books : 2000 -- 2009 American Library Association . Retrieved July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kean , Danuta ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird removed from Virginia schools for racist language '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balingit , Moriah ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` School district weighs ban of ' Mockingbird , ' ' Huckleberry Finn ' after complaint '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Karen ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why did Biloxi pull ' To Kill A Mockingbird ' from the 8th grade lesson plan ? '' . Sun Herald . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Selk , Avi ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` The ironic , enduring legacy of banning ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' for racist language '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zorthian , Julia ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` People Are Not Happy That This School District Banned Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Time . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Karen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Biloxi to teach ' To Kill A Mockingbird ' in class again . Parents must sign permission slip '' . Sun Herald . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summers , Zakiya ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ACLU of MS Responds to Biloxi Officials ' Ban of To Kill a Mockingbird '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Little , Becky ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' Keeps Getting Banned '' . History . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pengelly , Martin ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Mississippi students allowed to read To Kill a Mockingbird -- with a parent 's note '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Arne ( @ arneduncan ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` When school districts remove ' To Kill A Mockingbird ' from the reading list , we know we have real problems . trib.al/2zObDXh '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Johnson , Casebook pp. 208 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Saney , Isaac ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The Case Against To Kill a Mockingbird '' Race & Class 45 ( 1 ) , pp. 99 -- 110 . doi : 10.1177 / 0306396803045001005 Jump up ^ Beryle , Banfield `` Commitment to Change : The Council on Interracial Books for Children and the World of Children 's Books '' , African American Review ( 1998 ) 32 ( 17 ) , pp. 17 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3042264 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Suhor , Charles , Bell , Larry `` Preparing to Teach To Kill a Mockingbird , The English Journal ( 1997 ) 86 ( 4 ) , pp. 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.2307 / 820996 Jump up ^ Martelle , Scott ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` A Different Read on ' Mockingbird ' ; Long a classroom starting point for lessons about intolerance , the Harper Lee classic is being reexamined by some who find its perspective limited '' , The Los Angeles Times , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` White Trash Gothic '' . thesmartset.com . February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flora , Joseph `` Harper Lee '' in Southern Writers : A New Biographical Dictionary Louisiana State University Press ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries pp. xi -- xiv Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold `` Modern Critical Interpretations : To Kill a Mockingbird '' Chelsea House Publishers ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 219 -- 220 , 223 , 233 -- 235 Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 206 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 141 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Shields , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Mancini , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tabor , May ( August 23 , 1998 ) . `` A ' new foreword ' that is n't '' , The New York Times , p . C11 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( January 20 , 2006 ) . Harper Lee , Gregarious for a Day , The New York Times . Retrieved on November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Launches City - wide Book Group '' , Library Journal ( August 13 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` To Read a Mockingbird '' Library Journal ( September 1 , 2004 ) 129 ( 14 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Commencement 2006 Notre Dame Magazine ( July 2006 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients , White House press release ( November 5 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on November 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Harper Lee ' Go Set a Watchman ' Fraud '' . The New York Times . 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marja Mills ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` The Harper Lee I knew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Maloney . `` What Would Gregory Peck Think of ' Go Set a Watchman ' ? His Son Weighs In '' . WSJ . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee to release second novel 50 years after To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Harper Lee 's ' lost ' novel was intended to complete a trilogy , says agent '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Expert Says Manuscript Is Not Harper Lee 's Third Novel '' . The New York Times . 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Collins . `` See how Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' became ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . Quartz . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter ( February 27 , 1998 ) . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ( Review ) '' , The New York Times , p . E. 1 Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn `` Harper Lee '' , in The History of Southern Women 's Literature , Carolyn Perry ( ed . ) : Louisiana State University Press ( 2002 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2753 - 7 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 21 , 1997 ) . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird '' , The Birmingham News ( Alabama ) , p. 1. F Jump up ^ King , Susan ( December 22 , 1997 ) . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A With Gregory Peck '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 1 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 18 , 1999 ) . `` Q&A ; Film Honors Peck , ' Perfectly Happy ' in a Busy Retirement '' , Los Angeles Times , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Noble , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Roy ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` Long Lives the Mockingbird '' , The New York Times Book Review , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Walker , Lynne ( 30 September 2006 ) . `` To Kill A Mockingbird , West Yorkshire , Leeds Playhouse '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` To Kill a Mockingbird , Theatre Royal , York '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird Returns '' . openairtheatre.com . Open Air Theatre . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Cathy ( January 2006 ) . To Catch a Mockingbird , National Geographic . Retrieved on November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , David. The One and Only , The Scotsman . Retrieved on March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( July 10 , 2010 ) . David Lister : Those reclusive authors really know how to live , The Independent . Retrieved on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pressley , Sue ( June 10 , 1996 ) . `` Quiet Author , Home Town Attract ' Groupies , ' Press ; To Live With ' Mockingbird ' '' , The Washington Post p . A3 Bibliography Johnson , Claudia . To Kill a Mockingbird : Threatening Boundaries . Twayne Publishers : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 8068 - 8 Johnson , Claudia . Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historic Documents . Greenwood Press : 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29193 - 4 Lee , Harper . To Kill a Mockingbird . HarperCollins : 1960 ( Perennial Classics edition : 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093546 - 4 Mancini , Candice , ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . Racism in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird , The Gale Group . ISBN 0 - 7377 - 3904 - 5 Murphy , Mary M. ( ed . ) Scout , Atticus , and Boo : A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird , HarperCollins Publishers : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 192407 - 1 Noble , Don ( ed . ) . Critical Insights : To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee , Salem Press : 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 618 - 7 Petry , Alice . `` Introduction '' in On Harper Lee : Essays and Reflections . University of Tennessee Press : 1994 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 578 - 5 Shields , Charles . Mockingbird : A Portrait of Harper Lee . Henry Holt and Co. : 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7919 - X External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' dated 2008 - 07 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Quotations related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( novel ) at Wikiquote To Kill a Mockingbird in the Encyclopedia of Alabama Lee , Harper ( 1988 ) ( 1960 ) . To Kill a Mockingbird . In association with McIntosh and Otis , Inc. at the Internet Archive . Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the mocking birds in to kill a mockingbird	[ "Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\"[80] The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and, in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson,[27] states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\"[81]\n", "Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\"[80] The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and, in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson,[27] states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\"[81]\n" ]	[ "Tom Robinson", "Boo Radley" ]
-5307730789762714365	List of Call the Midwife characters	List of Call the midwife characters - wikipedia List of Call the midwife characters Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of characters from Call the Midwife , a British television period - drama series shown on BBC One since 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Characters 2.1 Sister Julienne 2.2 Sister Monica Joan 2.3 Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin 2.4 Shelagh Turner 2.5 Sister Winifred 2.6 Phyllis Crane 2.7 Valerie Dyer 2.8 Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle 2.9 Dr. Patrick Turner 2.10 Tom Hereward 2.11 Lucille Anderson 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Timothy Turner 3.2 Angela Turner 3.3 Edward Turner 3.4 Violet Buckle 3.5 Christopher Dockerill 4 Previous characters 4.1 Nurse Jenny Lee 4.2 Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes ( née Fortescue - Cholmondeley - Browne ) 4.3 Sister Evangelina 4.4 Sister Ursula 4.5 Sister Mary Cynthia 4.6 Peter Noakes 4.7 Patience `` Patsy '' Mount 4.8 Delia Busby 4.9 Barbara Hereward ( neé Gilbert ) 5 Previous recurring characters 6 References Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Role Series 5 6 7 Jessica Raine Jenny Lee Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Miranda Hart Chummy Noakes ( Camilla Browne ) Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Jenny Agutter Sister Julienne Sister - in - charge , midwife Main Judy Parfitt Sister Monica Joan Retired midwife Main Pam Ferris Sister Evangelina † Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Bryony Hannah Sister Mary Cynthia ( Cynthia Miller ) Nurse , midwife Main Does not appear Helen George Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin Senior nurse , midwife Main Laura Main Shelagh Turner ( Sister Bernadette ) Sister and Practice manager , practice midwife , Senior midwife ( Nonnatus House ) ( Series 6 - ) Main Stephen McGann Patrick Turner General practitioner Main Cliff Parisi Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle Caretaker Main Ben Caplan Peter Noakes Police Sergeant Main Does not appear Vanessa Redgrave Voice of Jennifer Worth Nurse , midwife Main Emerald Fennell Patience `` Patsy '' Mount Nurse , midwife Does not appear Guest Main Does not appear Victoria Yeates Sister Winifred Midwife Does not appear Main Jack Ashton Tom Hereward Curate Does not appear Main Charlotte Ritchie Barbara Hereward † Nurse , midwife Does not appear Main Linda Bassett Phyllis Crane Nursing sister , midwife Does not appear Main Annabelle Apsion Violet Buckle Wife of Fred Buckle Does not appear Recurring Main Kate Lamb Delia Busby Nurse Does not appear Recurring Main Does not appear Jennifer Kirby Valerie Dyer Nurse , midwife Does not appear Main Leonie Elliott Lucille Anderson Nurse , midwife Does not appear Main Max Macmillan Timothy `` Tim '' Turner Patrick Turner 's son Recurring George Rainsford James `` Jimmy '' Wilson Friend of Jenny Lee Recurring Does not appear Cheryl Campbell Lady Browne † Chummy 's mother Recurring Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Dorothy Atkinson Jane Sutton Medical orderly Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Leo Starr Alec Jesmond † Boyfriend of Jenny Lee Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Alice Brown Angela Turner Adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner Does not appear Recurring Maxine Evans Mrs Busby Delia Busby 's mother Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Harriet Walter Sister Ursula Sister - in - charge , midwife , nurse Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jack Hawkins Christopher Dockerill Dentist Does not appear Recurring Daniel Laurie Reggie Jackson Fred and Violet Buckle 's ward Does not appear Recurring Trevor Cooper Sergeant Woolf Police Sergeant Does not appear Recurring Nina Yndis Magda The Turners ' au pair Does not appear Recurring Characters ( edit ) Sister Julienne ( edit ) Sister Julienne Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jenny Agutter Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Sister - in - charge , nun , midwife and nurse By necessity , Sister Julienne conceals an iron fist in a velvet glove , managing both her charges and fellow sisters with a combination of tact , compassion , and no - nonsense advice . Her steadfast , compassionate guidance makes her an anchor for her colleagues and in a very real way , it is she who holds the inhabitants of Nonnatus House together . She always offers comfort and help to the young midwives and also has a notably close , warm and maternal relationship with Sister Bernadette , serving as her chief mentor and confidante . Beginning with series 4 , it becomes clear that the weight of always having to be `` the wise one '' takes a heavier toll on her than many would guess , and she is increasingly shown leaning on Shelagh ( formerly Sister Bernadette ) for counsel and support ; nevertheless , her faith is not shaken and she remains a serene , guiding presence for all of Nonnatus House . Her pre-Order name was Louise . In the sixth series after her return from Africa , Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister - in - Charge to Sister Ursula . Although Sister Ursula leaves in the third episode and Sister Julienne becomes sister in charge again . Sister Monica Joan ( edit ) Sister Monica Joan Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Judy Parfitt Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nun , retired midwife and nurse One of the UK 's earliest registered nurses , and the last surviving founder of Nonnatus House , Sister Monica Joan ( whose birth name was Antonia Cavill ) retired from practice prior to the events of the series , who is suffering from the early stages of dementia and feeble body . Desperate to be of service and feel useful , she is given make - work tasks to keep her occupied , such as rolling bandages ( which the nurses secretly unrolled beforehand ) . Sister Julienne expresses that it is now their privilege to care for her . She has a very different nature from Sister Evangelina 's and misses no opportunity to bait her . It is never entirely clear how much of Sister Monica Joan 's eccentricity is due to the frailty of age , or ( as Jenny and Sister Bernadette suspect ) sheer wilful naughtiness . She has a habit of devouring all the cakes , leading everyone to try to hide them from her . She also knits woollen teddy bears and casts her horoscope in the stars and planets in order to tell her future . In the final episode of Series 1 , after recovering from pneumonia , she is arrested for stealing trinkets from the market : some ribbons , a handkerchief , a china robin and several other things . Later , she is suspected of stealing a ring , a bracelet and a pearl necklace , which were discovered by Jenny Lee ; Sister Monica Joan then went to hide them in her knitting bag and they were found by Sister Evangelina and who called the constable . Mother Jesu Emanuel ( Mother Superior of the order ) testifies that Sister Monica Joan inherited those items from her mother and no crime was committed . In light of Monica Joan 's age and moments of forgetfulness , she is acquitted of the trinket thefts . In Series 2 , she reconciles with her nephew and his family , fears that she is useless , spends a lot of money on taxis to see her nephew , much to the chagrin of Sister Julienne , recovers from angina , escapes a holiday with Sister Evangelina to Chichester , judges a baby show , and pays for a child 's funeral . Sister Monica Joan is very close to and gets on well with Jenny . In the 2015 Christmas special , she runs away from the convent after an argument with Sister Evangelina , returning to her childhood home with the belief that everyone should go back to their home , prompted by Barbara 's comment that she was n't allowed back to Liverpool for Christmas . She returns just in time for their appearance on the BBC . Beatrix `` Trixie '' franklin ( edit ) Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Helen George Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Senior midwife and nurse Trixie has a much more outgoing disposition than Jenny , but the two share the sense of adventure in their work and become firm friends . Trixie loves nothing more than gossiping with her colleagues and is quite nosey when it comes to other people 's business . She occasionally comes across as a bit rude , but she means no harm by it . When it comes to her friends , she takes great pleasure in teasing them about what is going on in their lives . She is caring but no - nonsense to her patients and is encouraging at hopeless times . She is light and carefree , jokes a lot , tries to set her colleagues up with boys and is generally a little boy - mad . Nevertheless , it is clear that work is first in her life , until Curate Tom Hereward proposes to her and she accepts . But their engagement breaks down when Trixie discovers that Tom has a placement in a slum in Newcastle , an industrial city in North East England . This makes her turn even more to alcohol for comfort , but after struggling with alcoholism , with Cynthia 's help , she joins a support group . She shares a room with Nurse Patsy Mount . Trixie 's acceptance of male homosexuality is decades ahead of her time . Prior to the events of the series , she happily served as cover for a gay medical student , providing him the appearance of propriety . Her disgust of a young father arrested in a cottaging sting was entirely the result of his infidelity ; with whom he cheated was immaterial to her . Discovering that Barbara is going out with Tom gave her quite a shock and she finds it very difficult to accept , but after a talk with Tom and Barbara she finally accepts that she can no longer hold on to Tom and must let him go . She is now very close to Patsy , Delia , Barbara and Sister Mary Cynthia . In January 1962 , while seconded to a clinic in Africa and dozens of miles from a physician , Trixie becomes the only one of the midwives - lay or nuns - to have performed a cesarean section . She returns to Poplar a few months later as she stays on at the clinic returning via the Mother House , when it 's realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing . Later in 1962 , she meets dentist Christopher Dockerill . When a turn of events leads to them delivering a baby , they grow close . But , later she suspects that she is being cheated on by Dockerhill , but learns that he actually has a child from a prior marriage , which he had not previously disclosed . She forgives him because he was scared to tell her fearing he would be rejected . Shelagh Turner ( edit ) Shelagh Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Laura Main Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and nurse ( series 1 -- 2 , 4 - ) , Medical Sister - in - charge ( surgery ) ( Series 4 - ) , nun , acting sister in charge ( series 1 -- 2 ) , medical secretary ( series 3 -- 5 ) , Senior midwife and nursing sister ( Nonnatus House ) ( Series 7 - ) ( show ) Family Husband Patrick Turner Children Timothy Turner Angela Turner Edward Teddy Turner Sister Bernadette , as she is first known , is Scottish and in her early 30s -- the closest in age to Jenny and the other lay midwives . She is the most educated of the nuns and tutors the other nurses whilst providing administrative assistance to Sister Julienne , sometimes covering as her deputy . She joined the order in July , 1948 . A consummate professional , she has a fresh , uncomplicated approach to her work that means she connects well with Jenny and her other colleagues . In one episode , she is shown to remove her veil , take her hair down and take off her glasses , expressing her hidden desire to be free . In series 2 , it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette is lonely and unhappy , questioning whether the convent is her calling , and wishes to do what the other young midwives of her age are doing : going out to the cinema , dancing , etc . One scene shows Sister Bernadette looking in on the midwives ' room while they are drinking and gossiping , but then the door closes ; it is a life that can not be opened to her while she remains a nun . In another , Sister Monica Joan points out that she spends most of her time praying for forgiveness . Sister Bernadette eventually breaks down and turns to Sister Julienne for help , confessing that what she really wants is a family and children of her own . As of the 2012 Christmas Special and from Series 2 onward , it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette has fallen in love with the local physician , Dr Turner . After recovering from a short bout of tuberculosis , Sister Bernadette leaves the convent and reverts to her birth name of Shelagh ( née Mannion ) . She becomes engaged to Dr Turner , who has also fallen in love with her . They marry in the 2013 Christmas Special and she becomes stepmother to his 11 - year - old son Timothy . They later adopt a baby girl called Angela after a struggle with infertility . However , she still remains close to her faith , joining the Nuns at compline . At times she is struggling , in series four it becomes clear Shelagh desperately misses her nursing and midwifery so she returns to full - time work at the surgery and maternity home , first as a medical secretary , and then also as the sister - in - charge at the surgery after Dr Turner is taken ill . She is now the medical sister - in - charge at the surgery and works alongside the other midwives and nuns at the surgery , but still does n't perform house calls . When at the clinic or being the acting Sister - in - charge at Nonnatus House in Sister Julienne 's absence , Shelagh dons smart civilian dress , rather than uniform of the order 's other lay nurses , although she eventually obtained a uniform to wear when serving in a nursing capacity at Dr. Turner 's surgery . Shelagh also feels guilty after thalidomide is prescribed for women suffering from morning sickness . When it 's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months , she says she is as guilty as Patrick because she supported the drug being prescribed . In series 6 , Shelagh is overcome with joy when she falls pregnant with her first biological child . However , she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage , forcing Barbara and Phyllis to take over the running of the surgery . This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby . But she gives birth to a son ( Edward ' Teddy ' Patrick Turner ) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale . After a year of materity leave Shelagh returns to Nonnatus House as senior midwife and nursing sister to cover for Barbara who is taken ill and eventually dies . Sister Winifred ( edit ) Sister Winifred Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Victoria Yeates Duration 2014 -- First appearance Series 3 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nun , midwife and nurse , former teacher ( before 1959 ) Sister Winifred arrives at Nonnatus House at the beginning of Series 3 . Sister Winifred is the same age as Jenny , Trixie and Cynthia . She finds midwifery hard . She tries twice to make a harvest loaf for the Harvest Festival , stating ' my mother made it look so easy . ' She eventually succeeds on the second attempt . She seems to be close to Patsy Mount . She is now close to Sister Mary Cynthia since she joined the order and is very passionate about her work in Poplar . In series 5 episode 3 it is revealed that Sister Winifred is missing teaching and takes a temporary job teaching a class replacing one of her patients who was fired due to pregnancy . In episode 4 she had returned to midwifery . She is seen to be close to Cynthia since she joined the order . In series 6 she sets about learning to drive with Phyllis ' help . Phyllis Crane ( edit ) Phyllis Crane Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Linda Bassett Duration 2015 -- First appearance Series 4 , Episode 2 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Senior nurse , midwife , Deputy Sister - in - charge ( medical ) Phyllis is a veteran nurse who also arrives at Nonnatus House in mid-1960 . When she pulls up in her sparkling car everybody knows that she 's going to be a tiny bit snobby and she is . She is vegetarian and is not scared to put her ideas forward to improve Nonnatus House . She confides in Vaughan Seller , the father of a terminated baby , that she was born an illegitimate child , and to former street walker Roseanne Dawley that Phyllis ' mother too was a prostitute . In series 5 it is seen that she has formed more of a relationship with Barbara and has taken quite a high role in Nonnatus House . Having discovered Patsy and Delia 's relationship , she is supportive of heartbroken Delia when Patsy sails to Hong Kong to care for her dying father . She is also very close to her roommate , Barbara , and serves as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague . In the sixth series after her return from Africa , Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister - in - Charge to Sister Ursula , meaning Phyllis is demoted to Nursing Sister . Although Sister Ursula leaves and Phyllis is reinstated as deputy sister in charge again . Driving back from a successful delivery , Phyllis knocks over one of the family 's other children with her car and is left devastated by the possible consequences . She faces suspension by the Central Midwives Board , over her actions and is told by Sister Julienne to focus on the administrative duties . But , the family ask Sergeant Noakes to drop the case . When Shelagh is unwell and goes on maternity leave , it expected she will take over as acting sister in charge of the surgery . Following Patsy 's departure she took over as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts . In Series 7 , Phyllis nearly dies after a fire destroys a local shop . Valerie dyer ( edit ) Valerie Dyer Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jennifer Kirby Duration 2017 -- First appearance Series 6 , Episode 2 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , midwife ( show ) Family Aunts Jean Florrie Valerie first appears following an explosion in Episode 2 of series 6 coming to the aid of Shelagh following a fire in the docks . She was an Army nurse , but resigned her commission when she grew weary of the routinness of such nursing . A native of Poplar , she took a barmaid job while sorting out her ambitions . In episode 4 , she becomes a midwife at the Nonnatus House . Sister Monica Joan somehow immediately recognises Valerie as having been a baby whom she delivered , reciting the details as if it had been yesterday . But it 's a baptism of fire as Valerie is caught up with a woman who had FGM which creates difficulties for the pregnancy and the woman is rushed to hospital . Later she finds out the woman had sent her younger sister to be cut in Somalia and with Barbara rushes to stop the girl from boarding the boat . But it 's too late . Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle ( edit ) Fred Buckle Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Cliff Parisi Duration 2012 - First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Handyman , Scout Leader , Civil Defence Corps Deputy Party Leader ( show ) Family Wife Mrs Buckle ( deceased ) Violet Gee ( 1960 - ) Daughters Marlene Dooley Dolly Grandsons Anthony Granddaughters Samantha First cousins Ivy Jackson Other relatives Reggie Jackson Fred is the handyman at Nonnatus House since the end of the war . In the evenings , he volunteers as a scout leader and as a deputy party leader in charge of the neighbourhood Civil Defence Corps squad . He is friends with all of the midwives and often gives them help and advice . He 's always got a new money - making scheme under his belt , but none of them is ever much good . Fred is the father of two daughters -- Dolly , who lives in Australia with her husband and their two children , Anthony and Samantha ; and Marlene , who is also married and has recently moved back to England after living in Canada for several years . Before becoming the handyman at Nonnatus he was in the British Army , during which time his wife was killed leaving his daughters to be shuffled around between several of his family members , causing him great pain and temptation to desert . In series four , after twenty years of being a widower , Fred takes an interest in local shop owner Violet Gee ; after several months of flirting during their community volunteering duties , Fred asks Violet to a charity dance . By the end of series four Fred proposes to Violet -- and , after dealing with his clingy daughter Marlene -- he and Violet marry . Dr Patrick Turner ( edit ) Patrick Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Stephen McGann Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation General practitioner ( show ) Family Wife Widowed Shelagh Mannion ( 1958 - ) Sons Timothy Turner Edward `` Teddy '' Turner Daughters Angela Turner ( adopted ) Dr Turner is Poplar 's local physician , as well as being the GP to all the midwives and nuns . He works closely with the midwives , helping at clinics , deliveries and at the birthing hospital and is incredibly dedicated to his patients and to his work , including fighting bureaucratic red tape to save lives with a tuberculosis x-ray screening van . He is a widower and father to Timothy and does his best to juggle the demands of being a single parent with his responsibilities as a doctor . In Series 2 , it becomes apparent that he has fallen in love with Sister Bernadette , but her vows stand in the way of that love . After her diagnosis with tuberculosis forces her to examine what she truly wants , he makes it quietly clear to her that while the decision is hers , he is in love with her and wishes to share his life with her . She leaves the convent and chooses a different path , accepting his proposal of marriage after she has overcome her tuberculosis . When trying to adopt , it is revealed that he suffered mental health issues after the war . Overwork and a misdiagnosis in Series 4 , drives him to illness forcing Shelagh and Patsy to take over the running of the practice . While in the next series the Turner 's go on holiday , with a locom who puts a mother in danger . Also he had regularly prescribed thalidomid for women suffering from morning sickness . When it 's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months , he must deal with his guilt . In series 6 , Dr Turner is overcome with joy when Shelagh falls pregnant with her first biological child . However , she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage . This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby . But she gives birth to a son ( Edward ' Teddy ' Turner ) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale , with Dr Turner in the room . Tom Hereward ( edit ) Tom Hereward Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jack Ashton Duration 2014 -- First appearance Series 3 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Curate ( show ) Family Wife Barbara Gilbert ( deceased ) ( 1962 - 1963 ) Tom arrives in series 3 as the new Poplar curate . He lives just across the road from Nonnatus House and is shown to have a relationship with Trixie , whom he met when the two were working the same shift in a women 's prison . Their engagement is broken off in series 4 . Now he is seen doing a lot with the children 's group and is getting a bit closer to Nurse Barbara Gilbert . Tom asks Barbara to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie . They are married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6 , when Barbara learns that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea , so he can marry them . Sadly , Tom later becomes a widower after Barbara dies from meningococcal septicemia . Lucille Anderson ( edit ) Lucille Anderson Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Leonie Elliott Duration 2018 -- First appearance Series 7 Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , midwife Nurse Anderson arrives at Nonnatus House in series 7 as their first West Indian nurse . Supporting characters ( edit ) Timothy Turner ( edit ) Timothy Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Max Macillan Duration 2012 -- First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Introduced by Jenny Worth Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Patrick Turner Mother Shelagh Turner ( step - mother ) Timothy is the son of Patrick Turner and stepson of Shelagh Turner . He is very smart and tall and goes to the local grammar school . In 2013 Christmas special he suffers from polio which affects his legs . He slowly recuperates and is now fully recovered . He is seen to have an interest in medicine , and in Series 5 he helps his mother and father out more in the surgery . Timothy sets off on a crusade to make his parents give up smoking after seeing the damage it 's doing to their health . He is pleased when , in the following series , his stepmother gives birth to his brother . Angela Turner ( edit ) Angela Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Alice Brown Duration 2014 -- First appearance Series 3 , Episode 8 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Patrick Turner Mother Shelagh Turner Brothers Timothy Turner ( half - brother ) , Edward `` Teddy '' Turner Angela is the adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner . She is first seen in the series 3 finale and is briefly seen in series 4 and 5 usually with Shelagh , Patrick or Timothy . She was born to a 16 - year - old mother , and was put up for adoption after birth , when the Turners adopted her . It is mentioned in the series that she has a fear of squirrels . Edward Turner ( edit ) Edward Turner Call The Midwife character Portrayed by TBC Duration 2017 -- First appearance Series 6 , Episode 8 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Patrick Turner Mother Shelagh Turner Edward is the son of Shelagh and Patrick Turner , born in the final episode of series 6 . Violet Buckle ( edit ) Violet Buckle Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Annabelle Apsion Duration 2015 - First appearance Series 4 , Episode 1 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Haberdashery owner , Girls ' Brigade Leader ( show ) Family Husband Bert Gee ( deceased ) Fred Buckle ( 1960 - ) Violet Buckle is the second wife of Fred Buckle . She owns her own haberdashery called Violet Gee . She has a son who lives in Plymouth . She also had a previous husband called Bert who was killed in the war like Fred 's deceased wife . She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls ' Brigade , replacing Patsy when she returns to Hong Kong . Christopher Dockerill ( edit ) Christopher Dockerill Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jack Hawkins Duration 2017 -- First appearance Series 6 , Episode 5 Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Dentist ( show ) Family Wife Moira ( divorced ) Daughters Alexandra Dockerill Introduced in Series 6 when Trixie escorts a patient to see him who has a fear of dentists . After carrying out work on the woman which brings on her labour while he is in theatre , Trixie is forced to deliver the baby with his assistance after the general anaesthetic brings on labour . Later Trixie believes he 's seeing another woman after he cancels a number of dates , but he tells her he has been looking after his daughter from a previous marriage . Previous characters ( edit ) Nurse Jenny Lee ( edit ) Jenny Lee Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Jessica Raine Vanessa Redgrave ( mature ) Duration 2012 -- 14 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 4 , Episode 0 Introduced by Herself Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , midwife , nursing sister ( Series 3 ) Nurse Jenny Lee arrives at Nonnatus House in 1957 , at the age of 22 , completely unaware of the world she is about to enter . Believing she has accepted a job with a small private hospital , she is somewhat surprised to find she 's moving into a convent . Furthermore , the deprivation of the East End is a huge culture shock for the young woman who has enjoyed a privileged upbringing in the home counties and spent time in Paris before training as a nurse . However , although initially shocked by the conditions in which her patients live , Jenny comes to accept the material limitations of the world in which she works and to love the people who must live there . She went to London to escape her forbidden love to a married man , Gerald . Her best friend Jimmy arrives and although he makes her feel more at ease , he also makes things more complicated by revealing that he 's in love with her . She turns him down and they remain friends . She becomes good friends with all of her colleagues and patients and always tries to help those around her . Toward the end of Series 2 and halfway through Series 3 , she starts dating Alec , a friend of Jimmy 's . After Alec 's death and her return to Nonnatus House after taking time off to grieve , Jenny decides to begin working at the London Hospital in the Maternity Ward although she leaves soon after , not liking the hospital 's policy of requiring impersonal relationships between nurses and their patients . At the end of Series 3 , she meets Phillip Worth ( her future husband ) , the cousin of an expectant mother for whom she is caring and begins a relationship with him . She eventually decides to pursue a career change to care for those with terminal illnesses ; she leaves Nonnatus House to work at the Marie Curie Hospital in Hampstead . It is shown in the Series 3 Christmas Special that she eventually married Phillip and started a family , and still kept in contact with the friends she made at Nonnatus House . Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes ( née fortescue - cholmondeley - Browne ) ( edit ) Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Miranda Hart Duration 2012 -- 15 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 2 Last appearance Series 4 , Episode 8 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and nurse , Matron Aston Lodge ( show ) Family Family Peter Noakes ( husband ) , Fred Noakes ( son ) , Lady Browne ( mother ) By the end of Series 1 , after a string of dates she marries Police Constable Peter Noakes . After clinic , she swaps her nursing uniform for a scouting one , as Akela of the local Wolf Cubs whom she leads with Fred - a role later taken on by Patsy . In Series 2 , Chummy applies for a place as a CMS missionary in Sierra Leone , Africa . She is accepted and she and Peter move to Africa for six months . Upon their return , Chummy reveals that she is pregnant , much to the delight of her fellow nurses . In the final episode of Series 2 Chummy goes into labour and , despite complications , she gives birth to a son , Fred . Chummy once stated that she had never been happier than when she was at Nonnatus House . In series 4 Chummy , Peter and Freddie move to Aston Lodge mother and baby home , where Chummy is employed as the temporary , replacement matron . Sister Evangelina ( edit ) Sister Evangelina Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Pam Ferris Duration 2012 -- 16 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 5 , Episode 8 Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Nun , midwife and nurse Sister Evangelina is the only one of the sisters who comes from the same tough , uncompromising background as the community they serve . Physically vigorous , she has a robust sense of humour . Her energy and drive make her extraordinarily effective at her job . However , she does not suffer fools gladly and her blunt speech and attitude often offend . She has a particularly contentious relationship with the aristocratic Sister Monica Joan , who often provokes her to breaking point . Growing up in poverty has toughened her up , making her a very comical character in the show . Sister Evangelina knows a lot about the poverty and hardships in Poplar and often shares her insights with the young midwives . She is very close to Sister Julienne , to whom she often serves as a sounding board . In Series 3 , it is revealed she has several siblings including an older brother who was killed on active service in a war and a younger brother , Vincent , who returns to her life after being absent for several years during her golden jubilee . It was seeing the birth of Vincent that inspired a young Sister Evangelina to become a nun during her formative years , a goal she achieved in 1909 . In 1960 Sister Evangelina has to have an operation due to illness . Her pre-order name was Enid Atwood . In 1961 , Sister Evangelina temporarily left Nonnatus House for an enclosed order . She returns in episode 7 . She announces that she had a stroke 2 months after she left the convent and has now lost movement in her left arm . In episode 8 , Sister Evangelina passes away following a second stroke . Despite her gruff exterior and apparent lack of patience with others , she is deeply cherished and respected by not only her colleagues , but her Poplar community , a great many of whom she delivered -- as evidenced by the masses who turned out to congratulate her on the occasion of her jubilee , and to pay their final respects two years later . Sister Ursula ( edit ) Sister Ursula Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Harriet Walter Duration 2017 First appearance Series 6 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 6 , Episode 4 Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Sister - in - charge , nun , midwife and nurse Sister Ursula arrives to replace Sister Julienne when she went to South Africa , as the new sister in charge in 1962 . She appears to have a strict running form when the staff return following their return , clashing with Shelagh over the way clinic is run and the behaviour of Sister Monica Joan . Patsy and Delia appear to be keen for her to return to the mother house . She orders Sister Mary Cynthia to return to the mother house , before being informed of her sexual assault . She returns to the mother house after she is deemed unfit to run Nonnatus House . Sister Mary Cynthia ( edit ) Sister Mary Cynthia Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Bryony Hannah Duration 2012 -- 17 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 6 , Episode 6 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse , midwife ; later nun ( series 4 - ) Nurse Cynthia Miller , like Trixie , is also a resident at Nonnatus House when Jenny arrives . She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls ' Brigade . Cynthia is the most sensitive of the young midwives , and gets very emotionally involved with some of her patients . In Series 2 , when a child she delivers dies , the people of Poplar suspect her of making a mistake that cost the baby its life . Cynthia begins to doubt her abilities , which takes a heavy toll on her work and health . She suffers a breakdown , but recovers with the help of Sister Julienne . An autopsy report confirms that the baby 's death was due to lungs that never fully inflated . In the 2014 Christmas Special , Cynthia decides to become a postulant and leaves Nonnatus House for six months of training , promising Trixie and Patsy that she will return . In Series 4 , Cynthia returns to Nonnatus House after her training is complete , having chosen the religious name of Sister Mary Cynthia . Though she now spends less time with her friends , she remains close to Trixie and ultimately convinces her to get help for her alcoholism . She is also close with Sister Winfred and Barbara . In series 5 episode 6 Sister Mary Cynthia is violently attacked at the docks by a man . She thinks it is a test of faith but with the help of Sister Monica Joan , she goes to the police , and is able to return to her own quiet , kind religious self . But when Sister Ursula asks about her life vows , it becomes clear that the attack is still affecting her . In series 6 , Sister Mary Cynthia is sent to the Mother House by Sister Ursula . When Trixie returns to Poplar from South Africa , it is realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing from the Mother House . She is found in an asylum where she has been admitted as a patient , but it is apparent that she is n't getting the help she needs . Dr Turner and Sister Julienne work to get her discharged into their care , and send her to a community for mental health care . She reverts to her birth name Cynthia . Peter Noakes ( edit ) Peter Noakes Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Ben Caplan Duration 2012 -- 2017 First appearance Series 1 , Episode 2 Last appearance Series 6 , Episode 7 Introduced by Jennifer Worth Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Police sergeant Peter is a Police Constable , and later Sergeant , in Poplar . He is first introduced in Series 1 , when he is run over by Chummy on her bicycle and takes an immediate shine to her . Throughout series 1 , they go on a string of dates , eventually marrying in the series ' final episode . In series 2 , he follows Chummy to Sierra Leone while she fulfills her desire to be a missionary . In the final episode of that series , he and Chummy have a baby , whom they name Fred . During his service in the Second World War , he earned the 1939 -- 1945 Star , Defence Medal , France and Germany Star , and War Medal 1939 -- 1945 , as shown on his uniform tunic . Patience `` Patsy '' Mount ( edit ) Patience `` Patsy '' Mount Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Emerald Fennell Duration 2013 -- 17 First appearance Series 2 , Episode 3 Last appearance Series 6 , Episode 8 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and nurse Patsy is first seen in Series 2 , episode 3 , as a nurse in the male surgical ward at the London Hospital . She then appears in Series 3 , Episode 5 as a new midwife . She is tall elegant and favours slightly tailored clothes and becoming the first midwife to wear trousers . She has a very brisk manner but later reveals that at the age of 9 that she and her mother and sister were sent to a Japanese war camp , and that she was the only one to survive of the three of them . Like Chummy before her , Patsy works with Fred as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts ; she recruits Delia to help teach first aid . It is then seen in Series 4 that she has a very close friendship with veteran Nurse Trixie and new Nurse Barbara . She is also quite close to Sister Mary Cynthia and Sister Winifred . Patsy is seen to have a very close and romantic relationship with female surgical Nurse Delia Busby , with whom she had previously worked at the London . They plan to move into a flat together at the end of Series 4 , but their future is shattered when Delia is involved in a cycling accident and suffers a serious head injury which results in amnesia , leaving her with no memory of Patsy . The amnesia is only temporary however and Patsy and Delia are reunited in Series 5 when Delia accepts an offer from Sister Julienne to live at Nonnatus House . Later in Series 5 Patsy and Delia go to the Gateways Club , a private club for lesbians . It is revealed in the Series 5 finale that Patsy and Delia are going to Paris together in Spring 1962 . She shares a room with Nurse Trixie , replacing Jenny Lee . Series 6 , sees her temporarily leave Nonnatus House after learning her father is dying in Hong Kong . Delia is upset that she ca n't go with her as support , as she is training to be a midwife . Following her father 's death Patsy seemed to drop all correspondence with Delia , and it looked like she would n't return to Nonnatus House , but she came back to London on the day of Tom and Barbara 's wedding . Delia Busby ( edit ) Delia Busby Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Kate Lamb Duration 2015 -- 17 First appearance Series 4 , Episode 2 Last appearance Series 6 , Episode 8 Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Staff nurse at the London ( until 1961 ) , trainee midwife , nurse , St John Ambulance volunteer Originally from Wales , Delia is a very close friend of Patsy 's , having worked together in the London Hospital 's male surgical ward . She resides in the hospital 's nurses home , and volunteers evenings for St John Ambulance . In her St John capacity , she works with Patsy 's and Fred 's scouts , principally teaching them first aid . She is revealed to be in a romantic relationship with Patsy , but together they conceal their feelings due to society 's view of homosexuality at the time . At the end of Series 4 , just as the two of them have found a flat to share , she is involved in a cycling accident which leaves her with amnesia , leaving Patsy heartbroken . By the following Christmas , she has regained her memories of Patsy and their relationship , and at the start of Series 5 , despite continued efforts from her mother to take her home to Wales , Delia accepts Sister Julienne 's invitation to board at Nonnatus House when she returns to work at the London in the coming months . By the end of series 5 , she appears to be quite close to Trixie and Barbara , and is delighted when Trixie confides in her that she attends Alcoholics Anonymous each week . In the final episode of series five Busby considers additional training as a midwife after successfully talking a young mother through her delivery over the telephone earlier in the series . Busby undertakes training in the following series . Barbara Hereward ( née Gilbert ) ( edit ) Barbara Hereward Call The Midwife character Portrayed by Charlotte Ritchie Duration 2015 -- 2018 First appearance Series 4 , Episode 1 Last appearance Series 7 , Episode 7 Introduced by Heidi Thomas Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Midwife and nurse ( show ) Family Father Canon Arthur Gilbert Sisters Margaret Husband Tom Hereward ( 1962 - 1963 ) Barbara Gilbert arrived in Poplar in the early 1960s still finding her feet in district nursing and midwifery . While she was educated and middle class , she was surprisingly in tune with the needs of the community she serves , having grown up the daughter of a Canon serving in an impoverished area of Liverpool . She was hard working , optimistic , and somewhat naïve . In addition to her nursing duties , she helped teach Sunday school at the local church . In series 5 she began a romantic relationship with Tom Hereward after they become close while working together in the parish . She was also quite close to her roommate , Nurse Phyllis Crane , who served as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague . Tom asked her to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie . They were married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6 , after Barbara learned that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea . In Series 7 , Barbara dies after contracting meningococcal septicemia , leaving Tom , Nonnatus House and the rest of the Poplar community heartbroken and shattered . Previous recurring characters ( edit ) George Rainsford as James `` Jimmy '' Wilson ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Jimmy is an old friend of Jenny 's . In Series 1 , Jimmy is madly in love with Jenny , even though she still pines for the married man , the reason she escaped to London . Jenny convinces Jimmy they are `` just friends '' and he stops pursuing her . In Series 2 , the tables are turned when Jimmy returns , having graduated school and now working as a municipal surveyor / architect . Jenny sees Jimmy as a grown man for the first time which instantly turns her head , but unfortunately she discovers that Jimmy is engaged to pregnant Francine , whom Jenny met at the prenatal clinic . Jimmy and Francine marry and have a baby , Caroline . Dorothy Atkinson as Jane Sutton ( Series 2 ) Jane is the medical orderly at Nonnatus House . She arrives to fill in for Chummy while she 's in Africa . Jane is very shy and does not talk unless it is necessary . We later find out the reason for her being shy -- her parents sent her to an asylum when she was young , leaving her with no self - esteem . Throughout the series , she grows in confidence and makes friends with her fellow nurses . She also finds love with Reverend Applebee - Thornton ( Jason Watkins ) , a local Anglican priest . She does not return for Series 3 , with a deleted scene from the 2013 Christmas special explaining that she has gone to nursing school . Leo Staar as Alec Jesmond ( Series 2 -- 3 ) Alec is a friend of Jimmy 's who develops romantic feelings for Jenny . They eventually start dating after a long period in which Jenny continues to mourn her loss of Jimmy , but who encourages her to enjoy life and Alec . Alec and Jenny eventually date , but Jenny 's abundant caution about affairs of the heart lead to a misunderstanding and argument . Castigating his co-worker in anger , Alec falls through an old staircase in the building they are renovating . In the hospital , his foot is amputated and he seems to be recovering . He later dies , thought to be because of a blood clot in his wounded leg , and his funeral is attended by a distraught Jenny and the other midwives and the nuns . Cheryl Campbell as Lady Browne , Chummy 's mother ( Series 1 , Series 3 ) Lady Browne is Chummy 's upper - class , snobby mother . She formerly lived in Madeira before she separated from Chummy 's father . When she moved to Poplar she was diagnosed with TB and Cancer . In series 1 she was featured in the series finale before Chummy and Peter 's wedding . She moved to Poplar in 1959 and was diagnosed with TB and cancer by Dr. Turner . She died peacefully in Chummy and Peter 's bed in the series 3 finale . Maxine Evans as Mrs. Busby , Delia 's mother ( Series 4 -- 5 ) Mrs. Busby is the mother of Delia Busby . Her first appearance was when Delia was in hospital with was the series finale of series 4 , she was also seen in 1960 Christmas special , series 5 , episode 1 and the series finale of series 5 . She is still not happy that Delia has decided to stay in Poplar at the convent . She also seems not to accept her decision to become a midwife and does n't really like Patsy . It is clear that , by the end of series 5 , she is aware of Delia 's and Patsy 's sexual relationship and does not approve . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-04-08/we-finally-know-the-name-of-shelagh-and-dr-turners-newborn-son-in-call-the-midwife Jump up ^ `` BBC One - Call the Midwife , Series 6 , Episode 2 '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ He says in series 4 ( set in 1960 ) that he has been struggling with the building 's boiler for 15 years . This also impacts the continuity , as Nonnatus House had relocated to that building at the start of series 3 , their former building having been rendered structurally unsound by a bomb blast on Christmas , 1958 . Jump up ^ As indicated by his corporal stripes . Jump up ^ Delia 's mother confirmed in episode 5.1 that the nurses ' home was operated by the London Hospital until its demolition in late 1960 or early 1961 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Call_the_Midwife_characters&oldid=841127400 '' Categories : Lists of British television series characters by series Fictional midwives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 05 : 41 . About Wikipedia	who plays the old nun in call the midwife	[ "\n\nSister Monica Joan\n\n\nCall The Midwife character\n\n\nPortrayed by\nJudy Parfitt\n\n\nDuration\n2012–\n\n\nFirst appearance\nSeries 1, Episode 1\n\n\nIntroduced by\nJennifer Worth\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOccupation\nNun, retired midwife and nurse\n\n" ]	[ "Judy Parfitt" ]
-4054828888469082011	Rationing in the United Kingdom	Rationing in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Rationing in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Civilian rationing : A shopkeeper cancels the coupons in a British housewife 's ration book in 1943 Rationing was introduced temporarily by the British government several times during the 20th century , during and immediately after a war . At the start of the Second World War in 1939 , the United Kingdom was importing 20,000,000 long tons of food per year , including about 70 % of its cheese and sugar , nearly 80 % of fruits and about 70 % of cereals and fats . The UK also imported more than half of its meat , and relied on imported feed to support its domestic meat production . The civilian population of the country was about 50 million . It was one of the principal strategies of the Germans in the Battle of the Atlantic to attack shipping bound for Britain , restricting British industry and potentially starving the nation into submission . To deal with sometimes extreme shortages , the Ministry of Food instituted a system of rationing . To buy most rationed items , each person had to register at chosen shops , and was provided with a ration book containing coupons . The shopkeeper was provided with enough food for registered customers . Purchasers had to take ration books with them when shopping , so that the relevant coupon or coupons could be cancelled . Contents ( hide ) 1 First World War 2 The general strike 3 Second World War 3.1 Public catering 3.2 Health effects 4 Standard rationing during the Second World War 4.1 Food rations 4.2 Army and Merchant Navy rations 4.3 Special civilian rations 4.4 Weekly supplementary allowances of rationed foods for invalids 4.5 Non-food rations 4.5. 1 Clothing 4.5. 2 Soap 4.5. 3 Fuel 4.5. 4 Paper 4.5. 5 Other products 5 Post-Second World War 5.1 Political reaction 5.2 Timeline 6 Suez Crisis 7 1970s oil crises 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 12 Notes First World War Main article : History of the United Kingdom during the First World War See also : UK population over time A First World War government leaflet detailing the consequences of breaking the rationing laws . In line with its business as usual policy during the First World War , the government was initially reluctant to try to control the food markets . It fought off attempts to introduce minimum prices in cereal production , though relenting in the area of control of essential imports ( sugar , meat , and grains ) . When it did introduce changes , they were limited . In 1916 , it became illegal to consume more than two courses while lunching in a public eating place or more than three for dinner ; fines were introduced for members of the public found feeding the pigeons or stray animals . In January 1917 , Germany started unrestricted submarine warfare to try to starve Britain into submission . To meet this threat , voluntary rationing was introduced in February 1917 . Bread was subsidised from September that year ; prompted by local authorities taking matters into their own hands , compulsory rationing was introduced in stages between December 1917 and February 1918 as Britain 's supply of wheat decreased to just six weeks ' worth . To help the process , ration books were introduced in July 1918 for butter , margarine , lard , meat , and sugar . For the most part , rationing benefited the health of the country . During the war , average energy intake decreased by only 3 % , but protein intake by 6 % . The general strike The government made preparations to ration food in 1925 , in advance of an expected general strike , and appointed Food Control Officers for each region . In the event , the Trades Unions of the London docks organized blockades by crowds , but convoys of lorries under military escort took the heart out of the strike , so that the measures did not have to be implemented . Second World War See also : Minister of Food ( United Kingdom ) Child 's ration book , used during the Second World War . After the Second World War began in September 1939 the first commodity to be controlled was petrol . On 8 January 1940 bacon , butter and sugar were rationed . This was followed by successive ration schemes for meat , tea , jam , biscuits , breakfast cereals , cheese , eggs , lard , milk , and canned and dried fruit . In June 1942 the Combined Food Board was set up to coordinate the world supply of food to the Allies , with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain . Almost all foods apart from vegetables and bread were rationed by August 1942 . Strict rationing inevitably created a black market . Almost all controlled items were rationed by weight but meat was rationed by price . Fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed but supplies were limited . Some types of imported fruit all but disappeared . Lemons and bananas became unobtainable for most of the war ; oranges continued to be sold but greengrocers customarily reserved them for children and pregnant women , who could prove their status by producing their distinctive ration books . Other domestically grown fruit such as apples still appeared from time to time , but again the sellers imposed their own restrictions so that customers were often not allowed to buy , for example , more than one apple each . Many people grew their own vegetables , greatly encouraged by the highly successful `` Dig for Victory '' motivational campaign . In 1942 numerous children between five and seven years old had become used to wartime restrictions . When questioned about bananas , many did not believe such items existed . Game meat such as rabbit and pigeon were not rationed but were not always available . A popular music - hall song , written 20 years previously but sung ironically , was `` Yes ! We Have No Bananas '' . During the food rationing , British biologists ate laboratory rat . Poster for the `` Dig for Victory '' campaign , encouraging Britons to supplement their rations by cultivating gardens and allotments . Most controversial was bread ; it was not rationed until after the war ended , but the `` national loaf '' of wholemeal bread replaced the ordinary white variety , to the distaste of most housewives who found it mushy , grey and easy to blame for digestion problems . In May 1942 , an order was passed that meals served in hotels and restaurants must not cost over 5 shillings per customer , must not be of more than three courses , and at most one course could contain meat , fish or poultry . This was partly in response to increasing public concerns that `` luxury '' off - ration foodstuffs were being unfairly obtained by those who could afford to dine regularly in restaurants . Fish was not rationed , but prices increased considerably as the war progressed . The government initially allowed this , since it realised that fishermen would need to be able to collect a premium for their catch if they were at risk of enemy attack while at sea , but prices were controlled from 1941 . Like other non-rationed items , fish was rarely freely available , as supplies dropped to 30 % of pre-war levels , and long queues built up at fishmongers and fish and chip shops . The quality of wartime chips was often felt to be below standard , because of the low - quality fat available . As the war progressed rationing was extended to other commodities such as clothing . Clothing was rationed on a points system . When it was introduced , on 1 June 1941 , no clothing coupons had been issued , and at first the unused margarine coupons in ration books were valid for clothing . Initially the allowance was for about one new outfit per year ; as the war progressed the points were reduced , until buying a coat used almost a year 's clothing coupons . On 1 July 1942 the basic civilian petrol ration was abolished ; this had been announced on 13 March 1942 . ( Ivor Novello was a British public figure sent to prison for four weeks for misusing petrol coupons . ) After that , vehicle fuel was only available to official users , such as the emergency services , bus companies and farmers . The priority users of fuel were always , of course , the armed forces . Fuel supplied to approved users was dyed , and use of this fuel for non-essential purposes was an offence . Certain foodstuffs that the 1940s British consumer would find unusual , for example whale meat and canned snoek fish from South Africa , were not rationed . Despite this they did not prove popular . In addition to rationing , the government equalized the food supply through subsidies on items consumed by the poor and the working class . In 1942 -- 43 , £ 145 million was spent on food subsidies , including £ 35 million on bread , flour and oatmeal , £ 23 million on meat and the same on potatoes , £ 11 million on milk , and £ 13 million on eggs . Public catering Main article : British Restaurant A British Restaurant in London , 1943 Restaurants were initially exempt from rationing but this was resented , as people with more money could supplement their food rations by eating out frequently . The Ministry of Food in May 1942 issued new restrictions on restaurants : Meals were limited to three courses ; only one component dish could contain fish or game or poultry ( but not more than one of these ) In general no meals could be served between 11 : 00 p.m. ( midnight in London ) and 5 : 00 a.m. without a special licence The maximum price of a meal was 5 shillings , with extra charges allowed for cabaret shows and luxury hotels . About 2,000 new wartime establishments called British Restaurants were run by local authorities in schools and church halls . Here a plain three - course meal cost only 9 d and no ration coupons were required . They evolved from the London County Council 's Londoners ' Meals Service , which began as an emergency system for feeding people who had been blitzed out of their homes . They were open to all and mostly served office and industrial workers . Health effects See also : UK population change In December 1939 Elsie Widdowson and Robert McCance of the University of Cambridge tested whether the United Kingdom could survive with only domestic food production if U-boats ended all imports . Using 1938 food production data , they fed themselves and other volunteers one egg , one pound of meat and four ounces of fish a week ; one quarter pint ( 0.14 litre ) of milk a day ; four ounces of margarine ; and unlimited amounts of potatoes , vegetables and wholemeal bread . Two weeks of intensive outdoor exercise simulated the strenuous wartime physical work Britons would likely have to perform . The scientists found that the subjects ' health and performance remained very good after three months ; the only negative results were the increased time needed for meals to consume the necessary calories from bread and potatoes , and what they described as a `` remarkable '' increase in flatulence from the large amount of starch in the diet . The scientists also noted that their faeces had increased by 250 % in volume . The results -- kept secret until after the war -- gave the government confidence that , if necessary , food could be distributed equally to all , including high - value war workers , without causing widespread health problems . Britons ' actual wartime diet was never as severe as in the Cambridge study because imports from the United States avoided the U-boats , but rationing improved the health of British people ; infant mortality declined and life expectancy rose , excluding deaths caused by hostilities . This was because it ensured that everyone had access to a varied diet with enough vitamins . Standard rationing during the Second World War The standard rations during the Second World War were as follows . Quantities are per week unless otherwise stated . Food rations Item Maximum level Minimum level April 1945 Bacon and ham 8 oz ( 227 g ) 4 oz ( 113 g ) 4 oz ( 113 g ) Sugar 16 oz ( 454 g ) 8 oz ( 227 g ) 8 oz ( 227 g ) Loose tea 4 oz ( 113 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) Meat 1 s . 2 d . 1s 1s . 2d . ( equivalent to £ 2.31 in 2016 ) Cheese 8 oz ( 227 g ) 1 oz ( 28 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) Vegetarians were allowed an extra 3 oz ( 85 g ) cheese Preserves 1 lb ( 0.45 kg ) per month 2 lb ( 0.91 kg ) marmalade 8 oz ( 227 g ) per month 2 lb ( 0.91 kg ) marmalade or 1 lb ( 0.45 kg ) preserve or 1 lb ( 0.45 kg ) sugar Butter 8 oz ( 227 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) Margarine 12 oz ( 340 g ) 4 oz ( 113 g ) 4 oz ( 113 g ) Lard 3 oz ( 85 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) Sweets 16 oz ( 454 g ) per month 8 oz ( 227 g ) per month 12 oz ( 340 g ) per month Army and merchant navy rations Item Army Rations Home Service Scale Seamen on weekly articles Men Women Meat 5 lb 4 oz ( 2.4 kg ) 2 lb 10 oz ( 1.2 kg ) 2 lb 3 oz ( 0.99 kg ) Bacon and ham ( uncooked , free of bone ) 8 oz ( 230 g ) 9 oz ( 260 g ) 8 oz ( 230 g ) Butter and margarine 13 ⁄ oz ( 380 g ) ( in any proportions of butter and margarine ) 10 ⁄ oz ( 300 g ) ( margarine only ) 10 ⁄ oz ( 300 g ) ( not more than 3 ⁄ oz ( 99 g ) butter ) Cheese 4 oz ( 110 g ) 4 oz ( 110 g ) 4 oz ( 110 g ) Cooking fats 2 oz ( 57 g ) ( may be taken in the form of margarine ) - - Sugar 1 lb 14 oz ( 850 g ) 14 oz ( 400 g ) 14 oz ( 400 g ) Tea 4 oz ( 110 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) 2 oz ( 57 g ) ) Preserves 8 oz ( 230 g ) jam 2 oz ( 57 g ) syrup ( 10 ⁄ oz ( 300 g ) for boys and young soldiers battalions ) ( jam , marmalade or syrup ) 7 oz ( 200 g ) jam , marmalade or syrup ) 10 ⁄ oz ( 300 g ) ( jam , marmalade , syrup ) 1s 2d bought about 1 lb 3 oz ( 540 g ) of meat . Offal and sausages were only rationed from 1942 to 1944 . When sausages were not rationed , the meat needed to make them was so scarce that they often contained a high proportion of bread . Eggs were rationed and `` allocated to ordinary consumers as available '' ; in 1944 thirty allocations of one egg each were made . Children and some invalids were allowed three a week ; expectant mothers two on each allocation . 1 egg per week or 1 packet ( makes 12 ersatz eggs ) of egg powder per month ( vegetarians were allowed two eggs ) plus , 24 points for four weeks for tinned and dried food . Arrangements were made for vegetarians so that other goods were substituted for their rations of meat . Milk was supplied at 3 imp pt ( 1.7 l ) each week with priority for expectant mothers and children under 5 ; 3.5 imp pt ( 2.0 l ) for those under 18 ; children unable to attend school 5 imp pt ( 2.8 l ) , certain invalids up to 14 imp pt ( 8.0 l ) . Each consumer received one tin of milk powder ( equivalent to 8 imperial pints or 4.5 litres ) every eight weeks . Special civilian rations Persons falling within the following descriptions were allowed 8 oz ( 230 g ) of cheese a week in place of the general ration of 3 oz ( 85 g ) : vegetarians ( meat and bacon coupons must be surrendered ) underground mine workers agricultural workers holding unemployment insurance books or cards bearing stamps marked `` Agriculture '' county roadmen forestry workers ( including fellers and hauliers ) land drainage workers ( including Catchment Board workers ) members of the Auxiliary Force of the Women 's Land Army railway train crews ( including crews of shunting engines but not including dining car staffs ) railway signalmen and permanent way men who have not access to canteen facilities certain types of agricultural industry workers ( workers employed on threshing machines , tractor workers who are not included in the Agricultural Unemployment Insurance Stamp Scheme , hay pressers and trussers ) . Weekly supplementary allowances of rationed foods for invalids Disease Food supplementary allowance Quantity Coupons to be surrendered Diabetes Butter and margarine 12 oz ( 340 g ) ( not more than 4 oz ( 110 g ) butter ) Sugar Diabetes Meat 2s . 4d. , adult 1s , 2d. , child under six Sugar Diabetes -- vegetarians only Cheese 8 oz ( 230 g ) Sugar Hypoglycaemia Sugar 16 oz ( 450 g ) - Steatorrhoea Meat 4s . 8d . adult , 2s . 4d . child under six Butter and margarine Nephritis with gross albuminuria and gross oedema , also nephrosis Meat 3s . 6d . adult , 1s . 9d . child under six Non-food rations Clothing There were 66 points for clothing per year ; in 1942 it was cut to 48 , in 1943 to 36 , and in 1945 to 24 . In 1945 , an overcoat ( wool and fully lined ) was 18 coupons ; a man 's suit , 26 -- 29 ( according to lining ) ; men 's shoes , 9 ; women 's shoes , 7 ; woollen dresses , 11 . Children aged 14 -- 16 got 20 more coupons . Clothing rationing points could be used for wool , cotton and household textiles . People had extra points for work clothes , such as overalls for factory work . No points were required for second - hand clothing or fur coats , but their prices were fixed . Before rationing lace and frills were popular on knickers but these were soon banned so that material could be saved . From March to May 1942 austerity measures were introduced which restricted the number of buttons , pockets and pleats ( among other things ) on clothes . Clothes rationing ended on 15 March 1949 . Soap All types of soap were rationed . Coupons were allotted by weight or ( if liquid ) by quantity . In 1945 , the ration gave four coupons each month ; babies and some workers and invalids were allowed more . A coupon would yield : 4 oz ( 113 g ) bar hard soap 3 oz ( 85 g ) bar toilet soap ⁄ oz ( 14 g ) No. 1 liquid soap 6 oz ( 170 g ) soft soap 3 oz ( 85 g ) soap flakes 6 oz ( 170 g ) powdered soap Fuel The Fuel and Lighting ( Coal ) Order 1941 came into force in January 1942 . Central heating was prohibited `` in the summer months '' . Domestic coal was rationed to 15 long hundredweight ( 1,680 lb ; 762.0 kg ) for those in London and the south of England ; 20 long hundredweight ( 2,240 lb ; 1,016 kg ) for the rest ( the southern part of England having generally a milder climate ) . Some kinds of coal such as anthracite were not rationed , and in the coal - mining areas were eagerly gathered as they were in the Great Depression ( see The Road to Wigan Pier ) . Paper Newspapers were limited from September 1939 , at first to 60 % of their pre-war consumption of newsprint . Paper supply came under the No 48 Paper Control Order , 4 September 1942 and was controlled by the Ministry of Production . By 1945 newspapers were limited to 25 % of their pre-war consumption . Wrapping paper for most goods was prohibited . The paper shortage often made it more difficult than usual for authors to get work published . In 1944 , George Orwell wrote : In Mr Stanley Unwin 's recent pamphlet Publishing in Peace and War , some interesting facts are given about the quantities of paper allotted by the Government for various purposes . Here are the present figures : Newspapers 250,000 tons H.M. Stationery Office 100,000 tons Periodicals ( nearly ) 50,000 tons Books 22,000 tons A particularly interesting detail is that out of the 100,000 tons allotted to the Stationery Office , the War Office gets no less than 25,000 tons , or more than the whole of the book trade put together ... At the same time paper for books is so short that even the most hackneyed `` classic '' is liable to be out of print , many schools are short of textbooks , new writers get no chance to start and even established writers have to expect a gap of a year or two years between finishing a book and seeing it published . -- George Orwell , As I Please , Tribune , 20 October 1944 Other products Whether rationed or not , many consumer goods became difficult to obtain because of the shortage of components . Examples included razor blades , baby bottles , alarm clocks , frying pans and pots . Balloons and sugar for cakes for birthday parties were partially or completely unavailable . Many fathers saved bits of wood to build toys for Christmas presents , and Christmas trees were almost impossible to obtain due to timber rationing . Post-second World War On 8 May 1945 , the Second World War ended in Europe , but rationing continued . Some aspects of rationing became stricter for some years after the war . At the time this was presented as needed to feed people in European areas under British control , whose economies had been devastated by the fighting . This was partly true , but with many British men still mobilised in the armed forces , an austere economic climate , and a centrally - planned economy under the post-war Labour government , resources were not available to expand food production and food imports . Frequent strikes by some workers ( most critically dock workers ) made things worse . A common ration book fraud was the ration books of the dead being kept and used by the living . Political reaction In the late 1940s the Conservative Party exploited and incited growing public anger at rationing , scarcity , controls , austerity and government bureaucracy . They used the dissatisfaction with the socialistic and egalitarian policies of the Labour Party to rally middle - class supporters and build a political comeback that won the 1951 general election . Their appeal was especially effective to housewives , who faced more difficult shopping conditions after the war than during it . Timeline 27 May 1945 : Bacon ration cut from 4 to 3 ounces / week . Cooking fat ration cut from 2 to 1 ounces / week . Soap ration cut by an eighth , except for babies and young children . The referenced newspaper article predicted that households would be grossly hampered in making food items that included pastry . 1 June 1945 : The basic petrol ration for civilians was restored . 19 July 1945 : In order to preserve the egalitarian nature of rationing , gift food parcels from overseas weighing more than 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) would be deducted from the recipient 's ration . Summer 1946 : Continual rain ruined Britain 's wheat crop . Bread rationing started . January -- March 1947 : Winter of 1946 -- 1947 in the United Kingdom : long hard frost and deep snow . Frost destroyed a huge amount of stored potatoes . Potato rationing started . Mid-1947 : A transport and dock strike , which among other effects caused much loss of imported meat left to rot on the docks , until the Army broke the strike . The basic petrol ration was stopped . 1 June 1948 : The Motor Spirit ( Regulation ) Act 1948 was passed , ordering a red dye to be to put into some petrol , and that red petrol was only allowed to be used in commercial vehicles . A private car driver could lose his driving licence for a year if red petrol was found in his car . A petrol station could be shut down if it sold red petrol to a private car driver . See List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , 1940 -- 1959 : 1948 . June 1948 : The basic petrol ration was restored , at a third of its previous size . 1948 : Bread came off ration . May 1949 : Clothes rationing ended . According to one author , this was because attempts to enforce it were defeated by continual massive illegality ( black market , unofficial trade in loose clothing coupons ( many forged ) , bulk thefts of unissued clothes ration books ) . 23 February 1950 : The 1950 general election is fought largely on the issue of rationing . The Conservative Party campaigned on a manifesto of ending rationing as quickly as possible . The Labour Party argued for the continuation of rationing indefinitely . Labour was returned , but with its majority badly slashed to 5 seats . 26 May 1950 : Petrol rationing ended . 25 October 1951 : United Kingdom general election , 1951 . The Conservatives came back into power . February 1953 : Confectionery rationing ended . September 1953 : Sugar rationing ended . 4 July 1954 : Meat and all other food rationing ended in Britain . Although rationing formally ended in 1954 , cheese production remained depressed for decades afterwards . During rationing , most milk in Britain was used to make one kind of cheese , nicknamed Government Cheddar ( not to be confused with the government cheese issued by the US welfare system ) . This wiped out nearly all other cheese production in the country , and some indigenous varieties of cheese almost disappeared . Later government controls on milk prices through the Milk Marketing Board continued to discourage production of other varieties of cheese until well into the 1980s , and it was only in the mid-1990s ( following the effective abolition of the MMB ) that the revival of the British cheese industry began in earnest . Suez crisis Petrol rationing was briefly reintroduced in late 1956 during the Suez Crisis but ended again on 14 May 1957 . Advertising of petrol on the recently introduced ITV was banned for a period . 1970s oil crises Petrol coupons were issued for a short time as preparation for the possibility of petrol rationing during the 1973 oil crisis . The rationing never came about , in large part because increasing North Sea oil production allowed the UK to offset much of the lost imports . By the time of the 1979 energy crisis , the United Kingdom had become a net exporter of oil , so on that occasion the government did not even have to consider petrol rationing . See also British cuisine List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom Ration stamp Utility furniture Woolton pie References Jump up ^ Zweiniger - Bargielowska , Ina ( 2002 ) , Austerity in Britain : Rationing , Controls and Consumption , 1939 -- 1955 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925102 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Kynaston , David ( 2007 ) , Austerity Britain , 1945 -- 1951 , Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 7985 - 4 Jump up ^ Macrory , Ian ( 2010 ) . Annual Abstract of Statistics ( PDF ) ( 2010 ed . ) . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hurwitz , , Samuel J. ( 2013 ) . State Intervention in Great Britain : Study of Economic Control and Social Response , 1914 -- 1919 . pp. 12 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 93186 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ian Beckett , The Home Front 1914 -- 1918 : How Britain Survived the Great War ( 2006 ) p 381 Jump up ^ John Morrow , The Great War : An Imperial History ( 2005 ) p 202 Jump up ^ Alan Warwick Palmer and Veronica Palmer , The chronology of British history ( 1992 ) pp 355 -- 356 Jump up ^ Beckett , The Home Front 1914 -- 1918 pp. 380 -- 382 Jump up ^ Hancock , William Keith ; Gowing , Margaret ( 1975 ) . British War Economy . History of the Second World War . 1 ( rev . ed . ) . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 52 . OCLC 874487495 . Jump up ^ Reagan , Geoffrey . Military Anecdotes ( 1992 ) pp. 19 & 20 . Guinness Publishing ISBN 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 Jump up ^ Jared M. Diamond ( January 2006 ) . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail Or Succeed . Penguin . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303655 - 5 . Jump up ^ David E. Lorey ( 2003 ) . Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty - first Century : Resources , Consumption , and Sustainable Solutions . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 210 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 5049 - 4 . Jump up ^ David G. McComb ( 1 September 1997 ) . Annual Editions : World History . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 697 - 39293 - 0 . Jump up ^ Peacock , Kent Alan ( 1996 ) . Living with the earth : an introduction to environmental philosophy . Harcourt Brace Canada . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7747 - 3377 - 9 . Jump up ^ Spears , Deanne ( 2003 ) . Improving Reading Skills : Contemporary Readings for College Students . McGraw - Hill . p. 463 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 283070 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sovereignty , Colonialism and the Indigenous Nations : A Reader . Carolina Academic Press . 2005 . p. 772 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89089 - 333 - 3 . Jump up ^ Calder , Angus ( 1992 ) . The people 's war : Britain 1939 -- 45 ( New ed . ) . Pimlico . pp. 276 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 5284 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` British food control '' . Army News . Darwin , Australia : Trove. 14 May 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Fisheries in War Time : Report on the Sea Fisheries of England and Wales by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the Years 1939 -- 1944 Inclusive . H.M. Stationery Office . 1946 . ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Patricia ( 2010 ) . Sucking Eggs . London : Vintage Books . ISBN 9780099521129 . Jump up ^ Patten , Marguerite ( 2005 ) . Feeding the Nation . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61472 - 2 . Jump up ^ Keesing 's Contemporary Archives . IV -- V. June 1943 . p. 5,805 . Jump up ^ Keesing 's Contemporary Archives . IV . June 1942 . p. 5,224 . Jump up ^ Home Front Handbook , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Creaton , Heather J. ( 1998 ) . `` 5 . Fair Shares : Rationing and Shortages '' . Sources for the History of London 1939 -- 45 : Rationing . British Records Association . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900222 - 12 - 2 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dawes , Laura ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Fighting fit : how dietitians tested if Britain would be starved into defeat '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wartime Rationing helped the British get healthier than they had ever been '' . 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Home Front Handbook , pp. 46 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Courtney , Tina ( April 1992 ) . `` Veggies at war '' . The Vegetarian . Vegetarian Society . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Home Front Handbook , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` RATIONED FOODSTUFFS '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . 374 . UK Parliament : House of Commons . 30 September 1941 . col. 473 -- 5W . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Home Front Handbook , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Home Front Handbook , pp. 47 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Home Front Handbook , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Home Front Handbook , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George ( 20 October 1944 ) . `` As I Please '' . Tribune . Jump up ^ Unwin , Stanley ( 1944 ) . Publishing in Peace and War . George Allen and Unwin . OCLC 9407037 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Robert ( 2002 ) . Half the Battle : Civilian Morale in Britain during the Second World War . Manchester University Press . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5893 - 7 . Jump up ^ Webley , Nicholas ( 2003 ) . A Taste of Wartime Britain . Thorogood . p. 36 . ISBN 1 - 85418 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ina Zweiniger - Bargileowska , `` Rationing , austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945 '' , Historical Journal ( 1994 ) 37 # 1 pp. 173 -- 97 Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph 23 May 1945 , reprinted on page 34 of Daily Telegraph Saturday 23 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` 22 Police Journal 1949 Motor Spirit ( Regulation ) Act , 1948 , The '' . Jump up ^ `` 1950 : UK drivers cheer end of fuel rations '' . BBC News . 26 May 1950 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 : Housewives celebrate end of rationing '' . BBC . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government Cheddar Cheese '' . CooksInfo.com . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Potter , Mich ( 9 October 2007 ) . `` Cool Britannia rules the whey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 : Cheers as petrol rationing ended '' . BBC . 14 May 1957 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27 . Further Reading Beckett , Ian F.W. The Home Front 1914 -- 1918 : How Britain Survived the Great War ( 2006 ) . Hammond , R.J. Food and agriculture in Britain , 1939 -- 45 : Aspects of wartime control ( Food , agriculture , and World War II ) ( Stanford U.P. 1954 ) ; summary of his three volume official history entitled Food ( 1951 -- 53 ) Home Front Handbook . Imperial War Museum ( Ministry of Information ) . 2005 ( 1945 ) . ISBN 1 - 904897 - 11 - 8 . Sitwell , William ( 2016 ) . Eggs or Anarchy ? The Remarkable Story of the Man Tasked with the Impossible : To Feed a Nation at War . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4711 - 5105 - 7 . Smith , Daniel ( 2011 ) . The Spade as Mighty as the Sword : The Story of World War Two 's Dig for Victory Campaign . Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 617 - 8 . Zweiniger - Bargielowska , Ina . Austerity in Britain : Rationing , Controls & Consumption , 1939 -- 1955 ( 2000 ) 286p . online Zweiniger - Bargielowska , Ina . `` Rationing , austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945 '' , Historical Journal ( 1994 ) 37 # 1 pp 173 -- 97 in JSTOR External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rationing in the United Kingdom . History in Focus : War -- Rationing in Second World War London World War Information about clothes rationing Information about clothes rationing Notes Jump up ^ Using the retail price index of equivalent worth in 1945 . Source : measuringworth.com Agriculture in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom Agriculture Companies ADAS ( company ) Arla Foods UK Bernard Matthews Farms Dairy Crest Faccenda Group Farmcare Frontier Agriculture Genus Müller Wiseman Dairies NFU Mutual Norbrook Group Openfield Vestey Group Conservation Grazing marsh Hedgerow removal Rare Breeds Survival Trust Government and regulation Agricultural Land Classification Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Potato Council Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency British Cattle Movement Service The Country Code Crown Estate Department of Agriculture and Rural Development ( Northern Ireland ) Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Institute for Animal Health Legislation Meat and Livestock Commission Natural England Rights of way in Scotland Rural Development Council Rural Payments Agency Scottish Government Enterprise and Environment Directorate Single Payment Scheme History Agricultural Revolution British timber trade Celtic field Common land Corn Laws Diggers Dutch barn Enclosure Haughley Experiment Highland Clearances Highland Potato Famine Lowland Clearances Napier Commission Rationing Run rig Rural Reconstruction Association Scottish Agricultural Revolution Swing Riots Victory garden Women 's Land Army Foot - and - mouth 1967 2007 Nations and regions England Agriculture in London Cuisine Cornwall Devon Fishing Scotland Animal breeds Shetland Crofting Scottish Crofting Foundation Cuisine Factor Fishing Royal Highland Show Wales Cuisine Royal Welsh Show Tŷ unnos Non-governmental organisations Unions Farmers ' Union of Wales National Farmers ' Union of England and Wales National Farmers ' Union of Scotland Ulster Farmers ' Union Young Farmers ' Clubs of Ulster British Egg Industry Council British Poultry Council Country Land and Business Association Fresh Start Initiative Institute of Biological , Environmental and Rural Sciences James Hutton Institute Museums Museum of English Rural Life National Museum of Rural Life National Non-Food Crops Centre Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre Rothamsted Research Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland Soil Association Tenant Farmers Association Universities and colleges CAFRE Royal Agricultural University Scotland 's Rural College Sectors Beekeeping June Gap Fell farming Forestry Other Countryfile Eglu Farmers Weekly Farming Today Hurdles English cuisine Roman times Dishes Sausages Middle Ages Exemplars The Forme of Cury ( c. 1390 ) Dishes Apple pie Bacon Banbury cake Cheesecake Custard Game pie Gingerbread Kippers Mince pie Mortis Pasty Pease pudding Pie Pottage 16th century Exemplars Thomas Dawson ( The Good Huswifes Jewell , 1585 ) Dishes Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle ( without jelly ) 17th century Exemplars Elinor Fettiplace ( Receipt Book , 1604 ) Gervase Markham ( The English Huswife , 1615 ) Robert May ( The Accomplisht Cook , 1660 ) Hannah Woolley ( The Queen - like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670 ) Kenelm Digby ( The Closet Opened 1699 ) Dishes Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea 18th century Exemplars Mary Kettilby ( A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714 ) John Nott ( The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary , 1723 ) Eliza Smith ( The Compleat Housewife 1727 ) Hannah Glasse ( The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747 ) Elizabeth Raffald ( The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769 ) Richard Briggs ( The English Art of Cookery 1788 ) William Augustus Henderson ( The Housekeeper 's Instructor 1791 ) Dishes Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Cottage or Shepherd 's pie Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle ( with jelly ) Welsh rabbit Yorkshire pudding 19th century Exemplars Mrs Rundell ( A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806 ) Eliza Acton ( Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845 ) Charles Elmé Francatelli ( The Modern Cook 1846 ) Isabella Beeton ( Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management 1861 ) Dishes Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve 's pudding Jam roly - poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Worcestershire sauce 20th century Exemplars Elizabeth David ( A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950 ) Constance Spry Marguerite Patten Jane Grigson Delia Smith Rick Stein Nigel Slater Keith Floyd Marco Pierre White Fergus Henderson Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes Dishes Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman 's lunch Salad cream 21st century Exemplars Michel Roux Jr . ( Le Gavroche ) Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall ( River Cottage ) Antony Worrall Thompson Heston Blumenthal ( The Fat Duck ) Mary Berry Clarissa Dickson Wright ( A History of English Food 2011 ) Related Food in England ( 1954 ) List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=827535606 '' Categories : Food politics Public policy in the United Kingdom Rationing by country United Kingdom home front during World War II Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 08 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the last thing to be rationed in the uk	[ "Petrol rationing was briefly reintroduced in late 1956 during the Suez Crisis but ended again on 14 May 1957.[47] Advertising of petrol on the recently introduced ITV was banned for a period." ]	[ "Petrol" ]
7163499351823408141	History of Germany (1945–90)	History of Germany ( 1945 -- 90 ) - wikipedia History of Germany ( 1945 -- 90 ) `` History of Germany since 1945 '' redirects here . For events after reunification , see History of Germany since 1990 . Inter -- German relations East Germany West Germany Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , Germany was cut between the two global blocs in the East and West , a period known as the division of Germany . Germany was stripped of its war gains and lost territories in the east to Poland and the Soviet Union . At the end of the war , there were in Germany some eight million foreign displaced persons ; mainly forced laborers and prisoners ; including around 400,000 from the concentration camp system , survivors from a much larger number who had died from starvation , harsh conditions , murder , or being worked to death . Over 10 million German - speaking refugees arrived in Germany from other countries in Central and Eastern Europe . Some 9 million Germans were POWs , many of whom were kept as forced laborers for several years to provide restitution to the countries Germany had devastated in the war , and some industrial equipment was removed as reparations . The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east . Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged : Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) , commonly known as West Germany , was a parliamentary democracy with a capitalist economic system and free churches and labour unions . German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , commonly known as East Germany , was the smaller Marxist -- Leninist socialist republic with its leadership dominated by the Soviet - aligned Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in order to retain it within the Soviet sphere of influence . After experiencing its Wirtschaftswunder or `` economic miracle '' in 1955 , West Germany became the most prosperous economy in Europe . Under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , West Germany built strong relationships with France , the United States , and Israel . West Germany also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community ( later to become the European Union ) . East Germany stagnated as its economy was largely organized to meet the needs of the Soviet Union ; the secret police ( Stasi ) tightly controlled daily life , and the Berlin Wall ( 1961 ) ended the steady flow of refugees to the west . Germany was reunited in 1990 , following the decline and fall of the SED as the ruling party of the GDR . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Division of Germany 1.1 Four occupation zones 1.2 Expulsion and denazification 1.3 Industrial disarmament in western Germany 1.4 French designs 1.5 Dismantling in East Germany 1.6 Marshall plan and currency reform 1.7 Reparations to the U.S. 1.8 Nutritional levels and famine 1.9 Forced labour reparations 1.10 Mass rape 1.11 The different German states 2 West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) 2.1 The Sixties : a time for reform 2.2 Political developments 1969 -- 1990 3 East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) 3.1 Industry and agriculture in East Germany 4 Berlin 5 Relations between East Germany and West Germany 6 The reunification of East Germany and West Germany 6.1 Background 6.2 Treaty negotiations 6.3 Aftermath 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 GDR 9 External links The division of Germany ( edit ) Occupation zone borders in Germany , 1947 . The territories east of the Oder - Neisse line , ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union , are shown as white as is the likewise detached Saar Protectorate . Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone . Four occupation zones ( edit ) Further information : Office of Military Government , United States At the Potsdam Conference ( 17 July to 2 August 1945 ) , after Germany 's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 , the Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones -- France in the southwest , Britain in the northwest , the United States in the south , and the Soviet Union in the east , bounded eastwards by the Oder - Neisse line . At Potsdam these four zones in total were denoted as ' Germany as a whole ' , and the four Allied Powers exercised the sovereign authority they now claimed within Germany in agreeing ' in principle ' the future transfer of lands of the former German Reich east of ' Germany as a whole ' to Poland and the Soviet Union . These eastern areas were notionally placed under Polish and Soviet administration pending a final peace treaty ( which was not formalized until 1990 , 45 years later ) ; but in actuality were promptly reorganized as organic parts of their respective sovereign states . In addition , under the Allies ' Berlin Declaration ( 1945 ) , the territory of the extinguished German Reich was to be treated as the land area within its borders as of 31 December 1937 . All Nazi land expansion from 1938 to 1945 was hence treated as automatically invalid . Such expansion included the League of Nations administered City - State of Danzig ( occupied by Nazi Germany immediately following Germany 's 1 September 1939 invasion of Poland ) , Austria , the occupied territory of Czechoslovakia , Suwalki , Alsace - Lorraine , Luxembourg , post 27 September 1939 `` West Prussia '' , post 27 September 1939 `` Posen Province '' , northern Slovenia , Eupen , Malmedy , the part of Southern Silesia ultimately detached from 1918 Germany by action of the Versailles Treaty , likewise , the Hultschiner Laendchen . Expulsion and denazification ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 50 ) The northern half of East Prussia in the region of Königsberg was administratively assigned by the Potsdam Agreement to the Soviet Union , pending a final Peace Conference ( with the commitment of Britain and the United States to support its incorporation into Russia ) ; and was then annexed by the Soviet Union . Gdańsk and the southern half of East Prussia were incorporated into Poland on a similar basis ; the Allies having assured the Polish government - in - exile of their support for this after the Tehran Conference in 1943 . It was also agreed at Potsdam that Poland would receive all former German lands east of the Oder - Neisse line , although the exact delimitation of the boundary was left to be resolved at an eventual Peace Conference . Under the wartime alliances of the United Kingdom with the Czechoslovak and Polish governments - in - exile , the British had agreed in July 1942 to support `` ... the General Principle of the transfer to Germany of German minorities in Central and South Eastern Europe after the war in cases where this seems necessary and desirable '' . In 1944 roughly 12.4 million ethnic Germans were living in territory that became part of post-war Poland and Soviet Union . Approximately 6 million fled or were evacuated before the Red Army occupied the area . Of the remainder , around 2 million died during the war or in its aftermath ( 1.4 million as military casualties ; 600,000 as civilian deaths ) , 3.6 million were expelled by the Poles , one million declared themselves to be Poles , and 300,000 remained in Poland as Germans . The Sudetenland territories , surrendered to Germany by the Munich Agreement , were returned to Czechoslovakia ; these territories containing a further 3 million ethnic Germans . ' Wild ' expulsions from Czechoslovakia began immediately after the German surrender . August 1948 , German children deported from the eastern areas of Germany taken over by Poland arrive in West Germany . The Potsdam Conference subsequently sanctioned the `` orderly and humane '' transfer to Germany of individuals regarded as `` ethnic Germans '' by authorities in Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Hungary . The Potsdam Agreement recognized that these expulsions were already underway and were putting a burden on authorities in the German Occupation Zones , including the re-defined Soviet Occupation Zone . Most of the Germans who were being expelled were from Czechoslovakia and Poland , which included most of the territory to the east of the Oder - Neisse Line . The Potsdam Declaration stated : Since the influx of a large number of Germans into Germany would increase the burden already resting on the occupying authorities , they consider that the Allied Control Council in Germany should in the first instance examine the problem with special regard to the question of the equitable distribution of these Germans among the several zones of occupation . They are accordingly instructing their respective representatives on the control council to report to their Governments as soon as possible the extent to which such persons have already entered Germany from Poland , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary , and to submit an estimate of the time and rate at which further transfers could be carried out , having regard to the present situation in Germany . The Czechoslovak Government , the Polish Provisional Government and the control council in Hungary are at the same time being informed of the above and are being requested meanwhile to suspend further expulsions pending the examination by the Governments concerned of the report from their representatives on the control council . Many of the ethnic Germans , who were primarily women and children , and especially those under the control of Polish and Czechoslovakian authorities , were severely mistreated before they were ultimately deported to Germany . Thousands died in forced labor camps such as Lambinowice , Zgoda labour camp , Central Labour Camp Potulice , Central Labour Camp Jaworzno , Glaz , Milecin , Gronowo , and Sikawa . Others starved , died of disease , or froze to death while being expelled in slow and ill - equipped trains ; or in transit camps . Altogether , around 8 million ethnic German refugees and expellees from across Europe eventually settled in West Germany , with a further 3 million in East Germany . In West Germany these represented a major voting block ; maintaining a strong culture of grievance and victimhood against Soviet Power , pressing for a continued commitment to full German reunification , claiming compensation , pursuing the right of return to lost property in the East , and opposing any recognition of the postwar extension of Poland and the Soviet Union into former German lands . Due to the Cold War rhetoric and successful political machinations of Konrad Adenauer , this block eventually became substantially aligned with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany ; although in practice ' westward - looking ' CDU policies favouring the Atlantic Alliance and the European Union worked against the possibility of achieving the objectives of the expellee population from the east through negotiation with the Soviet Union . But for Adenauer , fostering and encouraging unrealistic demands and uncompromising expectations amongst the expellees would serve his `` Policy of Strength '' by which West Germany contrived to inhibit consideration of unification or a final Peace Treaty until the West was strong enough to face the Soviets on equal terms . Consequently , the Federal Republic in the 1950s adopted much of the symbolism of expellee groups ; especially in appropriating and subverting the terminology and imagery of the Holocaust ; applying this to post-war German experience instead . Eventually in 1990 , following the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany , the unified Germany indeed confirmed in treaties with Poland and the Soviet Union that the transfer of sovereignty over the former German eastern territories in 1945 had been permanent and irreversible ; Germany now undertaking never again to make territorial claims in respect of these lands . The intended governing body of Germany was called the Allied Control Council , consisting of the commanders - in - chief in Germany of the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union ; who exercised supreme authority in their respective zones , while supposedly acting in concert on questions affecting the whole country . In actuality however , the French consistently blocked any progress towards re-establishing all - German governing institutions ; substantially in pursuit of French aspirations for a dismembered Germany , but also as a response to the exclusion of France from the Potsdam conference . Berlin , which lay in the Soviet ( eastern ) sector , was also divided into four sectors with the Western sectors later becoming West Berlin and the Soviet sector becoming East Berlin , capital of East Germany . Provisional Civil Ensign A key item in the occupiers ' agenda was denazification . The swastika and other outward symbols of the Nazi regime were banned , and a Provisional Civil Ensign was established as a temporary German flag . It remained the official flag of the country ( necessary for reasons of international law ) until East Germany and West Germany ( see below ) were independently established in 1949 . The United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union had agreed at Potsdam to a broad program of decentralization , treating Germany as a single economic unit with some central administrative departments . These plans never materialised as the Soviet Union was intent on extracting as much material as possible in order to make good in part the enormous destruction caused by the German Wehrmacht , and the policy broke down completely in 1948 when the Russians blockaded West Berlin and the period known as the Cold War began . It was agreed at Potsdam that the leading members of the Nazi regime who had been captured should be put on trial accused of crimes against humanity , and this was one of the few points on which the four powers were able to agree . In order to secure the presence of the western allies in Berlin , the United States agreed to withdraw from Thuringia and Saxony in exchange for the division of Berlin into four sectors . The State Department and individual U.S. congressmen pressured to have this policy lifted . In June 1945 the prohibition against speaking with German children was loosened . In July troops were permitted to speak to German adults in certain circumstances . In September 1945 the entire policy was dropped . Only the ban on marriage between Americans and German or Austrian civilians remained in place . Industrial Disarmament in Western Germany ( edit ) The initial proposal for the post-surrender policy of the Western powers , the so - called Morgenthau Plan proposed by Henry Morgenthau , Jr. , was one of `` pastoralization '' . The Morgenthau Plan , though subsequently ostensibly shelved due to public opposition , influenced occupation policy ; most notably through the U.S. punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 and The industrial plans for Germany The `` ' Level of Industry plans for Germany '' were the plans to lower German industrial potential after World War II . At the Potsdam conference , with the U.S. operating under influence of the Morgenthau plan , the victorious Allies decided to abolish the German armed forces as well as all munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them . This included the destruction of all ship and aircraft manufacturing capability . Further , it was decided that civilian industries which might have a military potential , which in the modern era of `` total war '' included virtually all , were to be severely restricted . The restriction of the latter was set to Germany 's `` approved peacetime needs '' , which were defined to be set on the average European standard . In order to achieve this , each type of industry was subsequently reviewed to see how many factories Germany required under these minimum level of industry requirements . The first plan , from 29 March 1946 , stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50 % of its 1938 levels by the destruction of 1,500 listed manufacturing plants . In January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production -- the maximum allowed was set at about 5,800,000 tons of steel a year , equivalent to 25 % of the prewar production level . The UK , in whose occupation zone most of the steel production was located , had argued for a more limited capacity reduction by placing the production ceiling at 12 million tons of steel per year , but had to submit to the will of the U.S. , France and the Soviet Union ( which had argued for a 3 million ton limit ) . Germany was to be reduced to the standard of life it had known at the height of the Great Depression ( 1932 ) . Car production was set to 10 % of pre-war levels , etc . By 1950 , after the virtual completion of the by then much watered - down plans , equipment had been removed from 706 factories in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons . Timber exports from the U.S. occupation zone were particularly heavy . Sources in the U.S. government stated that the purpose of this was the `` ultimate destruction of the war potential of German forests . '' With the beginning of the Cold war , the Western policies changed as it became evident that a return to operation of the West German industry was needed not only for the restoration of the whole European economy but also for the rearmament of West Germany as an ally against the Soviet Union . On 6 September 1946 United States Secretary of State , James F. Byrnes made the famous speech Restatement of Policy on Germany , also known as the Stuttgart speech , where he amongst other things repudiated the Morgenthau plan - influenced policies and gave the West Germans hope for the future . Reports such as The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria helped to show the U.S. public how bad the situation in Germany really was . The next improvement came in July 1947 , when after lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and Generals Clay and Marshall , the Truman administration decided that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent . In July 1947 , President Harry S. Truman rescinded on `` national security grounds '' the punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 , which had directed the U.S. forces in Germany to `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany . '' It was replaced by JCS 1779 , which instead stressed that `` ( a ) n orderly , prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' The dismantling did however continue , and in 1949 West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer wrote to the Allies requesting that it end , citing the inherent contradiction between encouraging industrial growth and removing factories and also the unpopularity of the policy . Support for dismantling was by this time coming predominantly from the French , and the Petersberg Agreement of November 1949 reduced the levels vastly , though dismantling of minor factories continued until 1951 . The final limitations on German industrial levels were lifted after the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 , though arms manufacture remained prohibited . French designs ( edit ) Under the Monnet Plan , France -- intent on ensuring that Germany would never again have the strength to threaten it -- began in 1945 to attempt to gain economic control of the remaining German industrial areas with large coal and mineral deposits ; the Rhineland , the Ruhr and the Saar ( Germany 's second largest center of mining and industry , Upper Silesia , had been handed over by the Allies to Poland at the Potsdam conference and the German population was being forcibly expelled ) The Ruhr Agreement had been imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish the Federal Republic of Germany . ( see also the International Authority for the Ruhr ( IAR ) ) . French attempts to gain political control of or permanently internationalize the Ruhr were abandoned in 1951 with the West German agreement to pool its coal and steel resources in return for full political control over the Ruhr ( see European Coal and Steel Community ) . With French economic security guaranteed through access to Ruhr coal now permanently ensured France was satisfied . The French attempt to gain economic control over the Saar was temporarily even more successful . In the speech Restatement of Policy on Germany , held in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946 , the United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes stated the U.S. motive in detaching the Saar from Germany as `` The United States does not feel that it can deny to France , which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years , its claim to the Saar territory '' . The Saar came under French administration in 1947 as the Saar Protectorate , but did return to Germany in January 1957 ( following a referendum ) , with economic reintegration with Germany occurring a few years later . Although not a party to the Potsdam conference where the policy of industrial disarmament had been set , as a member of the Allied Control Council France came to champion this policy since it ensured a weak Germany . In August 1954 the French parliament voted down the treaty that would have established the European Defense Community , a treaty they themselves had proposed in 1950 as a means to contain German revival . France instead focused on another treaty also under development . In May 1950 France had proposed the European Coal and Steel Community with the purpose of ensuring French economic security by perpetuating access to German Ruhr coal , but also to show to the U.S. and the UK that France could come up with constructive solutions , as well as to pacify Germany by making it part of an international project . Germany was eventually allowed to rearm , but under the auspices of the Western European Union , and later NATO . Dismantling in East Germany ( edit ) The Soviet Union engaged in a massive industrial dismantling campaign in its occupation zone , much more intensive than that carried out by the Western powers . While the Soviet powers soon realized that their actions alienated the German workforce from the Communist cause , they decided that the desperate economic situation within the Soviet Union took priority over alliance building . The allied leaders had agreed on paper to economic and political cooperation but the issue of reparations dealt an early blow to the prospect of a united Germany in 1945 . The figure of $20 Billion had been floated by Stalin as an adequate recompense but as the United States refused to consider this a basis for negotiation The Soviet Union was left only with the opportunity of extracting its own reparations , at a heavy cost to the East Germans . This was the beginning of the formal split of Germany . Marshall Plan and currency reform ( edit ) With the Western Allies eventually becoming concerned about the deteriorating economic situation in their `` Trizone '' , the American Marshall Plan of economic aid was extended to Western Germany in 1948 and a currency reform , which had been prohibited under the previous occupation directive JCS 1067 , introduced the Deutsche Mark and halted rampant inflation . Though the Marshall Plan is regarded as playing a key psychological role in the West German recovery , other factors were also significant . The Soviets had not agreed to the currency reform ; in March 1948 they withdrew from the four - power governing bodies , and in June 1948 they initiated the Berlin blockade , blocking all ground transport routes between Western Germany and West Berlin . The Western Allies replied with a continuous airlift of supplies to the western half of the city . The Soviets ended the blockade after 11 months . Reparations to the U.S. ( edit ) Further information : German reparations for World War II The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value , all German patents , both in Germany and abroad , and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies . Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years , the U.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know - how as well as all patents in Germany . John Gimbel comes to the conclusion , in his book `` Science Technology and Reparations : Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany '' , that the `` intellectual reparations '' taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion . During the more than two years that this policy was in place , no industrial research in Germany could take place , as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities . Meanwhile , thousands of the best German scientists were being put to work in the U.S. ( see also Operation Paperclip ) Nutritional levels and famine ( edit ) The average daily food ration in the UK occupation zone ( 1948 ) Collapsed employee of the labor office during the hunger - winter , December 1948 . During the war , Germans seized food supplies from occupied countries and forced millions of foreigners to work on German farms , in addition to food shipped from farms in eastern Germany . When this ended in 1945 , the German rationing system ( which stayed in place ) had much lower supplies of food . The U.S. Army sent in large shipments of food to feed some 7.7 million prisoners of war -- far more than they had expected -- as well as the general population . For several years following the surrender , German nutritional levels were low . The Germans were not high on the priority list for international aid , which went to the victims of the Nazis . It was directed that all relief went to non-German displaced persons , liberated Allied POWs , and concentration camp inmates . During 1945 it was estimated that the average German civilian in the U.S. and UK occupation zones received 1200 kilocalories a day in official rations , not counting food they grew themselves or purchased on the large - scale black market . In early October 1945 the UK government privately acknowledged in a cabinet meeting that German civilian adult death rates had risen to 4 times the pre-war levels and death rates amongst the German children had risen by 10 times the pre-war levels . The German Red Cross was dissolved , and the International Red Cross and the few other allowed international relief agencies were kept from helping Germans through strict controls on supplies and on travel . The few agencies permitted to help Germans , such as the indigenous Caritasverband , were not allowed to use imported supplies . When the Vatican attempted to transmit food supplies from Chile to German infants , the U.S. State Department forbade it . The German food situation became worse during the very cold winter of 1946 -- 1947 when German calorie intake ranged from 1,000 -- 1,500 kilocalories per day , a situation made worse by severe lack of fuel for heating . Forced labour reparations ( edit ) See also : Forced labor of Germans after World War II As agreed by the Allies at the Yalta conference Germans were used as forced labor as part of the reparations to be extracted . By 1947 it is estimated that 400,000 Germans ( both civilians and POWs ) were being used as forced labor by the U.S. , France , the UK , and the Soviet Union . German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries . By December 1945 it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents . In Norway the last available casualty record , from 29 August 1945 , shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines , while 392 had been injured . Death rates for the German civilians doing forced labor in the Soviet Union ranged between 19 % and 39 % , depending on category . Mass rape ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Germany See also : Soviet war crimes Norman Naimark writes in The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding and years following the capitulation will never be known , their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands , quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimate made by Barbara Johr , in `` Befreier und Befreite '' . Many of these victims were raped repeatedly . Naimark states that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days , it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation ( the German Democratic Republic ) . Naimark concludes `` The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation , through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949 , until -- one could argue -- the present . '' Some of the victims had been raped as many as 60 to 70 times . The different German states ( edit ) In 1947 , the Saar Protectorate had been established under French control , in the area corresponding to the current German state of Saarland . It was not allowed to join its fellow German neighbors until a plebiscite in 1955 rejected the proposed autonomy . This paved the way for the accession of the Saarland to the Federal Republic of Germany as its 12th state , which went into effect on 1 January 1957 . On 23 May 1949 , the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG , Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones , with Bonn as its `` provisional '' capital . It comprised the area of 11 newly formed states ( replacing the pre-war states ) , with present - day Baden - Württemberg being split into three states until 1952 ) . The Federal Republic was declared to have `` the full authority of a sovereign state '' on 5 May 1955 . On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , Deutsche Demokratische Republik ( DDR ) ) , with East Berlin as its capital , was established in the Soviet Zone . The 1952 Stalin Note proposed German reunification and superpower disengagement from Central Europe but Britain , France , and the United States rejected the offer as insincere . Also , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer preferred `` Westintegration '' , rejecting `` experiments '' . In English , the two larger states were known informally as `` West Germany '' and `` East Germany '' respectively . In both cases , the former occupying troops remained permanently stationed there . The former German capital , Berlin , was a special case , being divided into East Berlin and West Berlin , with West Berlin completely surrounded by East German territory . Though the German inhabitants of West Berlin were citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany , West Berlin was not legally incorporated into West Germany ; it remained under the formal occupation of the western allies until 1990 , although most day - to - day administration was conducted by an elected West Berlin government . West Germany was allied with the United States , the United Kingdom , and France . A western democratic country with a `` social market economy '' , the country would from the 1950s onwards come to enjoy prolonged economic growth ( Wirtschaftswunder ) following the Marshall Plan help from the Allies , the currency reform of June 1948 and helped by the fact that the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) led to a worldwide increased demand for goods , where the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products . East Germany was at first occupied by and later ( May 1955 ) allied with the Soviet Union . West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) ( edit ) See also : West Germany Konrad Adenauer The Western Allies turned over increasing authority to West German officials and moved to establish a nucleus for a future German government by creating a central Economic Council for their zones . The program later provided for a West German constituent assembly , an occupation statute governing relations between the Allies and the German authorities , and the political and economic merger of the French with the British and American zones . On 23 May 1949 , the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) , the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany , was promulgated . Following elections in August , the first federal government was formed on 20 September 1949 , by Konrad Adenauer ( CDU ) . Adenauer 's government was a coalition of the CDU , the CSU and the Free Democrats . The next day , the occupation statute came into force , granting powers of self - government with certain exceptions . In 1949 the new provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany was established in Bonn , after Chancellor Konrad Adenauer intervened emphatically for Bonn ( which was only fifteen kilometers away from his hometown ) . Most of the members of the German constitutional assembly ( as well as the U.S. Supreme Command ) had favored Frankfurt am Main where the Hessian administration had already started the construction of a plenary assembly hall . The Parlamentarischer Rat ( interim parliament ) proposed a new location for the capital , as Berlin was then a special administrative region controlled directly by the allies and surrounded by the Soviet zone of occupation . The former Reichstag building in Berlin was occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Bundesversammlung , the body which elects the German Federal President . However , the Soviets disrupted the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany by flying supersonic jets near the building . A number of cities were proposed to host the federal government , and Kassel ( among others ) was eliminated in the first round . Other politicians opposed the choice of Frankfurt out of concern that , as one of the largest German cities and a former centre of the Holy Roman Empire , it would be accepted as a `` permanent '' capital of Germany , thereby weakening the West German population 's support for reunification and the eventual return of the Government to Berlin . After the Petersberg agreement West Germany quickly progressed toward fuller sovereignty and association with its European neighbors and the Atlantic community . The London and Paris agreements of 1954 restored most of the state 's sovereignty ( with some exceptions ) in May 1955 and opened the way for German membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . In April 1951 , West Germany joined with France , Italy and the Benelux countries in the European Coal and Steel Community ( forerunner of the European Union ) . The outbreak of the Korean War ( June 1950 ) led to U.S. calls for the rearmament of West Germany in order to defend western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat . But the memory of German aggression led other European states to seek tight control over the West German military . Germany 's partners in the Coal and Steel Community decided to establish a European Defence Community ( EDC ) , with an integrated army , navy and air force , composed of the armed forces of its member states . The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control , but the other EDC member states ( Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg and the Netherlands ) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces . Though the EDC treaty was signed ( May 1952 ) , it never entered into force . France 's Gaullists rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty , and when the French National Assembly refused to ratify it ( August 1954 ) , the treaty died . The French had killed their own proposal . Other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament . In response , the Brussels Treaty was modified to include West Germany , and to form the Western European Union ( WEU ) . West Germany was to be permitted to rearm , and have full sovereign control of its military ; the WEU would , however , regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states . Fears of a return to Nazism , however , soon receded , and as a consequence , these provisions of the WEU treaty have little effect today . The Volkswagen Beetle was an icon of West German reconstruction . Between 1949 and 1960 , the West German economy grew at an unparalleled rate . Low rates of inflation , modest wage increases and a quickly rising export quota made it possible to restore the economy and brought a modest prosperity . According to the official statistics the German gross national product grew in average by about 7 % annually between 1950 and 1960 . GNP growth 1950 -- 1960 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 + 10.5 + 8.3 + 7.5 + 7.4 + 11.5 + 6.9 + 5.4 + 3.3 + 6.7 + 8.8 The initial demand for housing , the growing demand for machine tools , chemicals , and automobiles and a rapidly increasing agricultural production were the initial triggers to this ' Wirtschaftswunder ' ( economic miracle ) as it was known , although there was nothing miraculous about it . The era became closely linked with the name of Ludwig Erhard , who led the Ministry of Economics during the decade . Unemployment at the start of the decade stood at 10.3 % , but by 1960 it had dropped to 1.2 % , practically speaking full employment . In fact , there was a growing demand for labor in many industries as the workforce grew by 3 % per annum , the reserves of labor were virtually used up . The millions of displaced persons and the refugees from the eastern provinces had all been integrated into the workforce . At the end of the decade , thousands of younger East Germans were packing their bags and migrating westwards , posing an ever - growing problem for the GDR nomenklatura . With the construction of the Berlin wall in August 1961 they hoped to end the loss of labor and in doing so they posed the West German government with a new problem -- how to satisfy the apparently insatiable demand for labor . The answer was to recruit unskilled workers from Southern European countries ; the era of the Gastarbeiter ( foreign laborers ) began . In October 1961 an initial agreement was signed with the Turkish government and the first Gastarbeiter began to arrive . By 1966 , some 1,300,000 foreign workers had been recruited mainly from Italy , Turkey , Spain , and Greece . By 1971 , the number had reached 2.6 million workers . The initial plan was that single workers would come to Germany , would work for a limited number of years and then return home . The significant differences between wages in their home countries and in Germany led many workers to bring their families and to settle -- at least until retirement -- in Germany . That the German authorities took little notice of the radical changes that these shifts of population structure meant was the cause of considerable debate in later years . In the 1950s Federal Republic , restitution laws for compensation for those who had suffered under the Nazis was limited to only those who had suffered from `` racial , religious or political reasons '' , which were defined in such a way as to sharply limit the number of people entitled to collect compensation . According to the 1953 law on compensation for suffering during the National Socialist era , only those with a territorial connection with Germany could receive compensation for their suffering , which had the effect of excluding the millions of people , mostly from Central and Eastern Europe , who had been taken to Germany to work as slave labor during World War II . In the same vein , to be eligible for compensation they would have to prove that they were part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' , a requirement that excluded most of the surviving slave laborers who did not know German or at least enough German to be considered part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' . Likewise , the law excluded homosexuals , Gypsies , Communists , Asoziale ( `` Asocials '' - people considered by the National Socialist state to be anti-social , a broad category comprising anyone from petty criminals to people who just were merely eccentric and non-conformist ) , and homeless people for their suffering in the concentration camps under the grounds that all these people were `` criminals '' whom the state was protecting German society from by sending them to concentration camps , and in essence these victims of the National Socialist state got what they deserved , making them unworthy of compensation . In this regard it is significant that the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 was not repealed until 1969 . As a result , German homosexuals - in many cases survivors of the concentration camps -- between 1949 and 1969 continued to be convicted under the same law that had been used to convict them between 1935 and 1945 , though in the period 1949 -- 69 they were sent to prison rather than to a concentration camp . A study done in 1953 showed that of the 42,000 people who had survived the Buchenwald concentration camp , only 700 were entitled to compensation under the 1953 law . The German historian Alf Lüdtke wrote that the decision to deny that the Roma and the Sinti had been victims of National Socialist racism and to exclude the Roma and Sinti from compensation under the grounds that they were all `` criminals '' reflected the same anti-Gypsy racism that made them the target of persecution and genocide during the National Socialist era . The cause of the Roma and Sinti excited so little public interest that it was not until 1979 that a group was founded to lobby for compensation for the Roma and the Sinti survivors . Communist concentration camp survivors were excluded from compensation under the grounds that in 1933 the KPD had been seeking `` violent domination '' by working for a Communist revolution , and thus the banning of the KPD and the subsequent repression of the Communists were justified . In 1956 , the law was amended to allow Communist concentration camp survivors to collect compensation provided that they had not been associated with Communist causes after 1945 , but as almost all the surviving Communists belonged to the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime , which had been banned in 1951 by the Hamburg government as a Communist front organisation , the new law did not help many of the KPD survivors . Compensation started to be paid to most Communist survivors regardless if they had belonged to the VVN or not following a 1967 court ruling , through the same court ruling had excluded those Communists who had `` actively '' fought the constitutional order after the banning of the KPD again in 1956 . Only in the 1980s were demands made mostly from members of the SPD , FDP and above all the Green parties that the Federal Republic pay compensation to the Roma , Sinti , gay , homeless and Asoziale survivors of the concentration camps . In regards to the memory of the Nazi period in the 1950s Federal Republic , there was a marked tendency to argue that everyone regardless of what side they had been on in World War II were all equally victims of the war . In the same way , the Nazi regime tended to be portrayed in the 1950s as a small clique of criminals entirely unrepresentative of German society who were sharply demarcated from the rest of German society or as the German historian Alf Ludtke argued in popular memory that it was a case of `` us '' ( i.e ordinary people ) ruled over by `` them '' ( i.e. the Nazis ) . Though the Nazi regime itself was rarely glorified in popular memory , in the 1950s World War II and the Wehrmacht were intensely gloried and celebrated by the public . In countless memoirs , novels , histories , newspaper articles , films , magazines , and Landserheft ( a type of comic book in Germany glorifying war ) , the Wehrmacht was celebrated as an awesome , heroic fighting force that had fought a `` clean war '' unlike the SS and which would have won the war as the Wehrmacht was always portrayed as superior to the Allied forces had not been for mistakes on the part of Hitler or workings of `` fate '' . The Second World War was usually portrayed in heavily romantic aura in various works that celebrated the comradeship and heroism of ordinary soldiers under danger with the war itself being shown as `` ... a great adventure for idealists and daredevils ... '' who for the most part had a thoroughly fun time . The tendency in the 1950s to glorify war by depicting World War II as a fun - filled , grand adventure for the men who served in Hitler 's war machine meant the horrors and hardship of the war were often downplayed . In his 2004 essay `` Celluloid Soldiers '' about post-war German films , the Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that German films of the 1950s always showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim : noble , tough , brave , honourable and patriotic , while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for . Commendations of the victims of the Nazis tended to center around honoring those involved in the July 20 putsch attempt of 1944 , which meant annual ceremonies attended by all the leading politicians at the Bendlerblock and Plötzensee Prison to honor those executed for their involvement in the 20 July putsch . By contrast , almost no ceremonies were held in the 1950s at the ruins of the concentration camps like Bergen - Belsen or Dachau , which were ignored and neglected by the Länder governments in charge of their care . Not until 1966 did the Land of Lower Saxony opened Bergen - Belsen to the public by founding a small `` house of documentation '' , and even then it was in response to criticism that the Lower Saxon government was intentionally neglecting the ruins of Bergen - Belsen . Though it was usually claimed at the time that everybody in the Second World War was a victim , Ludtke commented that the disparity between the millions of Deutsche Marks spent in the 1950s in turning the Benderblock and Plötzensee prison into sites of remembrance honoring those conservatives executed after the 20 July putsch versus the neglect of the former concentration camps suggested that in both official and popular memory that some victims of the Nazis were considered more worthy of remembrance than others . It was against this context where popular memory was focused on glorifying the heroic deeds of the Wehrmacht while treating the genocide by the National Socialist regime as almost a footnote that in the autumn of 1959 that the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno gave a much - publicized speech on TV that called for Vergangenheitsbewältigung ( `` coming to terms with the past '' ) . Adorno stated that most people were engaged in a process of `` willful forgetting '' about the Nazi period and used euphemistic language to avoid confronting the period such as the use of the term Kristallnacht ( Crystal Night ) for the pogrom of November 1938 . Adorno called for promoting a critical `` consciousness '' that would allow people to `` come to terms with the past '' . West German authorities made great efforts to end the denazification process that had been started by the occupying powers and to liberate war criminals from prison , including those that had been convicted at the Nuremberg trials , while demarcating the sphere of legitimate political activity against blatant attempts at a political rehabilitation of the Nazi regime . Until the end of occupation in 1990 , the three Western Allies retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole . Under the new arrangements , the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense , pursuant to stationing and status - of - forces agreements . With the exception of 45,000 French troops , Allied forces were under NATO 's joint defense command . ( France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966 . ) Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly . The Adenauer era ( 1949 -- 63 ) was followed by a brief period under Ludwig Erhard ( 1963 -- 66 ) who , in turn , was replaced by Kurt Georg Kiesinger ( 1966 -- 69 ) . All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by coalitions of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and Christian Social Union ( CSU ) , either alone or in coalition with the smaller Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) . The sixties : a time for reform ( edit ) The grand old man of German postwar politics had to be dragged -- almost literally -- out of office in 1963 . In 1959 , it was time to elect a new President and Adenauer decided that he would place Erhard in this office . Erhard was not enthusiastic , and to everybody 's surprise , Adenauer decided at the age of 83 that he would take on the position . His aim was apparently to remain in control of German politics for another ten years despite the growing mood for change , but when his advisers informed him just how limited the powers of the president were he quickly lost interest . An alternative candidate was needed and eventually the Minister of Agriculture , Heinrich Lübke took on the task and was duly elected . In October 1962 , the weekly news magazine Der Spiegel published an analysis of the West German military defense . The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system . Ten days after publication , the offices of Der Spiegel in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized under the orders of the CSU Defense Minister Franz Josef Strauss . Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the Bundestag that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted . The editor / owner of the magazine , Rudolf Augstein spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored . The FDP members of Adenauer 's cabinet resigned from the government , demanding the resignation of Franz Josef Strauss , Defence Minister , who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis by his heavy - handed attempt to silence Der Spiegel for essentially running a story that was unflattering to him ( which incidentally was true ) . The British historian Frederick Taylor argued that the Federal Republic under Adenauer retained many of the characteristics of the authoritarian `` deep state '' that existed under the Weimar Republic , and that the Der Spiegel affair marked an important turning point in German values as ordinary people rejected the old authoritarian values in favor of the more democratic values that are today seen as the bedrock of the Federal Republic . Adenauer 's own reputation was impaired by Spiegel affair and he announced that he would step down in the autumn of 1963 . His successor was to be the Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard , who was the man widely credited as the father of the `` economic miracle '' of the 1950s and of whom great things were expected . The proceedings of the War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg had been widely publicised in Germany but , a new generation of teachers , educated with the findings of historical studies , could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people . In 1963 , a German court ruled that a KGB assassin named Bohdan Stashynsky who had committed several murders in the Federal Republic in the late 1950s was not legally guilty of murder , but was only an accomplice to murder as the responsibility for Stashynsky 's murders rested only with his superiors in Moscow who had given him his orders . The legal implications of the Stashynsky case , namely that in a totalitarian system only executive decision - makers can be held legally responsible for any murders committed and that anyone else who follows orders and commits murders were just accomplices to murder was to greatly hinder the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the coming decades , and ensured that even when convicted , that Nazi criminals received the far lighter sentences reserved for accomplices to murders than the harsher sentences given to murderers . The term executive decision - maker who could be found guilty of murder was reserved by the courts only for those at the highest levels of the Reich leadership during the Nazi period . The only way that a Nazi criminal could be convicted of murder was to show that they were not following orders at the time and had acted on their initiative when killing someone . One courageous attorney , Fritz Bauer patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the Auschwitz death camp and about twenty were put trial in Frankfurt between 1963 - 1965 in what came to be known as the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials . The men on trial in Frankfurt were tried only for murders and other crimes that they committed on their own initiative at Auschwitz and were not tried for anything that they did at Auschwitz when following orders , which was considered by the courts to be the lesser crime of accomplice to murder . Because of this , Bauer could only indict for murder those who killed when not following orders , and those who had killed when following orders were indicted as accomplices to murder . Moreover because of the legal distinction between murderers and accomplices to murder , an SS man who killed thousands while operating the gas chambers at Auschwitz could only be found guilty of being accomplice to murder because he had been following orders , while an SS man who had beaten one inmate to death on his initiative could be convicted of murder because he had not been following orders . Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that the Shoah was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed . ( The term ' Holocaust ' for the systematic mass - murder of Jews first came into use in 1979 , when an American mini-series with that name was shown on German television . ) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later . In the early sixties , the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly . In 1962 , the growth rate was 4.7 % and the following year , 2.0 % . After a brief recovery , the growth rate petered into a recession , with no growth in 1967 . The economic showdown forced Erhard 's resignation in 1966 and he was replaced with Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the CDU . Kiesinger was to attract much controversy because in 1933 he had joined the National Socialist Legal Guild and NSDAP ( membership in the former was necessary in order to practice law , but membership in the latter was entirely voluntary ) . In order to deal with the problem of the economic slowdown , a new coalition was formed . Kiesinger 's 1966 -- 69 grand coalition was between West Germany 's two largest parties , the CDU / CSU and the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts -- the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two - thirds majority of votes required for their ratification . These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a state of emergency . Rudi Dutschke , student leader During the time leading up to the passing of the laws , there was fierce opposition to them , above all by the Free Democratic Party , the rising German student movement , a group calling itself Notstand der Demokratie ( Democracy in Crisis ) , the Außerparlamentarische Opposition and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament . The late 1960s saw the rise of the student movement and university campuses in a constant state of uproar . A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967 when the Shah of Iran visited West Berlin . Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance . Supporters of the Shah ( later known as ' Jubelperser ' ) , armed with staves and bricks , attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched . A demonstration in the center was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head and killed by a plain - clothed policeman Karl - Heinz Kurras . ( It has now been established that the policeman , Kurras , was a paid spy of the East German Stasi security forces . ) Protest demonstrations continued , and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made , which was declared by the press , especially the tabloid Bild - Zeitung newspaper , to be acts of terrorism . The conservative Bild - Zeitung waged a massive campaign against the protesters who were declared to be just hooligans and thugs in the pay of East Germany . The press baron Axel Springer emerged as one of the principal hate figures for the student protesters because of Bild - Zeitung 's often violent attacks on them . Protests against the US intervention in Vietnam , mingled with anger over the vigor with which demonstrations were repressed , led to mounting militancy among the students at the universities of Berlin . One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called Rudi Dutschke who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin . Just before Easter 1968 , a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union , seriously injuring him . All over West Germany , thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as the prime cause of the violence against students . Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken . In the wake of these demonstrations , in which the question of America 's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role , came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of their parents ' generation in the Nazi era . In 1968 , the Bundestag passed a Misdemeanors Bill dealing with traffic misdemeanors , into which a high - ranking civil servant named Dr. Eduard Dreher who had been drafting the bill inserted a prefatory section to the bill under a very misleading heading that declared that henceforth there was a statute of limitations of 15 years from the time of the offense for the crime of being an accomplices to murder which was to apply retroactively , which made it impossible to prosecute war criminals even for being accomplices to murder since the statute of limitations as now defined for the last of the suspects had expired by 1960 . The Bundestag passed the Misdemeanors Bill without bothering to read the bill in its entirety so its members missed Dreher 's amendment . It was estimated in 1969 that thanks to Dreher 's amendment to the Misdemeanors Bill that 90 % of all Nazi war criminals now enjoyed total immunity from prosecution . The prosecutor Adalbert Rückerl who headed the Central Bureau for the Prosecution of National Socialist Crimes told an interviewer in 1969 that this amendment had done immense harm to the ability of the Bureau to prosecute those suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity . The calling in question of the actions and policies of the government led to a new climate of debate by the late 1960s . The issues of emancipation , colonialism , environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society . In 1979 , the environmental party , the Greens , reached the 5 % limit required to obtain parliamentary seats in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen provincial election . Also of great significance was the steady growth of a feminist movement in which women demonstrated for equal rights . Until 1979 , a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account . Parallel to this , a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities , especially in West Berlin , where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic . In 1969 , the Bundestag repealed the 1935 Nazi amendment to Paragraph 175 , which not only made homosexual acts a felony , but had also made any expressions of homosexuality illegal ( before 1935 only gay sex had been illegal ) . However , Paragraph 175 which made homosexual acts illegal remained on the statute books and was not repealed until 1994 , although it had been softened in 1973 by making gay sex illegal only with those under the age of 18 . RAF symbol Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke , coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims , led to growing militancy among students and their supporters . In May 1968 , three young people set fire to two department stores in Frankfurt ; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the ' struggle against imperialism ' . The student movement began to split into different factions , ranging from the unattached liberals to the Maoists and supporters of direct action in every form -- the anarchists . Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalizing the industrial workers and , taking an example from activities in Italy of the Brigade Rosse , many students went to work in the factories , but with little or no success . The most notorious of the underground groups was the ' Baader - Meinhof Group ' , later known as the Red Army Faction , which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen , several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans , whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas . The `` Baader - Meinhof gang '' was committed to the overthrow of the Federal Republic via terrorism in order to achieve the establishment of a Communist state . In the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name `` RAF '' . The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998 . Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged , partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims , the State Counsel Buback . Political developments 1969 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the 1969 election , the SPD -- headed by Willy Brandt -- gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP . Although Chancellor for only just over four years , Brandt was one of the most popular politicians in the whole period . Brandt was a gifted speaker and the growth of the Social Democrats from there on was in no small part due to his personality . Brandt began a policy of rapprochement with West Germany 's eastern neighbors known as Ostpolitik , a policy opposed by the CDU . The issue of improving relations with Poland , Czechoslovakia , and East Germany made for an increasingly aggressive tone in public debates but it was a huge step forward when Willy Brandt and the Foreign Minister , Walther Scheel ( FDP ) negotiated agreements with all three countries ( Moscow Agreement , August 1970 , Warsaw Agreement , December 1970 , Four - Power Agreement over the status of West Berlin in 1971 and an agreement on relations between West and East Germany , signed in December 1972 ) . These agreements were the basis for a rapid improvement in the relations between east and west and led , in the long term , to the dismantlement of the Warsaw Treaty and the Soviet Union 's control over East - Central Europe . During a visit to Warsaw on 7 December 1970 , Brandt made the Warschauer Kniefall by kneeling before a monument to those killed in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising , a gesture of humility and penance that no German Chancellor had made until that time . Chancellor Brandt was forced to resign in May 1974 , after Günter Guillaume , a senior member of his staff , was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service , the Stasi . Brandt 's contributions to world peace led to his winning the Nobel Peace Prize for 1971 . U.S. military convoys were still a regular sight in West Germany in the 1970s and 1980s . U.S. Army tanks being transported by rail in 1978 Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982 . Hans - Dietrich Genscher , a leading FDP official , became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister . Schmidt , a strong supporter of the European Community ( EC ) and the Atlantic alliance , emphasized his commitment to `` the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA '' . Throughout the 1970s , the Red Army Faction had continued its terrorist campaign , assassinating or kidnapping politicians , judges , businessmen , and policemen . The highpoint of the RAF violence came with the German Autumn in autumn 1977 . The industrialist Hanns - Martin Schleyer was kidnapped on 5 September 1977 in order to force the government to free the imprisoned leaders of the Baader - Meinhof Gang . A group from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 to seize further hostages to free the RAF leaders . On 18 October 1977 , the Lufthansa jet was stormed in Mogadishu by the GSG 9 commando unit , who were able to free the hostages . The same day , the leaders of the Baader - Meinhof gang , who had been waging a hunger strike , starved themselves to death , which led to Schleyer being executed by his captors . The Red Army Faction was to continue its terrorist campaign into the 1990s , but the German Autumn of 1977 was the highpoint of its campaign . That the Federal Republic had faced a crisis caused by a terrorist campaign from the radical left without succumbing to dictatorship as many feared that it would , was seen as vindication of the strength of German democracy . In January 1979 , the American mini-series Holocaust aired in West Germany . The series , which was watched by 20 million people or 50 % of West Germans , first brought the matter of the genocide in World War II to widespread public attention in a way that it had never been before . After each part of Holocaust was aired , there was a companion show where a panel of historians could answer questions from people phoning in . The historians ' panels were literally overwhelmed with thousands of phone calls from shocked and outraged Germans , a great many of whom stated that they were born after 1945 and that was the first time that they learned that their country had practiced genocide in World War II . By the late 1970s , an initially small number of young people had started to demand that the Länder governments stop neglecting the sites of the concentration camps , and start turning them into proper museums and sites of remembrance , turning them into `` locations of learning '' meant to jar visitors into thinking critically about the Nazi period . In 1980 , the CDU / CSU ran Strauss as their joint candidate in the elections , and he was crushingly defeated by Schmidt . In October 1982 , the SPD - FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU / CSU to elect CDU chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a Constructive Vote of No Confidence . Genscher continued as Foreign Minister in the new Kohl government . Following national elections in March 1983 , Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU . The CDU / CSU fell just short of an absolute majority , due to the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens , who received 5.6 % of the vote . In 1983 , despite major protests from peace groups , the Kohl government allowed Pershing II missiles to be stationed in the Federal Republic to counter the deployment of the SS - 20 cruise missiles by the Soviet Union in East Germany . In 1985 , Kohl , who had something of a tin ear when it came to dealing with the Nazi past , caused much controversy when he invited President Ronald Reagan of the United States to visit the war cemetery at Bitburg to mark the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II . The Bitburg cemetery was soon revealed to contain the graves of SS men , which Kohl stated that he did not see as a problem and that to refuse to honor all of the dead of Bitburg including the SS men buried there was an insult to all Germans . Kohl stated that Reagan could come to the Federal Republic to hold a ceremony to honor the dead of Bitburg or not come at all , and that to change the venue of the service to another war cemetery that did not have SS men buried in it was not acceptable to him . Even more controversy was caused by Reagan 's statement that all of the SS men killed fighting for Hitler in World War II were `` just kids '' who were just as much the victims of Hitler as those who been murdered by the SS in the Holocaust . Despite the huge controversy caused by honoring the SS men buried at Bitburg , the visit to Bitburg went ahead , and Kohl and Reagan honored the dead of Bitburg . What was intended to promote German - American reconciliation turned out to be a public relations disaster that had the opposite effect . Public opinion polls showed that 72 % of West Germans supported the service at Bitburg while American public opinion overwhelming disapproved of Reagan honoring the memory of the SS men who gave their lives for Hitler . Despite or perhaps because of the Bitburg controversy , in 1985 a campaign had been started to build a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust in Berlin . It was felt by at least some Germans that there was something wrong about the Chancellor and the President of the United States honoring the memory of the SS men buried at Bitburg while there was no memorial to any of the people killed in the Holocaust . The campaign to build a Holocaust memorial , which Germany until then lacked , was given a major boost in November 1989 by the call by television journalist Lea Rosh to build the memorial at the site for the former Gestapo headquarters . In April 1992 , the City of Berlin finally decided that a Holocaust memorial could be built . Along the same lines , in August 1987 , protests put a stop to plans by the City of Frankfurt to raze the last remains of the Frankfurt Jewish Ghetto in order to redevelop the land , arguing that the remnants of the Frankfurt ghetto needed to be preserved . In January 1987 , the Kohl - Genscher government was returned to office , but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties . Kohl 's CDU and its Bavarian sister party , the CSU , slipped from 48.8 % of the vote in 1983 to 44.3 % . The SPD fell to 37 % ; long - time SPD chairman Brandt subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by Hans - Jochen Vogel . The FDP 's share rose from 7 % to 9.1 % , its best showing since 1980 . The Greens ' share rose to 8.3 % from their 1983 share of 5.6 % . Later in 1987 , Kohl had a summit with the East German leader Erich Honecker . Unknown to Kohl , the meeting room had been bugged by the Stasi , and the Stasi tapes of the summit had Kohl saying to Honecker that he did not see any realistic chance of reunification in the foreseeable future . East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) ( edit ) Main article : East Germany In the Soviet occupation zone , the Social Democratic Party was forced to merge with the Communist Party in April 1946 to form a new party , the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands or SED ) . The October 1946 elections resulted in coalition governments in the five Land ( state ) parliaments with the SED as the undisputed leader . A series of people 's congresses were called in 1948 and early 1949 by the SED . Under Soviet direction , a constitution was drafted on 30 May 1949 , and adopted on 7 October , the day when East Germany was formally proclaimed . The People 's Chamber ( Volkskammer ) -- the lower house of the East German parliament -- and an upper house -- the States Chamber ( Länderkammer ) -- were created . ( The Länderkammer was abolished again in 1958 . ) On 11 October 1949 , the two houses elected Wilhelm Pieck as President , and an SED government was set up . The Soviet Union and its East European allies immediately recognized East Germany , although it remained largely unrecognized by noncommunist countries until 1972 -- 73 . East Germany established the structures of a single - party , centralized , communist state . On 23 July 1952 , the traditional Länder were abolished and , in their place , 14 Bezirke ( districts ) were established . Even though other parties formally existed , effectively , all government control was in the hands of the SED , and almost all important government positions were held by SED members . The National Front was an umbrella organization nominally consisting of the SED , four other political parties controlled and directed by the SED , and the four principal mass organizations -- youth , trade unions , women , and culture . However , control was clearly and solely in the hands of the SED . Balloting in East German elections was not secret . As in other Soviet bloc countries , electoral participation was consistently high , as the following results indicate . In October 1950 , a year after the formation of the GDR , 98.53 % of the electorate voted. 99.72 % of the votes were valid and 99.72 % were cast in favor of the ' National Front ' -- the title of the ' coalition ' of the Unity Party plus their associates in other conformist groups . In election after election , the votes cast for the Socialist Unity Party were always over 99 % , and in 1963 , two years after the Berlin Wall was constructed , the support for the S.E.D. was 99.95 % . Only 0.05 % of the electorate opposed the party according to these results , the veracity of which is disputable . Industry and agriculture in East Germany ( edit ) With the formation of a separate East German communist state in October 1949 , the Socialist Unity Party faced a huge range of problems . Not only were the cities in ruins , much of the productive machinery and equipment had been seized by the Soviet occupation force and transported to The Soviet Union in order to make some kind of reconstruction possible . While West Germany received loans and other financial assistance from the United States , the GDR was in the role of an exporter of goods to the USSR -- a role that its people could ill afford but which they could not avoid . The S.E.D. 's intention was to transform the GDR into a socialist and later into a communist state . These processes would occur step by step according to the laws of scientific ' Marxism - Leninism ' and economic planning was the key to this process . In July 1952 , at a conference of the S.E.D. , Walter Ulbricht announced that `` the democratic ( sic ) and economic development , and the consciousness ( Bewusstsein ) of the working class and the majority of the employed classes must be developed so that the construction of Socialism becomes their most important objective . '' This meant that the administration , the armed forces , the planning of industry and agriculture would be under the sole authority of the S.E.D. and its planning committee . Industries would be nationalized and collectivization introduced in the farm industry . When the first Five - Year Plan was announced , the flow of refugees out of East Germany began to grow . As a consequence , production fell , food became short and protests occurred in a number of factories . On 14 May 1952 , the S.E.D. ordered that the production quotas ( the output per man per shift ) were to be increased by 10 % , but wages to be kept at the former level . This decision was not popular with the new leaders in the Kremlin . Stalin had died in March 1953 and the new leadership was still evolving . The imposition of new production quotas contradicted the new direction of Soviet policies for their satellites . Gerhard Behrendt with Sandmännchen On 5 June 1953 , the S.E.D. announced a ' new course ' in which farmers , craftsmen , and factory owners would benefit from a relaxation of controls . The new production quotas remained ; the East German workers protested and up to sixty strikes occurred the following day . One of the window - dressing projects in the ruins of East Berlin was the construction of Stalin Allee , on which the most ' class - conscious ' workers ( in S.E.D. propaganda terms ) were involved . At a meeting , strikers declared `` You give the capitalists ( the factory owners ) presents , and we are exploited ! '' A delegation of building workers marched to the headquarters of the S.E.D. demanding that the production quotas be rescinded . The crowd grew , demands were made for the removal of Ulbricht from office and a general strike called for the following day . On 17 June 1953 strikes and demonstrations occurred in 250 towns and cities in the GDR . Between 300,000 and 400,000 workers took part in the strikes , which were specifically directed towards the rescinding of the production quotas and were not an attempt to overthrow the government . The strikers were for the most part convinced that the transformation of the GDR into a socialist state was the proper course to take but that the S.E.D. had taken a wrong turn . The S.E.D. responded with all of the force at its command and also with the help of the Soviet Occupation force . Thousands were arrested , sentenced to jail and many hundreds were forced to leave for West Germany . The S.E.D. later moderated its course but the damage had been done . The real face of the East German regime was revealed . The S.E.D. claimed that the strikes had been instigated by West German agents , but there is no evidence for this . Over 250 strikers were killed , around 100 policemen and some 18 Soviet soldiers died in the uprising ; 17 June was declared a national day of remembrance in West Germany . Berlin ( edit ) Shortly after World War II , Berlin became the seat of the Allied Control Council , which was to have governed Germany as a whole until the conclusion of a peace settlement . In 1948 , however , the Soviet Union refused to participate any longer in the quadripartite administration of Germany . They also refused to continue the joint administration of Berlin and drove the government elected by the people of Berlin out of its seat in the Soviet sector and installed a communist regime in East Berlin . From then until unification , the Western Allies continued to exercise supreme authority -- effective only in their sectors -- through the Allied Kommandatura . To the degree compatible with the city 's special status , however , they turned over control and management of city affairs to the West Berlin Senate and the House of Representatives , governing bodies established by constitutional process and chosen by free elections . The Allies and German authorities in West Germany and West Berlin never recognized the communist city regime in East Berlin or East German authority there . During the years of West Berlin 's isolation -- 176 kilometers ( 110 mi . ) inside East Germany -- the Western Allies encouraged a close relationship between the Government of West Berlin and that of West Germany . Representatives of the city participated as non-voting members in the West German Parliament ; appropriate West German agencies , such as the supreme administrative court , had their permanent seats in the city ; and the governing mayor of West Berlin took his turn as President of the Bundesrat . In addition , the Allies carefully consulted with the West German and West Berlin Governments on foreign policy questions involving unification and the status of Berlin . Between 1948 and 1990 , major events such as fairs and festivals were sponsored in West Berlin , and investment in commerce and industry was encouraged by special concessionary tax legislation . The results of such efforts , combined with effective city administration and the West Berliners ' energy and spirit , were encouraging . West Berlin 's morale was sustained , and its industrial production considerably surpassed the pre-war level . The Final Settlement Treaty ended Berlin 's special status as a separate area under Four Power control . Under the terms of the treaty between West and East Germany , Berlin became the capital of a unified Germany . The Bundestag voted in June 1991 to make Berlin the seat of government . The Government of Germany asked the Allies to maintain a military presence in Berlin until the complete withdrawal of the Western Group of Forces ( ex-Soviet ) from the territory of the former East Germany . The Russian withdrawal was completed 31 August 1994 . Ceremonies were held on 8 September 1994 , to mark the final departure of Western Allied troops from Berlin . Government offices have been moving progressively to Berlin , and it became the formal seat of the federal government in 1999 . Berlin also is one of the Federal Republic 's 16 Länder . Relations between East Germany and West Germany ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under Chancellor Adenauer West Germany declared its right to speak for the entire German nation with an exclusive mandate . The Hallstein Doctrine involved non-recognition of East Germany and restricted ( or often ceased ) diplomatic relations with countries that gave East Germany the status of a sovereign state . The constant stream of East Germans fleeing across the Inner German border to West Germany placed great strains on East German - West German relations in the 1950s . East Germany sealed the borders to West Germany in 1952 , but people continued to flee from East Berlin to West Berlin . On 13 August 1961 , East Germany began building the Berlin Wall around West Berlin to slow the flood of refugees to a trickle , effectively cutting the city in half and making West Berlin an enclave of the Western world in communist territory . The Wall became the symbol of the Cold War and the division of Europe . Shortly afterward , the main border between the two German states was fortified . The Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops of 1965 was controversial at the time , but is now seen as an important step toward improving relations between the German states and Poland . In 1969 , Chancellor Willy Brandt announced that West Germany would remain firmly rooted in the Atlantic alliance but would intensify efforts to improve relations with the Eastern Bloc , especially East Germany . West Germany commenced this Ostpolitik , initially under fierce opposition from the conservatives , by negotiating nonaggression treaties with the Soviet Union , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , and Hungary . West Germany 's relations with East Germany posed particularly difficult questions . Though anxious to relieve serious hardships for divided families and to reduce friction , West Germany under Brandt 's Ostpolitik was intent on holding to its concept of `` two German states in one German nation . '' Relations gradually improved . In the early 1970s , the Ostpolitik led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany . The Treaty of Moscow ( August 1970 ) , the Treaty of Warsaw ( December 1970 ) , the Four Power Agreement on Berlin ( September 1971 ) , the Transit Agreement ( May 1972 ) , and the Basic Treaty ( December 1972 ) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both states joining the United Nations , in September 1973 . The two German states exchanged permanent representatives in 1974 , and , in 1987 , East German head of state Erich Honecker paid an official visit to West Germany . The reunification of East Germany and West Germany ( edit ) Main article : German reunification Background ( edit ) International plans for the unification of Germany were made during the early years following the establishment of the two states , but to no avail . In March 1952 , the Soviet government proposed the Stalin Note to hold elections for a united German assembly while making the proposed united Germany a neutral state , i.e. a neutral state approved by the people , similar to the Austrians ' approval of a neutral Austria . The Western Allied governments refused this initiative , while continuing West Germany 's integration into the Western alliance system . The issue was raised again during the Foreign Ministers ' Conference in Berlin in January -- February 1954 , but the western powers refused to make Germany neutral . Following Bonn 's adherence to NATO on 9 May 1955 , such initiatives were abandoned by both sides . During the summer of 1989 , rapid changes took place in East Germany , which ultimately led to German reunification . Widespread discontent boiled over , following accusations of large scale vote - rigging during the local elections of May 1989 . Growing numbers of East Germans emigrated to West Germany via Hungary after the Hungarians decided not to use force to stop them . Thousands of East Germans also tried to reach the West by staging sit - ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals . The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change , and mass demonstrations ( Monday demonstrations ) with eventually hundreds of thousands of people in several cities -- particularly in Leipzig -- continued to grow . On 7 October , the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Berlin to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany and urged the East German leadership to pursue reform , without success . The movement of civil resistance against the East German regime -- both the emigration and the demonstrations -- continued unabated . On 18 October , Erich Honecker was forced to resign as head of the SED and as head of state and was replaced by Egon Krenz . But the exodus continued unabated , and pressure for political reform mounted . On 4 November , a demonstration in East Berlin drew as many as 1 million East Germans . Finally , on 9 November 1989 , the Berlin Wall was opened , and East Germans were allowed to travel freely . Thousands poured through the wall into the western sectors of Berlin , and on 12 November , East Germany began dismantling it . On 28 November , West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined the 10 - Point Plan for the peaceful unification of the two German states , based on free elections in East Germany and a unification of their two economies . In December , the East German Volkskammer eliminated the SED monopoly on power , and the entire Politbüro and Central Committee -- including Krenz -- resigned . The SED changed its name to the Party of Democratic Socialism ( PDS ) and the formation and growth of numerous political groups and parties marked the end of the communist system . Prime Minister Hans Modrow headed a caretaker government which shared power with the new , democratically oriented parties . On 7 December 1989 , an agreement was reached to hold free elections in May 1990 and rewrite the East German constitution . On 28 January , all the parties agreed to advance the elections to 18 March , primarily because of an erosion of state authority and because the East German exodus was continuing apace ; more than 117,000 left in January and February 1990 . In early February 1990 , the Modrow government 's proposal for a unified , neutral German state was rejected by Chancellor Kohl , who affirmed that a unified Germany must be a member of NATO . Finally , on 18 March , the first free elections were held in East Germany , and a government led by Lothar de Maizière ( CDU ) was formed under a policy of expeditious unification with West Germany . The freely elected representatives of the Volkskammer held their first session on 5 April , and East Germany peacefully evolved from a communist to a democratically elected government . Free and secret communal ( local ) elections were held in the GDR on 6 May , and the CDU again won most of the available seats . On 1 July , the two German states entered into an economic and monetary union . Treaty negotiations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During 1990 , in parallel with internal German developments , the Four Powers -- the Allies of World War II , being the United States , United Kingdom , France , and the Soviet Union -- together with the two German states negotiated to end Four Power reserved rights for Berlin and Germany as a whole . These `` Two - plus - Four '' negotiations were mandated at the Ottawa Open Skies conference on 13 February 1990 . The six foreign ministers met four times in the ensuing months in Bonn ( 5 May ) , Berlin ( 22 June ) , Paris ( 17 July ) , and Moscow ( 12 September ) . The Polish Foreign Minister participated in the part of the Paris meeting that dealt with the Polish - German borders . Overcoming Soviet objections to a united Germany 's membership in NATO was of key importance . This was accomplished in July when the alliance , led by President George H.W. Bush , issued the London Declaration on a transformed NATO . On 16 July , President Gorbachev and Chancellor Kohl announced the agreement in principle on a united Germany in NATO . This cleared the way for the signing in Moscow , on 12 September , of the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany -- in effect the peace treaty that was anticipated at the end of World War II . In addition to terminating Four Power rights , the treaty mandated the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Germany by the end of 1994 , made clear that the current borders ( especially the Oder - Neisse line ) were viewed as final and definitive , and specified the right of a united Germany to belong to NATO . It also provided for the continued presence of British , French , and American troops in Berlin during the interim period of the Soviet withdrawal . In the treaty , the Germans renounced nuclear , biological , and chemical weapons and stated their intention to reduce the ( combined ) German armed forces to 370,000 within 3 to 4 years after the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , signed in Paris on 19 November 1990 , entered into force . The conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for the unification of East and West Germany . Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990 , preceded by the GDR declaring its accession to the Federal Republic through Article 23 of West Germany 's Basic Law ( meaning that constitutionally , East Germany was subsumed into West Germany ) ; but affected in strict legality through the subsequent Unification Treaty of 30 August 1990 , which was voted into their constitutions by both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer on 20 September 1990 . These votes simultaneously extinguished the GDR and affected fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law ( including the repeal of the very Article 23 under which the GDR had recently declared its post-dated accession ) . On 2 December 1990 , all - German elections were held for the first time since 1933 . The `` new '' country stayed the same as the West German legal system and institutions were extended to the east . The unified nation kept the name Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( though the simple ' Deutschland ' would become increasingly common ) and retained the West German `` Deutsche Mark '' for currency as well . Berlin would formally become the capital of the united Germany , but the political institutions remained at Bonn for the time being . Only after a heated 1991 debate did the Bundestag conclude on moving itself and most of the government to Berlin as well , a process that took until 1999 to complete , when the Bundestag held its first session at the reconstructed Reichstag building . Many government departments still maintain sizable presences in Bonn as of 2008 . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : New states of Germany To this day , there remain vast differences between the former East Germany and West Germany ( for example , in lifestyle , wealth , political beliefs , and other matters ) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly . The eastern German economy has struggled since unification , and large subsidies are still transferred from west to east . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Wachsmann , Nikolaus ( 2015 ) . KL ; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little , Brown . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 551 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Chris ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` Germany 1945 - 1949 : a case study in post-conflict reconstruction '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Penguin Books . pp. 402 ff . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028696 - 9 . Jump up ^ Uniting Germany : documents and debates , 1944 - 1993 . Jarausch , Konrad Hugo. , Gransow , Volker . Providence : Berghahn Books . 1994 . p. 1 . ISBN 9781571810113 . OCLC 30624400 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 557 . Jump up ^ Alrich , Amy ( 2004 ) . `` An Exploration of the Inner Landscape of Experience '' . H - Net Reviews . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 556 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 558 . Jump up ^ Biddiscombe , Perry ( 2001 ) . `` Dangerous Liaisons : The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria , 1945 -- 1948 '' . Journal of Social History . 34 ( 3 ) : 619 . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry Jr ( September 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany '' . President 's Secretary 's Files ( PSF ) , German Diplomatic Files , Jan. -- Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Digital Archives . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after its surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . ( ... ) Within a short period , if possible not longer than 6 months after the cessation of hostilities , all industrial plants and equipment not destroyed by military action shall either be completely dismantled and removed from the ( Ruhr ) area or completely destroyed . All equipment shall be removed from the mines and the mines shall be thoroughly wrecked . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . p. 233 . Jump up ^ Petrov , Vladimir ( 1967 ) . Money and conquest ; allied occupation currencies in World War II . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 228 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Gareau , Frederick H. ( June 1961 ) . `` Morgenthau 's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 14 ( 2 ) : 517 -- 534 . doi : 10.2307 / 443604 . Jump up ^ Wallich , Henry C. ( 1955 ) . Mainsprings of the German Revival . p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` ECONOMICS : Cornerstone of Steel '' . Time Magazine . 21 January 1946 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Cost of Defeat '' . Time Magazine . 8 April 1946 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Herbert ( March 1947 ) . `` The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report 3 '' . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Balabkins , Nicholas ( 1964 ) . Germany Under Direct Controls ; Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945 -- 1948 . Rutgers University Press . p. 119 . The two quotes used by Balabkins are referenced to respectively : A Year of Potsdam : The German Economy Since the Surrender . U.S. Office of Military Government . 1946 . p. 70 . and The German Forest Resources Survey . U.S. Office of Military Government . 1948 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Ray Salvatore ( May 2003 ) . `` The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Peaceworks . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time Magazine . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bark , Dennis L. ; Gress , David R. ( 1989 ) . A History of West Germany : From Shadow to Substance. 1 . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ `` French proposal regarding the detachment of German industrial regions '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 8 September 1945 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Amos ( July 1955 ) . `` The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 17 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 358 . doi : 10.1017 / s0034670500014261 . Jump up ^ Stern , Susan ( 2001 , 2007 ) . `` Marshall Plan 1947 -- 1997 A German View '' . Germany Info . German Embassy 's Department for Press , Information and Public Affairs , Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . There is another reason for the Plan 's continued vitality . It has transcended reality and become a myth . To this day , a truly astonishing number of Germans ( and almost all advanced high school students ) have an idea what the Marshall Plan was , although their idea is very often very inaccurate . ( ... ) Many Germans believe that the Marshall Plan was alone responsible for the economic miracle of the Fifties . And when scholars come along and explain that reality was far more complex , they are skeptical and disappointed . They should not be . For the Marshall Plan certainly did play a key role in Germany 's recovery , albeit perhaps more of a psychological than a purely economic one . Check date values in : year = ( help ) Jump up ^ Walker , C. Lester ( October 1946 ) . `` Secrets By The Thousands '' . Harper 's Magazine . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. The Russians in Germany . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Note : The $10 billion compares to the U.S. annual GDP of $258 billion in 1948 . It also compares to the total Marshall plan expenditure ( 1948 -- 1952 ) of $13 billion , of which Germany received $1 , 4 billion ( partly as loans ) . ^ Jump up to : Bessel , Richard ( 2009 ) . Germany 1945 : From War to Peace . Jump up ^ Hitchcock , , William I. ( 2008 ) . The Bitter Road to Freedom : The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe . pp. 205 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wiggers , Richard Dominic . `` The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II '' . In Vardy , Steven Bela ; Tooley , T. Hunt . Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 995 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , S.P. ( September 1994 ) . `` The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II '' . The Journal of Modern History . 66 ( 3 ) : 487 -- 520 . doi : 10.1086 / 244883 . Jump up ^ Tjersland , Jonas ( 8 April 2006 ) . `` Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere '' ( German soldiers used for mine - clearing ) ( in Norwegian ) . VG Nett . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Harvard University Press . pp. 132 , 133 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hitchcock , William I . The Struggle for Europe The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945 to the Present . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49799 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Informationen für Politische Bildung ( in German ) ( 256 ) . 1997 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ludtke , Alf ( 1993 ) . `` ' Coming to Terms with the Past ' : Illusions of Remembering , Ways of Forgetting Nazism in West Germany '' . The Journal of Modern History . 65 . doi : 10.1086 / 244674 . ^ Jump up to : Burleigh , Michael ; Wippermann , Wolfgang ( 1991 ) . The Racial State : Germany 1933 - 1945 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Wette , Wolfram ( 2006 ) , The Wehrmacht : History , Myth , Reality , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , p. 235 Jump up ^ Bartov , Omer ( 2004 ) . `` Celluloid Soldiers : Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht '' . In Erickson , Ljubica ; Erickson , Mark . Russia War , Peace , and Diplomacy . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Frei , Norbert ( 1996 ) . Vergangenheitspolitik : Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS - Vergangenheit . C.H. Beck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 63661 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Exorcising Hitler . London : Bloomsbury Press . p. 371 . ^ Jump up to : Fulford , Robert ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How the Auschwitz Trial failed '' . National Post . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraushaar , Wolfgang ( 1998 ) . Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung ( Frankfurt School and the Student Movement ) ( in German ) . 2 . Rogner und Bernhard . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Denso , Christian ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` Gefangen in der Geschichte '' . ZEIT ONLINE ( in German ) . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Otte , Max ; Greve , Jürgen ( 2000 ) . A rising middle power ? : German foreign policy in transformation , 1989 -- 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Buchanan 'S Response To Norman Podhoretz 'S Op - Ed '' . Wall Street Journal . Internet Archive. 5 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahlenspiegel ein Vergleich Bundesrepublik Deutschland Deutsche Demokratische Republik Ministerium für Innerdeutsche Beziehungen ( in German ) . 1973 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steininger . Deutsch Geschichte 1945 -- 1961 . 2 . Jump up ^ Maier , Charles S. ( 2009 ) . `` Civil Resistance and Civil Society : Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989 '' . In Roberts , Adam ; Ash , Timothy Garton . Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford University Press . pp. 260 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Kommers , Donald P ( 2012 ) , The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany , Duke University Presss , p. 309 Works cited Fulbrook , Mary . ( 1 ) `` The Two Germanies , 1945 -- 90 '' ( ch. 7 ) and `` The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990 '' ( ch. 8 ) in A Concise History of Germany ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) : 203 -- 249 ; 249 -- 257 . Jean Edward Smith , Germany Beyond The Wall : People , Politics , and Prosperity , Boston : Little , Brown , & Company , 1969 . Jean Edward Smith , Lucius D. Clay : An American Life , New York : Henry , Holt , & Company , 1990 . Jean Edward Smith , The Defense of Berlin , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1963 . Jean Edward Smith , The Papers of Lucius D. Clay , 2 Vols. , Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1974 . David H Childs , Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson , West Germany : Politics And Society , Croom Helm , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 0702 - 8 David H Childs , The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge , 2000 . ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) Ahonen , Pertti . `` Germany and the Aftermath of the Second World War . '' Journal of Modern History 89 # 2 ( 2017 ) : 355 - 387 . Bark , Dennis L. , and David R. Gress . A History of West Germany Vol 1 : From Shadow to Substance , 1945 -- 1963 ( 1992 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16787 - 7 ; vol 2 : Democracy and Its Discontents 1963 -- 1988 ( 1992 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16788 - 4 Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book online Bernhard , Michael . `` Democratization in Germany : A Reappraisal . '' Comparative Politics 33 # 4 ( 2001 ) : 379 - 400 . in JSTOR Bessel , Richard . Germany 1945 : From War to Peace ( Harper Collins Publishers , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 054036 - 4 Davis , Franklin M. , Jr . Come as Conqueror : The United States Army 's Occupation of Germany , 1945 - 49 ( Macmillan , 1967 ) . Hanrieder , Wolfram F. Germany , America , Europe : Forty Years of German Foreign Policy ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 04022 - 9 Jarausch , Konrad H. After Hitler : Recivilizing Germans , 1945 -- 1995 ( 2008 ) Junker , Detlef , ed . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War ( 2 vol 2004 ) , 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945 -- 1990 excerpt and text search vol 1 ; excerpt and text search vol 2 Lovelace , Alexander G ( 2013 ) . `` Trends in the Western Historiography of the United States ' Occupation of Germany '' . International Bibliography of Military History . 33 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 163 . doi : 10.1163 / 22115757 - 03302004 . Merritt , Anna J. , and Richard L. Merritt . Public opinion in occupied Germany : the OMGUS surveys , 1945 - 1949 ( University of Illinois Press , 1970 ) , OMGUS polls . Miller , Paul D ( 2013 ) . `` A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany , 1945 -- 1955 '' . Small Wars & Insurgencies. 24 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 759 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592318.2013. 857935 . Schwarz , Hans - Peter . Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction ( 2 vol 1995 ) excerpt and text search vol 2 ; also full text vol 1 ; and full text vol 2 Smith , Jean Edward . Lucius D. Clay : An American Life ( 1990 ) , a major scholarly biography Smith , Gordon , ed , Developments in German Politics ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1266 - 2 , broad survey of reunified nation Weber , Jurgen . Germany , 1945 -- 1990 ( Central European University Press , 2004 ) online edition Ziemke , Earl Frederick ( 1975 ) . The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany : 1944 - 1946 . Government Printing Office . , the official Army history GDR ( edit ) Fulbrook , Mary . Anatomy of a Dictatorship : Inside the GDR , 1949 -- 1989 ( 1998 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. and Eve Duffy . Dictatorship As Experience : Towards a Socio - Cultural History of the GDR ( 1999 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. , and Volker Gransow , eds . Uniting Germany : Documents and Debates , 1944 -- 1993 ( 1994 ) , primary sources on reunification Pritchard , Gareth . The Making of the GDR , 1945 -- 53 ( 2004 ) Ross , Corey . The East German Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR ( 2002 ) Steiner , André . The Plans That Failed : An Economic History of East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 ( 2010 ) External links ( edit ) East Germany portal Germany portal Germany at the onset of the cold war James F. Byrnes , Speaking Frankly ( The division of Germany ) The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report No. 1 ( 1947 ) The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report 3 ( 1947 ) The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler Contemporary History maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam ( in German ) Special German series 2 . The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states , 29 March 1945 . The overlooked majority : German women in the four zones of occupied Germany , 1945 -- 1949 , a comparative study East Berlin , Past and Present Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II . Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces , including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S. - style democracy to Germany . Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war , efforts at political , economic and cultural development , and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation . For representation of the German Partition in literature , one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy 's `` Das Bewusstsein für die Wand : A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature '' , in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly ( ISSN 0972 - 6373 ; ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1747 - 1 ) 11 ( 2 ) , April -- June 2012 : 157 -- 68 . In his `` Patriots in Fremden Landern : 1939 - 45 German Émigré Literature '' , collected in Writing Difference : Nationalism , Identity , and Literature , edited by G.N. Ray , J. Sarkar , and A. Bhattacharyya , and published by the New Delhi - based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1938 - 3 ; pages - 367 - 90 ) , Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity - crisis . Post-World War II Posters from Germany , 1945 - 1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress Chronology of the East - West - German division hide Germany articles History Timeline Historiography Military history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire Ostsiedlung ( East Colonisation ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Nazi Germany World War II Divided Germany Allied occupation Flight and expulsions East Germany West Germany Reunification Reunified Germany Geography Administrative divisions States Districts Cities and towns Earthquakes Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Bundestag Bundesrat Bundeswehr ( military ) Cabinet Chancellor Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement Political parties President Economy Agriculture Automobile industry Banking Central bank Chemical Triangle Economic history Energy Exports German model German states by GDP Manufacturing Mining Mittelstand companies Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Welfare Society Crime Demographics Drug policy Education Germans Ethnic groups Healthcare Immigration Pensions Religion Social issues Culture Anthem Architecture Art Arts Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Cultural icons Dance Fashion Festivals Flag Language Literature Internet Media Music Names Philosophy Prussian virtues Sport Television World Heritage Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Germany_(1945 -- 90 ) &oldid = 845815827 '' Categories : Cold War history of Germany Contemporary German history 20th century in Germany by period Aftermath of World War II in Germany Partition ( politics ) East Germany West Germany 1940s in Germany 1950s in Germany 1960s in Germany 1970s in Germany 1980s in Germany History of Germany by period Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Articles with dead external links from May 2012 CS1 errors : dates CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages using Infobox bilateral relations with deprecated parameters NPOV disputes from April 2017 All NPOV disputes All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 10 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who agreed to divide germany into zones at the end of ww2	[ "At the Potsdam Conference (17 July to 2 August 1945), after Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945,[6] the Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones — France in the southwest, Britain in the northwest, the United States in the south, and the Soviet Union in the east, bounded eastwards by the Oder-Neisse line. At Potsdam these four zones in total were denoted as 'Germany as a whole', and the four Allied Powers exercised the sovereign authority they now claimed within Germany in agreeing 'in principle' the future transfer of lands of the former German Reich east of 'Germany as a whole' to Poland and the Soviet Union.[7] These eastern areas were notionally placed under Polish and Soviet administration pending a final peace treaty (which was not formalized until 1990, 45 years later); but in actuality were promptly reorganized as organic parts of their respective sovereign states." ]	[ "the Allies" ]
7063500449393532589	The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2	The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 - Wikipedia The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Jump to : navigation , search The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Francis Lawrence Produced by Nina Jacobson Jon Kilik Screenplay by Peter Craig Danny Strong Based on Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins Starring Jennifer Lawrence Josh Hutcherson Liam Hemsworth Woody Harrelson Elizabeth Banks Julianne Moore Philip Seymour Hoffman Jeffrey Wright Stanley Tucci Donald Sutherland Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Jo Willems Edited by Alan Edward Bell Mark Yoshikawa Production company Color Force Distributed by Lionsgate Films Release date November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) ( Berlin premiere ) November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $653.4 million The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 is a 2015 American dystopian science fiction adventure film directed by Francis Lawrence , with a screenplay by Peter Craig and Danny Strong . It is the fourth and final installment in The Hunger Games film series , and the second of two films based on the novel Mockingjay , the final book in The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins . Produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , and distributed by Lionsgate , the film features an ensemble cast that includes Jennifer Lawrence , Josh Hutcherson , Liam Hemsworth , Woody Harrelson , Elizabeth Banks , Julianne Moore , Philip Seymour Hoffman , and Donald Sutherland . Hoffman died in February 2014 , making Mockingjay -- Part 2 his final film role . Principal photography on both parts of the film began on September 23 , 2013 in Atlanta , before moving to Paris for two weeks of back - to - back filming and officially concluding on June 20 , 2014 , in Berlin and at Babelsberg Studios , Germany . The story continues from The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 with Katniss Everdeen ( Jennifer Lawrence ) preparing to win the war against President Snow ( Donald Sutherland ) and the tyrannical Capitol . Together with Peeta , Gale , Finnick , and others she travels to the Capitol to kill Snow . However , President Coin ( Julianne Moore ) , the leader of District 13 and the rebellion , hides a bigger agenda that could not only jeopardize Katniss ' life , but the future of Panem . Mockingjay -- Part 2 was released on November 20 , 2015 in the United States , in 2D and IMAX , and internationally in 2D , 3D , RealD Cinema , and IMAX 3D in select territories ; it is the only film in the series widely released in 3D . Falling below expectations internationally and domestically with a $102.7 million gross during its opening weekend in North America , the film had the sixth - biggest opening in 2015 , but held at number one at the international box office for four consecutive weekends . The film grossed over $653 million worldwide , making it the lowest - grossing of the four films in the franchise , but still a commercial success . Part 2 was positively received by critics for its performances , screenplay , and action sequences , though it was criticized for splitting the final adaptation into two separate parts . The film had garnered a nomination for Best Fantasy Film at the 42nd Saturn Awards . For her part , Jennifer Lawrence was awarded as the Favorite Movie Actress at the 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards and Best Hero at the 2016 MTV Movie Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Score 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.1. 1 North America 7.1. 2 Outside North America 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Katniss Everdeen is recovering after being attacked by Peeta Mellark , who has been brainwashed by the Capitol . Despite her intention to kill President Snow , Katniss ' request is declined by Alma Coin , as she is too valuable to risk losing . However , Katniss volunteers to be sent to District 2 , the final district still controlled by the Capitol . 13 's air force launches a full - scale bombing on a mountain nicknamed The Nut , which houses the Capitol 's main weaponry and air force , with few survivors . Although Katniss manages to convince the district to join the rebellion , she is shot by the one of the survivors who is then gunned down ; Katniss survives the gunshot wound due to her bulletproof Mockingjay costume . At the wedding of Finnick Odair and Annie Cresta , Katniss is convinced by Johanna Mason to sneak aboard a supply ship leaving for the Capitol . Unable to bring her back , Coin has her assigned to the `` Star Squad '' , which is led by Boggs and includes Gale , Finnick , Cressida , Messalla , Castor , Pollux , Leegs 1 and 2 , Mitchell , and Homes . They will follow in relative safety behind the actual invasion of the Capitol , providing video of their incursion for propaganda purposes . Boggs carries a holographic map ( the `` Holo '' ) to help them evade known booby - trapped `` pods '' which line the streets of the Capitol . Coin also sends Peeta to join the squad , even though he has not fully recovered from the Capitol 's conditioning . As they venture deeper into the Capitol , Boggs accidentally triggers a land mine and is fatally wounded , giving the Holo to Katniss before dying . The squad triggers another pod which releases a flood of lethal black tar . Peeta momentarily succumbs to his conditioning and attacks Katniss , killing Mitchell in the process . The group takes shelter in an abandoned building , where Jackson , the second - in - command , attempts to commandeer the Holo , until Katniss says that she is under secret orders from Coin to kill Snow . Katniss and most of the group escape just before a squad of Peacekeepers arrive and destroy the building , killing the Leegs twins after they had earlier stayed behind . The Capitol then broadcasts a message with Caesar Flickerman announcing Katniss 's death before Snow starts to make a speech against the rebellion , which is interrupted by Coin , who delivers an impassioned eulogy for her to rally the rebels . Castor decides to have them go through the sewers to avoid getting detected by the Capitol 's forces , having Pollux show the way down . The team manages to avoid further pods , but they are attacked by a horde of genetically engineered creatures called `` mutts '' when Snow finds out that they are still alive . Jackson , Castor , and Homes are killed as the squad flees through the sewers . Finnick fights off the mutts with his trident and pocket - knife to allow the rest of the team to escape , but they overwhelm him and Katniss is forced to set the Holo 's self - destruct , killing Finnick and the remaining mutts . While running from pursuing Peacekeepers , Messalla is melted by a pod . The surviving team members reach the surface and take refuge in a shop , where Tigris , a former Hunger Games stylist and rebel sympathizer , hides them in her basement . As rebel forces gain ground , Snow invites fleeing Capitol citizens into his mansion for protection . Katniss and Gale join the crowd , posing as refugees . As rebels arrive and attack , Peacekeepers capture Gale and herd Capitol children toward the palace gates . A hovercraft with Capitol markings flies overhead and drops small parcels into the crowd . The parcels explode , killing and injuring many people . A team of rebel medics attempt to help the injured , including Katniss 's sister Prim . As Katniss rushes forward , a second wave of bombs detonate , killing Prim and knocking Katniss unconscious . Upon recovering , Katniss learns the Capitol has been conquered and that Snow is captured . When Katniss confronts Snow in his greenhouse , he explains that Coin orchestrated the bombing using a Capitol hovercraft to make it look like he would kill their children and to turn his soldiers against him . Katniss disbelieves Snow until he reminds her that they promised not to lie to each other . She realizes that the incident resembles a trap that Gale had developed earlier . When Gale does n't deny that it may have been based on his idea , Katniss becomes heartbroken and cuts all ties with him . Coin declares herself as the interim President of Panem and invites the remaining Hunger Games victors to vote on a proposal to have another Hunger Games using the children of the Capitol as a symbolic gesture to satisfy the districts . Peeta , Beetee and Annie disagree with the idea , while Johanna and Enobaria agree . Katniss votes yes in exchange for the right to publicly execute Snow and to avenge her sister 's death , having realized that Snow was telling the truth about Coin in the process . Haymitch considers the situation and then swings the vote in favor . At the execution , Katniss kills Coin instead of Snow , thus avenging Prim . A riot ensues and , after Peeta stops her from committing suicide via pills , Katniss is taken into custody while witnessing Snow get beaten to death by charging rebels . Once it is all over , Katniss receives a letter from Plutarch Heavensbee on her actions and is assured that she will eventually be pardoned by the newly appointed President of Panem for her crime and will be able to return to District 12 once the dissension quiets . At District 12 she is joined by Peeta , who has recovered from his condition . Commander Paylor is elected the new President of Panem , and Katniss , Peeta , and Haymitch bond over their shared trauma . In the epilogue years later , Katniss and Peeta play with their two children , and Katniss realizes she made the right choice when she tells her infant that `` there are much worse games to play . '' Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Hunger Games cast members For character descriptions from the novels , see List of The Hunger Games characters . Jennifer Lawrence made her final appearance as Katniss Everdeen in the film Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen Josh Hutcherson as Peeta Mellark Liam Hemsworth as Gale Hawthorne Woody Harrelson as Haymitch Abernathy Elizabeth Banks as Effie Trinket Julianne Moore as President Alma Coin Donald Sutherland as President Coriolanus Snow Philip Seymour Hoffman as Plutarch Heavensbee Willow Shields as Primrose Everdeen Sam Claflin as Finnick Odair Natalie Dormer as Cressida Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman Jena Malone as Johanna Mason Jeffrey Wright as Beetee Latier Mahershala Ali as Boggs Wes Chatham as Castor Michelle Forbes as Lieutenant Jackson Elden Henson as Pollux Patina Miller as Commander Paylor Evan Ross as Messalla Stef Dawson as Annie Cresta Paula Malcomson as Mrs. Everdeen Meta Golding as Enobaria Gwendoline Christie as Commander Lyme Omid Abtahi as Homes Eugenie Bondurant as Tigris Misty and Kim Ormiston as Leeg 1 and Leeg 2 Joe Chrest as Mitchell Sarita Choudhury as Egeria Theodore and Bear Lawrence as the Everdeen / Mellark children Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) On July 10 , 2012 , Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation of Mockingjay would be split into two parts ; The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 , released on November 21 , 2014 , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 , released November 20 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2012 , Francis Lawrence , director of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , announced that he would return to direct both final films in the series . Talking about direction for last two parts Francis explains , `` I felt a different kind of pressure , '' he explains . `` ( On ' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' ) , I had to prove myself a little bit as the new guy in the game . It was a relief that it was received well by the fans . Even though I was relieved , it was only momentary ; it sort of set the bar higher for the next one ! . '' On December 6 , 2012 , Danny Strong announced that he would write the third and fourth films . On February 15 , 2013 , Lionsgate approved the script for Part 1 and gave Strong permission to write that of Part 2 . In August , Hemsworth confirmed that shooting of the film would begin the following month . The film 's production began on September 16 , 2013 , in Boston , Atlanta , and Los Angeles . Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film . On November 13 , 2013 , producer Nina Jacobson revealed that Peter Craig was also hired to write the adaptations . The film carried a production budget of $160 million with a further $55 million spent on promotion and advertisements , and $13.9 million in television advertisements . Casting ( edit ) See also : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 § Casting Philip Seymour Hoffman plays Plutarch Heavensbee in his final appearance before his death in 2014 . All the principal cast such as Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss , Josh Hutcherson as Peeta , Liam Hemsworth as Gale , Woody Harrelson as Haymitch , Donald Sutherland as President Snow , Elizabeth Banks as Effie , Willow Shields as Prim , Paula Malcomson as Mrs Everdeen and Stanley Tucci as Caesar , return to reprise their roles . Julianne Moore also returned to reprise her role as President Alma Coin , along with Philip Seymour Hoffman , who died during the filming in February 2014 , as Plutarch . He had nearly completed his scenes , and his two remaining scenes were rewritten to compensate for his absence . Regarding Hoffman 's scenes , Lawrence commented that , `` He had two substantial scenes left and the rest were appearances in other scenes . We had no intention of trying to fake a performance , so we rewrote those scenes to give to other actors ... The rest , we just did n't have him appear in those scenes . There 's no digital manipulation or CG fabrication of any kind . '' One of the changed scenes saw the character of Plutarch sending Katniss a letter in prison , read by Haymitch , rather than coming himself to talk to her after her arrest for assassinating President Coin , explained as him being unable to see her for political reasons after her actions , which he nonetheless supports . On August 26 , 2013 , it was announced that actress Stef Dawson had joined the cast to portray Annie Cresta . Lionsgate announced on September 13 , 2013 , that Julianne Moore joined the cast to play President Alma Coin . The same month , Lily Rabe , Patina Miller , Mahershala Ali , Wes Chatham , and Elden Henson were announced to have joined the cast. to reprise their roles of Commander Lyme , Commander Paylor , Boggs , Castor , and Pollux , respectively . During this time , there was also a casting call for extras . Rabe subsequently had to leave the film due to a scheduling conflict with the 2014 Shakespeare in the Park production of Much Ado About Nothing . On April 4 , 2014 , it was announced that she would be replaced by Gwendoline Christie to portray Lyme . Filming ( edit ) Filming scenes for District 2 at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in May 2014 . Principal photography began on September 23 , 2013 , in Atlanta , and concluded on June 20 , 2014 , in Berlin , Germany ; the two parts were filmed back - to - back . In October 2013 , filming took place in Rockmart , Georgia . After the cast and crew took a break to promote The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , filming resumed on December 2 , 2013 . On December 14 , 2013 , shooting was held at the Marriott Marquis in Atlanta . On December 18 , shooting began at Caldwell Tanks in Newnan , Georgia . Philip Seymour Hoffman , who plays Plutarch Heavensbee , died on February 2 , 2014 . He had completed filming his scenes for Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2 ; Lionsgate thereafter released a statement affirming that since the majority of Hoffman 's scenes had been completed , the release date for Part 2 would not be affected . It was initially announced that Hoffman would be digitally recreated for a major scene involving his character that had not been shot , but Francis Lawrence later stated that he had rewritten Hoffman 's two remaining scenes to compensate for the actor 's absence , and there would be `` no digital manipulation or CG fabrication of any kind '' . In a scene near the end of the film which was to have shown Plutarch speaking with Katniss in detention , Woody Harrelson 's character instead reads her a letter from him . Filming in Atlanta completed in mid-April 2014 , and production moved to Europe . On May 9 , filming took place in Noisy le Grand , Paris . It is the same location where Brazil ( 1985 ) was filmed 30 years earlier . Toward the end of May , the cast and crew shot scenes at several locations in Berlin and Brandenburg , Germany . In Rüdersdorf , Brandenburg , the crew shot scenes for the portrayal of District 8 in an old cement factory . Hemsworth was injured on the set and was brought to a doctor in the Berlin borough Mitte . Scenes for District 2 were shot at Berlin Tempelhof Airport . Scenes for the underground approach on the Capitol were filmed in the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel in Japan . A German casting agency sought 1,000 ethnically diverse extras ( African , Asian , Southern - European , and Turkish ) and `` lived faces '' to shoot scenes at the Babelsberg Film Studio . Music ( edit ) Score ( edit ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by James Newton Howard Released December 4 , 2015 Genre Soundtrack Label Republic James Newton Howard chronology The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Original Motion Picture Score ( 2014 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Original Motion Picture Score 2014 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2015 ) Concussion ( 2015 ) Concussion 2015 The film score was released on December 4 , 2015 . James Newton Howard returned to compose the film score ; unlike the previous films in the series , there is no additional pop companion album with songs inspired by the film . Jennifer Lawrence performed `` Deep in the Meadow '' , a lullaby that she sang in the first film . No . Title Length 1 . `` Prim Visits Peeta '' 1 : 25 2 . `` Send Me to District 2 '' 2 : 09 3 . `` Go Ahead , Shoot Me '' 4 : 58 4 . `` Stowaway '' 3 : 36 5 . `` Your Favorite Color Is Green '' 2 : 25 6 . `` Transfer Command '' 8 : 31 7 . `` Your Next Step '' 2 : 30 8 . `` The Holo '' 3 : 46 9 . `` Sewer Attack '' 8 : 00 10 . `` I Made It Up '' 1 : 28 11 . `` Mandatory Evacuation '' 3 : 14 12 . `` Rebels Attack '' 5 : 17 13 . `` Snow 's Mansion '' 5 : 16 14 . `` Symbolic Hunger Games '' 2 : 08 15 . `` Snow 's Execution '' 1 : 57 16 . `` Plutarch 's Letter '' 3 : 01 17 . `` Buttercup '' 1 : 09 18 . `` Primrose '' 3 : 16 19 . `` There Are Worse Games to Play / Deep in the Meadow / The Hunger Games Suite '' ( featuring Jennifer Lawrence ) 9 : 41 Total length : 60 : 13 Marketing ( edit ) Along with the film 's first teaser poster , Lionsgate released a teaser trailer on March 18 , 2015 , titled The Hunger Games Franchise Logo -- Remember , featuring the transformation of the Mockingjay , along with notable quotes from the previous three movies , as well as a quote from the new film . The teaser was also played at screenings of Lionsgate 's The Divergent Series : Insurgent . Scott Mendelson of Forbes noted the similarity of the teaser with that of The Dark Knight 's ( 2008 ) teaser , which also features just an animated logo of the film and select dialogue . On June 1 , a new teaser poster for the film , featuring a vandalised statue of President Snow , was revealed on the viral site TheCapitol.PN . On June 9 , the teaser trailer for the film was released . A series of different posters , featuring the main cast with red Mockingjays painted on their faces , was released in July by Lionsgate . Later in July 2015 , Lionsgate released a motion and teaser poster and propaganda video , followed by the film 's official trailer . In August , a poster was released stating `` 100 days until The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 '' . However , it was taken down shortly thereafter , as the text on the poster appeared to resemble a swear word due to layout . However , another `` bold and beautiful '' poster was released depicting Katniss standing on the shoulder of a fallen President Snow statue . In October 2015 , the first official clip and the final trailer were released , followed by the film 's theatrical posters . In October , fan sites revealed the first two TV spots . `` The Mockingjay App '' was revealed on October 20 . In certain parts of Israel , the poster which depicted the image of Katniss ( Lawrence ) aiming her bow and arrow was removed over concerns her image would offend ultra-conservative Jewish audiences . Instead , a fiery mockingjay in the poster 's background replaced Lawrence in marketing materials in multiple locations in Israel including Bnei Brak and West Jerusalem . Lionsgate did not comment on the Israeli marketing campaign . In Jerusalem , public posters with the image of a female are often torn down , while Bnei Brak does not allow posters with female images . Release ( edit ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 premiered in Los Angeles , at the L.A. Live , complex on November 16 , and in New York City on November 18 . It premiered internationally in Berlin on November 4 , in London November 5 , in Paris November 9 , in Madrid November 10 , and in Beijing November 12 . Due to the terrorist attacks in Paris on November 13 , Lionsgate scaled down its L.A. premiere , cancelling press interviews on the red carpet ( which was scheduled to last two hours ) . The stars mostly greeted fans and took a few photos before heading into the screening in Downtown Los Angeles . Mockingjay -- Part 2 was released on November 20 , 2015 in the United States and Canada . The film was originally scheduled to be released in 2D , Digital 3D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D , which would have made it the only film of the series to be globally released in 3D formats ; the previous film was released in 3D in China . It is the third film in the franchise to be released in IMAX , following the first and the second film with the exception of the third film . However , the decision to release the film in 3D and IMAX 3D in North America was revoked . Director Francis Lawrence discussed the decision , stating , `` I love the 3D format and I know that Mockingjay Part 2 will play perfectly in 3D and 2D internationally -- but I 'm pleased that we 're maintaining the 2D only ( and IMAX ) formats domestically . It is the best of all worlds ! '' . It was nevertheless released in 3D formats in overseas markets , including China . The film was also released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinemas , which is the first ever for Lionsgate . Internationally , it was released day - and - date across 87 countries , starting from November 18 , in certain markets like Belgium , Brazil , France and the Netherlands and on November 19 in Australia , Germany , Russia , Italy , and the United Kingdom , followed by China , Mexico , Japan , the United States , Canada , and 19 other markets , on November 20 , as part of the biggest movie rollout ever by Lionsgate . The only big territories where the film did not open on the same weekend are Spain , Greece and India , which released the movie on November 27 . Home Media ( edit ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 was released on Digital HD on March 8 , 2016 , and was followed by a Blu - ray and DVD release on March 22 , 2016 . It topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on March 27 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 fell short of expectations at the box office . It grossed a total of $281.7 million in the USA & Canada and $371.7 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $653.4 million . Its worldwide opening of $247.2 million is the twenty - seventh - biggest of all time . It is the lowest - grossing film in The Hunger Games film series , and the ninth highest - grossing film of 2015 , Lionsgate 's co-chairman Rob Friedman blamed the impact of the November 2015 Paris attacks as well as Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens for the film 's underwhelming performance in certain European countries and in the U.S. and Canada , further blaming the latter for cutting the film 's North American gross by as much as $50 -- 100 million . However , according to Deadline.com , this is untrue given how Mockingjay -- Part 2 had the lowest opening among the series and was already grossing behind Mockingjay -- Part 1 by $32.7 million or 12 % before The Force Awakens even opened . Thus , the November attacks in Paris did not noticeably affect the European release of Mockingjay -- Part 2 . And notably in China ( where the film grossed a dismal $21.5 million ) , the studio blamed The Martian and Spectre for the film 's underperformance there after facing competition with the two films along with Taiwanese film Our Times . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $134.3 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . North America ( edit ) In North America , according to pre-release trackings , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 was initially projected to earn around $120 -- 125 million in its opening weekend . However , estimates decreased to a mid - $110 million range once the film approached its opening day . It made $16 million from its Thursday night preview which is the lowest among the franchise but the third - biggest of 2015 , and $45.5 million on its opening day . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $102.7 million , finishing first at the box office but fell below expectations and becoming the lowest opening among the franchise . Sources attributed to the franchise - low opening to heavy winter weather hitting areas such as South Dakota , Michigan , and Chicago as well as Lionsgate 's decision to split the last novel into two separate pictures . Still , it is the fourth film in the Hunger Games film series to open with more than $100 million , and is 2015 's sixth - biggest opening , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Jurassic World , Avengers : Age of Ultron , Furious 7 , and Minions . IMAX comprised $8.5 million of the opening gross from 384 IMAX locations . The low opening of the film led to the decline of Lionsgate stock the day after its opening weekend . The film retained the top spot at the box office in the second weekend , declining 49.3 % and grossing $52 million . It topped the box office for the third consecutive weekend despite facing competition with the animated movie The Good Dinosaur and the horror comedy Krampus in its second and third weekend , respectively . In total , it held the No. 1 spot in the North American box office for four consecutive weekends ( even after facing competition with In the Heart of the Sea in its fourth weekend ) , becoming the first film since Furious 7 to top the box office for four straight weekends and the second film in The Hunger Games film series after 2012 's The Hunger Games to achieve this feat . Mockingjay -- Part 2 grossed a total of $281 million , 17 % less than Mockingjay -- Part 1 and when compared with its two other prequels is the lowest . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside North America , the film was released in a total of 92 countries . It was projected by many box office analysts to surpass the openings of all the previous Hunger Games film , considering it was the last installment , and that its release date was the same in 87 markets , including China ( the latter being a rare phenomenon ) . It was projected to gross around $165 -- 185 million . However , it ended up earning $144.5 million across 32,500 screens from 87 markets opening at No. 1 in 81 of them . The underperformance was attributed to the 2015 Paris terror attacks which affected many parts of Europe and the rising value of the U.S. dollar . Earning $62 million ( down 57 % ) and $30.05 million ( down 49 % ) in its second and third weekend , respectively , it topped the international box office for four consecutive weekends . The United Kingdom posted the highest opening with $17.1 million followed by China with $15.8 million , Germany ( $15 million ) , Mexico ( $8.9 million ) France ( $7.1 million ) , Australia ( $6.8 million ) , Brazil ( $6.8 million ) , Russia ( $6.7 million ) , Venezuela ( $5.6 million ) , and Italy ( $4.3 million ) . In China , it opened at No. 1 despite facing competition with Taiwanese film Our Times , and the continued run of Spectre and having an underperforming opening . It fell precipitously by 88.6 % in its second weekend , which is the worst second - weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015 . Notably in France , the opening was above expectations considering cinemagoers being affected by the Paris terror attacks and the heightened state of alert in Belgium at that time . It topped the United Kingdom and Ireland box office for four consecutive weekends which is a rare achievement and thereby becoming the first film since Les Misérables in 2013 to have four straight weeks of win at the UK box office . It is the highest - grossing film of 2015 in Colombia with $36 million . In terms of total earnings its largest markets are Germany ( $43.7 million ) and the United Kingdom ( $43.1 million ) , and Colombia ( $36 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 received generally positive reviews from critics , with praise for action sequences and performances but criticism for splitting the book into two separate adaptations . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 70 % , based on 235 reviews , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With the unflinchingly grim Mockingjay Part 2 , The Hunger Games comes to an exciting , poignant , and overall satisfying conclusion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Manohla Dargis from The New York Times praised Lawrence 's character saying , `` Katniss is the right heroine for these neo-feminist times . '' Stephen Whitty from New York Daily News said , `` ' Remember that line from the first ' Hunger Games ' film : `` May the odds be ever in your favor '' ? Yeah , well , that luck has run out ' . '' Lawrence , Hutcherson , and Sutherland received praise for their performances . The supporting cast 's performances , particularly Harrelson , Claflin , and Malone 's , were also highly praised , but critics felt their appearances were too brief . Several critics also commented on the film 's dark tone , even by comparison to its predecessors . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly remarked , `` With its political power struggles and prodigious body count , all rendered in a thousand shades of wintry greige , the movie feels less like teen entertainment than a sort of Hunger Games of Thrones . '' Robbie Collin awarded the film four out of five stars and called the film `` scorchingly tense '' . In his review for The Telegraph , he praised the film for `` being intense '' and lauded the performances of Lawrence and Hoffman . '' Benjamin Lee , writing for The Guardian , felt that `` the decision to split the final chapter of the dystopian saga into two chapters looms large over a frustratingly - paced mixture of thrilling action and surprisingly dark drama . '' He praised Jennifer Lawrence 's acting and Francis Lawrence 's direction and commented , `` The decision to turn a 390 - page book into over four hours ' worth of screen time ( and a bonus payday ) has resulted in a patchy end to a franchise that started so promisingly . '' Tom Huddleston of Time Out gave the film four out of five stars . He praised the ending of the film as `` genuinely powerful '' , and commented that `` this might be the most downbeat blockbuster in memory , a film that starts out pitiless and goes downhill from there , save for a fleeting glimmer of hope in the final moments . It 's a bold statement about the unforgiving nature of war , unashamedly political in its motives and quietly devastating in its emotional effect . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Female Action Star Jennifer Lawrence Nominated CLIO Key Art Awards Theatrical : Audio / Visual Creative Content -- Short Form Silver Theatrical : Audio / Visual Technique Motion Graphics Won Theatrical : Print Domestic One - Sheet Silver Theatrical : Print Motion Poster Bird Logo Motion Poster Silver Theatrical : Print Motion Poster The Revolution is About All of Us Bronze Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Fantasy Film Kurt and Bart Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Jennifer Lawrence Nominated Empire Awards Best Actress Jennifer Lawrence Nominated Best Sci - Fi Fantasy Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Fan Choice Awards Best Book - Adapted Movie Won Best Female Character Katniss Everdeen Nominated Best Couple in a Movie Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie Won Best Action Sequence Squad 451 vs. Lizard Mutts Won Georgia Film Critics Association Oglethorpe Award Francis Lawrence , Peter Craig and Danny Strong Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure Trailer Nominated Best Motion / Title Graphics Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Won Best Music TV Spot Nominated Best Action Poster & Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster Won Best Billboard Nominated Most Original Poster Nominated Best Action Poster Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Score - Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film James Newton Howard Won Best Song / Score - Trailer Dawn Won Outstanding Original Score Nominated Kid 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Jennifer Lawrence Won MTV Movie Awards Best Action Performance Jennifer Lawrence Nominated Best Hero Jennifer Lawrence Won Ensemble Cast Nominated NewNowNext Awards Next Must - See Movie Won Rembrandt Awards Best International Film ( Beste Buitenlandse Film ) Won Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated SFX Awards Best Film Won Best SF or Fantasy Film Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Jennifer Lawrence Won Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Josh Hutcherson Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Josh Hutcherson & Jennifer Lawrence Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Josh Hutcherson & Jennifer Lawrence Won Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Jena Malone Won Women Film Critics Circle Awards Best Female Images in a Movie Jennifer Lawrence Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : The Hob Interviews Frances Lawrence , Nina Jacobson & Jon Kilik at World Premiere '' . The Hob . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE HUNGER GAMES : MOCKINGJAY - PART 2 ( 2D ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 's running time is NOT 147 minutes '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Crushes Competition With $16 Million at Thursday Box Office '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Mockingjay '' Movie Starts Filming In Atlanta ; Jennifer Lawrence , Liam Hemsworth Spotted On `` The Hunger Games '' Set `` . ibtimes.com . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` No. 12 ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' : Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth complete the love triangle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ; Borys Kit ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Cast as Haymitch in ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks lands ' Hunger Games ' role : Effie Trinket '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julianne Moore Joins ' The Hunger Games ' '' . deadline.com . September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' : Donald Sutherland cast as President Snow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth . `` Philip Seymour Hoffman Cast As Plutarch Heavensbee in The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ceran , Ella ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` How Willow Shields Said Goodbye to Primrose Everdeen , Jennifer Lawrence , and the Hunger Games '' . teenvogue . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh . `` ' Catching Fire ' Casts Sam Claflin As Finnick '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' star Natalie Dormer cast as Cressida in ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jon Lyus , Jon ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Stanley Tucci on The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 '' . Hey U Guys . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jena Malone Chosen as Tribute for ' Catching Fire ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Krystal ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Wright Star in Mockingjay Part 1& 2 talks famous roles '' . blackamericaweb.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , Amy ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' Recruits Mahershala Ali As Boggs '' . Hollywood Crush . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wes Chatham , Elden Henson Join ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' Films '' . deadline.com . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' Adds Michelle Forbes ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway 's Patina Miller Joins ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay 1 & 2 ' '' . deadline.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' : Messalla cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Australian Actress Stef Dawson Joins ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paula Malcomson cast in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . Tbricker . Zap2it. April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 ' Cast Update : Gwendoline Christie to replace Lily Rabe as the Commander Lyme '' . VCpost. April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actress Gwendoline Christie Replacing Lily Rabe In ' Hunger Games ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lily Rabe was originally cast to play the role of Commander Lyme '' . londonfilmpremieres.com . londonfilmpremieres . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Omid Abtahi Cast as Homes in ' Mockingjay ' Part 2 '' . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kim & Misty Ormiston Cast as Leeg 1 & 2 in Mockingjay '' . September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingjay ' to be split into two movies , release dates announced '' . EW.com . July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Francis Lawrence to Direct Remainder of The Hunger Games Franchise with Two - Part Adaptation of Mockingjay '' . Collider.com . November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Lawrence : Directing ' Mockingjay ' was like ' wrangling puppies ' '' . Dave Lewis . November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Best of 2012 ( Behind the Scenes ) : ' Game Change ' ( and ' Mockingjay ' ) writer Danny Strong on his biggest year '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' Screenwriter Danny Strong to Begin Work on Part 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Hemsworth Talks ' Mockingjay , ' Confirms Filming Starts September '' . Mockingjay.net . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' to begin production in September '' . digitalspy.co.uk. April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meza , Ed ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Studio Babelsberg Braces for $3 Million Annual Loss '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Katniss Looks To Thrive During Holidays ; ' Night Before ' & ' Secret In Their Eyes ' Try To Survive -- B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Ccast and crew '' . Fandango . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Philip Seymour Hoffman Was Nearly Finished Shooting ' Hunger Games ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Will There Be More Hunger Games After Mockingjay Part 2 ? '' . Empire . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell Sean ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` How Philip Seymour Hoffman 's Death Changed The Hunger Games '' . Cine Blend . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lily Rabe Joins ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' Pics '' . deadline.com . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A new ' Mockingjay ' casting call for extras '' . accessatlanta.com . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Lily Rabe on Swamp Creatures , Choosing Shakespeare Over `` The Hunger Games '' and Avoiding Spoilers `` . playbill.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` CANNES : Jennifer Lawrence Dances and Sings at ' Hunger Games ' Party '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay '' filming in Rockmart , GA this week `` . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay '' seems to be filming at the Marriott Marquis in Atlanta tonight `` . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hartsell , Bradley ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` '' Hunger Games 3 '' Begins Filming At Caldwell Tanks `` . times-herald.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Celona , Larry ; Golding , Bruce ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Philip Seymour Hoffman found dead with needle in arm : cops '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` '' Hunger Games '' Studio Reacts To Philip Seymour Hoffman Death `` . MTV . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Natalie ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` '' Hunger Games '' to digitally recreate Hoffman `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Philip Seymour Hoffman 's Work In `` The Hunger Games : MockingJay Part 2 '' Will Be Finished Digitially `` . / Film . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will There Be More Hunger Games After Mockingjay Part 2 ? '' . Empire Online . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniell , Mark ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Philip Seymour Hoffman 's death changed ' Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Just wrapped Atlanta tweet by Just wrapped Atlanta '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Off to Europe ! tweet by Francis Lawrence '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berwah , Tanvi ( April 19 , 2014 ) . `` '' Mockingjay '' filming wraps up in Atlanta ; crew headed to Europe now `` . hunger-games.net . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prosser , Caroline ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence prepares her bow and arrow as Hunger Games filming continues in Paris '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flo ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Tournage d'Hunger Games 3 à Noisy le Grand '' . filmgeek.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carina Parke ; Ronja Brier . `` Liam Hemsworth Hollywood - Star humpelt zum Doc '' ( in German ) . Bild.de . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dreharbeiten auf dem Tempelhofer Feld '' ( in German ) . Berliner-Zeitung.de . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tribute von Panem '' in Babelsberg - 1000 Komparsen gesucht '' ( in German ) . Morgenpost.de . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the - hunger - games - mockingjay - part - 2 - soundtrack - album - cover - and - tracklist - unveiled - pre-order - now '' . Getmusicasia . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What 's On The ' Mockingjay , Part 2 ' Soundtrack ? It 's Full Of New Music From Panem '' . Sage Young . Bustle.com . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence Just Released a Brand New Song for the Hunger Games '' . Ella Ceran . teenvogue.co . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Hunger Games Director ' Coaxed ' Jennifer Lawrence to Record Another Song for Mockingjay -- Part 2 '' . Vulture.com . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Labrecque ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : See the final Hunger Games film 's teaser poster , the first spark of Mockingjay -- Part 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashley Lee ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay , Part 2 ' Logo , Echoing All the Franchise 's Highs ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 ' Teaser Trailer Mimics ' Dark Knight ' Teaser Share '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THECAPITOL.PN HACKED BY THE REBELS WITH NEW POSTER IMAGE OF RUINED SNOW STATUE '' . Quarter Quell . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mannie Holmes ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' Poster Accidentally Drops Expletive '' . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 ' poster shows President Snow statue crushed - Tech Insider '' . Tech Insider . August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob . `` Watch : Panem Goes to War in Final ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela . `` The New Hunger Games Poster Is Full of Hidden Messages '' . Wired . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran . `` The final ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' poster is FIRE '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Removed From ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay 2 ' Posters in Israel '' . = The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali Jafaar ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Dropped From ' Mockingjay ' Posters In Israeli Cities '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' L.A. Premiere Scales Back Due to Paris Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devan Coggan ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 cancels red carpet interviews in wake of Paris attacks '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay Part 2 ' L.A. Premiere Cancels Interviews After Paris Attacks '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Die Tribute Von Panem -- Mockingjay Teil 2 feiert Weltpremiere in Berlin ! '' . DigitaleLeinwand.de . September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Hunger Games ' Goes To China In 3D '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay , Part 2 ' To Get Imax 3D Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 ' Scraps 3D For American Theaters '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hunger Games , ' ' Pixels , ' ' Everest ' Among Upcoming Dolby Cinema Titles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Sets China Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hunger Games ' Eyes Ravenous $300 Million Global Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Samantha Highfill ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 sets home - video release dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' studio Lionsgate faces a challenge as its young - adult films lose their appeal '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE HUNGER GAMES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Plans 17 Films For 2017 , Says ' Star Wars ' Grabbed $50 M - $100 M From ' Mockingjay 2 ' ; Stock Falls 27 % '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Reaches Unprecedented Height At Domestic B.O. With $900 M , $2 B Worldwide '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Brussels Attacks : City Cinemas Close Following Twin Bombings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate Stock Plunges After ' Mockingjay 2 ' Disappoints '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' Finale Eyes Massive $125 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay 2 ' Targets $120 M - $125 M in U.S. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock , Rebecca Ford ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' Pacing Friday for Franchise - Low $110 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Flying To $104 M - $110 M , Lowest In ' Hunger Games ' Series But Still Great Business '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Medelson ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay 2 ' Scores Okay $16 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Flying To $104 M - $110 M , Lowest In ' Hunger Games ' Series But Still Great Business '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : Final ' Hunger Games ' movie opens on top '' . Associated Press . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` Was It Wise To Divide Up ' Mockingjay ' ? Finale 's $102.4 M Debut Is 5th Highest Of 2015 , But Lowest In Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : Final ' Hunger Games ' Opens to Series - Low $101 M in U.S. ; Earns $247 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Stock Down Slightly After Final ' Hunger Games ' Debut , Analysts Weigh In '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Mockingjay _ Part 2 ' tops ' The Good Dinosaur , ' ' Creed ' '' . Associated Press . November 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Finale Fends Off Spooky ' Krampus ' Flick '' . Associated Press . December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : Ron Howard 's ' Heart of the Sea ' Capsizes With $11 M U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' In the Heart of the Sea ' Runs Ashore Giving ' Mockingjay 2 ' Its Fourth Straight # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate stock plummets after ' Mockingjay 2 ' drives disappointing earnings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' Rules Roost ; ' Good Dinosaur ' Hatches With $29 M ; ' The Martian ' Lands $50 M In China -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Holdovers Top Chart ; ' Heart Of The Sea ' , ' Point Break ' See Small Swells -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' Lands At $144.5 M As China & Caution In Europe Squeeze Hwd -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Soars to $300 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Fritz ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay Part 2 ' Has Lowest Box - Office Opening of ' The Hunger Games ' Series '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Katniss Retakes No. 1 From China ' Surprise ' , ' Good Dinosaur ' In 3rd , ' Sea ' , 007 Round Out Top 5 -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Martian , ' ' Point Break ' Deliver 1 - 2 Import Punch to Four New Chinese Films '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( International Results ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Hateful Eight shoots up UK box office despite standoff over screenings '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Agustin Mango ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Latin America 's Film Industry Paradox : 5 Countries With Loud Fest Titles ( and Quiet Box Office Payoffs ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' , Local - Language & Family Pics Lead ; ' Sherlock ' Shines In Korea -- Intl B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 -- International Totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tracy Brown ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Katniss is the best reason to stick with ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 , ' reviews say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' Racks Up $16 M In Thursday Night Previews ; Current Global B.O. At $43 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Review : ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 , ' Katniss 's Final Battle '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ' is boring '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 review : ' scorchingly tense ' '' . The Telegraph . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 review : Jennifer Lawrence drags franchise through final round '' . Benjamin Lee . The Guardian . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 '' . Tom Huddleston . Time Out . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John . `` Jameson Empire Awards 2016 : Star Wars and Mad Max lead the nominations '' . Empire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for . `` Mad Max : Fury Road leads the pack at the 2016 Jameson Empire Awards '' . Metro . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Adele , more win big at 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved March 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ The 2016 MTV Movie Awards Nominations Announced Comingsoon.net , Retrieved March 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Briones , Isis . `` Even More Nominations for the 2016 Teen Choice Awards Are Here '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutThe Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 on IMDb The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 at AllMovie The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 at Box Office Mojo The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 at Rotten Tomatoes The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 at Metacritic The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games Category Films directed by Francis Lawrence Constantine ( 2005 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) Screenplays by Danny Strong Recount ( 2008 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) The Butler ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunger_Games:_Mockingjay_ -- _Part_2&oldid = 807483920 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films The Hunger Games ( film series ) 2015 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 2010s thriller films American films American 3D films American adventure drama films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Babelsberg Studio films Films about revenge Film scores by James Newton Howard Films directed by Francis Lawrence Films set in a fictional North American country Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Paris Films shot in Berlin IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Danny Strong Teen adventure films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is hunger games mockingjay part 2 coming out	[ "Mockingjay – Part 2 was released on November 20, 2015 in the United States, in 2D and IMAX, and internationally in 2D, 3D, RealD Cinema, and IMAX 3D in select territories; it is the only film in the series widely released in 3D. Falling below expectations internationally and domestically with a $102.7 million gross during its opening weekend in North America, the film had the sixth-biggest opening in 2015, but held at number one at the international box office for four consecutive weekends. The film grossed over $653 million worldwide, making it the lowest-grossing of the four films in the franchise,[5] but still a commercial success.[7]" ]	[ "November 20, 2015" ]
-3464990289910397794	The Hunger Games (film series)	The Hunger Games ( film series ) - wikipedia The Hunger Games ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Hunger Games Official series logo . Produced by Nina Jacobson Jon Kilik Based on The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins Starring Jennifer Lawrence Josh Hutcherson Liam Hemsworth Woody Harrelson Elizabeth Banks Willow Shields Paula Malcomson Stanley Tucci Donald Sutherland Music by James Newton Howard Production company Color Force Distributed by Lionsgate Country United States Language English Budget $493 million Box office $2.968 billion The Hunger Games film series consists of four science fiction dystopian adventure films based on The Hunger Games trilogy of novels , by the American author Suzanne Collins . Distributed by Lionsgate and produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , it stars Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen , Josh Hutcherson as Peeta Mellark , Woody Harrelson as Haymitch Abernathy , Elizabeth Banks as Effie Trinket , Philip Seymour Hoffman as Plutarch Heavensbee , Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman , Donald Sutherland as President Snow and Liam Hemsworth as Gale Hawthorne . Gary Ross directed the first film , while Francis Lawrence directed the next three films . The first three films set records at the box office . The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) set records for the opening day and the biggest opening weekend for a non-sequel film . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) set the record for biggest opening weekend in the month of November . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) had the largest opening day and weekend of 2014 . The films , including The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) , received a positive reception from critics , with praise aimed at its themes and messages , as well as Jennifer Lawrence 's portrayal of the main protagonist , Katniss Everdeen . The Hunger Games is the 18th highest - grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over US $2.9 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 3 Films 3.1 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) 3.2 The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) 3.3 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) 3.4 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development ( edit ) Following the release of Suzanne Collins ' novel The Hunger Games , on September 14 , 2008 , Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film . In March 2009 , Color Force , an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson , bought the film rights to the book . Jacobson then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film . Collins was also attached to adapt the novel ; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series , Mockingjay ( 2010 ) . The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running ; David Slade , Sam Mendes , and Gary Ross . Ross was ultimately chosen to direct . By the time Collins had finished the script , Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray . In October 2010 , scripts were sent to the actors , and casting occurred between March and May 2011 . The first role cast was of the protagonist , Katniss Everdeen . As many as 30 actresses were in talks to play the part , with Jennifer Lawrence , Hailee Steinfeld , Abigail Breslin , and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most . The role was given to Lawrence . The roles of Peeta Mellark , Katniss ' fellow tribute , and Gale Hawthorne , her best friend , began casting later that month . Top contenders for Peeta included Josh Hutcherson , Alexander Ludwig ( later cast as Cato ) , Hunter Parrish , Evan Peters , and Lucas Till . Contenders for Gale included Robbie Amell , Liam Hemsworth , David Henrie , and Drew Roy . On April 4 , it was reported that Hemsworth had been cast as Gale , and Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta . Production ( edit ) Filming for the franchise began on May 23 , 2011 and finished on June 20 , 2014 . Suzanne Collins and Louise Rosner acted as executive producers on the first two films . Other executive producers of the first film include Robin Bissell and Shantal Feghali . Co-producers are Diana Alvarez , Martin Cohen , Louis Phillips , Bryan Unkeless , and Aldric La'auli Porter . Color Force and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films . It was announced on November 1 , 2012 that the studio had decided to split the final book , Mockingjay ( 2010 ) , into two films : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) , much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) and 2 ( 2011 ) , and The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) and 2 ( 2012 ) . Directors ( edit ) Gary Ross directed the first film ( The Hunger Games ) , and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10 , 2012 , Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel . On April 19 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead , and on November 1 , 2012 , it was confirmed that he would return and direct the final two films in the series , based on the novel Mockingjay . Scripts ( edit ) Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay . Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford 's Puppy Days and other children 's television shows . When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010 , he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life . The script was large and resulted in a two - hour and 20 minute film . After Francis Lawrence took over as director , he brought in Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt to write the script for Catching Fire . The final two films of the series were written by Danny Strong and Peter Craig . Casting ( edit ) Once the three leads were cast , casting shifted to the other tributes . Jack Quaid was cast as Marvel , Leven Rambin as Glimmer , Amandla Stenberg as Rue , and Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh . Alexander Ludwig ( who auditioned for Peeta ) was cast as Cato , Isabelle Fuhrman ( who auditioned for Katniss ) as Clove , and Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface . Following the casting of tributes , the adult cast began to come together . Elizabeth Banks was cast as Effie Trinket , the District 12 escort . Woody Harrelson was cast as Haymitch Abernathy , District 12 's mentor . Lenny Kravitz was cast as Cinna , Katniss ' stylist . Wes Bentley was cast as game maker Seneca Crane . Stanley Tucci was cast as Caesar Flickerman , Panem 's celebrity host . Donald Sutherland was cast as Coriolanus Snow , Panem 's President . Willow Shields was cast as Primrose Everdeen , Katniss ' younger sister . In July 2012 , the cast for the second film was announced . Jena Malone would play Johanna Mason . Philip Seymour Hoffman would play Plutarch Heavensbee , Sam Claflin would play Finnick Odair . It was later announced that Jeffrey Wright was cast as Beetee , Alan Ritchson as Gloss , Lynn Cohen as Mags , and Amanda Plummer as Wiress . In August and September 2013 , it was revealed that Stef Dawson would play Annie Cresta , Natalie Dormer would play Cressida , Evan Ross would play Messalla , and Julianne Moore would play President Alma Coin in the final two films . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24 , 2011 and concluded on September 15 , 2011 . The entirety of filming for the first movie took place in North Carolina including the following cities ; Asheville , Barnardsville , Black Mountain , Cedar Mountain , Charlotte , Concord , Hildebran and Shelby . All of the Games scenes were filmed on location . All of the Capitol scenes were filmed in a studio in Shelby and Charlotte , North Carolina . Principal photography for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire began on September 10 , 2012 in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded in April 2013 . In November 2012 , production moved to Hawaii to film the arena scenes . Filming took a Christmas break before filming resumed for two weeks in mid-January . In March 2013 , the film went back to Hawaii for re-shoots . Atlanta was used for all the Capitol scenes , Hawaii for the arena scenes , and Oakland , New Jersey for District 12 scenes . Principal photography for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay began on September 23 , 2013 and concluded on June 20 , 2014 . The majority of filming for the Mockingjay films was filmed in soundstages in a studio in Atlanta , until April 18 , 2014 . Production then moved to Paris , France , with filming beginning there on May 5 , 2014 . Philip Seymour Hoffman , who portrays Plutarch Heavensbee , was found dead on February 2 , 2014 . At the time of his death , he had completed filming his scenes for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2 . Lionsgate released a statement stating that , since the majority of Hoffman 's scenes were completed , the release date for Part 2 would not be affected . Films ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games ( film ) Every year , in the ruins of what was once North America , the Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of its 12 districts to send a teenage boy and girl , between the ages of 12 and 18 , to compete in the Hunger Games : a nationally televised event in which ' tributes ' fight each other within an arena , until one survivor remains . When Primrose Everdeen is ' reaped ' , her older sister Katniss Everdeen volunteers in her place to enter the games and is forced to rely upon her sharp instincts when she 's pitted against highly trained tributes . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Along with fellow District 12 victor Peeta Mellark , Katniss Everdeen returns home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games . Winning means that they must leave their loved ones behind and embark on a Victory Tour throughout the districts . Along the way Katniss senses a rebellion simmering - one that she and Peeta may have sparked - but the Capitol is still in control as President Snow prepares the 75th Hunger Games - the Quarter Quell - that could change Panem forever . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Katniss Everdeen finds herself in District 13 after she shatters the games forever . Under the leadership of President Alma Coin and the advice of her trusted friends , Katniss spreads her wings as she fights to save Peeta , along with other victors and a nation moved by her courage . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Realizing the stakes are no longer just for survival , Katniss Everdeen teams up with her closest friends and allies , including Peeta , Gale , and Finnick , for the ultimate mission . Together , they leave District 13 to liberate the citizens of war - torn Panem and assassinate President Snow . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of The Hunger Games characters and List of The Hunger Games cast members List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in more than one film in the series . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . Character Films The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Katniss Everdeen Jennifer Lawrence Peeta Mellark Josh Hutcherson Gale Hawthorne Liam Hemsworth Haymitch Abernathy Woody Harrelson Effie Trinket Elizabeth Banks President Coriolanus Snow Donald Sutherland Caesar Flickerman Stanley Tucci Primrose Everdeen Willow Shields Mrs. Everdeen Paula Malcomson Cinna Lenny Kravitz Plutarch Heavensbee Philip Seymour Hoffman Beetee Latier Jeffrey Wright Finnick Odair Sam Claflin Johanna Mason Jena Malone Annie Cresta Stef Dawson President Alma Coin Julianne Moore Boggs Mahershala Ali Cressida Natalie Dormer Commander Paylor Patina Miller Crew ( edit ) Role Films The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Director Gary Ross Francis Lawrence Producer Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik Writer Suzanne Collins , Gary Ross and Billy Ray Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt Danny Strong and Peter Craig Composer James Newton Howard Cinematographer Tom Stern Jo Willems Editor Stephen Mirrione and Juliette Welfling Alan Edward Bell Alan Edward Bell and Mark Yoshikawa Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Production budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Hunger Games March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) $408,010,692 $286,384,032 $694,394,724 19 87 $78 million The Hunger Games : Catching Fire November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) $424,668,047 $440,343,699 $865,011,746 14 50 $130 million The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) $337,135,885 $418,220,826 $755,356,711 40 70 $125 million The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) $281,723,902 $371,704,359 $653,428,261 77 97 $160 million Total $ 7009145153852600000 ♠ 1,451,538,526 $ 7009151665291600000 ♠ 1,516,652,916 $ 7009296819144200000 ♠ 2,968,191,442 $493 million All the Hunger Games films finished first at the North American box office during both their opening and second weekend . In North America , The Hunger Games film series is the second highest - grossing film series based on young adult books , after the Harry Potter series , earning over $1.4 billion . Worldwide , it is the third highest - grossing film series based on young - adult books after the film series of Harry Potter and The Twilight Saga , respectively , having grossed over $2.9 billion . In North America , it is the eighth highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Worldwide , it is the 15th or 16th highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Hunger Games 84 % ( 282 reviews ) 68 ( 49 reviews ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire 89 % ( 259 reviews ) 76 ( 49 reviews ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 65 % ( 252 reviews ) 64 ( 46 reviews ) A - The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 70 % ( 250 reviews ) 65 ( 44 reviews ) A - All The Hunger Games films received a `` Fresh Rating '' in the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , with the first two films receiving a `` Certified Rating '' stub . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Egan , Kate ( 2012 ) . The Hunger Games : The Official Illustrated Movie Companion . Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 545 - 45239 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate picks up Hunger Games '' . Reuters . March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Slade , Sam Mendes , Gary Ross to Helm ' Hunger Games ' '' . FirstShowing.net . September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Ross to Direct The Hunger Games '' . ScreenCrave.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' : Jennifer Lawrence , Saoirse Ronan , Chloe Moretz , Emma Roberts , and more up for Katniss '' . Inside Movies . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . The Wrap . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate Testing Actors to Star in ' Hunger Games ' Opposite Jennifer Lawrence '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Casts Liam Hemsworth and Josh Hutcherson , but for Which Parts ? '' . E Online . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Lawrence To Direct Both ' Mockingjay ' Films '' . MTV . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger Games Sequel Shakeup ! Gary Ross Officially Not Directing Catching Fire '' . E Online . April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Director Francis Lawrence Chosen For ' Catching Fire ' Sequel To ' Hunger Games ' '' . Deadline. April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Exclusive : Francis Lawrence to Direct Remainder of THE HUNGER GAMES Franchise with Two - Part Adaptation of MOCKINGJAY ′ '' . Collider.com . November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger Games Sequel Officially Titled The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . ComingSoon.net . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingjay ' : Danny Strong Hired To Write ' Hunger Games ' Finale '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Casts Two More Tributes '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Adds Final Two Tributes To Huge Young Cast '' . E Online . May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Even More Newbies Joining The Hunger Games as Tributes '' . E Online . April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Signs On To ' The Hunger Games ' '' . MTV . April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Adds Woody Harrelson To Cast '' . MTV . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz joins `` The Hunger Games '' cast `` . CBS News . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Bentley lands role of Seneca Crane in ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Tucci Cast As Caesar Flickerman In The Hunger Games '' . Cinema Blend . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Snags Donald Sutherland as Evil President '' . The Wrap . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Willow Shields Cast as Primrose Everdeen in The Hunger Games '' . E Online . April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jena Malone Chosen as Tribute for ' Catching Fire ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Seymour Hoffman Cast As Plutarch Heavensbee In THE HUNGER GAMES : CATCHING FIRE '' . AMC Theatres . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Catching Fire ' Casts Sam Claflin As Finnick '' . MTV . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Stef Dawson Cast as Annie Cresta for ' Mockingjay ' Movies '' . Mockingjay.net . August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Game of Thrones Actress Natalie Dormer Cast as Cressida '' . Mockingjay.net . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' casts Evan Ross as Messalla '' . Hypable . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger Games Movie Film Locations '' . www.romanticasheville.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' officially begins production in Georgia `` . Reel Georgia . September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filming of ' Catching Fire ' to resume after the Oscars '' . BiblioFiend . February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest For Jennifer Lawrence ! The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Parts 1 & 2 To Begin Filming In September '' . Entertainment Wise. April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Celona , Larry ; Bruce Golding ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Philip Seymour Hoffman found dead with needle in arm : cops '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' Studio Reacts To Philip Seymour Hoffman Death '' . MTV . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Gamesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay Part 2 ' Creeps Over $100 Million for First Place Finish '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Dinosaur ' and ' Creed ' Look To Take a Bite Out of ' Mockingjay ' This Thanksgiving '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' # 1 On Thanksgiving , ' Creed ' & ' Good Dinosaur ' Feasts on Seconds '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young - Adult Book Adaptations Movies at the Box Office '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Moviesat the Box Office '' . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises and Brands Index '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Movie Franchises ( sort : World ) / The Numbers Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Heldman , Caroline ; Frankel , Laura Lazarus ; Holmes , Jennifer ( April -- June 2016 ) . `` `` Hot , black leather , whip '' The ( de ) evolution of female protagonists in action cinema , 1960 -- 2014 `` . Sexualization , Media , and Society . Sage. 2 ( 2 ) : 8 -- 10 . doi : 10.1177 / 2374623815627789 . Pdf . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hunger Games ( film series ) Official website ( hide ) The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunger_Games_(film_series)&oldid=800665807 '' Categories : English - language films The Hunger Games ( film series ) Adventure films by series Lions Gate Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Science fiction films by series Films set in a fictional North American country Films based on science fiction novels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with a promotional tone from August 2016 All articles with a promotional tone All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego 한국어 עברית Latviešu Português کوردی Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the 3rd hunger games movie called	[ "\n\nFilm\nRelease date\nBox office gross\nBox office ranking\nProduction budget\nRef(s)\n\nNorth America\nOther territories\nWorldwide\nAll time\nNorth America\nAll time\nworldwide\n\n\n\nThe Hunger Games\nMarch 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)\n$408,010,692\n$286,384,032\n$694,394,724\n19\n87\n$78 million\n[38]\n\n\nThe Hunger Games: Catching Fire\nNovember 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)\n$424,668,047\n$440,343,699\n$865,011,746\n14\n50\n$130 million\n[39]\n\n\nThe Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1\nNovember 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)\n$337,135,885\n$418,220,826\n$755,356,711\n40\n70\n$125 million\n[40]\n\n\nThe Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\n$281,723,902\n$371,704,359\n$653,428,261\n77\n97\n$160 million\n[41]\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n[42]\n\n$7009145153852600000♠1,451,538,526\n$7009151665291600000♠1,516,652,916\n$7009296819144200000♠2,968,191,442\n\n$493 million\n" ]	[ "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1" ]
-8122601173027068759	Parietal cell	Parietal cell - wikipedia Parietal cell Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parietal cell Human parietal cells ( pink staining ) - stomach Control of stomach acid Details Identifiers Latin exocrinocytus parietalis MeSH Gastric + Parietal + Cells Code TH H3. 04.02. 1.00033 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Parietal cells ( also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells ) , are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and intrinsic factor . These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach . They contain an extensive secretory network ( called canaliculi ) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach . The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase ( H / K ATPase ) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1 , which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body . Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine , acetylcholine and gastrin signaling from both central and local modulators ( see ' Regulation ' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Secretion of hydrochloric acid 1.1 Synthesis 1.2 Regulation 2 Intrinsic factor 3 Canaliculus 4 Diseases of parietal cells 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Secretion of hydrochloric acid ( edit ) Synthesis ( edit ) Hydrochloric acid is formed in the following manner : Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid . Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid . Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase . The bicarbonate ion ( HCO ) is exchanged for a chloride ion ( Cl ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood , leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon . Potassium ( K ) and chloride ( Cl ) ions diffuse into the canaliculi . Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions , via the H / K ATPase . These receptors are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation . This receptor maintains a million fold difference in proton concentration . ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria . As a result of the cellular export of hydrogen ions , the gastric lumen is maintained as a highly - acidic environment . The acidity aids in digestion of food by promoting the unfolding ( or denaturing ) of ingested proteins . As proteins unfold , the peptide bonds linking component amino acids are exposed . Gastric HCl simultaneously activates pepsinogen , an endopeptidase that advances the digestive process by breaking the now - exposed peptide bonds , a process known as proteolysis . Regulation ( edit ) Parietal cells secrete acid in response to three types of stimuli : Histamine , stimulates H histamine receptors ( most significant contribution ) . Acetylcholine , from parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system , stimulating M receptors . Gastrin , stimulating CCK2 receptors ( least significant contribution , but also causes histamine secretion by local ECL cells ) Activation of histamine through H receptor causes increases intracellular cAMP level while Ach through M receptor and gastrin through CCK2 receptor increases intracellular calcium level . These receptors are present on basolateral side of membrane . Increased cAMP level results in increased protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H / K ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . This causes resorption of K ions and secretion of H ions . The pH of the secreted fluid can fall by 0.8 . Gastrin primarily induces acid - secretion indirectly , increasing histamine synthesis in ECL cells , which in turn signal parietal cells via histamine release / H2 stimulation . Gastrin itself has no effect on the maximum histamine - stimulated gastric acid secretion . The effect of histamine , acetylcholine and gastrin is synergistic , that is , effect of two simultaneously is more than additive of effect of the two individually . It helps in non-linear increase of secretion with stimuli physiologically . Intrinsic factor ( edit ) Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor . Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B in the diet . A long - term deficiency in vitamin B can lead to megaloblastic anemia , characterized by large fragile erythrocytes . Pernicious anaemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells , precluding the synthesis of intrinsic factor and , by extension , absorption of Vitamin B. Pernicious anemia also leads to megaloblastic anemia . Atrophic gastritis , particularly in the elderly , will cause an inability to absorb B and can lead to deficiencies such as decreased DNA synthesis and nucleotide metabolism in the bone marrow . Canaliculus ( edit ) A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells . It is a deep infolding , or little channel , which serves to increase the surface area , e.g. for secretion . The parietal cell membrane is dynamic ; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory need . This is accomplished by the fusion of canalicular precursors , or `` tubulovesicles '' , with the membrane to increase surface area , and the reciprocal endocytosis of the canaliculi ( reforming the tubulovesicles ) to decrease it . Diseases of parietal cells ( edit ) Immunofluorescence staining pattern of gastric parietal antibodies on a stomach section Peptic ulcers can result from over-acidity in the stomach . Antacids can be used to enhance the natural tolerance of the gastric lining . Antimuscarinic drugs such as pirenzepine or H antihistamines can reduce acid secretion . Proton pump inhibitors are more potent at reducing gastric acid production since that is the final common pathway of all stimulation of acid production . In pernicious anemia , autoantibodies directed against parietal cells or intrinsic factor cause a reduction in vitamin B absorption . It can be treated with injections of replacement vitamin B ( methylcobalamin , hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin ) . Achlorhydria is another autoimmune disease of the parietal cells . The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid . This leads to an increase in gastric pH , impaired digestion of food and increased risk of gastroenteritis . See also ( edit ) Gastric chief cell Digestion Gastroesophageal reflux disease Discovery and Development of Proton Pump Inhibitors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boulpaep , Walter ( 2009 ) . Medical Physiology . Philadelphia : Saunders . pp. 898 -- 899 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3115 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Gastric acid secretion - Homo sapiens '' . KEGG . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Waldum , Helge L. , Kleveland , Per M. , et al. ( 2009 ) ' Interactions between gastric acid secretagogues and the localization of the gastrin receptor ' , Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 44 : 4,390 -- 393 Jump up ^ Kleveland PM , Waldum HL , Larsson M. Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated , vascularly perfused rat stomach . A selective muscarinic - 1 agent does , whereas gastrin does not , augment maximal histamine - stimulated acid secretion . Scand J Gastroenterol 1987 ; / 22 : / 705 � 13 . Jump up ^ Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24th edition . LANGE . External links ( edit ) Illustration of Chief cells and Parietal cells at anatomyatlases.org The Parietal Cell : Mechanism of Acid Secretion at vivo.colostate.edu Histology image : 11303loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University - Digestive System : Alimentary Canal : fundic stomach , gastric glands , lumen '' Physiology : 6 / 6ch4 / s6ch4_8 - Essentials of Human Physiology Physiology : 6 / 6ch4 / s6ch4_14 - Essentials of Human Physiology Parietal cell antibody Antibody to GPC Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Cells in humans derived from endoderm Foregut Respiratory Pneumocyte Type 1 Type 2 Club cell Goblet cell Digestive Stomach Enteroendocrine cell G cell Delta cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Gastric chief cell Parietal cell Foveolar cell Intestine Enteroendocrine cell Gastric inhibitory polypeptide S cell Delta cell Cholecystokinin Goblet cell Paneth cell Tuft cell Enterocyte Microfold cell Liver Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell ( Kupffer cell from mesoderm ) Gallbladder Cholecystocyte Exocrine pancreas Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell Islets of Langerhans alpha cell beta cell delta cell F cell ( PP cell epsilon cell Pharyngeal pouch Thyroid gland Follicular cell Parathyroid gland Parathyroid chief cell Oxyphil cell Hindgut / cloaca Urothelial cells Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parietal_cell&oldid=797723683 '' Categories : Animal cells Human cells Acid secreting cells Stomach Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the atp needed to secrete hcl come from	[ "Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. They contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H+ against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1, which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body. Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin signaling from both central and local modulators (see 'Regulation')." ]	[ "the parietal cells" ]
-157589509221431661	2016 Dallas Cowboys season	2016 Dallas Cowboys season - wikipedia 2016 Dallas Cowboys season Jump to : navigation , search 2016 Dallas Cowboys season Head coach Jason Garrett General manager Jerry Jones Owner Jerry Jones Home field AT&T Stadium Results Record 13 -- 3 Division place 1st NFC East Playoff finish Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Pro Bowlers 7 ( show ) RB Ezekiel Elliott C Travis Frederick G Zack Martin LB Sean Lee QB Dak Prescott OT Tyron Smith WR Dez Bryant AP All - Pros 5 ( show ) RB Ezekiel Elliott ( 1st team ) LT Tyron Smith ( 1st team ) RG Zack Martin ( 1st team ) C Travis Frederick ( 1st team ) LB Sean Lee ( 1st team ) Uniform ← 2015 Cowboys seasons 2017 → The 2016 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 57th season in the National Football League , the eighth playing their home games at AT&T Stadium and the 6th full season under head coach Jason Garrett . After losing their first game to the New York Giants , the Cowboys went undefeated for 11 straight games . The streak ended with them losing again to the Giants in week 14 , making this the first time since 2011 that the Giants would sweep the Cowboys . With division rivals Washington Redskins losing to the Arizona Cardinals in Week 13 , the Cowboys clinched a playoff berth after missing the playoffs the previous year . Following the Giants ' loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 , the Cowboys became NFC East champions for the second time in three years and clinched home field advantage throughout the playoffs for the first time since 2007 . The 13 -- 3 record is tied for the best record in team history , which was also set in 1992 and 2007 . But despite having the NFC 's top seed as well as home - field advantage , the Cowboys lost in the divisional round of the playoffs to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 34 - 31 , ending their season . This was also QB Tony Romo 's last season in the NFL , as he announced his retirement on April 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 Background 1.2 Departures 1.3 Acquisitions 1.4 2016 NFL draft 2 Staff 3 Rosters 3.1 Opening preseason roster 3.2 Week one roster 3.3 Final roster 4 Schedule 4.1 Preseason 4.2 Regular season 4.3 Postseason 5 Game summaries 5.1 Regular season 5.1. 1 Week 1 : vs. New York Giants 5.1. 2 Week 2 : at Washington Redskins 5.1. 3 Week 3 : vs. Chicago Bears 5.1. 4 Week 4 : at San Francisco 49ers 5.1. 5 Week 5 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals 5.1. 6 Week 6 : at Green Bay Packers 5.1. 7 Week 8 : vs. Philadelphia Eagles 5.1. 8 Week 9 : at Cleveland Browns 5.1. 9 Week 10 : at Pittsburgh Steelers 5.1. 10 Week 11 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 5.1. 11 Week 12 : vs. Washington Redskins 5.1. 12 Week 13 : at Minnesota Vikings 5.1. 13 Week 14 : at New York Giants 5.1. 14 Week 15 : vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5.1. 15 Week 16 : vs. Detroit Lions 5.1. 16 Week 17 : at Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Postseason 5.2. 1 NFC Divisional Playoffs : vs. ( 4 ) Green Bay Packers 6 Standings 6.1 Division 6.2 Conference 7 References 8 External links Offseason ( edit ) Cowboys 2016 free agents Position Player Restriction Date signed 2016 team Bernadeau , Mackenzy Mackenzy Bernadeau UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 Jacksonville Jaguars Brown , Charles Charles Brown UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 dallasz ! - QB Cassel , Matt Matt Cassel UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 Tennessee Titans CB Claiborne , Morris Morris Claiborne UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 Dallas Cowboys FB Clutts , Tyler Tyler Clutts UFA z ! - e ! - DE Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford UFA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 Dallas Cowboys RB Dunbar , Lance Lance Dunbar UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 Dallas Cowboys TE Hanna , James James Hanna UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 Dallas Cowboys DE Hardy , Greg Greg Hardy UFA z ! - e ! - DT Hayden , Nick Nick Hayden UFA z ! - e ! - Heath , Jeff Jeff Heath RFA 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 Dallas Cowboys Leary , Ronald Ronald Leary RFA 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 Dallas Cowboys LB McClain , Rolando Rolando McClain UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 dallasz ! - McCray , Danny Danny McCray UFA z ! - e ! - DE Mincey , Jeremy Jeremy Mincey UFA z ! - e ! - CB Thomas , Josh Josh Thomas UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 Dallas Cowboys RB Turbin , Robert Robert Turbin UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 Indianapolis Colts LB Wilber , Kyle Kyle Wilber UFA 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 Dallas Cowboys RFA : Restricted free agent , UFA : Unrestricted free agent Jump up ^ Brown was resigned , but later retired and did not play in the 2016 season . Jump up ^ McClain was resigned , but later was suspended and did not play in the 2016 season . Background ( edit ) Coming into the offseason the Cowboys had a few positions that concerned them as a result of injuries , suspensions , and players potentially leaving the team . The positions that were of most concern were quarterback , defensive back , and pass rusher . The Cowboys had a total of eighteen players entering the free agency , which meant the players were free to negotiate with and sign a contract to play with any team in the league . Of the eighteen players , two of them were restricted free agents , which meant they could get offers from other teams , and the Cowboys would have opportunity to match the offer and keep the player on their roster . The free agency process officially started on March 9 for all thirty - two teams . Offense After losing ten out of the eleven games without Romo in 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys wanted to find a reliable back up quarterback , either through the draft , or by signing a veteran free agent . The Cowboys met with the top three quarterbacks entering the draft : Carson Wentz , Jared Goff and Paxton Lynch , all of who were projected to be drafted in the first round . Another prospect for the Cowboys was Mississippi State quarterback Dak Prescott , who met with the team on four separate occasions leading some to believe he would be their target in the middle rounds of the draft . Including Prescott , Goff , Wentz and Lynch , the Cowboys had pre-draft meetings with a total of seven quarterbacks entering the draft . Cowboys also looked at veteran quarterback Matt Moore , having him visit with the organization in March before he re-signed with the Miami Dolphins later in the month . After a mediocre performance in the previous year quarterback Matt Cassel entered the free agency . Tight end James Hanna re-signed with the Cowboys with a three - year contract worth $8.2 million on March 11 . Running back Lance Dunbar re-signed to a one - year contract worth $1.7 million on March 17 . After the window to receive offers from other teams while being a restricted free agent closed , guard Ronald Leary re-signed with the Cowboys for a one - year deal worth $2.5 million on April 28 . Defense On the defensive side of the team the Cowboys were coming off a year where they only had 8 interceptions , and needed to make improvements with their defensive backs . Orlando Scandrick who was a starting cornerback for the team in 2013 and 2014 , was still recovering from the ACL and MCL injury that happened during practice in 2015 causing him to miss the entire season . Cornerbacks Josh Thomas and Morris Claiborne both were unrestricted free agents and could potentially be signed by another team . Within the first two days after free agency started , they both were re-signed to the Cowboys , Claiborne for a one - year deal worth $3 million , and Thomas for a one - year contract . Defensive backs Nolan Carroll , Leon Hall and Patrick Robinson were brought in to meet with the Cowboys during free agency . Safety Jeff Heath re-signed for a four - year contract worth $7.6 million on April 13 . In regards to their needs with the pass rush Sports Illustrated writer Chris Burke said that defensive end was the position that most needed to be improve for the Cowboys . Defensive end Randy Gregory had a suspension for the first four games of the season as a result of abusing the leagues substance abuse policy , which would later be increased by ten games . One of the Cowboys other defensive ends , DeMarcus Lawrence was recovering from back surgery spreading their defensive line even more thin . Defensive tackle Nick Hayden , defensive ends Greg Hardy , Jeremy Mincey and Jack Crawford , all were entering the free agency . Crawford was the only one to be re-signed and was given a one - year deal worth $1.1 million on March 9 . Defensive end Jason Jones was brought in to visit the Cowboys on March 28 . Linebacker Kyle Wilber re-signed for a two - year contract worth $3.2 million on March 11 . Departures ( edit ) Of the eighteen Cowboys players who were in the free agency , the Cowboys were able to re-sign ten of them for the 2016 season . From those ten , linebacker Rolando McClain was re-signed on March 9 , but due to a suspension he received from the league for violating the NFL 's drug policy he missed the entire season . Offensive tackle Charles Brown was re-signed on March 10 , but in July decided to retire and was placed on the reserved / retired list . From the eight that were n't re-signed , four of them signed with other teams . The first of these three was quarterback Matt Cassel , who left for the free agency after being benched in the previous season when he lost six of his seven games as a starter . He went on to be signed by the Tennessee Titans on March 9 . The next player to sign with another team was offensive lineman Mackenzy Bernadeau who signed a contract with the Jacksonville Jaguars on March 11 . Next up was running back Robert Turbin who signed a contract with the Indianapolis Colts on March 15 . The last player to sign with another team was defensive tackle Nick Hayden who signed with the Cleveland Browns in March , but ended up being released in August and not playing during the season . Players that did not sign with the Cowboys or any other teams included defensive end Greg Hardy who was a free agent that had a lot of off the field issues . It was reported that Hardy not being re-signed was likely more due to fitting in with the Cowboys locker room rather than due to the off the field issues . Defensive end Jeremy Mincey decided to retired in August . The last two free agents , 31 year old fullback Tyler Clutts and 28 year old safety Danny McCray both were not re-signed , speculated to be due to their age . Acquisitions ( edit ) While most of the activity made by the Cowboys during free agency was re-signing their own players , they also made a few acquisitions of players from other teams to add to their roster . Defensive end Cedric Thornton was the first to be acquired , signing a four - year contract worth $18 million on March 10 . Thorton comes from one of the Cowboys divisional rivals , the Philadelphia Eagles , and will being moving from defensive end to defensive tackle . At the time of his signing , he was believed to be the likely replacement for Hayden who was still in the free agency . Continuing to work on the improvement of their defensive line , the next acquisition for the Cowboys was defensive end Benson Mayowa from the Oakland Raiders , who signed a three - year contract on March 18 worth $8.5 million . Mayowa was a restricted free agent , and the Raiders had five days to match the offer to retain him , but they declined to do so , allowing the Cowboys to improve their pass rush some more . The next free agent acquisition was from another divisional rival , when the Cowboys signed Washington Redskins running back Alfred Morris . Morris signed a contract on March 22 for 2 years and worth $3.5 million . Morris will be added into the running back rotation with starter Darren McFadden , who replaced Joseph Randle last year as the starter after Randle was injured and later cut for off the field issues . The final free agent acquisition the Cowboys made was offensive lineman Joe Looney from the Tennessee Titans , who was signed on March 29 . He is a flexible player who can play both center and guard , similar to the role Bernadeau had . Looney 's contract was for two years and worth $1.6 million . 2016 NFL draft ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NFL draft Ezekiel Elliott interviewed in 2015 The Dallas Cowboys had nine draft picks for the 2016 NFL draft which was scheduled to take place from April 28 to April 30 in Chicago , Illinois . The Cowboys originally had only five picks as a results of trades with the Raiders , 49ers and Seahawks , but were awarded four compensatory picks on March 11 as a result of the net loss of players in free agency before the 2015 season . One of the compensatory picks received was a fourth round draft pick , and the other three picks were all in the sixth round . After all the trades and the compensatory picks given , the Cowboys had one pick in each of the first three rounds , two picks in the fourth , zero in the fifth , four picks in the sixth round , and zero in the seventh . In January Neil Hornsby , the founder of Pro Football Focus , ranked the offseason needs for the Dallas Cowboys , and said the top needs for the draft were quarterback , cornerback , guard , and running back . Leading up to the draft two of these needs , running back and guard , were addressed with the addition of Morris and Looney to the team during free agency . As the draft got closer on April 26 , Bleacher Report also listed running back , quarterback and cornerback in their top five needs for the Cowboys in the draft , along with defensive end and safety . The Dallas Cowboys ( are my pick ) . I want to go play behind that great offensive line they have down in Dallas . `` '' -- Ezekiel Elliott With the fourth overall pick in the draft , the Cowboys used their first round selection to draft Ezekiel Elliott from Ohio State . Prior to the draft the Cowboys had met with Elliott on two separate occasions , once in Ohio , and a second time in Dallas . Elliott averaged seven yards per carry during his three - year college career , and had over 1,800 yards in both of his final two years . In the 2015 season , Elliott was named unanimously to the first team of the All - Big Ten Conference , and second on the 2015 College Football All - America Team . Along with being first team Big Ten , Elliott was also named the offensive player of the year and the MVP for the conference . In the 2014 season he and the Ohio State Buckeyes won the Big Ten Championship along with the College Football National Championship in which Elliott was named MVP . In early February during an interview on NFL Network when asked about which team he wanted to be picked by , Elliott responded with : `` The Dallas Cowboys . I want to go play behind that great offensive line they have down in Dallas . '' Elliott is expected to help the Cowboys in the running game as he will be behind what is considered by some to be the best offensive line in the NFL . Elliott 's presence will also help with the passing game due to his blocking abilities and the fact that defenses will have to respect the backfield with him there , which will increase the effectiveness of play - action passes . Elliott becomes the third running back to be drafted by the Cowboys with a top - 20 pick . The previous two picks , Tony Dorsett in 1977 and Emmitt Smith in 1990 ended up being inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the latter also is the NFL 's all - time leading rusher . In the second round of the draft , the Cowboys selected Notre Dame linebacker Jaylon Smith with the 34th overall pick . Smith was name first team All - American in 2015 , and led his team in tackles. Smith also won the Butkus Award , which is awarded to the best linebacker in the country at the high school , college , and professional levels . This was the second time Smith had won the award , the previous time in 2013 as a senior in high school . In the Fiesta Bowl game versus Ohio State , Smith suffered a knee injury that later was determined to be a torn ACL and torn MCL . With the injury to his knee , it was expected for him to miss a significant amount of time , potentially the entire season . The Cowboys team doctor was the ones to perform the surgery to repair his knee before the draft , so it was believed they might have a bit more knowledge of the situation than other teams . With their third round and fourth round picks , the Cowboys shifted their focus to the defensive line . In the third , with the 67th overall pick , the Cowboys selected Nebraska defensive tackle Maliek Collins . In the fourth round with the 101st overall pick , the Cowboys selected Charles Tapper , a defensive end out of Oklahoma . In 2015 Collins was named to the second team All - Big Ten Conference , and Tapper was first team All - Big 12 Conference . Dak Prescott in 2015 After selecting Elliott early in the first , the Cowboys attempted to trade with multiple teams for another first round selection in order to draft quarterback Paxton Lynch . They were unsuccessful in finding a trade and it was n't until their second fourth round pick that they decided on a quarterback with Mississippi State 's Dak Prescott being selected 135th overall . Prescott was selected with one of the compensatory picks the Cowboys received for the draft . This marks the first time since 2009 the Cowboys have drafted a quarterback . While Prescott was the starter for Mississippi State , he broke 38 school records and lead them to a # 1 ranking in 2014 for the first time in the school 's history . Prescott was named to first team of both the 2014 and 2015 All - SEC football teams . Prescott was quickly compared to Tony Romo , being similar in size and being able to make plays with their feet . Prescott 's athletic talents contributed greatly to the Cowboys picking him , but team official also noted his locker room presence and leadership abilities as influencing the decision as well . Prescott will enter training camp and try to compete with Kellen Moore for the backup quarterback role for the season , and then work towards become a starter , a task he accomplished both in high school and college . The Cowboys looked forward to developing Prescott over the years and were confident he was a worthwhile talent . When asked about not being the Cowboys first choice to draft , in regards to the attempt to trade up for Lynch , Dak responded with : `` I 'm sure at Mississippi State I was n't the first one on the recruit board when I committed there . Everything works out and happens for a reason . '' With no picks in the fifth or seventh round , the Cowboys finished their draft in the sixth round where they had four picks . Their first two picks were two defensive backs , Anthony Brown a cornerback from Purdue , selected 189th overall , and Kavon Frazier a safety from Central Michigan , selected 212th overall . Brown showed off his impressive speed at the NFL combine , where he ran the 40 yard dash in 4.35 seconds , the second fastest time of all cornerbacks attending . Brown was an honorable mention for the All - Big Ten Conference team , while Frazier was named second team All - MAC Conference . The Cowboys switched their focus back to the offense with their next two picks and selected back to back with the 216th and 217th overall picks . First was Darius Jackson a running back from Eastern Michigan , then followed up with Rico Gathers a basketball player out of Baylor with intentions to play tight end . Jackson was third team All - Mac Conference , and is expected to use his ability to catch the ball from the backfield to fill the void that will be left at start of season while Lance Dunbar is out after a knee surgery . Gathers has n't played football since he was 13 years old , but was an honorable mention AP All - American college basketball athlete . 2016 Dallas Cowboys draft Round Pick Player Position College Notes Ezekiel Elliott * RB Ohio State 34 Jaylon Smith OLB Notre Dame 67 Maliek Collins DT Nebraska 101 Charles Tapper DE Oklahoma 135 Dak Prescott * QB Mississippi State Compensatory 6 189 Anthony Brown CB Purdue From Oakland 6 212 Kavon Frazier Central Michigan Compensatory 6 216 Darius Jackson RB Eastern Michigan Compensatory 6 217 Rico Gathers TE Baylor Compensatory Made roster † Pro Football Hall of Fame * Made at least one Pro Bowl during career Notes The Cowboys conditionally traded their fifth - round selection to the Oakland Raiders for wide receiver Brice Butler and the Raiders ' 2016 sixth - round selection . The pick swap occurred after Butler spent six games on the Cowboys ' 53 - man roster in 2015 . The Cowboys traded a sixth - round selection to the San Francisco 49ers in exchange for the 49ers ' 2015 seventh - round selection . The Cowboys traded their seventh - round selection to the Seattle Seahawks in exchange for running back Christine Michael . Staff ( edit ) 2016 Dallas Cowboys staff Front office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Senior Director College / Pro Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Personnel Executive -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Judd Garrett Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Wade Wilson Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Derek Dooley Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Mike Pope Offensive Line -- Frank Pollack Senior Offensive Assistant -- Steve Loney Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Defensive coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Defensive Ends -- Ben Bloom Passing Game Coordinator / Linebackers -- Matt Eberflus Secondary -- Joe Baker Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Turner West Special teams coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Rich Bisaccia Assistant Special Teams -- Keith O'Quinn Strength and conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith Rosters ( edit ) Opening preseason roster ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys 2016 opening preseason roster Quarterbacks 17 Kellen Moore 4 Dak Prescott 9 Tony Romo 7 Jameill Showers Running Backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 34 Darius Jackson 46 Alfred Morris 41 Keith Smith FB / OLB 45 Rod Smith FB / RB Wide Receivers 11 Cole Beasley 10 Chris Brown 88 Dez Bryant 19 Brice Butler 81 Andy Jones 16 Vince Mayle 14 Rodney Smith 15 Devin Street 13 Lucky Whitehead 83 Terrance Williams Tight Ends 89 Gavin Escobar 80 Rico Gathers 87 Geoff Swaim 86 Austin Traylor 82 Jason Witten Offensive Linemen 78 Cameron Bradfield T 60 Jake Brendel G / C 71 La'el Collins G 72 Travis Frederick C 68 Doug Free T 79 Chaz Green T 65 Ronald Leary G 73 Joe Looney C / G 61 Ryan Mack T 70 Zack Martin G 74 Mike McQueen G / T 62 Jared Smith G 77 Tyron Smith T 63 Boston Stiverson G 76 Bryan Witzmann T Defensive Linemen 67 Rodney Coe DT 58 Jack Crawford DT / DE 98 Tyrone Crawford DT 75 Gerald Dixon DT 95 David Irving DE / DT 69 Shaneil Jenkins DT / DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Mike McAdoo DE 97 Terrell McClain DT 74 Lawrence Okoye DE / DT 99 Ryan Russell DE 79 Charles Tapper DE 92 Cedric Thornton DT 64 Zach Wood DT / DE Linebackers 44 Derek Akunne OLB 56 Justin Durant OLB / MLB 52 Andrew Gachkar OLB / MLB 48 Brandon Hepburn MLB 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB / OLB 47 Deon King OLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 40 James Morris MLB 49 Henoc Muamba OLB 53 Mark Nzeocha MLB / OLB 51 Kyle Wilber OLB Defensive Backs 30 Anthony Brown CB 39 Brandon Carr CB 42 Barry Church SS 24 Morris Claiborne CB 36 Arjen Colquhoun CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS / FS 23 Isaiah Frey FS / CB 38 Jeff Heath FS / SS 31 Byron Jones FS 37 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 29 Deji Olatoye CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 28 Dax Swanson CB 26 Josh Thomas CB 27 J.J. Wilcox SS / FS Special Teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Matt Wile P Reserve Lists -- Darryl Baldwin T ( IR ) 96 Maliek Collins DT ( Active / PUP ) 25 Lance Dunbar RB ( Active / PUP ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Did Not Report ) 84 James Hanna TE ( Active / PUP ) 93 Benson Mayowa DE ( Active / PUP ) 55 Rolando McClain MLB ( Did Not Report ) 20 Darren McFadden RB ( Active / NF - Inj . ) 43 Rolan Milligan FS ( IR ) 54 Jaylon Smith MLB ( Active / NF - Inj . ) 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB ( Active / NF - Inj . ) 90 Active , 4 Inactive Week one roster ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys 2016 week one roster Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 9 Tony Romo 3 Mark Sanchez Running Backs 25 Lance Dunbar 21 Ezekiel Elliott 34 Darius Jackson 46 Alfred Morris 41 Keith Smith FB / OLB 45 Rod Smith FB / RB Wide Receivers 11 Cole Beasley 88 Dez Bryant 19 Brice Butler 13 Lucky Whitehead 83 Terrance Williams Tight Ends 89 Gavin Escobar 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive Linemen 71 La'el Collins G 72 Travis Frederick C 68 Doug Free T 79 Chaz Green T 65 Ronald Leary G 73 Joe Looney C / G 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive Linemen 96 Maliek Collins DT 58 Jack Crawford DT / DE 98 Tyrone Crawford DT 95 David Irving DE / DT 93 Benson Mayowa DE 97 Terrell McClain DT 99 Charles Tapper DE 92 Cedric Thornton DT Linebackers 56 Justin Durant OLB / MLB 52 Andrew Gachkar OLB / MLB 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB / OLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Mark Nzeocha MLB / OLB 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / DE 57 Damien Wilson OLB Defensive Backs 30 Anthony Brown CB 39 Brandon Carr CB 42 Barry Church SS 24 Morris Claiborne CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS / FS 38 Jeff Heath FS / SS 31 Byron Jones FS 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 23 Dax Swanson CB 27 J.J. Wilcox SS / FS Special Teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS Reserve Lists -- Darryl Baldwin T ( IR ) 10 Chris Brown WR ( IR ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Did Not Report ) 84 James Hanna TE ( PUP ) 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE ( Susp . ) 66 Mike McAdoo DE ( IR ) 55 Rolando McClain MLB ( Did Not Report ) 20 Darren McFadden RB ( NF - Inj . ) 17 Kellen Moore QB ( IR ) -- James Morris MLB ( IR ) 54 Jaylon Smith MLB ( NF - Inj . ) 26 Josh Thomas CB ( IR ) Practice Squad 60 Jake Brendel C / G 80 Rico Gathers TE 48 Jeremiah George OLB 81 Andy Jones WR 16 Vince Mayle WR 40 Chris McCain DE / OLB 78 Keavon Milton T 76 Zach Moore DE 7 Jameill Showers QB 86 Austin Traylor TE 53 Active , 12 Inactive , 10 Practice Squad Final roster ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys 2016 final roster Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 9 Tony Romo 3 Mark Sanchez Running Backs 25 Lance Dunbar 21 Ezekiel Elliott 20 Darren McFadden 46 Alfred Morris 41 Keith Smith FB / OLB Wide Receivers 11 Cole Beasley 88 Dez Bryant 19 Brice Butler 13 Lucky Whitehead 83 Terrance Williams Tight Ends 89 Gavin Escobar 82 Jason Witten Offensive Linemen 63 Emmett Cleary T / G 64 Jonathan Cooper G 72 Travis Frederick C 68 Doug Free T 65 Ronald Leary G 73 Joe Looney C / G 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive Linemen 76 Richard Ash DT 96 Maliek Collins DT 58 Jack Crawford DE / DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 95 David Irving DE / DT 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 93 Benson Mayowa DE 97 Terrell McClain DT 92 Cedric Thornton DT Linebackers 56 Justin Durant OLB / MLB 52 Andrew Gachkar OLB 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB / OLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Mark Nzeocha MLB / OLB 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / DE 57 Damien Wilson OLB Defensive Backs 30 Anthony Brown CB 39 Brandon Carr CB 42 Barry Church SS 24 Morris Claiborne CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath FS / SS 31 Byron Jones FS 23 Leon McFadden CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 27 J.J. Wilcox SS / FS Special Teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS Reserve Lists -- Darryl Baldwin T ( IR ) 10 Chris Brown WR ( IR ) 71 La'el Collins G ( IR ) 75 Ryan Davis DE ( IR ) 79 Chaz Green T ( IR ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) 84 James Hanna TE ( PUP ) -- John Lotulelei OLB ( Future ) 55 Rolando McClain MLB ( Did Not Report ) 17 Kellen Moore QB ( IR ) -- James Morris MLB ( IR ) 54 Jaylon Smith MLB ( IR ) 87 Geoff Swaim TE ( IR ) 99 Charles Tapper DE ( IR ) 26 Josh Thomas CB ( IR ) Practice Squad 67 Clay DeBord T 78 Kadeem Edwards G 85 Shaq Evans WR 80 Rico Gathers TE 48 Jeremiah George OLB 81 Andy Jones WR 66 Lenny Jones DE 29 Sammy Seamster CB 28 Jameill Showers SS / QB 45 Rod Smith FB / RB 52 Active , 15 Inactive , 10 Practice Squad Schedule ( edit ) Preseason ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 13 at Los Angeles Rams L 24 -- 28 0 -- 1 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Recap August 19 Miami Dolphins W 41 -- 14 1 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap August 25 at Seattle Seahawks L 17 -- 27 1 -- 2 CenturyLink Field Recap September 1 Houston Texans L 17 -- 28 1 -- 3 AT&T Stadium Recap Regular season ( edit ) Dak Prescott and Ezekiel Elliott during the Cowboys at Redskins game in September . Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap September 11 New York Giants L 19 -- 20 0 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap September 18 at Washington Redskins W 27 -- 23 1 -- 1 FedExField Recap September 25 Chicago Bears W 31 -- 17 2 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap October 2 at San Francisco 49ers W 24 -- 17 3 -- 1 Levi 's Stadium Recap 5 October 9 Cincinnati Bengals W 28 -- 14 4 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap 6 October 16 at Green Bay Packers W 30 -- 16 5 -- 1 Lambeau Field Recap 7 Bye 8 October 30 Philadelphia Eagles W 29 -- 23 ( OT ) 6 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap 9 November 6 at Cleveland Browns W 35 -- 10 7 -- 1 FirstEnergy Stadium Recap 10 November 13 at Pittsburgh Steelers W 35 -- 30 8 -- 1 Heinz Field Recap 11 November 20 Baltimore Ravens W 27 -- 17 9 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap 12 November 24 Washington Redskins W 31 -- 26 10 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap 13 December 1 at Minnesota Vikings W 17 -- 15 11 -- 1 U.S. Bank Stadium Recap 14 December 11 at New York Giants L 7 -- 10 11 -- 2 MetLife Stadium Recap 15 December 18 Tampa Bay Buccaneers W 26 -- 20 12 -- 2 AT&T Stadium Recap 16 December 26 Detroit Lions W 42 -- 21 13 -- 2 AT&T Stadium Recap 17 January 1 at Philadelphia Eagles L 13 -- 27 13 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Recap Note : Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Postseason ( edit ) See also : 2016 -- 17 NFL playoffs Playoff round Date Opponent ( seed ) Result Record Game site NFL.com recap Wild Card First - round bye Divisional January 15 , 2017 Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) L 31 -- 34 0 -- 1 AT&T Stadium Recap Game summaries ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Week 1 : vs. New York Giants ( edit ) Week One : New York Giants at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Giants 0 13 0 7 20 Cowboys 6 7 19 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : September 11 Game time : 3 : 25 p.m. CDT Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 92,867 Referee : Ronald Torbert TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 23 - yard field goal , 6 : 35 . Cowboys 3 -- 0 . Drive : 15 plays , 70 yards , 8 : 25 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 56 - yard field goal , 11 : 09 . Cowboys 6 -- 0 . Drive : 15 plays , 52 yards , 7 : 58 . NYG -- Larry Donnell 15 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Randy Bullock kick ) , 9 : 36 . Giants 7 -- 6 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 33 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 25 - yard field goal , 4 : 02 . Cowboys 9 -- 7 . Drive : 11 plays , 68 yards , 5 : 34 . NYG -- Sterling Shepard 9 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( kick failed , wide left ) , 0 : 07 . Giants 13 -- 9 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 55 . Third quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliot 8 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 47 . Cowboys 16 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 35 yards , 3 : 27 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 54 - yard field goal , 13 : 59 . Cowboys 19 -- 13 . Drive : 11 plays , 39 yards , 5 : 01 . NYG -- Victor Cruz 3 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Randy Bullock kick ) , 6 : 13 . Giants 20 -- 19 . Drive : 9 plays , 54 yards , 3 : 59 . Top passers NYG -- Eli Manning -- 19 / 28 , 207 yards , 3 TD , INT DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 25 / 45 , 227 yards Top rushers NYG -- Rashad Jennings -- 18 carries , 75 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliot -- 20 carries , 51 yards , TD Top receivers NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. -- 4 receptions , 73 yards DAL -- Jason Witten -- 9 receptions , 66 yards The Cowboys fell short trying to win their home opener against the Giants in a hard - fought game . They dropped to 0 -- 1 and lost to the Giants at AT&T Stadium for the first time since 2012 . Ezekiel Elliott struggled to find holes all game , but managed to record his first NFL touchdown . The Dallas defense failed to contain the Giants ' rushing attack . The game also saw the return of Victor Cruz , who caught the game - clinching touchdown pass from Eli Manning . Dallas ' final play , a 14 - yard catch - and - run by Terrance Williams , put them in field goal range , but he stayed inbounds and time expired . Week 2 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Two : Dallas Cowboys at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Cowboys 10 7 7 27 Redskins 0 10 13 0 23 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : September 18 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 12 : 00 p.m. CDT Game weather : 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 80,612 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , John Lynch and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 22 - yard field goal , 9 : 25 . Cowboys 3 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 76 yards , 5 : 35 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliot 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 39 . Cowboys 10 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 94 yards , 5 : 13 . Second quarter WAS -- Matt Jones 14 - yard run ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 13 : 08 . Cowboys 10 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 31 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 31 - yard field goal , 4 : 34 . Cowboys 13 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 43 yards , 4 : 31 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 36 - yard field goal , 0 : 26 . Cowboys 13 -- 10 . Drive : 12 plays , 56 yards , 4 : 08 . Third quarter WAS -- Jamison Crowder 11 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 11 : 16 . Redskins 17 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 44 . DAL -- Dak Prescott 6 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 5 : 41 . Cowboys 20 -- 17 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 35 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 29 - yard field goal , 2 : 06 . Tied 20 -- 20 . Drive : 7 plays , 27 yards , 3 : 35 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 22 - yard field goal , 0 : 04 . Redskins 23 -- 20 . Drive : 5 plays , 30 yards , 1 : 35 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Alfred Morris 4 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 4 : 45 . Cowboys 27 -- 23 . Drive : 11 plays , 80 yards , 5 : 50 . Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 22 / 30 , 292 yards WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 28 / 46 , 364 yards , TD , INT Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliot -- 21 rushes , 83 yards , TD WAS -- Matt Jones -- 13 rushes , 61 yards , TD Top receivers DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 7 receptions , 102 yards WAS -- Jordan Reed -- 5 receptions , 70 yards Rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was impressive in his second NFL start , rushing for a touchdown and playing mistake - free football as Dallas evened its record at 1 -- 1 with a win over its long - time rival . Barry Church 's interception of Kirk Cousins in the end zone late in the fourth quarter sealed the game . Week 3 : vs. Chicago Bears ( edit ) Week Three : Chicago Bears at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Bears 0 7 7 17 Cowboys 10 14 0 7 31 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : September 25 Game time : 7 : 30 p.m. CDT Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 90,554 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Dak Prescott 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 9 : 30 . Cowboys 7 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 30 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 49 - yard field goal , 1 : 54 . Cowboys 10 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 44 yards , 4 : 59 . Second quarter DAL -- Lance Dunbar 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 11 . Cowboys 17 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 72 yards , 4 : 09 . CHI -- Connor Barth 34 - yard field goal , 7 : 47 . Cowboys 17 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 59 yards , 3 : 24 . DAL -- Alfred Morris 3 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 0 : 38 . Cowboys 24 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 73 yard , 7 : 09 . Third quarter CHI -- Zach Miller 2 - yard pass from Brian Hoyer ( Connor Barth kick ) , 7 : 08 . Cowboys 24 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 63 yards , 4 : 54 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dez Bryant 17 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 9 : 02 . Cowboys 31 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 88 yards , 6 : 35 . CHI -- Zach Miller 6 - yard pass from Brian Hoyer ( Connor Barth kick ) , 6 : 28 . Cowboys 31 -- 17 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 34 . Top passers CHI -- Brian Hoyer -- 30 / 49 , 317 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 19 / 24 , 248 yards , TD Top rushers CHI -- Jordan Howard -- 9 rushes , 45 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 30 rushes , 140 yards Top receivers CHI -- Zach Miller -- 8 receptions , 78 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Cole Beasley -- 7 receptions , 73 yards Dallas won its first home game in over a year as it dispatched of the Bears , who were without normal starting quarterback Jay Cutler and instead started Brian Hoyer . Ezekiel Elliott ran for 140 yards on 30 carries in just his third NFL game and Dak Prescott threw his first NFL touchdown pass to Dez Bryant . Week 4 : at San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Week Four : Dallas Cowboys at San Francisco 49ers -- Game summary Total Cowboys 0 14 7 24 49ers 7 7 0 17 at Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Date : October 2 Game time : 3 : 25 p.m. CDT / 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 70,178 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter SF -- Jeremy Kerley 33 - yard pass from Blaine Gabbert ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 6 : 41 . 49ers 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 63 yards , 3 : 39 . Second quarter SF -- Carlos Hyde 3 - yard run ( Phil Dawson kick ) , 13 : 55 . 49ers 14 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 80 yards , 5 : 03 . DAL -- Terrance Williams 20 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 2 : 58 . 49ers 14 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 54 . DAL -- Brice Butler 4 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 0 : 12 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 38 . Third quarter SF -- Phil Dawson 36 - yard field goal , 12 : 18 . 49ers 17 -- 14 . Drive : 6 plays , 57 yards , 2 : 42 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 08 . Cowboys 21 -- 17 . Drive : 10 plays , 78 yards , 5 : 49 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 22 - yard field goal , 4 : 11 . Cowboys 24 -- 17 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 6 : 27 . Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 23 / 32 , 245 yards , 2 TD SF -- Blaine Gabbert -- 16 / 23 , 196 yards , TD , INT Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 23 rushes , 138 yards , TD SF -- Carlos Hyde -- 15 rushes , 74 yards , TD Top receivers DAL -- Cole Beasley -- 3 receptions , 66 yards SF -- Jeremy Kerley -- 6 receptions , 88 yards , TD The Cowboys rallied from an early 14 - point hole to win over the 49ers on the road , winning their third straight game in the process . Ezekiel Elliott went over the century mark again , rushing for 138 yards and a touchdown . Week 5 : vs. cincinnati bengals ( edit ) Week Five : Cincinnati Bengals at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Bengals 0 0 0 14 14 Cowboys 7 14 7 0 28 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : October 9 Game time : 3 : 25 p.m. CDT Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 91,653 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 13 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 09 . Cowboys 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 64 yards , 3 : 51 . Second quarter DAL -- Dak Prescott 5 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 14 : 43 . Cowboys 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 89 yards , 6 : 33 . DAL -- Cole Beasley 14 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 4 : 09 . Cowboys 21 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 38 . Third quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 60 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 38 . Cowboys 28 -- 0 . Drive : 1 play , 60 yards , 0 : 09 . Fourth quarter CIN -- Brandon LaFell 7 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 10 : 10 . Cowboys 28 -- 7 . Drive : 10 plays , 59 yards , 5 : 13 . CIN -- Brandon LaFell 5 - yard pass from Andy Dalton ( Mike Nugent kick ) , 2 : 39 . Cowboys 28 -- 14 . Drive : 12 plays , 77 yards , 5 : 03 . Top passers CIN -- Andy Dalton -- 29 / 41 , 269 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 18 / 24 , 227 yards , TD Top rushers CIN -- Giovani Bernard -- 9 rushes , 50 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 15 rushes , 134 yards , 2 TD Top receivers CIN -- Brandon LaFell -- 8 receptions , 68 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Terrance Williams -- 5 receptions , 70 yards Dak Prescott extended his consecutive passes to begin a career without an interception streak to 155 , trailing only Tom Brady all - time . Ezekiel Elliott rushed for 134 yards on only 15 carries , including a 60 - yard touchdown run . The win put Dallas a half - game ahead of the Eagles for first place in the NFC East . Week 6 : at Green Bay Packers ( edit ) Week Six : Dallas Cowboys at Green Bay Packers -- Game summary Total Cowboys 7 10 10 30 Packers 0 10 16 at Lambeau Field , Green Bay , Wisconsin Date : October 16 Game time : 3 : 25 p.m. CDT Game weather : 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 78,481 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( Fox ) : Thom Brennaman , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Cole Beasley 1 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 08 . Cowboys 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 57 . GB -- Mason Crosby 37 - yard field goal , 5 : 14 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 56 yards , 4 : 52 . Second quarter GB -- Mason Crosby 43 - yard field goal , 12 : 19 . Cowboys 7 -- 6 . Drive : 9 plays , 45 yards , 4 : 08 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 44 - yard field goal , 6 : 05 . Cowboys 10 -- 6 . Drive : 12 plays , 50 yards , 6 : 15 . DAL -- Brice Butler 20 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 0 : 31 . Cowboys 17 -- 6 . Drive : 5 plays , 97 yards , 0 : 33 . Third quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 22 - yard field goal , 7 : 02 . Cowboys 20 -- 6 . Drive : 7 plays , 47 yards , 3 : 05 . Fourth quarter GB -- Mason Crosby 34 - yard field goal , 14 : 51 . Cowboys 20 -- 9 . Drive : 4 plays , 0 yards , 0 : 32 . DAL -- Cole Beasley 4 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 31 . Cowboys 27 -- 9 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 22 . GB -- Randall Cobb 4 - yard pass from Aaron Rodgers ( Mason Crosby kick ) , 6 : 57 . Cowboys 27 -- 16 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 33 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 32 - yard field goal , 3 : 45 . Cowboys 30 -- 16 . Drive : 8 plays , 48 yards , 3 : 12 . Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 18 / 27 , 247 yards , 3 TD , INT GB -- Aaron Rodgers -- 31 / 42 , 294 yards , TD , INT Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 28 rushes , 157 yards GB -- Eddie Lacy -- 17 rushes , 65 yards Top receivers DAL -- Terrance Williams -- 4 rec , 75 yards GB -- Ty Montgomery -- 10 rec , 98 yards It was the third straight year that the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau to face the Packers . Despite Dak Prescott being picked off for the first time this season , he still managed 247 passing yards and three touchdowns . He also passed Tom Brady 's all - time record of consecutive pass attempts to start a career without an interception . Ezekiel Elliott pounded the Green Bay Packers number one ranked run defense with 157 yards on 28 carries The Dallas defense dominated the Packers , forcing four Green Bay turnovers . It was the first time since 2008 , and second time in franchise history that the Cowboys had won at Lambeau . With the 30 -- 16 victory , the Cowboys went 5 -- 1 heading into the bye week . Week 8 : vs. Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Week Eight : Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary OT Total Eagles 10 7 0 23 Cowboys 7 10 6 29 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : October 30 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. CDT / 7 : 30 p.m. CDT Game weather : 84 ° F ( 29 ° C ) , clear skies -- retractable roof open Game attendance : 93,103 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 30 - yard field goal , 6 : 39 . Eagles 3 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 50 yards , 5 : 11 . DAL -- Dak Prescott 7 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 4 : 41 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 58 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 38 - yard field goal , 14 : 50 . Cowboys 10 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 52 yards , 3 : 20 . PHI -- Ryan Mathews 1 - yard run ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 3 : 45 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 45 yards , 5 : 05 . PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 55 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Eagles 13 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 43 yards , 1 : 26 . Third quarter PHI -- Jordan Matthews 5 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 6 : 20 . Eagles 20 -- 10 . Drive : 12 plays , 69 yards , 4 : 10 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 23 - yard field goal , 0 : 56 . Eagles 20 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 70 yards , 5 : 24 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 34 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . Eagles 23 -- 13 . Drive : 6 plays , 29 yards , 1 : 47 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 49 - yard field goal , 11 : 34 . Eagles 23 -- 16 . Drive : 4 plays , 5 yards , 1 : 24 . DAL -- Dez Bryant 22 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 3 : 04 . Tied 23 -- 23 . Drive : 11 plays , 90 yards , 3 : 22 . Overtime DAL -- Jason Witten 5 - yard pass from Dak Prescott , 7 : 48 . Cowboys 29 -- 23 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 12 . Top passers PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 32 / 43 , 202 yards , TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 19 / 39 , 287 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers PHI -- Darren Sproles -- 15 rushes , 86 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 22 rushes , 96 yards Top receivers PHI -- Jordan Matthews -- 11 receptions , 65 yards , TD DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 4 receptions , 113 yards , TD Hoping to continue their winning streak , the Cowboys hosted the Philadelphia Eagles in a primetime matchup duel between Dak Prescott and Carson Wentz . Jason Witten 's touchdown in overtime sealed the victory for the Cowboys , who went 6 -- 1 ; this was the Cowboys ' first victory against the Eagles at AT&T Stadium since 2012 . Week 9 : at Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Week Nine : Dallas Cowboys at Cleveland Browns -- Game summary Total Cowboys 7 14 14 0 35 Browns 7 0 0 10 at FirstEnergy Stadium , Cleveland , Ohio Date : November 6 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST / 12 : 00 p.m. CST Game weather : 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 67,431 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( Fox ) : Thom Brennaman , Charles Davis , Chris Spielman and Peter Schrager Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter CLE -- Cody Parkey 31 - yard field goal , 12 : 40 . Browns 3 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 62 yards , 2 : 20 . DAL -- Jason Witten 26 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 6 : 47 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 53 . Second quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 10 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 02 . Cowboys 14 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 69 yards , 4 : 48 . DAL -- Cole Beasley 6 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 50 . Cowboys 21 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 39 . CLE -- Terrelle Pryor 12 - yard pass from Cody Kessler ( Cody Parkey kick ) , 0 : 23 . Cowboys 21 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 80 yards , 1 : 27 . Third quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 8 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 30 . Cowboys 28 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 30 . DAL -- Gavin Escobar 2 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 41 . Cowboys 35 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 5 : 30 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 21 / 27 , 247 yards , 3 TD CLE -- Cody Kessler -- 19 / 27 , 203 yards , TD Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 18 rushes , 92 yards , 2 TD CLE -- Duke Johnson -- 5 rushes , 30 yards Top receivers DAL -- Jason Witten -- 8 receptions , 134 yards , TD CLE -- Isaiah Crowell -- 4 receptions , 63 yards The winless Browns had no answer for Dak Prescott who threw three touchdown passes in a 35 -- 10 win and improving the Cowboys to 7 -- 1 for the first time since 2007 . Week 10 : at Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) Week Ten : Dallas Cowboys at Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Cowboys 10 10 12 35 Steelers 12 12 30 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : November 13 Game time : 4 : 25 p.m. EST / 3 : 25 p.m. CST Game weather : 56 ° F ( 13 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 67,737 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 2 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 9 : 54 . Steelers 6 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 38 yards , 3 : 51 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 37 - yard field goal , 5 : 17 . Steelers 6 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 42 yards , 4 : 37 . PIT -- Eli Rogers 3 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 1 : 13 . Steelers 12 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 04 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 83 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 0 : 12 . Steelers 12 -- 10 . Drive : 2 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 01 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 53 - yard field goal , 11 : 04 . Cowboys 13 -- 12 . Drive : 6 plays , 25 yards , 3 : 24 . PIT -- Chris Boswell 39 - yard field goal , 4 : 43 . Steelers 15 -- 13 . Drive : 10 plays , 54 yards , 6 : 21 . Third quarter PIT -- Chris Boswell 25 - yard field goal , 13 : 10 . Steelers 18 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 68 yards , 1 : 50 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 46 - yard field goal , 5 : 35 . Steelers 18 -- 16 . Drive : 14 plays , 46 yards , 7 : 35 . DAL -- Dez Bryant 50 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 35 . Cowboys 23 -- 18 . Drive : 3 plays , 49 yards , 1 : 48 . Fourth quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 1 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 7 : 51 . Steelers 24 -- 23 . Drive : 6 plays , 46 yards , 3 : 05 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 14 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 1 : 55 . Cowboys 29 -- 24 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 56 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 15 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( pass failed ) , 0 : 42 . Steelers 30 -- 29 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 13 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 32 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 0 : 09 . Cowboys 35 -- 30 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 33 . Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 22 / 32 , 319 yards , 2 TD PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 37 / 46 , 408 yards , 3 TD Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 21 rushes , 114 yards , 2 TD PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 17 rushes , 57 yards , TD Top receivers DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 6 receptions , 116 yards , TD PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 14 receptions , 154 yards , TD A classic rivalry since the 1970s , the Cowboys traveled to Pittsburgh to take on the Steelers , who were coming off a three - game losing streak ( including a loss to the Baltimore Ravens the previous week ) . With the win , the Cowboys extended their winning streak to eight games for the first time since 1977 . Ezekiel Elliott reached 1,000 yards in this game and rushed for the game - winning touchdown in the space of 30 seconds . The Cowboys also clinched a non-losing season as they now have the best win -- loss record in the NFL . Week 11 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Eleven : Baltimore Ravens at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Ravens 7 0 7 17 Cowboys 0 10 7 10 27 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : November 20 Game time : 12 : 00 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 93,056 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter BAL -- Terrance West 18 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 5 : 28 . Ravens 7 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 90 yards , 3 : 09 . Second quarter DAL -- Cole Beasley 3 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 5 : 55 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 52 yards , 3 : 36 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 46 - yard field goal , 1 : 37 . Ravens 10 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 47 yards , 4 : 18 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 30 - yard field goal , 0 : 04 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 63 yards , 1 : 33 . Third quarter DAL -- Dez Bryant 4 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 7 : 31 . Cowboys 17 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 92 yards , 5 : 49 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dez Bryant 13 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 30 . Cowboys 24 -- 10 . Drive : 13 plays , 88 yards , 7 : 54 . BAL -- Steve Smith Sr. 5 - yard pass from Joe Flacco ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 8 : 16 . Cowboys 24 -- 17 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 14 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 21 - yard field goal , 1 : 50 . Cowboys 27 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 72 yards , 6 : 26 . Top passers BAL -- Joe Flacco -- 23 / 35 , 269 yards , TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 27 / 36 , 301 yards , 3 TD Top rushers BAL -- Terrance West -- 8 rushes , 42 yards , TD DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 25 rushes , 97 yards Top receivers BAL -- Steve Smith Sr. -- 8 receptions , 99 yards , TD DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 6 receptions , 80 yards , 2 TD The Cowboys returned home to take on the Baltimore Ravens . Ezekiel Elliott surpassed Tony Dorsett 's record of 1,007 rushing yards as a rookie . With the win , the Cowboys extended their winning streak to nine games for the first time in the team 's franchise history . The win also saw the Cowboys beat the Ravens for the very first time . Week 12 : vs. Washington Redskins ( edit ) Thanksgiving Day game Week Twelve : Washington Redskins at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Redskins 0 6 0 20 26 Cowboys 7 10 0 14 31 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : November 24 Game time : 3 : 30 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 93,099 Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Chris Myers and Erin Andrews Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 4 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 11 : 09 . Cowboys 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 51 . Second quarter WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 24 - yard field goal , 14 : 04 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 10 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 46 - yard field goal , 7 : 57 . Cowboys 10 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 47 yards , 6 : 07 . DAL -- Terrance Williams 10 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 1 : 45 . Cowboys 17 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 55 yards , 2 : 06 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 20 - yard field goal , 0 : 03 . Cowboys 17 -- 6 . Drive : 11 plays , 73 yards , 1 : 43 . Third quarter None Fourth quarter WAS -- Jordan Reed 5 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( pass failed ) , 14 : 54 . Cowboys 17 -- 12 . Drive : 14 plays , 90 yards , 7 : 55 . DAL -- Dak Prescott 6 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 49 . Cowboys 24 -- 12 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 05 . WAS -- DeSean Jackson 67 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 9 : 22 . Cowboys 24 -- 19 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 27 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 6 : 29 . Cowboys 31 -- 19 . Drive : 8 plays , 53 yards , 2 : 53 . WAS -- Jordan Reed 8 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 1 : 53 . Cowboys 31 -- 26 . Drive : 15 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 36 . Top passers WAS -- Kirk Cousins -- 41 / 53 , 449 yards , 3 TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 17 / 24 , 195 yards , TD Top rushers WAS -- Robert Kelley -- 14 rushes , 37 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 20 rushes , 97 yards , 2 TD Top receivers WAS -- DeSean Jackson -- 4 receptions , 118 yards , TD DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 5 receptions , 72 yards In the traditional Thanksgiving game , the Cowboys hosted the Washington Redskins , who had just came off a victory against the Green Bay Packers . In a game of catch - up , the Redskins never led ; however , they made a valiant effort in the fourth quarter to take the lead . The Cowboys held them off and won the game , thus extending their winning streak to ten games for the first time in franchise history . Week 13 : at Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) Week Thirteen : Dallas Cowboys at Minnesota Vikings -- Game summary Total Cowboys 0 7 0 10 17 Vikings 0 9 15 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : December 1 Game time : 7 : 25 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( fixed - roof stadium ) Game attendance : 66,860 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( NBC / NFLN / Twitter ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Heather Cox Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter MIN -- Kai Forbath 48 - yard field goal , 2 : 28 . Vikings 3 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 32 yards , 3 : 17 . Second quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 5 : 29 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 84 yards , 5 : 12 . Third quarter MIN -- Kai Forbath 36 - yard field goal , 2 : 10 . Cowboys 7 -- 6 . Drive : 10 plays , 49 yards , 4 : 52 . Fourth quarter MIN -- Kai Forbath 33 - yard field goal , 14 : 11 . Vikings 9 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 4 yards , 0 : 56 . DAL -- Dez Bryant 8 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 22 . Cowboys 14 -- 9 . Drive : 1 play , 8 yards , 0 : 06 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 39 - yard field goal , 4 : 15 . Cowboys 17 -- 9 . Drive : 5 plays , 33 yards , 2 : 22 . MIN -- Jerick McKinnon 3 - yard pass from Sam Bradford ( pass failed ) , 0 : 25 . Cowboys 17 -- 15 . Drive : 8 plays , 65 yards , 1 : 44 . Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 12 / 18 , 139 yards , TD MIN -- Sam Bradford -- 32 / 45 , 247 yards , TD Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 20 rushes , 86 yards , TD MIN -- Jerick McKinnon -- 9 rushes , 41 yards Top receivers DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 4 receptions , 84 yards , TD MIN -- Adam Thielen -- 7 receptions , 86 yards The Cowboys traveled to Minnesota to take on the struggling Vikings following their loss against the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving . In a rather tightly contested game that saw penalties on Dallas and strong Vikings defense , the Cowboys nevertheless managed to win and thus extended their historical win streak to eleven games . This was also the first time since 1995 in which Dallas had won at Minnesota . With the win , plus a loss from the Washington Redskins against the Cardinals the following Sunday , Dallas became the first team in the NFL to clinch a playoff berth this season . Week 14 : at New York Giants ( edit ) Week Fourteen : Dallas Cowboys at New York Giants -- Game summary Total Cowboys 7 0 0 0 7 Giants 0 0 10 0 10 at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : December 11 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 7 : 30 p.m. CST Game weather : 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) , cloudy Game attendance : 80,874 Referee : Carl Cheffers TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Rrcap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Terrance Williams 31 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 4 : 44 . Cowboys 7 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 06 . Second quarter No scoring plays Third quarter NYG -- Robbie Gould 39 - yard field goal , 5 : 50 . Cowboys 7 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 35 yards , 4 : 49 . NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. 61 - yard pass from Eli Manning ( Robbie Gould kick ) , 1 : 07 . Giants 10 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 61 yards , 0 : 43 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays Top passers DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 17 / 37 , 165 yards , TD , 2 INT NYG -- Eli Manning -- 17 / 28 , 193 yards , TD , INT Top rushers DAL -- Ezekiel Elliot -- 24 rushes , 107 yards NYG -- Rashad Jennings -- 15 rushes , 45 yards Top receivers DAL -- Terrance Williams -- 5 receptions , 76 yards , TD NYG -- Odell Beckham Jr. -- 4 receptions , 94 yards , TD Trying to win their 12th straight and avenge their Week 1 loss , the Cowboys took on the second place New York Giants in a Sunday night showdown . After taking a 7 -- 0 lead on their second possession of the game , the Cowboys failed to score any more points for the rest of the game and lost 10 -- 7 , thus ending their 11 - game winning streak . Dak Prescott had his first multiple - interception game and the Cowboys committed three turnovers . It was the first time that they were swept in the regular season by the Giants since the 2011 season . Week 15 : vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( edit ) Week Fifteen : Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Buccaneers 14 0 20 Cowboys 0 17 0 9 26 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : December 18 Game time : 7 : 30 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 93,101 Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter TB -- Roberto Aguayo 25 - yard field goal , 5 : 54 . Buccaneers 3 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 47 yards , 3 : 52 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 27 - yard field goal , 14 : 56 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 65 yards , 5 : 58 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 2 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 12 : 34 . Cowboys 10 -- 3 . Drive : 5 plays , 14 yards , 2 : 11 . DAL -- Dak Prescott 2 - yard run ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 6 : 24 . Cowboys 17 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 64 yards , 5 : 13 . TB -- Roberto Aguayo 34 - yard field goal , 1 : 52 . Cowboys 17 -- 6 . Drive : 11 plays , 59 yards , 4 : 32 . Third quarter TB -- Adam Humphries 42 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( Roberto Aguayo kick ) , 11 : 44 . Cowboys 17 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 16 . TB -- Cameron Brate 10 - yard pass from Jameis Winston ( Roberto Aguayo kick ) , 4 : 12 . Buccaneers 20 -- 17 . Drive : 10 plays , 81 yards , 4 : 49 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 40 - yard field goal , 13 : 31 . Tied 20 -- 20 . Drive : 10 plays , 58 yards , 5 : 41 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 38 - yard field goal , 9 : 35 . Cowboys 23 -- 20 . Drive : 4 plays , 2 yards , 2 : 14 . DAL -- Dan Bailey 33 - yard field goal , 2 : 58 . Cowboys 26 -- 20 . Drive : 8 plays , 81 yards , 3 : 57 . Top passers TB -- Jameis Winston -- 17 / 35 , 247 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 32 / 36 , 279 yards Top rushers TB -- Doug Martin -- 16 rushes , 42 yards DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 23 rushes , 159 yards , TD Top receivers TB -- Cameron Brate -- 5 receptions , 73 yards , TD DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 8 receptions , 82 yards Following their second loss to the Giants , the Cowboys returned to Arlington in a match against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who were coming off a five - game winning streak ) . Despite both teams sharing the lead from time and time again , the Cowboys were able to hold off the Buccaneers . With less than a minute remaining in the fourth quarter , Orlando Scandrick intercepted a pass from Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston ( who fumbled earlier in the first half ) and ended the game as a Cowboys victory . Dallas ' only other highlight came early in the second quarter when Ezekiel Elliott leapt onto the Salvation Army kettle after scoring a touchdown to lead Dallas 10 -- 3 . This celebration resulted in a 15 - yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty ; however , the following day , the NFL decided to not fine Elliott for the celebration . The Cowboys improved to 12 -- 2 , and with the Giants ' loss to the Eagles the following Thursday night , they clinched the NFC East title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . Week 16 : vs. Detroit Lions ( edit ) Week Sixteen : Detroit Lions at Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Lions 7 14 0 0 21 Cowboys 14 7 14 7 42 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : December 26 Game time : 7 : 30 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 92,885 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Jon Gruden and Lisa Salters Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DAL -- Brice Butler 21 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey Kick ) , 9 : 57 . Cowboys 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 66 yards , 5 : 03 . DET -- Zach Zenner 7 - yard run ( Matt Prater Kick ) , 5 : 23 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 34 . DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 55 - yard run ( Dan Bailey Kick ) , 2 : 49 . Cowboys 14 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 66 yards , 2 : 34 . Second quarter DET -- Matthew Stafford 1 - yard run ( Matt Prater Kick ) , 13 : 32 . Tied 14 -- 14 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 4 : 17 . DET -- Zach Zenner 5 - yard run ( Matt Prater Kick ) , 7 : 40 . Lions 21 -- 14 . Drive : 8 plays , 53 yards , 4 : 01 . DAL -- Dez Bryant 25 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey Kick ) , 1 : 04 . Tied 21 -- 21 . Drive : 6 plays , 51 yards , 2 : 10 . Third quarter DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott 1 - yard run ( Dan Bailey Kick ) , 10 : 19 . Cowboys 28 -- 21 . Drive : 3 plays , 38 yards , 1 : 46 . DAL -- Jason Witten 10 - yard pass from Dez Bryant ( Dan Bailey Kick ) , 4 : 03 . Cowboys 35 -- 21 . Drive : 7 plays , 95 yards , 4 : 05 . Fourth quarter DAL -- Dez Bryant 19 - yard pass from Dak Prescott ( Dan Bailey Kick ) , 12 : 12 . Cowboys 42 -- 21 . Drive : 7 plays , 63 yards , 3 : 35 . Top passers DET -- Matthew Stafford -- 26 / 46 , 260 yards , INT DAL -- Dak Prescott -- 15 / 20 , 212 yards , 3 TD Top rushers DET -- Zach Zenner -- 12 rushes , 67 yards , 2 TD DAL -- Ezekiel Elliott -- 12 rushes , 80 yards , 2 TD Top receivers DET -- Eric Ebron -- 8 receptions , 93 yards DAL -- Dez Bryant -- 4 receptions , 70 yards , 2 TD The Cowboys improved to 13 -- 2 and swept the NFC North . They became the first team since the 2008 Tennessee Titans to sweep both the AFC and NFC North in the same regular season . They also won their 13th game in the regular season for the third time in franchise history , and first time since 2007 . Week 17 : at Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Week Seventeen : Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Cowboys 0 10 0 13 Eagles 7 7 10 27 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : January 1 , 2017 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EST / 12 : 00 p.m. CST Game weather : 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Walt Coleman TV announcers ( Fox ) : Kevin Burkhardt , John Lynch and Pam Oliver Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 22 - yard field goal , 3 : 57 . Eagles 3 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 79 yards , 8 : 18 . Second quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 49 - yard field goal , 14 : 51 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 44 yards , 4 : 06 . DAL -- Terrance Williams 3 - yard pass from Tony Romo ( Dan Bailey kick ) , 10 : 11 . Cowboys 10 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 81 yards , 2 : 49 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 6 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 0 : 07 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 49 yards , 1 : 50 . Third quarter DAL -- Dan Bailey 23 - yard field goal , 9 : 18 . Cowboys 13 -- 10 . Drive : 7 plays , 66 yards , 3 : 21 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 20 - yard pass from Carson Wentz ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 4 : 56 . Eagles 17 -- 13 . Drive : 10 plays , 89 yards , 4 : 22 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Caleb Sturgis 33 - yard field goal , 2 : 18 . Eagles 20 -- 13 . Drive : 14 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 51 . PHI -- Terrell Watson 1 - yard run ( Caleb Sturgis kick ) , 1 : 23 . Eagles 27 -- 13 . Drive : 3 plays , 7 yards , 0 : 16 . Top passers DAL -- Mark Sanchez -- 9 / 17 , 85 yards , 2 INT PHI -- Carson Wentz -- 27 / 43 , 245 yards , 2 TD Top rushers DAL -- Darren McFadden -- 7 rushes , 28 yards PHI -- Byron Marshall -- 10 rushes , 42 yards Top receivers DAL -- Cole Beasley -- 3 receptions , 49 yards PHI -- Zach Ertz -- 13 receptions , 139 yards , 2 TD With everything already clinched , the Cowboys rested numerous key starters , including Elliott and Sean Lee , and only played Dak Prescott for two series . Tony Romo played for the first time since November 2015 and in his one series , threw a touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . The Cowboys finished 3 -- 3 against NFC East competition . Postseason ( edit ) See also : 2016 -- 17 NFL playoffs NFC divisional playoffs : vs. ( 4 ) Green Bay Packers ( edit ) NFC Divisional Playoffs : ( 4 ) Green Bay Packers at ( 1 ) Dallas Cowboys -- Game summary Total Packers 7 14 7 6 34 Cowboys 10 0 18 31 at AT&T Stadium , Arlington , Texas Date : January 15 , 2017 Game time : 3 : 40 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( retractable roof closed ) Game attendance : 93,396 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Erin Andrews and Chris Myers Recap , Gamebook Despite having the # 1 seed in the NFC and home - field advantage , the Cowboys ' season came to an heartbreaking end in Dallas when they were defeated by the # 4 seed Green Bay Packers 34 -- 31 as they avenged their Week 6 loss with a Mason Crosby field goal with just 3 seconds left . For the first time since Week 14 , Dak Prescott threw an interception as Packers safety Micah Hyde intercepted Prescott with 7 : 17 remaining in the third quarter . With the loss , the Cowboys close out their season with a 13 - 4 record . Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Dallas Cowboys 13 0 . 813 3 -- 3 9 -- 3 421 306 L1 New York Giants 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 8 -- 4 310 284 W1 Washington Redskins 8 7 . 531 3 -- 3 6 -- 6 396 383 L1 Philadelphia Eagles 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 367 331 W2 Conference ( edit ) NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Dallas Cowboys East 13 0 . 813 3 -- 3 9 -- 3 . 471 . 440 L1 Atlanta Falcons South 11 5 0 . 688 5 -- 1 9 -- 3 . 480 . 452 W4 Seattle Seahawks West 10 5 . 656 3 -- 2 -- 1 6 -- 5 -- 1 . 441 . 425 W1 Green Bay Packers North 10 6 0 . 625 5 -- 1 8 -- 4 . 508 . 453 W6 Wild Cards 5 New York Giants East 11 5 0 . 688 4 -- 2 8 -- 4 . 486 . 455 W1 6 Detroit Lions North 9 7 0 . 563 3 -- 3 7 -- 5 . 475 . 392 L3 Did not qualify for the playoffs 7 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 9 7 0 . 563 4 -- 2 7 -- 5 . 492 . 434 W1 8 Washington Redskins East 8 7 . 531 3 -- 3 6 -- 6 . 516 . 430 L1 9 Minnesota Vikings North 8 8 0 . 500 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 . 492 . 457 W1 10 Arizona Cardinals West 7 8 . 469 4 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 5 -- 1 . 463 . 366 W2 11 New Orleans Saints South 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 6 -- 6 . 523 . 393 L1 12 Philadelphia Eagles East 7 9 0 . 438 2 -- 4 5 -- 7 . 559 . 518 W2 13 Carolina Panthers South 6 10 0 . 375 1 -- 5 5 -- 7 . 518 . 354 L2 14 Los Angeles Rams West 12 0 . 250 2 -- 4 3 -- 9 . 504 . 500 L7 15 Chicago Bears North 13 0 . 188 2 -- 4 3 -- 9 . 521 . 396 L4 16 San Francisco 49ers West 14 0 . 125 2 -- 4 2 -- 10 . 504 . 250 L1 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Detroit finished ahead of Tampa Bay for the No. 6 seed and qualified for the last playoff spot based on record vs. common opponents -- Detroit 's cumulative record against Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles and New Orleans was 3 -- 2 , while Tampa Bay 's cumulative record against the same four teams was 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : New Orleans finished ahead of Philadelphia based on better record vs. conference opponents . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Officially Clinch Playoff Spot ; Can Claim NFC East Title Next Week '' . Dallas Cowboys . 2016 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Drummond , K.D. `` Cowboys lose OL Mackenzy Bernadeau , release Cedric Thornton contract details '' . Usa Today . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Rob . `` Veteran OT Charles Brown Announces Retirement ; Cowboys Sign 2 Tackles '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Rob . `` Cowboys Re-sign Backup Tackle Brown ; G / C Bernadeau Leaves For Jaguars '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gantt , Darin . `` Titans sign Matt Cassel to back up Marcus Mariota '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David . `` Cowboys retain Morris Claiborne on one - year deal '' . ' NBC Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Archer , Todd . `` Jack Crawford , Cowboys agree to one - year deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helman , David . `` Cowboys Sign Versatile RB Lance Dunbar To One - Year Contract '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alper , Josh . `` James Hanna back to Cowboys on three - year deal '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Machota , Jon . `` Safety Jeff Heath gets new four - year contract from Cowboys '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alper , Josh . `` Ronald Leary signs RFA tender with Cowboys '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schefter , Adam . `` Cowboys LB Rolando McClain suspended another year '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Conor . `` Cowboys re-sign Rolando McClain to one - year deal '' . NFL . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Helman , David . `` Cowboys Re-Sign CB Josh Thomas , Re-Work Tyrone Crawford 's Contract '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holder , Stephen . `` Colts sign veteran RB Robert Turbin '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George , Brandon . `` Source : Dallas Cowboys re-sign LB Kyle Wilber to a two - year deal '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davison , Drew . `` Five off - season concerns for Dallas Cowboys '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Machota , Jon . `` 10 defensive backs the Dallas Cowboys could target in the NFL draft '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Helman . `` Improving The Cowboys ' Pass Rush Remains As A Familiar Concern '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NFL Communications . `` Free Agency Signing Period Begins ; 496 Players Become Free Agents '' . NFL . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` Everything You Need To Know About NFL Free Agency 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr - Dineen , Luke . `` One stat that shows how badly the Dallas Cowboys need Tony Romo back '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George , Brandon . `` Source : QB Dak Prescott flying into Dallas for pre-draft visit with Cowboys '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helman , David . `` Carson Wentz Excited For Opportunity To Re-Connect With Cowboys ' Coaches '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dubin , Jared . `` The Cowboys may have tipped their hand on which QB they 'll draft '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Gary . `` California 's Jared Goff considered the favorite to be selected No. 1 overall by Rams at Thursday 's NFL draft '' . LA Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Lorenzo . `` NFL combine : Carson Wentz , Paxton Lynch solidify status as two of the top quarterbacks '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Archer , Todd . `` Dak Prescott is Cowboys ' first QB draft pick since 2009 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill Jr. , Clarence E. `` Free agent quarterback Matt Moore will visit the Dallas Cowboys '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Omar . `` Miami Dolphins re-sign backup QB Matt Moore '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` Orlando Scandrick Injury : Updates on Cowboys CB 's Recovery from Torn ACL '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Mike . `` Alfred Morris staying in the NFC East , signs with rival Cowboys '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , David . `` Source : Cowboys closer to a deal with free - agent CB Patrick Robinson than they are RB Alfred Morris '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd . `` Cowboys value special teams in Jeff Heath 's contract figures '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris . `` Off - season Outlook : Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom . `` Cowboys ' LB Gregory suspended four games for violating substance abuse policy '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin . `` Randy Gregory suspended additional 10 games by NFL '' . NFL . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean . `` Cowboys hosting free agents Joe Looney and Jason Jones '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Machota , Jon . `` Rolando McClain suspended 10 games for violating NFL drug policy ; DeMarcus Lawrence 's 4 - game penalty upheld '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Nate . `` Journeyman Nick Hayden hopes to rock and roll with Browns as they search for answers on depleted defensive line '' . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loreno , Darcie . `` Cleveland Browns cut Austin Davis , Nick Hayden , Paul Kruger '' . Fox 8 Cleveland . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barnwell , Bill . `` Bill Barnwell 's offseason report cards : NFC East '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Former Jaguars , Cowboys DL Jeremy Mincey retires '' . NFL . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kairschner , Shawn. `` 2016 Cowboys Roster : Benefits of going young '' . WFAA 8 ABC . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monson , Sam . `` Cowboys earn C+ grade for relatively quiet offseason '' . Pro Football Focus . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George , Brandon . `` Dallas Cowboys sign former Eagles DL Cedric Thornton to 4 - year , $18 million deal '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Cowboys sign former Eagles d - lineman Thornton to 4 - year deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Schuyler . `` AP sources : Cowboys sign Raiders DE Mayowa to offer sheet '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bair , Scott . `` Mayowa joins Cowboys as Raiders decline to match offer sheet '' . NBC Sports Bay Area . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeanna . `` Alfred Morris signs with Cowboys '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Dan . `` What Ever Happened to Joseph Randle '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helman , David . `` Cowboys Add Offensive Line Depth By Signing Veteran OG / C Joe Looney '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean . `` Cowboys ' Joe Looney ready to do `` whatever , whenever , wherever '' as a backup center and swing guard `` . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodbread , Chase . `` NFL draft to return to Chicago in 2016 '' . NFL . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Machota , Jon . `` Cowboys trade for Raiders ' Brice Butler to add WR depth '' . Dallas News . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gantt , Darin . `` Cowboys deal for Matt Cassel similar to one Bills made in March '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Condotta , Bob . `` Seahawks trade running back Christine Michael to Dallas '' . Seatle Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick . `` NFL Awards Four Compensatory Picks , Including Fourth - Rounder in 2016 '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornsby , Neil . `` Offseason To - Do List for the Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Focus . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owning , John . `` Dallas Cowboys : Full 2016 Draft Guide and Preview '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodbread , Chase . `` Ohio State RB Ezekiel Elliott wants to be drafted by Cowboys '' . NFL . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Timothy . `` Ezekiel Elliott : Latest News , Rumors and Buzz Surrounding RB 's Draft Stock '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Nate . `` NFL draft : First round pick - by - pick analysis '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yarina , Brent . `` View 2015 All - Big Ten Offensive Team & individual award winners '' . Big Ten Network . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` AP All - America Team , List '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Teddy . `` Ohio State 's Ezekiel Elliott wins Chicago Tribune Silver Football '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brugler , Dane . `` Ohio State 's Joey Bosa , Ezekiel Elliott headline Big Ten 's top NFL prospects '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan . `` Ezekiel Elliott : ' It would be an honor ' to run behind Cowboys ' O - line '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yousuf , Saad . `` Why selecting Ezekiel Elliott makes sense for Dallas Cowboys '' . WFAA 8 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Archer , Todd . `` 2016 Dallas Cowboys draft picks : Analysis for every selection '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skrbina , Paul . `` Notre Dame 's Jaylon Smith named Butkus Award winner '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Sam . `` Reports : Notre Dame LB Jaylon Smith has torn ACL , MCL '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick . `` Cowboys Bolster D - Line Interior ; Draft Nebraska DT Maliek Collins in Third '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yarina , Brent . `` View 2015 All - Big Ten Defensive Team & individual award winners '' . Big Ten Network . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` 2015 Associated Press All - Big 12 team '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will . `` Here 's how the Cowboys lost out on Paxton Lynch as their future QB '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam . `` How Dallas almost missed on Dak ... over and over '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aschoff , Edward . `` Life without Dak Prescott for Mississippi State and 10 more irreplaceable players '' . ABC News via ESPN . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helman , David . `` Determining Roles & Potential Roster Spots For The Late - Round Draft Picks '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang III , Roy . `` Dak Prescott no stranger to emerging from backup role '' . The Shreveport Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MAC - Sports . `` MAC Announces 2015 All - MAC Football Teams and Post Season Awards '' . Mid-American Conference . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Triplett , Mike . `` Baylor hoops standout Rico Gathers is serious about becoming an NFL tight end '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Frank Kaminsky , Jahlil Okafor lead AP All - America team ; Perry Ellis , Ron Baker , Fred VanVleet earn honorable mention '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 Dallas Cowboys season . Official website Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance ( hide ) 2016 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina Los Angeles New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Dallas_Cowboys_season&oldid=806585024 '' Categories : 2016 National Football League season by team Dallas Cowboys seasons 2016 in sports in Texas NFC East championship seasons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who beat the dallas cowboys in the playoffs last year	[ "\n\n2016 Dallas Cowboys season\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nOwner\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHome field\nAT&T Stadium\n\n\nResults\n\n\nRecord\n13–3\n\n\nDivision place\n1st NFC East\n\n\nPlayoff finish\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31\n\n\nPro Bowlers\n\n\n7[show]\n\nRB Ezekiel Elliott\nC Travis Frederick\nG Zack Martin\nLB Sean Lee\nQB Dak Prescott\nOT Tyron Smith\nWR Dez Bryant\n\n\n\n\n\nAP All-Pros\n\n\n5[show]\n\nRB Ezekiel Elliott (1st team)\nLT Tyron Smith (1st team)\nRG Zack Martin (1st team)\nC Travis Frederick (1st team)\nLB Sean Lee (1st team)\n\n\n\n\n\nUniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2015\nCowboys seasons\n2017 →\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Packers" ]
-5437431641145774847	I've Gotta Be Me	I 've Gotta Be Me - wikipedia I 've Gotta Be Me Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see I 've Gotta Be Me ( Sammy Davis , Jr. album ) and I 've Gotta Be Me ( Tony Bennett album ) . `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' Single by Sammy Davis , Jr . from the album I 've Gotta Be Me B - side `` Bein ' Natural Bein ' Me '' Released 1968 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Traditional pop Length 2 : 53 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Walter Marks Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' is a popular song that appeared in the Broadway musical Golden Rainbow , which starred Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gormé . The musical opened in New York City at the Shubert Theatre on February 4 , 1968 , and closed less than a year later , on January 11 , 1969 . The music and lyrics for the musical were by Walter Marks and were composed in 1967 ; the production featured a book by Ernest Kinoy . This song was listed in the musical as `` I 've Got to Be Me '' , and it was sung by Lawrence 's character Larry Davis at the end of the first act . Lawrence released the song as a single in 1967 , and the following year it hit number six on the Billboard Easy Listening chart , with little or no support from traditional Top 40 radio . Sammy Davis , Jr. recorded the song in 1968 while the musical was still running on Broadway , altering the title slightly to `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' , and released it as a single late in the year . This version of the song was a surprise hit for Davis , since the musical was not among the more successful shows on Broadway that season . Produced by Jimmy Bowen , Davis ' cover of the song peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1969 and remained in the Top 40 for 11 weeks . This is Davis ' third highest charting single on the Hot 100 in his career ; `` Something 's Gotta Give '' had reached number nine in 1955 , while `` The Candy Man '' hit # 1 in 1972 . In addition , the song spent seven weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart . The song appears on Davis ' 1968 album , which was also titled I 've Gotta Be Me . Other artists who have recorded or performed `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' include Ella Fitzgerald , Michael Jackson , Gilbert Price , Della Reese , Alvin and the Chipmunks , Stevie Wonder , Tony Bennett , Cory Monteith as his Glee character Finn Hudson , and The Temptations . The song has been featured in at least two soft drink advertising campaigns . It was performed by Welsh pop singer Duffy while riding a bicycle in European television advertisements for Diet Coke beginning in February 2009 . The 60 '' commercial was first aired in the end break of the 2009 BRIT Awards on February 18 . A version by Ryan Tedder was used by Dr Pepper in 2012 . Sammy Davis Jr 's version was used in a 2016 Sky Q advert as well , and in July 2017 the song was used in the trailer for Westworld 's second season . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1969 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 164 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 70 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Scoop : Klaine , Finchel , Wemma and More ! '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diet Coke uses Brit awards to launch Duffy ad '' From guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 02 - 19 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Pepper Celebrates Its Legacy Of Originality With The Launch Of The New ' Always One Of A Kind ' Advertising Campaign , '' Dr Pepper Snapple Group press release , Monday , January 9 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Golden Rainbow production info at ibdb.com Single release info at discogs.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ve_Gotta_Be_Me&oldid=805691545 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles Steve Lawrence songs Sammy Davis Jr. songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs from musicals 1968 songs Reprise Records singles Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i've got to be me	[ "\n\n\"I've Gotta Be Me\"\n\n\nSingle by Sammy Davis, Jr.\n\n\nfrom the album I've Gotta Be Me\n\n\nB-side\n\"Bein' Natural Bein' Me\"\n\n\nReleased\n1968\n\n\nFormat\n7\" (45 rpm)\n\n\nGenre\nTraditional pop\n\n\nLength\n2:53\n\n\nLabel\nReprise\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nWalter Marks\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJimmy Bowen\n\n" ]	[ "Sammy Davis, Jr" ]
-7395513418780827957	Telesync	Telesync - wikipedia Telesync Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Transport stream . A telesync ( TS ) is a bootleg recording of a film recorded in a movie theater , often ( although not always ) filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth . The audio of a TS is captured with a direct connection to the sound source ( often an FM microbroadcast provided for the hearing - impaired , or from a drive - in theater ) . Sometimes the bootlegger will tape or conceal wireless microphones close to the speakers for better sound quality . A TS can be considered a higher quality type of cam , that has the potential of better - quality audio and video . The true definition of telesync would include the film being synchronized to the camera 's own frame rate and shutter timing as done by television companies when preparing celluloid film for broadcast . A bootleg TS rarely , if ever , uses this form of synchronisation which can lead to additional temporal aliasing . As technology gets better , the quality of telesyncs also improves , although even the best telesyncs are lossy and will be inferior in quality to direct rips from Blu - ray , DVD or digital transfers from the film itself ( see telecine ) . Some release groups use high - definition video cameras to get the clearest picture possible . When an unlicensed copy of a film exists even before its official publication , it is often because a telesync version could be easily produced . In the German warez scene additional tags for the audio source can be added to a telesync release . These are LD ( line dubbed ) for when the audio track of an unlicensed copy has been ripped from the line out connection of a projector or MD ( mic dubbed ) when a microphone is used for the recording . These tags are not used exclusively on cam releases though . See also ( edit ) Coded anti-piracy Copyright infringement Pirated movie release types References ( edit ) Jump up ^ afterdawn.com . `` Glossary for film piracy terms '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Craig2005 Craig , Paul ; Ron , Mark ( April 2005 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Piracy Scene '' . In Burnett , Mark . Software Piracy Exposed - Secrets from the Dark Side Revealed . Publisher : Andrew Williams , Page Layout and Art : Patricia Lupien , Acquisitions Editor : Jaime Quigley , Copy Editor : Judy Eby , Technical Editor : Mark Burnett , Indexer : Nara Wood , Cover Designer : Michael Kavish . United States of America : Syngress Publishing . pp. 162 -- 165 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 193226698 - 6 / 50033 - 7 . ISBN 1 - 932266 - 98 - 4 . Lay summary . A telesync is a film recorded on a professional camera ( often a digital beta - cam ). The cameras are placed on steady tripods and the films are recorded in an empty cinema from the main projection booth . The sound is often recorded straight from the mixing board , giving the telesync a high quality of sound . Some releases even include surround sound in Audio Compression 3 ( AC3 ) format . Telesyncs are the most common of early releases , often being the first release a movie site accepts . Telesync movies are easier to watch than their CAM counterparts , although the picture quality is usually slightly washed out and the contrast is often out of balance . Telesyncs are commonly traded on movie sites . They are the lowest quality allowed , but are still popular with many file traders . Jump up ^ Krömer , Jan ; Sen , Evrim ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 3 : All You Can Eat '' . No copy : die Welt der digitalen Raubkopie ( No copy : the world of digital piracy ) ( in German ) . Germany : Tropical Publisher . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 3 - 932170 - 82 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kwok , Sai Ho ( 2004 ) . `` File sharing activities over BT Networks '' . Computers in Entertainment . 2 ( 2 ) : 11 . doi : 10.1145 / 1008213.1008232 . ISSN 1544 - 3574 . Pirated movies exist even before their official release since the Telesync ( TS ) version of movies shot in the cinema can be easily produced . Jump up ^ `` What does `` LD '' and `` MD '' mean ? `` . 2013 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Telesync on Afterdawn Pirated movie release types Pre-release R5 Screener ( SCR ) Telecine ( TC ) Workprint ( WP ) In - cinema Cam Telesync ( TS ) Home video ripping Disk image PDTV Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telesync&oldid=817064720 '' Categories : Warez Film and video technology Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 21 : 52 . About Wikipedia	what is a ts version of a movie	[ "A telesync (TS)[1] is a bootleg recording of a film recorded in a movie theater, often (although not always) filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth. The audio of a TS is captured with a direct connection to the sound source (often an FM microbroadcast provided for the hearing-impaired, or from a drive-in theater). Sometimes the bootlegger will tape or conceal wireless microphones close to the speakers for better sound quality. A TS can be considered a higher quality type of cam, that has the potential of better-quality audio and video.[2]" ]	[ "bootleg recording of a film recorded in a movie theater, often (although not always) filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth" ]
-1697563071022760296	June Stahl	June Stahl - wikipedia June Stahl Jump to : navigation , search June Stahl First appearance `` AK - 51 '' ( episode 1.06 ) Last appearance `` NS '' ( episode 3.13 ) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Ally Walker Information Gender Female Occupation ATF agent Title Agent Nationality American Agent June Stahl is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy and a major antagonist of the series , played by Ally Walker . She was a Stockton , California - based Agent of the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives investigating the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club in Charming , California . She is portrayed as being bisexual . Stahl 's methods are often ruthless , and include murdering her own girlfriend to get what she wants . Her actions have led to the deaths of two people associated with SAMCRO as well as the kidnapping of Abel Teller . She also killed an admitted gunrunner and then framed Gemma Teller Morrow , making the shooting seem unlawful . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season one 2 Season two 3 Season three 4 References Season one ( edit ) June Stahl arrives in Charming in episode 6 , `` AK - 51 '' , and is assigned to a case involving the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club and their involvement in inter-state arms trafficking . She had been called in by David Hale , the local police department 's Deputy Chief , as he had been struggling to rid the town of the gang due to his superior , Wayne Unser 's , corruptness . She soon becomes involved in an affair with David Hale . Jax Teller , SAMCRO 's Vice President , witnessed them in a sexual encounter at the police station while breaking Cherry out of lockup . Agent Stahl became even more obsessed with crushing SAMCRO after being severely beaten by Big Otto Delaney , who hit her head into a table as a way to show the club that he did not succumb to her pressure . He also detested her for arresting his wife Luann as a way to force him to become an informant . Her subsequent attempts to recruit Opie Winston caused her to trick Clay Morrow , SAMCRO 's President , into believing that Opie had betrayed the Club and the others with whom he murdered Hefferen , a port commissioner . Clay responded by ordering Tig Trager to kill Opie and pin it on the One - Niners street gang . Opie 's wife , who was driving his truck , was mistakenly killed instead . This incident caused a rift between Stahl and Deputy Chief Hale , who icily told her at the crime scene , `` This blood 's on you . '' She continued in her attempts to bring down SAMCRO until the very end , keeping another member , Bobby Munson , in jail three weeks after the case was dropped and he was a free man . When Bobby asked her why she did that , even though it caused so much sorrow and did not accomplish anything , she says it gave her peace of mind . In a deleted scene on the Season 1 DVD , she is shown waking up with a naked woman in her bed and telling her she has to go , thus revealing she is bisexual . This is the end of the episode . Season two ( edit ) Agent Stahl returned again later in Season Two to investigate the L.O.A.N. and the True IRA . She visits Clay in jail in attempt to get him to turn on the IRA . Although she fails at that , their conversation ultimately provokes a physical confrontation between Jax and Clay . She also visits Jax Teller as well in an attempt to exploit the schism between SAMCRO and the IRA and ends up revealing the IRA 's betrayal of SAMCRO to L.O.A.N. Jax declines the offer and instills dread upon Stahl with the revelation of her colleague Josh Kohn 's murder . Stahl was able to prey on Chibs Telford 's desire to reunite with his family and the two worked out a deal where if Chibs delivered the True IRA to the ATF , she would rescue his estranged wife and daughter and would grant complete immunity for any crimes to SAMCRO . However , Stahl decided to change the deal ( no immunity for SAMCRO ) but could n't convince Chibs to go along with it . She threatened him by saying that she herself would tell the IRA about Chibs ' betrayal , but she was still unable to break him . When Opie found out that his wife , Donna 's , death was a result of Stahl making Opie appear to be a snitch , he found her and threatened her at gunpoint . However , he showed mercy and let her live . He took out the empty magazine to his gun and gave it to Stahl . After Opie left , Stahl broke down and started crying . In the season two finale , Stahl discovers that Ethan Zobelle is an F.B.I. informant and passes the information to Chief Unser , who in turn passes it onto SAMCRO . She continued her sting operation with Edmond Hayes and was able to arrange a meeting between him and his father , Cameron . Cameron secretly told Edmond to kill Stahl , so Edmond convinced Stahl that another meeting would take place and she arranged for only herself to be present . At his home , Edmond retrieved a gun but could n't bring himself to kill Stahl . Stahl revealed that the ATF knew all along about Cameron 's plan and that Edmond 's gun was loaded with blanks . Feeling like a fool , Edmond punched Stahl and attempted to escape , but Stahl was able to fire several shots from her sidearm and accidentally killed Edmond . Soon after , Polly Zobelle showed up to say goodbye to Edmond , but instead found his dead body . Before finding Stahl , Gemma Teller appeared in the house , looking to exact revenge on Polly . Gemma killed Polly in self - defense and then discovered Edmond 's body and Stahl . After telling Gemma to flee , Stahl tricked Gemma into handling her gun , making it appear that Gemma killed both Polly and Edmond . After Gemma escaped , Stahl announced over her radio that Gemma had murdered Polly Zobelle and then took Stahl 's sidearm to kill Edmond Hayes . However , Edmond 's father had been eavesdropping on Stahl 's broadcast and ends up killing SAMCRO member Half - Sack and kidnapping Jax 's infant son in retaliation . Season three ( edit ) At the start of season three , Stahl showed no remorse for the fact that her actions led to the death of Half - Sack and the kidnapping of baby Abel . She was demoted off of the IRA case by the ATF after the events at the end of season 2 but was looking for ways to return to the case . She interrogated Tara regarding the kidnapping and was agitated even though Tara was being truthful in an effort to get law enforcement to assist in the search for Abel . Clay told Stahl that if anything happened to Abel because of her , he will personally kill her , which terrified Stahl inside . Gemma Teller made a personal deal with Stahl to surrender to the federal authorities , but her heart condition flares , causing her to pass out in the drive way of the SAMCRO clubhouse before she can turn herself in . At the hospital , Stahl informed Gemma that the US Attorney will take away the deal because she did n't turn herself in even though she was incapacitated . Jax took a risky move and secretly made an off - the - record deal with Stahl to give her the True IRA in exchange for Stahl pushing back their upcoming bail hearing , reduced time on their gun charges , and Stahl recanting her statement against Gemma . Stahl proved to be trustworthy in her deal with Jax when she is able to push back SAMCRO 's bail hearing by 10 days so that the bikers can go to Belfast to get Abel back . She supplied a rigged testimony for Gemma to relay to the U.S. Attorney 's office , incriminating Agent Tyler in the process . She has been trustworthy because she knows that Jax 's knowledge of the California gun - running operation can save her dying career and unlike the rest of her deals she had a lot to lose by breaking . It is reinforced in season three that Agent Stahl is bisexual as she is shown to be having an intimate relationship with Agent Tyler , the one she incriminated in the statement she gave to Gemma . During an assignment , Stahl shoots Agent Tyler in the throat and sets it up as a drive - by from a Mexican gang . In her statement , she admits their intimate relationship and claims that Agent Tyler had confessed to framing Gemma for the murder of Edmond , thereby exonerating Gemma and holding up her end of the deal . When Gemma finds out about the deal , she threatens to revoke her statement and tell the authorities who really wrote it . Stahl replies that she is already too late , as she has already been exonerated . In the finale of Season 3 , she exposes Jax 's deal to the club thinking they would kill him . Her motivation for doing so seems to have been malicious . However , Jax was aware that she could not be trusted and had already informed the other members of the club . This led ultimately to Opie , with the help of Unser , targeting Agent Stahl in retribution for her role in the death of his wife , Donna . During this confrontation Stahl breaks down crying and begs Opie for her life , to which Opie responds , `` This is what she felt . '' He then shoots Stahl in the back of the head with a MAC - 10 , instantly killing her . After this , Chibs Telford rigs the scene to look as if the real IRA murdered Stahl and Jimmy O'Phelan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sons of Anarchy at IMDb Jump up ^ Hunnam , Glenn and Sagal in FX 's Anarchy ( hide ) Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes `` Pilot '' Seasons 6 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Opie Winston Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_Stahl&oldid=837224374 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional assassinated people Fictional bisexual females Police misconduct in fiction Fictional government agents Fictional murderers Fictional criminals Fictional American people of German descent Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional secret agents and spies Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 05 . About Wikipedia	who kills agent stahl on sons of anarchy	[ "In the finale of Season 3, she exposes Jax's deal to the club thinking they would kill him. Her motivation for doing so seems to have been malicious. However, Jax was aware that she could not be trusted and had already informed the other members of the club. This led ultimately to Opie, with the help of Unser, targeting Agent Stahl in retribution for her role in the death of his wife, Donna. During this confrontation Stahl breaks down crying and begs Opie for her life, to which Opie responds, \"This is what she felt.\" He then shoots Stahl in the back of the head with a MAC-10, instantly killing her. After this, Chibs Telford rigs the scene to look as if the real IRA murdered Stahl and Jimmy O'Phelan." ]	[ "Opie" ]
8825958806964754695	Aqua regia	Aqua regia - wikipedia Aqua regia Aqua regia Names IUPAC name nitric acid hydrochloride Other names aqua regis , nitrohydrochloric acid Identifiers CAS Number 8007 - 56 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image PubChem CID 62687 SMILES ( show ) ( N+ ) ( = O ) ( O ) ( O - ). Cl Properties Chemical formula HNO + 3 HCl Appearance red , yellow or gold fuming liquid Density 1.01 -- 1.21 g / cm Melting point − 42 ° C ( − 44 ° F ; 231 K ) Boiling point 108 ° C ( 226 ° F ; 381 K ) Solubility in water miscible in water Vapor pressure 21 mbar Hazards NFPA 704 0 0 OX Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Infobox references Freshly prepared aqua regia to remove metal salt deposits Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless , but it turns orange within seconds . Here , fresh aqua regia has been added to these NMR tubes to remove all traces of organic material . Aqua regia ( / ˈreɪɡiə , ˈriːdʒiə / ; from Latin , lit . `` royal water '' or `` king 's water '' ) is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , optimally in a molar ratio of 1 : 3 . Aqua regia is a yellow - orange fuming liquid , so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum , though not all metals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Chemistry 2.1 Dissolving gold 2.2 Dissolving platinum 2.3 Reaction with tin 2.4 Decomposition of aqua regia 3 History 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Applications ( edit ) Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid , the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process for refining the highest quality ( 99.999 % ) gold . Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures . It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles . This method is preferred over the more traditional chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes , because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra . While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions , aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling . Due to the reaction between its components resulting in its decomposition , aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness ( yet remains a strong acid ) , so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use . While local regulations may vary , aqua regia may be disposed of by careful neutralization , before being poured down the sink . If there is contamination by dissolved metals , the neutralized solution should be collected for disposal . Chemistry ( edit ) Dissolving gold ( edit ) Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process Aqua regia dissolves gold , though neither constituent acid will do so alone , because , in combination , each acid performs a different task . Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer , which will actually dissolve a virtually undetectable amount of gold , forming gold ions ( Au ) . The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions ( Cl ) , which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate ( III ) anions , also in solution . The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction that favors formation of chloroaurate anions ( AuCl ) . This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place . The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid . In addition , gold may be dissolved by the free chlorine present in aqua regia . Appropriate equations are : Au + 3 HNO + 4 HCl ↽ − ⇀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( < = > > ) ) ) ( AuCl + 3 ( NO ) + ( H O ) + 2 H O or Au + HNO + 4 HCl ↽ − ⇀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( < = > > ) ) ) ( AuCl + ( NO ) + ( H O ) + H O If the aqua regia solution only contains gold , solid tetrachloroauric acid may be prepared by boiling off excess aqua regia , and removing residual nitric acid by repeatedly heating with hydrochloric acid . That step reduces nitric acid ( see decomposition of aqua regia ) . If elemental gold is desired , it may be selectively reduced with sulfur dioxide , hydrazine , oxalic acid , etc . Appropriate equations are , for example : 2 AuCl + 3 SO + 6 H O → 2 Au + 12 H + 3 SO + 8 Cl . Dissolving platinum ( edit ) Similar equations can be written for platinum . As with gold , the oxidation reaction can be written with either nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide as the nitrogen oxide product . Pt + 4 NO + 8 H → Pt + 4 NO + 4 H O 3Pt + 4 NO + 16 H → 3Pt + 4 NO + 8 H O The oxidized platinum ion then reacts with chloride ions resulting in the chloroplatinate ion . Pt + 6 Cl → PtCl Experimental evidence reveals that the reaction of platinum with aqua regia is considerably more complex . The initial reactions produce a mixture of chloroplatinous acid ( H PtCl ) and nitrosoplatinic chloride ( ( NO ) PtCl ) . The nitrosoplatinic chloride is a solid product . If full dissolution of the platinum is desired , repeated extractions of the residual solids with concentrated hydrochloric acid must be performed . 2Pt + 2HNO + 8 HCl → ( NO ) PtCl + H PtCl + 4 H O ( NO ) PtCl + 2 HCl ⇌ H PtCl + 2 NOCl The chloroplatinous acid can be oxidized to chloroplatinic acid by saturating the solution with chlorine while heating . H PtCl + Cl → H PtCl Dissolving platinum solids in aqua regia was the mode of discovery for the most dense metals , iridium and osmium , both of which are found in platinum ore and will not be dissolved by the acid , instead collecting on the base of the vessel . As a practical matter , when platinum group metals are purified through dissolution in aqua regia , gold ( commonly associated with PGMs ) is precipitated by treatment with iron ( II ) chloride . Platinum in the filtrate , as hexachloroplatinate ( VI ) , is converted to ammonium hexachloroplatinate by the addition of ammonium chloride . This ammonium salt is extremely insoluble , and it can be filtered off . Ignition ( strong heating ) converts it to platinum metal : 3 ( NH ) PtCl → 3 Pt + 2 N + 2 NH Cl + 16 HCl Unprecipitated hexachloroplatinate ( IV ) is reduced with elemental zinc , and a similar method is suitable for small scale recovery of platinum from laboratory residues . A platinum Soviet commemorative coin being dissolved in aqua regia . Reaction with tin ( edit ) Aqua regia reacts with tin to form tin ( IV ) chloride , containing tin in its highest oxidation state : 4 HCl + 2 HNO + Sn → SnCl + NO + NO + 3 H O Decomposition of aqua regia ( edit ) Upon mixing of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid , chemical reactions occur . These reactions result in the volatile products nitrosyl chloride and chlorine as evidenced by the fuming nature and characteristic yellow color of aqua regia . As the volatile products escape from solution , the aqua regia loses its potency . HNO + 3 HCl → NOCl + Cl + 2 H O Nitrosyl chloride can further decompose into nitric oxide and chlorine . This dissociation is equilibrium - limited . Therefore , in addition to nitrosyl chloride and chlorine , the fumes over aqua regia contain nitric oxide . 2 NOCl → 2 NO + Cl Because nitric oxide reacts readily with atmospheric oxygen , the gases produced also contain nitrogen dioxide , NO . 2 NO + O → 2 NO History ( edit ) The fox in Basil Valentine 's Third Key represents aqua regia , Musaeum Hermeticum , 1678 Aqua regia was first prepared by the Arab alchemist Jabir Ibn Al - Hayyan in the 8th century AD by dissolving ammonium chloride into nitric acid . It later appeared in a work of Pseudo-Geber dated to the early 14th century . The third of Basil Valentine 's keys shows a dragon in the foreground and a fox eating a rooster in the background . The rooster symbolizes gold ( from its association with sunrise and the sun 's association with gold ) , and the fox represents aqua regia . The repetitive dissolving , heating , and redissolving ( the rooster eating the fox eating the rooster ) leads to the buildup of chlorine gas in the flask . The gold then crystallizes in the form of gold ( III ) chloride , whose red crystals were known as dragon 's blood . The reaction was not reported in modern chemical literature until 1890 . Antoine Lavoisier called aqua regia nitro - muriatic acid in 1789 . When Germany invaded Denmark in World War II , Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy dissolved the gold Nobel Prizes of German physicists Max von Laue ( 1914 ) and James Franck ( 1925 ) in aqua regia to prevent the Nazis from confiscating them . The German government had prohibited Germans from accepting or keeping any Nobel Prize after jailed peace activist Carl von Ossietzky had received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1935 . De Hevesy placed the resulting solution on a shelf in his laboratory at the Niels Bohr Institute . It was subsequently ignored by the Nazis who thought the jar -- one of perhaps hundreds on the shelving -- contained common chemicals . After the war , de Hevesy returned to find the solution undisturbed and precipitated the gold out of the acid . The gold was returned to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Foundation . They re-cast the medals and again presented them to Laue and Franck . See also ( edit ) Aqua fortis Digger gold Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The information in the infobox is only accurate if the molar ratio of nitric acid to hydrochloric acid is 1 : 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The relative concentrations of the two acids in water differ , values could be 65 % w / v for nitric acid and 35 % w / v for hydrochloric acid -- that is , the actual HNO : HCl mass ratio is less than 1 : 2 , Jump up ^ Hoffman , R. ( 10 March 2005 ) How to make an NMR sample , Hebrew University . Accessed 31 October 2006 . Jump up ^ American Industrial Hygiene Association , Laboratory Safety Incidents : Explosions . Accessed 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling , Storage , and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories , National Research Council ( 1995 ) . Prudent Practices in the Laboratory : Handling and Disposal of Chemicals ( free fulltext ) . National Academies Press . pp. 160 -- 161 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Aqua Regia '' . Laboratory Safety Manual . Princeton University . Jump up ^ Renner , Hermann ; Schlamp , Günther ; Hollmann , Dieter ; Lüschow , Hans Martin ; Tews , Peter ; Rothaut , Josef ; Dermann , Klaus ; Knödler , Alfons ; et al. ( 2005 ) , `` Gold , Gold Alloys , and Gold Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a12_499 Jump up ^ Hunt , L.B. ; Lever , F.M. ( 1969 ) . `` Platinum Metals : A Survey of Productive Resources to industrial Uses '' ( PDF ) . Platinum Metals Review . 13 ( 4 ) : 126 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , George B. ; Teter , Larry A. ; Rhoda , Richard N. ( 1963 ) . `` Recovery of Platinum from Laboratory Residues '' . Inorg . Synth . Inorganic Syntheses. 7 : 232 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132388. ch61 . ISBN 9780470132388 . Jump up ^ Kraus , P. ( 1962 ) . `` Djābir B. Ḥayyān '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam . 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 357 -- 359 . As for Djābir 's historic personality , Holmyard has suggested that his father was `` a certain Azdī called Hayyan , druggist of Kufa ... mentioned ... in connection with the political machinations that were used by many people , in the eighth century , finally resulted in the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty . Jump up ^ Holmyard , Eric John , `` Introduction '' to The Works of Geber , translated by Richard Russell ( London : Dent , 1928 ) , p. vii : `` Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan , generally known merely as Jabir , was the son of a druggist belonging to the famous South Arabian tribe of Al - Azd . Members of this tribe had settled at the town of Kufa , in Iraq , shortly after the Muhammadan conquest in the seventh century A.D. , and it was in Kufa that Hayyan the druggist lived . '' Jump up ^ EJ Holmyard and Richard Russell . `` Alchemical Works Of Geber '' . Retrieved 6 April 2018 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Principe , Lawrence M. ( 2012 ) . The secrets of alchemy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226682951 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1790 ) . Elements of Chemistry , in a New Systematic Order , Containing All the Modern Discoveries . Edinburgh : William Creech . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0486646244 . Jump up ^ `` Adventures in radioisotope research '' , George Hevesy Jump up ^ Birgitta Lemmel ( 2006 ) . `` The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics '' . The Nobel Foundation . External links ( edit ) Chemistry Comes Alive ! Aqua Regia Aqua Regia at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Demonstration of Gold Coin Dissolving in Acid ( Aqua Regia ) GND : 4365575 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqua_regia&oldid=849930143 '' Categories : Gold Alchemical substances Oxidizing mixtures Oxidizing acids Mineral acids Iranian inventions Arab inventions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles without InChI source Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 11 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name the metals which are soluble only in aqua regia	[ "Aqua regia (/ˈreɪɡiə, ˈriːdʒiə/; from Latin, lit. \"royal water\" or \"king's water\") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,[1] optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid, so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum, though not all metals.\n", "Aqua regia (/ˈreɪɡiə, ˈriːdʒiə/; from Latin, lit. \"royal water\" or \"king's water\") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,[1] optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid, so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum, though not all metals.\n" ]	[ "gold", "platinum" ]
8636130596434638227	The Hangover	The Hangover - wikipedia The Hangover This article is about the film . For other uses , see Hangover ( disambiguation ) . The Hangover Theatrical release poster Directed by Todd Phillips Produced by Daniel Goldberg Todd Phillips Written by Jon Lucas Scott Moore Starring Bradley Cooper Ed Helms Zach Galifianakis Heather Graham Justin Bartha Jeffrey Tambor Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Lawrence Sher Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Production companies Legendary Pictures Green Hat Films BenderSpink Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 30 ) ( The Hague ) June 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $467.5 million The Hangover is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Todd Phillips , co-produced with Daniel Goldberg , and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore . It is the first installment in The Hangover trilogy . The film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Heather Graham , Justin Bartha , and Jeffrey Tambor . It tells the story of Phil Wenneck , Stu Price , Alan Garner , and Doug Billings , who travel to Las Vegas for a bachelor party to celebrate Doug 's impending marriage . However , Phil , Stu , and Alan wake up with Doug missing and no memory of the previous night 's events , and must find the groom before the wedding can take place . Lucas and Moore wrote the script after executive producer Chris Bender 's friend disappeared and had a large bill after being sent to a strip club . After Lucas and Moore sold it to the studio for $2 million , Philips and Jeremy Garelick rewrote the script to include a tiger as well as a subplot involving a baby and a police cruiser , and also including boxer Mike Tyson . Filming took place in Nevada for 15 days , and during filming , the three main actors ( Cooper , Helms , and Galifianakis ) formed a real friendship . The Hangover was released on June 5 , 2009 , and was a critical and commercial success . The film became the tenth - highest - grossing film of 2009 , with a worldwide gross of over $467 million . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and received multiple other accolades . It is the tenth - highest - grossing worldwide film of 2009 , as well as the second - highest - grossing R - rated comedy ever in the United States , surpassing a record previously held by Beverly Hills Cop for almost 25 years . It is the sixth - highest - grossing R - rated film in the U.S. , behind The Passion of the Christ , The Matrix Reloaded , American Sniper , It , and Deadpool . A sequel , The Hangover Part II , was released on May 26 , 2011 , and a third and final installment , The Hangover Part III , was released on May 23 , 2013 , though both films never received the same reception as their predecessor . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Impact and Legacy 7 Sequels 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) To celebrate his upcoming marriage to Tracy Garner , Doug Billings travels to Las Vegas with his best friends Phil Wenneck , Stuart `` Stu '' Price , and Tracy 's brother Alan , in Doug 's future father - in - law Sid 's vintage Mercedes - Benz W111 . They spend the night at Caesars Palace , where they relax in their hotel suite before celebrating with a few drinks on the hotel rooftop . The next morning , Phil , Stu , and Alan awaken to find they have no memory of the previous night . Doug is nowhere to be found , Stu 's tooth is in Alan 's pocket , their suite is in a state of complete disarray , a tiger is in their bathroom , a chicken is in their living room , and a baby is in the closet , whom Alan names `` Carlos '' . They see Doug 's mattress impaled on a statue outside of Caesars Palace and when they ask for their Mercedes , the valet delivers an LVPD police cruiser . Using clues to retrace their steps , the trio travel to a hospital where they discover they were drugged with Rohypnol ( `` roofies '' ) , causing their memory loss , and that they came to the hospital from a chapel . At the chapel , they learn that Stu married a stripper named Jade , despite being in a long - term relationship with his abusive , domineering girlfriend Melissa . Outside the chapel , the trio is attacked by gangsters saying they are looking for someone . They flee and visit Jade , discovering that she is the mother of the baby , whose real name is Tyler . They are then arrested by the police for stealing the police cruiser . After being told that the Mercedes has been impounded , the trio is released when they unknowingly volunteer to be targets for a taser demonstration . While driving the Mercedes , they discover a naked Chinese man named Leslie Chow in the trunk . Chow jumps out of the trunk , beats the trio up with a crowbar and flees . Alan confesses that he drugged their drinks to ensure they had a good night , believing the drug to be ecstasy . Returning to their suite , they find the boxer Mike Tyson , who orders the trio to return the tiger to his mansion immediately . Stu drugs the tiger with the remaining Rohypnol , and they drive towards Tyson 's home in the Mercedes - Benz . However , the tiger awakens midway and attacks them , clawing Phil on the neck and damaging the car 's interior . After pushing the car the rest of the way to the mansion , Tyson shows the trio footage of them at his house to help them locate Doug . While driving , their car is intentionally t - boned by a 2009 Cadillac Escalade . The passengers are revealed to be the gangsters from the chapel , and their boss Chow . Chow accuses the trio of kidnapping him and stealing $80,000 that was in his purse . As the trio denies this , Chow tells them he has Doug , and threatens to kill him if his money is not returned . Unable to find Chow 's $80,000 , Alan , with help from Stu and Jade , uses his knowledge of card counting to win $82,400 playing Blackjack . The next morning , they meet with Chow in the desert and exchange the money , only to find that `` Doug '' is the black drug dealer who accidentally sold Alan Rohypnol . With the wedding set to occur in 5 hours , Phil calls Tracy and tells her that they can not find Doug . When `` Black Doug '' mentions that , `` If you take Roofies , you 're more likely to end up on the floor than on the roof , '' Stu realizes where Doug is . The trio travels back to their hotel where they find a badly sunburned Doug on the roof . Stu , Phil , and Alan had moved him there on his mattress the night before as a practical joke , but forgot where they left him . Doug had thrown his own mattress onto the statue , in an attempt to signal help . Before leaving , Stu makes arrangements to go on a date with Jade the following week . With less than four hours before the wedding and with no flights to L.A. available , the four quickly drive home . Along the way , Doug reveals he has possession of Chow 's original $80,000 . Despite their late arrival , Doug and Tracy are married , the former learns the damaged Mercedes was a wedding gift , and Stu breaks up with Melissa , having grown tired of her domineering attitude . As the reception ends , Alan finds Stu 's digital camera containing photos of the events they can not remember , and the four agree to look at the pictures together before deleting the evidence of their exploits . All of them , save for Alan , are traumatized by what they see . Cast ( edit ) Bradley Cooper as Philip `` Phil '' Wenneck , a teacher and the leader of the Wolfpack Ed Helms as Dr. Stuart `` Stu '' Price , a dentist Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner , Doug 's socially inept , future brother - in - law , who suffers from ADHD and acts childishly Heather Graham as Jade , a stripper and escort Justin Bartha as Douglas `` Doug '' Billings , the groom , who goes missing for most of the film Sasha Barrese as Tracy Garner , Doug 's bride and Alan 's sister Jeffrey Tambor as Sidney `` Sid '' Garner , Tracy 's and Alan 's father Sondra Currie as Linda Garner , Tracy 's and Alan 's mother Ken Jeong as Leslie Chow , a flamboyant Chinese gangster The cast also includes : Mike Epps as `` Black Doug '' , a drug dealer who is mistaken for Doug ; Rachael Harris as Melissa , Stu 's domineering , philandering girlfriend ; Bryan Callen as Eddie , the wedding organizer ; Rob Riggle and Cleo King as Officers Franklin and Garden , respectively ; Gillian Vigman as Stephanie Wenneck , Phil 's wife ; Ian Anthony Dale and Michael Lee portray Chow 's henchmen . Matt Walsh portrays Dr. Valsh and Dan Finnerty plays a wedding singer at Doug and Tracy 's wedding . Todd Phillips , the film 's director , appears as Mr. Creepy , who appears briefly in an elevator . Mike Tyson appears as himself ; Tyson originally refused to appear in the film , but he changed his mind when he found out that Todd Phillips directed Old School , which Tyson liked . Tyson later said that working on the film convinced him to change his lifestyle . Professional skateboarder Mike Vallely portrays Neeco , the high - speed tuxedo delivery man . Las Vegas personalities Wayne Newton and Carrot Top appear as themselves in the photo slide show . Production ( edit ) `` I think part of what 's special about this movie is that none of the comedy comes from the characters being clever , like you see in a lot of sitcoms or movies , where the characters actually have a funny sense of humor . That 's not the case in this movie . So as an actor , you can really play the intensity and gravity and seriousness of the moment , and just rely on the circumstances being funny . The joke is kind of the situation you 're in , or the way you 're reacting to something , as opposed to the characters just saying something witty . '' -- Ed Helms Writing ( edit ) The plot of The Hangover was inspired by a real event that happened to Tripp Vinson , a producer and friend of executive producer Chris Bender . Vinson had gone missing from his own Las Vegas bachelor party , blacking out and waking up `` in a strip club being threatened with a very , very large bill ( he ) was supposed to pay '' . Jon Lucas and Scott Moore sold the original script of The Hangover to Warner Bros. for over $2 million . The story was about three friends who lose the groom at his Las Vegas bachelor party and then must retrace their steps to figure out what happened . It was then rewritten by Jeremy Garelick and director Todd Phillips , who added additional elements such as Mike Tyson and his tiger , the baby , and the police cruiser . The Writers Guild of America , West disallowed their work to be credited due to the rules of its screenwriting credit system . Casting ( edit ) Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , and Bradley Cooper were all casual acquaintances before The Hangover was filmed , which Helms said he believed helped in establishing a rapport and chemistry amongst their characters . Helms credited Phillips for `` bringing together three guys who are really different , but really appreciate each others ' humor and sensibilities '' . Helms also said the fact that the story of the three characters growing closer and bonding informed the friendship between the three actors : `` As you spend 14 hours a day together for three months , you see a lot of sides of somebody . We went through the wringer together , and that shared experience really made us genuine buddies . '' Lindsay Lohan was offered the role of Jade in the film . However , she turned it down , saying that the script `` had no potential '' . She later regretted making that decision . Filming ( edit ) Caesars Palace On a budget of $35 million , principal photography took place in Nevada for fifteen days . The Hangover was mostly filmed on location at Caesars Palace , including the front desk , lobby , entrance drive , pools , corridors , elevators , and roof , but the suite damaged in the film was built on a soundstage . Helms said filming The Hangover was more physically demanding than any other role he had done , and that he lost eight pounds while making the film . He said the most difficult day of shooting was the scene when Mr. Chow rams his car and attacks the main characters , which Helms said required many takes and was very painful , such as when a few of the punches and kicks accidentally landed and when his knees and shins were hurt while being pulled out of a window . The missing tooth was not created with prosthetics or visual effects , but is naturally occurring : Helms never had an adult incisor grow , and got a dental implant as a teenager , which was removed for filming . Jeong stated that his jumping on Cooper 's neck naked was n't a part of the script , but rather improvisation on their part . It was added with Phillips ' blessing . Jeong also stated that he had to receive his wife 's permission to appear nude in the film . Phillips tried to convince the actors to allow him to use a real Taser until Warner Bros. lawyers intervened . Regarding the explicit shots in the final photo slide show in which his character is seen receiving fellatio in an elevator , Galifianakis confirmed that a prosthesis was used for the scene , and that he had been more embarrassed than anyone else during the creation of the shot . `` You would think that I would n't be the one who was embarrassed ; I was extremely embarrassed . I really did n't even want it in there . I offered Todd 's assistant a lot of money to convince him to take it out of the movie . I did . But it made it in there . '' The scenes involving animals were filmed mostly with trained animals . Trainers and safety equipment were digitally removed from the final version . Some prop animals were used , such as when the tiger was hidden under a sheet and being moved on a baggage cart . Such efforts were given an `` Outstanding '' rating by the American Humane Association for the monitoring and treatment of the animals . Music ( edit ) The Hangover : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 9 , 2009 Genre Soundtrack Length 38 : 52 Label WaterTower Music Producer Christophe Beck The Hangover soundtrack chronology The Hangover : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2009 ) The Hangover Part II : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2011 ) The Hangover Part II : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2011 The film 's score was composed by Christophe Beck . The film featured 20 songs , consisting of music by Kanye West , Dyslexic Speedreaders , Danzig , The Donnas , Usher , Phil Collins , The Belle Stars , T.I. , Wolfmother and The Dan Band , who tend to feature in Phillips ' films as the inappropriate , bad - mouthed wedding band . The Dan Band also has a version of the 50 Cent hit single `` Candy Shop '' . Pro-skater and punk musician Mike Vallely was invited with his band , Revolution Mother , to write a song for the film and also makes a cameo appearance as the high speed tuxedo delivery guy . `` Right Round '' by Flo Rida is played over the ending credits . The film uses the Kanye West song `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' for which Zach Galifianakis made an alternative music video . Track listing No . Title Artists Length 1 . `` It 's Now or Never '' El Vez 5 : 17 2 . `` Thirteen '' Danzig 4 : 15 3 . `` Take It Off '' The Donnas 2 : 58 4 . `` Fever '' The Cramps 4 : 16 5 . `` Wedding Bells '' Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps 2 : 31 6 . `` In the Air Tonight '' Phil Collins 5 : 30 7 . `` Stu 's Song '' Ed Helms 0 : 56 8 . `` Rhythm and Booze '' Treat Her Right 2 : 49 9 . `` Iko Iko '' The Belle Stars 2 : 50 10 . `` Three Best Friends '' Zach Galifianakis 0 : 29 11 . `` Ride the Sky II '' Revolution Mother 2 : 03 12 . `` Candy Shop '' Dan Finnerty and The Dan Band 2 : 58 Total length : 38 : 52 Additional songs `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' -- Baha Men `` Right Round '' -- Flo Rida ft . Ke $ ha `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' -- Kanye West `` Live Your Life '' -- T.I. featuring Rihanna `` What Do You Say ? '' -- Mickey Avalon `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Ludacris and Lil Jon `` Joker & the Thief '' -- Wolfmother `` Shut Up Alan '' - Dan Hughes ft . MC Ed Lewis Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Hangover was a financial success . As of December 17 , 2009 , it had grossed $467,416,722 , of which $277,322,503 was in Canada and the United States . It was tenth - highest - grossing film of 2009 in the world , the ninth - highest - grossing film of 2009 in the U.S. and the highest - grossing R - rated comedy ever in the United States , surpassing a record previously held by Beverly Hills Cop for almost 25 years . Out of all R - rated films , it is the sixth - highest - grossing ever in the U.S. , behind The Passion of the Christ , Deadpool , American Sniper , It and The Matrix Reloaded . However , adjusted for inflation The Hangover earned less than half the total earned by Beverly Hills Cop and is out grossed by several comedies including Porky 's . On its first day of release in the U.S. , the film drew $16,734,033 on approximately 4,500 screens at 3,269 sites , and exceeded the big - budgeted Land of the Lost -- the other major new release of the weekend -- for first day 's box office takings . Although initial studio projections had the Disney Pixar film Up holding on to the number one slot for a second consecutive weekend , final revised figures , bolstered by a surprisingly strong Sunday showing , ultimately had The Hangover finishing first for the weekend , with $44,979,319 from 3,269 theaters , averaging $13,759 per venue , narrowly edging out Up for the top spot , and more than twice that of Land of the Lost , which finished third with $18.8 million . The film exceeded Warner Bros . ' expectations -- which had anticipated it would finish third behind Up and Land of the Lost -- benefiting from positive word - of - mouth and critical praise , and a generally negative buzz for Land of the Lost . It stayed at the number one position in its second weekend , grossing another $32,794,387 , from 3,355 theaters for an average of $9,775 per venue , and bringing the 10 - day amount to $104,768,489 . Home Media ( edit ) The Hangover was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and UMD on December 15 , 2009 . There is a single - disc theatrical version featuring both full - and wide - screen option ( DVD only ) , as well as a wide - screen two - disc unrated version of the film , also containing the theatrical version ( DVD , Blu - ray , and UMD ) . The unrated version is approximately seven minutes longer than the theatrical version . The unrated version is on disc one and the theatrical version , digital copy , and the different features are on disc two . The Hangover beat Inglourious Basterds and G - Force in first week DVD and Blu - ray sales , as well as rentals , selling more than 8.6 million units and making it the best - selling comedy ever on DVD and Blu - ray , beating the previous record held by My Big Fat Greek Wedding . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 79 % based on 234 reviews with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With a clever script and hilarious interplay among the cast , The Hangover nails just the right tone of raunchy humor and the non-stop laughs overshadow any flaw . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave it three - and - a-half stars out of four and praised the film for its funniness and comedic approach . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Cooper , Helms and Galifianakis for their performances in the film as well as Todd Phillips for its direction . Scott later went on to say that the film is `` safe as milk '' . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle also praised Phillips ' direction . LaSalle also praised the film 's comedic scenes and called it `` the funniest movie so far this year ( 2009 ) '' . Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times praised the film for its perverseness . Sharkey also said that the film is `` filled with moments as softhearted as they are crude , as forgiving as unforgivable '' . Although Joe Leydon of Variety criticized the film 's trailers and TV - spots for its `` beer - and - boobs , party - hearty farce '' , Leydon praised the film for its cleverness . Conversely , Richard Corliss of Time said that `` virtually every joke ( in the film ) either is visible long before it arrives or extends way past its expiration date '' and added , `` Whatever the other critics say , this is a bromance so primitive it 's practically Bro - Magnon . '' In his review in The Baltimore Sun , Michael Sragow called the film a `` foul mesh of cheap cleverness and vulgarity '' Joe Neumaier of the Daily News gave the film two - and - a-half out of 5 stars and noted , `` Amusing as it is , it never feels real . That may not seem like a big deal -- a lot of funny movies play by their own rules -- except that The Hangover keeps doubling - down on the outlandishness . '' Family - oriented reviewers have harangued the film , noting that Galifianakis said he tried to forbid his own mother from seeing it and that he yells at parents of kids who tell him they like the film . Critics noted the weak character development , especially in its female characters . Critics also focused on misogyny and stereotyping , in particular the Asian gangster . Ebert , despite his praise , stated , `` I wo n't go so far as to describe it as a character study '' but that the film is more than the sum of its parts -- parts that may at first seem a little generic or clichéd , since many other films ( such as Very Bad Things ) have already explored the idea of a weekend in Vegas gone wrong . The film 's premise has several similarities to Dude , Where 's My Car ? Both films are about `` a couple guys waking up after a night of getting trashed , only to find they are missing something important '' , whose adventures include `` a trail of clues , a missing car , dubious encounters with strippers and wild animals , a brush with the law and gangs chasing them for something they do n't realize they have '' . Accolades ( edit ) On January 17 , 2010 , The Hangover won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . It was also named one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute . The film won `` Best Ensemble '' from the Detroit Film Critics Society . The screenplay was nominated for a Writers Guild of America and BAFTA awards . Award Recipient Result American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Debra Neil - Fisher Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 Movies Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Film Won British Academy Film Awards Best Original Screenplay Jon Lucas Scott Moore Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Won Empire Awards Best Comedy Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Won Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Zach Galifianakis Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Zach Galifianakis Nominated Best Villain Ken Jeong Nominated Best Comedic Performance Zach Galifianakis Won Best Comedic Performance Bradley Cooper Nominated Best WTF Moment Ken Jeong Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedy Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Bradley Cooper Nominated Spike Guys ' Choice Awards Guy Movie of the Year Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Ken Jeong Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best Original Screenplay Nominated Impact and legacy ( edit ) By depicting and celebrating Las Vegas as the `` ultimate guys ' getaway '' , The Hangover had a major impact on Caesars Palace and Las Vegas . It was reported in 2013 that as of that year , guests were still continuing to quote to Caesars staff two lines from the film 's check - in scene : `` Did Caesar live here ? '' and `` Do you know if the hotel is pager friendly ? '' As a result of the film , Hangover - themed slot machines became popular at casinos throughout the Las Vegas Valley , the Caesars Palace gift shop sold tens of thousands of Hangover - related souvenirs , and the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority received numerous inquiries from persons interested in recreating some of the film 's most wild scenes , such as those involving a tiger . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : The Hangover Part II and The Hangover Part III Principal photography of The Hangover Part II began in October 2010 , with Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Justin Bartha , and Zach Galifianakis returning , in addition to Ken Jeong who appears in a much larger role . The film was released on May 26 , 2011 . Filming of The Hangover Part III began in September 2012 and was released on May 23 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hangover ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hangover '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hangover ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing R Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Hangover ' Was a Game - Changer For Mike Tyson '' . PopEater . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ; Oldham , Stuart ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Overheard backstage at the Globes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan J. Downey ( December 6 , 2009 ) . `` Todd Phillips Discusses His Musical Decisions For ' The Hangover ' '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Richard N. Velotta ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' Hangover ' should n't be endorsement to act stupid in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : Phipps , Keith ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Ed Helms '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Story of How ' Hangover ' Got Made ( & It 's Based on Someone in H'wood ) '' . Nikki Finke 's Deadline Hollywood Daily . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Diane Garrett ; Tatiana Siegel ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Warner weds Phillips film , Studio toasts to ' Hangover ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Todd Phillips rips H'wood ' whiners ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Lohan Turned Down Role in `` The Hangover '' `` . Us Magazine . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Benjamin ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` ShoWest movie convention optimistic about ' 09 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Amanda Finnegan , `` ' Hangover ' brings new customers , campaign to Caesars '' , Las Vegas Review - Journal , June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sagal , Peter ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Not My Job : Ed Helms ( Audio Segment ) '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Ken Jeong on going nude '' . Inquirer Entertainment . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Finding the Fun in Eternal Frat Boys '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leupp , Thomas ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` 10 Qs With ' The Hangover ' Star Zach Galifianakis '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review -- The Hangover '' . American Humane Association . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover '' . What-Song.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . WaterTower Music . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Warners at $1 billion mark '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing R Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Is `` The Hangover '' Really The Most Successful R - Rated Comedy Ever ? `` . Slate . Jump up ^ `` DOMESTIC GROSSES Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Beverly Hill Cop : Adjusted , $533,842,600 ; Unadjusted $234,760,478 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Hangover ' Wakes Up in First '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' Hangover ' upsets ' Up ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Up ' maintains No. 1 box - office altitude with $44 M ( AP ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover -- Extended Cut '' . amazon.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stuart Levine ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hangover ' top - selling comedy DVD . 8.6 million units sold after Dec. 15 release '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover ( Review ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Dudes Doing Vegas : Eating and Other Stuff '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Review : ' Hangover ' is funniest movie of year '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Hangover '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( May 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Corliss ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover : A Bro - Magnon Bromance '' . TIME . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . References about a dozen Vegas movies ( from Leaving Las ... to What Happens in ... to Rain Man ) and applies all the numbingly familiar tropes of the bromance comedy . Jump up ^ Michael Sragow ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` No Cure For ' Hangover ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Hangover ' will leave you with a headache '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Plugged In Online -- The Hangover Part II Jump up ^ Trees , Anton ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Lazy Misogyny of the Hangover '' . The Culture Count : Film . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine Shoard ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar triumphant at Golden Globes on a disappointing night for the Brits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . The film , which features three men trying to piece back together a drunken night in Las Vegas , has been criticised by many for misogynistic undertones . Jump up ^ Moy , Ed ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Is Ken Jeong 's character Mr. Chow in The Hangover a racist stereotype ? '' . Examiner.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Faragalli , Joe ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` I 'd Prefer a Real Hangover '' . Examiner.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Buckmaster , Luke ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover film review : Dude , Where 's My Fear and Loathing ? '' . Crikey . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` LOL : The Hangover Was a Rip - Off Of Dude Where 's My Car '' . / Film . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie rip - offs '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2009 '' . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ Jason Buchanan ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Detroit Film Critics Society Announces Best of 2009 Winners '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Lawrence , `` ' Hangover ' movies have been a PR bonanza for Caesars , Vegas '' , Las Vegas Review - Journal , May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Molina , Melissa ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` First Batch Of ' Hangover 2 ' Pictures Arrive '' . Latino Review . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover Part III Details Revealed as Production Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . September 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hangover Official website The Hangover on IMDb The Hangover at AllMovie The Hangover at Metacritic The Hangover at Box Office Mojo The Hangover at Rotten Tomatoes The Hangover -- Behind - the - Scenes Secrets The Hangover at the TCM Movie Database The Hangover The Hangover The Hangover Part II soundtrack The Hangover Part III Films directed by Todd Phillips Hated : GG Allin and the Murder Junkies ( 1993 ) Frat House ( 1998 ) Road Trip ( 2000 ) Bittersweet Motel ( 2000 ) Old School ( 2003 ) Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) School for Scoundrels ( 2006 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) Due Date ( 2010 ) The Hangover Part II ( 2011 ) The Hangover Part III ( 2013 ) War Dogs ( 2016 ) Awards for The Hangover Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Comedy The 40 - Year - Old Virgin ( 2005 ) Borat ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) Easy A ( 2010 ) Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) The Big Sick ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hangover&oldid=856837384 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s adventure comedy films 2000s buddy films 2000s road movies Adventure comedy films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American road movies American films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films scored by Christophe Beck Films about drugs Films about weddings Films directed by Todd Phillips Films produced by Thomas Tull Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Nevada Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Nevada Legendary Pictures films The Hangover ( film series ) Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2009 Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2011 Use mdy dates from April 2015 Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first hangover movie come out	[ "The Hangover was released on June 5, 2009, and was a critical and commercial success. The film became the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2009, with a worldwide gross of over $467 million. The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and received multiple other accolades. It is the tenth-highest-grossing worldwide film of 2009, as well as the second-highest-grossing R-rated comedy ever in the United States, surpassing a record previously held by Beverly Hills Cop for almost 25 years.[4] It is the sixth-highest-grossing R-rated film in the U.S., behind The Passion of the Christ, The Matrix Reloaded, American Sniper, It, and Deadpool.\n" ]	[ "June 5, 2009" ]
-1611299029712656808	Grand Prix of Long Beach	Grand Prix of Long Beach - wikipedia Grand Prix of Long Beach Jump to : navigation , search For the Formula One race , see United States Grand Prix West . Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach Verizon IndyCar Series Location Long Beach , California 33 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 118 ° 11 ′ 34 '' W / 33.76639 ° N 118.19278 ° W / 33.76639 ; - 118.19278 Coordinates : 33 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 118 ° 11 ′ 34 '' W / 33.76639 ° N 118.19278 ° W / 33.76639 ; - 118.19278 Corporate sponsor Toyota First race First ICS race 2009 Distance 167.28 mi ( 269.21 km ) Laps 85 Previous names Long Beach Grand Prix ( 1975 ) United States Grand Prix West ( 1976 -- 1983 ) Toyota Grand Prix of the United States ( 1980 -- 1981 , 1983 ) Most wins ( driver ) Al Unser Jr. ( 6 ) Most wins ( team ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 6 ) Team Penske ( 6 ) Most wins ( manufacturer ) Lola ( 11 ) Circuit information Length 1.968 mi ( 3.167 km ) Turns 11 Lap record 1 : 06.2254 ( Hélio Castroneves , Dallara DW12 Chevrolet , 2017 , IndyCar ) The Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach is an IndyCar Series race held on a street circuit in Long Beach , California . Christopher Pook is the founder of the event . It was the premier race on the CART / Champ Car calendar from 1996 to 2008 , and the 2008 race was the final Champ Car series race prior to the formal unification and end of the open - wheel `` split '' between CART and IRL . Since 2009 , the race has been part of the unified IndyCar Series . For most of its history , the race has traditionally been held in April . It is one of the longest continuously - running events in Indy car racing , and with its rich history , is considered one of the most prestigious events on the circuit . The Long Beach Grand Prix is the longest running major street race held in North America . It started in 1975 as a Formula 5000 race , and became a Formula One event in 1976 . Incredibly , in an era when turbocharged engines were starting to come to prominence in Formula One , Long Beach remains one of the few circuits used from the time Renault introduced turbos in 1977 until the last Long Beach Grand Prix in 1983 that never once saw a turbo - powered car take victory . John Watson 's win for McLaren in 1983 holds the Formula One record for the lowest ever starting position for a race winner . In a grid consisting of 26 cars , Watson started 22nd in his McLaren - Ford . That same race also saw Watson 's teammate ( and 1982 Long Beach winner ) Niki Lauda finish second after starting 23rd on the grid . René Arnoux , who finished third in his Ferrari 126C2B , was the only driver to ever finish on the Formula One podium at Long Beach driving a turbocharged car . In 1984 , the race switched from a Formula One race to a CART Indy car event . Support races over the years have included Indy Lights , IMSA , Atlantics , Pirelli World Challenge , Trans - Am Series , Formula D , Stadium Super Trucks , Formula E , and the Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race . Toyota has been a sponsor of the event since its beginning and title sponsor since 1980 , believed to be the longest continuously running sports sponsorship in the U.S. The Long Beach Grand Prix has been announced since 1978 by Bruce Flanders ( and his assorted guest announcers ) . The Long Beach Grand Prix in April is the single largest event in the city of Long Beach . Attendance for the weekend regularly reaches or exceeds 200,000 people . In 2006 , the Long Beach Motorsports Walk of Fame was created to honor selected past winners and key contributors to the sport of auto racing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Event history 2 Circuit 2.1 Course layouts 3 Events 3.1 Formula 5000 and Formula One race 3.2 2008 Long Beach / Motegi `` split weekend '' 3.3 Drifting 3.4 North American Touring Car Championship 3.5 Formula E 3.6 First wins 3.7 Future 4 Race winners 4.1 Support races 5 Race summaries 5.1 CART PPG Indy Car World Series 5.2 CART FedEx Championship Series 5.3 Champ Car World Series 5.4 IndyCar Series 6 Sports car race winners 6.1 IMSA GTO / GTU 6.2 Rolex Sports Car Series 6.3 American Le Mans Series 6.4 IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship 6.5 Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race 6.6 Formula E 7 Broadcasting history ( United States ) 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Event history ( edit ) Mark Smith driving in the 1993 race The Long Beach Grand Prix was the brainchild of promoter Chris Pook , a former travel agent from England . Pook was inspired by the Monaco Grand Prix , and believed that a similar event had the potential to succeed in the Southern California area . The city of Long Beach was selected , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of downtown Los Angeles . A waterfront circuit , near the Port of Long Beach was laid out on city streets , and despite the area at the time being mostly a depressed , industrial port city , the first event drew 30,000 fans . The inaugural race was held in September 1975 as part of the Formula 5000 series . In 1976 , the United States Grand Prix West was created , providing two grand prix races annually in the United States for a time . Long Beach became a Formula One event for 1976 and the race was moved to March or April . Meanwhile , the United States Grand Prix East at Watkins Glen International was experiencing a noticeably steady decline . Despite gaining a reputation of being demanding and rough on equipment , Long Beach almost immediately gained prominence owing much to its pleasant weather , picturesque setting , and close proximity to Los Angeles and the glitzy Hollywood area . When Watkins Glen was finally dropped from the Formula One calendar after 1980 , the now - established Long Beach began to assume an even more prominent status . Despite exciting races , and strong attendance , the event was not financially successful as a Formula One event . The promoter was risking a meager $100,000 profit against a $6 -- 7 million budget . Fearing that one poor running could bankrupt the event , Pook convinced city leaders to change the race to a CART series event beginning in 1984 . In short time , the event grew to prominence on the Indy car circuit , and has been credited with triggering a renaissance in the city of Long Beach . The race was used to market the city , and in the years since the race 's inception , many dilapidated and condemned buildings have been replaced with high - rise hotels and tourist attractions . The event served as a CART / Champ Car race from 1984 to 2008 , then became a IndyCar Series race in 2009 . The 2017 race was the 43rd running , and the 34th consecutive as an Indy car race , one of the longest continuously running events in the history of Indy car racing . On three occasions ( 1984 , 1985 and 1987 ) the race served as the CART season opener . In seven separate seasons ( 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 and 1994 ) , it served as the final race before the Indianapolis 500 . Circuit ( edit ) The current race circuit is a 1.968 - mile ( 3.167 km ) temporary road course laid out in the city streets surrounding the Long Beach Convention Center . The convention center actually doubled as the pit paddock during the days of Formula One . The circuit also goes primarily over the former location of The Pike historic amusement zone . The track is particularly noted for its last section , a sharp hairpin turn followed by a long , slightly curved front straightaway which runs the length of Shoreline Drive . The circuit is situated on the Long Beach waterfront , and is lined with palm trees ( especially along the front straightaway towards the Aquarium of the Pacific ) , making for a scenic track . The circuit has undergone numerous layout changes since the race 's inception in 1975 . All iterations , however , have featured a signature hairpin turn , main stretch along Shoreline Drive , and back stretch along Seaside Way . The first grand prix layout measured 2.02 miles , and featured two hairpins , one at each end of the Shoreline Drive straightaway . In its early years , the starting line and the finish line were located on different sides of the course . In 1982 , the hairpin turn and the end of the main stretch ( turn 1 ) was removed , and replaced with a 90 - degree right turn , followed by 90 - degree left turn . When the race became a CART series event , the layout was changed significantly . The final turn hairpin was moved to the east , closer to the pit entrance . Other slow chicanes and turns were removed . After a minor tweak to the layout in 1987 , the track was shortened in 1992 by the removal of the Park Avenue loop . That created a longer Seaside Way back stretch , and a faster run to the passing zone . In 1999 , due to new construction in the area , the turn one set of curves was removed , and replaced with the new fountain complex . Turn one now became a 90 - degree left turn , leading into a roundabout around a fountain , and a series of three 90 - degree turns . A year later , this segment was revised again , to created a longer straightaway leading to Pine Avenue . This course layout remains intact today . Course layouts ( edit ) 1975 -- 1977 1978 -- 1981 1982 2000 -- present ePrix 2015 - 2016 Events ( edit ) Formula 5000 and Formula one race ( edit ) Main article : United States Grand Prix West The inaugural race was held as part of the Formula 5000 series . From 1976 to 1983 the event was a Formula One race , commonly known as the United States Grand Prix West . 2008 Long Beach / Motegi `` split weekend '' ( edit ) Jimmy Vasser at the 2008 Grand Prix of Long Beach . During negotiations which led to the unification of the Champ Car World Series and the IRL IndyCar Series in 2008 , a scheduling conflict arose between the IndyCar race held at Twin Ring Motegi ( April 19 ) and the Champ Car race at Long Beach ( April 20 ) . Neither party was able to reschedule their event . A compromise was made to create a unique `` split weekend '' of races at Motegi and Long Beach . The existing Indy Racing League teams would compete in Japan , while the ex-Champ Car teams raced at Long Beach . Both races paid equal points towards the 2008 IndyCar Series championship . The ex-Champ Car teams utilized the Panoz DP01 machines , the cars that would have been used in 2008 had the unification not taken place . The 2008 Long Beach Grand Prix was billed as the `` final Champ Car race . '' Drifting ( edit ) Beginning in 2005 the event included a demonstration by participants in the Formula D drifting series . Since 2006 Formula D has held the first round of their pro series on Turns 9 -- 11 on the weekend prior to the Grand Prix . In 2013 the Motegi Super Drift Challenge , a drifting competition , was added on the GP weekend , using the same Turn 9 -- 11 course as Formula D . The Motegi Super Drift Challenge is the only event during the GP that runs at night , under floodlights . North American Touring car Championship ( edit ) Long Beach hosted the opening round of the 1997 North American Touring Car Championship season , being won by Neil Crompton in a Honda Accord . Formula E ( edit ) A modified version of the Long Beach Grand Prix track was used during the Long Beach ePrix of the FIA Formula E Championship . The track is 2.1 km ( 1.3 mi ) in length and features seven turns . Admission to the first event was free : `` the free admission will afford everyone the opportunity to come out and witness this historic and unique event '' , Jim Michaelian , president of the Grand Prix Assn. of Long Beach , said in a statement . The ePrix was held once again in 2016 . However , it was not renewed for the third Formula E season in 2017 . First wins ( edit ) Despite the challenging nature of the course , the Grand Prix of Long Beach has produced the first Indy / Champ car victories for several drivers . Drivers who won their first career Indy car race at Long Beach include Michael Andretti , Paul Tracy , Juan Pablo Montoya , Mike Conway , and Takuma Sato . For Michael Andretti , the Long Beach Grand Prix has the distinction of being his first career Indy car win ( 1986 ) , and 42nd and final career Indy car win ( 2002 ) . James Hinchcliffe won his first - career Indy Lights race at Long Beach in 2010 , then followed it up with an IndyCar Series win at the track in 2017 . In 2005 , Katherine Legge won the Atlantic Championship support race at Long Beach , her first start in the series . In doing so , she became the first female driver to win a developmental open - wheel race in North America . Future ( edit ) The City of Long Beach and the Grand Prix Association have a contract to hold the Grand Prix as part of the IndyCar Series through 2018 , with optional extensions available through 2020 . In 2016 , the Long Beach City Council issued an RFP , opening up consideration for returning the event to a Formula One race as early as 2019 . In August 2017 , after a study was completed and after discussions , the switch to Formula One was rejected . The city council voted unanimously to continue the event as part of the IndyCar Series . Race winners ( edit ) Season Date Driver Team Chassis Engine Tires Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Laps Miles ( km ) Formula 5000 Sept 28 Brian Redman Carl A. Haas Racing Lola Chevrolet Goodyear 50 101 ( 162.543 ) 1 : 10 : 12 86.325 Report Formula One 1976 March 28 Clay Regazzoni Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari Ferrari Goodyear ( 2 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 53 : 18 85.572 Report 1977 April 3 Mario Andretti Team Lotus Lotus Ford -- Cosworth Goodyear ( 3 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 51 : 35 87.073 Report 1978 April 2 Carlos Reutemann Scuderia Ferrari ( 2 ) Ferrari ( 2 ) Ferrari ( 2 ) Michelin 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 52 : 01 86.555 Report 1979 April 8 Gilles Villeneuve Scuderia Ferrari ( 3 ) Ferrari ( 3 ) Ferrari ( 3 ) Michelin ( 2 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 50 : 25 87.812 Report 1980 March 30 Nelson Piquet Motor Racing Developments Ltd . Brabham Ford -- Cosworth ( 2 ) Goodyear ( 4 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 50 : 18 87.899 Report 1981 March 15 Alan Jones Williams Grand Prix Engineering Williams Ford -- Cosworth ( 3 ) Goodyear ( 5 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 50 : 41 87.601 Report 1982 April 4 Niki Lauda McLaren International McLaren Ford -- Cosworth ( 4 ) Goodyear ( 6 ) 75 159.75 ( 257.092 ) 1 : 58 : 25 80.939 Report March 27 John Watson McLaren International ( 2 ) McLaren ( 2 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 7 ) Michelin ( 3 ) 75 152.55 ( 245.505 ) 1 : 53 : 34 80.624 Report Champ Car World Series 1984 March 31 Mario Andretti ( 2 ) Newman / Haas Racing Lola ( 2 ) Cosworth ( 8 ) Goodyear ( 7 ) 112 187.04 ( 301.011 ) 2 : 15 : 23 82.898 Report 1985 April 14 Mario Andretti ( 3 ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 2 ) Lola ( 3 ) Cosworth ( 9 ) Goodyear ( 8 ) 90 150.3 ( 241.884 ) 1 : 42 : 50 87.694 Report 1986 April 13 Michael Andretti Kraco Racing March Cosworth ( 10 ) Goodyear ( 9 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 57 : 34 80.965 Report April 5 Mario Andretti ( 4 ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 3 ) Lola ( 4 ) Chevrolet ( 2 ) Goodyear ( 10 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 51 : 33 85.33 Report 1988 April 17 Al Unser Jr . Galles Racing March ( 2 ) Chevrolet ( 3 ) Goodyear ( 11 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 53 : 47 83.655 Report 1989 April 16 Al Unser Jr. ( 2 ) Galles Racing ( 2 ) Lola ( 5 ) Chevrolet ( 4 ) Goodyear ( 12 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 51 : 19 85.503 Report 1990 April 22 Al Unser Jr. ( 3 ) Galles / Kraco Racing ( 3 ) Lola ( 6 ) Chevrolet ( 5 ) Goodyear ( 13 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 53 : 00 84.227 Report 1991 April 14 Al Unser Jr. ( 4 ) Galles / Kraco Racing ( 4 ) Lola ( 7 ) Chevrolet ( 6 ) Goodyear ( 14 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 57 : 14 81.195 Report 1992 April 12 Danny Sullivan Galles / Kraco Racing ( 5 ) Galmer Chevrolet ( 7 ) Goodyear ( 15 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 48 : 56 91.945 Report 1993 April 18 Paul Tracy Team Penske Penske Chevrolet ( 8 ) Goodyear ( 16 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 47 : 36 93.089 Report 1994 April 17 Al Unser Jr. ( 5 ) Team Penske ( 2 ) Penske ( 2 ) Ilmor Goodyear ( 17 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 40 : 53 99.283 Report 1995 April 9 Al Unser Jr. ( 6 ) Team Penske ( 3 ) Penske ( 3 ) Mercedes - Benz Goodyear ( 18 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 49 : 32 91.422 Report April 14 Jimmy Vasser Chip Ganassi Racing Reynard Honda Firestone 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 44 : 02 96.281 Report 1997 April 13 Alex Zanardi Chip Ganassi Racing ( 2 ) Reynard ( 2 ) Honda ( 2 ) Firestone ( 2 ) 105 166.53 ( 268.004 ) 1 : 46 : 17 93.999 Report 1998 April 5 Alex Zanardi ( 2 ) Chip Ganassi Racing ( 3 ) Reynard ( 3 ) Honda ( 3 ) Firestone ( 3 ) 105 165.27 ( 265.976 ) 1 : 51 : 29 88.946 Report 1999 April 18 Juan Pablo Montoya Chip Ganassi Racing ( 4 ) Reynard ( 4 ) Honda ( 4 ) Firestone ( 4 ) 85 155.04 ( 249.512 ) 1 : 45 : 48 87.915 Report 2000 April 16 Paul Tracy ( 2 ) Team Green Reynard ( 5 ) Honda ( 5 ) Firestone ( 5 ) 82 161.376 ( 259.709 ) 1 : 57 : 11 82.626 Report 2001 April 8 Hélio Castroneves Team Penske ( 4 ) Reynard ( 6 ) Honda ( 6 ) Firestone ( 6 ) 82 161.376 ( 259.709 ) 1 : 52 : 17 86.223 Report 2002 April 14 Michael Andretti Team Green ( 2 ) Reynard ( 7 ) Honda ( 7 ) Bridgestone 90 177.12 ( 285.047 ) 2 : 02 : 14 86.935 Report 2003 April 13 Paul Tracy ( 3 ) Forsythe Racing Lola ( 5 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 11 ) Bridgestone ( 2 ) 90 177.12 ( 285.047 ) 1 : 56 : 01 91.59 Report April 18 Paul Tracy ( 4 ) Forsythe Racing ( 2 ) Lola ( 6 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 12 ) Bridgestone ( 3 ) 81 159.408 ( 256.542 ) 1 : 44 : 12 91.785 Report 2005 April 10 Sébastien Bourdais Newman / Haas Racing ( 4 ) Lola ( 7 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 13 ) Bridgestone ( 4 ) 81 159.408 ( 256.542 ) 1 : 46 : 29 89.811 Report 2006 April 9 Sébastien Bourdais ( 2 ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 5 ) Lola ( 8 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 14 ) Bridgestone ( 5 ) 74 145.632 ( 234.371 ) 1 : 40 : 07 87.268 Report 2007 April 15 Sébastien Bourdais ( 3 ) Newman / Haas / Lanigan Racing ( 6 ) Panoz Cosworth ( 15 ) Bridgestone ( 6 ) 78 153.504 ( 247.04 ) 1 : 40 : 43 91.432 Report Verizon IndyCar Series 2008 April 20 Will Power KV Racing Technology Panoz ( 2 ) Cosworth ( 16 ) Bridgestone ( 7 ) 83 163.344 ( 262.876 ) 1 : 45 : 25 92.964 Report 2009 April 19 Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing ( 5 ) Dallara Honda ( 8 ) Firestone ( 7 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 58 : 47 84.491 Report April 18 Ryan Hunter - Reay Andretti Autosport Dallara ( 2 ) Honda ( 9 ) Firestone ( 8 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 47 : 13 93.619 Report 2011 April 17 Mike Conway Andretti Autosport ( 2 ) Dallara ( 3 ) Honda ( 10 ) Firestone ( 9 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 53 : 11 88.676 Report 2012 April 15 Will Power ( 2 ) Team Penske ( 5 ) Dallara ( 4 ) Chevrolet ( 9 ) Firestone ( 10 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 54 : 02 88.021 Report 2013 April 21 Takuma Sato A.J. Foyt Enterprises Dallara ( 5 ) Honda ( 15 ) Firestone ( 11 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 50 : 09 85.763 Report 2014 April 13 Mike Conway ( 2 ) Ed Carpenter Racing Dallara ( 6 ) Chevrolet ( 10 ) Firestone ( 12 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 54 : 42 82.362 Report 2015 April 19 Scott Dixon Chip Ganassi Racing ( 6 ) Dallara ( 7 ) Chevrolet ( 11 ) Firestone ( 13 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 37 : 35 96.8 Report 2016 April 17 Simon Pagenaud Team Penske ( 6 ) Dallara ( 8 ) Chevrolet ( 12 ) Firestone ( 14 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 33 : 54 100.592 Report 2017 April 9 James Hinchcliffe Schmidt Peterson Motorsports Dallara ( 9 ) Honda ( 16 ) Firestone ( 15 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 50 : 29 90.845 Report 2018 April 15 Alexander Rossi Andretti Autosport ( 3 ) Dallara ( 10 ) Honda ( 17 ) Firestone ( 16 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 53 : 15 88.622 Report The 2008 race was part of the IndyCar Series , but used cars and regulations from the Champ Car World Series . Support races ( edit ) Atlantic Championship history Season Date Driver 1978 April 1 Howdy Holmes 1979 April 7 Tom Gloy 1980 March 29 Tom Gloy 1981 March 14 Geoff Brabham 1982 April 3 Geoff Brabham -- 1988 Not held 1989 April 16 Hiro Matsushita 1990 April 21 Mark Dismore 1991 April 14 Jimmy Vasser 1992 April 10 Mark Dismore 1993 April 17 Claude Bourbonnais 1994 April 17 Richie Hearn 1995 April 17 David Empringham April 13 Case Montgomery 1997 April 12 Alex Tagliani 1998 April 4 Memo Gidley 1999 April 17 Alex Tagliani 2000 April 15 Buddy Rice 2001 April 8 David Rutledge 2002 April 14 Michael Valiante 2003 April 13 A.J. Allmendinger April 18 Ryan Dalziel 2005 April 10 Katherine Legge 2006 April 9 Andreas Wirth 2007 April 15 Raphael Matos 2008 April 20 Simona de Silvestro Indy Lights history Season Date Driver 1989 April 16 Tommy Byrne 1990 April 22 Paul Tracy 1991 April 14 Éric Bachelart 1992 April 12 Franck Fréon 1993 April 18 Steve Robertson 1994 April 17 Steve Robertson 1995 April 9 Greg Moore April 14 David Empringham 1997 April 13 Hélio Castroneves 1998 April 5 Cristiano da Matta 1999 April 18 Philipp Peter 2000 April 16 Scott Dixon 2001 April 8 Townsend Bell 2002 -- 2008 Not held 2009 April 19 J.R. Hildebrand April 18 James Hinchcliffe 2011 April 17 Conor Daly 2012 April 15 Esteban Guerrieri 2013 April 20 Carlos Muñoz 2014 April 13 Gabby Chaves 2015 April 19 Ed Jones Race summaries ( edit ) Mario Andretti won the Long Beach Grand Prix four times ( 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 ) . CART ppg Indy car World Series ( edit ) 1984 : After eight years , the Long Beach Grand Prix changed to a CART series race . The race served as the 1984 season opener . Mario Andretti , who won the 1977 race , won the pole position , took the lead at the start , and led all 112 laps en route to a dominating victory . The only other driver to finish the race on the lead lap was Geoff Brabham , who finished second on only seven cylinders . Two - time World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi made his CART debut with a 4th - place finish . 1985 : Mario Andretti started on the pole position , and led the first 58 laps . Andretti 's strategy was to try to complete the race on one pit stop . After building up an over 10 - second lead , Andretti pitted on lap 44 . In order to conserve fuel , however , he subsequently dialed back his turbocharger boost . Danny Sullivan had pitted on lap 37 . With Andretti slowing his pace , Sullivan went on a charge , dicing through traffic and caught up to Andretti . On the back stretch on lap 59 , Sullivan took the lead , and began pulling out to a 15 - second advantage . It was expected that the race would be decided between Sullivan and Andretti , with Sullivan needing one final pit stop , and Andretti gambling on going the distance . The Penske Team was planning a timed pit stop for Sullivan , hoping to fuel the car , and get back out on the track in close proximity to Andretti . On lap 79 , Sullivan shockingly ran out of fuel coming out of the hairpin , and he coasted into the pits barely under power . Sullivan lost many seconds , allowing Andretti to re-take the lead . Andretti led the rest of the way and won at Long Beach for the second year in a row , and third time overall . Sullivan ran out of fuel again on the last lap , and wound up third . 1986 : Michael Andretti scored the first win of his CART series career , battling Al Unser Jr. to the finish over a frantic final 25 laps . Michael Andretti made his final pit stop on lap 56 , while Al Unser Jr. pitted on lap 69 . Unser came out of the pits just ahead of Andretti , but on cold tires , had difficulties holding off the challenge . Down the back stretch on lap 70 , Andretti got by and re-assumed the lead . Unser stayed in close contact with Andretti , and on lap 80 when Andretti came upon the lapped car of Roberto Moreno , Unser closed dramatically . Andretti tried to lap Moreno at the end of the back stretch ( turn 11 ) , but the two cars nearly clipped wheels , and Andretti locked up the brakes . Unser dove below both cars , and went side - by - side with Andretti going into turn 12 . Andretti barely held off Unser going into the hairpin . The cars battled nearly nose - to - tail to the finish , with Andretti winning the race by 0.380 seconds . 1987 : Mario Andretti started on the pole position and led all 95 laps , en route to his third CART series win at Long Beach , and fourth win overall . Andretti 's victory marked the first - ever Indy car win for the Ilmor -- Chevy Indy V - 8 engine . Mario Andretti 's only serious challenge was from Emerson Fittipaldi . The drivers pulled away from the field , and dominated the first half . Fittipaldi , however , suffered from a broken wastegate , and eventually dropped out with a burned piston on lap 52 . Andretti cruised the rest of the way , lapping the field . For the third year in a row , Bobby Rahal dropped out early after contact with the concrete wall . Al Unser Jr. won the Long Beach Grand Prix a record six times , including four in a row in 1988 -- 1991 , earning the nickname the `` King of the Beach '' 1988 : Al Unser Jr. snapped the Andretti family winning streak at Long Beach , winning the race for the first time , in dominating fashion . Unser Jr. started fourth , but at the start , settled into second behind Mario Andretti . Going into the hairpin at the end of the first lap , Unser dove below Andretti and took the lead . On his first pit stop , Unser suffered a cross-threaded lug nut , and dropped to sixth , putting Danny Sullivan into the lead . Unser charged , however , gaining nearly a second per lap , re-taking the lead for good on lap 42 . Unser led 72 of the 95 laps , lapping the entire field , and when Sullivan dropped out on lap 82 , was all alone to the finish . Bobby Rahal finished second , his best career Long Beach result , driving the Judd AV engine . 1989 : Al Unser Jr. led 72 of the first 74 laps , but late in the race , Unser found himself in a battle with Mario and Michael Andretti . All three drivers made their final pit stops , and after a faster pit stop , Mario Andretti emerged as the leader on lap 78 , with Unser second , and Michael now a distant third . Unser was close behind Mario when they approached the lapped car of Tom Sneva . At the exit of turn two , and going into turn three , Unser dove under Mario Andretti for the lead , but punted Mario 's right - rear wheel . Andretti was sent spinning out with a flat tire and broken suspension , while Unser broke part of his front wing , and bent his steering . Despite the damage , Unser nursed the crippled car to the finish line , winning by 12.377 seconds over Michael Andretti . The contact was controversial , and after the race , Mario called the move `` stupid driving . '' Unser accepted blame for the contact . 1990 : Al Unser Jr. led 91 of 95 laps , but late in the race , had to hold off the challenge of Penske teammates Emerson Fittipaldi and Danny Sullivan for the victory . On lap 2 , Fittipaldi and Sullivan banged wheels , causing Sullivan to spin and collect Michael Andretti . Both Sullivan and Andretti recovered , and charged up through the field as the race went progressed . With Unser Jr. holding a 10 - second lead , a caution came out on lap 66 which bunched the field and erased Unser 's advantage . All of the leaders pitted , and when the green flag came back out on lap 70 , Fittipaldi was able to close up behind Unser . Fittipaldi got within two car lengths , but Unser held on for the victory . After the early altercation , Danny Sullivan and Michael Andretti finished 3rd and 4th . It was Al Unser Jr. 's third consecutive win at Long Beach . 1991 : Al Unser Jr. set an event record and tied a CART series record , by winning the Long Beach Grand Prix for the fourth year in a row . The race , however , is best - remembered for a frightening pit road collision between Michael Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi . Michael Andretti started on the pole , and led the first lap , but Al Unser Jr. took the lead on lap 2 . Unser stretched his lead to as large as 16 seconds , while Andretti ran second much of the afternoon . On lap 70 , Unser and Andretti made their final pit stops . Unser returned to the track with the lead . While Andretti was exiting the pit lane , Emerson Fittipaldi came out of his pit stall in the path of Andretti . The two cars touched wheels , Andretti 's car flew up on its side , then came to rest on top of Fittipaldi 's sidepod . The two cars were too damaged to return , but neither driver was injured . After the pit road mishap , Unser cruised to victory , with his Galles / KRACO Racing teammate Bobby Rahal coming home second . Paul Tracy 's first Indy car victory came at the 1993 Long Beach Grand Prix . 1992 : Going for an unprecedented fifth win in a row at Long Beach , Al Unser Jr. lead 54 laps , and was leading with less than four laps to go . His Galles / KRACO Racing teammate Danny Sullivan was right behind in second , challenging for the lead in the closing laps . Bobby Rahal and Emerson Fittipaldi were also nose - to - tail with the leaders . Going down the back stretch on lap 102 , Sullivan dove low to make the pass , but Unser closed the door . The two cars tangled , and Unser was sent spinning out into a tire barrier . Sullivan took the lead , and staved off Rahal and Fittpaldi to the finish line . It was the first ever win for the Galmer chassis , and Sullivan 's first Indy car win since 1990 . Unser Jr. recovered from the spin , and finished in 4th place . The race started out on the first lap with a collision between Mario Andretti and Eddie Cheever , which started a standing feud between the two . 1993 : Paul Tracy won his first career Indy car race , battling Nigel Mansell most of the afternoon . Tracy led 81 of the 105 laps , but his day was not without incident . While leading the race on lap 25 , he clipped wheels with Danny Sullivan , and was forced to pit with a flat tire . Later on lap 61 , he had to make an unscheduled pit stop for a blistered tire . Tracy re-assumed the lead on lap 74 after Mansell made his final pit stop , and when Mansell later lost second gear , Tracy cruised to the finish . Bobby Rahal , running 11th at the halfway point , finished 2nd in the RH chassis , owing much to the fact that Mansell , Scott Goodyear , Mario Andretti , Raul Boesel all suffered contact or mechanical problems late in the race . 1994 : Al Unser Jr. , who had joined Team Penske during the offseason , won his first race driving for his new team , and his record fifth victory at Long Beach . Penske teammates Paul Tracy , Unser , and Emerson Fittipaldi started 1st , 2nd , and 3rd , respectively , and combined to lead all but two laps . Tracy and Fittipaldi led early , but both eventually dropped out with gearbox failures . Tracy spun four times due to the axle - hopping from the gearbox issues , including spinning out while leading the race on lap 20 . Unser led 61 laps , and despite a black flag penalty for violating the pit road speed limit , won the race going away . Nigel Mansell finished second , but had lost considerable time when he and Michael Andretti made contact , resulting in a flat tire . 1995 : Al Unser Jr. started fourth , and charged to the lead by lap 30 . Unser dominoated most of the rest of the race , and won his sixth Long Beach Grand Prix in the past eight years . Scott Pruett finished second for Patrick Racing , the best finish for Firestone tires since returning to Indy car racing at the beginning of the season . Contenders Bobby Rahal ( transmission ) , Christian Fittipaldi ( engine ) , and Teo Fabi ( stop - and - go penalty ) all fell from contention in the latter stages of the race . 1996 : Gil de Ferran won the pole position and dominated the race , leading 100 of the first 101 laps . With four laps to go , however , a turbocharger hose came loose , and de Ferrans 's car suddenly began to slow . Jimmy Vasser led the final four laps , holding off Parker Johnstone for the victory . 1997 : Gil de Ferran and Alex Zanardi started on the front row , and battled much of the afternoon . Though de Ferran appeared to have the faster machine , Zanardi 's Ganassi crew executed faster pit stops , which put Zanardi out in front after each sequences of stops . Charging hard to catch Zanardi , de Ferran clipped the wall on lap 93 , and fell out with a damaged suspension . CART fedex Championship Series ( edit ) Alex Zanardi won back - to - back races at Long Beach in 1997 and 1998 . Michael Andretti 's first career Indy car victory ( 1986 ) and final victory ( 2002 ) both came at Long Beach . 1998 : Alex Zanardi scored an improbable victory , winning at Long Beach for the second year in a row . Zanardi fell a lap down early in the race after a collision resulted in a bent steering arm . The race lead was being contested between Bryan Herta , Gil de Ferran , Dario Franchitti , and Hélio Castroneves . With a race record seven cautions , Zanardi managed to get back on the lead lap and slowly worked his way up through the field . On lap 72 , Zanardi pitted for tires and fuel , while most of the leaders stayed out , since they had just pitted on lap 56 . In the closing stages , all of the leaders except Zanardi were facing a splash - and - go pit stop for fuel . After the leaders cycled through their stops , Herta and Frachitti emerged 1st - 2nd , with Zanardi now in third , and charging hard . With five laps to go , the top three were nose - to - tail , and Zanardi passed for second . Three laps later , he took the lead . Zanardi led only the final two laps to steal the win . 1999 : Rookie Juan Pablo Montoya won his first - career Champ / Indy car race , in his third career start , giving Chip Ganassi Racing the team 's fourth consecutive victory at Long Beach , in front of a record crowd of 102,000 . Montoya started the race fifth , and one by one , picked off the top three cars to move into second behind race leader Tony Kanaan . On lap 46 , due to the track breaking up , Kanaan lost control and slid off the course and into a tire barrier . The crash handed the lead to Montoya , who led the rest of the way to victory . 2000 : Paul Tracy started 17th , but steadily climbed to the front of the field , taking the lead on lap 62 to win at Long Beach for the second time . Tracy benefited from strong pit strategy , swift pit work , and an aggressive charge , and managed to put himself in third on lap 58 . On a restart with rookie Takuya Kurosawa leading , Roberto Moreno second , and Tracy third , Moreno suddenly slowed with gearbox trouble . Tracy muscled past Kurosawa four laps later , and held off Hélio Castroneves for the victory . 2001 : Hélio Castroneves started from the pole position and led all 82 lap to victory . Despite leading wire - to - wire , Castroneves did not runaway with the race , with Cristiano da Matta and Kenny Bräck in close pursuit most of the day . After Brack dropped out with a broken gearbox on lap 30 , the race was a two - man battle between Castroneves and da Matta . Castroneves staved off numerous overtake attempts by da Matta in the second half . The margin of victory was a mere 0.534 seconds , one of the closest finishes in Long Beach history . 2002 : Michael Andretti won the 2002 Grand Prix of Long Beach , his 42nd and final career Indy / Champ car victory . The win came nearly sixteen years to the day of his first career Indy car win -- at the same race -- the 1986 Long Beach Grand Prix . Andretti started 15th and gambled by pitting out - of - sequence , as did Max Papis . Andretti assumed the lead on lap 62 when the rest of the leaders cycled through routine green flag pit stops . Andretti and Papis led Jimmy Vasser by over 30 seconds , but both still needed one final pit stop for fuel . A full - course caution came out on lap 63 , and both drivers took advantage of the break . Meanwhile , Vasser slowed down to be picked up by the pace car , not realizing he was not the race leader , and actually running third . Vasser slowing down gave Andretti and Papis extra time and allowed them to pit without giving up first and second position . Vasser managed to get by Papis when the green came back out , but Andretti held on for the win . 2003 : Michel Jourdain Jr. looked poised to win his first - career CART series race , but mechanical problems foiled his chances at victory . Jourdain started on the pole , but Paul Tracy took the lead at the start and led the first 26 laps . After pit stops , Jourdain assumed the lead on lap 27 , and mostly dominated the race over the next 49 laps . The race came down to Jourdain and Tracy , with both drivers needing one final pit stop in the final ten laps . Tracy pitted with 8 laps to go , and came back out on the track still in second place , ahead of Adrián Fernández . Jourdain pitted one lap later , but as he was leaving the pits , the car failed to pull away . A faulty clutch dropped him out of the race , and handed the victory to Tracy . It was Tracy 's third win at Long Beach , and he became the first driver in CART history to sweep the first three races of the season . Champ car World Series ( edit ) Sébastien Bourdais won three years in a row ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ) . 2004 : Paul Tracy won the 30th Long Beach Grand Prix , his fourth victory in the event , and second in a row . At the start , Tracy utilized the new Push - to - pass button to boldly dive from third to first in the first turn . Tracy ran away with the race , giving up the lead only once during a routine pit stop . On lap 2 , three cars ( Jimmy Vasser , Alex Sperafico , and Tarso Marques ) crashed , bringing out the lone caution of the day . 2005 : Sébastien Bourdais worked his way from fourth starting position to the lead by lap 30 . Bourdais pulled out to as much as a 7 - second lead , and controlled the race most of the way thereafter . A late caution bunched the field , and second place Paul Tracy was on the optional tires , while Bourdais was on the primary tires . Bourdais got the jump on the restart and went on to win , while Tracy became mired behind a lapped car and finished second . The race was held under a cloud of uncertainty , as it was in its final contract year with CART / Champ Car . Rumors were swirling around the paddock that the event might switch to the Indy Racing League for 2006 . 2006 : After rumors of a possible switch to IRL , the race returned as part of the Champ Car series . Sébastien Bourdais won for the second year in a row , starting from the pole and leading 70 of the 74 laps . He finished 14 seconds ahead of second place Justin Wilson . 2007 : Sébastien Bourdais led 58 of 78 laps , dominating en route to his third consecutive Long Beach victory . Paul Tracy crashed during practice on Saturday and sat out with a back injury . He was replaced by Oriol Servia . Will Power passed Alex Tagliani on the last lap to finish second . 2008 : The final race of the Champ Car era took place the same weekend as the Indy Japan 300 . Due to a scheduling conflict in the wake of the open wheel unification , former Champ Car teams competed at Long Beach , while established IndyCar Series teams competed at Motegi . The contingent of former Champ Car teams produced a 20 - car field , all utilizing the turbocharged Cosworth / Panoz DP01 for the final time . From a standing start ( the first such at Long Beach since 1983 ) , Will Power got the jump from fourth position to take the lead into turn one . Power led 81 of the 83 laps , relinquishing the top position only during pit stops . IndyCar Series ( edit ) Mike Conway won twice at Long Beach ( 2011 , 2014 ) . Takuma Sato won first first - career Indy car race at Long Beach in 2013 . 2009 : Will Power took the lead from the pole position and led the first 16 laps . Dario Franchitti and Danica Patrick both pitted early on lap 16 , and benefited from a full - course caution . Over the next 30 laps , the lead traded between Tony Kanaan , Marco Andretti , and Dario Franchitti . Pitting early once more , Dario Franchitti and Danica Patrick again benefited . Moments later , Mike Conway spun into the tire barrier in turn 8 , bringing out the full course caution again . Most of the leaders pit under the yellow , while Franchitti stayed out to take the lead . Franchitti pulled away and held the lead to the finish , taking the victory . It was his first IndyCar win since 2007 , having spent 2008 racing in NASCAR . 2010 : Will Power starting on the pole position , and led the race early . On lap 17 , Power errored , when he inadvertently hit the pit road speed limiter button . Ryan Hunter - Reay and Justin Wilson slipped by and Power dropped to third . On a restart on lap 65 , Hunter - Reay led , with Power second , and Wilson third . Hunter - Reay had lapped traffic between him and Power and was able to pull out to a comfortable lead . Power , struggling to get through traffic , was passed by Wilson for second . Wilson was not able to close the gap , and Hunter - Reay drove on to victory . 2011 : With less than 20 laps to go , Mike Conway charged into third place on a restart . He quickly powered past Dario Franchitti and Will Power to take the lead . Conway pulled out to a six - second advantage , and led the final 14 laps en route to his first Indy car victory . 2012 : Just days prior to the race , Chevrolet announced that all eleven of their entries would change engines , in violation of IndyCar 's mileage requirement rule . As a penalty , all of the Chevrolet entries would incur a 10 - position grid penalty after time trials . At the start , Dario Franchitti and rookie Josef Newgarden battled into turn one . Newgarden tried to take the lead on the outside , but the two cars clipped slightly , and Newgarden smacked the tire barrier and crashed out of the race . Franchitti took the lead for the first four laps , but quickly faded with handling problems . The race became a contest between rookie Simon Pagenaud and Will Power , with Takuma Sato also strong all afternoon . Power made his final pit stop on lap 64 , and attempted to stretch his fuel over the final 21 laps . Pagenaud pitted on lap 70 , and seemingly had plenty of fuel to charge to the finish . As Power held the lead , Pagenaud dramatically charged to catch Power , gaining 1 -- 2 seconds per lap . The cars were nose - to - tail in the hairpin as they approached the white flag . Power held off on the final lap to win by 0.8 seconds . Despite the grid penalties , Chevrolet - powered cars swept eight of the top ten finishing positions . 2013 : Takuma Sato led 50 of 80 laps , and won his first career IndyCar race . Sato effectively took control of the race on lap 23 , when he passed Ryan Hunter - Reay for second place in turn 1 . After the leaders cycled through pit stops , Sato assumed the lead on lap 31 , and did not relinquish the top spot for the remainder of the race . Sato 's win was the first for A.J. Foyt Enterprises since 2002 . 2014 : On lap 56 , a controversial crash took out six cars , including the drivers running 1st -- 2nd -- 3rd . During a sequence of green flag pit stops , Josef Newgarden inherited the lead . Ryan Hunter - Reay , James Hinchcliffe , and Will Power were running nose - to - tail in 2nd -- 3rd -- 4th . Newgarden completed his pit stop , and came out on the track just ahead of Hunter - Reay , momentarily holding on to the lead . Going into turn 4 , Hunter - Reay attempted a risky pass for the lead , and he made contact with Newgarden , sending both cars into the wall . Hinchcliffe was collected , as was three other cars in the huge melee that nearly blocked the track . Late in the race , Scott Dixon led , followed by Mike Conway and Power close behind . Dixon ran out of fuel , and had to pit with two laps to go . Conway held off Power and Carlos Muñoz to win for the second time at Long Beach . 2015 : During the first sequence of green flag pit stops on lap 29 , leader Hélio Castroneves was briefly held in his pit box to avoid collision with Tony Kanaan , who was entering the stall just ahead . The delay cost Castroneves valuable track position , and allowed Scott Dixon to take over the lead . During the second round of pit stops on lap 55 , Dixon was narrowly able to hold the lead , and cruised to victory , his first career win at Long Beach . With Dixon comfortably out in front , and Castroneves in second , the closing laps focused on a furious four - car battle for third place , led by Juan Pablo Montoya and Simon Pagenaud . Fifth place went to Tony Kanaan . 2016 : Hélio Castroneves led 49 of the first 51 laps . During the second round of stops , Scott Dixon was able to pass Castroneves with quick pit work . However , Simon Pagenaud 's pit stop was even faster , and he emerged with the lead of the race . Controversy followed , as Pagenaud placed two tires over the blend line at the exit of pit lane while trying to beat Dixon to turn one . IndyCar officials let Pagenaud off with a warning for the incident , despite protests from Chip Ganassi Racing . Pagenaud held off Dixon by 0.3032 seconds , the closest finish in Long Beach history . 2017 : James Hinchcliffe won for the first time since his serious crash during practice at the 2015 Indianapolis 500 . In the late stages of the race , Andretti Autosport teammates Alexander Rossi , Takuma Sato , and Ryan Hunter - Reay all dropped out with mechanical problems , leaving Hinchcliffe to battle Sébastien Bourdais and Josef Newgarden to the finish . On a restart with three laps to go , Hinchcliffe got the jump and held on for the victory . Sports car race winners ( edit ) IMSA GTO / GTU ( edit ) Year GTO GTU Report 1990 Dorsey Schroeder Mercury Cougar John Finger Mazda MX - 6 Report 1991 Steve Millen Nissan 300ZX John Fergus Dodge Daytona Report Rolex Sports Car Series ( edit ) Rolex Sports Car Series Year Drivers Car Report 2006 Scott Pruett Luis Díaz Riley Mk XX -- Lexus Report American Le Mans Series ( edit ) Year LMP1 LMP2 GT1 GT2 Report 2007 Rinaldo Capello Allan McNish Audi R10 TDI Romain Dumas Timo Bernhard Porsche RS Spyder Oliver Gavin Olivier Beretta Chevrolet Corvette C6. R Mika Salo Jaime Melo Ferrari F430 GT Report 2008 Marco Werner Lucas Luhr Audi R10 TDI Scott Sharp David Brabham Acura ARX - 01b Johnny O'Connell Jan Magnussen Chevrolet Corvette C6. R Dominik Farnbacher Dirk Müller Ferrari F430GT Report 2009 Gil de Ferran Simon Pagenaud Acura ARX - 02a Adrián Fernández Luis Díaz Acura ARX - 01b Oliver Gavin Olivier Beretta Chevrolet Corvette C6. R Patrick Long Jörg Bergmeister Porsche 911 GT3 - RSR Report LMP LMPC GT GTC David Brabham Simon Pagenaud HPD ARX - 01c Elton Julian Gunnar Jeannette Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Patrick Long Jörg Bergmeister Porsche 911 GT3 - RSR Juan González Butch Leitzinger Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report LMP1 LMP2 LMPC GT GTC 2011 Klaus Graf Lucas Luhr Lola - Aston Martin B09 / 60 Scott Tucker Christophe Bouchut HPD ARX - 03b Gunnar Jeannette Ricardo González Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Dirk Müller Joey Hand BMW M3 Tim Pappas Jeroen Bleekemolen Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report 2012 Klaus Graf Lucas Luhr HPD ARX - 03a Scott Tucker Christophe Bouchut HPD ARX - 03b Alex Popow Ryan Dalziel Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Oliver Gavin Tommy Milner Chevrolet Corvette C6 ZR1 Peter LeSaffre Damien Faulkner Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report 2013 Klaus Graf Lucas Luhr HPD ARX - 03a Scott Sharp Guy Cosmo HPD ARX - 03b Jon Bennett Colin Braun Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Bill Auberlen Maxime Martin BMW Z4 GTE Sean Edwards Henrique Cisneros Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship ( edit ) Year Prototype Prototype Challenge GT Le Mans GT Daytona Report 2014 Scott Pruett Memo Rojas Riley DP / Ford did not participate Antonio García Jan Magnussen Chevrolet Corvette C7. R did not participate Report 2015 Ricky Taylor Jordan Taylor Corvette DP / Chevrolet did not participate Dirk Werner Bill Auberlen BMW Z4 GTE did not participate Report 2016 Ricky Taylor Filipe Albuquerque Corvette DP / Chevrolet Misha Goikhberg Stephen Simpson Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Patrick Pilet Nick Tandy Porsche 911 RSR did not participate Report 2017 Ricky Taylor Jordan Taylor Cadillac DPi - V.R did not participate Oliver Gavin Tommy Milner Chevrolet Corvette C7. R Gunnar Jeannette Cooper MacNeil Mercedes - AMG GT3 Report 2018 João Barbosa Filipe Albuquerque Cadillac DPi - V.R did not participate Oliver Gavin Tommy Milner Chevrolet Corvette C7. R did not participate Report Overall winners in bold Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race Formula E ( edit ) Main article : Long Beach ePrix Broadcasting history ( United States ) ( edit ) Season Channel Lay - by - lap Driver analyst ( s ) Pit reporter ( s ) Host ( s ) CBS Ken Squier Pat Summerall 1976 CBS Ken Squier Stirling Moss Bobby Unser 1977 CBS Ken Squier Dan Gurney David Hobbs Brock Yates 1978 CBS Ken Squier 1979 CBS Ken Squier 1980 CBS Ken Squier 1981 CBS Ken Squier 1982 CBS Ken Squier CBS Ken Squier 1984 NBC Paul Page Johnny Rutherford Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page 1985 NBC Paul Page Bobby Unser Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page Bobby Unser 1986 NBC Paul Page Bobby Unser Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page Bobby Unser NBC Paul Page Jackie Stewart Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page Jackie Stewart 1988 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser 1989 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Brian Hammons Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser 1990 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page 1991 ABC Paul Page Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page Bobby Unser 1992 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page 1993 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser 1994 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page 1995 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page ABC Paul Page Danny Sullivan Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page Danny Sullivan 1997 ABC Bob Varsha Danny Sullivan Jack Arute Gary Gerould Bob Varsha Danny Sullivan 1998 ESPN Bob Varsha Parker Johnstone Danny Sullivan Jack Arute Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Bob Varsha 1999 ESPN Bob Varsha Parker Johnstone Jack Arute Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Bob Varsha 2000 ESPN Paul Page Parker Johnstone Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Paul Page Parker Johnstone 2001 ABC Paul Page Parker Johnstone Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Paul Page Parker Johnstone 2002 Fox Bob Varsha Tommy Kendall Derek Daly Calvin Fish Bob Varsha Tommy Kendall 2003 Speed Channel Bob Varsha Scott Pruett Derek Daly Calvin Fish Tommy Kendall Bob Varsha Scott Pruett Spike TV Bob Jenkins Tommy Kendall Derek Daly Calvin Fish Bob Jenkins Tommy Kendall 2005 NBC Rick Benjamin Derek Daly Jon Beekhuis Calvin Fish Rick Benjamin 2006 NBC Rick Benjamin Derek Daly Jon Beekhuis Michelle Beisner Cameron Steele Rick Benjamin Derek Daly 2007 NBC Bill Weber Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . Michelle Beisner Marty Snider Cameron Steele Bill Stephens Bill Weber Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . 2008 ESPN Marty Reid Scott Goodyear Jack Arute Jamie Little Brienne Pedigo Scott Goodyear Marty Reid 2009 Versus Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Robbie Buhl Jack Arute Robbie Floyd Lindy Thackston Bob Jenkins Versus Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Robbie Buhl Jack Arute Robbie Floyd Lindy Thackston Lindy Thackston 2011 Versus Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Lindy Thackston Kevin Lee 2012 NBC Sports Network Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . Townsend Bell Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Kevin Lee Robin Miller 2013 NBC Sports Network Brian Till Townsend Bell Wally Dallenbach Jr . Jon Beekhuis Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Brian Till 2014 NBCSN Leigh Diffey Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Jon Beekhuis Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Kelli Stavast Leigh Diffey 2015 NBCSN Brian Till Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Kelli Stavast Brian Till Townsend Bell Paul Tracy 2016 NBCSN Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Katie Hargitt Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy 2017 NBCSN Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Katie Hargitt Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Gallery ( edit ) 2005 Long Beach Grand Prix , showing turn 10 and the Long Beach skyline . See also ( edit ) Long Beach Motorsports Walk of Fame References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morales , Robert ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Champ Car finale to roar into L.B. '' The Long Beach Press - Telegram . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Steven Cole Smith ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Champ Car schedule `` stable '' for 2008 `` . www.autoweek.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Pook 's innovative work made Long Beach a top road course ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 11 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Pook 's innovative work made Long Beach a top road course ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 12 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Kightlinger , Cathy ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity sightings add glitter to popular Long Beach race '' . IndyCar.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Guide Long Beach , USA -- Round 7 FIA Formula E '' . FIA Formula E. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Formula E to race on streets of Long Beach in 2015 '' . FIA Formula E. 2014 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Formula E electric - car race in Long Beach to have free admission '' . LA Times . 2014 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Environmentally friendly auto racing series Formula E coming to Long Beach '' . FIA Formula E. 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Formula E will not return to Long Beach in 2017 '' . Long Beach Press Telegram. 2016 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , Steve ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Race will choose between groups '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Stewart , Joshua ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Grand Prix will stay in Long Beach until 2018 '' . Long Beach Register . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting the dots : Formula 1 and Long Beach could be a match for 2019 '' . AutoWeek . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saltzgaver , Harry ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` SO MOVED : City Council Meeting Aug. 8 , 2017 '' . The Grunion . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 2 , 1984 ) . `` Mario posts wire - to - wire LBGP win '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 18 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Andretti outfoxes field for Long Beach win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Andretti outfoxes field for Long Beach win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 18 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 14 , 1986 ) . `` Michael Andretti races to Long Beach victory '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 21 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1987 ) . `` Mario victorious at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1987 ) . `` Mario victorious at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 18 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1988 ) . `` Little Al coasts to Long Beach win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1988 ) . `` Little Al coasts to Long Beach win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Rick ( April 17 , 1989 ) . `` Long Beach a rough win for Al Jr. ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Rick ( April 17 , 1989 ) . `` Long Beach a rough win for Al Jr. ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 20 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Rick ( April 23 , 1990 ) . `` Unser Jr. wins at Long Beach '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 21 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mike ( April 15 , 1991 ) . `` Unser jr . cruises to victory ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mike ( April 15 , 1991 ) . `` Unser jr . cruises to victory ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 31 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 13 , 1992 ) . `` Sullivan bumps into victory at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 36 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 13 , 1992 ) . `` Sullivan bumps into victory at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 38 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Tracy Triumphs at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 9 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Tracy Triumphs at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 13 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Unser wins Toyota GO again despite changes ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 11 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Unser wins Toyota GO again despite changes ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Unser posts another seaside win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Unser posts another seaside win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1996 ) . `` Vasser rides good fortune to third victory ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1996 ) . `` Vasser rides good fortune to third victory ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 24 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 14 , 1997 ) . `` High - octane work by crew fuels Zanardi ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 14 , 1997 ) . `` High - octane work by crew fuels Zanardi ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 19 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` Zanardi steals another unlikely win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 13 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` Zanardi steals another unlikely win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1999 ) . `` Montoya upholds his team 's tradition ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1999 ) . `` Montoya upholds his team 's tradition ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 31 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 17 , 2000 ) . `` Tracy keeps faith , rallies to wild win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 11 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 17 , 2000 ) . `` Tracy keeps faith , rallies to wild win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mike ( April 9 , 2001 ) . `` Castroneves gives fans a show '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 30 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 15 , 2002 ) . `` Andretti gambled and wins at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 15 , 2002 ) . `` Andretti gambled and wins at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 30 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 14 , 2003 ) . `` Tracy writes CART history in 3 - for - 3 start ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 25 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 14 , 2003 ) . `` Tracy writes CART history in 3 - for - 3 start ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 32 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Tracy wins with race to 1st turn ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 25 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Tracy wins with race to 1st turn ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 32 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Bourdais drives to victory , asks for shot to repeat ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Bourdais drives to victory , asks for shot to repeat ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bourdais returns to dominating form at Long Beach '' . The Indianapolis Star . April 16 , 2007 . p . D3 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ 2017 BUBBA burger Sports Car Grand Prix at Long Beach Jump up ^ 2018 BUBBA burger Sports Car Grand Prix at Long Beach Further reading ( edit ) Morris , Gordon ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` More Than 40 Years Ago , The ' Roar On The Shore ' Was Born '' . Long Beach Business Journal . The magic of Long Beach -- Racer , David Malsher , 7 April 2014 Long Beach a success story -- ESPN , John Oreovicz , 9 April 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Beach Grand Prix . 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Rivières Washington , D.C. Rovals Charlotte Las Vegas Texas 2001 ELMS circuits Sebring Donington Jarama Estoril Most Vallelunga Road Atlanta Circuits of the Grand - Am Rolex Sports Car Series ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Road courses Austin Barber Hermanos Rodríguez Laguna Seca Lime Rock Mid-Ohio Miller Montréal Mont - Tremblant New Jersey Road America Road Atlanta Sonoma Virginia Watkins Glen Street circuits Belle Isle Long Beach Trois - Rivières Rovals Daytona Fontana Homestead Indianapolis Iowa Kansas Phoenix Circuits of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship Current ( 2018 ) Braselton Daytona Detroit Elkhart Lake Lime Rock Laguna Seca Long Beach Mid-Ohio Mosport Sebring Virginia Watkins Glen Former Austin Indianapolis Kansas Indy Lights race venues Current Ovals Gateway Indianapolis Iowa Road courses Barber Indianapolis Mid-Ohio Portland Road America Street courses St. Petersburg Toronto Former Ovals Cicero Fontana Homestead Joliet Kansas Kentucky Las Vegas Michigan Milwaukee Nashville Nazareth New Hampshire Phoenix Pikes Peak Pocono Texas Road courses Cleveland Edmonton Laguna Seca Road Atlanta Sonoma Watkins Glen Street courses Baltimore Belle Isle Denver Detroit Houston Long Beach Miami ( Bicentennial Park ) Miami ( Tamiami Park ) Meadowlands Monterrey Reliant Park Savannah Trois - Rivières Vancouver Tracks of the Speed Energy Formula Off - Road presented by Traxxas Current Adelaide Belle Isle Darwin Fort Worth Lake Elsinore Long Beach Newcastle Perth Surfers Paradise Former Austin Beijing Charlotte Dirt Track Coronado Costa Mesa Crandon Glendale Indianapolis Las Vegas ( Caesars Palace ) Las Vegas Village Los Angeles Road America San Diego St. Louis St. Petersburg Sydney ( Homebush ) Sydney ( Valvoline Raceway ) Toronto Townsville Watkins Glen Formula E circuits Current ( 2017 -- 18 ) Hong Kong Marrakech Santiago Mexico City Punta del Este Rome Paris Berlin ( Tempelhof ) Zürich New York Future Monaco ( GP ) São Paulo Riyadh Former Beijing Berlin ( Karl - Marx - Allee ) London Long Beach Miami Moscow Putrajaya Buenos Aires Monaco ( short ) Montreal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Prix_of_Long_Beach&oldid=836763412 '' Categories : Grand Prix of Long Beach Tourist attractions in Long Beach , California Motorsport venues in California American Le Mans Series races American Le Mans Series circuits Champ Car races Champ Car circuits IMSA GT Championship circuits IndyCar Series races IndyCar Series tracks Formula E circuits Long Beach ePrix Recurring sporting events established in 1975 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Magyar Polski Português Slovenščina Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the long beach grand prix this year	[ "\n\nSeason\nDate\nDriver\nTeam\nChassis\nEngine\nTires\nRace Distance\nRace Time\nAverage Speed\n(mph)\nReport\n\n\nLaps\nMiles (km)\n\n\nFormula 5000\n\n\n1975\nSept 28\n Brian Redman\nCarl A. Haas Racing\nLola\nChevrolet\nGoodyear\n50\n101 (162.543)\n1:10:12\n86.325\nReport\n\n\nFormula One\n\n\n1976\nMarch 28\n Clay Regazzoni\nScuderia Ferrari\nFerrari\nFerrari\nGoodyear (2)\n80\n161.6 (260.069)\n1:53:18\n85.572\nReport\n\n\n1977\nApril 3\n Mario Andretti\nTeam Lotus\nLotus\nFord–Cosworth\nGoodyear (3)\n80\n161.6 (260.069)\n1:51:35\n87.073\nReport\n\n\n1978\nApril 2\n Carlos Reutemann\nScuderia Ferrari (2)\nFerrari (2)\nFerrari (2)\nMichelin\n80\n161.6 (260.069)\n1:52:01\n86.555\nReport\n\n\n1979\nApril 8\n Gilles Villeneuve\nScuderia Ferrari (3)\nFerrari (3)\nFerrari (3)\nMichelin (2)\n80\n161.6 (260.069)\n1:50:25\n87.812\nReport\n\n\n1980\nMarch 30\n Nelson Piquet\nMotor Racing Developments Ltd.\nBrabham\nFord–Cosworth (2)\nGoodyear (4)\n80\n161.6 (260.069)\n1:50:18\n87.899\nReport\n\n\n1981\nMarch 15\n Alan Jones\nWilliams Grand Prix Engineering\nWilliams\nFord–Cosworth (3)\nGoodyear (5)\n80\n161.6 (260.069)\n1:50:41\n87.601\nReport\n\n\n1982\nApril 4\n Niki Lauda\nMcLaren International\nMcLaren\nFord–Cosworth (4)\nGoodyear (6)\n75\n159.75 (257.092)\n1:58:25\n80.939\nReport\n\n\n1983\nMarch 27\n John Watson\nMcLaren International (2)\nMcLaren (2)\nFord–Cosworth (7)\nMichelin (3)\n75\n152.55 (245.505)\n1:53:34\n80.624\nReport\n\n\nChamp Car World Series\n\n\n1984\nMarch 31\n Mario Andretti (2)\nNewman/Haas Racing\nLola (2)\nCosworth (8)\nGoodyear (7)\n112\n187.04 (301.011)\n2:15:23\n82.898\nReport\n\n\n1985\nApril 14\n Mario Andretti (3)\nNewman/Haas Racing (2)\nLola (3)\nCosworth (9)\nGoodyear (8)\n90\n150.3 (241.884)\n1:42:50\n87.694\nReport\n\n\n1986\nApril 13\n Michael Andretti\nKraco Racing\nMarch\nCosworth (10)\nGoodyear (9)\n95\n158.65 (255.322)\n1:57:34\n80.965\nReport\n\n\n1987\nApril 5\n Mario Andretti (4)\nNewman/Haas Racing (3)\nLola (4)\nChevrolet (2)\nGoodyear (10)\n95\n158.65 (255.322)\n1:51:33\n85.33\nReport\n\n\n1988\nApril 17\n Al Unser Jr.\nGalles Racing\nMarch (2)\nChevrolet (3)\nGoodyear (11)\n95\n158.65 (255.322)\n1:53:47\n83.655\nReport\n\n\n1989\nApril 16\n Al Unser Jr. (2)\nGalles Racing (2)\nLola (5)\nChevrolet (4)\nGoodyear (12)\n95\n158.65 (255.322)\n1:51:19\n85.503\nReport\n\n\n1990\nApril 22\n Al Unser Jr. (3)\nGalles/Kraco Racing (3)\nLola (6)\nChevrolet (5)\nGoodyear (13)\n95\n158.65 (255.322)\n1:53:00\n84.227\nReport\n\n\n1991\nApril 14\n Al Unser Jr. (4)\nGalles/Kraco Racing (4)\nLola (7)\nChevrolet (6)\nGoodyear (14)\n95\n158.65 (255.322)\n1:57:14\n81.195\nReport\n\n\n1992\nApril 12\n Danny Sullivan\nGalles/Kraco Racing (5)\nGalmer\nChevrolet (7)\nGoodyear (15)\n105\n166.95 (268.679)\n1:48:56\n91.945\nReport\n\n\n1993\nApril 18\n Paul Tracy\nTeam Penske\nPenske\nChevrolet (8)\nGoodyear (16)\n105\n166.95 (268.679)\n1:47:36\n93.089\nReport\n\n\n1994\nApril 17\n Al Unser Jr. (5)\nTeam Penske (2)\nPenske (2)\nIlmor\nGoodyear (17)\n105\n166.95 (268.679)\n1:40:53\n99.283\nReport\n\n\n1995\nApril 9\n Al Unser Jr. (6)\nTeam Penske (3)\nPenske (3)\nMercedes-Benz\nGoodyear (18)\n105\n166.95 (268.679)\n1:49:32\n91.422\nReport\n\n\n1996\nApril 14\n Jimmy Vasser\nChip Ganassi Racing\nReynard\nHonda\nFirestone\n105\n166.95 (268.679)\n1:44:02\n96.281\nReport\n\n\n1997\nApril 13\n Alex Zanardi\nChip Ganassi Racing (2)\nReynard (2)\nHonda (2)\nFirestone (2)\n105\n166.53 (268.004)\n1:46:17\n93.999\nReport\n\n\n1998\nApril 5\n Alex Zanardi (2)\nChip Ganassi Racing (3)\nReynard (3)\nHonda (3)\nFirestone (3)\n105\n165.27 (265.976)\n1:51:29\n88.946\nReport\n\n\n1999\nApril 18\n Juan Pablo Montoya\nChip Ganassi Racing (4)\nReynard (4)\nHonda (4)\nFirestone (4)\n85\n155.04 (249.512)\n1:45:48\n87.915\nReport\n\n\n2000\nApril 16\n Paul Tracy (2)\nTeam Green\nReynard (5)\nHonda (5)\nFirestone (5)\n82\n161.376 (259.709)\n1:57:11\n82.626\nReport\n\n\n2001\nApril 8\n Hélio Castroneves\nTeam Penske (4)\nReynard (6)\nHonda (6)\nFirestone (6)\n82\n161.376 (259.709)\n1:52:17\n86.223\nReport\n\n\n2002\nApril 14\n Michael Andretti\nTeam Green (2)\nReynard (7)\nHonda (7)\nBridgestone\n90\n177.12 (285.047)\n2:02:14\n86.935\nReport\n\n\n2003\nApril 13\n Paul Tracy (3)\nForsythe Racing\nLola (5)\nFord–Cosworth (11)\nBridgestone (2)\n90\n177.12 (285.047)\n1:56:01\n91.59\nReport\n\n\n2004\nApril 18\n Paul Tracy (4)\nForsythe Racing (2)\nLola (6)\nFord–Cosworth (12)\nBridgestone (3)\n81\n159.408 (256.542)\n1:44:12\n91.785\nReport\n\n\n2005\nApril 10\n Sébastien Bourdais\nNewman/Haas Racing (4)\nLola (7)\nFord–Cosworth (13)\nBridgestone (4)\n81\n159.408 (256.542)\n1:46:29\n89.811\nReport\n\n\n2006\nApril 9\n Sébastien Bourdais (2)\nNewman/Haas Racing (5)\nLola (8)\nFord–Cosworth (14)\nBridgestone (5)\n74\n145.632 (234.371)\n1:40:07\n87.268\nReport\n\n\n2007\nApril 15\n Sébastien Bourdais (3)\nNewman/Haas/Lanigan Racing (6)\nPanoz\nCosworth (15)\nBridgestone (6)\n78\n153.504 (247.04)\n1:40:43\n91.432\nReport\n\n\nVerizon IndyCar Series\n\n\n2008\nApril 20\n Will Power\nKV Racing Technology\nPanoz (2)\nCosworth (16)\nBridgestone (7)\n83\n163.344 (262.876)\n1:45:25\n92.964\nReport\n\n\n2009\nApril 19\n Dario Franchitti\nChip Ganassi Racing (5)\nDallara\nHonda (8)\nFirestone (7)\n85\n167.28 (269.211)\n1:58:47\n84.491\nReport\n\n\n2010\nApril 18\n Ryan Hunter-Reay\nAndretti Autosport\nDallara (2)\nHonda (9)\nFirestone (8)\n85\n167.28 (269.211)\n1:47:13\n93.619\nReport\n\n\n2011\nApril 17\n Mike Conway\nAndretti Autosport (2)\nDallara (3)\nHonda (10)\nFirestone (9)\n85\n167.28 (269.211)\n1:53:11\n88.676\nReport\n\n\n2012\nApril 15\n Will Power (2)\nTeam Penske (5)\nDallara (4)\nChevrolet (9)\nFirestone (10)\n85\n167.28 (269.211)\n1:54:02\n88.021\nReport\n\n\n2013\nApril 21\n Takuma Sato\nA. J. Foyt Enterprises\nDallara (5)\nHonda (15)\nFirestone (11)\n80\n157.44 (253.375)\n1:50:09\n85.763\nReport\n\n\n2014\nApril 13\n Mike Conway (2)\nEd Carpenter Racing\nDallara (6)\nChevrolet (10)\nFirestone (12)\n80\n157.44 (253.375)\n1:54:42\n82.362\nReport\n\n\n2015\nApril 19\n Scott Dixon\nChip Ganassi Racing (6)\nDallara (7)\nChevrolet (11)\nFirestone (13)\n80\n157.44 (253.375)\n1:37:35\n96.8\nReport\n\n\n2016\nApril 17\n Simon Pagenaud\nTeam Penske (6)\nDallara (8)\nChevrolet (12)\nFirestone (14)\n80\n157.44 (253.375)\n1:33:54\n100.592\nReport\n\n\n2017\nApril 9\n James Hinchcliffe\nSchmidt Peterson Motorsports\nDallara (9)\nHonda (16)\nFirestone (15)\n85\n167.28 (269.211)\n1:50:29\n90.845\nReport\n\n\n2018\nApril 15\n Alexander Rossi\nAndretti Autosport (3)\nDallara (10)\nHonda (17)\nFirestone (16)\n85\n167.28 (269.211)\n1:53:15\n88.622\nReport\n\n" ]	[ "Alexander Rossi" ]
1829148113888464782	Rotten Row	Rotten Row - wikipedia Rotten Row Jump to : navigation , search For the street in Glasgow , see Rottenrow . Rotten Row Rotten Row from Hyde Park Corner . Former name ( s ) Route du Roi Length 1,384 m ( 4,541 ft ) Location Hyde Park , London , United Kingdom Postal code W2 Nearest Tube station Hyde Park Corner East end Hyde Park Corner West end Serpentine Road Construction Completion 1690 Other Known for Equestrianism Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 13.25 '' N 0 ° 9 ′ 59 '' W / 51.5036806 ° N 0.16639 ° W / 51.5036806 ; - 0.16639 Rotten Row and the South Carriage Drive ( 1894 ) . A view of Rotten Row , painted by Thomas Blinks , circa 1900 Rotten Row Rotten Row is a broad track running for 1,384 metres ( 4,541 ft ) along the south side of Hyde Park in London . It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road . During the 18th and 19th centuries , Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper - class Londoners to be seen horse riding . Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London , but it is little used . Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century . Having moved court to Kensington Palace , William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James 's Palace . He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park , lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690 -- the first artificially lit highway in Britain . The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen , who lurked in Hyde Park at the time . The track was called Route du Roi , French for King 's Road , which was eventually corrupted into `` Rotten Row '' . In the 18th century , Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper - class Londoners . Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday , people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen . The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose . In 1876 , it was reconstructed as a horse - ride , with a brick base covered by sand . The sand - covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park 's South Ride . It is convenient for the Household Cavalry , stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge , to exercise their horses . Members of the public may also ride , although few people have stables close enough to make use of it . Commercial stables nearby , the Hyde Park Stables and ' Ross Nye Stables , offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public . Michael Crichton 's 1979 feature film , The First Great Train Robbery , set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce ( portrayed by Sean Connery ) escorts Emily Trent ( Pamela Salem ) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row . A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990 . `` ROTTEN ROW - The King 's Old Road , Completed 1690 This ride originally formed part of King William III 's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace . Its Construction was supervised by the Serveyor of their Majesties ' Roads , Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp - lit road in the Kingdom . Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730 's , Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world . '' Rotten Row is immortalised in a short piece of orchestral light music , composed by Wally Stott in 1958 . Other locations ( edit ) `` Rotten Row '' is a location in at least 15 places in England and Scotland , such as in Lewes , East Sussex and Elie , Fife . It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats ( raton ) and dates to the 14th century or earlier , predating the London derivation . Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran ( to muster ) , Ratten Row ( roundabout way ) , or rotten ( the soft material with which the road is covered ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rotten Row '' . Pastscape . English Heritage . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dunton , Larkin ( 1896 ) . The World and Its People . Silver , Burdett . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , Cristopher ; Weinreb , Ben ; Keay , John ; Keay , Julia ( 2011 ) . The London Encyclopaedia . Pan Macmillan . p. 424 . ISBN 0230738788 . Jump up ^ `` Hyde Park : History and Architecture '' . The Royal Parks . 2003 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ The First Great Train Robbery . Dir . Michael Crichton . United Artists , 1979 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Kenneth ( 1959 ) . The Place - Names of Derbyshire . Nottingham : English Place - Name Society . pp. 435 , 449 . Jump up ^ Edward Walford . ' Hyde Park ' , Old and New London : Volume 4 ( 1878 ) , pp. 375 - 405 . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . Jump up ^ E Cobham Brewer . ' Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Henry Altemus , 1898 ; Bartleby.com , 2000 . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park -- description of 18th century parading on Rotten Row . Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row . Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables - possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotten_Row&oldid=788481161 '' Categories : Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Streets in the City of Westminster Walking in London Hyde Park , London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	avenue of hyde park uks first artificially lit highway	[ "Rotten Row is a broad track running for 1,384 metres (4,541 ft)[1] along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding.[2] Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used. Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace, William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace. He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690– the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen, who lurked in Hyde Park at the time.[3] The track was called Route du Roi, French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into \"Rotten Row\".[4]" ]	[ "Rotten Row" ]
7173833369349384752	Catholic Bible	Catholic Bible - wikipedia Catholic Bible Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Category Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal The Catholic Bible is the Bible comprising the whole 73 - book canon recognized by the Catholic Church , including the deuterocanonical books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books included 1.1 Old Testament 1.2 New Testament 2 Canon law 3 Principles of translation 4 Catholic English versions 5 Differences from Catholic lectionaries 6 Differences from other Christian Bibles 7 See also 8 References Books included ( edit ) See also : Old Testament § Content , and New Testament § Content The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament . Old Testament ( edit ) Pentateuch : Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy Historical books : Joshua , Judges , Ruth , 1 Samuel , 2 Samuel , 1 Kings , 2 Kings , 1 Chronicles , 2 Chronicles , Ezra , Nehemiah , Tobit , Judith , Esther , 1 Maccabees , 2 Maccabees Wisdom books : Job , Psalms , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Solomon , Wisdom of Solomon , Sirach Prophetic books : Isaiah , Jeremiah , Lamentations , Baruch , Ezekiel , Daniel , Hosea , Joel , Amos , Obadiah , Jonah , Micah , Nahum , Habakkuk , Zephaniah , Haggai , Zechariah , Malachi Of these books , Tobit , Judith , 1 and 2 Maccabees , Wisdom , Sirach , Baruch , parts of Esther and parts of Daniel are deuterocanonical , and are found in the Bibles of Eastern Christianity . These books are usually not found in the Protestant Bible , but are sometimes included in a separate inter-testamental section called the `` Apocrypha '' . New Testament ( edit ) The Gospels : Matthew , Mark , Luke , John Historical book : Acts Pauline Epistles : Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Ephesians , Philippians , Colossians , 1 Thessalonians , 2 Thessalonians , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , Titus , Philemon , Hebrews General Epistles : James , 1 Peter , 2 Peter , 1 John , 2 John , 3 John , Jude Revelation Canon law ( edit ) In another sense , a `` Catholic Bible '' is a Bible published in accordance with the prescriptions of Catholic canon law , which states : Books of the sacred scriptures can not be published unless the Apostolic See or the conference of bishops has approved them . For the publication of their translations into the vernacular , it is also required that they be approved by the same authority and provided with necessary and sufficient annotations . With the permission of the Conference of Bishops , Catholic members of the Christian faithful in collaboration with separated brothers and sisters can prepare and publish translations of the sacred scriptures provided with appropriate annotations . Principles of translation ( edit ) Without diminishing the authority of the texts of the books of Scripture in the original languages , the Council of Trent declared the Vulgate the official translation of the Bible for the Latin Church , but did not forbid the making of translations directly from the original languages . Before the middle of the 20th century , Catholic translations were often made from that text rather than from the original languages . Thus Ronald Knox , the author of what has been called the Knox Bible , wrote : `` When I talk about translating the Bible , I mean translating the Vulgate . '' Today , the version of the Bible that is used in official documents in Latin is the Nova Vulgata , a revision of the Vulgate that among other changes makes it conform more closely to manuscripts in the original languages . This does not mean keeping to any particular edition in the original language . Thus , in translating the Hebrew Bible , evidence from Qumran manuscripts and ancient versions in Greek , Aramaic or Syriac is sometimes used to adjust the Masoretic Text . The aim is to get as close as possible to what `` was written by the inspired author himself and has more authority and greater weight than any , even the very best , translation whether ancient or modern '' . The principles expounded in Pope Pius XII 's encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu regarding exegesis or interpretation , as in commentaries on the Bible , apply also to the preparation of a translation . These include the need for familiarity with the original languages and other cognate languages , the study of ancient codices and even papyrus fragments of the text and the application to them of textual criticism , `` to insure that the sacred text be restored as perfectly as possible , be purified from the corruptions due to the carelessness of the copyists and be freed , as far as may be done , from glosses and omissions , from the interchange and repetition of words and from all other kinds of mistakes , which are wont to make their way gradually into writings handed down through many centuries '' . Catholic English versions ( edit ) The following are English versions of the Bible that correspond to this description : Abbreviation Name Date DRB Douay - Rheims Bible 1582 , 1609 , 1610 DRC Douay - Rheims Bible Challoner Revision 1749 - 1752 WVSS Westminster Version of the Sacred Scripture 1913 -- 1935 SPC Spencer New Testament 1941 CCD Confraternity Bible 1941 Knox Knox Bible 1950 KLNT Kleist -- Lilly New Testament 1956 RSV -- CE Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 1965 -- 66 JB Jerusalem Bible 1966 NAB New American Bible 1970 TLB -- CE The Living Bible Catholic Edition 1971 NJB New Jerusalem Bible 1985 CCB Christian Community Bible NRSV -- CE New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition 1991 GNT -- CE Good News Translation Catholic Edition RSV -- 2CE Revised Standard Version , Second Catholic Edition 2006 CTS -- NCB CTS New Catholic Bible 2007 NABRE New American Bible Revised Edition 2011 / 1986 ( OT / NT ) NCB New Community Bible 2013 NCV St. Joseph New Catholic Version New Testament and Psalms 2016 / 2002 NLT - CE New Living Translation Catholic Edition 2017 ESV - CE English Standard Version Catholic Edition 2018 RNJB Revised New Jerusalem Bible 2018 The New Testament was published in 1582 , the Old Testament in two volumes , one in 1609 , the other in 1610 . Released in parts between 1913 -- 1935 with copious study and textual notes . The New Testament with condensed notes was released in 1936 as one volume . NT released in 1941 . The OT contained material from the Challoner Revision until the entire OT was completed in 1969 . This Old Testament became the basis for the 1970 NAB New Testament only ; Gospels by James Kleist , rest by Joseph Lilly . Also known as the `` Today 's English Version '' The Jerusalem Bible except for the Book of Psalms , which is replaced by the Grail Psalms , and with the word `` Yahweh '' altered to `` the Lord '' , as directed by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments for Bibles intended to be used in the liturgy . In addition to the above Catholic English Bibles , all of which have an imprimatur granted by a Catholic bishop , the authors of the Catholic Public Domain Version of 2009 and the 2013 translation from the Septuagint by Jesuit priest Nicholas King refer to them as Catholic Bibles . These versions have not been granted an imprimatur , but do include the Catholic biblical canon of 73 books . Differences from Catholic lectionaries ( edit ) Lectionaries for use in the liturgy differ somewhat in text from the Bible versions on which they are based . Many liturgies , including the Roman , omit some verses in the biblical readings that they use . This sometimes necessitates grammatical alterations or the identification of a person or persons referred to in a remaining verse only by a pronoun , such as `` he '' or `` they '' . Another difference concerns the usage of the Tetragrammaton . Yahweh appears in some Bible translations such as the Jerusalem Bible ( 1966 ) throughout the Old Testament . Long - standing Jewish and Christian tradition holds that the name is not to be spoken in worship or printed in liturgical texts out of reverence . A 2008 letter from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments explicitly forbids the use of the Divine Name in worship texts , stating : `` For the translation of the biblical text in modern languages , intended for the liturgical usage of the Church , what is already prescribed by n . 41 of the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam is to be followed ; that is , the divine tetragrammaton is to be rendered by the equivalent of Adonai / Kyrios ; Lord , Signore , Seigneur , Herr , Señor , etc . '' As a result , Bibles used by English - speaking Catholics for study and devotion typically do not match the liturgical texts read during mass , even when based on the same translation . Today , publishers and translators alike are making new efforts to more precisely align the texts of the Lectionary with the various approved translations of the Catholic Bible . Currently , there is only one lectionary reported to be in use corresponding exactly to an in - print Catholic Bible translation : the Ignatius Press lectionary based on the Revised Standard Version , Second Catholic ( or Ignatius ) Edition ( RSV - 2CE ) approved for liturgical use in the Antilles and by former Anglicans in the personal ordinariates . In 2007 the Catholic Truth Society published the `` CTS New Catholic Bible , '' consisting of the original 1966 Jerusalem Bible text revised to match its use in lectionaries throughout most English - speaking countries , in conformity with the directives of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments and the Pontifical Biblical Commission . In it , `` Yahweh '' has been replaced by `` the LORD '' throughout the Old Testament , and the Psalms have been completely replaced by the 1963 Grail Psalter . In 2012 , the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops `` announced a plan to revise the New Testament of the New American Bible Revised Edition so a single version can be used for individual prayer , catechesis and liturgy '' in the United States . After developing a plan and budget for the revision project , work began in 2013 with the creation of an editorial board made up of five people from the Catholic Biblical Association ( CBA ) . The revision is now underway and , after the necessary approvals from the bishops and the Vatican , is expected to be done around the year 2025 . Differences from other Christian Bibles ( edit ) Bibles used by Catholics differ in the number and order of books from those typically found in bibles used by Protestants , as Catholic bibles remained unchanged following the Reformation and so retain seven books that were rejected principally by Martin Luther . Its canon of Old Testament texts is somewhat larger than that in translations used by Protestants , which are typically based exclusively on the shorter Hebrew and Aramaic Masoretic Text . On the other hand , its canon , which does not accept all the books that are included in the Septuagint , is shorter than that of some churches of Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy , which recognize other books as sacred scripture . The Greek Orthodox Church generally considers Psalm 151 to be part of the Book of Psalms and accepts the `` books of the Maccabees '' as four in number , but generally places 4 Maccabees in an appendix , along with the Prayer of Manasseh . There are differences from Western usage in the naming of some books ( see , for instance , Esdras # Differences in names ) . Greek Orthodox generally consider the Septuagint to be divinely inspired no less than the Hebrew text of the Old Testament books . The Bible of the Tewahedo Churches differs from the Western and Greek Orthodox Bibles in the order , naming , and chapter / verse division of some of the books . The Ethiopian `` narrow '' biblical canon includes 81 books altogether : The 27 books of the New Testament ; the Old Testament books found in the Septuagint and that are accepted by the Eastern Orthodox ( more numerous than the Catholic deuterocanonical books ) ; and in addition Enoch , Jubilees , 1 Esdras , 2 Esdras , Rest of the Words of Baruch and 3 books of Meqabyan ( Ethiopian books of Maccabees entirely different in content from the 4 Books of Maccabees of the Eastern Orthodox ) . A `` broader '' Ethiopian New Testament canon includes 4 books of `` Sinodos '' ( church practices ) , 2 `` Books of Covenant '' , `` Ethiopic Clement '' , and `` Ethiopic Didascalia '' ( Apostolic Church - Ordinances ) . This `` broader '' canon is sometimes said to include with the Old Testament an 8 - part history of the Jews based on the writings of Titus Flavius Josephus , and known as `` Pseudo-Josephus '' or `` Joseph ben Gurion '' ( Yosēf walda Koryon ) . See also ( edit ) Biblical canon Christian biblical canons Council of Trent Divino afflante Spiritu Second Vatican Council Dei verbum Liturgiam authenticam Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Pontifical Biblical Commission International Commission on English in the Liturgy Protestant Bible References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 825 Archived February 28 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII . `` Divino afflante Spiritu , 20 -- 22 '' . Holy See . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Akin , James . `` Uncomfortable Facts About The Douay - Rheims '' . CatholicCulture.org . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , Ronald Arbuthnott ( 1949 ) . On Englishing the Bible . Burns , Oates . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Divino afflante Spiritu , 16 Jump up ^ Divino afflante Spiritu , 17 Jump up ^ http://bibles.wikidot.com/westminster Jump up ^ http://bibles.wikidot.com/spencer Jump up ^ http://www.stpauls.com.au/search?search=New+Community+BIble Jump up ^ http://www.catholicbookpublishing.com/list/keyword/new+testament+and+psalms Jump up ^ http://c-b-f.org/component/k2/item/76-launch-of-the-new-living-translation-catholic-edition : Jump up ^ http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=495081 Jump up ^ http://dltbooks.com/titles/2220-9780232533613-rnjb-new-testament-and-psalms ^ Jump up to : Arinze , Francis ; Ranjith , Malcolm . `` Letter to the Bishops Conferences on The Name of God '' . Bible Research : Internet Resources for Students of Scripture . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Catholic Public Domain Version Jump up ^ http://www.nicholas-king.co.uk/ Jump up ^ Booneau , Normand ( 1998 ) . The Sunday Lectionary . Liturgical Press . pp. 50 -- ± 51 . ISBN 9780814624579 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan , Michael . `` Use of Yahweh in Church Songs '' . American Catholic Press . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` Which English Translation to Use Abroad '' . Eternal Word Television Network . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Andrew . `` The Liturgy of the Ordinariates : Ordinary , Extraordinary , or Tertium Quid ? ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Roxanne King ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` No ' Yahweh ' in liturgies is no problem for the archdiocese , officials say '' . Denver Catholic Register . Archdiocese of Denver . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauman , MIchelle . `` New American Bible to be revised into single translation '' . Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAB New Testament Revision Project '' . Catholic Biblical Association of America . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Pietersma , Albert ; Wright , Benjamin G. ( 2007 ) . A New English Translation of the Septuagint . Oxford University Press . pp. v -- vi . ISBN 9780199743971 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald and Sanders ' The Canon Debate , Appendix C : Lists and Catalogs of Old Testament Collections , Table C - 4 : Current Canons of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament , page 589 = 590 . Jump up ^ See Deuterocanonical books # Eastern Orthodoxy Jump up ^ Ethiopian Canon , Islamic Awareness . Jump up ^ `` Fathers '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library ( CCEL ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which version of the bible does catholic church use	[ "The Catholic Bible is the Bible comprising the whole 73-book canon recognized by the Catholic Church, including the deuterocanonical books." ]	[ "The Catholic Bible" ]
7969376787225848991	Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)	Piglet ( Winnie - the - Pooh ) - wikipedia Piglet ( Winnie - the - Pooh ) Piglet ' Winnie the Pooh ' character Piglet illustrated by E.H. Shepard . First appearance Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh ( 1926 ) Created by A.A. Milne Information Species Pig Gender Male Piglet is a fictional character from A.A. Milne 's Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh books . Piglet is Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh 's closest friend amongst all the toys and animals featured in the stories . Although he is a `` Very Small Animal '' of a generally timid disposition , he tries to be brave and on occasion conquers his fears . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the books 2 Adaptations 3 Disney adaptations 4 Appearances 4.1 Theatrical featurettes 4.2 Feature - length films 4.3 Television series 5 Casting history 6 Soviet adaptation 7 Influence on popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links In the books Piglet is introduced in the text from Chapter III of Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh , although he is shown earlier in one of the illustrations for Chapter II . He also appears in Chapters V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , and X , as well as every chapter of The House at Pooh Corner . Piglet is best friends with Pooh and is also especially close to Christopher Robin and the rest of the main characters . Like most of the characters , Piglet was based on one of Christopher Robin Milne 's stuffed animals . In the original color versions of Ernest H. Shepard 's illustrations in the Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh books , Piglet has pale pink skin and a green jumper . He is smaller than most animals , being only slightly taller than Roo . His voice is described as `` squeaky '' . Piglet 's adventures in the first book include hunting Woozles , attempting to capture Heffalumps , giving Eeyore a birthday balloon ( popped ) , impersonating Roo in an attempt to trick Kanga , joining the Expotition to the North Pole , and being trapped by a flood . In the second book , he helps build a house for Eeyore , meets Tigger , finds Small while trapped in a gravel pit , plays Poohsticks , gets lost in the mist , and helps rescue Pooh and Owl after they are trapped in Owl 's fallen house . For that last feat , Piglet is the subject of a seven - verse `` Respectful Pooh Song '' that Pooh composes for him . Piglet himself can read and write , at least well enough for short notes . In the illustrations for The House at Pooh Corner , it appears that Piglet spells his own name `` Piglit '' , although it is rendered as `` Piglet '' in the actual text even when describing his signature . In one chapter , Piglet is referred to as `` Henry Pootel '' by Christopher Robin , who claimed to not recognize Piglet after he was thoroughly cleaned by Kanga . Eeyore likes to refer to him as `` Little Piglet '' . Piglet 's favorite food is acorns ( or as the book often spells it , `` haycorns '' ) . At one point he plants one just outside his house , in hopes of someday having a handy supply . He lives in a house in a beech tree in the Hundred Acre Wood , next to a sign which says `` TRESPASSERS W '' . An illustration shows that the sign is broken off after the `` W . '' According to Piglet , that is `` short for Trespassers Will , which is short for Trespassers William , '' which was the name of his grandfather . Later in The House at Pooh Corner , Eeyore mistakenly offers Piglet 's house as a new home for Owl , after Owl 's house had blown down . Piglet nobly agrees to let Owl have the house , at which point Pooh asks Piglet to live with him and Piglet accepts . Adaptations In 1960 HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs ( music by Harold Fraser - Simson ) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner ( Chapters 2 and 8 ) , with Penny Morrell as Piglet , which was released on a 45rpm EP . Disney adaptations Piglet ( Disney version ) First appearance Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( December 20 , 1968 ) Created by A.A. Milne Walt Disney Animation Studios Voiced by John Fiedler ( 1968 - 2005 ) Phil Baron ( 1983 - 1986 ) Travis Oates ( 2005 - 2016 ) Nick Mohammed ( 2018 - Present ) Information Species Pig Gender Male Piglet was originally omitted by Disney in the first Pooh film , Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) . According to the film 's director , Wolfgang Reitherman , Piglet was replaced by Gopher , which was thought to have a more `` folksy , all - American , grass - roots image '' . Many familiar with the classic Milne books protested Disney 's decision to exclude Piglet , and Disney relented . Piglet appeared in the next Pooh film , Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) . Disney 's interpretation of Piglet has pink skin and a magenta jumper . His fears and nervousness are played up more , as he runs and hides when unnecessary and often stutters when nervous . He has a lot of hidden courage and often faces danger to help others , even when afraid . Stories about him tend to revolve around these traits as well as his small size . In the Disney cartoons , Piglet loves beautiful things like flowers , is very kindhearted and is obsessed with keeping things neat and tidy . He sometimes has an inferiority complex , although his friends think highly of him . However , he is often left performing tasks better suited to someone bigger and stronger , such as in several episodes of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh or the 2011 film . Piglet can be found at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts for meet and greets . He appears less frequently than Pooh , Tigger , and Eeyore , but more than Rabbit . Piglet also made a brief cameo in the 1988 movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit . He was featured as one of the guests in House of Mouse . Piglet also makes a cameo appearance in the DreamWorks animated film , Bee Movie along with Pooh , at one point , a man spies Pooh and Piglet eating honey and Barry tells him to `` take him out '' with a tranquilizer dart . Appearances Theatrical featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Feature - length films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) - Brief Cameo only Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) DVD Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) DVD The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) DVD Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) DVD Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) DVD A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) DVD Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) DVD Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) DVD Bee Movie ( 2007 ) - Cameo only Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) DVD Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) DVD Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) DVD Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Television series Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) House of Mouse ( 2001 - 2003 , cameo appearances ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2003 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Doc McStuffins ( guest appearance ) Casting history John Fiedler provided the voice for Piglet from 1968 until his death on June 25 , 2005 , except in Welcome to Pooh Corner where Phil Baron voiced him . Fiedler 's last appearance as Piglet 's voice was in Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie . With the exception of Christopher Robin 's voice actors Bruce Reitherman and Jon Walmsley , Fiedler was the last living member of the original Winnie the Pooh voice cast . Travis Oates has provided Piglet 's voice since Fielder 's death , including in Kingdom Hearts II and Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( only for the newest material since much of the dialogue is still voiced by Fiedler ) . His first major performance as Piglet was in My Friends Tigger & Pooh . He and Jim Cummings were the only actors to return for the 2011 film Winnie the Pooh . Piglet was voiced by Nick Mohammed for the 2018 live - action film Christopher Robin . Soviet adaptation A postage stamp showing Piglet and Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh as they appear in the Russian adaptation In the Soviet Union , three Winnie ‐ the ‐ Pooh stories , ( transcribed in Russian as `` Vinni Pukh '' ) ( Russian language : Винни - Пух ) , were made into a celebrated trilogy of short films by Soyuzmultfilm ( directed by Fyodor Khitruk ) from 1969 to 1972 . In all three films Piglet , renamed Pyatachok ( Пятачок ) and voiced by Iya Savvina , is Pooh 's constant companion , even taking Christopher Robin 's place in the story adapted from Chapter I ( concerning Pooh and the honey tree ) . Unlike the Disney adaptations , the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard 's illustrations , creating a different look . Influence on popular culture The Te of Piglet was written by Benjamin Hoff following the publication of The Tao of Pooh . Both books feature the original drawing of E.H. Shepard . The Te of Piglet details Piglet 's exemplification of the Taoist concept of `` virtue of the small . '' In 1982 , whilst studying at Oxford University as an undergraduate , the columnist and commentator Andrew Sullivan adopted the persona of Piglet in holding office in the University Pooh Sticks Club as cited in the 1987 book `` The Oxford Myth '' . See also Children 's literature portal Piglet 's Big Movie References Jump up ^ `` Ian Carmichael And Full Cast -- The House At Pooh Corner -- HMV Junior Record Club -- UK -- 7EG 117 '' . 45cat. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The Page at Pooh Corner -- - General Information Archived 2008 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) ( V ) Jump up ^ Matthew Mueller ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Casts Piglet For Live - Action Christopher Robin Movie '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russian animation in letters and figures Films `` Winnie the Pooh '' Jump up ^ Connock , Alex ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) . `` The Oxford myth is true '' . Cherwell . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . External links Christopher Robin 's Toys -- the inspiration for Piglet Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soviet featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1987 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piglet_(Winnie-the-Pooh)&oldid=848093762 '' Categories : Winnie - the - Pooh characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional pigs Fictional characters introduced in 1926 Sidekicks in literature Film sidekicks Television sidekicks Pigs in literature Male characters in literature Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 19 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the pig in winnie the pooh	[ "Piglet is a fictional character from A. A. Milne's Winnie‑the‑Pooh books. Piglet is Winnie‑the‑Pooh's closest friend amongst all the toys and animals featured in the stories. Although he is a \"Very Small Animal\" of a generally timid disposition, he tries to be brave and on occasion conquers his fears.\n" ]	[ "Piglet" ]
7567089167916002400	Cowboys–Redskins rivalry	Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry - wikipedia Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Dallas Cowboys -- Washington Redskins Dallas Cowboys Washington Redskins First meeting October 2 , 1960 Washington Redskins 26 , Dallas Cowboys 14 Latest meeting November 30 , 2017 Dallas Cowboys 38 , Washington Redskins 14 Next meeting Sometime in 2018 Unknown Statistics Meetings total 116 meetings All - time series Dallas Cowboys lead 70 -- 44 -- 2 Postseason results Washington Redskins lead 2 -- 0 Largest victory Dallas Cowboys 38 , Washington Redskins 3 ( 1993 ) Longest win streak Dallas Cowboys : 10 ( November 16 , 1997 -- November 28 , 2002 ) Washington Redskins : 4 ( November 23 , 1986 -- October 9 , 1988 ) Current win streak Dallas Cowboys , 4 wins ( 2016 -- present ) Championship Success During Rivalry ( 1960 -- present ) Super Bowl titles ( 8 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) -- 1971 , 1977 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Washington Redskins ( 3 ) -- 1982 , 1987 , 1991 Super Bowl appearances ( 13 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) -- 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Washington Redskins ( 5 ) -- 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 Division Championships ( 32 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 23 ) -- 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Washington Redskins ( 9 ) -- 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry is a rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins in the National Football League 's NFC East division . In 2005 , Sports Illustrated called it the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' ESPN ranked it the best rivalry in the NFL . The Sportster has ranked it the 17th biggest rivalry in the world . During the tenure of this rivalry , the two franchises have won 31 combined division titles and eight combined Super Bowls . They are the two wealthiest franchises in the NFL . The rivalry started in 1960 when the Cowboys joined the league as an expansion team . During that year they were in separate conferences , but played once during the season . In 1961 , Dallas was placed in the same division as the Redskins , and from that point on , they have played each other twice in every regular season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginning 2 First Few Games 3 Cowboy Chicken Club 4 1965 -- 1967 5 1970s 5.1 1972 5.2 1973 Redskins 14 , Cowboys 7 5.3 1974 Thanksgiving Day Game 5.4 1979 season - ending game 6 1980s 7 1990s 8 2000s 9 2010s 10 Rivalry off the field 11 Rivalry statistics 12 Rivalry statistics by decade 13 Game results 13.1 1960s ( Cowboys 10 -- 7 -- 2 ) 13.2 1970s ( Cowboys 12 -- 9 ) 13.3 1980s ( Cowboys 11 -- 9 ) 13.4 1990s ( Cowboys 12 -- 8 ) 13.5 2000s ( Cowboys 14 -- 6 ) 13.6 2010s ( Cowboys 11 -- 5 ) 14 Monday Night Football 14.1 MNF ( Cowboys lead 9 -- 8 ) 15 References 16 External links Beginning ( edit ) Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison , Jr. was having a hard time bringing a National Football League team to Dallas , Texas . He tried buying two teams , but the negotiations fell through . In 1958 , Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , was eager to sell the team . Just as the sale was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal . Around this time , Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director , Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song , now a staple at the stadium ; additionally , Marshall 's wife penned the lyrics to the song . Breeskin wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall . He approached Tom Webb , Murchison 's lawyer , and sold the rights for $2,500 . Murchison then decided to create his own team , with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman , George Halas . Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners , which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass . The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall . However , Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington 's fight song , so a deal was finally struck . If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise , Murchison would return the song . The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960 . To build the roster of an expansion team , Dallas was allowed to pick certain players from certain teams per League rules . In addition to selecting 3 players from the Redskins roster , the Cowboys traded their first round ( # 2 - Norm Snead ) and sixth round ( # 72 - Joe Krakoski ) draft choices in the 1961 NFL Draft to the Redskins in exchange for Pro Bowl quarterback Eddie LeBaron , convincing him to come out of retirement to become the franchise 's first starting quarterback . First few games ( edit ) Though both teams would become juggernauts in the National Football League , the beginning of the rivalry was not all that exciting . The first game took place in Griffith Stadium on October 9 , 1960 and was won by the Redskins . It was the only game they would win that year . The Cowboys would go winless that season . The Redskins would win two of the first four and tied the two others . Cowboy chicken Club ( edit ) In December 1961 , an unknown number of Cowboys fans snuck into D.C. Stadium , armed with bags of chicken feed . When Alaskan snow dogs were to drag Santa Claus onto the field during the halftime show , the pranksters would unleash dozens of hungry chickens onto the field -- 75 white , one black . The significance of the black chicken was to symbolize how Marshall was the only owner in the league who would not recruit an African - American football player ; Marshall stating , `` We 'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites . '' The chickens fit into two large crates , which were smuggled into the stadium the morning of the game . The chickens and the smugglers went unspotted until halftime , when a stadium usher noticed a man guarding the crates and heard the chickens . Though the guard tried to bribe the official with $100 , he was quickly reported and arrested , and the chickens confiscated . As it turned out , the `` official '' was actually Redskins general manager Dick McCann . The following year and the night before the third Redskins - Cowboys match - up in less than a year , pranksters sneaked into Marshall 's hotel suite and dropped off a large turkey in the bathroom . When Marshall went into the bathroom , the turkey puffed up and gobbled at him , causing Marshall to flee his room . `` Chickens are nice '' , Marshall said , `` but a man should n't fool with a mad turkey . '' Just minutes before kickoff , while `` Hail to the Redskins '' blared throughout the stadiums , four banners reading `` CHICKENS '' -- one at each 50 - yard line and one in each end zone center -- were unfurled in the stadium 's upper decks . Two acrobats , hired by Cowboys fans and Chicken Club founders Bob Thompson and Irv Davidson ( along with the University of Maryland students with the banners ) rushed onto the field dressed in chicken costumes and began to throw colored eggs . One was apprehended by a guard , but the other proved to be too elusive . By this time , the band was playing the National Anthem , therefore unable to move . The lone chicken - acrobat reached into this bag and released a chicken , then returned to his egg - throwing . Running to a sideline , he then attempted to leave the stadium by jumping over a bench , but slipped . A group of security guards then apprehended him , but he was able to break free . He made it back to the 50 - yard line , turned a cartwheel , then ran and flopped onto the 30 - yard line . By this time , only aware that the National Anthem was over , the two teams rushed onto the field in the middle of the chaos . In the midst of the ruckus , the man made it off the field and into the stands . Although the real chicken was caught , the acrobat - chicken was never apprehended . The next day , while reporting the 38 - 10 Cowboys victory , the Dallas News scoring summary ended with , Attendance - 49,888 ( and one chicken ) . 1965 -- 1967 ( edit ) From 1965 through 1967 , the Redskins and Cowboys , led by Sonny Jurgensen and Don Meredith respectively , played four games against each other that produced a combined total of 222 points with only ten points of overall difference between the two teams . November 28 , 1965 , DC Stadium : The Cowboys quickly took a 21 - 0 lead on a pass play , a running play and a 60 - yard fumble recovery . Despite Jurgensen 's 26 - yard touchdown pass to Charley Taylor , the fans in the stands called for him to be benched in favor of second - string quarterback Dick Shiner . However , Jurgensen then drove the Redskins down field for a second touchdown to cut the Cowboys lead to 24 - 13 . They then scored a rushing touchdown to make it 24 - 20 . But just when the Redskins were gaining momentum , Meredith tossed a 53 - yard scoring touch to Frank Clarke . Jurgensen was then able to throw another touchdown pass to Bobby Mitchell to make it 31 - 27 . The Redskins got the ball back on their 20 - yard line with less than two minutes to go . After working his way down the field , Jurgensen passed to tight end Angelo Coia to give the Redskins their first lead , 34 - 31 , with about one minute to play . But Meredith was not done either . He drove the Cowboys to the Redskins 37 - yard line with seven seconds to go . Danny Villanueva was then brought in and attempted a tying field goal , but it was blocked by Redskins defensive back Lonnie Sanders . Final : Redskins , 34 -- Cowboys , 31 November 13 , 1966 , DC Stadium : In the second quarter with the score 7 - 6 Dallas , Meredith threw a 52 - yard touchdown to Bob Hayes , followed in the third quarter with a 95 - yard repeat , making the score 21 - 7 . Then Washington scored three consecutive times with Jurgensen 's 4 - yard pass to Jerry Smith and 78 - yard pass to Charley Taylor , followed by a Charlie Gogolak field goal , giving them the lead , 23 - 21 . Meredith then drove the Cowboys down field to set up a one - yard touchdown run by Dan Reeves . But the Redskins matched their score on a drive ending with Jurgensen 's 18 - yard scoring pass to Taylor , making it 30 - 28 . Meredith got the ball back with no timeouts and the Redskins playing deep prevent . Somehow , he was able to drive them to the Redskins 33 . The Redskins mounted a strong pass rush to push the Cowboys out of field goal range . But apparently it was too strong . Meredith was hit just as he scrambled out of bounds . The penalty put the Cowboys on the Redskins 12 for an easy Villanueva field goal . Final : Cowboys , 31 -- Redskins , 30 December 11 , 1966 , The Cotton Bowl : The Redskins took a 10 - 7 lead at the half after linebacker John Reger recovered a block punt and ran it in for a score . But Danny Villanueva then kicked a tying 26 - yard field goal for the Cowboys and Bob Hays caught a 23 - yard pass for the 17 - 10 lead . The Redskins tied it up on Bobby Mitchell 's 11 - yard reception from Jurgensen . The Cowboys regained the lead when Dan Reeves broke for a 67 - yard touchdown run , making it 24 - 17 . But the Redskins then drove the field and scored on Jurgensen 's 11 - yard pass to Jerry Smith , only to have the Cowboys regain the lead with a six - yard touchdown run by Don Perkins , making it 31 - 24 . Jurgensen was then able to hit Charlie Taylor with a 65 - yard touchdown pass that Taylor caught between two defenders , tying the game . After good defense , the Redskins got the ball back with two minutes to go . Starting at their 46 - yard line , Redskins running back A.D. Whitfield ran right for a 30 - yard gain that set up Charlie Gogolak 's winning field goal . Final : Redskins , 34 -- Cowboys , 31 October 8 , 1967 , DC Stadium : The Redskins led 14 - 10 with 70 seconds to go in the fourth quarter . The Cowboys took possession on their 29 - yard line . On fourth down with 23 seconds remaining , Meredith hit an open Dan Reeves who beat out linebacker Chris Hanburger to score , making it 17 - 14 . After the kick - off with seven seconds to go , Jurgensen pitched a long pass to Charley Taylor , but he was tackled at the Cowboys 20 - yard line as time ran out . Final : Cowboys , 17 -- Redskins , 14 Washington would win the rematch in Dallas that season , 27 - 20 , but the Cowboys closed out the decade with four straight wins over the Redskins . In the late 60 's the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi to try to stop ex-Giants coordinator Tom Landry . Lombardi 's 7 - 5 - 2 record with the Redskins was the team 's first winning season in 14 years , but he was still swept by the Cowboys . Lombardi 's untimely death in 1970 froze Redskins development for two seasons . 1970s ( edit ) 1972 ( edit ) The rivalry was in full - swing by 1971 , when Washington hired George Allen as head coach . During the 1972 season , Allen 's Redskins met Dallas three times en route to a date with the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VII . This is how the season progressed . After a losing season in 1970 , the Redskins ' hired George Allen from the Los Angeles Rams . As the 1972 football season approached , preseason predictors were touting the Cowboys , who had defeated the Dolphins , 24 - 3 in the previous Super Bowl , to again win the NFC East . The sixth game of the season brought the Cowboys to Washington , D.C. Both teams came into the game with a 4 - 1 - 0 record . Sonny Jurgensen was Washington 's starting quarterback , with Billy Kilmer benched after a previous loss . Craig Morton was the Cowboys ' quarterback while the injured Roger Staubach watched from the sideline . Despite Washington 's home - field advantage , the Cowboys were favored by a touchdown . A field goal and a Morton touchdown pass gave Dallas a 10 - 0 lead at the end of the first quarter , which was extended to 13 - 0 in the second period . Jurgensen led a Washington drive that climaxed with a pass to Larry Brown for a touchdown , but at the half the Redskins trailed by six points . Another seven points were added to the lead in the third quarter when Walt Garrison scored a touchdown . But then , Larry Brown broke a run for 34 yards and a touchdown to bring the score to 20 - 14 . Curt Knight kicked a 42 - yard field goal to make it 20 - 17 . Charley Harraway ran for 13 yards to make the score 24 - 20 , Redskins on top . During this offensive scoring period , the Over-the - Hill Gang defense shut down the Cowboys . At the end , Washington had defeated the Cowboys and was in possession of first place in the NFC East . Now with two games remaining , Washington was 11 - 1 and had clinched the NFC East title . An ensuing loss to the Cowboys ( 34 - 24 ) was meaningless . It was the first time since the NFL went to a divisional format in 1967 that the Cowboys had not won their division . The playoffs in 1972 pitted Washington against the Green Bay Packers . The final score was Washington 16 , Green Bay 3 . The victory sent the Redskins to the NFC Championship Game against the Cowboys who entered the playoffs as a wild - card entry . The Cowboys , who had been runner - up to the Redskins in the regular season defeated the NFC West champions , the San Francisco 49ers , 30 - 28 . The game was played in Washington . Staubach was back for the Cowboys , and Dallas fans were thrilled to have him . But Billy Kilmer for the Redskins was the better quarterback that day . After a field goal got the scoring started , Kilmer connected with Charley Taylor on a 15 - yard touchdown pass and Washington had a 10 - 3 lead at halftime . In the fourth quarter , Kilmer again went to Taylor , this time for a 45 - yard touchdown . Knight added three more field goals that period and the Over-the - Hill Gang defense allowed only a second - quarter field goal . The final score was Washington 26 , Dallas 3 . 1973 Redskins 14 , Cowboys 7 ( edit ) Roger Staubach had won back the quarterback job after missing most of the 1972 season with a shoulder injury , but Tom Landry pulled him in the third quarter when he missed an important signal and was sacked by the Redskins defense . Dallas led 7 - 0 when Staubach was replaced by Craig Morton . Late in the fourth quarter , the game was tied 7 - 7 when Redskins defender Brig Owens picked off Morton 's errant pass and raced 26 yards to score a touchdown . The Cowboys threatened in the last seconds to tie the game , but Ken Houston tackled Walt Garrison on the one - yard line as time ran out , preserving the Redskins win . 1974 Thanksgiving day game ( edit ) On November 28 , 1974 , the Redskins were 8 - 3 and ready to secure a playoff berth with a win against the Cowboys ( 6 - 5 ) in a nationally televised game in Dallas . With less than ten minutes to go in the third quarter , Washington was leading 16 - 3 , when Redskins linebacker Dave Robinson knocked Roger Staubach out of the game . Rookie Clint Longley led the Cowboys to a last - minute come - from - behind victory , throwing a 50 - yard touchdown pass to Drew Pearson with 28 seconds left . The final score was Cowboys 24 , Redskins 23 . The Redskins were stunned . `` I do n't have very much to say '' , coach George Allen said when it was over . `` It was probably the toughest loss we ever had . '' 1979 season - ending game ( edit ) December 16 , 1979 : The NFC East Division Championship and home field advantage on the line for both teams . This set the stage for the regular season finale against Washington ; the winner would capture the NFC East title while the loser missed the playoffs . In the game , Texas Stadium fans were treated to one of Staubach 's greatest comebacks . The Cowboys trailed 17 - 0 , but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead . Led by running back John Riggins , the Redskins came back to build a 34 - 21 lead , but the Cowboys scored 2 touchdowns in the final five minutes -- including a Staubach touchdown pass to Tony Hill with less than a minute remaining -- for an amazing 35 - 34 victory . In the week leading up to the game , Cowboys ' defensive end Harvey Martin received a funeral wreath , supposedly sent by the Redskins . He kept it in his locker all week for motivation and after the win , he raced into Washington 's locker room , opened the door and heaved it into the room , breaking up a team prayer . Adding insult to injury , the Chicago Bears defeated the St Louis Cardinals 42 - 6 , the Redskins lost the tie breaker to the Bears for the last Wild Card spot . 1980s ( edit ) Jan. 22 , 1983 , NFC Championship Game at RFK Stadium , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys to earn a trip to Super Bowl XVII . Prior to the game the stadium physically shook as a capacity crowd of 54,000 chanted `` We Want Dallas ! '' The game is best remembered for the quarterback hit by Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley that sent Cowboys ' quarterback Danny White into the locker room shortly before halftime knocking him out for the rest of the game , and defensive tackle Darryl Grant 's interception return for a 10 - yard touchdown of a Gary Hogeboom pass tipped by Manley to score the decisive points . John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 31 - 17 . The Redskins went on to defeat Miami for their first Super Bowl championship . Before a sold - out 1983 season opener on Monday Night Football , the Redskins were leading the visiting Cowboys 23 -- 3 going into halftime . Danny White 's second half comeback erased the lead and the Cowboys took an improbable 31 -- 30 victory . The second 1983 regular season meeting between the Redskins and Cowboys at Texas Stadium was more remembered for an infamous play by the Cowboys than it was for the game 's outcome . On a 4th down and 1 play , Danny White was attempting to draw the Redskins offside by using hard counts , thereby giving the Cowboys a first down and keeping their drive going . But the Redskins ' defense never moved and Danny White ran a play that resulted in a loss of yards , turning the ball over to the Redskins on downs . During the replay , coach Tom Landry was simultaneously shown yelling , `` No , Danny , no ! '' from the sidelines ( undoubtedly wanting White to call a time out to punt the ball ) . After the play , Landry was shown shaking his head in disgust . The Redskins went on to win , 31 - 10 . On December 9 , 1984 , down 21 - 6 at halftime , the Redskins scored 17 unanswered points on turnovers to take a 23 - 21 lead going into the fourth quarter . They came back to defeat the Cowboys , 30 - 28 . Coupled with the 34 - 14 win earlier in the year , the Redskins enjoyed their first season sweep of the Cowboys in series history . On September 9 , 1985 , the season opener of Monday Night Football was played at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys secondary , nicknamed `` Thurman 's Thieves '' , intercepted Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann five times . Redskins coach Joe Gibbs would pull Theismann from the game in the 4th Quarter due to his poor performance . To rub salt in the wound , fans at Texas Stadium began singing `` Happy Birthday '' to Theismann as he sat on the bench staring straight ahead ( the game took place on Theismann 's birthday ) . The Cowboys went on to win in a blowout , 44 - 14 . 1987 - Scab Game : No team in the NFL had more players cross the picket line during the 1987 strike than the Cowboys , who were 2 -- 0 with their `` scab '' players entering a game with the Redskins on Monday Night Football . Washington had also won their two games during the strike , but without any veterans . For this game the Cowboys had Danny White , Randy White , Tony Dorsett , Ed Jones among other veterans , but were upset by the replacement Redskins players , 13 - 7 , in a game former Washington head coach Joe Gibbs called `` one of my greatest experiences and wins . '' The Redskins finished 3 -- 0 with the replacements , the strike ending the following week . The Redskins would go on to win Super Bowl XXII later that season . In 2000 Warner Bros. made a movie loosely based on the 1987 Redskins , The Replacements . On December 11 , 1988 , the Cowboys upset the reigning Super Bowl champion Redskins at RFK stadium , 24 - 17 , ending any shot the Redskins had of making the playoffs . Rookie and eventual hall of fame wide receiver , Michael Irvin was the big star of the game with three touchdown catches . This game would prove to be the final victory for legendary Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry . The Cowboys lone victory of their woeful 1 - 15 season in 1989 would come on November 5 against the Redskins at RFK Stadium , 13 -- 3 . Ultimately this loss coupled with a last second loss to the Philadelphia Eagles where Gerald Riggs fumbled the football at the Eagles ' goal line with less than a minute remaining in the game prevented the 10 -- 6 Redskins from making the playoffs for the second straight year . The Redskins led the Eagles 37 - 35 at the time when Riggs was stripped and the football was returned 96 yards to the Redskins ' 4 - yard line . The Eagles scored a touchdown and won the football game 42 - 37 . 1990s ( edit ) On November 24 , 1991 , the 6 -- 5 Cowboys handed the then unbeaten 11 -- 0 Redskins their first defeat and their only defeat at home that season , 24 -- 21 . Despite the loss the Redskins would finish 14 -- 2 and go on to win the Super Bowl XXVI . The Cowboys , motivated by the victory , would reel off a 6 - game win streak , finishing 11 -- 5 ; Cowboys owner Jerry Jones would later tell The Washington Post that he believed this victory was a key turning point in the Cowboys ' transformation into the dominant team they would become for much of the decade . On September 7 , 1992 , in front a nationally televised Monday night audience , the Cowboys , led by Emmitt Smith 's 140 yards rushing , handed the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins an embarrassing 23 -- 10 loss at Texas Stadium in their first game of the season . On December 13 , 1992 , the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Cowboys 20 -- 17 in Washington thanks to Safety Danny Copeland 's fourth quarter recovery of a Troy Aikman / Emmitt Smith fumble in the end zone . This game would prove to be Hall of Fame Head Coach Joe Gibbs ' final victory at RFK Stadium . On September 6 , 1993 , in front of a nationally televised Monday night audience , the Redskins gained revenge for their opening week Monday night loss of a year before by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Cowboys 35 -- 16 at RFK to earn Richie Petitbon his first victory in his first game as a head coach . On the day after Christmas , 1993 , the Cowboys would gain revenge for their opening week loss by defeating the Redskins 38 -- 3 at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys ' 35 point margin of victory is the largest margin of victory by either team in the rivalry 's history . The Cowboys would eventually close out the season with their second straight Super Bowl championship while the Redskins would finish 4 -- 12 , their worst regular season record since 1963 , the Bill McPeak era . On December 22 , 1996 , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 37 -- 10 in the final game played at RFK Stadium , the Redskins home for the last 36 years . The Cowboys rested their starters during this game . In the first game of the 1999 season , the Redskins opened a 35 -- 14 lead . Then Dallas scored three touchdowns during the final 11 minutes of regulation time . The Redskins botched a last - second field goal attempt and the game went to overtime . A play - action pass four minutes into overtime to Raghib Ismail fooled Redskins safety Matt Stevens , and won the game for the visiting Cowboys . This game took place during the middle of a 10 - game win streak in the series by the Cowboys , the longest by either team during the tenure of this rivalry . 2000s ( edit ) In Week 6 of the 2001 season , the two teams met in a Monday Night Football matchup . What made that particular game unique was that both teams entered the game 0 - 4 , a MNF first . Dallas won 9 - 7 , and won the rematch as well . In the 2002 regular season finale , Washington finally ended an 11 - game losing streak to the Cowboys , defeating them 20 - 14 . The win allowed Washington to finish 7 - 9 , while Dallas finished 5 - 11 for the third straight year . Cowboys coach Dave Campo was fired following the 2002 season . Week 2 of the 2005 season , the Redskins were at Dallas where Emmitt Smith , Troy Aikman , and Michael Irvin were inducted into the Cowboys ' `` Ring of Honor '' with a pre-game and halftime ceremony . Throughout a poorly played game , Dallas kept the Redskins out of the endzone , and led 13 -- 0 with less than 4 minutes left . It was at that point that the Redskins , led by quarterback Mark Brunell , took the lead thanks to two long touchdown passes to Santana Moss to win the game . Week 15 of the 2005 season saw the Redskins ' largest margin of victory against the Cowboys in a 35 - 7 blowout . The Cowboys lone touchdown came in the fourth quarter after Washington was already ahead 35 - 0 . The victory gave Washington its first sweep against Dallas since the 1995 season . Dallas eventually finished 9 - 7 , while Washington won its last two games to secure the final NFC wildcard playoff berth . In Week 9 of the 2006 season , during the fourth quarter , the game was tied 19 -- 19 ( due in part to a missed two - point conversion by the Cowboys ) . With 31 seconds to go , the Redskins ' recently acquired kicker , Nick Novak , missed a 49 - yard field goal wide right . The Cowboys then worked their way up the field to set up Mike Vanderjagt , the most accurate kicker in NFL history , for a 35 - yard field goal with only seconds left . However , the kick was blocked by Troy Vincent , a safety who had been picked up by the Redskins off waivers earlier that week . The ball was scooped up by the Redskins ' free safety , Sean Taylor , who ran it back to the Cowboys ' 44 - yard line , where the Cowboys ' offensive lineman Kyle Kosier grabbed him by his facemask in an attempt to tackle him . The game would have gone into overtime had it not been for Kosier 's defensive penalty , which added fifteen yards to the end of the return ( by rule an NFL game can not end on a defensive penalty ) . Novak set up for a 47 - yard field goal with no time left on the clock . Despite the recent missed field goal , Novak was able to make this field goal to give the Redskins a victory . On November 18 , 2007 , the Cowboys beat the Redskins 28 -- 23 with Terrell Owens gaining 173 yards on eight catches and four touchdowns . In the final game of that same season with the Cowboys already owning the NFC # 1 seed , rested several key players due to injury including Owens , and limited Tony Romo to only one series into the second half in order to prevent possible injury before the playoffs . The Redskins defeated the Cowboys 27 -- 6 at FedExField , earning Washington the NFC 's final playoff spot . On September 28 , 2008 , the Redskins beat the Cowboys 26 -- 24 in the final Redskins / Cowboys game at Texas Stadium . On November 16 , 2008 , the Cowboys returned the favor of the 2005 Week 2 game defeat . Darrell Green and Art Monk were honored before the game for their recent induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . In a game that was highly touted for the return of Tony Romo , the Cowboys defense held the Redskins to ten points while the Cowboys scored 14 . December 27 , 2009 , the Cowboys shutout the Redskins 17 - 0 . This marked the third time the Cowboys have blanked the Redskins . Washington has never shutout Dallas . 2010s ( edit ) September 12 , 2010 , the Redskins beat the Cowboys . One of the game 's highlights was a Fumble return for a TD for the Redskins as time expired in the first half . Late in the fourth quarter , Tony Romo led the team down the field . With three seconds on the clock and the score 13 - 7 , Romo made a touchdown pass to wide receiver Roy Williams that would 've at least tied the game , depending on the PAT . However , the touchdown was negated due to a holding call against Alex Barron as time expired , and Washington held on to win . December 19 , 2010 , marked the 100th meeting between the two clubs . The Cowboys built a 20 - 7 lead by halftime . By the end of the third quarter the Cowboys led 30 - 14 . The Redskins started quarterback Rex Grossman who filled in for the recently benched Donovan McNabb and he brought the Redskins back to an even 30 - 30 with minutes left to play . Cowboys kicker David Buehler kicked a 39 - yard field goal to put Dallas up 33 - 30 with 50 seconds to play . Rex Grossman then drove the Redskins down the field only to be intercepted by cornerback Terrence Newman to end the game . Dallas ' Jason Witten caught 10 passes for 140 yards and a touchdown , and became only the fourth tight end in NFL history with 600 career catches . He did it the fastest , needing only 125 games . September 26 , 2011 , prior to the game , the Redskins gathered in the middle of the field at Cowboys Stadium where several players were seen to be `` stomping on the Star . '' London Fletcher was also overheard proclaiming to his team , `` Why are we standing on this star ? Cuz this is our house . '' Tony Romo overcame 4 botched snaps and several receivers running wrong routes to put the Cowboys within scoring position for the final field goal to ultimately win the game . November 22 , 2012 , In quarterback Robert Griffin III 's first start against the Cowboys , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 38 - 31 at Cowboys Stadium . After the Redskins built a 28 - 3 lead , Dallas quarterback Tony Romo led the Cowboys to within seven but it proved too little too late as the Redskins held on to win . This marked the first time the Redskins had won at Cowboys Stadium as well as the first time Washington had defeated the Cowboys on Thanksgiving , previously 0 - 5 to their archrival on Thanksgiving Day . Robert Griffin III completed 19 of 27 passes for 304 yards and had 4 touchdown passes and 1 interception on his way to winning the Galloping Gobbler Award issued to the player deemed to have had the best performance in the game . Alfred Morris also had 113 yards rushing on 24 carries and 1 touchdown while the Redskins defense intercepted two passes from Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo and sacked him a total of three times . December 30 , 2012 -- In the last game of the 2012 NFL season the Redskins met the Cowboys in a prime time game on NBC Sunday Night Football at Fed Ex Field to decide the winner of the NFC East division . Three interceptions by Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo doomed the Cowboys . The Redskins defense , led by London Fletcher 's eleven total tackles , two sacks , and one pass defensed , confused and rattled Romo all game long . The Redskins defense had two sacks and three interceptions in the game with the final one being the most costly , with Dallas trailing 21 - 18 late in the fourth quarter from the Cowboys own 29 - yard line . Romo threw a pass to the flat intended for Cowboys running back DeMarco Murray which was intercepted by Redskins outside linebacker Rob Jackson . The Redskins offensive line only gave up one sack and held Cowboys defensive stalwart DeMarcus Ware , who was playing with a hurt shoulder and elbow , to zero sacks and just one assisted tackle . Redskins rookie running back Alfred Morris rushed for 200 yards and three touchdowns on 33 carries , the last coming with one minute left , effectively putting the game out of reach ( the referee initially called a fumble and Cowboys recovery , but reversed his ruling once convinced by the side judge that , as replays would clearly show , Morris had crossed the goal line before losing the ball ) . The 28 - 18 win gave the Redskins their first playoff appearance since 2007 and their first NFC East title since 1999 while also preventing the Cowboys from making the playoffs . December 22 , 2013 -- The Cowboys were up 14 - 6 at halftime but fumble recovery by the Redskins and a 3rd quarter interception by Romo along with a field goal led to the Redskins being up 23 - 14 at the start of the 4th quarter . The Cowboys converted on a 4th and 6 Romo pass to Cole Beasley to eventually give them a field goal by Dan Bailey . With Dallas trailing 23 - 17 and Tony Romo hobbling from a severe back injury that would ultimately end his season , the Cowboys would have one last drive to win this game . With 3 : 39 left , Romo connected with rookie Terrance Williams for a 51 - yard pass to deep into Redskins territory . Another pass from Romo to Dez Bryant got them into the Red Zone . With less than 90 seconds remaining in regulation and on a 4th and goal play from the 12 yard line , Romo threw a 10 - yard pass to DeMarco Murray to score a touchdown and make the game 24 - 23 . Kirk Cousins , starting for a shutdown Robert Griffin III , got the ball back with 1 : 04 left to go but could n't get a first down after 4 attempts which clinched the game for the Cowboys . October 27 , 2014 -- The Cowboys came into the Monday Night Football showdown with the Redskins on a six - game winning streak . Both teams had a shaky first half , with both teams combining for 3 turnovers in the half . Despite 2 fumbles , the Cowboys took a 7 - 3 lead into halftime . After halftime , the Redskins drove down the field and scored on a 5 - yd run by Alfred Morris to make it 10 - 7 . When Tony Romo left the game in the third quarter with a back injury , Brandon Weeden came in to lead the Cowboys to a field goal by Dan Bailey . The Redskins then scored on a Colt McCoy touchdown run with 13 : 38 left in the 4th to retake the lead 17 - 10 . Dallas would score on the next possession in the game as Weeden threw a 25 - yard touchdown pass to Jason Witten to make the score 17 - 17 with 9 : 27 left in the game . Romo would then make his return to the game in the last possession in the 4th but both teams failed to score again in regulation . The Redskins would score first in overtime with a Kai Forbath 41 - yd field goal to make it 20 - 17 . The Cowboys would be stopped on four down in their overtime drive to secure a Redskins victory . December 28 , 2014 -- The Cowboys , now the NFC East champions , ran over the Redskins in the last game of the season 44 - 17 . The Redskins only lead of the game came after a DeSean Jackson 69 - yard touchdown catch from Robert Griffin III to make it 7 - 3 . Tony Romo would then throw 2 touchdown passes to Dez Bryant to make it 17 - 7 . The Redskins would cut a 27 - 7 lead down to 27 - 17 but the Cowboys would score 17 straight points in the last 3 : 31 to conclude a 12 - 4 season and split the season series with the Redskins . December 7 , 2015 -- In their 17th meeting all - time on Monday Night Football , the Redskins and Cowboys both entered with losing records , but were still very much alive in the weak NFC East . Both teams traded field goals throughout the majority of the game with it being tied 9 - 9 with 1 : 30 left . On a punt return , Redskins wide receiver DeSean Jackson fumbled the ball , which was recovered by Dallas . This led to the Cowboys only touchdown when Darren McFadden ran it in from six yards to make it 16 - 9 with 1 : 14 left . The Redskins quickly recovered as Jackson would catch a 28 - yard TD pass from QB Kirk Cousins with 44 seconds left to tie it at 16 - 16 . Dallas would drive down the field however , and Dan Bailey would hit a 54 - yard FG to win the game 19 - 16 for Dallas . September 18 , 2016 -- Both teams came into their week 2 match - up having lost their season openers ( the Cowboys losing by 1 to the Giants and the Redskins blown out by the Steelers ) . Dallas started hot , getting a field goal and a TD run by rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott on their first two possessions to take a 10 - 0 lead into the 2nd quarter . The Redskins responded with a Matt Jones touchdown to make it 10 - 7 , and both teams traded field goals to make it 13 - 10 at halftime . The Redskins came out hot in the third quarter , with Kirk Cousins throwing an 11 - yard touchdown to Jamison Crowder . Dallas rookie QB Dak Prescott , who like Elliott was playing in his first game in the rivalry , responded with a 6 - yard touchdown run to help Dallas retake the lead at 20 - 17 . The Redskins got two field goals to make it 23 - 20 and were about to make it a potential two - score game in the fourth quarter , but Cousins threw a crucial interception in the endzone . That proved costly as Alfred Morris , the former Redskin , scored a 4 - yard touchdown to make the score 27 - 23 Dallas , and the Redskins failed to score on their final two possessions . November 24 , 2016 -- This would be the 8th time the Cowboys and Redskins have faced off for the annual Thanksgiving Day event hosted in Dallas . The Redskins offense led by Kirk Cousins with 449 yards ( 8 yards shy of a career best ) would light up the air attack against a porous Dallas secondary . However , failing to convert key drives into touchdowns , missing two field goals , a questionable onside kick attempt , and the inability to stop the Dallas Cowboys 4th ranked offense in the 4th quarter would be too much for the Redskins to overcome . The Cowboys rolled to a then franchise best 10th win in a row with an easy 31 - 26 victory . The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry was rekindled between Josh Norman and Dez Bryant as both clashed several times during the game and both coaches were warned by referees about their antics . Immediately after the game , both players would go to helmet to helmet while exchanging shoves and taunts . During an interview Dez Bryant added fuel to fire by saying , `` Washington needs to get their money back ... I honestly feel like the guy is extremely soft . '' 2016 would also be the 18th time the Cowboys have swept the two - game regular season series . Washington has swept the Cowboys only 6 times . October 29 , 2017 -- The Redskins and Cowboys entered their first matchup in 2017 both at 3 - 3 and behind the Eagles by 3.5 games in the division . In a rainy , washout game , the Cowboys would win 33 - 19 for their third straight win of the season . Ezekiel Elliot fumbled on the first play of the game , which led to a Redskins field goal and 3 - 0 lead . The Cowboys answered with an Elliot touchdown to take a 7 - 3 lead . The Redskins came back with 10 unanswered points to take a 13 - 7 lead , but momentum shifted when the Cowboys blocked a Nick Rose FG attempt and returned it inside the Redskins 10 yard line . The Cowboys then scored 19 unanswered points to take a 26 - 13 lead late in the fourth , with Elliot 's second TD coming right after the blocked FG . The Redskins would score a touchdown yet miss an extra point to make the score to 26 - 19 and give them a chance , but Kirk Cousins had yet another untimely turnover as he threw an Interception that was returned for a touchdown with 21 seconds left to seal the Cowboys victory . With the win , the Cowboys secured their 10th victory against the Redskins this decade , and have now won at least 10 games against the Redskins in every decade of this rivalry November 30 , 2017 - Former Redskin running back , Alfred Morris , rumbled for 127 yards while subbing for the suspended 2016 rushing champion Ezekiel Elliot . Redskin hopes were all but doomed after Kirk Cousins ' pension for turnovers continued with two interceptions and a lost fumble on the day . This win for the Cowboys marked the 19th time the Cowboys have swept the two - game regular season series , compared to only six by the Washington franchise . Rivalry off the field ( edit ) On December 19 , 2005 , Dallas Mavericks guard Darrell Armstrong was fined $1,000 for grabbing a microphone before a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves at the American Airlines Center and yelling `` How ' bout those Redskins ! '' Only a few hours prior , the Cowboys had been routed by the Redskins 35 - 7 , in the most lopsided loss of Bill Parcells 's coaching career . Armstrong was raised in North Carolina as a Redskins fan . Dallas coach Tom Landry appeared in a 1980s American Express TV commercial in which he visits an Old West - style saloon and makes the statement , `` You never know when you 'll be surrounded by Redskins '' . Several large men dressed in Redskins uniforms encircled Landry , who addressed them with , `` Howdy ! '' After the credit card sales pitch was read , the ad returned to the scene where Landry , as he recites the company 's slogan , `` Do n't leave home without it '' , leaves the saloon and the Redskins follow him out . The saloon doors knock the Redskins backwards as they swing shut . After Tom Landry was fired as Cowboys coach by new Cowboys owner Jerry Jones in 1989 , Landry appeared in another TV commercial for Choice Hotels , in which he states that he feels so great being out of football that he might take up a new career . Landry then pulls out a guitar and sings the Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson classic , `` Mamas , do n't let your babies grow up to be '' , and after a pause , sings , `` Redskins ! '' In the commercial 's closing tag , Landry quips , `` You did n't think I would say ' Cowboys ' , did ya ? '' In 2017 , the animosity between Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant and Redskins cornerback Josh Norman was made into series of commercials for the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 . In the first commercial , Norman is asked by reporters about a picture he posts on Twitter that shows Bryant 's hands replaced with sticks of butter and a picture in which he says `` I 'm Better Than Dez Bryant . '' Dez Bryant responded with his own commercial , where he says he 's taking the high road when talking about Norman but draws Norman on a snail , indicating he 's slow , and another drawing of the Redskins cornerback as a blanket , meaning Norman ca n't cover him . Rivalry statistics ( edit ) Cowboys wins Redskins wins Ties Cowboys points Redskins points Regular season 70 42 2,594 2,162 Postseason 0 0 20 57 Totals 70 44 2,614 2,219 Rivalry statistics by decade ( edit ) Cowboys wins Redskins wins Ties Cowboys points Redskins points 1960 's 10 7 522 448 1970 's 12 9 0 478 371 1980 's 11 9 0 394 389 1990 's 12 8 0 483 387 2000 's 14 6 0 373 310 2010 's 10 5 0 383 343 Totals 70 44 2,647 2,238 Game results ( edit ) The following is a list of results from all of the meetings between the Cowboys and Redskins from their first meeting on October 9 , 1960 , to the most recent game on December 1 , 2016 . Cowboys victory Redskins victory Tied game Post season meeting Overtime result 1960s ( Cowboys 10 -- 7 -- 2 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1960 October 9 Washington Redskins 26 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys Griffith Stadium 1 -- 0 -- 0 WSH 1961 November 19 Tie 28 -- 28 Tie Cotton Bowl 1 -- 0 -- 1 WSH December 17 Washington Redskins 34 -- 24 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 2 -- 0 -- 1 WSH 1962 September 16 Tie 35 -- 35 Tie Cotton Bowl 2 -- 0 -- 2 WSH November 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 10 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 2 -- 1 -- 2 WSH 1963 September 29 Washington Redskins 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 3 -- 1 -- 2 WSH November 3 Dallas Cowboys 35 -- 20 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 3 -- 2 -- 2 WSH 1964 September 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 18 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 3 -- 3 -- 2 November 22 Washington Redskins 28 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 4 -- 3 -- 2 WSH 1965 September 26 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 7 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 4 -- 4 -- 2 November 28 Washington Redskins 34 - 31 Dallas Cowboys D.C. Stadium 5 -- 4 -- 2 WSH 1966 November 13 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 30 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 5 -- 5 -- 2 December 11 Washington Redskins 34 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Cotton Bowl 6 -- 5 -- 2 WSH 1967 October 8 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 14 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 6 -- 6 -- 2 November 19 Washington Redskins 27 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys Cotton Bowl 7 -- 6 -- 2 WSH 1968 November 17 Dallas Cowboys 44 -- 24 Washington Redskins D.C. Stadium 7 -- 7 -- 2 November 28 Dallas Cowboys 29 -- 20 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 8 -- 7 -- 2 DAL 1969 November 16 Dallas Cowboys 41 -- 28 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 9 -- 7 -- 2 DAL December 21 Dallas Cowboys 20 -- 10 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 10 -- 7 -- 2 DAL 1970s ( Cowboys 12 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1970 November 22 Dallas Cowboys 45 -- 21 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 11 -- 7 -- 2 DAL December 6 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 0 Washington Redskins Cotton Bowl 12 -- 7 -- 2 DAL 1971 October 3 Washington Redskins 20 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys Cotton Bowl 12 -- 8 -- 2 DAL November 21 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 0 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 13 -- 8 -- 2 DAL 1972 October 22 Washington Redskins 24 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 13 -- 9 -- 2 DAL December 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 24 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 14 -- 9 -- 2 DAL December 31 Washington Redskins 26 - 3 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 14 -- 10 -- 2 DAL 1973 October 8 Washington Redskins 14 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 14 -- 11 -- 2 DAL December 9 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 15 -- 11 -- 2 DAL November 17 Washington Redskins 28 -- 21 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 15 -- 12 -- 2 DAL November 28 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 23 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 16 -- 12 -- 2 DAL November 2 Washington Redskins 30 -- 24 ( OT ) Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 16 -- 13 -- 2 DAL December 13 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 17 -- 13 -- 2 DAL 1976 October 31 Dallas Cowboys 20 - 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 18 -- 13 -- 2 DAL December 12 Washington Redskins 27 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 18 -- 14 -- 2 DAL 1977 October 16 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 16 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 19 -- 14 -- 2 DAL November 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 20 -- 14 -- 2 DAL 1978 October 2 Washington Redskins 9 -- 5 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 20 -- 15 -- 2 DAL November 23 Dallas Cowboys 37 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 21 -- 15 -- 2 DAL 1979 November 18 Washington Redskins 34 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 21 -- 16 -- 2 DAL December 16 Dallas Cowboys 35 -- 34 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 22 -- 16 -- 2 DAL 1980s ( Cowboys 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1980 September 8 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 3 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 23 -- 16 -- 2 DAL November 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 -- 10 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 24 -- 16 -- 2 DAL 1981 September 6 Dallas Cowboys 26 -- 10 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 25 -- 16 -- 2 DAL November 22 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 26 -- 16 -- 2 DAL 1982 December 5 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 10 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 27 -- 16 -- 2 DAL January 22 Washington Redskins 31 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 27 -- 17 -- 2 DAL September 5 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 30 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 28 -- 17 -- 2 DAL December 11 Washington Redskins 31 -- 10 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 28 -- 18 -- 2 DAL 1984 October 14 Washington Redskins 34 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 28 -- 19 -- 2 DAL December 9 Washington Redskins 30 -- 28 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 28 -- 20 -- 2 DAL 1985 September 9 Dallas Cowboys 44 - 14 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 29 -- 20 -- 2 DAL November 10 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 30 -- 20 -- 2 DAL 1986 October 12 Dallas Cowboys 30 -- 6 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 31 -- 20 -- 2 DAL November 23 Washington Redskins 41 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 31 -- 21 -- 2 DAL October 19 Washington Redskins 13 - 7 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 31 -- 22 -- 2 DAL December 13 Washington Redskins 24 -- 20 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 31 -- 23 -- 2 DAL 1988 October 9 Washington Redskins 35 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 31 -- 24 -- 2 DAL December 11 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 17 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 32 -- 24 -- 2 DAL 1989 September 24 Washington Redskins 30 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 32 -- 25 -- 2 DAL November 5 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 3 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 33 -- 25 -- 2 DAL 1990s ( Cowboys 12 -- 8 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 1990 September 23 Washington Redskins 19 -- 15 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 33 -- 26 -- 2 DAL November 22 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 17 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 34 -- 26 -- 2 DAL 1991 September 9 Washington Redskins 33 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 34 -- 27 -- 2 DAL November 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 21 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 35 -- 27 -- 2 DAL 1992 September 7 Dallas Cowboys 23 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 36 -- 27 -- 2 DAL December 13 Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 36 -- 28 -- 2 DAL 1993 September 6 Washington Redskins 35 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 36 -- 29 -- 2 DAL December 26 Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 3 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 37 -- 29 -- 2 DAL 1994 October 2 Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 7 Washington Redskins RFK Stadium 38 -- 29 -- 2 DAL November 20 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 39 -- 29 -- 2 DAL 1995 October 1 Washington Redskins 27 -- 23 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 39 -- 30 -- 2 DAL December 3 Washington Redskins 24 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 39 -- 31 -- 2 DAL November 28 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 40 -- 31 -- 2 DAL December 22 Washington Redskins 37 -- 10 Dallas Cowboys RFK Stadium 40 -- 32 -- 2 DAL 1997 October 13 Washington Redskins 21 -- 16 Dallas Cowboys Jack Kent Cooke Stadium 40 -- 33 -- 2 DAL November 16 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 14 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 41 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 1998 October 4 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 10 Washington Redskins Jack Kent Cooke Stadium 42 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 27 Dallas Cowboys 23 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 43 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 1999 September 12 Dallas Cowboys 41 -- 35 ( OT ) Washington Redskins Jack Kent Cooke Stadium 44 -- 33 -- 2 DAL October 24 Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 20 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 45 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 2000s ( Cowboys 14 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series 2000 September 18 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 21 Washington Redskins FedExField 46 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 10 Dallas Cowboys 32 -- 13 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 47 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 2001 October 15 Dallas Cowboys 9 -- 7 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 48 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 2 Dallas Cowboys 20 -- 14 Washington Redskins FedExField 49 -- 33 -- 2 DAL 2002 November 28 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 20 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 50 -- 33 -- 2 DAL December 29 Washington Redskins 20 -- 14 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 50 -- 34 -- 2 DAL 2003 November 2 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 14 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 51 -- 34 -- 2 DAL December 14 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 0 Washington Redskins FedExField 52 -- 34 -- 2 DAL September 27 Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 18 Washington Redskins FedExField 53 -- 34 -- 2 DAL December 26 Dallas Cowboys 13 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 54 -- 34 -- 2 DAL 2005 September 19 Washington Redskins 14 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 54 -- 35 -- 2 DAL December 18 Washington Redskins 35 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 54 -- 36 -- 2 DAL 2006 September 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 10 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 55 -- 36 -- 2 DAL November 5 Washington Redskins 22 -- 19 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 55 -- 37 -- 2 DAL 2007 November 18 Dallas Cowboys 28 -- 23 Washington Redskins Texas Stadium 56 -- 37 -- 2 DAL December 30 Washington Redskins 27 -- 6 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 56 -- 38 -- 2 DAL 2008 September 28 Washington Redskins 26 -- 24 Dallas Cowboys Texas Stadium 56 -- 39 -- 2 DAL November 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 -- 10 Washington Redskins FedExField 57 -- 39 -- 2 DAL 2009 November 22 Dallas Cowboys 7 -- 6 Washington Redskins Cowboys Stadium 58 -- 39 -- 2 DAL December 27 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 0 Washington Redskins FedExField 59 -- 39 -- 2 DAL 2010s ( Cowboys 11 -- 5 ) ( edit ) Year Date Winner Result Loser Location Series September 12 Washington Redskins 13 -- 7 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 59 -- 40 -- 2 DAL December 19 Dallas Cowboys 33 -- 30 Washington Redskins Cowboys Stadium 60 -- 40 -- 2 DAL 2011 September 26 Dallas Cowboys 18 -- 16 Washington Redskins Cowboys Stadium 61 -- 40 -- 2 DAL November 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 24 ( OT ) Washington Redskins FedExField 62 -- 40 -- 2 DAL 2012 November 22 Washington Redskins 38 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys Cowboys Stadium 62 -- 41 -- 2 DAL December 30 Washington Redskins 28 -- 18 Dallas Cowboys FedExField 62 -- 42 -- 2 DAL 2013 October 13 Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 16 Washington Redskins AT&T Stadium 63 -- 42 -- 2 DAL December 22 Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 23 Washington Redskins FedExField 64 -- 42 -- 2 DAL 2014 October 27 Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 ( OT ) Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 64 -- 43 -- 2 DAL December 28 Dallas Cowboys 44 -- 17 Washington Redskins FedExField 65 -- 43 -- 2 DAL 2015 December 7 Dallas Cowboys 19 -- 16 Washington Redskins FedExField 66 -- 43 -- 2 DAL January 3 Washington Redskins 34 -- 23 Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium 66 -- 44 -- 2 DAL 2016 September 18 Dallas Cowboys 27 - 23 Washington Redskins FedEx Field 67 -- 44 -- 2 DAL November 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 - 26 Washington Redskins AT&T Stadium 68 -- 44 -- 2 DAL 2017 October 29 Dallas Cowboys 33 - 19 Washington Redskins FedEx Field 69 -- 44 -- 2 DAL November 30 Dallas Cowboys 38 - 14 Washington Redskins AT&T Stadium 70 -- 44 -- 2 DAL Monday Night Football ( edit ) The Cowboys and Redskins met for the 17th time on Monday Night Football in 2015 , tied with the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders for the most frequent pairing in Monday Night Football history . The series has been played nine times at Washington 's home field ( five times at RFK Stadium and four times at FedExField ) and eight times at Dallas ' home field ( six at Texas Stadium and twice at AT&T Stadium ) . MNF ( Cowboys lead 9 -- 8 ) ( edit ) Year Winner Result Location 1973 Washington Redskins 14 -- 7 Washington , D.C. 1978 Washington Redskins 9 -- 5 Washington , D.C. 1980 Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 3 Washington , D.C. Dallas Cowboys 31 -- 30 Washington , D.C. 1985 Dallas Cowboys 44 -- 14 Irving , Texas Washington Redskins 13 -- 7 Irving , Texas 1991 Washington Redskins 33 -- 31 Irving , Texas 1992 Dallas Cowboys 23 -- 10 Irving , Texas 1993 Washington Redskins 35 -- 16 Washington , D.C. 1997 Washington Redskins 21 -- 16 Landover , Maryland 2000 Dallas Cowboys 27 -- 21 Landover , Maryland 2001 Dallas Cowboys 9 -- 7 Irving , Texas Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 18 Landover , Maryland 2005 Washington Redskins 14 -- 13 Irving , Texas 2011 Dallas Cowboys 18 -- 16 Arlington , Texas 2014 Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 ( OT ) Arlington , Texas 2015 Dallas Cowboys 19 -- 16 Landover , Maryland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins vs. Dallas Cowboys Regular Season / Postseason Results '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( 2007 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Jeff ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Biggest Sports Team Rivalries In The World '' . Entertainment . The Sportster . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cowboys - Redskins rivalry redefines the term ' fight song ' '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 - 1960 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins Trade LeBaron To Dallas '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys own the Redskins '' . CowboyCards.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Players and the American Football League '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboy Bomb Shocks Redskins , 24 - 23 '' . Washington Post . July 23 , 1998 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Martin 1950 -- 2001 '' . Cyberclopedia . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins-1991-characters-with-character/2012/01/25/gIQAzpYKRQ_story.html Jump up ^ Redskins PARTY ! ( Morris TD # 3 + band playing Hail to the Redskins ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Mavs guard Armstrong fined $1,000 for cheering Redskins '' . USAToday . December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOCdACvfls8&feature=related External links ( edit ) `` washingtonpost.com -- Redskins History -- The Rivalry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . `` Redskins - Cowboys : What 's Your Favorite Memory ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . `` NFL Playoffs - Cowboys Postseason History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Links to related articles Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) Based in Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Redskins 0 , Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboys -- Redskins_rivalry&oldid = 815791532 '' Categories : National Football League rivalries Dallas Cowboys Washington Redskins Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the cowboys played the redskins on thanksgiving	[ "November 24, 2016 – This would be the 8th time the Cowboys and Redskins have faced off for the annual Thanksgiving Day event hosted in Dallas. The Redskins offense led by Kirk Cousins with 449 yards (8 yards shy of a career best) would light up the air attack against a porous Dallas secondary. However, failing to convert key drives into touchdowns, missing two field goals, a questionable onside kick attempt, and the inability to stop the Dallas Cowboys 4th ranked offense in the 4th quarter would be too much for the Redskins to overcome. The Cowboys rolled to a then franchise best 10th win in a row with an easy 31-26 victory. The Cowboys–Redskins rivalry was rekindled between Josh Norman and Dez Bryant as both clashed several times during the game and both coaches were warned by referees about their antics. Immediately after the game, both players would go to helmet to helmet while exchanging shoves and taunts. During an interview Dez Bryant added fuel to fire by saying, \"Washington needs to get their money back...I honestly feel like the guy is extremely soft.\" 2016 would also be the 18th time the Cowboys have swept the two-game regular season series. Washington has swept the Cowboys only 6 times." ]	[ "November 24, 2016" ]
-4871027279430421076	Legend of the Rainbow Warriors	Legend of the Rainbow Warriors - wikipedia Legend of the Rainbow Warriors This article is about the legend and the book . For other uses , see Rainbow Warrior . Since the early 1970s , a legend of Rainbow Warriors has inspired some environmentalists and hippies with a belief that their movement is the fulfillment of a Native American prophecy . Usually the `` prophecy '' is claimed to be Hopi or Cree . However , this `` prophecy '' is not Native American at all , but rather from a 1962 Evangelical Christian religious tract , titled Warriors of the Rainbow by William Willoya and Vinson Brown from Naturegraph Publishers . Brown is the founder and owner of Naturegraph Publishers . The roots of that myth go back to a book called Warriors of the Rainbow . It was basically an evangelical Christian tract which was published in 1962 . If anything , it was an attack on Native culture . It was an attempt to evangelize within the Native American community . Contents 1 Origins 2 Response 3 See also 4 References 5 Literature 6 External links Origins ( edit ) The modern story has been misrepresented as ancient prophecy . While this falsification may have been done consciously by the creators of the story , those who pass the story on may sincerely believe the story is authentic . This phenomenon is an example of what scholar Michael I. Niman calls `` fakelore . '' While there are variations on the theme , especially as it has become popularized in Internet memes , the common thread in all versions of the story is that a time of crisis will come to the Earth , that people of many races will come together to save the planet , and it is always erroneously credited as being a Native American or First Nations prophecy : `` It is said there will be a time when the trees are dying , blah , blah , blah . There will be a tribe of people who come and save the Earth and they will be called the Rainbows . '' Some modern versions of the fictitious story specifically state that this new `` tribe '' will inherit the ways of the Native Americans , or that Native ways will die out to be replaced by the new ways of the `` Rainbow '' people . The legend said ( the Native Americans ) would also be joined by many of their light - skinned brothers and sisters , who would in fact be the reincarnate souls of the Indians who were killed or enslaved by the first light - skinned settlers . It was said that the dead souls of these first people would return in bodies of all different colours : red , white , yellow and black . Together and unified , like the colours of the rainbow , these people would teach all of the peoples of the world how to have love and reverence for Mother Earth , of whose very stuff we human beings are also made . Warriors of the Rainbow relates these fictitious `` Indian '' prophecies to the Second Coming of Christ and has been described as purveying `` a covert anti-Semitism throughout , while evangelizing against traditional Native American spirituality . '' The book The Greenpeace Story , states that Greenpeace co-founder Bob Hunter was given a copy of Warriors of the Rainbow by a wandering dulcimer maker in 1969 and he passed it around on the first expedition of the Do n't Make a Wave Committee , the precursor of Greenpeace . The legend inspired the name of three Greenpeace ships , Rainbow Warrior , used in environmental protection protests as well as the name of the hippie group , the Rainbow Family . Native American author and poet Sherman Alexie has addressed this belief in the `` inner Indian '' and the ways `` American whites have co-opted Indian culture , '' notably in his poem , `` How to Write the Great American Indian Novel '' : White people must carry an Indian deep inside themselves . If the interior Indian is male then he must be a warrior , especially if he is inside a white man . ... In the Great American Indian novel , when it is finally written , all of the white people will be Indians and all of the Indians will be ghosts . Response ( edit ) In 2015 , a group of Native American academics and writers issued a statement against the Rainbow Family members who are `` appropriating and practicing faux Native ceremonies and beliefs . These actions , although Rainbows may not realize , dehumanize us as an indigenous Nation because they imply our culture and humanity , like our land , is anyone 's for the taking . '' The signatories specifically named this misappropriation as `` cultural exploitation . '' a group that cites a fictitious `` Native American prophecy '' as informing their self - identification as `` warriors of the rainbow '' and willfully appropriates Native cultural practices , is not only adventurist and dangerous , but offensive to many of us who advance and continue to defend the spiritual , the cultural , the sacred , and , most importantly , the political vitality and vision of the Oceti Sakowin . See also ( edit ) Cultural appropriation Plastic shaman References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Interview with Michael Niman ^ Jump up to : Niman , Michael ( 1997 ) . People of the Rainbow : Nomadic Utopia . University of Tennessee Press . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 0870499890 . Jump up ^ About Naturegraph ^ Jump up to : Morton , Chris and Thomas , Ceri Louise ( 1998 ) The Mystery of the Crystal Skulls : A Real Life Detective Story of the Ancient World . Vermont , Bear & Company ISBN 978 - 1879181540 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael ( 1989 ) . The Greenpeace Story . Dorling Kindersley . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1879431027 . Jump up ^ Aull , Felice ( 2009 ) Alexie , Sherman `` How to Write the Great American Indian Novel '' . New York University , Literature , Arts , and Medicine Database . Jump up ^ Alexie , Sherman ( 1996 ) `` How to Write the Great American Indian Novel '' from The Summer of Black Widows . Hanging Loose Press . ^ Jump up to : Estes , Nick ; et al. ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` Protect He Sapa , Stop Cultural Exploitation '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . a group that cites a fictitious `` Native American prophecy '' as informing their self - identification as `` warriors of the rainbow '' and willfully appropriates Native cultural practices , is not only adventurist and dangerous , but offensive to many of us who advance and continue to defend the spiritual , the cultural , the sacred , and , most importantly , the political vitality and vision of the Oceti Sakowin . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Literature ( edit ) Willoya , William , and Vinson Brown . Warriors of the Rainbow : Strange and Prophetic Indian Dreams . Healdsburg , California : Naturegraph , 1962 . Dahl , Arthur . `` Brown , Vinson . '' In Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature , edited by Bron Taylor , 227 . London & New York : Continuum International , 2005 . Deloria , Philip J ... Playing Indian . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1998 . Niman , Michael I. People of the Rainbow : A Nomadic Utopia . Nashville : University of Tennessee Press , 1997 . External links ( edit ) Dead Indians : Too Heavy to Lift by Thomas King Indigenous and minority rights Rights Ancestral domain Free , prior and informed consent Intellectual property Land rights Language Self - determination in Australia in Canada in the United States Traditional knowledge ecological medical Treaty rights Governmental organizations African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Taiwan ) Fundação Nacional do Índio Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples National Commission on Indigenous Peoples ( Philippines ) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Non-governmental and political organizations Amazon Watch Assembly of First Nations Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Congress of Aboriginal Peoples Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin Cultural Survival Indigenous Environmental Network Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs National Indigenous Organization of Colombia Native American Rights Fund Survival International Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Zapatista Army of National Liberation ( more ... ) Issues Civilizing mission Colonialism Internal colonialism Settler colonialism Cultural appropriation Sports mascots Redface Dakota Access Pipeline protests Discovery doctrine Homeland Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples Bantustan Autonomous okrugs American Indian reservation Indian colony Indian reserve Ranchería Rancherie Urban Indian reserve Manifest destiny Plastic shaman Rainbow Warriors Two - Spirit Legal representation Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , 2007 Historical cases 2009 Peruvian political crisis Alta controversy Chiapas conflict Depopulation of Diego Garcia High Arctic relocation Indian removal Mapuche conflict Oka Crisis Residential schools Canada New Zealand South Africa United States Rubber boom San controversy Stolen Generations Human rights Indigenous rights Minority rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors&oldid=853558750 '' Categories : Traditional narratives American folklore Environmentalism in the United States Native Americans in popular culture New Age Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 16 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which novel inspired the creation of the greenpeace organization	[ "The book The Greenpeace Story, states that Greenpeace co-founder Bob Hunter was given a copy of Warriors of the Rainbow by a wandering dulcimer maker in 1969 and he passed it around on the first expedition of the Don't Make a Wave Committee, the precursor of Greenpeace.[5] The legend inspired the name of three Greenpeace ships, Rainbow Warrior, used in environmental protection protests as well as the name of the hippie group, the Rainbow Family.\n" ]	[ "Warriors of the Rainbow" ]
-5496713713179991608	Gulf War	Gulf War - wikipedia Gulf War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the war in 1990 -- 1991 . For other wars of that name , see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . `` Desert Storm '' and `` Operation Desert Storm '' redirect here . For other uses , see Desert Storm ( disambiguation ) . Gulf War Clockwise from top : USAF F - 15Es , F - 16s , and a F - 15C flying over burning Kuwaiti oil wells ; British troops from the Staffordshire Regiment in Operation Granby ; camera view from a Lockheed AC - 130 ; Highway of Death ; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle . Date Invasion of Kuwait 2 -- 4 August 1990 Operation Desert Storm 17 January -- 28 February 1991 ( 1 month , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Israel , and the Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait Kuwaiti monarchy restored Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure Failed Shia / Kurdish uprisings against the Iraqi government Saddam Hussein regime of the Iraqi Baathist government retains power in Iraq UN sanctions against Iraq United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 establishes cease - fire terms , beginning of the Iraq disarmament controversies Iraqi no - fly zones established Territorial changes Republic of Kuwait and the Kuwait Governorate of the De facto 19th governorate of Iraq returned to the State of Kuwait Iraqi Kurdistan obtains autonomy , establishment of the northern Iraq no fly zone by the US Belligerents Kuwait United States United Kingdom France Saudi Arabia Coalition forces ( show ) Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands Niger Philippines Sweden Argentina Senegal Spain Bahrain Belgium Poland South Korea Singapore Norway Czechoslovakia Greece Denmark New Zealand Hungary Iraq Supported by : Yemen PLO Commanders and leaders Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah George Bush Dick Cheney Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf John J. Yeosock Walter E. Boomer Charles Horner Stanley Arthur J. William Kime King Fahd Saleh Al - Muhaya Khalid bin Sultan Margaret Thatcher John Major Peter de la Billière Brian Mulroney Hussain Muhammad Ershad Shahabuddin Ahmed François Mitterrand Michel Roquejeoffre Saddam Hussein Tariq Aziz Ali Hassan al - Majid Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Salah Aboud Mahmoud Hussein Kamel al - Majid Abid Hamid Mahmud Strength 956,600 , including 700,000 US troops 650,000 soldiers Casualties and losses Coalition : 292 killed ( 147 killed by enemy action , 145 non-hostile deaths ) 467 wounded in action 776 wounded 31 tanks destroyed / disabled 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed / damaged 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 Artillery Piece destroyed 75 Aircraft destroyed Kuwait : 4,200 killed 12,000 captured ≈ 200 tanks destroyed / captured 850 + other armored vehicles destroyed / captured 57 aircraft lost At least 8 aircraft captured ( Mirage F1s ) 17 ships sunk , 6 captured Iraqi : 25,000 -- 50,000 killed 75,000 + wounded 80,000 captured 3,300 tanks destroyed 2,100 APCs destroyed 2,200 Artillery Pieces destroyed 110 Aircraft destroyed 137 Aircraft escaped to Iran 19 naval ships sunk , 6 damaged Kuwaiti civilian losses : Over 1,000 killed 600 missing people Iraqi civilian losses : About 3,664 killed Other civilian losses : 300 civilians killed , more injured Persian Gulf Wars Iranian Revolution ( 1978 -- 79 ) Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 88 ) Invasion of Kuwait ( 1990 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) Iraqi Kurdish / Shi'a uprisings ( 1991 ) Iraq no - fly zones conflict ( 1991 -- 2003 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1993 ) Iraq missile strikes ( 1996 ) Iraq bombing ( 1998 ) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraq conflict ( 2003 -- present ) Iraq War ( 2003 -- 11 ) Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Kuwaiti Bridges Dasman Palace Failaka British Airways Flight 149 Coalition intervention Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Naval operations Ad - Dawrah Qurah Maradim Bubiyan Air campaign Air to Air combat `` Package Q '' Air Strike Ras Tanura Samurra Amiriyah Liberation of Kuwait Order of battle 67 Easting 73 Easting Al Busayyah Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Kuwait International Airport Post-ceasefire Rumaila Safwan Part of a series on Ba'athism Organisations ( show ) Arab Ba'ath 1940 -- 1947 Arab Ba'ath Movement 1940 -- 1947 Ba'ath Party 1947 -- 1966 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Iraqi ) 1968 -- 2003 Ba'ath Party ( pro-Syrian ) 1966 -- present People ( show ) Zaki al - Arsuzi Michel Aflaq Salah al - Din al - Bitar Abdullah Rimawi Wahib al - Ghanim Fuad al - Rikabi Salah Jadid Hafez al - Assad Ahmed Hassan al - Bakr Saddam Hussein Bashar al - Assad Izzat Ibrahim al - Douri Literature ( show ) On the Way of Resurrection The Battle for One Destiny The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue History ( show ) Ba'athist Iraq Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War UN sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 / 1966 coup d'états Corrective Revolution Civil War Regional organisations ( show ) Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups ( show ) Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 1960 -- 1962 / 63 Socialist Lebanon 1965 -- 1970 Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 1966 -- present Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 1970 -- present Sudanese Ba'ath Party 2002 -- present Related topics ( show ) Arab nationalism Arab socialism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Chavism Politics portal Socialism portal This article is part of a series about George H.W. 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Bush ( CVN - 77 ) The Gulf War ( 2 August 1990 -- 28 February 1991 ) , codenamed Operation Desert Shield ( 2 August 1990 -- 17 January 1991 ) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm ( 17 January 1991 -- 28 February 1991 ) in its combat phase , was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq 's invasion and annexation of Kuwait . The war is also known under other names , such as the Persian Gulf War , First Gulf War , Gulf War I , Kuwait War , First Iraq War or Iraq War , before the term `` Iraq War '' became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War ( also referred to in the US as `` Operation Iraqi Freedom '' ) . The Iraqi Army 's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council . Together with the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher ( who had fiercely resisted the invasion by Argentina of the Falkland Islands a decade earlier ) , George Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia , and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene . An array of nations joined the coalition , forming the largest military alliance since World War II . The great majority of the coalition 's military forces were from the US , with Saudi Arabia , the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors , in that order . Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US $32 billion of the US $60 billion cost . The war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle , principally by the US network CNN . The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm . The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 , continuing for five weeks . This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February . This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces , who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory . The coalition ceased its advance and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the ground campaign started . Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq , Kuwait , and areas on Saudi Arabia 's border . Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Operational names 1.2 Campaign names 2 Background 3 Invasion of Kuwait 3.1 Kuwaiti resistance movement 4 Run - up to the war 4.1 Diplomatic means 4.2 Military means 4.2. 1 Creating a coalition 4.2. 2 Justification for intervention 5 Early battles 5.1 Air campaign 5.2 Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia 5.3 Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( Battle of Khafji ) 6 Counter reconnaissance 7 Breach 8 Ground campaign 8.1 Kuwait 's liberation 8.2 Initial moves into Iraq 8.3 Coalition forces enter Iraq 9 The end of active hostilities 10 Coalition involvement 10.1 Australia 10.2 Argentina 10.3 Canada 10.4 France 10.5 United Kingdom 11 Casualties 11.1 Civilian 11.2 Iraqi 11.3 Coalition 11.3. 1 Friendly fire 12 Controversies 12.1 Gulf War Illness 12.2 Effects of depleted uranium 12.3 Highway of Death 12.4 Bulldozer assault 12.5 Palestinian exodus from Kuwait 12.6 Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure 12.7 Abuse of Coalition POWs 12.8 Operation Southern Watch 12.9 Sanctions 12.10 Draining of the Qurna Marshes 12.11 Oil spill 12.12 Kuwaiti oil fires 13 Cost 13.1 Effect on developing countries 14 Media coverage 15 Technology 15.1 Scud and Patriot missiles 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Bibliography 19.1 Films 19.2 Novels 20 External links Terminology The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself : Gulf War and Persian Gulf War have been the most common terms for the conflict used within western countries . A problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous , having now been applied to at least three conflicts : see Gulf War ( disambiguation ) . The use of the term Persian Gulf ( as opposed to Arabian Gulf ) is also disputed : see Persian Gulf naming dispute . With no consensus of naming , various publications have attempted to refine the name . Some variants include : Gulf War ( e.g. The Gulf War , BBC television series , 2005 ; Modern Conflicts : The Gulf War , Discovery Channel DVD set , 2010 ) Persian Gulf War ( e.g. Encyclopedia of the Persian Gulf War , Mark Grossman , 1995 ; An Operational Analysis of the Persian Gulf War , US Army War College , 2016 ) Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( e.g. The Gulf War 1991 ( Essential Histories ) , Alastair Finlan , 2003 ; Gulf War , 1990 -- 91 , William Thomas Allison , 2012 ) First Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War ) ( e.g. Gulf War One : Real Voices from the Front Line , Hugh McManners , 2010 ) Second Gulf War ( to distinguish it from the Iran -- Iraq War ) ( e.g. Iraq and the Second Gulf War : State Building and Regime Security , Mohammad - Mahmoud Mohamedou , 1997 ) Liberation of Kuwait ( Arabic : تحرير الكويت ‎ ) ( taḥrīr al - kuwayt ) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition 's Arab states , including Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Egypt , and the United Arab Emirates . Other language terms include French : la Guerre du Golfe and German : Golfkrieg ( Gulf War ) ; German : Zweiter Golfkrieg ( Second Gulf War ) ; French : Guerre du Koweït ( War of Kuwait ) The mother of all battles ( Arabic : أم المعارك ‎ ) ( umm al - ma'ārik ) is a term derived from Saddam Hussein ( e.g. The Mother of All Battles : Saddam Hussein 's Strategic Plan for the Persian Gulf War , Kevin M. Woods , 2008 ) . Operational names Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war 's operational phases . These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict 's overall name , especially the US Desert Storm : Operation Desert Shield was the US operational name for the US buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia 's defense from 2 August 1990 , to 16 January 1991 . Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the airland conflict from 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Operation Desert Sabre ( early name Operation Desert Sword ) was the US name for the airland offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations ( the `` 100 - hour war '' ) from 24 -- 28 February 1991 , in itself , part of Operation Desert Storm . Operation Desert Farewell was the name given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwait 's liberation , sometimes referred to as Operation Desert Calm . Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations and conflict . Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict . Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta ( Italian for Locust ) was the Italian name for the operations and conflict . Campaign names The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns : Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990 , through 16 January 1991 . Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the period 17 January 1991 , through 11 April 1991 . Southwest Asia Cease - Fire for the period 12 April 1991 , through 30 November 1995 , including Operation Provide Comfort . Background See also : Iraq -- United States relations Throughout the Cold War , Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union , and there was a history of friction between it and the United States . The US was concerned with Iraq 's position on Israeli -- Palestinian politics . The US also disliked Iraqi support for many Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal , which led to Iraq 's inclusion on the developing US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism on 29 December 1979 . The US remained officially neutral after Iraq 's invasion of Iran in 1980 , which became the Iran -- Iraq War , although it provided resources , political support , and some `` non-military '' aircraft to Iraq . In March 1982 , Iran began a successful counteroffensive ( Operation Undeniable Victory ) , and the US increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender . In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq , the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism . Ostensibly , this was because of improvement in the regime 's record , although former US Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated : `` No one had any doubts about ( the Iraqis ' ) continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran . '' With Iraq 's newfound success in the war , and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July , arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982 . When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US 's request in November 1983 , the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties . By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988 , Iraq was heavily debt - ridden and tensions within society were rising . Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts , but they refused . Map of Kuwait The Iraq -- Kuwait dispute also involved Iraqi claims to Kuwait as Iraqi territory . Kuwait had been a part of the Ottoman Empire 's province of Basra , something that Iraq claimed made it rightful Iraqi territory . Its ruling dynasty , the al - Sabah family , had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to the United Kingdom . The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1922 , making Iraq virtually landlocked . Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region . Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC quotas for oil production . In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 a barrel , discipline was required . The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing ; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran -- Iraq War and to pay for the losses of an economic scandal . The result was a slump in the oil price -- as low as $10 a barrel -- with a resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq , equal to its 1989 balance of payments deficit . Resulting revenues struggled to support the government 's basic costs , let alone repair Iraq 's damaged infrastructure . Jordan and Iraq both looked for more discipline , with little success . The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare , which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant - drilling across the border into Iraq 's Rumaila oil field . At the same time , Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war . This was supported by the US , who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US ' sphere of influence . In 1989 , it appeared that Saudi -- Iraqi relations , strong during the war , would be maintained . A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries , followed by a Kuwaiti - Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation , although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected . Saudi - backed development projects were hampered by Iraq 's large debts , even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers . Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter , although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq 's obligations ; in Iraq , resentment to OPEC 's controls mounted . Donald Rumsfeld as US special envoy to the Middle East , meets Saddam Hussein on 19 -- 20 December 1983 . Iraq 's relations with its Arab neighbors -- in particular Egypt -- were degraded by mounting violence in Iraq against expatriate groups , well - employed during the war , by Iraqi unemployed , among them demobilized soldiers . These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast - moving events directly related to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe . However , the US did begin to condemn Iraq 's human rights record , including the well - known use of torture . The UK also condemned the execution of Farzad Bazoft , a journalist working for the British newspaper The Observer . Following Saddam 's declaration that `` binary chemical weapons '' would be used on Israel if it used military force against Iraq , Washington halted part of its funding . A UN mission to the Israeli - occupied territories , where riots had resulted in Palestinian deaths , was vetoed by the US , making Iraq deeply skeptical of US foreign policy aims in the region , combined with the US ' reliance on Middle Eastern energy reserves . In early July 1990 , Iraq complained about Kuwait 's behavior , such as not respecting their quota , and openly threatened to take military action . On the 23rd , the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq - Kuwait border , and the US naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert . Saddam believed an anti-Iraq conspiracy was developing -- Kuwait had begun talks with Iran , and Iraq 's rival Syria had arranged a visit to Egypt . Upon review by the Secretary of Defense , it was found that Syria indeed planned a strike against Iraq in the coming days . Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimately prevented the impending air strike . On 15 July 1990 , Saddam 's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League , including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year , that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field , that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its `` Arab brothers '' . He threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE , saying : `` The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security . '' The US sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats . Discussions in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , mediated on the Arab League 's behalf by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak , were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established . On the 25th , Saddam met with April Glaspie , the US Ambassador to Iraq , in Baghdad . The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE : So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends ? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq . This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights ... If you use pressure , we will deploy pressure and force . We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you . But we too can harm you . Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size . We can not come all the way to you in the United States , but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies . We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends . But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends . Glaspie replied : I know you need funds . We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country . But we have no opinion on the Arab - Arab conflicts , like your border disagreement with Kuwait ... Frankly , we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south . Normally that would not be any of our business . But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day , then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister , then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is , in the final analysis , parallel to military aggression against Iraq , then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned . Saddam stated that he would attempt last - ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq `` would not accept death . '' According to Glaspie 's own account , she stated in reference to the precise border between Kuwait and Iraq , `` ... that she had served in Kuwait 20 years before ; ' then , as now , we took no position on these Arab affairs ' . '' Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent . Invasion of Kuwait Main articles : Invasion of Kuwait and Timeline of Gulf War Kuwaiti Armed Forces M - 84 main battle tanks Kuwait Air Force McDonnell Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk ground - attack aircraft The result of the Jeddah talks was an Iraqi demand for $10 billion to cover the lost revenues from Rumaila ; Kuwait offered $9 billion . The Iraqi response was to immediately order the invasion , which started on 2 August 1990 with the bombing of Kuwait 's capital , Kuwait City . At the time of the invasion , the Kuwaiti military was believed to have numbered 16,000 men , arranged into three armored , one mechanised infantry and one under - strength artillery brigade . The pre-war strength of the Kuwait Air Force was around 2,200 Kuwaiti personnel , with 80 fixed - wing aircraft and 40 helicopters . In spite of Iraqi saber rattling , Kuwait did not mobilize its force ; the army had been stood down on 19 July , and at the time of the Iraqi invasion many Kuwaiti military personnel were on leave . By 1988 , at the Iran -- Iraq war 's end , the Iraqi Army was the world 's fourth largest army ; it consisted of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army . According to John Childs and André Corvisier , a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks , 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters . According to Michael Knights , a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million men and 850,000 reservists , 5,500 tanks , 3,000 artillery pieces , 700 combat aircraft and helicopters ; and held 53 divisions , 20 special - forces brigades , and several regional militias , and had a strong air defense . Iraqi Army T - 72 M main battle tanks . The T - 72M tank was a common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War . An Iraqi Air Force Bell 214ST transport helicopter , after being captured by a US Marine Corps unit at the start of the ground phase of Operation Desert Storm Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units which began the attack at midnight . The Iraqi attack had two prongs , with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway , and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west , but then turning and driving east , cutting off Kuwait City from the country 's southern half . The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion , 35th Armoured Brigade , deployed them against the Iraqi attack and was able to conduct a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra , west of Kuwait City . Kuwaiti aircraft scrambled to meet the invading force , but approximately 20 % were lost or captured . A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces . The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea , while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases . The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace , the Royal Residence of Kuwait 's Emir , Jaber Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M - 84 tanks . In the process , the Iraqis killed Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , the Emir 's youngest brother . Within 12 hours , most resistance had ended within Kuwait and the royal family had fled , leaving Iraq in control of most of Kuwait . After two days of intense combat , most of the Kuwaiti military were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard , or had escaped to Saudi Arabia . The Emir and key ministers were able to get out and head south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia . Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City , then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border . After the decisive Iraqi victory , Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the `` Provisional Government of Free Kuwait '' before installing his cousin Ali Hassan al - Majid as Kuwait 's governor on 8 August . After the invasion , the Iraqi military looted over $1,000,000,000 in banknotes from Kuwait 's Central Bank . At the same time , Saddam Hussein made the Kuwaiti dinar equal to the Iraqi dinar , thereby lowering the Kuwaiti currency to one - twelfth of its original value . In response , Sheikh Jaber al - Ahmad al - Sabah ruled the banknotes as invalid and refused to reimburse stolen notes , which became worthless because of a UN embargo . After the conflict ended , many of the stolen banknotes made their way back into circulation . Today , the stolen banknotes are a collectible for numismatists . Kuwaiti resistance movement Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait . The Kuwaiti resistance 's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages . The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision . Run - up to the War Diplomatic means A key element of US political - military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984 . The Iran -- Iraq war had been going on for five years by that time and there were significant casualties on both sides , reaching into the hundreds of thousands . Within President Ronald Reagan 's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents . A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed , chaired by then Vice President George Bush to review US options . It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states , but that the United States had little capability to defend the region . Furthermore , it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy which was just beginning to gain momentum . On 22 May 1984 , President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by William Flynn Martin who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study . The full declassified presentation can be seen here . The conclusions were threefold : first oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and , if necessary , released early in the event of oil market disruption ; second the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region and thirdly an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq . The plan was approved by the President Reagan and later affirmed by the G - 7 leaders headed by Great Britain 's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the London Summit of 1984 . The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991 . Within hours of the invasion , Kuwait and US delegations requested a meeting of the UN Security Council , which passed Resolution 660 , condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops . On 3 August , the Arab League passed its own resolution , which called for a solution to the conflict from within the league , and warned against outside intervention ; Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states which opposed a resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait . The PLO opposed it as well . The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan -- a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support -- opposed military intervention from non-Arab states . The Arab state of Sudan aligned itself with Saddam . On 6 August , Resolution 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq . Resolution 665 followed soon after , which authorized a naval blockade to enforce the sanctions . It said the `` use of measures commensurate to the specific circumstances as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations and to ensure strict implementation of resolution 661 . '' President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 The US administration had at first been indecisive with an `` undertone ... of resignation to the invasion and even adaptation to it as a fait accompli '' until the UK 's prime minister Margaret Thatcher played a powerful role , reminding the President that appeasement in the 1930s had led to war , that Saddam would have the whole Gulf at his mercy along with 65 per cent of the world 's oil supply , and famously urging President Bush `` not to go wobbly '' . Once persuaded , US officials insisted on a total Iraqi pullout from Kuwait , without any linkage to other Middle Eastern problems , accepting the British view that any concessions would strengthen Iraqi influence in the region for years to come . On 12 August 1990 , Saddam `` propose ( d ) that all cases of occupation , and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation , in the region , be resolved simultaneously '' . Specifically , he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine , Syria , and Lebanon , Syria to withdraw from Lebanon , and `` mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait . '' He also called for a replacement of US troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait 's invasion with `` an Arab force '' , as long as that force did not involve Egypt . Additionally , he requested an `` immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions '' and a general normalization of relations with Iraq . From the beginning of the crisis , President Bush was strongly opposed to any `` linkage '' between Iraq 's occupation of Kuwait and the Palestinian issue . On 23 August , Saddam appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas . In the video , he asks a young British boy , Stuart Lockwood , whether he is getting his milk , and goes on to say , through his interpreter , `` We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long . Your presence here , and in other places , is meant to prevent the scourge of war . '' Another Iraqi proposal communicated in August 1990 was delivered to US National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft by an unidentified Iraqi official . The official communicated to the White House that Iraq would `` withdraw from Kuwait and allow foreigners to leave '' provided that the UN lifted sanctions , allowed `` guaranteed access to the Persian Gulf through the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah '' , and allowed Iraq to `` gain full control of the Rumaila oil field that extends slightly into Kuwaiti territory '' . The proposal also `` include ( d ) offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States ' satisfactory to both nations ' national security interests , ' develop a joint plan ' to alleviate Iraq 's economical and financial problems ' and ' jointly work on the stability of the gulf . ' '' In December 1990 , Iraq made a proposal to withdraw from Kuwait provided that foreign troops left the region and that an agreement was reached regarding the Palestinian problem and the dismantlement of both Israel 's and Iraq 's weapons of mass destruction . The White House rejected the proposal . The PLO 's Yasser Arafat expressed that neither he nor Saddam insisted that solving the Israel -- Palestine issues should be a precondition to solving the issues in Kuwait , though he did acknowledge a `` strong link '' between these problems . Ultimately , the US and UK stuck to their position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions , lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign . Also , when US Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva , Switzerland , for last minute peace talks in early 1991 , Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves . On 29 November 1990 , the Security Council passed Resolution 678 which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use `` all necessary means '' to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline . On 14 January 1991 , France proposed that the UN Security Council call for `` a rapid and massive withdrawal '' from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their `` active contribution '' to a settlement of the region 's other problems , `` in particular , of the Arab -- Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening , at an appropriate moment , an international conference '' to assure `` the security , stability and development of this region of the world . '' The French proposal was supported by Belgium ( at the moment one of the rotating Council members ) , Germany , Spain , Italy , Algeria , Morocco , Tunisia , and several non-aligned nations . The US , the UK , and the Soviet Union rejected it ; US Ambassador to the UN Thomas Pickering stated that the French proposal was unacceptable , because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion . France dropped this proposal when it found `` no tangible sign of interest '' from Baghdad . Military means `` Operation Desert Shield '' redirects here . For the 2006 operation by the Iraqi insurgency , see Operation Desert Shield ( Iraq ) . F - 15Es parked during Operation Desert Shield One of the West 's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia . Following Kuwait 's conquest , the Iraqi Army was within easy striking distance of Saudi oil fields . Control of these fields , along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves , would have given Saddam control over the majority of the world 's oil reserves . Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia . The Saudis had lent Iraq some 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran . The Saudis had backed Iraq in that war , as they feared the influence of Shia Iran 's Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority . After the war , Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran . Soon after his conquest of Kuwait , Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis . He argued that the US - supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina . He combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis . US Army soldiers from the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade during the Gulf War Acting on the Carter Doctrine 's policy , and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia , US President George Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a `` wholly defensive '' mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield . Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch , King Fahd , who had earlier called for US military assistance . This `` wholly defensive '' doctrine was quickly abandoned when , on 8 August , Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq 's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin , Ali Hassan Al - Majid , as its military - governor . The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf , where they were ready by 8 August . The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region . A total of 48 US Air Force F - 15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base , Virginia , landed in Saudi Arabia , and immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the Saudi -- Kuwait -- Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances . They were joined by 36 F - 15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg , Germany . The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base , approximately an hour south east of Riyadh . The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war . There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base , the South Carolina Air National Guard 's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F - 16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of munitions , and the New York Air National Guard 's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F - 16s on bombing missions . Military buildup continued from there , eventually reaching 543,000 troops , twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships , allowing a quick buildup . Creating a coalition Nations that deployed coalition forces or provided support A series of UN Security Council resolutions and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait . One of the most important was Resolution 678 , passed on 29 November 1990 , which gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991 , and authorized `` all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660 '' , and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply . To ensure that economic backing , Baker went on an 11 - day journey to nine countries that the press dubbed `` The Tin Cup Trip '' . The first stop was Saudi Arabia , which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities . However , Baker believed that Saudi Arabia , an immensely wealthy nation , should assume some of the cost of the military efforts , since one of the most important military objectives was to defend Saudi Arabia . When Baker asked King Fahd for 15 billion dollars , the King readily agreed , with the promise that Baker ask Kuwait for the same amount . The next day , 7 September , he did just that , and the Emir of Kuwait , displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country , easily agreed . Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt , whose leadership he considered to be `` the moderate voice of the Middle East '' . President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait , and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention . Therefore , he was willing to commit troops to the coalition forces to quell Saddam , as well as relieved the United States was willing to forgive his country 's 7.1 billion dollar debt . After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle - Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union , Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President Hafez Assad . Assad had a deep personal enmity towards Saddam , which was defined by the fact that `` Saddam had been trying to kill him ( Assad ) for years '' . Harboring this animosity and being impressed with Baker 's diplomatic initiative to visit Damascus ( relations had been severed since the 1983 bombing of US Marine barracks in Beirut ) , Assad agreed to pledge up to 100,000 Syrian troops to the coalition effort . This was a vital step in ensuring Arab states were represented in the coalition . Baker flew to Rome for a brief visit with the Italians in which he was promised the use of some military equipment , before journeying to Germany to meet with American ally Chancellor Kohl . Although Germany 's constitution ( which was brokered essentially by the United States ) prohibited military involvement in outside nations , Kohl was willing to repay his gratitude for the United States with a two billion dollar contribution to the coalition 's war effort , as well as further economic and military support of coalition ally Turkey , and the execution of the transport of Egyptian soldiers and ships to the Persian Gulf . General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. and President George Bush visit US troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day , 1990 . A coalition of forces opposing Iraq 's aggression was formed , consisting of forces from 34 countries : Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Italy , Kuwait , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , South Korea , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Spain , Syria , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , and the US itself . It was the largest coalition since World War II . US Army General Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area . The Soviet Union also supported United States intervention . Although they did not contribute any forces , Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively . US troops represented 73 % of the coalition 's 956,600 troops in Iraq . Many of the coalition countries were reluctant to commit military forces . Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East . In the end , however , many nations were persuaded by Iraq 's belligerence towards other Arab states , offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness , and threats to withhold aid . Justification for intervention Dick Cheney meets with Prince Sultan , Minister of Defence and Aviation in Saudi Arabia to discuss how to handle the invasion of Kuwait . The US and the UN gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict , the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity . In addition , the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia , whose importance in the region , and as a key supplier of oil , made it of considerable geopolitical importance . Shortly after the Iraqi invasion , US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance . During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990 , US President George Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks : `` Within three days , 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia . It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression . '' The Pentagon stated that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were this information 's source , but this was later alleged to be false . A reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired two commercial Soviet satellite images made at the time in question , which showed nothing but empty desert . Gen. Colin Powell ( left ) , Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf , Jr. , and Paul Wolfowitz ( right ) listen as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War . Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq 's history of human rights abuses under Saddam . Iraq was also known to possess biological weapons and chemical weapons , which Saddam had used against Iranian troops during the Iran -- Iraq War and against his own country 's Kurdish population in the Al - Anfal campaign . Iraq was also known to have a nuclear weapons program , but the report about it from January 1991 was partially declassified by the CIA on 26 May 2001 . Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military , the alleged incidents which received most publicity in the US were inventions of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence US opinion in favor of military intervention . Shortly after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US . It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million , paid by Kuwait 's government . Among many other means of influencing US opinion , such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region , `` Free Kuwait '' T - shirts and speakers to college campuses , and dozens of video news releases to television stations , the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor . The story was an influence in tipping both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq : six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate . The Senate supported the military actions in a 52 -- 47 vote . However , a year after the war , this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication . The woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait 's Royal Family , in fact the daughter of Kuwait 's ambassador to the US . She had n't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion . The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign , including the incubator testimony , were published in John R. MacArthur 's Second Front : Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War ( Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1992 ) , and came to wide public attention when an Op - ed by MacArthur was published in The New York Times . This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International , which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony . After finding no evidence to support it , the organization issued a retraction . President Bush then repeated the incubator allegations on television . At the same time , the Iraqi Army committed several well - documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait , such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers after which their bodies were stacked in a pile and left to decay in a public street . Iraqi troops also ransacked and looted private Kuwaiti homes ; one residence was repeatedly defecated in . A resident later commented : `` The whole thing was violence for the sake of violence , destruction for the sake of destruction ... Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí '' . Early battles Air campaign Main article : Gulf War air campaign The USAF F - 117 Nighthawk , one of the key players in Desert Storm The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991 . For 42 consecutive days and nights , the coalition forces subjected Iraq to one of the most intensive air bombardments in military history . The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties , dropping 88,500 tons of bombs , and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure . The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner , who briefly served as US Central Command 's Commander - in - Chief -- Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the US . A day after the deadline set in Resolution 678 , the coalition launched a massive air campaign , which began the general offensive codenamed Operation Desert Storm . The first priority was the destruction of Iraq 's Air Force and anti-aircraft facilities . The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six carrier battle groups ( CVBG ) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea . An Iraqi T - 54A or Type 59 tank lies destroyed after a coalition bombing attack during Operation Desert Storm . The next targets were command and communication facilities . Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged Iraqi forces in the Iran -- Iraq War , and initiative at lower levels was discouraged . Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control . The air campaign 's third and largest phase targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait : Scud missile launchers , weapons research facilities , and naval forces . About a third of the coalition 's air power was devoted to attacking Scuds , some of which were on trucks and therefore difficult to locate . US and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds . Iraqi anti-aircraft defenses , including man - portable air - defense systems , were surprisingly ineffective against enemy aircraft and the coalition suffered only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties , 44 due to Iraqi action . Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground fired weapons . One of these losses is a confirmed air - air victory . Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia Scud Transporter Erector Launcher ( TEL ) with missile in upright position Iraq 's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded . Prior to the war 's start , in the aftermath of the failed US -- Iraq peace talks in Geneva , Switzerland , a reporter asked Iraq 's English - speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz : `` Mr. Foreign Minister , if war starts ... will you attack ? '' His response was : `` Yes , absolutely , yes . '' Five hours after the first attacks , Iraq 's state radio broadcast declaring that `` The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins . '' Iraq fired eight missiles the next day . These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war . A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war 's seven weeks . Iraq hoped to provoke a military response from Israel . The Iraqi government hoped that many Arab states would withdraw from the Coalition , as they would be reluctant to fight alongside Israel . Following the first attacks , Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . Israel prepared to militarily retaliate , as its policy for the previous 40 years had always been retaliation . However , President Bush pressured Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir not to retaliate and withdraw Israeli jets , fearing that if Israel attacked Iraq , the other Arab nations would either desert the coalition or join Iraq . It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq , they would intervene in the war on Iraq 's side or attack Israel . The coalition promised to deploy Patriot missiles to defend Israel if it refrained from responding to the Scud attacks . Israeli civilians taking shelter from rockets ( left ) and aftermath of attack in Ramat Gan , Tel Aviv ( right ) The Scud missiles targeting Israel were relatively ineffective , as firing at extreme range resulted in a dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload . According to the Jewish Virtual Library , a total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks : two directly and the rest from suffocation and heart attacks . Approximately 230 Israelis were injured . Extensive property damage was also caused , and according to Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , `` Damage to general property consisted of 1,302 houses , 6,142 apartments , 23 public buildings , 200 shops and 50 cars . '' It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents such as sarin . As a result , Israel 's government issued gas masks to its citizens . When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel , some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas . It has been suggested that the sturdy construction techniques used in Israeli cities , coupled with the fact that Scuds were only launched at night , played an important role in limiting the number of casualties from Scud attacks . Aftermath of an Iraq Armed Forces strike on US barracks In response to the threat of Scuds on Israel , the US rapidly sent a Patriot missile air defense artillery battalion to Israel along with two batteries of MIM - 104 Patriot missiles for the protection of civilians . The Royal Netherlands Air Force also deployed a Patriot missile squadron to Israel and Turkey . The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective , but its psychological value for the affected populations was high . Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in `` Scud hunts '' in the Iraqi desert , trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia . On the ground , special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq , tasked with locating and destroying Scuds . Once special operations were combined with air patrols , the number of attacks fell sharply , then increased slightly as Iraqi forces adjusted to coalition tactics . As the Scud attacks continued , the Israelis grew increasingly impatient , and considered taking unilateral military action against Iraq . On 22 January 1991 , a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan , after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it . Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks , another 96 people were injured , and 20 apartment buildings were damaged . After this attack , the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks , they would . At one point , Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq , but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney , reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces . In addition to the attacks on Israel , 47 Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia , and one missile was fired at Bahrain and another at Qatar . The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets . One Saudi civilian was killed , and 78 others were injured . No casualties were reported in Bahrain or Qatar . The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with chemical or biological warheads . The government broadcast alerts and ' all clear ' messages over television to warn citizens during Scud attacks . On 25 February 1991 , a Scud missile hit a US Army barracks of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment , out of Greensburg , Pennsylvania , stationed in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 soldiers and injuring over 100 . Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia ( battle of Khafji ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Battle of Khafji Military operations during Khafji 's liberation On 29 January , Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry . The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard , supported by Qatari forces and US Marines . The allied forces used extensive artillery fire . Both sides suffered casualties , although Iraqi forces sustained substantially more dead and captured than the allied forces . Eleven Americans were killed in two separate friendly fire incidents , an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their AC - 130 gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface - to - air missile , and two US soldiers were captured during the battle . Saudi and Qatari forces had a total of 18 dead . Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60 -- 300 dead and 400 captured . The Battle of Khafji was an example of how air power could single - handedly hinder the advance of enemy ground forces . Upon learning of Iraqi troop movements , 140 coalition aircraft were diverted to attack an advancing column consisting of two armored divisions in battalion - sized units . Precision stand - off attacks were conducted during the night and through to the next day . Iraqi vehicle losses included 357 tanks , 147 armored personnel carriers , and 89 mobile artillery pieces . Some crews simply abandoned their vehicles upon realizing that they could be destroyed by guided bombs without warning , stopping the divisions from massing for an organized attack on the town . One Iraqi soldier , who had fought in the Iran -- Iraq War , remarked that his brigade `` had sustained more punishment from allied airpower in 30 minutes at Khafji than in eight years of fighting against Iran . '' Counter reconnaissance Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was a heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armored Division ( Forward ) . It was the spearhead of VII Corps . It consisted primarily of the 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 3rd Battalion , 66th Armor Regiment , and the 4th Battalion , 3rd Field Artillery Regiment . Task Force 1 -- 41 was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Shortly after arrival in theatre Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry received a counter-reconnaissance mission . 1 -- 41 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment . This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron . Counter-reconnaissance generally includes destroying or repelling the enemy 's reconnaissance elements and denying their commander any observation of friendly forces . On 15 February 1991 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment fired on a trailer and a few trucks in the Iraqi sector that was observing American forces . On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Another enemy platoon , including six vehicles , was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force . They were engaged with artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . Later that evening another group of Iraqi vehicles was spotted moving towards the center of the Task Force . They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet - made BTRs and tanks . For the next hour the Task Force fought several small battles with Iraqi reconnaissance units . TF 1 -- 41 IN fired TOW missiles at the Iraqi formation destroying one tank . The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4 -- 3 FA . On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire , however , the enemy forces managed to escape . Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties . Soldiers of 2nd Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment pose with a captured Iraqi tank during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Destroyed Iraqi tanks burning at the Battle of Norfolk during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . An Iraqi Republican Guard tank destroyed by Task Force 1 -- 41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems attack Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War , February 1991 . Breach Main article : Battle of Norfolk See also : Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991 . Prior to this action the Task Force 's primary fire support battalion 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment participated in a massive artillery preparation . Around 300 guns from multiple nations participated in the artillery barrage . Over 14,000 rounds would be fired during these missions . M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets . Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage . This would include the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces . By the end of these raids Iraqi artillery assets had all but ceased to exist . One Iraqi unit that was totally destroyed during the preparation was the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division Artillery Group . The group 's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation . This artillery prep was supplemented by air attacks by B - 52 bombers and Lockheed AC - 130 fixed wing gunships . 1st Infantry Division Apache helicopters and B - 52 bombers conducted raids against Iraq 's 110th Infantry Brigade . The 1st Engineer Battalion and 9th Engineer Battalion marked and proofed assault lanes under direct and indirect enemy fire to secure a foothold in enemy territory and pass the 1st Infantry Division and the British 1st Armored Division forward . On 24 February 1991 the 1st Cavalry Division conducted a couple artillery missions against Iraqi artillery units . One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers , reinforced by Iraqi T - 55 tanks , in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . The same day the 2nd Brigade , 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry , 1st Battalion , 32nd Armor , and the 1st Battalion , 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division . On 24 February 1991 2nd Brigade , 1st Infantry Division rolled through the breach in the Iraqi defense west of Wadi Al - Batin and also cleared the northeastern sector of the breach site of enemy resistance . Task Force 3 - 37th Armor breached the Iraqi defense clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire . Also , on 24 February the 1st Infantry Division along with the 1st Cavalry Division destroyed Iraqi outposts and patrols belonging to the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The two divisions also began capturing prisoners . The 1st Infantry Division also cleared a zone between Phase Line Vermont and Phase Line Kansas . Once the 1st Infantry Division 's 3rd Battalion , 37th Armor reached the Iraqi rear defensive positions it destroyed an Iraqi D - 30 artillery battery and many trucks and bunkers . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry was given the task of breaching Iraq 's initial defensive positions along the Iraq -- Saudi Arabia border . The 1st Squadron , 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment handled similar responsibilities in its sector of operations . The 1st Infantry Division 's 5th Battalion , 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process . Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers . These defensive positions were occupied by a brigade - sized element . Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers which occupied these well - prepared and heavily fortified bunkers . The Task Force found itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive bunker complex . The Iraqis engaged the Task Force with small arms fire , RPGs , mortar fire , and what was left of Iraqi artillery assets . A series of battles unfolded which resulted in heavy Iraqi casualties and the Iraqis being removed from their defensive positions with many becoming prisoners of war . Some escaped to be killed or captured by other coalition forces . In the process of clearing the bunkers Task Force 1 - 41 captured two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division . The Task Force also captured a brigade commander , several battalion commanders , company commanders , and staff officers . As combat operations progressed Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry engaged at short range multiple dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions . For a few hours , bypassed Iraqi RPG equipped anti-tank teams , T - 55 tanks , and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles , only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces . The 1st Infantry Division 's Task Force 2 - 16 Infantry cleared four lanes simultaneously through an enemy fortified trench system while inflicting heavy casualties on Iraqi forces . Task Force 2 - 16 continued the attack clearing over 13 miles of entrenched enemy positions resulting in the capture and destruction of numerous enemy vehicles , equipment , personnel and command bunkers . Ground campaign See also : Battle of Al Busayyah , Battle of Phase Line Bullet , Battle of 73 Easting , Battle of Norfolk , Battle of Medina Ridge , Battle of Kuwait International Airport , and Battle of Rumaila Ground troop movements 24 -- 28 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm The ground campaign consisted of three if not four of the largest tank battles in American history . The battles at 73 Easting , Norfolk , and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historic significance . Some consider the battle of Medina Ridge the largest tank battle of the war . The U.S. Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at Kuwait International Airport . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the battle of Norfolk was taking place . The U.S. 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces . The Iraqis suffered the loss of over 3,000 tanks and over 2,000 other combat vehicles during these battles against the American led coalition . Kuwait 's liberation Main article : Liberation of Kuwait campaign See also : Gulf War order of battle ground campaign US decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait 's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait . US M1A1 Abrams tanks from the 3rd Armored Division along the Line of Departure . Iraqi Type 69 tank on the road into Kuwait City during the Gulf War Two Iraqi tanks lie abandoned near Kuwait City on 26 February 1991 . For months , American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire , as well as threats from Scud missile or chemical attacks . On 24 February 1991 , the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions , and the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City . They encountered trenches , barbed wire , and minefields . However , these positions were poorly defended , and were overrun in the first few hours . Several tank battles took place , but apart from that , coalition troops encountered minimal resistance , as most Iraqi troops surrendered . The general pattern was that the Iraqis would put up a short fight before surrendering . However , Iraqi air defenses shot down nine US aircraft . Meanwhile , forces from Arab states advanced into Kuwait from the east , encountering little resistance and suffering few casualties . Despite the successes of coalition forces , it was feared that the Iraqi Republican Guard would escape into Iraq before it could be destroyed . It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule , and to send US forces after the Republican Guard . The coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage , after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance . Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against US troops , acting on a direct order from Saddam Hussein himself . Despite the intense combat , the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City . Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city . Iraqi troops offered only light resistance . The Kuwaitis lost one soldier and one plane was shot down , and quickly liberated the city . On 27 February , Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait , and President Bush declared it liberated . However , an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have received the message and fiercely resisted . US Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport , after which Kuwait was declared secure . After four days of fighting , Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait . As part of a scorched earth policy , they set fire to nearly 700 oil wells and placed land mines around the wells to make extinguishing the fires more difficult . Initial moves into Iraq Destroyed LAV - 25 The war 's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber . The first units to move into Iraq were three patrols of the British Special Air Service 's B squadron , call signs Bravo One Zero , Bravo Two Zero , and Bravo Three Zero , in late January . These eight - man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers , which could not be detected from the air , as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day . Other objectives included the destruction of the launchers and their fiber - optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines and relayed coordinates to the TEL operators that were launching attacks against Israel . The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention . Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment , One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations , while Two Zero remained , and was later compromised , with only Sergeant Chris Ryan escaping to Syria . Iraqi T - 62 knocked out by 3rd Armored Division fire Elements of the 2nd Brigade , 1st Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division of the US Army performed a direct attack into Iraq on 15 February 1991 , followed by one in force on 20 February that led directly through seven Iraqi divisions which were caught off guard . On 17 January 1991 the 101st Airborne Division Aviation Regiment , fired the first shots of the war when eight AH - 64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites . From 15 -- 20 February , the Battle of Wadi Al - Batin took place inside Iraq ; this was the first of two attacks by 1 Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division . It was a feint attack , designed to make the Iraqis think that a coalition invasion would take place from the south . The Iraqis fiercely resisted , and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi Al - Batin . Three US soldiers were killed and nine wounded , with one M2 Bradley IFV turret destroyed , but they had taken 40 prisoners and destroyed five tanks , and successfully deceived the Iraqis . This attack led the way for the XVIII Airborne Corps to sweep around behind the 1st Cav and attack Iraqi forces to the west . On 22 February 1991 , Iraq agreed to a Soviet - proposed ceasefire agreement . The agreement called for Iraq to withdraw troops to pre-invasion positions within six weeks following a total ceasefire , and called for monitoring of the ceasefire and withdrawal to be overseen by the UN Security Council . The coalition rejected the proposal , but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked , and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces . On 23 February , fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers . On 24 February , British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq -- Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers , taking hundreds of prisoners . Iraqi resistance was light , and four Americans were killed . Coalition forces enter Iraq Destroyed Iraqi civilian and military vehicles on the Highway of Death Aerial view of destroyed Iraqi T - 72 tank , BMP - 1 and Type 63 armored personnel carriers and trucks on Highway 8 in March 1991 The oil fires caused were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait . Remains of downed F - 16C Bradley IFV burns after being hit by Iraqi T - 72 fire Shortly afterwards , the US VII Corps , in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment , launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February , just to the west of Kuwait , taking Iraqi forces by surprise . Simultaneously , the US XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping `` left - hook '' attack across southern Iraq 's largely undefended desert , led by the US 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 24th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) . This movement 's left flank was protected by the French Division Daguet . The 101st Airborne Division conducted a combat air assault into enemy territory . The 101st Airborne Division had struck 155 miles behind enemy lines . It was the deepest air assault operation in history . Approximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces . The Screaming Eagles would travel an additional fifty to sixty miles into Iraq . By nightfall , the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces . The 101st had lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100 - hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war . The French force quickly overcame Iraq 's 45th Infantry Division , suffering light casualties and taking a large number of prisoners , and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counterattack on the coalition 's flank . The movement 's right flank was protected by the United Kingdom 's 1st Armoured Division . Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory , they turned eastward , launching a flank attack against the elite Republican Guard before it could escape . The Iraqis resisted fiercely from dug - in positions and stationary vehicles , and even mounted armored charges . Unlike many previous engagements , the destruction of the first Iraqi tanks did not result in a mass surrender . The Iraqis suffered massive losses and lost dozens of tanks and vehicles , while US casualties were comparatively low , with a single Bradley knocked out . Coalition forces pressed another 10 km into Iraqi territory , and captured their objective within three hours . They took 500 prisoners and inflicted heavy losses , defeating Iraq 's 26th Infantry Division . A US soldier was killed by an Iraqi land mine , another five by friendly fire , and 30 wounded during the battle . Meanwhile , British forces attacked Iraq 's Medina Division and a major Republican Guard logistics base . In nearly two days of some of the war 's most intense fighting , the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander . Meanwhile , US forces attacked the village of Al Busayyah , meeting fierce resistance . The US force destroyed a considerable amount of military hardware and took prisoners , while suffering no casualties . On 25 February 1991 , Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel . The coalition 's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected . On 26 February , Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait , after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire . A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq - Kuwait highway . Although they were retreating , this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death . Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed . American , British , and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq , eventually moving to within 150 miles ( 240 km ) of Baghdad , before withdrawing back to Iraq 's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . One hundred hours after the ground campaign started , on 28 February , President Bush declared a ceasefire , and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated . The end of active hostilities Main article : 1991 uprisings in Iraq Civilians and coalition military forces wave Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian flags as they celebrate the retreat of Iraqi forces from Kuwait . Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal of the US military In coalition - occupied Iraqi territory , a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides . At the conference , Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border , ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure . Soon after , these helicopters and much of Iraq 's military were used to fight an uprising in the south . The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of `` The Voice of Free Iraq '' on 2 February 1991 , which was broadcast from a CIA - run radio station out of Saudi Arabia . The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported , and that they soon would be liberated from Saddam . In the North , Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart , and began fighting , hoping to trigger a coup d'état . However , when no US support came , Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising . Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran . These events later resulted in no - fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq . In Kuwait , the Emir was restored , and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed . Eventually , over 400,000 people were expelled from the country , including a large number of Palestinians , because of PLO support of Saddam . Yasser Arafat did n't apologize for his support of Iraq , but after his death , the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas ' authority formally apologized in 2004 . There was some criticism of the Bush administration , as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government . In their co-written 1998 book , A World Transformed , Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance , and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it . In 1992 , the US Defense Secretary during the war , Dick Cheney , made the same point : I would guess if we had gone in there , we would still have forces in Baghdad today . We 'd be running the country . We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home . And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties . I do n't think you could have done all of that without significant additional US casualties , and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the ( 1991 ) conflict , for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families , it was n't a cheap war . And the question in my mind is , how many additional American casualties is Saddam ( Hussein ) worth ? And the answer is , not that damned many . So , I think we got it right , both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait , but also when the President made the decision that we 'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq . Instead of a greater involvement of its own military , the US hoped that Saddam would be overthrown in an internal coup d'état . The CIA used its assets in Iraq to organize a revolt , but the Iraqi government defeated the effort . On 10 March 1991 , 540,000 US troops began moving out of the Persian Gulf . Coalition involvement Coalition troops from Egypt , Syria , Oman , France and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm Main article : Coalition of the Gulf War Coalition members included Argentina , Australia , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belgium , Canada , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , Honduras , Hungary , Italy , Kuwait , Malaysia , Morocco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Niger , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Romania , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Syria , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the United States of America . Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware , although they did not send direct military assistance . This later became known as checkbook diplomacy . Australia HMAS Sydney in the Persian Gulf in 1991 Main article : Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War Australia contributed a Naval Task Group , which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman , under Operation Damask . In addition , medical teams were deployed aboard a US hospital ship , and a naval clearance diving team took part in de-mining Kuwait 's port facilities following the end of combat operations . Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu ; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier USS Midway . The Australian Task Force was also placed at great risk with regard to the sea mine threat , with HMAS Brisbane narrowly avoiding a mine by a small distance . The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait 's invasion . Following the war 's end , Australia deployed a medical unit on Operation Habitat to northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort . Argentina Argentine Navy Alouette III helicopter onboard USNS Comfort , February 1991 Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer , ARA Almirante Brown ( D - 10 ) , a corvette , ARA Spiro ( P - 43 ) ( later replaced by another corvette , ARA Rosales ( P - 42 ) ) and a supply ship ( ARA Bahía San Blas ( B - 4 ) ) to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf . The success of `` Operación Alfil '' ( English : `` Operation Bishop '' ) as it was known , with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 miles sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so - called `` Malvinas syndrome '' . Argentina was later classified as major non-NATO ally due to her contributions during the war . Canada Canadian CF - 18 Hornets participated in combat during the Gulf War . See also : Operation FRICTION Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and it quickly agreed to join the US - led coalition . In August 1990 , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group . The destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship HMCS Protecteur in Operation Friction . The Canadian Task Group led the coalition 's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf . A fourth ship , HMCS Huron , arrived in - theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait . Following the UN-authorized use of force against Iraq , the Canadian Forces deployed a CF - 18 Hornet and CH - 124 Sea King squadron with support personnel , as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war . When the air war began , the CF - 18s were integrated into the coalition force and were tasked with providing air cover and attacking ground targets . This was the first time since the Korean War that Canada 's military had participated in offensive combat operations . The only CF - 18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the Battle of Bubiyan against the Iraqi Navy . The Canadian Commander in the Middle East was Commodore Kenneth J. Summers . France French and American soldiers inspecting an Iraqi Type 69 tank destroyed by the French Division Daguet during Operation Desert Storm The second largest European contingent was from France , which committed 18,000 troops . Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps , the French Army force was the Division Daguet , including troops from the French Foreign Legion . Initially , the French operated independently under national command and control , but coordinated closely with the Americans ( via CENTCOM ) and Saudis . In January , the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps . France also deployed several combat aircraft and naval units . The French called their contribution Opération Daguet . United Kingdom Main article : Battle of Norfolk British Army Challenger 1 main battle tank during Operation Desert Storm The United Kingdom committed the largest contingent of any European state that participated in the war 's combat operations . Operation Granby was the code name for the operations in the Persian Gulf . British Army regiments ( mainly with the 1st Armoured Division ) , Royal Air Force squadrons and Royal Navy vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf . The Royal Air Force , using various aircraft , operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia . The United Kingdom played a major role in the Battle of Norfolk where its forces destroyed over 200 Iraqi tanks and a large quantity of other vehicles . After 48 hours of combat the British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions ( the 26th , 48th , 31st , and 25th ) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements . Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the Persian Gulf included Broadsword - class frigates , and Sheffield - class destroyers , other R.N. and R.F.A. ships were also deployed . The light aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea . Special operations forces were deployed in the form of several SAS squadrons . A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war , destroying an Iraqi tank with an armour - piercing fin - stabilized discarding - sabot ( APFSDS ) round fired over a distance of 4,700 metres ( 2.9 mi ) -- the longest tank - on - tank kill shot recorded . Casualties Civilian Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis . More than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq 's occupation , and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq . The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm 's initial stages . Within Desert Storm 's first 24 hours , more than 1,000 sorties were flown , many against targets in Baghdad . The city was the target of heavy bombing , as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces ' command and control . This ultimately led to civilian casualties . In one noted incident , two USAF stealth planes bombed a bunker in Amiriyah , causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians who were in the shelter . Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast , and controversy arose over the bunker 's status , with some stating that it was a civilian shelter , while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations , and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields . Saddam 's government gave high civilian casualty figures in order to draw support from Islamic countries . The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict . An investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated total civilian fatalities at about 3,500 from bombing , and some 100,000 from the war 's other effects . Iraqi The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown , but is believed to have been heavy . Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities . A report commissioned by the US Air Force , estimated 10,000 -- 12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign , and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war . This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports . According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study , between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded . Coalition Coalition troops killed by country Country Total Enemy action Accident Friendly fire Ref United States 146 111 35 35 Senegal 92 92 United Kingdom 47 38 9 Saudi Arabia 24 18 6 . France 9 United Arab Emirates 6 6 Qatar Syria Egypt 11 5 . Kuwait Sailors from a US Navy honor guard carry Navy pilot Scott Speicher 's remains . The Department of Defense reports that US forces suffered 148 battle - related deaths ( 35 to friendly fire ) , with one pilot listed as MIA ( his remains were found and identified in August 2009 ) . A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents . The UK suffered 47 deaths ( nine to friendly fire , all by US forces ) , France nine , and the other countries , not including Kuwait , suffered 37 deaths ( 18 Saudis , one Egyptian , six UAE and three Qataris ) . At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture . The largest single loss of life among coalition forces happened on 25 February 1991 , when an Iraqi Al Hussein missile hit a US military barrack in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia , killing 28 US Army Reservists from Pennsylvania . In all , 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war , 113 of whom were American , out of a total of 358 coalition deaths . Another 44 soldiers were killed and 57 wounded by friendly fire . 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents . The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991 , a Royal Saudi Air Force C - 130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al - Mishab Airport , Saudi Arabia . 92 Senegalese soldiers and six Saudi crew members were killed . The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776 , including 458 Americans . 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants , the rest of the 379 coalition deaths being from friendly fire or accidents . This number was much lower than expected . Among the American dead were three female soldiers . Friendly fire While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low , a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units . Of the 148 US troops who died in battle , 24 % were killed by friendly fire , a total of 35 service personnel . A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions . Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs . Controversies Gulf War illness Main article : Gulf War syndrome Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war , a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness . Common symptoms that were reported are chronic fatigue , Fibromyalgia , and Gastrointestinal disorder . There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the reported birth defects . Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects . Gulf War veterans ' children born after the war had a certain kidney defect that was not found in Gulf War veterans ' children born before the war . Researchers have said that they did not have enough information to link birth defects with exposure to toxic substances . Some factors considered as possibilities include exposure to depleted uranium , chemical weapons , anthrax vaccines given to deploying soldiers , and / or infectious diseases . Major Michael Donnelly , a USAF officer during the War , helped publicize the syndrome and advocated for veterans ' rights in this regard . Effects of depleted uranium Approximate area and major clashes in which DU rounds were used Main article : Depleted uranium § Health considerations Depleted uranium was used in the war in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20 -- 30 mm cannon ordnance . Significant controversy regarding the long term safety of depleted uranium exists , although detractors claim pyrophoric , genotoxic , and teratogenic heavy metal effects . Many have cited its use during the war as a contributing factor to a number of instances of health issues in the conflict 's veterans and surrounding civilian populations . However , scientific opinion on the risk is mixed . Depleted uranium has 40 % less radioactivity than natural uranium , but the negative effects should not be overlooked . Some say that depleted uranium is not a significant health hazard unless it is taken into the body . External exposure to radiation from depleted uranium is generally not a major concern because the alpha particles emitted by its isotopes travel only a few centimeters in air or can be stopped by a sheet of paper . Also , the uranium - 235 that remains in depleted uranium emits only a small amount of low - energy gamma radiation . However , if allowed to enter the body , depleted uranium , like natural uranium , has the potential for both chemical and radiological toxicity with the two important target organs being the kidneys and the lungs . Highway of death Main article : Highway of Death On the night of 26 -- 27 February 1991 , some Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1,400 vehicles . A patrolling E-8 Joint STARS aircraft observed the retreating forces and relayed the information to the DDM - 8 air operations center in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft , resulting in a 60 km stretch of highway strewn with debris -- the Highway of Death . New York Times reporter Maureen Dowd wrote , `` With the Iraqi leader facing military defeat , Mr. Bush decided that he would rather gamble on a violent and potentially unpopular ground war than risk the alternative : an imperfect settlement hammered out by the Soviets and Iraqis that world opinion might accept as tolerable . '' Chuck Horner , Commander of US and allied air operations , has written : ( By February 26 ) , the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait , but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra . This event was later called by the media `` The Highway of Death . '' There were certainly a lot of dead vehicles , but not so many dead Iraqis . They 'd already learned to scamper off into the desert when our aircraft started to attack . Nevertheless , some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes . ( ... ) By February 27 , talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities . Kuwait was free . We were not interested in governing Iraq . So the question became `` How do we stop the killing . '' Bulldozer assault An armored bulldozer similar to the ones used in the attack Another incident during the war highlighted the question of large - scale Iraqi combat deaths . This was the `` bulldozer assault '' , wherein two brigades from the US 1st Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) were faced with a large and complex trench network , as part of the heavily fortified `` Saddam Hussein Line '' . After some deliberation , they opted to use anti-mine plows mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to simply plow over and bury alive the defending Iraqi soldiers . Not a single American was killed during the attack . Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack , near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq . Every American in the assault was inside an armored vehicle . One newspaper story reported that US commanders estimated thousands of Iraqi soldiers surrendered , escaping live burial during the two - day assault 24 -- 26 February 1991 . Patrick Day Sloyan of Newsday reported , `` Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand . ' I came through right after the lead company , ' ( Col. Anthony ) Moreno said . ' What you saw was a bunch of buried trenches with peoples ' arms and things sticking out of them ... ' '' However , after the war , the Iraqi government said that only 44 bodies were found . In his book The Wars Against Saddam , John Simpson alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident . After the incident , the commander of the 1st Brigade said : `` I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty , but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets . '' Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney did not mention the First Division 's tactics in an interim report to Congress on Operation Desert Storm . In the report , Cheney acknowledged that 457 enemy soldiers were buried during the ground war . Palestinian exodus from Kuwait Main article : Palestinian exodus from Kuwait ( Gulf War ) A Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War . During the Gulf War , more than 200,000 Palestinians voluntarily fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces , in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait . After the Gulf War , the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991 . Kuwait 's policy , which led to this exodus , was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein . The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens . In 2013 , there were 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin in Kuwait . In 2012 , 80,000 Palestinians ( without Jordanian citizenship ) lived in Kuwait . Saudi Arabia expelled Yemeni workers after Yemen supported Saddam during the Gulf War . Coalition bombing of Iraq 's civilian infrastructure In the 23 June 1991 edition of The Washington Post , reporter Bart Gellman wrote : `` Many of the targets were chosen only secondarily to contribute to the military defeat of Iraq ... Military planners hoped the bombing would amplify the economic and psychological impact of international sanctions on Iraqi society ... They deliberately did great harm to Iraq 's ability to support itself as an industrial society ... '' In the Jan / Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs , French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote : `` ( T ) he Iraqi people , who were not consulted about the invasion , have paid the price for their government 's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait , but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry : electric power stations ( 92 percent of installed capacity destroyed ) , refineries ( 80 percent of production capacity ) , petrochemical complexes , telecommunications centers ( including 135 telephone networks ) , bridges ( more than 100 ) , roads , highways , railroads , hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods , radio and television broadcasting stations , cement plants , and factories producing aluminum , textiles , electric cables , and medical supplies . '' However , the UN subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals , schools , and water purification facilities throughout the country . Abuse of coalition POWs During the conflict , coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV , most with visible signs of abuse . Amongst several testimonies to poor treatment , USAF Captain Richard Storr was allegededly tortured by Iraqis during the Persian Gulf War . Iraqi secret police broke his nose , dislocated his shoulder and punctured his eardrum . Royal Air Force Tornado crew John Nichol and John Peters have both alleged that they were tortured during this time . Nichol and Peters were forced to make statements against the war in front of television cameras . Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces . Only one , Chris Ryan , evaded capture while the group 's other surviving members were violently tortured . Flight surgeon ( later General ) Rhonda Cornum was raped by one of her captors after the Black Hawk helicopter in which she was riding was shot down while searching for a downed F - 16 pilot . Operation southern Watch Main article : Operation Southern Watch Since the war , the US has had a continued presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia -- a figure that rose to 10,000 during the 2003 conflict in Iraq . Operation Southern Watch enforced the no - fly zones over southern Iraq set up after 1991 ; oil exports through the Persian Gulf 's shipping lanes were protected by the Bahrain - based US Fifth Fleet . Since Saudi Arabia houses Mecca and Medina , Islam 's holiest sites , many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence . The continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia after the war was one of the stated motivations behind the 11 September terrorist attacks , the Khobar Towers bombing , and the date chosen for the 1998 US embassy bombings ( 7 August ) , which was eight years to the day that US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia . Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the `` permanent presence of infidels in Arabia '' . In 1996 , bin Laden issued a fatwa , calling for US troops to leave Saudi Arabia . In a December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai , bin Laden said he felt that Americans were `` too near to Mecca '' and considered this a provocation to the entire Islamic world . Sanctions Main articles : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 and Sanctions against Iraq Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 On 6 August 1990 , after Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq , providing for a full trade embargo , excluding medical supplies , food and other items of humanitarian necessity , these to be determined by the Council 's sanctions committee . From 1991 until 2003 , the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation , widespread poverty and malnutrition . During the late 1990s , the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis . Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions . Draining of the Qurna Marshes Main article : Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes The draining of the Qurna Marshes was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war , to drain a large area of marshes in the Tigris -- Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 3,000 square kilometers , the large complex of wetlands were almost completely emptied of water , and the local Shi'ite population relocated , following the war and 1991 uprisings . By 2000 , United Nations Environment Programme estimated that 90 % of the marshlands had disappeared , causing desertification of over 7,500 square miles ( 19,000 km ) . The draining of the Qurna Marshes also called The Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris - Euphrates river system . Formerly covering an area of around 20,000 km ( 7,700 sq mi ) , the large complex of wetlands was 90 % drained prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . The marshes are typically divided into three main sub-marshes , the Hawizeh , Central , and Hammar Marshes and all three were drained at different times for different reasons . Initial draining of the Central Marshes was intended to reclaim land for agriculture but later all three marshes would become a tool of war and revenge . Many international organizations such as the UN Human Rights Commission , the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq , the Wetlands International , and Middle East Watch have described the project as a political attempt to force the Marsh Arabs out of the area through water diversion tactics . Oil spill Main article : Gulf War oil spill On 23 January , Iraq dumped 400 million US gallons ( 1,500,000 m ) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf , causing the largest offshore oil spill in history at that time . It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore ( Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled Failaka Island during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt ) . About 30 -- 40 % of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets . Kuwaiti oil fires Main article : Kuwaiti oil fires See also : Environmental impact of war Oil well fires rage outside Kuwait City in 1991 The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces . The fires started in January and February 1991 , and the last one was extinguished by November . The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews . Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells , and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out . Somewhere around 6 million barrels ( 950,000 m ) of oil were lost each day . Eventually , privately contracted crews extinguished the fires , at a total cost of US $1.5 billion to Kuwait . By that time , however , the fires had burned for approximately 10 months , causing widespread pollution . Cost The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress in April 1992 to be $61.1 billion ( equivalent to $96.5 billion in 2016 ) . About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries : $36 billion by Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf ; $16 billion by Germany and Japan ( which sent no combat forces due to their constitutions ) . About 25 % of Saudi Arabia 's contribution was paid in the form of in - kind services to the troops , such as food and transportation . US troops represented about 74 % of the combined force , and the global cost was therefore higher . Effect on developing countries Apart from the impact on Arab States of the Persian Gulf , the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states . The Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community 's response . A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions : Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis , the distribution of assistance was highly selective . The ODI factored in elements of `` cost '' which included oil imports , remittance flows , re-settlement costs , loss of export earnings and tourism . For Egypt , the cost totaled $1 billion , 3 % of GDP . Yemen had a cost of $830 million , 10 % of GDP , while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion , 32 % of GDP . International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group . They were 24 states , comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states : Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Kuwait . The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance . The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans . The International Monetary Fund adopted two lending facilities -- the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility ( ESAF ) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility ( CCFF ) . The European Community offered $2 billion in assistance . Media coverage The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Media coverage of the Gulf War The war was heavily televised . For the first time , people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers . Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons ' accuracy . In the United States , the `` big three '' network anchors led the war 's network news coverage : ABC 's Peter Jennings , CBS 's Dan Rather , and NBC 's Tom Brokaw were anchoring their evening newscasts when air strikes began on 16 January 1991 . ABC News correspondent Gary Shepard , reporting live from Baghdad , told Jennings of the city 's quietness . But , moments later , Shepard was back on the air as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground . On CBS , viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey , who was also reporting from Baghdad , when the war began . Rather , after the report was finished , announced that there were unconfirmed reports of flashes in Baghdad and heavy air traffic at bases in Saudi Arabia . On the NBC Nightly News , correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . Moments later , Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun . Still , it was CNN whose coverage gained the most popularity and indeed its wartime coverage is often cited as one of the landmark events in the network 's history , ultimately leading to the establishment of CNN International . CNN correspondents John Holliman and Peter Arnett and CNN anchor Bernard Shaw relayed audio reports from Baghdad 's Al - Rashid Hotel as the air strikes began . The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau . When the telephones of all of the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing , CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting . After the initial bombing , Arnett remained behind and was , for a time , the only American TV correspondent reporting from Iraq . In the United Kingdom , the BBC devoted the FM portion of its national speech radio station BBC Radio 4 to an 18 - hour rolling news format creating Radio 4 News FM . The station was short lived , ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait 's liberation . However , it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live . Two BBC journalists , John Simpson and Bob Simpson ( no relation ) , defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war 's progress . They were responsible for a report which included an `` infamous cruise missile that travelled down a street and turned left at a traffic light . '' Newspapers all over the world also covered the war and Time magazine published a special issue dated 28 January 1991 , the headline `` War in the Gulf '' emblazoned on the cover over a picture of Baghdad taken as the war began . US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War . The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled Annex Foxtrot . Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military . Only selected journalists were allowed to visit the front lines or conduct interviews with soldiers . Those visits were always conducted in the presence of officers , and were subject to both prior approval by the military and censorship afterward . This was ostensibly to protect sensitive information from being revealed to Iraq . This policy was heavily influenced by the military 's experience with the Vietnam War , in which public opposition within the US grew throughout the war 's course . It was not only the limitation of information in the Middle East ; media were also restricting what was shown about the war with more graphic depictions like Ken Jarecke 's image of a burnt Iraqi soldier being pulled from the American AP wire whereas in Europe it was given extensive coverage . At the same time , the war 's coverage was new in its instantaneousness . About halfway through the war , Iraq 's government decided to allow live satellite transmissions from the country by Western news organizations , and US journalists returned en masse to Baghdad . NBC 's Tom Aspell , ABC 's Bill Blakemore , and CBS News ' Betsy Aaron filed reports , subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship . Throughout the war , footage of incoming missiles was broadcast almost immediately . A British crew from CBS News , David Green and Andy Thompson , equipped with satellite transmission equipment , traveled with the front line forces and , having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route , arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City , broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day . Alternative media outlets provided views in opposition to the war . Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad , and produced a 10 - hour series that was distributed internationally , called The Gulf Crisis TV Project . The series ' first program War , Oil and Power was compiled and released in 1990 , before the war broke out . News World Order was the title of another program in the series ; it focused on the media 's complicity in promoting the war , as well as Americans ' reactions to the media coverage . In San Francisco , as a local example , Paper Tiger Television West produced a weekly cable television show with highlights of mass demonstrations , artists ' actions , lectures , and protests against mainstream media coverage at newspaper offices and television stations . Local media outlets in cities across the country screened similar oppositional media . The organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) critically analyzed media coverage during the war in various articles and books , such as the 1991 Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship was at Home . Technology The USS Missouri launches a Tomahawk missile . The Gulf War was the last conflict in which battleships were deployed in a combat role ( as of 2017 ) Precision - guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars , although they were not used as often as more traditional , less accurate bombs . Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed while journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by . Precision - guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4 % of all bombs dropped by the coalition . Other bombs included cluster bombs , which disperse numerous submunitions , and daisy cutters , 15,000 - pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert . Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops , many used commercially available units . To permit these to be used to best effect , the `` selective availability '' feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm , allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment . Airborne Warning and Control System ( AWACS ) and satellite communication systems were also important . Two examples of this are the US Navy 's Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and the US Air Force 's Boeing E-3 Sentry . Both were used in command and control area of operations . These systems provided essential communications links between air , ground , and naval forces . It is one of several reasons why coalition forces dominated the air war . American - made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq 's battle plans . Some of the copiers contained concealed high - tech transmitters that revealed their positions to American electronic warfare aircraft , leading to more precise bombings . Scud and Patriot missiles Military personnel examine the remains of a Scud The role of Iraq 's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war . Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Soviet Army divisions in East Germany . The role of the Scuds which were armed with nuclear and chemical warheads was to destroy command , control , and communication facilities and delay full mobilization of Western German and Allied Forces in Germany . It could also be used to directly target ground forces . Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate . Iraq used Scud missiles , launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel . Some missiles caused extensive casualties , while others caused little damage . Concerns were raised of possible chemical or biological warheads on these rockets , but if they existed , they were not used . The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time . The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time , but later analysis gives figures as low as 9 % , with 45 % of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets . The Dutch Ministry of Defense , which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey , later disputed the higher claim . Further , there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile 's failure to engage an incoming Scud , resulting in deaths . Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a `` miracle performance '' in the Gulf War . See also Iraq portal Kuwait portal United States portal War portal 1990s portal 1973 Samita border skirmish War on Terror War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) United Nations Iraq -- Kuwait Observation Mission ( April 1991 -- October 2003 ) Kuwait -- Iraq barrier Gulf War military awards Iraq disarmament timeline 1990 -- 2003 Iraq -- Russia relations Lion of Babylon ( tank ) List of Gulf War military equipment Operation Simoom Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War SIPRI Arms Transfers Database , Iraq 1973 -- 1990 Timeline of the Gulf War History of the M1 Abrams Regional wars : List of modern conflicts in the Middle East General : Loss of Strength Gradient Military history of the United States Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Games : Conflict : Desert Storm Conflict : Desert Storm II Gulf War : Operation Desert Hammer Notes Jump up ^ The numbering of Persian Gulf conflicts depends on whether the Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) is referred to as the First ( Persian ) Gulf War ( English language sources prior to the start of the Kuwait war in 1990 usually called it the Gulf War ) , which would make the 1990 war the Second ( Persian ) Gulf War . Different sources may call the conflicts by different names . The name ' Persian Gulf ' is itself a subject of dispute . The start date of the Kuwait War can also be seen as either August 1990 ( when Iraq 's Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait ) or as January 1991 ( the start of Operation Desert Storm , when the US - led coalition forced Iraq out of Kuwait ) , so that the war is also often called the 1991 Gulf War , the 1990 -- 1991 Gulf War , the 1990s Gulf War , etc ... This dating is also used to distinguish it from the other two ' Gulf Wars ' . References ^ Jump up to : Miller , Judith . `` Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force . '' The New York Times , 27 March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Den 1 . Golfkrig '' . Forsvaret.dk. 24 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Persian Gulf War , the Sandhurst - trained Prince Khaled bin Sultan al - Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf www.casi.org.uk/discuss Jump up ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander , with US General Norman Schwarzkopf , of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com Jump up ^ Gulf War coalition forces ( latest available ) by country `` www.nationmaster.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 2005 ) . Chain of Command . Penguin Books . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : `` Persian Gulf War '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ 18 M1 Abrams , 11 M60 , 2 AMX - 30 Jump up ^ CheckPoint , Ludovic Monnerat - . `` Guerre du Golfe : le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna '' . Jump up ^ Scales , Brig. Gen. Robert H. : Certain Victory . Brassey 's , 1994 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Halberstadt 1991 . p. 35 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick . Crusade , The untold story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1993 . pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Captain Todd A. Buchs , B. Co . Commander , Knights In the Desert . Publisher / Editor Unknown . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Malory , Marcia . `` Tanks During the First Gulf War -- Tank History '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby Jump up ^ `` TAB H -- Friendly - fire Incidents '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NSIAD - 92 - 94 , `` Operation Desert Storm : Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams '' . US General Accounting Office , 10 January 1992 . Quote : `` According to information provided by the Army 's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans , 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war . Another 12 Bradleys were damaged , but four of these were quickly repaired . 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Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ * Finlan ( 2003 ) . p. 29 . * `` Resolution 661 ( 1990 ) '' . United Nations . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Report of the Security Council : 16 June 1990 -- 15 June 1991 . New York : United Nations . 1993 . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISSN 0082 - 8238 . Jump up ^ Lori Fisler Damrosch , International Law , Cases and Materials , West Group , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Thomas L. ( 22 August 1990 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf : Behind Bush 's Hard Line ; Washington Considers a Clear Iraqi Defeat To Be Necessary to Bolster Its Arab Allies '' . The New York Times . New York . pp. A1 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Proposals by Iraqi President : Excerpts From His Address '' . The New York Times . New York . 13 August 1990 . pp. A8 . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Shmuel ( 2005 ) . Beyond a Reasonable Doubt . Feldheim Publishers , p. 179 . ISBN 1 - 58330 - 806 - 7 Jump up ^ BBC News . `` 1990 : Outrage at Iraqi TV hostage show '' . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Royce , Knut ( 29 August 1990 ) . `` MIDDLE EAST CRISIS Secret Offer Iraq Sent Pullout Deal to U.S '' . Newsday . New York . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Royce , Knut ( 3 January 1991 ) . `` Iraq Offers Deal to Quit Kuwait U.S. rejects it , but stays ' interested ' '' . Newsday Washington Bureau . Long Island , N.Y. p. 5 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. ( 3 January 1991 ) . `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; Arafat Eases Stand on Kuwait - Palestine Link '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved 17 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Thomas L. ( 11 January 1991 ) . `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF ; As U.S. Officials See It , Hands of Aziz Were Tied '' . The New York Times . pp. A10 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See Paul Lewis , `` Confrontation in the Gulf : The U.N. ; France and 3 Arab States Issue an Appeal to Hussein , '' New York Times , 15 January 1991 , p . A12 Jump up ^ Michael Kranish et al. , `` World waits on brink of war : Late effort at diplomacy in gulf fails , '' Boston Globe , 16 January 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Ellen Nimmons , A.P. , `` Last - ditch pitches for peace ; But U.S. claims Iraqis hold key , '' Houston Chronicle , 15 January 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Alan Riding , `` CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF : France ; Paris Says Its Last - Ditch Peace Effort Has Failed '' New York Times 16 January 1991 Jump up ^ Gilles Kepel Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Jump up ^ `` The Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Timeline '' . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Years After Desert Storm , U.S. Commitment to Region Continues '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Documents : UN Security Council Resolution 678 '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , James Addison , and Thomas M. DeFrank . The Politics of Diplomacy : Revolution , War , and Peace , 1989 -- 1992 . New York : Putnam , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Unfinished War : A Decade Since Desert Storm '' . CNN In - Depth Specials. 2001 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lawrence , and Efraim Karsh . The Gulf Conflict 1990 -- 1991 : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 1993 . Print . Jump up ^ Lynch , Colum ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` Security Council Seat Tied to Aid '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bush , George H.W. ( 11 September 1990 ) . `` Address Before a Joint Session of Congress '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jean ( 6 January 1991 ) . `` Photos do n't show buildup '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , Volume 59 , page 33 , Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science ( Chicago , Ill . ) , Atomic Scientists of Chicago , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ( Organization ) , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf Center for Media and Democracy '' . Prwatch.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rowse , Ted ( 1992 ) . `` Kuwaitgate -- killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated '' . Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , p 40 . Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , pp 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Makiya 1993 , p 32 . Jump up ^ name = cnnstats Edwin E. Moïse . `` Limited War : The Stereotypes '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Operation Desert Storm globalsecurity.com Jump up ^ `` CNN.com In - depth specials -- Gulf War ( via Internet Archive ) '' . CNN . 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Robin J. ( 2002 ) . `` Fixed - Wing Combat Aircraft Attrition in Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Sources : Gulf War Airpower Survey , Vol. 5 ; Norman Friedman , Desert Victory ; World Air Power Journal . Additionally , Mark Bovankovich and LT Chuck Chase offered corrections and several intriguing details on these incidents . All errors , however , remain entirely mine . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rick ( 1994 ) . Crusade : The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 71083 - 9 Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh , The Gulf Conflict : Diplomacy and War in the New World Order , 1990 -- 1991 ( Princeton , 1993 ) , 332 . 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Jump up ^ Screaming Eagles The 101st Airborne Division from D - Day to Desert Storm by Christopher J Anderson P. 8 Jump up ^ twentieth century battlefields , the gulf war Jump up ^ Holsti , Ole R. ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) . `` The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War '' . American Public Opinion on the Iraq War . University of Michigan Press . p. 20 . ISBN 9780472034802 . Air attacks inflicted heavy casualties on retreatng forces along what became known as ' the highway of death . ' American , British , and French units pursued the Iraqis to within 150 miles of Baghdad . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert . The Great War for Civilisation , Vintage ( 2007 reprint ) , at p. 646 . Jump up ^ `` Abbas apology to Kuwait over Iraq '' . BBC News . 12 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cheney changed his view on Iraq `` , by Charles Pope , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , 29 September 2004 '' . 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 7 January 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Odgers 1999 , pp. 356 -- 371 . Jump up ^ Morin , Jean H. ; Gimblett , Richard Howard ( 1997 ) . Operation Friction , 1990 -- 1991 : The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf . Dundurn Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 257 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bourque , p. 275 ^ Jump up to : Bourque , p. 377 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Part 22 : Charge of the Heavy Brigade '' . British Army Official Blog. 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Part 24 : Back to Germany '' . British Army Official Blog. 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Use of Terror During Iraq 's Invasion of Kuwait '' . Jump up ^ `` Iraq and Kuwait Discuss Fate of 600 Missing Since Gulf War '' . Los Angeles Times . 9 January 2003 . Jump up ^ Scott Peterson , `` ' Smarter ' bombs still hit civilians '' , Christian Science Monitor , 22 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wages of War -- Appendix 2 : Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 1991 Gulf War '' . Comw.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Fisk , The Great War For Civilisation ; The Conquest of the Middle East ( Fourth Estate , 2005 ) , p. 853 . Jump up ^ `` Toting the Casualties of War '' . Businessweek. 6 February 2003 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( 9 April 2003 ) . `` Bid to stem civilian deaths tested '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Keaney , Thomas ; Eliot A. Cohen ( 1993 ) . Gulf War Air Power Survey . United States Dept. of the Air Force . ISBN 0 - 16 - 041950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` In - Depth Specials -- Gulf War '' . CNN . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2001 . Jump up ^ Ranter , Harro . `` ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed C - 130H Hercules 469 Rash Mishab '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roll of Honour '' . Britains-smallwars.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia -- Persian Gulf War , 1991 '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , Eric ( 22 March 1991 ) . `` After the War '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Role of the United Arab Emirates in the Iran - Iraq War and the Persian Gulf War '' . Country-data.com . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents ' Doorstep '' . Associated Press . 22 March 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Role of Kuwaiti Armed Forces in the Persian Gulf War '' . Country-data.com. 24 February 1991 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Blanford , Nicholas ( 2001 ) . `` Kuwait hopes for answers on its Gulf War POWs '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Persian Gulf War -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2010 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf War Veterans ' Medically Unexplained Illnesses '' . U.S Department of Veteran Affairs . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf war syndrome ; higher rates of specific birth defects in gulf war veterans ' children '' . Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA , 14 . 2003 . Jump up ^ Hindin R. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols : A review from an epidemiological perspective '' . Environmental Health . 4 ( 1 ) : 17 . doi : 10.1186 / 1476 - 069X - 4 - 17 . PMC 1242351 . PMID 16124873 . Jump up ^ Marshall , AC ( 2005 ) . `` An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study '' ( PDF ) . Sandia National Laboratories . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Depleted Uranium -- http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/depleted_uranium// Jump up ^ `` Depleted Uranium Health Effects '' . ead.anl.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` E-8 Joint - DEATH STAR ( JSTARS ) '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Chediac , Joyce . `` The massacre of withdrawing Soldieers on the highway of death '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Clancy & Horner 1999 , pp. 499 -- 500 . ^ Jump up to : Sloyan , Patrick . `` Iraqis Buried Alive -- U.S. Attacked With Bulldozers During War Ground Attack '' . The Seattle Times . 12 September 1991 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sloyan , Patrick Day ( 12 September 1991 ) , `` Buried Alive : U.S. Tanks Used Plows To Kill Thousands In Gulf War Trenches '' , Newsday , New York , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The gulf war : appendix : Iraqi death toll '' . Frontline . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ( 2003 ) , The Wars Against Saddam , Basingstoke : MacMillan . ^ Jump up to : Shafeeq Ghabra ( 8 May 1991 ) . `` The PLO in Kuwait '' . Jump up ^ Yann Le Troquer ; Rozenn Hommery al - Oudat ( Spring 1999 ) . `` From Kuwait to Jordan : The Palestinians ' Third Exodus '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . pp. 37 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Jordanians of Kuwait '' . Joshua Project . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians Open Kuwaiti Embassy '' . Al Monitor. 23 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's president flees for medical treatment as search for new leader begins '' . The Daily Telegraph . 5 June 2011 Jump up ^ 23 June 1991 , Washington Post , Bart Gellman Jump up ^ `` The View From France : America 's Unyielding Policy toward Iraq , '' Foreign Affairs , Vol. 74 , No. 1 , January / February 1995 , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Rubin , Michael ( December 2001 ) . `` Sanctions on Iraq : A Valid Anti-American Grievance ? '' ( PDF ) . 5 ( 4 ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs : 100 -- 115 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Frontline : War Stories '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrice O'Shaughness . `` Gulf War POW denounces abuse of Iraqi detainees '' . New York Daily News . Lexis Nexis Academic . 12 May . 2004 . Web . 15 April . 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Flight That Changed My Life '' . Johnnichol.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War Story : John Peters '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The One that Got Away by Chris Ryan & Bravo Two Zero by Andy McNab Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Burden '' . Time . 28 March 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` US pulls out of Saudi Arabia '' . BBC News . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Plotz , David ( 2001 ) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want ? , Slate Jump up ^ Bergen , Peter L. ( 2001 ) . Holy War Inc . Simon & Schuster . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Yusufzai , Rahimullah ( 26 September 2001 ) . `` Face to face with Osama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq surveys show ' humanitarian emergency ' '' . 12 August 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Spagat , Michael ( September 2010 ) . `` Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions '' ( PDF ) . Significance . Jump up ^ Rubin , Michael ( December 2001 ) . `` Sanctions on Iraq : A Valid Anti-American Grievance ? '' . 5 ( 4 ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs : 100 -- 115 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marsh Arabs '' . American University School of International Service . Archived from the original on 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Pollack ( Mar -- Apr 2003 ) . `` Duke Magazine - Oil Spill - After the Deluge '' . Duke Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Note : The cited supporting source uses the term Arabian Gulf to name this body of water . This article uses the proper name Persian Gulf . For more information , see the Persian Gulf naming dispute article . Jump up ^ `` V : `` Thunder And Lightning '' - The War With Iraq ( Subsection : The War At Sea ) `` . The United States Navy in `` Desert Shield '' / `` Desert Storm '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Wars of America . Castle Books . Jump up ^ Wellman , Robert Campbell ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` '' Iraq and Kuwait : 1972 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 . '' Earthshots : Satellite Images of Environmental Change `` . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Husain , T. ( 1995 ) . Kuwaiti Oil Fires : Regional Environmental Perspectives . Oxford : BPC Wheatons Ltd. p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` How much did the Gulf War cost the US ? '' . People.psych.cornell.edu. 20 May 1997 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . ^ Jump up to : `` The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries '' . ODI Briefing Paper . March 1991 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Ruff ( 31 July 2006 ) . `` Obituary : Bob Simpson '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Robertson ( 2007 ) . `` Images of War '' . AJR . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ken Jarecke 's account to the BBC World Service programme ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` Picture power : Death of an Iraqi soldier '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Iraqi Soldier '' . Famous Pictures Magazine . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Series ( The Gulf Crisis TV Project ) '' . archive.org. 11 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` War , Oil and Power '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` News World Order '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Naureckas , Jim ( April 1991 ) . `` Gulf War Coverage : The Worst Censorship Was at Home '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dumb Bombs '' . Fas.org . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Joel . GPS for Dummies . Jump up ^ `` Something wrong with our * * * * chips today '' . The Economist. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cirincione , Joseph ( October 1992 ) . `` The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the war '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2003 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot Missile Failure '' . Ima.umn.edu . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Works cited Victoria , William L. Cleveland , late of Simon Fraser University , Martin Bunton , University of ( 2013 ) . A History of the Modern Middle East ( Fifth edition . ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . p. 450 . ISBN 978 - 0813348339 . Last paragraph : `` On 16 January 1991 the air war against Iraq began Bourque , Stephen A. ( 2001 ) . Jayhawk ! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War . Center of Military History , United States Army . LCCN 2001028533 . OCLC 51313637 . Desert Storm : Ground War by Hans Halberstadt Col H. Avery Chenoweth ( 2005 ) Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines Bibliography Arbuthnot , Felicity ( 17 September 2000 ) . `` Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply in Gulf War '' . Scotland : Sunday Herald . Archived from the original on 5 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Atkinson , Rick ; Devroy , Ann ( 12 January 1991 ) . `` U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Austvik , Ole Gunnar ( 1993 ) . `` The War Over the Price of Oil '' . International Journal of Global Energy Issues . Bard , Mitchell . `` The Gulf War '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Barzilai , Gad ( 1993 ) . Klieman , Aharon ; Shidlo , Gil , eds . The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08002 - 9 . Blum , William ( 1995 ) . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II . Common Courage Press . ISBN 1 - 56751 - 052 - 3 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Bolkom , Christopher ; Pike , Jonathan . `` Attack Aircraft Proliferation : Areas for Concern '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Brown , Miland . `` First Persian Gulf War '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Emering , Edward John ( 2005 ) . The Decorations and Medals of the Persian Gulf War ( 1990 to 1991 ) . Claymont , DE : Orders and Medals Society of America . ISBN 1 - 890974 - 18 - 8 . OCLC 62859116 . Finlan , Alastair ( 2003 ) . The Gulf War 1991 . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 574 - 0 . Forbes , Daniel ( 15 May 2000 ) . `` Gulf War crimes ? '' . Salon Magazine . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Graham. , Bob ( 2012 ) . GULF in the WAR STORY : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You . Florida u.a. : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1475147056 . Hawley. , T.M. ( 1992 ) . Against the Fires of Hell : The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War . New York u.a. : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 103969 - 0 . Hiro , Dilip ( 1992 ) . Desert Shield to Desert Storm : The Second Gulf War . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 90657 - 9 . Clancy , Tom ; Horner , Chuck ( 1999 ) . Every Man a Tiger : The Gulf War Air Campaign . Putnam . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14493 - 6 . Hoskinson , Ronald Andrew ; Jarvis , Norman ( 1994 ) . `` Gulf War Photo Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . `` From the Gulf War to the Taliban Jihad / Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam '' . Latimer , Jon ( 2001 ) . Deception in War . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5605 - 8 . Little , Allan ( 1 December 1997 ) . `` Iraq coming in from the cold ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Lowry , Richard S . `` The Gulf War Chronicles '' . iUniverse ( 2003 and 2008 ) . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . MacArthur , John . `` Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Makiya , Kanan ( 1993 ) . Cruelty and Silence : War , Tyranny , Uprising , and the Arab World . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03108 - 9 . Moise , Edwin . `` Bibliography : The First U.S. -- Iraq War : Desert Shield and Desert Storm ( 1990 -- 1991 ) '' . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Munro , Alan ( 2006 ) . Arab Storm : Politics and Diplomacy Behind the Gulf War . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 128 - 1 . Naval Historical Center ( 15 May 1991 ) . `` The United States Navy in Desert Shield / Desert Storm '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Wright , Steven ( 2007 ) . The United States and Persian Gulf Security : The Foundations of the War on Terror . Ithaca Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86372 - 321 - 6 . Niksch , Larry A ; Sutter , Robert G ( 23 May 1991 ) . `` Japan 's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis : Implications for U.S. - Japan Relations '' . Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Odgers , George ( 1999 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Sydney : Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Riley , Jonathon ( 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Continuum . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Roberts , Paul William ( 1998 ) . The Demonic Comedy : Some Detours in the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 13823 - 3 . Sifry , Micah ; Cerf , Christopher ( 1991 ) . The Gulf War Reader . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 1947 - 5 . Simons , Geoff ( 2004 ) . Iraq : from Sumer to post-Saddam ( 3 ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1770 - 1 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 1992 ) . George Bush 's War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1388 - 7 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars : The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 84725 - 250 - 8 . Turnley , Peter ( December 2002 ) . `` The Unseen Gulf War ( photo essay ) '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Walker , Paul ; Stambler , Eric ( 1991 ) . `` ... and the dirty little weapons '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vol 47 , Number 4 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Frank , Andre Gunder ( 20 May 1991 ) . `` Third World War in the Gulf : A New World Order '' . Political Economy Notebooks for Study and Research , no . 14 , pp. 5 -- 34 . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . PBS Frontline . `` The Gulf War : an in - depth examination of the 1990 -- 1991 Persian Gulf crisis '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . `` Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2005 . Films Dawn of the World ( 2008 ) Bravo Two Zero ( 1999 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Finest Hour ( 1991 ) The Heroes of Desert Storm ( 1991 ) Jarhead ( 2005 ) Lessons of Darkness ( 1992 ) ( a documentary ) Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) Towelhead ( 2007 ) Three Kings ( 1999 ) The Manchurian Candidate ( 2004 ) Used as a back drop for the film The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . It is frequently discussed as well . Used in retconned backstory for The Punisher ( 2004 ) Airlift ( 2016 ) -- A Bollywood film based on the true story of the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone . Novels Braving the Fear -- The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War ( by Douglas Foster ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4137 - 9902 - 6 Bravo Two Zero ( by Andy McNab ) ISBN 0 - 440 - 21880 - 2 The Fist of God ( by Frederick Forsyth ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 09126 - 3 Glass ( Pray the Electrons Back to Sand ) ( by James Chapman ) Gulf in the War Story : A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You ( diary from inside the real Top Gun , VF - 1 `` Wolfpack '' by Bob Graham ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4751 - 4705 - 6 Hogs dime novel series by James Ferro Jarhead ( by Anthony Swofford ) ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3535 - 5 Savant ( by James Follett ) Summer 1990 ( by Firyal AlShalabi ) Third Graders at War ( by Felix G ) To Die in Babylon by Harold Livingston M60 vs T - 62 Cold War Combatants 1956 -- 92 ( by Lon Nordeen & David Isby ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gulf War Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf , Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War ( Video : ABC , 1991 ) Operation Desert Storm -- GlobalSecurity.org Gulf War Discussion from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Historical Context from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives CBC Digital Archives -- The 1991 Gulf War Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews by the United States Army Center of Military History Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History ( via Wayback Machine ) Desert Shield / Desert Storm Photographs US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Persian Gulf War 20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war ( not translated ) exact list of the technical details Liberating Kuwait United States Marine Corps Baath Ground Forces Equipment -- GlobalSecurity.org Friendly - fire Incidents -- www.gulflink.osd.mil https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html Gulf War Conflict timeline Disarmament timeline Invasion of Kuwait Battle of Dasman Palace Battle of the Bridges Battle of Failaka U.N. Resolution 660 Coalition intervention U.N. Resolution 661 Coalition Iraq -- United States relations Carter Doctrine Military equipment Battles Air campaign `` Package Q '' air strike Khafji Wadi Al - Batin Samurra Al Busayyah 67 Easting 73 Easting Phase Line Bullet Medina Ridge 2nd Kuwait Highway of Death Jalibah Norfolk Rumaila Safwan Aftermath Operation Southern Watch Iraq sanctions Kuwaiti oil fires 1991 uprisings Draining of the marshes Gulf War oil spill Depleted uranium Gulf War syndrome Awards Operation Provide Comfort Memorials London Saddam Hussein 28 April 1937 -- 30 December 2006 Biography 17 July Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran -- Iraq War ( U.S. support ) Anfal genocide Gulf War ( 1991 uprisings ) Human rights record Relationship with Al - Qaeda timeline Capture Interrogation Trial Execution Books Zabibah and the King The Fortified Castle Men and the City Begone , Demons Propaganda Killing babies Alleged shredder Family Father : Hussein ' Abid al - Majid Mother : Subha Tulfah al - Mussallat Half - brothers : Watban , Sabawi , and Barzan Wives : Sajida Talfah and Samira Shahbandar Uncle and Father - in - Law : Khairallah Talfah Sons : Uday and Qusay Daughters : Rana , Raghad , and Hala Grandchildren : Mustapha Hussein Media House of Saddam South Park The Devil 's Double Wikimedia : Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Commons Wikinews Wikibook Category Iraq articles History Ancient Sumer Akkadian Empire Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638 -- 1958 Muslim conquest of Persia Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Kara Koyunlu Ak Koyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq ( Mamluk dynasty ) Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Arab Federation Republic 1958 -- 68 1968 -- 2003 2003 -- 11 2011 -- present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iran -- Iraq War Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Mosul liberation Geography Al - Faw Peninsula Al - Jazira Euphrates Hamrin Mountains Persian Gulf Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Places Lakes Shatt al - Arab Syrian Desert Tigris Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives ( legislative ) Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President Prime Minister Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein 's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL - controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Military Police Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Economy Central Bank Dinar ( currency ) Infrastructure Oil Industry Oil reserves Reconstruction Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transportation Society Cuisine Culture Education Health Media Music Smoking Sports Demographics Iraqis diaspora refugees Languages Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Persian Iraqi Turkmen dialect Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Turkmen / Turcoman Jews Religion Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Outline Index Category Portal List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt Egyptian revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War Turkish -- Armenian War Franco - Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco - Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1921 Persian coup d'état 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi -- Yemeni War ( 1934 ) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935 -- 36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo - Iraqi War Syria -- Lebanon Campaign Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al - Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 1950s Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi -- Kurdish conflict First Iraqi - Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8th March Syrian Revolution Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen -- South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey ( 1976 -- 80 ) Libyan -- Egyptian War Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1980s Sadr uprising ( 1980 ) Iran -- Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey - PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal 's executions 1990s Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1991 uprisings in Iraq Terror campaign in Egypt ( 1990s ) Yemeni Civil War ( 1994 ) Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia ( 2000 -- present ) Operation Desert Fox al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 al - Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran -- Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah -- Hamas conflict Nahr al - Bared fighting 2008 conflict in Lebanon South Yemen insurgency 2009 -- 10 Iranian election protests 2010s Bahraini uprising of 2011 Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt ( 2013 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Yemeni Crisis Turkish involvement in Syria This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts ( after 1918 ) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated ; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with + 100,000 killed with bold . Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what country was attacked at the beginning of the persian golf war	[ "The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War or Iraq War,[25][26][27][a] before the term \"Iraq War\" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the US as \"Operation Iraqi Freedom\").[28] The Iraqi Army's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. Together with the UK's prime minister Margaret Thatcher (who had fiercely resisted the invasion by Argentina of the Falkland Islands a decade earlier[29]), George Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the coalition, forming the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the coalition's military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost.[30]" ]	[ "Kuwait" ]
7728662606334349600	Residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations	Residence of the United States ambassador to the United Nations - wikipedia Residence of the United States ambassador to the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search The residence of the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations is housed on the 42nd floor of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel , pictured here in 2012 . The residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the official residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . As of 2016 it was located in a suite of rooms on the 42nd floor of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City leased by the U.S. Department of State . Described in press reports as `` palatial '' , the establishment of the current residence in 1947 marked the first time in history that an ambassadorial residence had been located in a hotel . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Notable residents 2 Design 3 References History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Beginning in 1947 , shortly after the siting of the United Nations secretariat in New York , the U.S. State Department took a long - term lease for occupancy of a suite of rooms by the U.S. ambassador at the Waldorf - Astoria , a luxury hotel constructed in 1931 . The establishment of the ambassador 's residence at the Waldorf - Astoria made it the first hotel in history to house an ambassadorial residence . In 1960 , a townhouse at Sutton Place , originally constructed by J.P. Morgan in 1921 , was donated to the U.S. government by then owner Arthur Houghton with the intention it be used as a new ambassadorial residence . However , ambassador Adlai Stevenson II determined the home was not to his liking and the residence continued at the Waldorf - Astoria . ( The Sutton Place townhouse was subsequently re-gifted by the United States to the United Nations and currently serves as the official residence of the Secretary - General of the United Nations . ) In 1978 , Ebony reported that Andrew Young and his family explored the possibility of moving out of the suite at the Waldorf - Astoria and into a house instead . Young , who was the first ambassador to live in the suite with `` young children '' , stated that `` ( t ) he Waldorf is very nice , and its convenient , but I just have problems trying to bring up a small child in a hotel . '' However , the search ultimately `` became a media issue '' and Young elected to stay in the suite . Nevertheless , he opined that `` ( p ) eople tried to make it seem like I was saying that the Waldorf was n't good enough for us '' . As of 1999 , the State Department was paying $360,000 per year to lease the suite on a rolling basis ; the lease is renewed every ten years with an optional one or two year short - term extension . In 2015 , it was announced the State Department would no longer permit staff to be housed at the Waldorf - Astoria , due to security concerns arising from the recent purchase of the property by Chinese business interests . Whether the decision would impact the status of the residence was not made clear , however , as of March 2016 the hotel was still being occupied by the U.S. ambassador . The New York Post reports that Trump 's Ambassador Nikki Haley is saving taxpayers money by renting a penthouse in the 50 United Nations Plaza rather than staying at the Waldorf . Notable residents ( edit ) John Kennedy , U Thant , and Adlai Stevenson at the Waldorf - Astoria in 1962 . Madeleine Albright , George H.W. Bush , Charles W. Yost , Adlai Stevenson II , Samantha Power , and Bill Richardson are among notable former residents of the suite . During his 1999 -- 2001 tenure as U.N. ambassador , Richard Holbrooke elected not to occupy the 42nd floor apartment , choosing instead to live in his private Manhattan home . In his place , the residence was temporarily occupied by Holbrooke 's assistant , then 27 - year old Randolph Eddy . According to reports , Holbrooke and his wife , journalist Kati Marton , would throw `` glittery parties '' in the suite `` where pols and foreign ministers mixed with the likes of Robert De Niro and Sarah Jessica Parker . '' As of July 2014 , Power lived in the suite with her husband , Harvard Law School professor Cass Sunstein , and their two young children . Design ( edit ) The suite is located on `` the very top floor '' of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . Described in press accounts as `` palatial , '' the residence is decorated with , among other items , a Jim Dine painting , an Alexander Calder mobile , and a grand piano , and features `` twinkling city views '' of the New York skyline . The front door to the suite is framed by a golden eagle . It is located on the opposite side of the corridor from the `` royal suite '' , so - called as it was long used by the Duke of Windsor as his unofficial New York City residence . As of 1971 , the interior of the suite was sectioned into nine rooms , including five bedrooms and a living room with a 48 - foot ( 15 m ) tall ceiling , which was used to `` host large official receptions . '' Dorothy Bush Koch noted that the apartment was designed with `` high ceilings , handsome old woodwork , working fireplaces , and big windows with beautiful views of New York City . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richardson , Bruce ( 2006 ) . The Great Tea Rooms of America . Benjamin Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0966347862 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Wiedman , Reeves ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown Shuffle '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knoller , Mark ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` New U.N. ambassador 's perk : A NYC penthouse '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Colum ( December 8 , 2006 ) . `` U.N. to Renovate Secretary General 's Residence '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spark , Penny ( 2005 ) . Elsie De Wolfe : The Birth of Modern Interior Decoration . Acanthus Press . pp. 346 -- 348 . ISBN 0926494279 . Jump up ^ Flippin , Alexis Lipsitz ( January 25 , 2011 ) . Frommer 's New York City with Kids . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 01949 - 8 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , Herschel ( April 1978 ) . `` A Close Encounter with Andrew Young '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Ambassador Forgoes Waldorf Suite '' . Victoria Advocate . August 29 , 1999 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US taking ' close look ' at Waldorf Astoria hotel sale to Chinese company '' . The Guardian . London . Associated Press . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Diplomats leave the New York Waldorf - Astoria '' . Hospitality Business News . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anbang ups bid for Starwood , making Marriott merger less likely '' . Baltimore Sun . 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://streeteasy.com/blog/nikki-haley-at-un-plaza-not-waldorf-astoria-tradition/ Jump up ^ Kettle , Martin ( August 29 , 1999 ) . `` Suite at the Waldorf for Holbrooke aide '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Bush Ran All the Way '' . Life . November 5 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Baer , Susan ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Can Samantha Power , the United States ' Youngest - Ever Ambassador to the United Nations , Live Up to Her Own Ideals ? '' . Elle . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heilpern , John ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Out to Lunch with Samantha Power '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush Kock , Doro ( 2016 ) . My Father , My President : A Personal Account of the Life of George H.W. Bush . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 145552994X -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gordon , Meryl . `` Ambassador A-List '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ( hide ) Official government residences in North America Antigua and Barbuda : Government House ( GG ) Bahamas : Government House ( GG ) Barbados : Government House ( GG ) Ilaro Court ( PM ) Canada : Rideau Hall ( Mon & GG ) Citadelle of Quebec ( GG ) 24 Sussex Drive ( PM ) Harrington Lake ( PM ) Rideau Cottage ( PM - temporary ) Cuba : Presidential Palace ( former ) Dominica : Government House Dominican Republic : National Palace Grenada : Government House ( GG ) Haiti : National Palace Jamaica : King 's House ( GG ) Vale Royal ( PM ) Mexico : National Palace Los Pinos Puerto Rico : La Fortaleza Saint Kitts and Nevis : Government House ( GG ) Saint Lucia : Government House ( GG ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : Government House ( GG ) Trinidad and Tobago : President 's House St. Anns Diplomatic Residence ( PM ) United States : White House 42nd Floor Apartment Camp David One Observatory Circle Presidential Emergency Facility President 's Guest House Presidential Townhouse Tingey House Trowbridge House Notes Monarch ( Mon ) Governor - general ( GG ) Lieutenant - governor ( LG ) Prime minister ( PM ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Residence_of_the_United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations&oldid=819020871 '' Categories : Ambassadorial residences Waldorf Astoria New York Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the ambassador to the united nations live	[ "The residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the official residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. As of 2016 it was located in a suite of rooms on the 42nd floor of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City leased by the U.S. Department of State. Described in press reports as \"palatial\", the establishment of the current residence in 1947 marked the first time in history that an ambassadorial residence had been located in a hotel." ]	[ "in a suite of rooms on the 42nd floor of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City" ]
7056744600025591691	John Hancock Center	John Hancock Center - wikipedia John Hancock Center Jump to : navigation , search John Hancock Center John Hancock Center Show map of Chicago Show map of Illinois Show map of the US Show all Location within Chicago General information Status Complete Architectural style Structural Expressionism Location Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Coordinates 41 ° 53 ′ 56 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 41.8988 ° N 87.6230 ° W / 41.8988 ; - 87.6230 Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 56 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 41.8988 ° N 87.6230 ° W / 41.8988 ; - 87.6230 Construction started 1965 Completed 1969 Cost $100,000,000 Owner The Hearn Company Height Architectural 1,128 ft ( 343.7 m ) Tip 1,500 ft ( 457 m ) Roof 1,127 ft ( 344 m ) Top floor 1,054 ft ( 321 m ) Observatory 1,030 ft ( 314 m ) Technical details Floor count 100 Floor area 2,799,973 sq ft ( 260,126 m ) Lifts / elevators 50 , made by Otis Elevator Company Design and construction Architect Fazlur Rahman Khan Skidmore , Owings and Merrill Developer John Hancock Insurance Main contractor Tishman Construction Co . Website www.360chicago.com References The John Hancock Center is a 100 - story , 1,128 - foot ( 343.7 m ) supertall skyscraper at 875 North Michigan Avenue , Chicago , Illinois , United States . It was constructed under the supervision of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , with chief designer Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan . When the building topped out on May 6 , 1968 , it was the second tallest building in the world and the tallest outside New York City . It is currently the fourth - tallest building in Chicago and the eighth - tallest in the United States , after One World Trade Center , the Willis Tower , 432 Park Avenue , the Trump Tower Chicago , the Empire State Building , the Bank of America Tower , and the Aon Center . When measured to the top of its antenna masts , it stands at 1,500 feet ( 457 m ) . The building is home to offices and restaurants , as well as about 700 condominiums , and contains the third highest residence in the world , after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and the Trump Tower in Chicago . The building was named for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company , a developer and original tenant of the building . From the 95th floor restaurant , diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan . The Observatory ( 360 Chicago ) , which competes with the Willis Tower 's Skydeck , has a 360 ° view of the city , up to four states , and a distance of over 80 miles ( 130 km ) . The Observatory has Chicago 's only open - air SkyWalk and also features a free multimedia tour in six languages . The 44th - floor sky lobby features America 's highest indoor swimming pool . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Height 4 360 ° Chicago 5 The Signature Room 6 Tenants and businesses 7 Panorama of the skyline of Chicago 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The project , which would at that time become the world 's second tallest building , was originally conceived of and owned by Jerry Wolman in late 1964 , the project being financed by John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co . Construction of the tower was interrupted in 1967 due to a flaw in an innovative engineering method used to pour concrete in stages that was discovered when the building was 20 stories high . The engineers were getting the same soil settlements for the 20 stories that had been built as what they had expected for the entire 99 stories . This forced the owner to stop development until the engineering problem could be resolved , and resulted in a credit crunch . This situation is similar to the one faced during the construction of 111 West Wacker , then known as the Waterview Tower . Wolman 's bankruptcy resulted in John Hancock taking over the project , which retained the original design , architect , engineer , and main contractor . The building 's first resident was Ray Heckla , the original building engineer , responsible for the residential floors from 44 to 92 . Heckla moved his family in April 1969 , before the building was completed . On November 11 , 1981 , Veterans Day , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin , for the purpose of calling attention to the inability to rescue people trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers , successfully climbed the building 's exterior wall . Wearing a wetsuit and using a climbing device that enabled him to ascend the I - beams on the building 's side , Goodwin battled repeated attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to knock him off . Fire Commissioner William Blair ordered Chicago firemen to stop Goodwin by directing a fully engaged fire hose at him and by blasting fire axes through nearby glass from the inside . Fearing for Goodwin 's life , Mayor Jane Byrne intervened and allowed him to continue to the top . The John Hancock Center was featured in the 1988 movie Poltergeist III . On December 18 , 1997 , comedian Chris Farley was found dead in his apartment on the 60th floor of the John Hancock Center . On March 9 , 2002 , part of a scaffold fell 43 stories after being torn loose by wind gusts around 60 mph ( 100 km / h ) crushing several cars , killing three people in two of them . The remaining part of the stage swung back - and - forth in the gusts repeatedly slamming against the building , damaging cladding panels , breaking windows , and sending pieces onto the street below . On December 10 , 2006 , the non-residential portion of the building was sold by San Francisco based Shorenstein Properties LLC for $385 million and was purchased by a joint venture of Chicago - based Golub & Company and the Whitehall Street Real Estate Funds . Shorenstein had bought the building in 1998 for $220 million . Golub defaulted on its debt and the building was acquired in 2012 by Deutsche Bank AG who subsequently carved up the building . The venture of Deutsche Bank AG and New York - based NorthStar Realty Finance Corp. paid an estimated $325 million for debt on the Hancock in 2012 after its previous owners defaulted on $400 million in loans . The observation deck was sold to Paris - based Montparnasse 56 Group for $35 million and $45 in July 2012 . That same month , Prudential Real Estate Investors acquired the retail and restaurant space for almost $142 million . In November 2012 , Boston - based American Tower Corp affiliate paid $70 million for the antennas . In June 2013 , a venture of Chicago - based real estate investment firm Hearn Co. , New York - based investment firm Mount Kellett Capital Management L.P. and San Antonio - based developer Lynd Co. closed on the expected acquisition of the Hancock 's 856,000 square feet of office space and 710 - car parking deck . The Chicago firm did not disclose a price , but sources said it was about $145 million . This was the last step in that piecemeal sale process . In May 2016 , Hearn Co. announced that they were seeking buyers for the naming rights with possible signage rights for the building . Hustle up the Hancock is an annual stair climb race up the 94 floors from the Michigan Avenue level to the observation deck . It is held on the last Sunday of February . The climb benefits Respiratory Health Association . The record time as of 2007 is 9 minutes 30 seconds . On April 16 , 2009 at 6 : 00AM CDT , WYCC - TV transmitting off the John Hancock switched to all - digital broadcasting , becoming Chicago 's first television station to stop broadcasting in an analog signal . WYCC - TV is one of only two Chicago market full - power television stations which broadcast from the top of the John Hancock Center . The other is WGBO - DT , while all of the other area stations broadcast from the top of the Willis Tower . On November 21 , 2015 , a fire broke out in an apartment on the 50th floor of the building . The Chicago Fire Department was able to extinguish the fire after an hour and a half ; five people suffered minor injuries . Design ( edit ) X-bracing on the John Hancock Center One of the most famous buildings of the structural expressionist style , the skyscraper 's distinctive X-braced exterior shows that the structure 's skin is part of its ' tubular system ' . This is one of the engineering techniques which the designers used to achieve a record height ( the tubular system is the structure that keeps the building upright during wind and earthquake loads ) . This X-bracing allows for both higher performance from tall structures and the ability to open up the inside floorplan . Such original features have made the John Hancock Center an architectural icon . It was pioneered by Bangladeshi - American structural civil engineer Fazlur Khan and chief architect Bruce Graham . The interior was remodeled in 1995 , adding to the lobby travertine , black granite , and textured limestone surfaces . The elliptical - shaped plaza outside the building serves as a public oasis with seasonal plantings and a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) waterfall . A band of white lights at the top of the building is visible all over Chicago at night , and changes colors for different events . For example , at Christmas time the colors are green and red . When a Chicago - area sports team goes far in the playoffs , the colors are changed to match the team 's colors . The building is a member of the World Federation of Great Towers . It has won various awards for its distinctive style , including the Distinguished Architects Twenty - five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects in May 1999 . The building is only partially protected by a fire sprinkler system , as the residential floors do not have sprinklers . Height ( edit ) As seen from the Willis Tower , Lake Michigan is the backdrop . Including two antennas , the John Hancock Center has a height of 1,499 feet ( 457 m ) , making it the thirty - third tallest building in the world when measured to pinnacle height . The Observatory elevators of the John Hancock center , manufactured by Otis , travel 96 floors at a top speed of 1,800 ft / min ( 20 mph ; 9.1 m / s ) . It has been said the elevators to the observation deck are the fastest in North America , reaching from ground floor to the 95th floor at a top speed of 38 seconds . The fact about the speed record is also mentioned in the voice announcement recording which is played every time the elevator is going up from ground floor to observation deck . Today , it has been said the building is one of the oldest skyscrapers in the world with 100 floors or more . 360 ° Chicago ( edit ) Located on the 94th floor , 360 ° Chicago is the John Hancock Center 's observatory . The floor of the observatory is 1,030 feet ( 310 m ) off of street - level below . The entrance can be found on the concourse level of the John Hancock Center ; mainly accessible by the Michigan Avenue side of the building . The observatory , previously called the John Hancock Observatory , has been independently owned and operated since 2014 by the Montparnasse 56 Group out of Paris , France . The elevators are credited to be the fastest in the Western Hemisphere , at a top speed of 1,800 ft / min ( 20.5 mph ) . The observatory boasts larger floor space than its direct competitor , Skydeck at the Willis Tower . In addition , 360 ° Chicago has a cafe by Lavazza Coffee which stocks alcoholic beverages as well . In the summer of 2014 , 360 ° Chicago added its TILT attraction . The TILT platform is an additional fee , and is a series of floor to ceiling windows that slowly tilt outside the building to 30 ° . The platform is on the observatory level , and faces south over the city . This observatory sees less attendance than the Skydeck at the Willis Tower , leading to a quieter and quicker experience . The Signature Room ( edit ) Separate from its observatory , John Hancock Center has a restaurant on its 95th floor named the Signature Room . Tenants and businesses ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Mayle , Ray & Mayle LLC Accent Chicago Benihana Best Buy The Cheesecake Factory Cimaglia Productions Consulate - General of Chile in Chicago , Suite 3352 Consulate General of Denmark , Chicago , Suite 3950 Elephants , Etc . Big Shoulders Digital Video Production Exclusively Gourmet , Ltd . Etihad Airways ( 31st Floor ) Fingers & Toes Nail Salon Gateway Newsstand & Snack Shop Golin ( PR firm ) , Suite 2600 Hanig 's Footwear 360 ° Chicago Laurichem Inc. , Suite 8609 The North Face The Signature Room at the 95th Regus , Suite 3100 Qatar Airways , Suite 1310 Weber Shandwick , Suite 2400 WDRV 97.1 , Classic Rock Radio Station , Suite 1510 FCB ( advertising agency ) Starbucks , Suite 3 Panorama of the skyline of Chicago ( edit ) Gallery ( edit ) A view of the Hancock Center at sunset Side view of the Hancock Center A view of Lake Michigan from the observatory in the Hancock Center A detailed view of the two antenna spires atop the John Hancock Center A view of the Hancock Center as seen from Lincoln Park Zoo John Hancock Center from Lake Michigan . See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Illinois portal Architecture portal Architecture of Chicago List of buildings and structures List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of tallest buildings in the world List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Hancock Observatory -- At a Glance '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Edelman . 2008 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Hancock Center - The Skyscraper Center '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Jump up ^ `` John Hancock Center '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ John Hancock Center at Emporis Jump up ^ `` John Hancock - Ownership '' . ^ Jump up to : `` John Hancock Center '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ p. 422 , American Architecture : A History , Leland M. Roth , Westview Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3662 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The John Hancock Center : 875 North Michigan Avenue , Chicago , Illinois '' . Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The John Hancock Center '' . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Hancock Insuance '' . Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Malooley , Jake ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` John Hancock Observatory to rebrand as 360 Chicago '' . Time Out Chicago . Jump up ^ `` Hancock Observatory tour , Schwimmer included '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Emporis.com Jump up ^ Jerry Wolman : The World 's Richest Man , Joseph Bokol , Richard Bokol , 2012 Jump up ^ Headliners Higher and Higher Published : 15 November 1981 , New York Times Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Farley : Trivia '' . TV.com . CNET Networks . Retrieved 17 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Ghosts '' . Chicago Hauntings Tours . Retrieved 17 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Golub Real Estate Investment and Development Jump up ^ Ori , Ryan ( 2013 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Carving up the Hancock '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : < http://www.chicagobusiness.com/realestate/20130624/CRED03/130629902/new-owners-of-hancock-office-space-plan-45-million-rehab# > Jump up ^ `` Boul Mich deck with la view '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Oberlander , Marissa ( 2012 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Hancock 's retail , restaurant space sells for almost $142 million '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Oberlander , Marissa ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) . `` How much for the antennas atop Hancock Center ? '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) . `` John Hancock Center shops naming rights to fund plaza redevelopment '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` WYCC - Channel 20 goes all - digital early '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` 5 Injured in 2 - Alarm Fire at John Hancock Building '' . WMAQ - TV . NBCUniversal Media , LLC. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty Five Year Award Recipients '' . American Institute of Architects . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Hancock Center `` Contractor & Vendor Rules and Regulations , June 2013 '' Jump up ^ Fire Sprinkler Times `` Residential Floors of John Hancock Center Not Protected With Fire Sprinklers '' Jump up ^ `` Asian Skyscrapers Dominate A New List Of The World 's Fastest Elevators '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zaheer , Sidrah . `` Top 10 Oldest Skyscrapers In The World '' . gizmocrazed.com . Gizmo Crazed . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plan Your Visit '' . 360 Chicago . 360 Chicago . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the John Hancock '' . 360 Chicago . 360 Chicago . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cafe at 360 Chicago '' . 360 Chicago . 360 chicago . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TILT '' . 360 chicago. 360 Chicago . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Signature Room at the 5th '' . www.chicagoreader.com . Chicago Reader . n.d . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benihana Brings Iconic Dining Experience to Downtown Chicago '' ( PDF ) . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Best Buy Opens in John Hancock Center on Chicago 's Famous Magnificent Mile '' . Yahoo ! News . 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Hancock Center Chicago '' . Benihana . Retrieved 19 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oficinas Consulares en Estados Unidos . '' Embassy of Chile in Washington , D.C. Accessed 31 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` Consulate General of Denmark - Chicago . '' Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Accessed 7 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Our offices . '' ( Select United States of America ) Etihad Airways . Accessed 11 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hanig 's Footwear , website Jump up ^ The Signature Room at the 95th , website Jump up ^ `` Chicago . '' Qatar Airways . Accessed 9 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` ( 3 ) Jump up ^ http://www.wdrv.com Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Hancock Center . John Hancock Center 360 Chicago , formerly Hancock Observatory John Hancock Center on CTBUH Skyscraper Center John Hancock Center at Structurae Records Preceded by Richard J. Daley Center Tallest building in Chicago 1969 -- 1972 344 m Succeeded by Aon Center Preceded by Prudential Tower Tallest building in the United States outside of New York City 1969 -- 1972 344 m Supertall skyscrapers ( hide ) Current North America 432 Park Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower John Hancock Center One World Trade Center One57 The New York Times Building Trump Tower Chicago Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia 23 Marina 85 Sky Tower Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait ADNOC Headquarters Almas Tower Al Hamra Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Bank of China Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower The Center Central Plaza Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Eton Place Dalian Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Emirates Office Tower Elite Residence Etihad Towers Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Pearl River Tower Petronas Towers Ping An Finance Centre Princess Tower Rose Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Taipei 101 Telekom Tower Tianjin World Financial Center The Address Downtown Dubai The Index The Landmark The Marina Torch The Pinnacle The Wharf Times Square Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center White Magnolia Plaza World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zifeng Tower Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street 3 Hudson Boulevard 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 3 World Trade Center 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 9 DeKalb Avenue Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Salesforce Tower Wanda Vista Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Zhujiang New City Tower India Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Oasis Tower Orchid Crown Palais Royale , Mumbai World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper ( Dubai ) other Abu Dhabi Plaza Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower KL118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Convention Center Tower Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Skycity Signature Tower Jakarta Sino - Steel Tower Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower The Pinnacle Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Chicago skyscrapers Tallest buildings Aon Center Franklin Center John Hancock Center Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza Willis Tower Selected buildings with 20 or more floors 35 East Wacker 55 East Erie Street 77 West Wacker Drive 111 South Wacker Drive 155 North Wacker 181 West Madison Street 311 South Wacker Drive 330 North Wabash 333 North Michigan 333 Wacker Drive 340 on the Park 401 East Ontario 500 West Madison 860 -- 880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments 900 North Michigan 1700 East 56th Street ABN AMRO Plaza Allerton Hotel Aqua Bilandic Building The Blackstone Hotel Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower Boeing International Headquarters Carbide & Carbon Building The Chandler Chase Tower Chicago Board of Trade Building Chicago Place Chicago Temple Building City Hall Square Building Civic Opera House Coast at Lakeshore East CNA Center Crain Communications Building Dirksen Federal Building Field Building Fisher Building FOUR40 Four Seasons Hotel Chicago Grant Thornton Tower Harbor Point Hilton Chicago Home Insurance Building Hyatt Center James R. Thompson Center Joffrey Tower Kluczynski Federal Building Lake Point Tower The Lancaster LaSalle - Wacker Building Legacy Tower Leo Burnett Building London Guarantee Building Marina City Masonic Temple Mather Tower Metropolitan Tower Montauk Building NBC Tower Olympia Centre One Magnificent Mile One Museum Park One North LaSalle One North Wacker One Prudential Plaza Optima Signature Outer Drive East Palmer House Hotel Palmolive Building Park Tower The Parkshore Peoples Gas Building Pittsfield Building Plaza 440 Powhatan Apartments Presidential Towers The Regatta Regents Park Richard J. Daley Center River East Center Roanoke Building and Tower The Shoreham Skybridge The Buckingham The Fordham The Heritage at Millennium Park The Grant The Pinnacle Three First National Plaza The Tides Time - Life Building Tribune Tower Virgin Hotels Chicago Waldorf Astoria Chicago Water Tower Place Wrigley Building Chicago Landmark skyscrapers with 12 or more floors 300 West Adams Building The Arc at Old Colony Auditorium Building Brooks Building Bryn Mawr Apartment Hotel Carson , Pirie , Scott and Company Building Chicago Building Gage Group Buildings Heyworth Building Hilliard Towers Apartments Inland Steel Building Manhattan Building Marquette Building Marshall Field and Company Building Monadnock Building Mundelein College Skyscraper Building New York Life Insurance Building Reliance Building Rookery Building See also Architecture Art Deco Chicago City Hall Chicago School Tallest buildings Washington Block John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Tower John Hancock Center Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hancock_Center&oldid=806343322 '' Categories : High - tech architecture Skyscraper office buildings in Chicago Residential buildings completed in 1970 Residential condominiums in Chicago Residential skyscrapers in Chicago Skidmore , Owings & Merrill buildings Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Coordinates on Wikidata Dynamic lists Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 11 : 22 . About Wikipedia	when was the john hancock building in chicago built	[ "\n\nJohn Hancock Center\n\n\n\nJohn Hancock Center\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShow map of ChicagoShow map of IllinoisShow map of the USShow all\nLocation within Chicago\n\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nStatus\nComplete\n\n\nArchitectural style\nStructural Expressionism\n\n\nLocation\nChicago, Illinois, U.S.\n\n\nCoordinates\n41°53′56″N 87°37′23″W / 41.8988°N 87.6230°W / 41.8988; -87.6230Coordinates: 41°53′56″N 87°37′23″W / 41.8988°N 87.6230°W / 41.8988; -87.6230\n\n\nConstruction started\n1965\n\n\nCompleted\n1969[1]\n\n\nCost\n$100,000,000[1]\n\n\nOwner\nThe Hearn Company\n\n\nHeight\n\n\nArchitectural\n1,128 ft (343.7 m)[2]\n\n\nTip\n1,500 ft (457 m)[2]\n\n\nRoof\n1,127 ft (344 m)\n\n\nTop floor\n1,054 ft (321 m)[2]\n\n\nObservatory\n1,030 ft (314 m)[2]\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nFloor count\n100[2]\n\n\nFloor area\n2,799,973 sq ft (260,126 m2)[2]\n\n\nLifts/elevators\n50, made by Otis Elevator Company[2]\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\nFazlur Rahman Khan\nSkidmore, Owings and Merrill\n\n\nDeveloper\nJohn Hancock Insurance\n\n\nMain contractor\nTishman Construction Co.\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nwww.360chicago.com\n\n\nReferences\n\n\n[2][3][4][5]\n\n" ]	[ "1969" ]
3215819941698895338	Give a Little Bit	Give a Little Bit - wikipedia Give a Little Bit Jump to : navigation , search `` Give a Little Bit '' Single by Supertramp from the album Even in the Quietest Moments ... B - side `` Downstream '' Released May 1977 ( 1977 - 05 ) Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Progressive rock , folk rock , pop rock Length 4 : 08 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Rick Davies , Roger Hodgson Producer ( s ) Supertramp Supertramp singles chronology `` Sister Moonshine '' ( 1976 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 1977 ) `` Babaji '' ( 1977 ) `` Sister Moonshine '' ( 1976 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 1977 ) `` Babaji '' ( 1977 ) Even in the Quietest Moments track listing `` Give a Little Bit '' `` Lover Boy '' `` Even in the Quietest Moments '' `` Downstream '' `` Babaji '' `` From Now On '' `` Fool 's Overture '' `` Give a Little Bit '' is the opening song on Supertramp 's 1977 album Even in the Quietest Moments ... The song was released as a single that same year and became an international hit for the band , peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart . It was a chart hit in the band 's native UK , reaching number 29 on the UK Singles Chart . The single was re-released in 1992 to raise funds for the ITV Telethon Charity event , but failed to chart . Its writing credits are given to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson , although it is a Hodgson composition . Hodgson and Davies shared writing credits from 1974 until 1983 , when Hodgson left Supertramp . The song is characterized by the ringing tones of 12 - string acoustic guitars , which is joined by a Hohner Clavinet through a Leslie speaker in the bridge of the song . Drummer Bob Siebenberg recounted that `` Roger had been working at Malibu for quite a while on this tune . I 'd hear the song in hotel rooms and places like that . He had the song on a little tape when I first joined the band so I was quite familiar with the tune . We tried out various drum things and it seemed right to ride it along on the snare drum ... giving it something almost like a train beat . So it 's all on the snare and bass drum , with no tom - tom fills or anything . '' A short snippet of the song is played in the film Superman shortly before Lois Lane 's death scene . The song , however , is not featured on the movie 's soundtrack . The song was used interwoven with the final scenes and part of the end credits for the Ricky Gervais 2009 film The Invention of Lying . The song was used in 2014 for Stouffer 's , Coca - Cola 's Share Happiness commercials and for Target Australia 's Christmas commercials in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Live performances 2 Track listings 2.1 7 '' vinyl single ( 1977 ) 2.2 CD single ( 1990 ) 2.3 CD single ( 1992 ) 2.4 CD single ( 2012 ) 3 Chart performance 4 Personnel 5 Goo Goo Dolls version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart performance 6 References 7 External links Live performances ( edit ) `` Give a Little Bit '' was recorded to be released on the live album Paris , but the song was dropped because the band members found all the available recordings of the song to be of unacceptable quality . After Hodgson had left Supertramp , it was included in almost all his live performances . The song has also been performed by Hodgson during his tour with Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band in 2001 ; a recording appears on the album Ringo Starr and Friends . On Sunday 1 July 2007 , Roger Hodgson sang this song as his finale for his short set at the Concert for Diana , held in Wembley Stadium in London . After Hodgson 's departure from Supertramp , the band included the song for the first time in their set list in 2002 during their One More For The Road Tour . The song was sung by Jesse Siebenberg . They also played the song in their 70 - 10 Tour in 2010 . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 3 : 20 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` Downstream '' 4 : 00 CD single ( 1990 ) ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 4 : 07 2 . `` The Logical Song '' ( Live version ) 3 : 41 3 . `` Bloody Well Right '' ( Live version ) 6 : 11 CD single ( 1992 ) ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 4 : 10 2 . `` Give a Little Bit '' ( Live version ) 4 : 03 3 . `` Breakfast in America '' 2 : 38 CD single ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Give a Little Bit ( with choir ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 29 Dutch GfK charts Dutch Top 40 German Singles Chart 29 Norwegian Singles Chart 9 U.S. Billboard Pop Singles 15 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 12 Personnel ( edit ) Roger Hodgson -- acoustic 12 - string guitar , electric guitar , lead and backing vocals Dougie Thomson -- bass Bob Siebenberg -- drums , tambourine , maracas Rick Davies -- clavinet , piano , backing vocals John Helliwell -- alto saxophone , backing vocals Goo Goo Dolls version ( edit ) `` Give a Little Bit '' Single by Goo Goo Dolls from the album Let Love In and Live in Buffalo : July 4th 2004 B - side `` Sympathy '' Released 5 October 2004 Format CD , Download Genre Acoustic rock , alternative rock Length 3 : 35 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Rick Davies / Roger Hodgson Producer ( s ) Goo Goo Dolls and Rob Cavallo Goo Goo Dolls singles chronology `` Sympathy '' ( 2002 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 2004 ) `` Better Days '' ( 2005 ) `` Sympathy '' ( 2002 ) `` Give a Little Bit '' ( 2004 ) `` Better Days '' ( 2005 ) In 2004 , the Goo Goo Dolls covered the song , releasing it as a single . It peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February , 2005 . It was first covered ( partially ) in 2001 , when guitarist / lead vocalist Johnny Rzeznik appeared in an ad for The Gap singing the song along with other artists . The song opened the live album Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 , and later appeared as a track on their hit album Let Love In . In May 2006 , their version of `` Give a Little Bit '' was honored by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) in recognition of being one of the most played songs in the ASCAP repertoire in 2005 . It was also featured in an episode of Smallville , season 4 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Give a Little Bit '' 3 : 35 2 . `` Sympathy '' 2 : 58 3 . `` Give a Little Bit '' ( Acoustic version ) 3 : 35 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 45 German Singles Chart 78 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 37 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40 U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks 30 U.S. Billboard Radio Songs 36 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic -- Supertramp -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats -- Supertramp -- Give a Little Bit '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Melhuish , Martin ( 1986 ) . The Supertramp Book . Toronto , Canada : Omnibus Press . pp. 119 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 9691272 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ Melhuish , Martin ( 1986 ) . The Supertramp Book . Toronto , Canada : Omnibus Press . pp. 163 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 9691272 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Supertramp -- Give A Little Bit '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 43 , 1977 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` charts-surfer.de search results for `` Give a Little Bit '' `` . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com -- Supertramp -- Give A Little Bit '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 26 February 2005 ) . Billboard Hot 100 , Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual ASCAP Pop Music Awards , Los Angeles , 2006 , Most performed songs '' . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Goo Goo Dolls -- Give A Little Bit -- austriancharts.at '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic -- Goo Goo Dolls -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Supertramp Rick Davies Bob Siebenberg John Helliwell Carl Verheyen Cliff Hugo Lee Thornburg Mark Hart Gabe Dixon Jesse Siebenberg Cassie Miller - Thornburg Roger Hodgson Richard Palmer - James Keith Baker Frank Farrell Dougie Thomson Robert Millar Dave Winthrop Kevin Currie Tom Walsh Albums Supertramp Indelibly Stamped Crime of the Century Crisis ? What Crisis ? Even in the Quietest Moments ... Breakfast in America ... Famous Last Words ... Brother Where You Bound Free as a Bird Some Things Never Change Slow Motion Live albums Concert Classics Paris Live ' 88 The Story So Far ... It Was the Best of Times Is Everybody Listening ? 70 - 10 Tour Compilations The Autobiography of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp 2 Retrospectacle -- The Supertramp Anthology Singles `` Forever '' `` Land Ho '' `` Dreamer '' `` Bloody Well Right '' `` Lady '' `` Ai n't Nobody But Me '' `` Give a Little Bit '' `` Babaji '' `` From Now On '' `` The Logical Song '' `` Breakfast in America '' `` Goodbye Stranger '' `` Take the Long Way Home '' `` Dreamer ( live ) '' `` Breakfast in America ( live ) '' `` It 's Raining Again '' `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' `` Crazy '' `` My Kind of Lady '' `` Still in Love '' `` Cannonball '' `` Better Days '' `` I 'm Beggin ' You '' `` Free As a Bird '' `` Give a Little Bit ( New Version ) '' `` You Win , I Lose '' `` Listen to Me , Please '' `` Slow Motion '' Selected songs `` Brother Where You Bound '' `` Fool 's Overture '' Related articles Discography Band members List of Roger Hodgson concert tours Supertramp Goo Goo Dolls John Rzeznik Robby Takac George Tutuska Mike Malinin Studio albums Goo Goo Dolls Jed Hold Me Up Superstar Car Wash A Boy Named Goo Dizzy Up the Girl Gutterflower Let Love In Something for the Rest of Us Magnetic Boxes Extended plays Just the Way You Are EP Bang ! Dizzy EP Platinum Play EP Rolling Stone Original Waiting for the Rest of It Live albums Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 Compilations What I Learned About Ego , Opinion , Art & Commerce iTunes Originals Greatest Hits Volume One : The Singles Vol. 2 Videography Music in High Places : Live in Alaska Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 Live and Intimate Singles `` There You Are '' `` I 'm Awake Now '' `` We Are the Normal '' `` Only One '' `` Flat Top '' `` Name '' `` Naked '' `` Long Way Down '' `` Lazy Eye '' `` Iris '' `` Slide '' `` Dizzy '' `` Black Balloon '' `` Broadway '' `` Here Is Gone '' `` Big Machine '' `` Sympathy '' `` Give a Little Bit '' `` Better Days '' `` Let Love In '' `` Stay with You '' `` Before It 's Too Late ( Sam and Mikaela 's Theme ) '' `` Real '' `` Home '' `` Notbroken '' `` All That You Are '' `` Rebel Beat '' `` Come to Me '' `` Caught in the Storm '' `` So Alive '' `` Over and Over '' Other songs `` Laughing '' `` So Far Away '' Tours Something for the Rest of Us Tour 2013 Summer Tour Canada 2014 The Otis Midnight Sessions 2014 Summer Tour Boxes Tour Related material Discography Lance Diamond Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Give_a_Little_Bit&oldid=798323190 '' Categories : Supertramp songs Goo Goo Dolls songs 1977 singles 2004 singles Songs written by Rick Davies Songs written by Roger Hodgson Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo 1977 songs A&M Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from June 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang give a little bit of your love	[ "\"Give a Little Bit\" is the opening song on Supertramp's 1977 album Even in the Quietest Moments.... The song was released as a single that same year and became an international hit for the band, peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart.[1] It was a chart hit in the band's native UK, reaching number 29 on the UK Singles Chart.[2] The single was re-released in 1992 to raise funds for the ITV Telethon Charity event, but failed to chart." ]	[ "Supertramp" ]
963394154912469496	Inca Empire	Inca empire - wikipedia Inca empire `` Inca '' redirects here . For a general view of Inca civilization , people and culture , see Andean civilizations . For other uses , see Inca ( disambiguation ) . Inca Empire Tawantinsuyu ( Quechua ) 1438 -- 1533 Banner of the Tawantinsuyu The Inca Empire at its greatest extent Capital Cusco ( 1438 -- 1533 ) Languages Quechua ( official ) , Aymara , Puquina , Jaqi family , Muchik and scores of smaller languages . Religion Inca religion Government Divine , absolute monarchy Sapa Inca 1438 -- 1471 Pachacuti 1471 -- 1493 Túpac Inca Yupanqui 1493 -- 1527 Huayna Capac 1527 -- 1532 Huáscar 1532 -- 1533 Atahualpa Historical era Pre-Columbian era Pachacuti created the Tawantinsuyu 1438 Civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa 1529 -- 1532 Spanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro 1533 End of the last Inca resistance 1572 Area 1527 2,000,000 km ( 770,000 sq mi ) Population 1527 est . 10,000,000 Density 5 / km ( 13 / sq mi ) Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Cusco Governorate of New Castile Governorate of New Toledo Neo-Inca State Today part of Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State The Inca Empire ( Quechua : Tawantinsuyu , lit . `` The Four Regions '' ) , also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America , and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century . Its political and administrative structure `` was the most sophisticated found among native peoples '' in the Americas . The administrative , political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern - day Peru . The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century . Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 . From 1438 to 1533 , the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America , centered on the Andean Mountains , using conquest and peaceful assimilation , among other methods . At its largest , the empire joined Peru , large parts of modern Ecuador , western and south central Bolivia , northwest Argentina , north and central Chile and a small part of southwest Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia . Its official language was Quechua . Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire , most of them concerning local sacred Huacas , but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti -- their sun god -- and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama . The Incas considered their king , the Sapa Inca , to be the `` son of the sun . '' The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many features associated with civilization in the Old World . In the words of one scholar , `` The Incas lacked the use of wheeled vehicles . They lacked animals to ride and draft animals that could pull wagons and plows ... ( They ) lacked the knowledge of iron and steel ... Above all , they lacked a system of writing ... Despite these supposed handicaps , the Incas were still able to construct one of the greatest imperial states in human history '' . Notable features of the Inca Empire include its monumental architecture , especially stonework , extensive road network reaching all corners of the empire , finely - woven textiles , use of knotted strings ( quipu ) for record keeping and communication , agricultural innovations in a difficult environment , and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor . The Incan economy has been described in contradictory ways by scholars : as `` feudal , slave , socialist ( here one may choose between socialist paradise or socialist tyranny ) '' . The Inca empire functioned largely without money and without markets . Instead , exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity between individuals and among individuals , groups , and Inca rulers . `` Taxes '' consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire . The Inca rulers ( who theoretically owned all the means of production ) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory feasts for their subjects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Antecedents 2.2 Origin 2.3 Kingdom of Cusco 2.4 Reorganization and formation 2.5 Expansion and consolidation 2.6 Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest 2.7 Last Incas 3 Society 3.1 Population 3.2 Language 3.3 Marriage 3.4 Gender 4 Religion 4.1 Deities 5 Economy 6 Government 6.1 Beliefs 6.2 Organization of the empire 6.2. 1 Suyu 6.3 Laws 6.4 Administration 7 Arts and technology 7.1 Monumental architecture 7.2 Measures , calendrics and mathematics 7.3 Ceramics , precious metals and textiles 7.4 Communication and medicine 7.5 Coca 7.6 Weapons , armor and warfare 7.7 Flag 8 Adaptations to altitude 9 See also 9.1 Important Incan archeological sites 9.2 Incan - related 9.3 General 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu , `` the four suyu '' . In Quechua , tawa is four and - ntin is a suffix naming a group , so that a tawantin is a quartet , a group of four things taken together , in this case representing the four suyu ( `` regions '' or `` provinces '' ) whose corners met at the capital . The four suyu were : Chinchaysuyu ( north ) , Antisuyu ( east ; the Amazon jungle ) , Qullasuyu ( south ) and Kuntisuyu ( west ) . The name Tawantinsuyu was , therefore , a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces . The Spanish transliterated the name as Tahuatinsuyo or Tahuatinsuyu . The term Inka means `` ruler '' or `` lord '' in Quechua and was used to refer to the ruling class or the ruling family . The Incas were a very small percentage of the total population of the empire , probably numbering only 15,000 to 40,000 , but ruling a population of around 10 million persons . The Spanish adopted the term ( transliterated as Inca in Spanish ) as an ethnic term referring to all subjects of the empire rather than simply the ruling class . As such the name Imperio inca ( `` Inca Empire '' ) referred to the nation that they encountered and subsequently conquered . History ( edit ) Antecedents ( edit ) The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of Andean civilization . Andean civilization was one of five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be `` pristine '' , that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations . The Inca Empire was preceded by two large - scale empires in the Andes : the Tiwanaku ( c. 300 -- 1100 AD ) , based around Lake Titicaca and the Wari or Huari ( c. 600 -- 1100 AD ) centered near the present - day city of Ayacucho . The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years . Thus , many of the characteristics of the Inca Empire derived from earlier multi-ethnic and expansive Andean cultures . Carl Troll has argued that the development of the Inca state in the central Andes was aided by conditions that allows for the elaboration of the staple food chuño . Chuño , which can be stored for long periods , is made of potato dried at the freezing temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern Peruvian highlands . Such link between the Inca state and chuño may be questioned as potatoes and other crops such as maize can also be dried with only sunlight . Troll did also argue that llamas , the Inca 's pack animal , can be found in its largest numbers in this very same region . It is worth considering the maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the greatest distribution of llamas and alpacas in Pre-Hispanic America . The link between the Andean biomes of puna and páramo , pastoralism and the Inca state is a matter of research . As a third point Troll pointed out irrigation technology as advantageous to the Inca state - building . While Troll theorized environmental influences on the Inca Empire he opposed environmental determinism arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization . Origin ( edit ) The Inca people were a pastoral tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century . Incan oral history tells an origin story of three caves . The center cave at Tampu T'uqu ( Tambo Tocco ) was named Qhapaq T'uqu ( `` principal niche '' , also spelled Capac Tocco ) . The other caves were Maras T'uqu ( Maras Tocco ) and Sutiq T'uqu ( Sutic Tocco ) . Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave . They were : Ayar Manco , Ayar Cachi , Ayar Awqa ( Ayar Auca ) and Ayar Uchu ; and Mama Ocllo , Mama Raua , Mama Huaco and Mama Qura ( Mama Cora ) . Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans . Manco Cápac , First Inca , 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings , Probably mid-18th century . Oil on canvas . Brooklyn Museum Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold . Where this staff landed , the people would live . They traveled for a long time . On the way , Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power . His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred llama . When he went into the cave , they trapped him inside to get rid of him . Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people . The minute he proclaimed that , he turned to stone . They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object . Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone . Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained . Finally , they reached Cusco . The staff sank into the ground . Before they arrived , Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child , Sinchi Roca . The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land , but Mama Huaca was a good fighter . When the enemy attacked , she threw her bolas ( several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown ) at a soldier ( gualla ) and killed him instantly . The other people became afraid and ran away . After that , Ayar Manco became known as Manco Cápac , the founder of the Inca . It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands . When the time came , Manco Cápac turned to stone like his brothers before him . His son , Sinchi Roca , became the second emperor of the Inca . Kingdom of Cusco ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Cusco Under the leadership of Manco Cápac , the Inca formed the small city - state Kingdom of Cusco ( Quechua Qusqu ' , Qosqo ) . In 1438 , they began a far - reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca ( paramount leader ) Pachacuti - Cusi Yupanqui , whose name literally meant `` earth - shaker '' . The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the Tribe of Chancas ( modern Apurímac ) . During his reign , he and his son Tupac Yupanqui brought much of the Andes mountains ( roughly modern Peru and Ecuador ) under Inca control . Reorganization and formation ( edit ) The first image of the Inca in Europe , Pedro Cieza de León , Cronica del Peru , 1553 Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu , which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders : Chinchasuyu ( NW ) , Antisuyu ( NE ) , Kuntisuyu ( SW ) and Qullasuyu ( SE ) . Pachacuti is thought to have built Machu Picchu , either as a family home or summer retreat , although it may have been an agricultural station . Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization , military strength and wealth . He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire , offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects . Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a fait accompli and acquiesced peacefully . Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest . Following conquest the local rulers were executed . The ruler 's children were brought to Cusco to learn about Inca administration systems , then return to rule their native lands . This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and , with luck , marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire . Expansion and consolidation ( edit ) Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo , children of the Inti Traditionally the son of the Inca ruler led the army . Pachacuti 's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti 's death in 1471 . Túpac Inca 's most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor , the Inca 's only serious rival for the Peruvian coast . Túpac Inca 's empire stretched north into modern - day Ecuador and Colombia . Túpac Inca 's son Huayna Cápac added a small portion of land to the north in modern - day Ecuador and in parts of Peru . At its height , the Inca Empire included Peru and Bolivia , most of what is now Ecuador and a large portion of what is today Chile , north of the Maule River . The advance south halted after the Battle of the Maule where they met determined resistance from the Mapuche . The empire 's push into the Amazon Basin near the Chinchipe River was stopped by the Shuar in 1527 . The empire extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia . However , most of the southern portion of the Inca empire , the portion denominated as Qullasuyu , was located in the Altiplano . The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages , cultures and peoples . The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal , nor were the local cultures all fully integrated . The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour . The following quote describes a method of taxation : For as is well known to all , not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters . There were even provinces where , when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute , the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice , which was the Inca 's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute . Inca civil war and Spanish conquest ( edit ) Main articles : Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Inca expansion ( 1438 -- 1533 ) Atahualpa , the last Sapa Inca of the empire , was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533 Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama , reaching Inca territory by 1526 . It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure , and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy . This approval was received as detailed in the following quote : `` In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas . Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru , or New Castile , as the Spanish now called the land . '' When they returned to Peru in 1532 , a war of succession between the sons of Sapa Inca Huayna Capac , Huáscar and Atahualpa , and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire . Perhaps more importantly , smallpox , influenza , typhus and measles had spread from Central America . The forces led by Pizarro consisted of 168 men , one cannon , and 27 horses . Conquistadors ported lances , arquebuses , steel armor and long swords . In contrast , the Inca used weapons made out of wood , stone , copper and bronze , putting them at significant technological disadvantage . In addition , due to the absence of horses in the Americas , the Inca did not develop tactics to fight cavalry . However , the Inca were still effective warriors , being able to successfully fight the Mapuche , which later would strategically defeat the Spanish as they expanded further south . The first engagement between the Inca and the Spanish was the Battle of Puná , near present - day Guayaquil , Ecuador , on the Pacific Coast ; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532 . Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca , Atahualpa , who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops , that were at the moment armed only with hunting tools ( knives and lassos for hunting llamas ) . Pizarro and some of his men , most notably a friar named Vincente de Valverde , met with the Inca , who had brought only a small retinue . The Inca offered them ceremonial chicha in a golden cup , which the Spanish rejected . The Spanish interpreter , Friar Vincente , read the `` Requerimiento '' that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King Charles I of Spain and convert to Christianity . Atahualpa dismissed the message and asked them to leave . After this , the Spanish began their attack against the mostly unarmed Inca , captured Atahualpa as hostage , and forced the Inca to collaborate . Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in and twice that amount of silver . The Inca fulfilled this ransom , but Pizarro deceived them , refusing to release the Inca afterwards . During Atahualpa 's imprisonment Huáscar was assassinated elsewhere . The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa 's orders ; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him , in August 1533 . Although `` defeat '' often implies an unwanted loss in battle , much of the Inca elite `` actually welcomed the Spanish invaders as liberators and willingly settled down with them to share rule of Andean farmers and miners . '' Last Incas ( edit ) Main article : Neo-Inca State View of Machu Picchu The Spanish installed Atahualpa 's brother Manco Inca Yupanqui in power ; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north . Meanwhile , an associate of Pizarro , Diego de Almagro , attempted to claim Cusco . Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage , recapturing Cusco in 1536 , but the Spanish retook the city afterwards . Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State , where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years , sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them . In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler , Túpac Amaru , Manco 's son , was captured and executed . This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state . After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed , including their sophisticated farming system , known as the vertical archipelago model of agriculture . Spanish colonial officials used the Inca mita corvée labor system for colonial aims , sometimes brutally . One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines , the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at Potosí . When a family member died , which would usually happen within a year or two , the family was required to send a replacement . The effects of smallpox on the Inca empire were even more devastating . Beginning in Colombia , smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire . The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system . Smallpox was only the first epidemic . Other diseases , including a probable Typhus outbreak in 1546 , influenza and smallpox together in 1558 , smallpox again in 1589 , diphtheria in 1614 , and measles in 1618 , all ravaged the Inca people . Society ( edit ) Main articles : Inca society and Inca education Population ( edit ) The number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak is uncertain , with estimates ranging from 4 -- 37 million . Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14 million . In spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus , knowledge of how to read them was lost as almost all fell into disuse and disintegrated over time or were destroyed by the Spaniards . Language ( edit ) Main article : Quechua languages The main form of communication and record - keeping in the empire were quipus , ceramics , textiles and various dialects of Quechua , the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire . While Quechua had been spoken in the Andean region , including central Peru , for several centuries prior to the expansion of the Inca civilization , the dialect of Quechua the Incas imposed was an adaptation from the Kingdom of Cusco ( an early form of `` Southern Quechua '' originally named Qhapaq Runasimi , or ' the great language of the people ' ) , or what some historians define as the Cusco dialect . The language imposed by the Incas diverted from its original phonetics as some societies formed their own regional varieties . The diversity of Quechua at that point and even today does not come directly from the Incas , who were just a part of the reason for Quechua 's diversity . The civilizations within the empire that had previously spoken Quechua kept their own variety distinct from the Quechua the Incas spread . Although these dialects of Quechua had a similar linguistic structure , they differed according to the region in which they were spoken . Although many of the societies within the empire spoke or learned to speak Quechua , others continued to speak their original languages , such as Aymara , which remains in use in contemporary Bolivia , where it is the primary indigenous language and in various regions surrounding Bolivia . The linguistic body of the Inca Empire was thus varied . The Inca 's impact outlasted their empire , as the Spanish continued the use of Quechua . The Incas were not known to develop a written form of communication ; however , they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups ( qirus ) . These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu , which are also found in textiles . Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication ( e.g. : heraldry , or glyphs ) , however this remains unclear . Marriage ( edit ) In the Incan Empire , the age of marriage differed for men and women ; men typically married at the age of 20 , while women usually got married around 4 years earlier at the age of 16 . Men who were highly ranked in society could have multiple wives , but those lower in the ranks could only take a single wife . Marriages were typically within classes and resembled a more business - like agreement . Once married , the women were expected to cook , collect food and watch over the children and livestock . Girls and mothers would also work around the house to keep it orderly to please the public inspectors . These duties remained the same even after wives became pregnant and with the added responsibility of praying and making offerings to Kanopa , who was the god of pregnancy . It was typical for marriages to begin on a trial basis with both men and women having a say in the longevity of the marriage . If the man felt that it would n't work out or if the woman wanted to return to her parent 's home the marriage would end . Once the marriage was final , the only way the two could be divorced was if they did not have a child together . Maiden of Llullaillaco , the mummy of a 15 - year old Inca girl Gender ( edit ) The Inca called newborn infants wawa , a term that they also used for newborn animals . This term was used for all newborn beings without regard to their biological sex . Babies were not given human social status until they reached two or three years of age due to the high infant mortality rates . It was at this time that a ceremony was held called rutuchikuy in which the infant was given its first haircut , name and introduced to the extended family . Also in this ceremony , children advanced from the description of wawa to warma , a gender neutral term for a child who has not developed the language skill set . By the time children reached the age of seven , they had completed gender specific tasks and were referred to as gender specific terms , Thaski for girls and maqt'a for boys . Religion ( edit ) See also : Religion in the Inca Empire and Inca mythology Diorite Inca sculpture from Amarucancha Inca myths were transmitted orally until early Spanish colonists recorded them ; however , some scholars claim that they were recorded on quipus , Andean knotted string records . The Inca believed in reincarnation . After death , the passage to the next world was fraught with difficulties . The spirit of the dead , camaquen , would need to follow a long road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that could see in the dark was required . Most Incas imagined the after world to be like an earthly paradise with flower - covered fields and snow - capped mountains . It was important to the Inca that they not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased not be incinerated . Burning would cause their vital force to disappear and threaten their passage to the after world . Those who obeyed the Inca moral code -- ama suwa , ama llulla , ama quella ( do not steal , do not lie , do not be lazy ) -- `` went to live in the Sun 's warmth while others spent their eternal days in the cold earth '' . The Inca nobility practiced cranial deformation . They wrapped tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to shape their soft skulls into a more conical form , thus distinguishing the nobility from other social classes . The Incas made human sacrifices . As many as 4,000 servants , court officials , favorites and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca Huayna Capac in 1527 . The Incas performed child sacrifices around important events , such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine . These sacrifices were known as qhapaq hucha . Deities ( edit ) The Incas were polytheists who attempted to please many gods . These included : Viracocha , is the great creator god in Inca mythology Viracocha ( also Pachacamac ) -- Created all living things Apu Illapu -- Rain God , prayed to when they need rain Ayar Cachi -- Hot - tempered God , causes earthquakes Illapa -- Goddess of lightning and thunder ( also Yakumama water goddess ) Inti -- sun god and patron deity of the holy city of Cusco ( home of the sun ) Kuychi -- Rainbow God , connected with fertility Mama Killa -- Wife of Inti , called Moon Mother Mama Occlo -- Wisdom to civilize the people , taught women to weave cloth and build houses Manco Cápac -- known for his courage and sent to earth to become first king of the Incas . Taught people how to grow plants , make weapons , work together , share resources and worship the Gods Pachamama -- The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha . People give her offerings of coca leaves and beer and pray to her for major agricultural occasions Quchamama -- Goddess of the sea Sachamama -- Means Mother Tree , goddess in the shape of a snake with two heads Yakumama -- Means mother Water . Represented as a snake . When she came to earth she transformed into a great river ( also Illapa ) . Economy ( edit ) Further information : Incan agriculture , Vertical archipelago , Mit'a , and Qullqa Illustration of Inca farmers using a chakitaqlla ( Andean foot plough ) The Inca Empire employed central planning . The Inca Empire traded with outside regions , although they did not operate a substantial internal market economy . While axe - monies were used along the northern coast , presumably by the provincial mindaláe trading class , most households in the empire lived in a traditional economy in which households were required to pay taxes , usually in the form of the mit'a corvée labor , and military obligations , though barter ( or trueque ) was present in some areas . In return , the state provided security , food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources , agricultural projects ( e.g. aqueducts and terraces ) to increase productivity and occasional feasts . The economy rested on the material foundations of the vertical archipelago , a system of ecological complementarity in accessing resources and the cultural foundation of ayni , or reciprocal exchange . Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of the Inca Empire Beliefs ( edit ) The Sapa Inca was conceptualized as divine and was effectively head of the state religion . The Willaq Umu ( or Chief Priest ) was second to the emperor . Local religious traditions continued and in some cases such as the Oracle at Pachacamac on the Peruvian coast , were officially venerated . Following Pachacuti , the Sapa Inca claimed descent from Inti , who placed a high value on imperial blood ; by the end of the empire , it was common to incestuously wed brother and sister . He was `` son of the sun , '' and his people the intip churin , or `` children of the sun , '' and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor . The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals , notably during the Inti Raymi , or `` warriors ' cultivation , '' attended by soldiers , mummified rulers , nobles , clerics and the general population of Cusco beginning on the June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca . Moreover , Cusco was considered cosmologically central , loaded as it was with huacas and radiating ceque lines and geographic center of the Four Quarters ; Inca Garcilaso de la Vega called it `` the navel of the universe '' . Organization of the empire ( edit ) The Inca Empire 's southern border defined by the Maule or Maipo River ( scholars differ ) . Inca troops never crossed the Bío Bío River . The Inca Empire was a federalist system consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four quarters , or suyu : Chinchay Suyu ( NW ) , Anti Suyu ( NE ) , Kunti Suyu ( SW ) and Qulla Suyu ( SE ) . The four corners of these quarters met at the center , Cusco . These suyu were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire reached its largest territorial extent . At the time the suyu were established they were roughly of equal size and only later changed their proportions as the empire expanded north and south along the Andes . Cusco was likely not organized as a wamani , or province . Rather , it was probably somewhat akin to a modern federal district , like Washington , D.C. or Mexico City . The city sat at the center of the four suyu and served as the preeminent center of politics and religion . While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca , his relatives and the royal panaqa lineages , each suyu was governed by an Apu , a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains . Both Cusco as a district and the four suyu as administrative regions were grouped into upper hanan and lower hurin divisions . As the Inca did not have written records , it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent wamani . However , colonial records allow us to reconstruct a partial list . There were likely more than 86 wamani , with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast . Suyu ( edit ) The four suyus or quarters of the empire . The most populous suyu was Chinchaysuyu , which encompassed the former Chimu empire and much of the northern Andes . At its largest extent , it extended through much of modern Ecuador and into modern Colombia . The largest suyu by area was Qullasuyu , named after the Aymara - speaking Qulla people . It encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes , reaching Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in Central Chile . Historian José Bengoa singled out Quillota as likely being the foremost Inca settlement in Chile . The second smallest suyu , Antisuyu , was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes . Its name is the root of the word `` Andes . '' Kuntisuyu was the smallest suyu , located along the southern coast of modern Peru , extending into the highlands towards Cusco . Laws ( edit ) The Inca state had no separate judiciary or codified laws . Customs , expectations and traditional local power holders governed behavior . The state had legal force , such as through tokoyrikoq ( lit. `` he who sees all '' ) , or inspectors . The highest such inspector , typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca , acted independently of the conventional hierarchy , providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence . The Inca had three moral precepts that governed their behavior : Ama sua : Do not steal Ama llulla : Do not lie Ama quella : Do not be lazy Administration ( edit ) Inti , as represented by José Bernardo de Tagle of Peru Colonial sources are not entirely clear or in agreement about Inca government structure , such as exact duties and functions of government positions . But the basic structure can be broadly described . The top was the Sapa Inca . Below that may have been the Willaq Umu , literally the `` priest who recounts '' , the High Priest of the Sun . However , beneath the Sapa Inca also sat the Inkap rantin , who was a confidant and assistant to the Sapa Inca , perhaps similar to a Prime Minister . Starting with Topa Inca Yupanqui , a `` Council of the Realm '' was composed of 16 nobles : 2 from hanan Cusco ; 2 from hurin Cusco ; 4 from Chinchaysuyu ; 2 from Cuntisuyu ; 4 from Collasuyu ; and 2 from Antisuyu . This weighting of representation balanced the hanan and hurin divisions of the empire , both within Cusco and within the Quarters ( hanan suyukuna and hurin suyukuna ) . While provincial bureaucracy and government varied greatly , the basic organization was decimal . Taxpayers -- male heads of household of a certain age range -- were organized into corvée labor units ( often doubling as military units ) that formed the state 's muscle as part of mit'a service . Each unit of more than 100 tax - payers were headed by a kuraka , while smaller units were headed by a kamayuq , a lower , non-hereditary status . However , while kuraka status was hereditary and typically served for life , the position of a kuraka in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy ; a pachaka kuraka could be appointed to the position by a waranqa kuraka . Furthermore , one kuraka in each decimal level could serve as the head of one of the nine groups at a lower level , so that a pachaka kuraka might also be a waranqa kuraka , in effect directly responsible for one unit of 100 tax - payers and less directly responsible for nine other such units . Kuraka in Charge Number of Taxpayers Hunu kuraka 10,000 Pichkawaranqa kuraka 5,000 Waranqa kuraka 1,000 Pichkapachaka kuraka 500 Pachaka kuraka 100 Pichkachunka kamayuq 50 Chunka kamayuq 10 Arts and technology ( edit ) Monumental architecture ( edit ) We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain . `` '' Francisco Pizarro Architecture was the most important of the Incan arts , with textiles reflecting architectural motifs . The most notable example is Machu Picchu , which was constructed by Inca engineers . The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework . These constructs have survived for centuries , with no use of mortar to sustain them . This process was first used on a large scale by the Pucara ( ca . 300 BC -- AD 300 ) peoples to the south in Lake Titicaca and later in the city of Tiwanaku ( ca . AD 400 -- 1100 ) in present - day Bolivia . The rocks were sculpted to fit together exactly by repeatedly lowering a rock onto another and carving away any sections on the lower rock where the dust was compressed . The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable , despite the ongoing challenge of earthquakes and volcanic activity . Measures , calendrics and mathematics ( edit ) Inca tunic Tokapu . Textiles worn by the Inca elite consisting of geometric figures enclosed by rectangles or squares . There is evidence that the designs were an ideographic language Quipu , 15th century . Brooklyn Museum Physical measures used by the Inca were based on human body parts . Units included fingers , the distance from thumb to forefinger , palms , cubits and wingspans . The most basic distance unit was thatkiy or thatki , or one pace . The next largest unit was reported by Cobo to be the topo or tupu , measuring 6,000 thatkiys , or about 7.7 km ( 4.8 mi ) ; careful study has shown that a range of 4.0 to 6.3 km ( 2.5 to 3.9 mi ) is likely . Next was the wamani , composed of 30 topos ( roughly 232 km or 144 mi ) . To measure area , 25 by 50 wingspans were used , reckoned in topos ( roughly 3,280 km or 1,270 sq mi ) . It seems likely that distance was often interpreted as one day 's walk ; the distance between tambo way - stations varies widely in terms of distance , but far less in terms of time to walk that distance . Inca calendars were strongly tied to astronomy . Inca astronomers understood equinoxes , solstices and zenith passages , along with the Venus cycle . They could not , however , predict eclipses . The Inca calendar was essentially lunisolar , as two calendars were maintained in parallel , one solar and one lunar . As 12 lunar months fall 11 days short of a full 365 - day solar year , those in charge of the calendar had to adjust every winter solstice . Each lunar month was marked with festivals and rituals . Apparently , the days of the week were not named and days were not grouped into weeks . Similarly , months were not grouped into seasons . Time during a day was not measured in hours or minutes , but in terms of how far the sun had travelled or in how long it had taken to perform a task . The sophistication of Inca administration , calendrics and engineering required facility with numbers . Numerical information was stored in the knots of quipu strings , allowing for compact storage of large numbers . These numbers were stored in base - 10 digits , the same base used by the Quechua language and in administrative and military units . These numbers , stored in quipu , could be calculated on yupanas , grids with squares of positionally varying mathematical values , perhaps functioning as an abacus . Calculation was facilitated by moving piles of tokens , seeds or pebbles between compartments of the yupana . It is likely that Inca mathematics at least allowed division of integers into integers or fractions and multiplication of integers and fractions . According to mid-17th - century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo , the Inca designated officials to perform accounting - related tasks . These officials were called quipo camayos . Study of khipu sample VA 42527 ( Museum für Völkerkunde , Berlin ) revealed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the `` farm account books '' kept by the khipukamayuq ( accountant or warehouse keeper ) to facilitate the closing of accounting books . Ceramics , precious metals and textiles ( edit ) Camelid Conopa , 1470 -- 1532 , Brooklyn Museum , Small stone figurines , or conopas , of llamas and alpacas were the most common ritual effigies used in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia . These devotional objects were often buried in the animals ' corrals to bring protection and prosperity to their owners and fertility to the herds . The cylindrical cavities in their backs were filled with offerings to the gods in the form of a mixture including animal fat , coca leaves , maize kernels and seashells . Ceramics were painted using the polychrome technique portraying numerous motifs including animals , birds , waves , felines ( popular in the Chavin culture ) and geometric patterns found in the Nazca style of ceramics . In a culture without a written language , ceramics portrayed the basic scenes of everyday life , including the smelting of metals , relationships and scenes of tribal warfare . The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the Cusco bottles or `` aryballos '' . Many of these pieces are on display in Lima in the Larco Archaeological Museum and the National Museum of Archaeology , Anthropology and History . Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Incan empire was melted down by the conquistadors . Communication and medicine ( edit ) The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings , known as Quipu , although they can no longer be decoded . Originally it was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data . Quipus are also believed to record history and literature . The Inca made many discoveries in medicine . They performed successful skull surgery , by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds . Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful . Survival rates were 80 -- 90 % , compared to about 30 % before Inca times . Coca ( edit ) Coca leaves The Incas revered the coca plant as sacred / magical . Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work , but were mostly used for religious and health purposes . The Spaniards took advantage of the effects of chewing coca leaves . The Chasqui , messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages , chewed coca leaves for extra energy . Coca leaves were also used as an anaesthetic during surgeries . Weapons , armor and Warfare ( edit ) The Battle of the Maule between the Incas ( right ) and the Mapuches ( left ) The Inca army was the most powerful at that time , because they could turn an ordinary villager or farmer into a soldier . Every able bodied male Inca of fighting age had to take part in war in some capacity at least once and to prepare for warfare again when needed . By the time the empire reached its largest size , every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war . The Incas had no iron or steel and their weapons were not much more effective than those of their opponents . They went into battle with drums beating and trumpets blowing . Their armor included : Helmets made of wood , copper , bronze , cane , or animal skin ; some were adorned with feathers Round or square shields made from wood or hide Cloth tunics padded with cotton and small wooden planks to protect the spine . The Inca weaponry included : Bronze or bone - tipped spears Clubs with stone and spiked metal heads Woolen slings and stones Stone or copper headed battle - axes Bolas ( stones fastened to lengths of cord ) Roads allowed quick movement ( on foot ) for the Inca army and shelters called tambo and storage silos called qullqas were built one day 's travelling distance from each other , so that an army on campaign could always be fed and rested . This can be seen in names of ruins such as Ollantay Tambo , or My Lord 's Storehouse . These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies ( and possibly shelter ) ready as they traveled . Flag ( edit ) See also : Wiphala and Rainbow flag § Andean peoples and social movements Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner . However , it represented the Inca ( emperor ) , not the empire . Francisco López de Jerez wrote in 1534 : ... todos venían repartidos en sus escuadras con sus banderas y capitanes que los mandan , con tanto concierto como turcos . ( ... all of them came distributed into squads , with their flags and captains commanding them , as well - ordered as Turks . ) Chronicler Bernabé Cobo wrote : The royal standard or banner was a small square flag , ten or twelve spans around , made of cotton or wool cloth , placed on the end of a long staff , stretched and stiff such that it did not wave in the air and on it each king painted his arms and emblems , for each one chose different ones , though the sign of the Incas was the rainbow and two parallel snakes along the width with the tassel as a crown , which each king used to add for a badge or blazon those preferred , like a lion , an eagle and other figures . ( ... el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña , de diez o doce palmos de ruedo , hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana , iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga , tendida y tiesa , sin que ondease al aire , y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas , porque cada uno las escogía diferentes , aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste y dos culebras tendidas a lo largo paralelas con la borda que le servía de corona , a las cuales solía añadir por divisa y blasón cada rey las que le parecía , como un león , un águila y otras figuras . ) - Bernabé Cobo , Historia del Nuevo Mundo ( 1653 ) Guaman Poma 's 1615 book , El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno , shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags . In his 1847 book A History of the Conquest of Peru , `` William H. Prescott ... says that in the Inca army each company had its particular banner and that the imperial standard , high above all , displayed the glittering device of the rainbow , the armorial ensign of the Incas . '' A 1917 world flags book says the Inca `` heir - apparent ... was entitled to display the royal standard of the rainbow in his military campaigns . '' In modern times the rainbow flag has been wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu and displayed as a symbol of Inca heritage by some groups in Peru and Bolivia . The city of Cusco also flies the Rainbow Flag , but as an official flag of the city . The Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo ( 2001 -- 2006 ) flew the Rainbow Flag in Lima 's presidential palace . However , according to Peruvian historiography , the Inca Empire never had a flag . Peruvian historian María Rostworowski said , `` I bet my life , the Inca never had that flag , it never existed , no chronicler mentioned it '' . Also , to the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio , the flag dates to the first decades of the 20th century , and even the Congress of the Republic of Peru has determined that flag is a fake by citing the conclusion of National Academy of Peruvian History : `` The official use of the wrongly called ' Tawantinsuyu flag ' is a mistake . In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag , it did not belong to their historic context '' . National Academy of Peruvian History Adaptations to altitude ( edit ) Sacsayhuamán , the Inca stronghold of Cusco Incas were able to adapt to their high - altitude living through successful acclimatization , which is characterized by increasing oxygen supply to the blood tissues . For the native Inca living in the Andean highlands , this was achieved through the development of a larger lung capacity , and an increase in red blood cell counts , hemoglobin concentration , and capillary beds . Compared to other humans , the Incas had slower heart rates , almost one - third larger lung capacity , about 2 L ( 4 pints ) more blood volume and double the amount of hemoglobin , which transfers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body . While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller , the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude . See also ( edit ) Important Incan archeological sites ( edit ) Historical states in present - day Argentina before 1500 ( show ) Inca Empire ( 1438 -- 1533 ) Indigenous peoples in Argentina 1500 -- 1600 ( show ) Governorate of New Castile ( 1528 -- 1542 ) Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Governorate of the Río de la Plata ( 1617 -- 1782 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1811 ) 1800 -- 1830 ( show ) United Provinces of the River Plate ( 1810 -- 31 ) Liga Federal ( 1815 -- 20 ) Republic of Entre Ríos ( 1820 -- 21 ) 1830 -- present ( show ) Argentine Confederation ( 1831 -- 61 ) State of Buenos Aires ( 1852 -- 61 ) Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia ( 1860 -- present , unrecognized ) Argentine Republic ( 1861 -- present ) more Muisca Confederation Choquequirao Cojitambo Cusco El Fuerte de Samaipata Huánuco Pampa Huchuy Qosqo Inca - Caranqui Llaqtapata Machu Picchu Moray Ollantaytambo Oroncota Pambamarca Fortress Complex Písac Pukara of La Compañia Quispiguanca Rumicucho Sacsayhuamán Tumebamba Vilcabamba Vitcos Wanuku Pampa Incan - related ( edit ) Aclla , the `` chosen women '' Amauta , Inca teachers Amazonas before the Inca Empire Anden , agricultural terrace Chincha culture Inca Civil War Inca cuisine Incan agriculture Incan aqueducts Incas in Central Chile Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala Garcilaso de la Vega ( chronicler ) Paria , Bolivia Quipu , knotted cords Qullqa , Inca storehouse Religion in the Inca Empire Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Tambo Tampukancha , Inca religious site General ( edit ) Muisca Confederation Ancient Peru Cultural periods of Peru Demographic history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas History of Peru History of smallpox Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Namnama , Katrina ; DeGuzman , Kathleen , `` The Inca Empire '' , K12 , USA , archived from the original on 27 February 2008 ^ Jump up to : McEwan 2008 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Glenn M. ; Nichols , John J. ( 15 August 2010 ) . After Collapse : The Regeneration of Complex Societies . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2936 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael E. ( 2001 ) , The Incas and their Ancestors , London : Thames and Hudson , p. 7 Jump up ^ Mark A. Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson , Colonial Latin America , 7th edition . New York : Oxford University Press 2010 , p. 19 Jump up ^ http://www.machupicchu-tours-peru.org/blog/quechua-language-incas Jump up ^ `` The Inca - All Empires '' . Jump up ^ `` The Inca . '' The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland . 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 10 Sept 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McEwan , Gordon F. ( 2006 ) . The Incas : New Perspectives , New York : W.W. Norton & Co , p. 5 Jump up ^ La Lone , Darrell E. `` The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy : Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand , '' p. 292 . https://www.academia.edu/885136/The_Inca_as_a_nonmarket_economy_Supply_on_command_versus_supply_and_demand , accessed 10 Aug 2017 Jump up ^ Morris , Craig and von Hagen , Adrianna ( 2011 ) , The Incas , London : Thames & Hudson , pp. 48 -- 58 Jump up ^ `` Inca '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2009 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Upton , Gary and von Hagen , Adriana ( 2015 ) , Encyclopedia of the Incas , New York : Rowand & Littlefield , p. 2 . Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations . Jump up ^ McEwan , Gordon F. ( 2006 ) , The Incas : New Perspectives , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Gade , Daniel ( 2016 ) . `` Urubamba Verticality : Reflections on Crops and Diseases '' . Spell of the Urubamba : Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 20849 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hardoy , Jorge Henríque ( 1973 ) . Pre-Colombian Cities . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0802703804 . ^ Jump up to : Gade , Daniel W. ( 1996 ) . `` Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes ( Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden ) '' . Erdkunde. 50 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 316 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Demarest , Arthur Andrew ; Conrad , Geoffrey W. ( 1984 ) . Religion and Empire : The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31896 - 3 . Jump up ^ The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu . Jump up ^ Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian Givers : How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World . New York : Fawcett Columbine . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ernesto Salazar ( 1977 ) . An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador ( PDF ) . International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs . p. 13 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Starn , Orin ; Kirk , Carlos Iván ; Degregori , Carlos Iván ( 1 January 2009 ) . The Peru Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 8750 - 6 . Jump up ^ * Juan de Samano ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro , 1526 '' . bloknot.info ( A. Skromnitsky ) . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Somervill , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Francisco Pizarro : Conqueror of the Incas . Compass Point Books . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 1061 - 9 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Raudzens , George , ed. ( 2003 ) . Technology , Disease , and Colonial Conquest . Boston : Brill Academic . pp. xiv . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Sanderson 1992 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Millersville University Silent Killers of the New World Archived 3 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , pp. 93 -- 96 . The 10 million population estimate in the info box is a mid-range estimate of the population ... Jump up ^ Quechua Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Origins And Diversity of Quechua '' . Jump up ^ `` Comparing chronicles and Andean visual texts . Issues for analysis '' ( PDF ) . Chungara , Revista de Antropología Chilena. 46 , No 1 , 2014 : 91 -- 113 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Tocapu in Guacan Poma : An Inca Heraldic ? '' . Boletin de Arqueologia PUCP . No 8 , 2004 : 305 -- 323 . ^ Jump up to : Incas : lords of gold and glory . Time - Life Books . Alexandria , Va. : Time - Life Books . 1992 . ISBN 0809498707 . OCLC 25371192 . Jump up ^ Gouda , F. ( 2008 ) . Colonial Encounters , Body Politics , and Flows of Desire . Journal of Women 's History , 20 ( 3 ) , 166 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Gerard , K. ( 1997 ) . Ancient Lives . New Moon , 4 ( 4 ) , 44 . Jump up ^ Covey , R. Alan . 2013 . Inca Gender Relations , from Household to Empire . Pearson Jump up ^ Urton , Gary ( 6 March 2009 ) . Signs of the Inka Khipu : Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted - String Records . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77375 - 2 . Jump up ^ THE INCAS OF PERU Jump up ^ `` Inca moral code Heart of the Initiate - Shamanic Retreats '' . www.heartoftheinitiate.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Burger , Richard L. ; Salazar , Lucy C. ( 2004 ) . Machu Picchu : Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09763 - 4 . Jump up ^ Davies , Nigel ( February 1981 ) . Human sacrifice : in history and today . Morrow . pp. 261 -- 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 03755 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reinhard , Johan ( November 1999 ) . `` A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo '' . National Geographic , Spanish version : 36 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Salomon , Frank ( 1987 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A North Andean Status Trader Complex under Inka Rule '' . Ethnohistory. 34 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 77 . doi : 10.2307 / 482266 . JSTOR 482266 . Jump up ^ Earls , J. The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture . P. 1 - 29 Jump up ^ Moseley 2001 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Murra , John V. ; Rowe , John Howland ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` An Interview with John V. Murra '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 64 ( 4 ) : 633 -- 653 . doi : 10.2307 / 2514748 . JSTOR 2514748 . Jump up ^ Maffie , J. ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Pre-Columbian Philosophies '' . In Nuccetelli , Susana ; Schutte , Ofelia ; Bueno , Otávio . A Companion to Latin American Philosophy . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 137 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 61056 - 5 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee ( 3 January 2012 ) , The greatest mystery of the Inca Empire was its strange economy , io9 , retrieved 4 January 2012 Jump up ^ Willey , Gordon R. ( 1966 ) . An Introduction to American Archaeology : South America . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall . pp. 173 -- 175 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 86 -- 89 ; 111 ; 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Moseley2001 , pp. 81 -- 85 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 138 - 139 . ^ Jump up to : Dillehay , T. ; Gordon , A. `` La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía '' . In Dillehay , Tom ; Netherly , Patricia . La frontera del estado Inca . Editorial Abya Yala . ISBN 978 - 9978 - 04 - 977 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bengoa 2003 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Rowe in Steward , Ed. , p. 262 Jump up ^ Rowe in Steward , ed. , p. 185 - 192 Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 42 -- 43 , 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 113 - 114 . Jump up ^ Bengoa 2003 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 87 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 99 . Jump up ^ R.T. Zuidema , Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization . Ethnohistory , Vol. 30 , No. 2 . ( Spring , 1983 ) , pp. 97 Jump up ^ Zuidema 1983 , pp. 48 . Jump up ^ Julien 1982 , pp. 121 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 233 -- 234 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 114 - 115 . Jump up ^ Julien 1982 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 233 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 150 -- 154 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 185 - 187 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Incan Mystery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 183 - 185 . Jump up ^ `` Supplementary Information for : Heggarty 2008 '' . Arch.cam.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inca mathematics '' . History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Cobo , B. ( 1983 ( 1653 ) ) . Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo . Vol. 1 . Edited and preliminary study By Francisco Mateos . Biblioteca de Autores Españoles , vol. 91 . Madrid : Ediciones Atlas . Jump up ^ Sáez - Rodríguez , A. ( 2012 ) . `` An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac ( Perú ) '' . Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 5 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Sáez - Rodríguez , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Knot numbers used as labels for identifying subject matter of a khipu '' . Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 6 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Kathleen ( 1997 ) . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 01802 - 6 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Somervill , Barbara A. ( 2005 ) . Empire of the Inca . New York : Facts on File , Inc . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 0816055602 . Jump up ^ `` Incan skull surgery '' . Science News . ^ Jump up to : `` Cocaine 's use : From the Incas to the U.S. '' Boca Raton News . 4 April 1985 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Inca Warfare '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Inca Warfare '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark . `` Inca Warfare '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco López de Jerez , Verdadera relación de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cusco , llamada la Nueva Castilla , 1534 . Jump up ^ Guaman Poma , El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno , ( 1615 / 1616 ) , pp. 256 , 286 , 344 , 346 , 400 , 434 , 1077 , this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book . Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373 , 515 , 558 , 1077 , 0 . On pages 83 , 167 -- 171 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention , a shield , to place certain totems related to Inca leaders . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ; Charles Edward Asnis ( 1917 ) . Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht - Club Signals ... 1 . N.L. Brown . p. 85 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Byron ( 1917 ) . Flags of the world . National Geographic Society . p. 356 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Bandera gay o del Tahuantinsuyo ? '' . Terra. 19 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Frisancho , A. Roberto ( 2013 ) , `` Developmental Functional Adaptation to High Altitude : Review '' , American Journal of Human Biology , 25 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 68 , doi : 10.1002 / ajhb. 22367 , PMID 24065360 References ( edit ) Library resources about Inca Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Куприенко , Сергей ( 2013 ) . Источники XVI - XVII веков по истории инков : хроники , документы , письма . Kyiv : Видавець Купрієнко С. А . ISBN 978 - 617 - 7085 - 03 - 3 . Bengoa , José ( 1 January 2003 ) . Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur : desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín : siglos XVI y XVII . BPR Publishers . ISBN 978 - 956 - 8303 - 02 - 0 . de la Vega , Garcilaso ( 15 September 2006 ) . The Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru , Abridged . Hackett Publishing . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60384 - 856 - 5 . Hemming , John ( 2003 ) . The Conquest of the Incas . Harvest Press . ISBN 0 - 15 - 602826 - 3 . MacQuarrie , Kim ( 2007 ) . The Last Days of the Incas . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6049 - 7 . Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 64 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27818 - 0 . McEwan , Gordon F. ( 26 August 2008 ) . The Incas : New Perspectives . W.W. Norton , Incorporated . pp. 221 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33301 - 5 . Morales , Edmundo ( 1995 ) . The guinea pig : healing , food , and ritual in the Andes . University of Arizona Press . Popenoe , Hugh ; Steven R. King ; Jorge Leon ; Luis Sumar Kalinowski ; Noel D. Vietmeyer ( 1989 ) . Lost Crops of the Incas : Little - Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 04264 - X . Sanderson , Steven E. ( 1992 ) . The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2021 - 2 . D'Altroy , Terence N. ( 30 April 2014 ) . The Incas . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 61059 - 6 . Steward , Julian H. , ed. ( 1946 ) . The Handbook of South American Indians : The Andean Civilizations . no . 143 v. 2 Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology . Biodiversity Heritage Library / Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . p. 1935 . Julien , Catherine J. ( 1982 ) . Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region in The Inca and Aztec States : 1400 -- 1800 . New York : Academic Press . Moseley , Michael Edward ( 2001 ) . The Incas and Their Ancestors : The Archaeology of Peru . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28277 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Inca ( category ) `` Guaman Poma -- El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno '' -- A high - quality digital version of the Corónica , scanned from the original manuscript . Conquest nts. html Inca Land by Hiram Bingham ( published 1912 -- 1922 CE ) . Inca Artifacts , Peru and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes . Ancient Civilizations -- Inca `` Ice Treasures of the Inca '' National Geographic site . `` The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec , '' poetry of an Inca emperor . 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'' Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Holy - Roman Carolingian Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Soviet Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Monarchies in the Americas Current Indigenous monarchies Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Settled monarchies Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom Former Indigenous monarchies Araucania and Patagonia Aztec Inca Neo-Inca Maya Miskito Taíno Colonial monarchies Courland and Semigallia France Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Latin American monarchies Brazil ( 1822 -- 89 ) Haiti 1804 -- 06 1811 -- 20 1849 -- 59 Mexico 1822 -- 23 1864 -- 67 Related List of monarchs in the Americas List of the last monarchs in the Americas GND : 4027023 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inca_Empire&oldid=845867644 '' Categories : Former countries in South America Former empires States and territories established in 1438 States and territories disestablished in 1533 Inca Empire Indigenous culture of the Americas Andean civilizations Post-Classic period in the Americas 16th - century disestablishments in the Inca civilization History of Ecuador History of Peru Inca states History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 15th century in South America 16th century in South America Former empires in the Americas 15th - century establishments in the Inca civilization Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles containing Quechua - language text Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 92 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 17 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who is generally considered the first king of the inka empire	[ "\n\nInca Empire\n\n\nTawantinsuyu (Quechua)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1438–1533\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBanner of the Tawantinsuyu\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Inca Empire at its greatest extent\n\n\n\nCapital\nCusco \n(1438–1533)\n\n\nLanguages\nQuechua (official), Aymara, Puquina, Jaqi family, Muchik and scores of smaller languages.\n\n\nReligion\nInca religion\n\n\nGovernment\nDivine, absolute monarchy\n\n\nSapa Inca\n\n\n\n • \n1438–1471\nPachacuti\n\n\n • \n1471–1493\nTúpac Inca Yupanqui\n\n\n • \n1493–1527\nHuayna Capac\n\n\n • \n1527–1532\nHuáscar\n\n\n • \n1532–1533\nAtahualpa\n\n\nHistorical era\nPre-Columbian era\n\n\n • \nPachacuti created the Tawantinsuyu\n1438\n\n\n • \nCivil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa\n1529–1532\n\n\n • \nSpanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro\n1533\n\n\n • \nEnd of the last Inca resistance\n1572\n\n\nArea\n\n\n • \n1527\n2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation\n\n\n • \n1527 est.\n10,000,000 \n\n\n Density\n5/km2 (13/sq mi)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom of Cusco\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGovernorate of New Castile\n\n\n\nGovernorate of New Toledo\n\n\n\nNeo-Inca State\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nToday part of\n Argentina\n Bolivia\n Chile\n Colombia\n Ecuador\n Peru\n\n" ]	[ "Pachacuti" ]
3206565338640924398	The Electric Prunes	The Electric Prunes - wikipedia The Electric Prunes Jump to : navigation , search The Electric Prunes The Electric Prunes in 1966 Background information Origin San Fernando Valley , Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Psychedelic rock garage rock acid rock electronic rock Years active 1965 -- 1970 , 1999 -- present Labels Reprise Radar Heartbeat Birdman Website www.electricprunes.net Members James Lowe Steve Kara Jay Dean Walter Garces Rocco Guarino Past members Mark Tulin Ken Williams Michael Weakley Steve Acoff Dick Hargraves Preston Ritter James Spagnola Joe Dooley Mike Gannon John Herron Mark Kincaid Brett Wade Dick Whetstone Kenny Loggins Jeromy Stuart Ron Morgan Cameron Lowe Mark Moulin Glen Bostic The Electric Prunes are an American psychedelic rock band , formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1965 . Much of the band 's music was , as music historian Richie Unterberger described it , possessed of `` an eerie and sometimes anguished ambiance '' , and , early on , mainly consisted of material by songwriters Annette Tucker and Nancie Mantz , though the group also penned their own songs . Incorporating psychedelia and elements of embryonic electronic rock , the band 's sound was marked by innovative recording techniques with fuzz - toned guitars and oscillating sound effects . In addition , guitarist Ken Williams ' and singer James Lowe 's concept of `` free - form garage music '' provided the band with a richer sonic palette and exploratory lyrical structure than many of their contemporaries . The band was signed to Reprise Records in 1966 and released their first single , `` Ai n't It Hard '' , in the latter part of the year . Their first album , The Electric Prunes , included the band 's two nationally charting songs , `` I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) '' and `` Get Me to the World on Time '' . With the appearance of their second album , Underground , the band was more free to create their own material . However , the original group disbanded by 1968 when they proved unable to record the innovative and complex arrangements by David Axelrod on the albums Mass in F Minor and Release of an Oath . Both albums were released under the band 's name , the rights to which were owned by their record producer David Hassinger , but were largely performed by other musicians . Several of the original band members reconvened in 1999 and began recording again . The band still performs occasionally , although the only remaining original member is lead singer James Lowe . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early success 1.3 The Axelrod period 1.4 The `` New Improved '' Electric Prunes 1.5 Revival and reformation 2 Band members 2.1 Current members 2.2 Former members 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Live albums 3.3 U.S. singles 3.4 European singles 3.5 Compilation albums 3.6 Various 3.7 DVDs 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The band originated from a surf rock - influenced garage rock group , the Sanctions , in 1965 . The Sanctions , which included James Lowe ( vocals , guitar ) , Mark Tulin ( bass guitar ) , Ken Williams ( lead guitar ) , and Michael `` Quint '' Weakley ( drums ) , recorded 12 cover songs on an acetate disc on March 27 , 1965 , in a home studio owned by Russ Bottomley . For their next set of recordings on September 29 , 1965 , the group , then known as Jim and the Lords , was joined by keyboardist Dick Hargrave , who left shortly afterwards to pursue a career in graphic arts . The songs went unreleased until Heartbeat Productions distributed the 2000 album , Then Came The Electric Prunes , which was commended for its good sound quality , considering the circumstances in which it was recorded . Back to a quartet , the band , while rehearsing in a garage , met a real estate agent named Barbara Harris . Harris had connections in the music industry , and introduced the group to Dave Hassinger to record demos at Sky Hill Studios . Hassinger , who had been working as the resident sound engineer at RCA Studios , recently completed development for The Rolling Stones ' album , Aftermath , and expressed a desire to produce a record . He suggested to the group that they change their name , and they considered a list of alternatives . According to Lowe , the name Electric Prunes started off as a joke , but he eventually convinced other band members , saying , `` It 's the one thing everyone will remember . It 's not attractive , and there 's nothing sexy about it , but people wo n't forget it . '' As a result of the recordings , a single , featuring a cover of the Gypsy Trips ' folk rock tune , `` Ai n't It Hard '' , and the Lowe - penned song , `` Little Olive '' , was released in early 1966 , but failed to chart . Early success ( edit ) Despite the commercial failure of `` Ai n't It Hard '' , Reprise Records was encouraged by the group 's effort , and signed the band to a recording contract that left them under Hassinger 's authority . Weakley departed the band after the single , and was replaced by Preston Ritter , and rhythm guitarist James `` Weasel '' Spagnola was recruited to make The Electric Prunes a quintet . Although the band was composing their own material , Hassinger called upon songwriters Annette Tucker and Nancie Mantz to write the majority of the group 's songs . The new line - up recorded six demos at American Recording Studio and Leon Russell 's studio . These mainly comprised cover songs and Tucker - Mantz compositions . According to Lowe , while at Russell 's recording studio , `` Dave cued up a tape and did n't hit ' record , ' and the playback in the studio was way up : ear - shattering vibrating jet guitar . Ken had been shaking his Bigsby wiggle stick with some fuzztone and tremolo at the end of the tape . Forward it was cool . Backward it was amazing . I ran into the control room and said , ' What was that ? ' They did n't have the monitors on so they had n't heard it . I made Dave cut if off and save it for later . '' The fluttering buzz sound was utilized for the opening to the Tucker - Mantz song , `` I Had Too Much To Dream ( Last Night ) '' , which also included a heavily - textured psychedelic guitar motif . The song was chosen to be released as The Electric Prunes ' second single in November 1966 . It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number 49 on the UK Singles Chart . The success of the single prompted immediate touring , and earned the group a promotional contract with musical equipment makers Vox . Williams recorded an advert , demonstrating the use of Vox 's wah - wah pedal in early 1967 , and the band was featured in magazines such as Vox Teen Beat . The band 's follow - up single , `` Get Me to the World on Time '' , which put distorted sound effects to a psychedelic - tinged Bo Diddley beat , was released in May 1967 . The song managed to chart at number 27 in the US and number 42 in the UK , and was the most electronically experimental composition by the group thus far . When it came time for The Electric Prunes to record songs for their first album , they were limited musically due to the predominate presence of Tucker and Mantz 's ( also Jill Jones ) songwriting partnership , which composed the majority of the album 's material . The group 's debut album , The Electric Prunes possessed exotically - combined effects , and violin - like guitar riffs , mixed with a diverse , and somewhat uneven , selection of pop songs , with only `` Train For Tomorrow '' and `` Luvin ' '' being penned by the band . Tracks such as the soft rock tune , `` Onie '' and `` Toonerville Trolley '' suggest inconsistency in an attempt to produce a commercially viable sound . Reflecting on the album , Tulin said , `` Consequently there are definitely songs that I believe do not belong on the album and were , in fact , a waste of our time and energy . There were several other ideas we were working on , but ( we ) realized there was no use pursuing them because they too would have been ' too weird . ' '' In July 1967 , the band released their fourth single , one of the more unusual compositions to come from the pen of the Tucker - Mantz songwriting duo , `` Dr. Do - Good '' . The song , which featured Williams playing a prototype steel guitar , and childlike to maddening vocals , was described by music historian Richie Unterberger as `` sounding more like a horror movie theme run amok than a radio - ready hit '' , and consequently the single bubbled under the Hot 100 at number 128 . The Electric Prunes reconvened at American Recording Studios to record their second album , Underground , though Hassinger was not as involved in the band 's activities , which allowed much more creative freedom to the group to write their own material . For the album , the band wrote seven of the twelve tracks , and expanded upon the experimentation of the first album , with inventive guitar reverb and oscillation , in a unified effort . However , in the middle of the recording sessions the line - up went through changes when Ritter departed for musical differences , and was replaced by original drummer Weakley , who appeared on five tracks . Spagnola left near the conclusion of recording to address medical concerns , and Mike Gannon was recruited to finish the album . Gannon was included on just two songs as well as the non-album track , `` Everybody Knows You 're Not In Love '' . In August 1967 , Underground was released , but , without a hit - ready single , did not fare as well on the Billboard 200 , where it peaked at number 172 . After a U.S. tour in the latter half of 1967 , the new line - up embarked on a European tour and this led to appearances at high - profile venues such as The Roundhouse , The Speakeasy Club and Middle Earth . On the final leg of the tour , The Electric Prunes ' performance was recorded in Stockholm by the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation . The recordings were issued in 1997 on the live album , Stockholm ' 67 . The Axelrod period ( edit ) At the suggestion of manager Lenny Poncher and Hassinger , The Electric Prunes agreed to record a concept album that integrated Gregorian music into psychedelic pop , with the belief it would launch them into commercial success . Poncher recruited David Axelrod , a formally neo-classically trained musician , to compose all of the material for the project . The result , Mass in F Minor , was a complex arrangement of religious - based rock , which was sung entirely in Latin . Although the band did record the songs `` Kyrie Eleison '' , `` Gloria '' , and `` Credo '' , the intricate orchestration proved to be too difficult and time - consuming for the group . As a consequence , Hassinger enlisted the Canadian group , The Collectors , among other session musicians , in completing the album , although Lowe , Tulin , and Weakley did contribute to every track . Mass in F Minor was released in January 1968 and reached number 135 on the Billboard 200 . An eerie version of the opening track , `` Kyrie Eleison '' , became somewhat of an underground favorite when it appeared in the soundtrack for the counterculture film , Easy Rider . The Electric Prunes performed with the new songs in concert just once , at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium , which Tulin described : `` From the outset the performance was a disaster . We missed the intro on the first song and it never got any better . Amp speakers blew , charts fell off music stands and everyone was , in general , in a complete state of confusion . Ended up each song turned into one long jam . I think we were , at times , all in the same key . I made my way over to the four celli and four French horns and told them to ' jam in E . ' Somehow we would hit a break and James would manage a vocal '' . As a result of financial and musical issues , Weakley and Lowe left the group in early 1968 . Tulin and Williams finished a tour with a line - up that also included Kenny Loggins and Jeremy Stuart , but by mid-1968 they too departed the group . Nonetheless , Hassinger still owned the rights to The Electric Prunes 's name , and was encouraged by the success of Mass in F Minor , which prompted him to assemble a new line - up . He was steered toward the Colorado group , Climax , by Rich Fifield . Fifield had worked in fellow Colorado band , Hardwater ( previously the surf rock band The Astronauts ) , which was managed by Poncher , and produced an album with Axelrod . The new Electric Prunes line - up included Climax members Richard Whetstone ( vocals , guitar ) , John Herron ( organ ) , and Mark Kincaid ( guitar ) with Brett Wade ( bass guitar ) , who was recommended by The Collectors . With the group restructured , Axelrod , again , composed all the material for their next album , in the same vein as the previous effort , and centered it around the Jewish prayer , Kol Nidre . The album , titled Release of an Oath , utilized several session musicians including Howard Roberts , Carol Kaye , and Earl Palmer , and saw Whetstone as the only band member to contribute to the recordings . Although the album was considered more cohesive and progressive than its predecessor , it failed to chart upon its release in November 1968 . Afterwards , Axelrod returned to his past position at Capitol Records , and The Electric Prunes toured as a supporting act for bands such as Steppenwolf , Canned Heat , and New Buffalo Springfield . The `` new Improved '' Electric Prunes ( edit ) The band 's final album , Just Good Old Rock and Roll , was released in June 1969 with the cover describing the group as The `` New Improved '' Electric Prunes . Herron left the group before they completed recording of the album , though he was still credited as the keyboardist . He was replaced by Ron Morgan , who had been the guitarist of Three Dog Night , and an essential session musician for the first three albums released by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band . With the exception of `` Finders Keepers , Losers Weepers '' , which was co-written by Jimmy Holiday , all the songs on Just Good Old Rock and Roll were composed solely by the band . In addition , Wade composed `` Flowing Smoothly '' , the B - side to the non-album single , `` Hey , Mr. President '' . Just Good Old Rock and Roll is much more straightforward than past works , consisting of funk - influenced hard rock , although `` So Many People to Tell '' and `` Silver Passion Mine '' also exhibit a late - psychedelic sound . As Whetstone explains , `` We were fairly naive in terms of guidance ; we had none , so we were experimenting with a lot of musical styles . If you listen to the album , you 'll hear a lot of diversity , feel and tempo changes ... That was our learning curve . '' In early 1970 , Whetstone and Wade departed the band and moved to Canada where they formed Stallion Thumbrock . Morgan and Kincaid constructed another line - up of The Electric Prunes that included Michael Kearns , Clay Groomer , Huey Plumeigh , and Galen Pugh ; however , by mid-1970 the band dissolved . Revival and reformation ( edit ) Although the band broke up in 1970 , their material continued to be circulated through reissues and compilation albums . Following the inclusion of `` I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) '' as the first track on the seminal Nuggets : Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1968 in 1972 , a slow return of interest in the band 's music began . On the 1998 release of the album , `` Get Me to the World on Time '' was included as well . In Europe , the band 's albums were re-released , with 1986 seeing the reissue of Underground , Release of an Oath , and , essentially The Electric Prunes 's first greatest hits album , Long Days Flight . This was the first album to include their first single , `` Ai n't It Hard '' , the non-LP track `` You Never Had It Better '' , and the first to be released on the compact disc format in 1989 . By 1997 , all of the group 's albums were available via compact disc . Following the release of the 1997 live album , Stockholm ' 67 , on Heartbeat Records , the original line - up of Tulin , Lowe , Williams , and Weakley ( now known as Fortune ) reconvened , in 1999 , to record new material for the first time in 31 years . After the success of the 2001 compilation album , Lost Dreams , the band began to perform live again along with new members . On October 31 , 2001 , the band released the album , Artifact , which included several guest musicians , most notably former Moby Grape guitarist , Peter Lewis . Deemed the `` one we never got to make '' , the album was a cohesive take on the band 's psychedelic sound . In August 2002 , the group toured Europe for the first time since 1968 , with concerts in the UK and Greece and , in 2003 , a DVD looking into the UK portion of their European tour , called Rewired , was released . Additional albums were released over the years , including the concept album , California , in 2004 , and their most experimental album since The Electric Prunes 's reformation , Feedback , in 2006 . On February 26 , 2011 , Tulin died aged 62 from a heart attack while volunteering at the University of Southern California Catalina Hyperbaric Chamber . After Tulin 's death , the band went on hiatus , but returned to touring in 2013 . On May 22 , 2014 , the band released WaS , which featured new material inspired by the group 's tour in Tokyo , Japan . The album includes the last recordings with Tulin , and the two live tracks , `` Smokestack Lightning '' and `` Bullet Thru the Backseat '' . Preston Ritter died in 2015 , aged 65 . Band members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) James Lowe -- lead vocals , harmonica , percussion , theremin , guitar , autoharp ( 1965 -- 1968 , 1999 -- present ) Steve Kara -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2003 -- present ) Jay Dean -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2004 -- present ) Walter Garces -- drums ( 2006 -- present ) Rocco Guarino -- bass , backing vocals ( 2013 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Mark Tulin ( 1965 -- 1968 , 1999 -- 2011 ; died 2011 ) - bass , keyboards Ken Williams ( 1965 -- 1968 , 1999 -- 2003 , 2006 ) - lead guitar Michael `` Quint '' Weakley ( 1965 -- 1966 , 1967 , 2001 ) - drums , percussion Steve Acoff ( 1965 ) Dick Hargraves ( 1965 ) - keyboards Preston Ritter ( 1966 -- 1967 ; died 2015 ) - drums , percussion James `` Weasel '' Spagnola ( 1966 -- 1967 ) - rhythm guitar , backing and lead vocals Joe Dooley ( 1967 -- 1968 , 2001 -- 2005 ) - drums Mike Gannon ( 1967 -- 1968 ) - rhythm guitar John Herron ( 1968 -- 1970 ) - keyboards Mark Kincaid ( 1968 -- 1970 ) - guitar , backing vocals Brett Wade ( 1968 -- 1970 ) - bass , backing vocals , flute Dick Whetstone ( 1968 -- 1970 ) - drums , lead vocals , guitar Kenny Loggins ( 1968 ) Jeromy Stuart ( 1968 ) Ron Morgan ( 1969 -- 1970 ) - guitar Cameron Lowe ( 2001 -- 2003 ) - keyboards Mark Moulin ( 2001 -- 2003 ) - lead guitar Glen Bostic ( 2007 ) Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) The Electric Prunes ( 1967 ) Underground ( 1967 ) Mass in F Minor ( Composed by David Axelrod ) ( 1968 ) Release of an Oath ( 1968 ) Just Good Old Rock and Roll ( 1969 ) Artifact ( 2001 ) California ( 2004 ) Feedback ( 2006 ) WaS ( 2014 ) Live albums ( edit ) Stockholm ' 67 ( Heartbeat BMRO39 ) , 1997 Return to Stockholm Live at Debaser 2004 ( PruneTwang 8 - 69691 - 13 ) , 2012 U.S. singles ( edit ) `` Ai n't It Hard '' / `` Little Olive '' ( Reprise 0473 ) , 1966 `` I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) '' / `` Luvin '' ( Reprise 0532 ) 1966 ( US # 11 , UK # 49 ) `` Get Me to the World on Time '' / `` Are You Lovin ' Me More ( But Enjoying it Less ) '' ( Reprise 0564 ) , 1966 , ( US # 27 , UK # 42 ) `` Vox Wah - Wah Ad '' ( Thomas 08 - 000132 - 0 ) , 1967 `` Dr. Do - Good '' / `` Hideaway '' ( Reprise 0594 ) , 1967 ( US # 128 ) `` The Great Banana Hoax '' / `` Wind - up Toys '' ( Reprise 0607 ) , 1967 `` Everybody Knows You 're Not in Love '' / `` You Never Had it Better '' ( Reprise 0652 ) , 1968 `` I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) '' / `` Get Me to the World on Time '' ( Reprise 0704 -- Double A-side ) , 1968 `` Shadow '' ( Reprise PRO 287 ) , 1968 , one - sided single `` Sanctus '' / `` Credo '' ( Reprise PRO 277 ) , 1968 `` Help Us ( Our Father , Our King ) '' / `` The Adoration '' ( Reprise PRO 305 ) , 1968 `` Hey ! Mr. President '' / `` Flowing Smoothly '' ( Reprise 0756 ) , 1969 `` Sell '' / `` Violent Rose '' ( Reprise 0833 ) , 1969 `` Love Grows '' / `` Finders , Keepers , Losers , Weepers '' ( Reprise 0858 ) , 1969 `` Hollywood Halloween '' ( Birdman Records BMR1313 ) , 2001 , Peter Lewis ( Moby Grape ) backed by The Electric Prunes ) `` Get Me to the World on Time '' ( Live ) ( Birdman Records BMR037 ) , 2002 ( recorded at Voxfest III in June 2001 ) `` Left in Blue '' ( original by Azure Halo ) European singles ( edit ) `` I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) '' / `` Luvin '' ( Reprise RS 20532 ) , 1966 , UK `` Get Me to the World on Time '' / `` Are You Lovin Me More ( But Enjoying It Less ) '' ( Reprise RS 20564 ) , 1967 , UK `` The Great Banana Hoax '' / `` Wind - Up Toys '' ( Reprise RS 20607 ) , 1967 , UK `` Long Days Flight '' / `` The King In His Counting House '' ( Reprise RS 23212 ) , 1967 , UK `` I Had Too Much To Dream ( Last Night ) '' / `` Luvin ' '' / `` Little Olive '' / `` Ai n't It Hard '' ( Reprise RVEP 60098 ) , 1967 , France `` Everybody Knows You 're Not In Love '' / `` You Never Had It Better '' ( Reprise RS 20652 ) , 1968 , UK `` Long Day 's Flight '' / `` Dr. Do - Good '' / `` The Great Banana Hoax '' / `` Captain Glory '' ( Reprise RVEP 60110 ) , 1968 , France `` Everybody Knows You 're Not In Love '' / `` You Never Had It Better '' ( Reprise RV 20149 ) , 1968 , France `` Hey Mr President '' / `` Flowing Smoothly '' ( Reprise RV 20198 ) , 1969 , France `` I Had Too Much To Dream ( Last Night ) '' / ( `` Lies '' by the Knickerbockers ) ( Elektra K 12102 ) , 1973 ( from the Nuggets compilation ) , UK `` I Had Too Much To Dream ( Last Night ) '' / `` Luvin '' ( Radar ADA 16 -- picture sleeve reissue ) , 1979 , UK Compilation albums ( edit ) Long Day 's Flight ( Edsel Records / Demon Records ) , 1986 , UK The Singles ( Gone Beat ) , 1995 , Israel Lost Dreams ( Birdman Records / Heartbeat Records ) , 2000 , US The Sanctions / Jim and the Lords - Then Came the Electric Prunes ( Heartbeat Productions ) , 2000 , UK ( pre-Electric Prunes recordings ) Too Much To Dream - Original Group Recordings : Reprise 1966 - 1967 ( Rhino Records / Reprise Records ) , 2007 , UK & Europe The Original Albums Series , 5 - CD box set , released 2012 Various ( edit ) Easy Rider , 1969 ( includes `` Kyrie Eleison '' ) Nuggets : Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1968 ( includes `` I Had Too Much To Dream ( Last Night ) '' ) , 1972 , Elektra , reissued 1976 Sire Pebbles , Volume 2 , 1979 ( includes `` Vox Wah - Wah Radio Ad '' ) , BFD Records , reissued 1992 on CD by AIP Records Rarities , 1981 ( 4 songs from a 1967 concert in Stockholm plus the Vox ad , split with Count Five ) , Great Live Concerts label DVDs ( edit ) Rewired ( Snapper Music ) , 2002 , UK References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet Electric Prunes '' . Teen Handbook . 1967 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` LINER NOTES FOR THE ELECTRIC PRUNES ' I HAD TOO MUCH TO DREAM ( LAST NIGHT ) '' . richieunterberger.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weller , Don ( 2001 ) . `` Lost Dreams ( CD booklet ) '' . Heartbeat Records cat . # CA91806 . p. 2 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` James Lowe Interview '' . richieunterberger.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viscounti , Tony ( 2014 ) . `` 1,001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die ... And 10,001 You Must Download '' ( 4th ed . ) . New York , NY : Universe Publishing . p. 928 . ISBN 9780789320896 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` The Electric Prunes - Biography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with David Axelrod '' . Dazed and Confused. 1999 . pp. 45 -- 53 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Electric Prunes - Part One '' . electricprunes.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Simon ( 2000 ) . `` Then Came The Electric Prunes ( CD Booklet ) '' . Heartbeat Productions cat . # CDHB65 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Brian ( 1989 ) . `` Long Day 's Flight ( CD Booklet ) '' . Edsel Records . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Electric Prunes '' . classicbands.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 2000 ) . `` Urban Spacemen and Wayfaring Strangers '' . Miller Freeman Publishing . pp. 52 -- 67 . ISBN 0879306165 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electric Prunes - Part 3 '' . electricprunes.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` LINER NOTES FOR THE ELECTRIC PRUNES ' COMPLETE REPRISE SINGLES '' . richieunterberger.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deming , Mark . `` I Had Too Much To Dream ( Last Night ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` LINER NOTES FOR THE ELECTRIC PRUNES ' UNDERGROUND '' . richieunterberger.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deming , Mark . `` Underground - Review '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Prunes - Part Four '' . electricprunes.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Simon ( 1997 ) . `` Stockholm ' 67 ( CD booklet ) '' . Heartbeat Productions cat . # CDHB67 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Al . `` Mass in F Minor - Review '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` LINER NOTES FOR THE ELECTRIC PRUNES ' MASS IN F MINOR '' . richieunterberger.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bebergal , Peter ( 2011 ) . `` Too Much to Dream : A Psychedelic American Boyhood '' . Soft Skull Press . p. 76 . ISBN 9781593763824 . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Prunes - Part six '' . electricprunes.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How musicians in a Colorado band named Climax morphs into The Electric Prunes '' . damprock.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nishimoto , Dan . `` The Electric Prunes Release of an Oath '' . popmatters.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mason , Stewart . `` Release of an Oath - Review '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electric Prunes - Part seven '' . electricprunes.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Release Of An Oath ( The Kol Nidre ) & Just Good Old Rock And Roll ( CD booklet ) '' . Delirium Records cat . # CCM730. 1997 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vigilone , Joe . `` Just Good Old Rock and Roll - Review '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electric Prunes - Part eight '' . electricprunes.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Mark . `` Artifact - Review '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , James ( 2006 ) . `` Feedback ( CD booklet ) '' . Prunetwang Records cat . # 8696981 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mark Tulin obituary '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Psychedelic Music Legends The Electric Prunes Release New Live CD ' WaS ' '' . mi2n.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Lifton ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Preston Ritter , Electric Prunes Drummer , Dies at 65 '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . External links ( edit ) Archive website Official website on current activities Independent discography with images . Comprehensive discography Lost Dreams CD Track Annotation Liner notes from I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) . Interview with James Lowe , discussing effects used on the early recordings . Interview with Annette Tucker , another perspective on the Prunes . Interview with songwriter Nancie Mantz Interview with Preston Ritter , on his history with the group . Exclusive track on Psychedelica Vol. 1 on Northern Star Records Live and early recordings on Heartbeat Records Interview with James Lowe , 1997 Interview with Annette Tucker , 2002 Interview with James Lowe of The Electric Prunes , 2015 ( hide ) The Electric Prunes James Lowe Steve Kara Jay Dean Walter Garces Rocco Preston Ritter Kenny Loggins Mark Tulin Studio albums The Electric Prunes ( 1967 ) Underground ( 1967 ) Mass in F Minor ( 1968 ) Release of an Oath ( 1968 ) Just Good Old Rock and Roll ( 1969 ) Artifact ( 2002 ) California ( 2004 ) Songs `` I Had Too Much to Dream ( Last Night ) '' `` Get Me to the World on Time '' Portal : Biography Portal : Rock and roll Portal : Rock music MusicBrainz : 8cb8b329 - e152 - 4394 - 80d0 - 6aab033ec16c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Electric_Prunes&oldid=801749087 '' Categories : The Electric Prunes Kenny Loggins Electronic rock musical groups Garage rock groups from California Musical groups established in 1965 Musical groups disestablished in 1970 Musical groups reestablished in 1999 Musical groups from Los Angeles Psychedelic rock music groups from California Radar Records artists Reprise Records artists Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Good articles Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang get me to the world on time	[ "The Electric Prunes are an American psychedelic rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1965.[1] Much of the band's music was, as music historian Richie Unterberger described it, possessed of \"an eerie and sometimes anguished ambiance\", and, early on, mainly consisted of material by songwriters Annette Tucker and Nancie Mantz, though the group also penned their own songs.[2] Incorporating psychedelia and elements of embryonic electronic rock, the band's sound was marked by innovative recording techniques with fuzz-toned guitars and oscillating sound effects. In addition, guitarist Ken Williams' and singer James Lowe's concept of \"free-form garage music\" provided the band with a richer sonic palette and exploratory lyrical structure than many of their contemporaries.[3][4][5]" ]	[ "The Electric Prunes" ]
89124764893694770	Sheldon Cooper	Sheldon Cooper - Wikipedia Sheldon Cooper Sheldon Lee Cooper The Big Bang Theory / Young Sheldon character Jim Parsons as adult Sheldon Cooper ( left ) and Iain Armitage as young Sheldon Cooper ( right ) First appearance The Big Bang Theory : `` Pilot '' ( 2007 ) Young Sheldon : `` Pilot '' ( 2017 ) Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Portrayed by Jim Parsons ( in The Big Bang Theory , voice in Young Sheldon ) Iain Armitage ( in Young Sheldon ) Information Full name Sheldon Lee Cooper Gender Male Occupation The Big Bang Theory : Theoretical physicist Young Sheldon : Student Title Doctor Family Mary Cooper ( mother ) George Cooper , Sr. ( father ) Missy Cooper ( twin sister ) George `` Georgie '' Cooper , Jr. ( brother ) Missy 's unnamed son ( nephew ) Constance `` Meemaw '' Tucker ( maternal grandmother ) `` Pop Pop '' ( maternal grandfather ) Spouse ( s ) Amy Farrah Fowler Religion `` Mathology '' ( his invention ) Atheism Nationality American Sheldon Lee Cooper , Ph. D. , Sc. D. , is a fictional character in the CBS television series The Big Bang Theory and its spinoff series Young Sheldon , portrayed by actors Jim Parsons in The Big Bang Theory and Iain Armitage in Young Sheldon ( with Parsons as the latter series ' narrator ) . For his portrayal , Parsons has won four Primetime Emmy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a TCA Award , and two Critics ' Choice Television Awards . The character 's childhood is the focus of Young Sheldon ; the series ' first season is set in 1989 when 9 - year - old prodigy Sheldon has skipped ahead five grades , to start high school alongside his older brother . Sheldon is a senior theoretical physicist at Caltech and for the first ten seasons of The Big Bang Theory , shares an apartment with his colleague and best friend , Leonard Hofstadter ( Johnny Galecki ) . In season 10 , Sheldon moves across the hall with his girlfriend Amy , in the former apartment of Leonard 's wife Penny . He is a former child prodigy with genius - level IQ , but displays an almost total lack of social skills , a tenuous understanding of humor , and difficulty recognizing irony and sarcasm in other people , although he himself often employs them . He exhibits highly idiosyncratic behavior and a general lack of humility or empathy . He also lacks toleration . These characteristics provide the majority of the humor involving him , which has caused him to be described as the show 's breakout character . Some viewers have asserted that Sheldon 's personality is consistent with Asperger syndrome , obsessive -- compulsive disorder , and asexuality . Co-creator Bill Prady has stated that Sheldon 's character was neither conceived nor developed with regard to any of these traits , although Parsons has said that in his opinion , Sheldon `` could n't display more traits '' of Asperger 's . Contents 1 Creation and casting 2 Characterization 2.1 Early life 2.2 Personality 2.3 Family 2.4 Relationships 3 Reception and legacy 3.1 General 3.2 Asperger syndrome 4 References Creation and casting ( edit ) The character of Sheldon Cooper was inspired by a computer programmer personally known to series co-creator Bill Prady . He is named in honor of actor / producer Sheldon Leonard and Nobel Prize Laureate Leon Cooper . Chuck Lorre originally intended Johnny Galecki to play the role , but Galecki thought he would be `` better suited '' for the character of Leonard . Lorre said that when Jim Parsons auditioned for the role , he was `` so startlingly good '' that he was asked to reaudition `` to make sure he had n't gotten lucky '' . Sheldon is one of four characters to appear in every episode of the series , along with Leonard , Howard , and Raj . Characterization ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Sheldon was raised in Galveston , Texas along with his elder brother , George Jr. , and fraternal twin sister , Missy , by his mother , Mary Cooper , an overtly devout Baptist ; and George Cooper , an alcoholic who was rarely around . Sheldon once got his father fired when he told Mr. Hinckley , a store owner , that George was stealing from the cash register . In Young Sheldon , this is retconned : his father is a football coach who was fired from his coaching position in Galveston because he disclosed that other coaches were illegally recruiting players to their school , forcing the family to return to Medford . He does drink , mostly beer , but is a loving father who is trying to understand his intellectually gifted son . The only member of his family to have actively encouraged his work in science was his grandfather , whom he cherished and affectionately called `` Pop - Pop '' , and who died when Sheldon was five years old . Pop - Pop 's loss is what caused Sheldon to despise Christmas when his Christmas wish to bring Pop - Pop back did n't come true . Sheldon 's closest relative is his maternal grandmother whom he affectionately calls `` Meemaw '' , and who in turn calls him `` Moon Pie '' . His aunt also encouraged Sheldon by giving him medical equipment , `` in case his work in physics failed , he 'd have a ' trade ' to fall back on '' . Sheldon was interested in science from an early age , and was a child prodigy , although due to his behavioral quirks and his lack of humility about his superior intellect , he was bullied by classmates and neighbors . Sheldon entered college at the age of eleven , and at age fourteen he graduated from college summa cum laude . ( To this day , the college he went to for undergraduate studies has yet to be revealed , but he feels it is superior to his fellow Big Bang Theory colleagues ' alma maters of Princeton ( Leonard ) , MIT ( Howard ) and Harvard ( Amy ) - however , it is implied in `` The Tam Turbulence '' that Sheldon is a Caltech alumnus . ) From then , he worked on his doctorate , was a visiting professor at the University of Heidelberg in Germany , was the youngest person at the time to receive the Stevenson Award , and has appeared on the cover of Journal of Physical Chemistry A. Sheldon is now a theoretical physicist doing research at Caltech , although he stated in Young Sheldon that he could n't see himself living in California due to their carefree lifestyle . Personality ( edit ) `` Bazinga '' redirects here . For the jellyfish genus , see Bazinga ( genus ) . Sheldon is often described as a stereotypical `` geek '' . He is usually characterized as being extremely intelligent , detail - oriented , eccentric , and occasionally disturbing . Despite his intelligence , he often displays childlike qualities , such as extreme stubbornness and a lack of common sense . It is claimed by Bernadette that the reason Sheldon is sometimes unpleasant is because the part of his brain that tells him it is wrong to be nasty is `` getting a wedgie from the rest of his brain '' , although , in season 8 's `` The Space Probe Disintegration '' , Sheldon tearfully admits to Leonard that he is aware of his peculiarities and how his behavior comes across . The first four episodes of The Big Bang Theory portray Sheldon slightly inconsistently with respect to his later characterization , in which he is depicted as rather witty and sarcastic , and slightly flirtatious towards Penny in the pilot episode : according to Prady , the character `` began to evolve after episode five or so and became his own thing '' . Sheldon possesses an eidetic memory and an IQ of 187 , although he claims his IQ can not be accurately measured by normal tests . He originally claimed to have a master 's degree and two doctoral degrees , but this list has increased . Sheldon has an extensive general knowledge in many subjects including physics , chemistry , biology , astronomy , cosmology , algebra , calculus , economics , computers , vexillology , engineering , history , geography , linguistics , football , trains , Star Trek and in addition to being fluent in Klingon , has some knowledge of Finnish , Hindi and Mandarin . He also shows great talent in music , knowing how to play the piano ( as does Parsons in real life ) , the bongos , the recorder , theremin ( which Parsons learned to play in real life ) , showing some skill in Tuvan throat singing and also having perfect pitch . Although his friends have similar intellects to him , his eccentricities , stubbornness , and lack of empathy often frustrate them . Sheldon occasionally uses slang ( in a very unnatural fashion ) , and follows jokes with his catchphrase `` Bazinga ! '' which is now an officially registered trademark of Warner Bros. He is uncomfortable with human physical contact and has germophobia , which makes his exceptionally rare hugs extremely awkward and painful - looking . He also has hemophobia . Sheldon has difficulty coping when asked to keep a secret , when he is interrupted , or when he hears arguing . He is also a notary public and uses his knowledge in law and contracts usually for his own advantage and is always distressed when challenged in a legal aspect that he can not logically defend . In his mannerisms , Sheldon also shows symptoms associated with obsessive - compulsive personality disorder . Whenever approaching a person 's home , he must knock three times , then say the person 's name , and must repeat this at least three times ( where `` The first one is traditional , but two and three are for people to get their pants on '' ) , as a result of him walking in on his father with another woman when he was thirteen . Upon entering a person 's home , he must select the proper seat before sitting down . When it is suggested by Penny that he `` just sit anywhere '' , his response is `` Oh , no , if only it were that simple ! '' This extends to his inability to accept change . His rigidity in maintaining homeostasis often causes him frustration . Because of his rigidity and stubbornness , only his mother and Bernadette -- both possessing strong maternal personalities -- have shown the ability to order him to do things . Like his friends , Sheldon is fond of comic books ( especially the DC Universe ) , costumes , video games , roleplaying games , tabletop games , collectible card games , and action figures . Sheldon has restraining orders from his heroes Leonard Nimoy , Carl Sagan , and Stan Lee , as well as television scientist Bill Nye . Sheldon often wears vintage T - shirts adorned with superhero logos . One of his shirts is emblazoned with the number 73 , and in the episode `` The Alien Parasite Hypothesis '' he explains that 73 is the 21st prime number , its mirror , 37 , is the 12th prime number and its mirror ( 21 ) is the product of multiplying 7 and 3 , also in binary , 73 is 1001001 , a palindrome . The boys use video games like bowling and archery for `` exercise '' and use the traditional sport rules . Sheldon has sometimes shown empathy , including lending money to Penny without expecting it back quickly ( although that may just have been his logical Spock - like response to a problem to be solved ; it was , after all , money he was not using and would not miss ) and driving her to a hospital when her shoulder was dislocated . Since season 10 , his empathy skills have improved to the extent that he goes out of his way to pamper his fiance Amy . Sheldon admits he is overly fond of koalas munching on eucalyptus so much that he has a facial expression that he refers to as his koala face . He dislikes gifts , because the `` social contract '' in his view creates either a debt or burden on the receiver of the gift which will not stop until one of the two involved in the `` gift - relationship '' dies leaving the other either in debt or with an undue surplus . Sheldon also does not take drugs , not even legal ones such as caffeine , due to a promise to his mother , and is hypersensitive when he accidentally consumes them . It has been shown , however , that alcohol often causes Sheldon to loosen up significantly , although it will also cloud his judgment -- on occasion , after drinking alcoholic drinks ( both deliberately and accidentally ) , he has done things that he would never do while sober , such as singing out loud , mooning an audience full of people , confronting Wil Wheaton , , leaving wildly inappropriate voicemails after `` drunk dialling '' Stephen Hawking , and affectionately slapping Amy 's rear . In response to criticism from his friends that he is mentally ill , Sheldon often retorts , `` I 'm not crazy ; my mother had me tested '' -- which his mother has confirmed to be true ( once while wishing she had gone through with a follow - up examination ) . Family ( edit ) Sheldon contrasts strongly with his family , who are neither scientists nor intellectuals . His father George died before the start of The Big Bang Theory , when Sheldon was 14 , while his mother Mary is a devout born - again Christian and loving parent . Sheldon has two siblings : a twin sister , Missy , who is a tall , attractive brunette as an adult ; and an older brother , George Jr. , who owns a tire store chain headquartered in Dallas called Dr. Tire . The adult Sheldon has stated that both Missy and George Jr. beat up Sheldon during their childhoods , and their mother describes them to be `` dumb as soup '' . In the pilot episode of The Big Bang Theory , Sheldon tells Leonard that DNA is not a guarantee of an intelligent offspring as he himself is a theoretical physicist and his twin sister is a hostess at Fuddruckers . Sheldon is very fond of his maternal grandmother , whom he calls `` Meemaw '' and who calls him `` Moon Pie '' . He called his grandfather , who died when Sheldon was five , `` Pop Pop '' . Sheldon was also very close to his grandfather , stating once that his grandfather is the only relative he had who encouraged him to become involved in science . Sheldon has a maternal uncle , Edward , who is called `` Stumpy '' as the result of a time when he cleaned a wood chipper by hand . He also has a maternal aunt , Charlene , which was revealed in Young Sheldon when his mother told Meemaw that she made dinner for `` Charlene and Edward '' more times than her . Sheldon had another uncle , named Carl Cooper , who was killed by a badger while cleaning a chimney and another uncle that may have done things to children that were legal in Oklahoma per `` The Clean Room Infiltration '' . In `` The Engagement Reaction '' , Sheldon mentions that his aunt Ruth died a week after being infected by a pathogen she contracted in the hospital where she visited Sheldon 's uncle Roger , and that their ashes are now stored in a coffee can on Sheldon 's mother 's mantle . In the Young Sheldon episode `` Vanilla Ice Cream , Gentleman Callers , and a Dinette Set '' , it is revealed that Sheldon has children in the future . Relationships ( edit ) Sheldon 's closest friends are Leonard Hofstadter , Howard Wolowitz , and Raj Koothrappali . Of the three , Sheldon is openly dismissive of Howard and constantly opines that a master 's degree in engineering demonstrates a lesser intellect than that of the others , who all possess science doctorates . Despite that , Sheldon has referred to Howard as a `` treasured acquaintance '' and later his friend at various points . Sheldon constantly belittles Leonard and dismisses his work , yet at the same time considers Leonard his best friend , as they used to live together and can tolerate each other : in `` The Space Probe Disintegration '' , Sheldon admits to Leonard that he is aware of how difficult he can be , and tearfully expresses his gratitude for having Leonard in his life in spite of himself , causing Leonard to break down beside him . Prady stated that `` the fact that , despite everything , Leonard considers Sheldon his best friend reminds us of Sheldon 's essential humanity '' . Sheldon can only handle having a limited number of friends in his life at a time , but later shows flexibility when he accepts Bernadette and Amy as part of the social group . In season 6 , the guys ask if comic book store owner Stuart can be part of the group while Howard is in space . Despite Penny 's neither being a scientist nor sharing many of the group 's interests , and having constant fights with Sheldon in the early episodes , they become close friends . While some fans support a romantic relationship between Sheldon and Penny , Lorre has stated his opposition to it by saying : `` We 've stumbled into creating a character who has chosen a lifestyle for himself that is unique . And I do n't see any reason to modify it . '' It has been speculated that Sheldon may be asexual or aromantic . Series co-creator Chuck Lorre said : `` Part of what 's wonderful and unique about ( Sheldon ) is he has chosen not to play in the relationship game either way -- heterosexual , homosexual , bisexual , any sexuality . '' This is referenced in `` The Cooper - Nowitzki Theorem '' , when Sheldon unknowingly attracts the attention of grad student Ramona Nowitzki , and Penny , seeing this , asks his friends what his `` deal '' ( i.e. , sexual orientation ) is , to which Leonard responds , `` Honestly , we 've been operating under the assumption that he has no ' deal ' . '' Mayim Bialik ( who portrays Amy Farrah Fowler ) and Jim Parsons at PaleyFest 2013 for the TV show `` Big Bang Theory '' In the season 3 finale , Howard and Raj blackmail Sheldon into meeting Amy Farrah Fowler , with whom they matched him on a dating website . After some obnoxious comments about the dating website , Sheldon finds that Amy agrees with him , and he grows fond of her when she says that `` Any or all physical contact up to and including coitus are off the table '' . Their relationship continues in season 4 , although Sheldon often points out that they are not in a romantic relationship . The two enjoy intellectual games they create , and Amy and Sheldon openly express the same type of intellectual superiority . In season 5 , when Leonard inadvertently implies that he and Amy may have had sex after a wedding reception that they both attended , Sheldon unexpectetdly reacts violently , karate - chopping Leonard 's neck while telling Leonard `` She is not for you ... not for you ! '' Later , Sheldon formally asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . During their relationship , Amy begins a campaign to give Sheldon more attention to increase his feelings for her by embracing his interests . As they watch Howard being launched into space in its season finale , Amy is surprised when Sheldon takes her hand for emotional support . During the first half of season 6 , in `` The Parking Spot Escalation '' and `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' , Sheldon is pushed further after seeing Amy partially exposed and taking care of her while she is ill respectively . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' , after being directly asked by Penny if he would ever have sex with Amy , Sheldon admits to Penny and Leonard that a physical relationship with Amy is a possibility , and being touched is something he is working on . While upset about Kripke , Amy does give him a consoling hug that Sheldon seems to need , and want . Even so , Amy has offered other romantic physical contact , and was very uncomfortable when they had to cuddle . In `` The Spoiler Alert Segmentation '' , Leonard temporarily moves out and Amy proposes that she would be his perfect roommate and tries to move in , though Sheldon is uncomfortable with this change in their relationship . While playing Dungeons and Dragons during `` The Love Spell Potential '' , Sheldon 's and Amy 's characters are commanded to have sex within the game . A very upset Amy asks Sheldon if they are ever going to be intimate and he again admits that it is a possibility . In season 7 , Sheldon passionately kisses Amy on the lips for the first time . Initially to prove a point , he later prolonged it , implying he enjoyed the feeling . Later episodes showed him willingly kissing Amy , implying he has gotten more comfortable in such a position of physical intimacy . The ultimate proof of Sheldon having feelings for Amy is given in the season 8 episode `` The Prom Equivalency '' , when he finally admits being in love with her : `` I love you too . There 's no denying I have feelings for you that ca n't be explained in any other way . I briefly considered I had a brain parasite , but that seems even more far - fetched . The only conclusion was love . '' In the season 8 finale , `` The Commitment Determination '' , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight over their definition of `` commitment '' . Sheldon feels his relationship with Amy is going fast on its own , but Amy argues he is taking things too slowly and does not properly bestow on her unlimited affection . By the episode 's end she has decided to take a break from their relationship while Sheldon is left numb from Amy 's revelation . He glumly reveals that he had been planning on proposing to Amy with his grandmother 's ring , a family heirloom . In the season 9 premiere , Sheldon keeps pushing Amy to make up her mind about their relationship , but goes too far and insults her to her face and she angrily breaks up with him for good , thus officially ending their relationship . In `` The Platonic Permutation '' Amy offers Sheldon to get back together with her after spending time together in an aquarium at Thanksgiving , but sadly learns that he simply just wants to be her friend , with him revealing to her that `` I excel at many things , but getting over you was n't one of them '' . In `` The Earworm Reverberation '' , Sheldon ca n't get a song out his head , but after suddenly remembering the title and the lyrics , he realizes that the song was about Amy and that she changed his life for the better , which prompts him to go to her apartment to profess his love . He finds Amy on a date with Dave , who has a great adoration for Sheldon because of his intellect . Seeing how much they love each other , Dave gleefully urges Sheldon to kiss Amy , leading to their reunion . In the following episode , `` The Opening Night Excitation '' Leonard , Howard and Raj go to see Star Wars : The Force Awakens without Sheldon as while he was initially reluctant , ultimately opted to celebrate Amy 's birthday with her instead . To make Amy 's birthday enjoyable and memorable , Sheldon seeks out Penny and Bernadette as he respects their opinions regarding all things socially appropriate . He reveals to them that he has narrowed things down to three options , the first being a chance to play the harp with the Los Angeles Philharmonic , the second being an all - expense paid trip to the Wisconsin Sheep and Wool Festival ( though Amy would have to go alone because Sheldon 's ornithophobia is nothing compared to his ovinaphobia ) , and the third being the two of them engaging in coitus , at which point Penny squeezes and shatters the wine glass in her hand due to disbelief and / or shock . After Penny and Bernadette convince him that finally being intimate with her is the most beautiful gift that he could give to her , Sheldon and Amy have sex for the first time on the latter 's birthday . In season 10 , Sheldon and Amy move in together for a five - week experiment to test out their compatibility , and after its successful run , decide to move in together permanently . In its season finale , Sheldon unexpectedly proposes to Amy after being hit on by Ramona Nowitzki . In the eleventh season premiere , Amy accepts his proposal , and they marry in the season finale . He once idolized fictional prodigy Wesley Crusher from Star Trek : The Next Generation , portrayed by Wil Wheaton , until Wheaton did not show up at a convention attended by Sheldon in 1995 . Sheldon had spent 15 hours on a bus travelling to the convention during which time he was forced to break his rule about urinating in a moving vehicle . After this moment Wil Wheaton became number six on Sheldon 's mortal enemy list ( a list he started when he was 9 on a 51⁄4 - inch floppy disk ) . Wheaton was one of Sheldon 's mortal enemies , along with his coworkers Barry Kripke and Leslie Winkle . Later , Wheaton managed to patch things up with Sheldon , only to inadvertently pass the enemy list spot to Brent Spiner . Sheldon would later resume his enmity with Wheaton in season 11 's `` The Proton Regeneration '' when they compete for the lead role in an Internet reboot of Sheldon 's childhood favorite science TV series , Professor Proton , and Wheaton gets the part : however , when he sees how well Wheaton plays the role and on the advice of Howard , he apologizes to him . Reception and legacy ( edit ) General ( edit ) Sheldon Cooper doing the Vulcan salute , stencil graffiti on a wall in Volgograd , Russia Parsons ' portrayal of Sheldon has received widespread acclaim , and is often cited as the main reason for the program 's success by critics and fans alike . James Chamberlin of IGN wrote : `` It 's hard to imagine what The Big Bang Theory would be if it were n't for Jim Parsons ' great portrayal of Sheldon Cooper '' . Matt Roush of TV Guide stated that `` there 's a spark of divine inspiration in Jim Parsons ' uproarious Sheldon Cooper '' . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote that : `` Parsons is doing something rare on network TV : making intellectualism admirable , even heroic '' . On July 16 , 2009 , Parsons was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . He was nominated again for the same award on July 8 , 2010 , and eventually won the award on August 29 , 2010 . On August 1 , 2009 , he won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy , with the show itself winning the award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy for season 2 . He was nominated again for the same award in 2010 and 2012 . Parsons was also nominated for the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor and a Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2009 , 2010 , and 2012 . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy , presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco , for his work on seasons 3 and 4 . On June 20 , 2011 , he won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series at the 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards for his work on season 4 , and was nominated again for the same award in 2012 . On September 18 , 2011 , he won his second consecutive Primetime Emmy Award - Lead Actor in Comedy , and was nominated again for the same award on July 19 , 2012 . In 2013 , Parsons was nominated once again for the Golden Globe and received his first nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series . In 2013 & 2014 , Parsons was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award - Lead Actor in Comedy for the 5th and 6th time , respectively , both of which he won for his 3rd and 4th Primetime Emmy Awards - Lead Actor in a Comedy Series meaning that Parsons had won this award 4 times in the last 5 years , including back - to - back in 2010 / 2011and 2013 / 2014 . No actor , in the history of this award has won back - to - back awards on two separate occasions , and his total of 4 awards puts Parsons in a four - way tie at the top with comedy legends Carroll O'Connor , Kelsey Grammer , and Michael J. Fox . The asteroid 246247 Sheldoncooper was named after Sheldon . In 2012 , a newly discovered species of bee was named Euglossa bazinga , after the character 's noted catch phrase , `` Bazinga ! '' In March 2013 , the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium named a black - and - white colobus after Sheldon . In 2015 , a new echinocaridid phyllocaridan from the Lower Devonian of central - eastern Poland , was named Ptychocaris sheldoni after Sheldon . Asperger syndrome ( edit ) Some viewers have asserted that Sheldon 's behavior is consistent with Asperger syndrome . The writers have stated that they did not use Asperger syndrome as a basis for the character , but instead thought of his actions as `` Sheldony '' . Series co-creator Bill Prady stated : `` We write the character as the character . A lot of people see various things in him and make the connections . Our feeling is that Sheldon 's mother never got a diagnosis , so we do n't have one . '' Prady also told Alan Sepinwall of the New Jersey Star - Ledger that while Sheldon shares traits with people with Asperger 's , he was uncomfortable labeling Sheldon as having Asperger 's . In an interview , Jim Parsons noted the writers ' response , but added that , in his opinion , Sheldon `` could n't display more traits '' of Asperger 's . Parsons , who plays Sheldon , has read John Elder Robison 's memoir Look Me in the Eye about his life with Asperger syndrome , and said that : `` A majority of what I read in that book touched on aspects of Sheldon . '' He also stated that `` the way his brain works , it 's so focused on the intellectual topics at hand that thinking he 's autistic is an easy leap for people watching the show to make '' . When another actor on the series , Mayim Bialik , who plays Amy and has a Ph. D. in Neuroscience , was interviewed by Neil deGrasse Tyson on StarTalk , she said of the theory that Sheldon has Asperger 's : `` All of our characters are in theory on the neuropsychiatric spectrum , I would say . Sheldon often gets talked about in terms of Asperger 's or OCD . He has a thing with germs , he has a thing with numbers , he 's got a lot of that precision that we see in OCD . There 's a lot of interesting features to all of our characters that make them technically unconventional socially ... And what we 're trying to show with our show is that this is a group of people who likely were teased , mocked , told that they will never be appreciated or loved , and we have a group of people who have successful careers , active social lives ( that involve things like Dungeons and Dragons and video games ) , but they also have relationships , and that 's a fulfilling and satisfying life . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Get Ready To Meet Young Sheldon , A Hilarious New Spinoff Of The Big Bang Theory - CBS.com '' . Jump up ^ Young Sheldon episode `` Jiu - Jitsu , Bubble Wrap , and Yoo - Hoo '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Jerusalem Duality '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 12 . April 14 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Veracity Elasticity '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 10 . Episode 7 . October 17 , 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oak Park native finally gets the girl in ' Big Bang ' '' . Chicago Tribune . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Griffin Equivalency '' . The A.V. Club . October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waldman , Allison ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Come up with a new theory : Sheldon does NOT have Asperger 's '' . aoltv.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paley Festival Recap ` 09 : The Big Bang Theory '' . theTVaddict.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : ' We did n't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys ' '' . Variety . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Q. Are Sheldon and Leonard named after the brilliant ( producer ) Sheldon Leonard of `` The Andy Griffith Show '' , `` The Danny Thomas Show '' , `` The Dick Van Dyke Show '' , `` My Favorite Martian '' and `` I Spy ? '' ( Binnie ) A. Yep . Chuck and I are both fans . Chuck 's idea . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory , la fórmula perfecta del humor '' . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Galecki Exclusive Video Interview -- The Big Bang Theory '' . collider.com . March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Emma Rosenblum ( September 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Science Guy '' . New York . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The White Asparagus Triangulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 9 . November 24 , 2008 . 04 : 15 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Family Dynasty - Part 1 : Sheldon Cooper 's Family '' . MondayMondayNetwork.com. 2016 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Sales Call Sublimation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 9 . Episode 12 . January 7 , 2015 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Family Dynasty Part 2 : Sheldon Cooper 's Family '' . MondayMondayNetwork.com. 2016 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 5 . October 19 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Hamburger Postulate '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 5 . October 22 , 2007 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pants Alternative '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 18 . March 22 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Emotion Detection Automation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 10 . Episode 14 . February 7 , 2017 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Sheldon Bloopers '' . MondayMondayNetwork.com. 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Come up with a new theory : Sheldon does NOT have Asperger 's '' . TV Squad . August 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 11 . March 31 , 2008 . 09 : 58 minutes in . CBS . Penny , I have an IQ of 187 Jump up ^ `` The Codpiece Topology '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 29 , 2008 . 08 : 20 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bran Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2007 . 16 : 00 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Robotic Manipulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 23 , 2010 . 09 : 36 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 5 . October 19 , 2009 . 13 : 55 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 24 . May 16 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc . `` Bazinga ! '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPTO Trademark Status and Document Retrieval '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ s5 e16 , The Vacation Solution ^ Jump up to : `` The Bad Fish Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Friendship Algorithm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 13 . January 19 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Guitarist Amplification '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Hot Tub Contamination '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 10 . Episode 5 . October 16 , 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Einstein Approximation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 14 . February 1 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Large Hadron Collision '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 15 . February 8 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 16 . March 1 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Vacation Solution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 16 . February 9 , 2012 . 12 : 55 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Season 2 , episode 11 : The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis Jump up ^ `` The Proton Displacement '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 7 . November 7 , 2013 . 16 : 23 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Financial Permeability '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 14 . February 2 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Adhesive Duck Deficiency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 9 . November 16 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Tiny Trinket Maneuver '' . The Big Bang Theory. Season 5 . episode 12 . January 12 , 2012 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 11 . December 15 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Work Song Nanocluster '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 8 . November 12 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Habitation Configuration '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 8 , 2012 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Thanksgiving Decoupling '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 9 . November 21 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Cushion Saturation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 16 . March 2 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Griffin Equivalency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 7 . October 13 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Proton Transmogrification '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 22 . May 1 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 2 . April 27 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Sibling Realignment '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 11 . Episode 23 . May 3 , 2018 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Luminous Fish Effect '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 4 . October 15 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Terminator Decoupling '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 17 . March 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Santa Simulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 6 . Episode 11 . December 13 , 2012 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Bozeman Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 13 . January 18 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Friendship Turbulence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 17 . March 6 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Having ' Big ' fun on a hit comedy : A chat with ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Johnny Galecki '' . Chicago Tribune . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Decoupling Fluctuation , October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bazinga ! Sheldon Speaks '' . IGN . January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 11 . March 31 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ Jon Weisman ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' : Why Penny and Sheldon will hook up '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang ' video : Jim Parsons tackles Sheldon - Penny romance , the virginity thing , and more ! '' . The Ausiello Files. April 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang scoop : Romance for Penny and Sheldon ? '' . IGN . January 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Zazzy Substitution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 03 . October 7 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Pulled Groin Extrapolation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 03 . September 29 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Launch Acceleration '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 23 . May 3 , 2012 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Countdown Reflection '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 10 , 2012 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 7 . Episode 15 . February 6 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Cohabitation Experimentation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 10 . Episode 4 . October 10 , 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` These Behind The Scenes Big Bang Theory Details Will SHOCK You '' . MondayMondayNetwork.com. 2018 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 5 . October 13 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ Oswald , Brad . `` The buzz : Jim Parsons as Sheldon '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Friendship Algorithm '' Review `` . IGN . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What a Year ! '' . TV Guide . December 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy ® Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . July 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Emmy listings '' ( PDF ) . Emmy Award . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TCA Awards hail ' True Blood ' and ( finally ) ' Battlestar Galactica ' '' . Los Angeles Times . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees & Winners : 2010 '' . peoplschoice.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 14th Annual Satellite Awards '' . pressacademy.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eveleth , Rose ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` A Brand New Bee Was Just Named After Sheldon From ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . Smithsonion.com . Smart News . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zoo names monkey after TV character '' . 3 News NZ. April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mazurek , Dawid ; Dec , Marek ; Łukowiak , Magdalena ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) . `` A New Echinocaridid Phyllocaridan from the Lower Devonian of Central - Eastern Poland '' . Journal of Crustacean Biology . 35 ( 6 ) : 785 -- 788 . doi : 10.1163 / 1937240x - 00002384 . ISSN 0278 - 0372 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Paul ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Must - Geek TV : Is the world ready for an Asperger 's sitcom ? '' . Slate . www.slate.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Soraya , Lynne . `` Sheldony or Aspergery ? : The Big Bang Theory '' . Asperger 's Diary ( Author 's Note ( 08 / 16 / 2009 ) ) . Psychology Today . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Does Sheldon from ' Big Bang Theory ' have Asperger 's ? '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyford , Kathy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : Jim Parsons -- ' Everybody has a little Sheldon in them ' '' . Season Pass . Variety . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Specific video is Jim Parsons interview , part 5 . Question is from 03 : 18 -- 3 : 31 . Answer is from 4 : 36 -- 6 : 00 . Specific quote is from 5 : 15 -- 5 : 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Parsons '' . The A.V. Club . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gill , Jim ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` ' Is Sheldon autistic ? The Big Bang Theory actress Mayim Bialik gives this brilliant response ' '' . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Fictional characters portal Comedy portal Television portal Physics portal The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( jellyfish ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Cooper&oldid=866130905 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Texas Fictional characters from Pasadena , California Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional child prodigies Atheism in television Fictional theoretical physicists Fictional atheists and agnostics Fictional twins The Big Bang Theory characters Fictional people with eidetic memory Fictional characters who became a protagonist in a spin - off Child characters in television Male characters in television Narcissism in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Use American English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what town in texas is sheldon cooper from	[ "Sheldon was raised in Galveston, Texas[16] along with his elder brother, George Jr., and fraternal twin sister, Missy, by his mother, Mary Cooper, an overtly devout Baptist; and George Cooper, an alcoholic who was rarely around.[17] Sheldon once got his father fired when he told Mr. Hinckley, a store owner, that George was stealing from the cash register.[18] In Young Sheldon, this is retconned: his father is a football coach who was fired from his coaching position in Galveston because he disclosed that other coaches were illegally recruiting players to their school, forcing the family to return to Medford. He does drink, mostly beer, but is a loving father who is trying to understand his intellectually gifted son. The only member of his family to have actively encouraged his work in science was his grandfather, whom he cherished and affectionately called \"Pop-Pop\", and who died when Sheldon was five years old. Pop-Pop's loss is what caused Sheldon to despise Christmas when his Christmas wish to bring Pop-Pop back didn't come true. Sheldon's closest relative is his maternal grandmother whom he affectionately calls \"Meemaw\", and who in turn calls him \"Moon Pie\".[19] His aunt also encouraged Sheldon by giving him medical equipment, \"in case his work in physics failed, he'd have a 'trade' to fall back on\".\n" ]	[ "Galveston" ]
-5388868184322560736	Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution	Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX ) to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex . It was adopted on August 18 , 1920 . Until the 1910s , most states did not give women the right to vote . The amendment was the culmination of the women 's suffrage movement in the United States , which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote . It effectively overruled Minor v. Happersett , in which a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give women the right to vote . The Nineteenth Amendment was originally introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent . Forty - one years later , in 1919 , Congress submitted it to the states for ratification . It was ratified by three - fourths of the states a year later , with Tennessee 's ratification being the last needed to add the amendment to the Constitution . In Leser v. Garnett ( 1922 ) , the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Proposal and ratification 3.1 Ratification timeline 4 Leser v. Garnett 5 Effects 6 Commemoration 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Text The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Background Highest level of women 's suffrage laws just before adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment Full suffrage Presidential suffrage Primary suffrage Municipal suffrage School , bond , or tax suffrage Municipal suffrage in some cities Primary suffrage in some cities No suffrage The United States Constitution , adopted in 1789 , left the boundaries of suffrage undefined . The only directly elected body created by the original Constitution was the House of Representatives , for which voter qualifications were explicitly delegated to the individual states . At that time , all states denied voting rights to women ( with the exception of New Jersey , which initially carried women 's suffrage but revoked it in 1807 ) . While scattered movements and organizations dedicated to women 's rights existed previously , the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention in New York is traditionally held as the start of the American women 's rights movement . Suffrage was not a focus of the convention , however , and its advancement was minimal in the decades preceding the Civil War . While suffrage bills were introduced into most state legislatures during this period , they were generally disregarded and few came to a vote . The women 's suffrage movement took hold after the Civil War , during the Reconstruction Era ( 1865 -- 1877 ) . During this period , women 's rights leaders advocated for inclusion of universal suffrage as a civil right in the Reconstruction amendments ( the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments ) . Despite their efforts , these amendments did nothing to promote women 's suffrage . Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly discriminated between men and women by penalizing states who deprived adult male citizens of the vote , but not for denying the vote to adult female citizens . In Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. 162 ( 1875 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not provide or protect a right to vote to women . Continued settlement of the western frontier , along with the establishment of territorial constitutions , allowed the issue to be raised continually at the state level . Through the activism of suffrage organizations and independent political parties , women 's suffrage was established in the newly formed constitutions of Wyoming Territory ( 1869 ) , Utah ( 1870 ) , and Washington Territory ( 1883 ) . Existing state legislatures began to consider suffrage bills , and several even held voter referenda , but they were unsuccessful . Efforts at the national level persisted through a strategy of congressional testimony , petitioning , and lobbying . There were several attempts to amend the Constitution , prior to the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment , to grant universal and limited suffrage to women . One of the attempts , the `` Petition for Universal Suffrage '' , signed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , among others , called for a Constitutional amendment to `` prohibit the several states from disenfranchising any of their citizens on the ground of sex '' in 1865 . In another attempt , an amendment proposed in the House of Representatives called for limited suffrage for women who were spinsters or widows and owned property in 1888 . Two rival organizations , the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) and the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) , were formed in 1869 . The NWSA , led by suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , attempted several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s . Their legal case , known as the New Departure strategy , was that the Fourteenth Amendment ( granting universal citizenship ) and Fifteenth Amendment ( granting the vote irrespective of race ) together served to guarantee voting rights to women . Three Supreme Court decisions from 1873 to 1875 rejected this argument , so these groups shifted to advocating for a new constitutional amendment . Proposal and ratification Elizabeth Cady Stanton ( seated ) and Susan B. Anthony c. 1900 The Nineteenth Amendment is identical to the Fifteenth Amendment , except that the Nineteenth prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex and the Fifteenth because of `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . Colloquially known as the `` Anthony Amendment '' , it was first introduced in the Senate by Republican Senator Aaron A. Sargent of California . Sargent , who had met and befriended Anthony on a train ride in 1872 , was a dedicated women 's suffrage advocate . He had frequently attempted to insert women 's suffrage provisions into unrelated bills , but did not formally introduce a constitutional amendment until January 1878 . Stanton and other women testified before the Senate in support of the amendment . The proposal sat in a committee until it was considered by the full Senate and rejected in a 16 to 34 vote in 1887 . A three - decade period known as `` the doldrums '' followed , during which the amendment was not considered by Congress and the women 's suffrage movement achieved few victories . During this period , the suffragists pressed for the right to vote in the laws of individual states and territories while retaining the goal of federal recognition . A flurry of activity began in 1910 and 1911 with surprise successes in Washington and California . Over the next few years , most western states passed legislation or voter referenda enacting full or partial suffrage for women . These successes were linked to the 1912 election , which saw the rise of the Progressive and Socialist parties , as well as the election of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson . Not until 1914 was the constitutional amendment again considered by the Senate , where it was again rejected . Carrie Chapman Catt was instrumental in the final push to gain ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment . In 1900 , she succeeded Susan B. Anthony as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . Starting in 1915 , Catt revitalized NAWSA and led a successful campaign in New York to achieve state - level suffrage in 1917 . When the U.S. entered World War I , Catt made the controversial decision to support the war effort , despite the widespread pacifist sentiment of many of her colleagues and supporters . NAWSA women 's work to aid the war effort turned them into highly visible symbols of nationalism . The republican work of NAWSA stood in contrast to the more radical and aggressive tactics of the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ) , led by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns . In 1917 , the NWP staged controversial demonstrations in Washington , D.C. to draw attention away from the war and back to women 's suffrage . Catt was successful in turning NAWSA into a patriotic organization , entirely separate from the NWP , and was rewarded when President Wilson spoke out in favor of women 's suffrage in his 1918 State of the Union address before Congress . Speaker Frederick H. Gillett signing the constitutional amendment bill Another proposal was brought before the House on January 10 , 1918 . During the previous evening , President Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the amendment . It was passed by the required two - thirds of the House , with only one vote to spare . The vote was then carried into the Senate . Wilson again made an appeal , but on September 30 , 1918 , the proposal fell two votes short of passage . On February 10 , 1919 , it was again voted upon and failed by only one vote . There was considerable desire among politicians of both parties to have the proposal made part of the Constitution before the 1920 general elections , so the President called a special session of the Congress so the proposal would be brought before the House again . On May 21 , 1919 , it passed the House , 42 votes more than necessary being obtained . On June 4 , 1919 , it was brought before the Senate and , after a long discussion , it was passed with 56 ayes and 25 nays . Within a few days , Illinois , Wisconsin , and Michigan ratified the amendment , their legislatures being in session . Other states followed suit at a regular pace , until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures . Much of the opposition to the amendment came from Southern Democrats , a trend which remained consistent with Tennessee as the last state to pass the amendment , during a special session right before the ratification period was to expire . On August 18 , 1920 , Tennessee narrowly approved the Nineteenth Amendment , with 50 of 99 members of the Tennessee House of Representatives voting yes . This provided the final ratification necessary to add the amendment to the Constitution . Ratification timeline Nineteenth Amendment in the National Archives The Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4 , 1919 , and the following states ratified the amendment . Wisconsin ( June 10 , 1919 ) Illinois ( June 10 , 1919 , reaffirmed on June 17 , 1919 ) Michigan ( June 10 , 1919 ) Kansas ( June 16 , 1919 ) New York ( June 16 , 1919 ) Ohio ( June 16 , 1919 ) Pennsylvania ( June 24 , 1919 ) Massachusetts ( June 25 , 1919 ) Texas ( June 28 , 1919 ) Iowa ( July 2 , 1919 ) Missouri ( July 3 , 1919 ) Arkansas ( July 28 , 1919 ) Montana ( August 2 , 1919 ) Nebraska ( August 2 , 1919 ) Minnesota ( September 8 , 1919 ) New Hampshire ( September 10 , 1919 ) Utah ( October 2 , 1919 ) California ( November 1 , 1919 ) Maine ( November 5 , 1919 ) North Dakota ( December 1 , 1919 ) South Dakota ( December 4 , 1919 ) Colorado ( December 15 , 1919 ) Kentucky ( January 6 , 1920 ) Rhode Island ( January 6 , 1920 ) Oregon ( January 13 , 1920 ) Indiana ( January 16 , 1920 ) Wyoming ( January 27 , 1920 ) Nevada ( February 7 , 1920 ) New Jersey ( February 9 , 1920 ) Idaho ( February 11 , 1920 ) Arizona ( February 12 , 1920 ) New Mexico ( February 21 , 1920 ) Oklahoma ( February 28 , 1920 ) West Virginia ( March 10 , 1920 , confirmed on September 21 , 1920 ) Washington ( March 22 , 1920 ) Tennessee ( August 18 , 1920 ) Ratification was completed on August 18 , 1920 , and the following states subsequently ratified the amendment : Connecticut ( September 14 , 1920 , reaffirmed on September 21 , 1920 ) Vermont ( February 8 , 1921 ) Delaware ( March 6 , 1923 , after being rejected on June 2 , 1920 ) Maryland ( March 29 , 1941 , after being rejected on February 24 , 1920 ; not certified until February 25 , 1958 ) Virginia ( February 21 , 1952 , after being rejected on February 12 , 1920 ) Alabama ( September 8 , 1953 , after being rejected on September 22 , 1919 ) Florida ( May 13 , 1969 ) South Carolina ( July 1 , 1969 , after being rejected on January 28 , 1920 ; not certified until August 22 , 1973 ) Georgia ( February 20 , 1970 , after being rejected on July 24 , 1919 ) Louisiana ( June 11 , 1970 , after being rejected on July 1 , 1920 ) North Carolina ( May 6 , 1971 ) Mississippi ( March 22 , 1984 , after being rejected on March 29 , 1920 ) Leser v. Garnett Justice Louis Brandeis , author of the Supreme Court 's opinion in Leser v. Garnett The amendment 's validity was unanimously upheld in Leser v. Garnett , 258 U.S. 130 ( 1922 ) . Oscar Leser sued to stop two women registered to vote in Baltimore , Maryland , because he believed that the Maryland Constitution limited the suffrage to men and the Maryland legislature had refused to vote to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment . Two months before , the federal government had proclaimed the amendment incorporated into the Constitution on August 26 , 1920 . First , Leser said the amendment `` destroyed State autonomy '' because it increased Maryland 's electorate without the state 's consent . The Court answered that the Nineteenth Amendment was worded like the Fifteenth Amendment , which had expanded state electorates without regard to race for over 50 years by that time despite being rejected by six states , including Maryland . Second , Leser claimed that the state constitutions in some ratifying states did not allow their legislatures to ratify . The Court replied that state ratification was a federal function which came from Article V of the Constitution and so is not subject to limitations by a state constitution . Third , those bringing suit asserted the Nineteenth Amendment was not adopted , because Tennessee and West Virginia violated their own rules of procedure . The Court ruled that the point was moot , because since then Connecticut and Vermont had ratified the amendment and so there was a sufficient number of ratifications for the Nineteenth Amendment to be considered adopted even without Tennessee and West Virginia . Also , the Court ruled that Tennessee and West Virginia 's certifying of their ratifications was binding and had been duly authenticated by the Secretary of State . Thus , the two women were permitted to be registered to vote in Baltimore . Effects Following the Nineteenth Amendment 's adoption , many legislators feared that a powerful women 's bloc would emerge in American politics . This fear led to the passage of such laws as the Sheppard -- Towner Act of 1921 , which expanded maternity care during the 1920s . However , a women 's bloc did not emerge in American politics until the 1950s . According to political scientists J. Kevin Corder and Christina Wolbrecht , few women turned out to vote in the first elections after they got the right to do so . In 1920 , just 36 % of eligible women turned out to vote ( compared with 68 % of men ) . The low turnout was partly due to other barriers to voting , such as literacy tests , long residency requirements and poll taxes . Inexperience with voting and persistent beliefs that voting was inappropriate for women may also have kept turnout low . The gap was lowest between men and women in states that were swing states at the time , such as Missouri and Kentucky , and where barriers to voting were lower . Commemoration On August 26 , 2016 , a monument commemorating Tennessee 's role in providing the required 36th state ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment was unveiled in Centennial Park ( Nashville ) . The memorial , erected by the Tennessee Suffrage Monument , Inc. and created by Alan LeQuire , features likenesses of suffragists who were particularly involved in securing Tennessee 's ratification : Carrie Chapman Catt ; Anne Dallas Dudley ; Abby Crawford Milton ; Juno Frankie Pierce ; and Sue Shelton White . See also United States portal Women 's suffrage in the United States Timeline of women 's suffrage List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists History of feminism Women 's Equality Day Women 's rights Women 's suffrage organizations Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( 1971 , uniform voting age of 18 or older ) Notes ^ Jump up to : date on which approved by governor References Footnotes Jump up ^ Shuler , Marjorie ( September 4 , 1920 ) . `` Out of Subjection Into Freedom '' . The Woman Citizen : 360 . Jump up ^ Keyssar , Alexander . The Right to Vote . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02969 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature '' ( US Constitution , Article I , Section 2 ) Jump up ^ Banaszak 1996 , pp. 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Banaszak 1996 , pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mead 2004 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . '' ( US Constitution , Amendment XIV , Section 2 , emphasis added ) . ^ Jump up to : Banaszak 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Banaszak 1996 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ United States Senate . `` Petition for Universal Suffrage which Asks for an Amendment to the Constitution that Shall Prohibit the Several States from Disenfranchising Any of Their Citizens on the Ground of Sex '' . National Archives Catalog . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives . `` House Joint Resolution ( H.J. Res . ) 159 , Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Extend the Right to Vote to Widows and Spinsters who are Property Holders '' . National Archives Catalog . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mead 2004 , pp. 35 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Flexner 1959 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Mead 2004 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , pp. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Kobach , Kris ( May 1994 ) . `` Woman suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment '' . University of Missouri -- Kansas City School of Law . Excerpt from Kobach , Kris ( May 1994 ) . `` Rethinking Article V : term limits and the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments '' . Yale Law Journal . Yale Law School . 103 ( 7 ) : 1971 -- 2007 . doi : 10.2307 / 797019 . JSTOR 797019 . ^ Jump up to : Mead 2004 , pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Baker 2002 , pp. 98 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Baker 2002 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Sara M. Evans . Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America . New York : The Free Press , 1989 , pp. 164 - 172 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Stansell . The Feminist Promise . New York : The Modern Library , 2011 , pp 171 - 174 . Jump up ^ Van West 1998 . Jump up ^ Hakim 1995 , pp. 29 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Claim Wisconsin First to O.K. Suffrage '' . Milwaukee Journal . November 2 , 1919 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment by the Florida Legislature , 1969 '' . Institute of Museum and Library Services . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 258 U.S. 130 - Leser v. Garnett '' . OpenJurist . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anzalone 2002 , pp. 17 . Jump up ^ Dumenil 1995 , pp. 23 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Moses & Hartmann 1995 , pp. xx - xxi . ^ Jump up to : `` Was women 's suffrage a failure ? What new evidence tells us about the first women voters '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Counting Women 's Ballots '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Jessica ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` Alan LeQuire 's Women Suffrage Monument unveiled in Nashville 's Centennial Park '' . Nashville Tennessean . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Too Few Statues of Women '' . Tennessee Suffrage Monument , Inc . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 2005 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House trade pbk . ed . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 4 . Anzalone , Christopher A ( 2002 ) . Supreme Court Cases on Gender and Sexual Equality , 1787 -- 2001 . United States Supreme Court ( Sharpe ) . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0683 - 6 . Baker , Jean H. ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . Votes for Women : The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802983 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Banaszak , Lee A. ( 1996 ) . Why Movements Succeed or Fail : Opportunity , Culture , and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 2207 - 2 . DuBois , Ellen C. , Ellen C. ( 1998 ) . Woman Suffrage & Women 's Rights . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1900 - 8 . Dumenil , Lynn ( 1995 ) . The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s . Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 6978 - 4 . Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . `` Book 9 : War , Peace , and All That Jazz '' . A History of US . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Flexner , Eleanor ( 1959 ) . Century of Struggle . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University . ISBN 978 - 0674106536 . Mead , Rebecca J. ( 2004 ) . How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5676 - 8 . Moses , Claire Goldberg ; Hartmann , Heidi I. ( 1995 ) . U.S. Women in Struggle : A Feminist Studies Anthology . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02166 - 5 . Van West , Carroll ( ed . ) ( 1998 ) . `` Woman Suffrage Movement '' . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture . Tennessee Historical Society . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 599 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Wheeler , Marjorie S. ( 1993 ) . New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 535957 - 2 . Stansell , Christine ( 2011 ) . The Feminist Promise . The Modern Library . ISBN 9781588369161 . 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Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill LCCN : n82044753 VIAF : 178217512 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=845926725 '' Categories : 1920 in American law 1920 in American politics Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) History of voting rights in the United States History of women 's rights in the United States Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Malti Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 02 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the 19th amendment introduced to congress	[ "The Nineteenth Amendment was originally introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent. Forty-one years later, in 1919, Congress submitted it to the states for ratification. It was ratified by three-fourths of the states a year later, with Tennessee's ratification being the last needed to add the amendment to the Constitution. In Leser v. Garnett (1922), the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted." ]	[ "1878" ]
-1424496325356761966	Obi-Wan Kenobi	Obi - Wan Kenobi - wikipedia Obi - Wan Kenobi Jump to : navigation , search Obi - Wan Kenobi Star Wars character Alec Guinness as Kenobi in Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Alec Guinness ( Episodes IV -- VI ) Ewan McGregor ( Episodes I -- III ) Voiced by Various ( show ) Ben Kenobi : Bernard Behrens ( radio dramas ) Roy Dotrice ( Read - along storybook CDs ) Daran Norris ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2002 video game ) ) David Ian Davies ( Star Wars Rogue Squadron II : Rogue Leader and Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds ) Timothy Omundson ( Star Wars Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike ) Nick Jameson ( Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( video game ) and Star Wars : The Force Unleashed ) Stephen Stanton ( Star Wars : Battlefront II , Star Wars : Empire at War , Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Rebels ) Michael Donovan ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) Obi - Wan Kenobi : Scott Cleverdon ( Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( video game ) and Star Wars Episode I : Jedi Power Battles ) Lewis Macleod ( Star Wars : Super Bombad Racing , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars : Obi - Wan ) Jonathan Love ( Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2002 video game ) ) James Arnold Taylor ( Star Wars : Clone Wars , Star Wars : The Clone Wars film and TV series , Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( video game ) , Star Wars Battlefront II , Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Lightsaber Duels , Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Jedi Alliance , Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion and all other appearances ) David Scott ( Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace ) Samuel Vincent ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) Ewan McGregor ( Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) Information Aliases Ben Kenobi Rako Hardeen Obi Gender Male Occupation Jedi Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Rebel Alliance Title Padawan ( Episode I ) Jedi Knight ( Episode II ) Jedi Master ( Episodes III - IV , Clone Wars , The Clone Wars , Rebels ) Member of the High Jedi Council ( Episode III , Clone Wars , The Clone Wars ) Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic ( Episode III , Clone Wars , The Clone Wars ) Homeworld Stewjon Masters Qui - Gon Jinn Yoda Apprentices Anakin Skywalker Luke Skywalker Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Within the original trilogy he is portrayed by Alec Guinness , while in the prequel trilogy a younger version of the character is portrayed by Ewan McGregor . In the original trilogy , he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker , to whom he introduces the ways of the Jedi . In the prequel trilogy , he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker . He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media . Guinness 's portrayal of Obi - Wan in the original Star Wars ( 1977 ) remains the only time an actor has received an Academy Award nomination ( Best Supporting Actor ) for acting in a Star Wars film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Original trilogy 1.2 Prequel trilogy 1.3 Sequel trilogy 1.4 Television 1.5 Novels and comics 1.6 Legends 1.6. 1 Novels 1.6. 2 Video games 1.6. 3 Comic books 1.7 Presumed planned Anthology film 2 Cultural impact 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links Appearances ( edit ) Original trilogy ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as the hermit Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine . When Luke Skywalker and the droid C - 3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2 - D2 , Obi - Wan rescues them from a band of native Tusken Raiders . At Obi - Wan 's home , R2 - D2 plays a recording of Princess Leia saying that R2 - D2 contains the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance . Obi - Wan reveals his true identity , and explains that he is a Jedi Master , a member of an ancient group of warriors that were hunted down and exterminated by his apprentice Darth Vader , the apparent killer of Luke 's father . He gives Luke his father 's lightsaber and asks him to accompany him to Alderaan and take up Jedi training . Luke declines , but after finding that his uncle Owen and aunt Beru have been killed by Imperial troops , he agrees to go with Obi - Wan to Alderaan and to train as a Jedi . In the spaceport city Mos Eisley , Obi - Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint . They enter a local cantina and make a deal with two smugglers , Han Solo and Chewbacca , to fly them to Alderaan aboard their ship , the Millennium Falcon . During the journey , Obi - Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber combat . He suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of `` a great disturbance in the Force '' . Emerging from hyperspace , the party finds that Alderaan has been destroyed by the Empire , and the Falcon is attacked by an Imperial TIE Fighter . The trio chase the TIE fighter to the Death Star , and subsequently get caught in the space station 's tractor beam . On board the Death Star , Obi - Wan shuts down the tractor beam , but Darth Vader confronts him and they engage in a lightsaber duel . Obi - Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke , Leia , Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon . Although Vader strikes Obi - Wan down , his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies . At the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star , Obi - Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station . In The Empire Strikes Back , Obi - Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force . On the planet Hoth , he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda . Despite Yoda 's skepticism , Obi - Wan convinces his old master to continue Luke 's training . He appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City , although Luke ignores this advice . In Return of the Jedi , Obi - Wan again appears to Luke after Yoda 's death on Dagobah . Obi - Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Luke 's father , revealed by Vader himself in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed , and also reveals that Leia is Luke 's twin sister . After the Rebels destroy the second Death Star and defeat the Empire , Obi - Wan appears at the celebration on Endor , alongside the spirits of Yoda and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker ( Vader 's former Jedi self ) . Prequel trilogy ( edit ) In Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Obi - Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan ( or student ) of Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn . He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation , which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships . After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo , Obi - Wan and Qui - Gon rescue Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant , the Republic capital . Their ship is damaged in the escape , however , and they are forced to land on Tatooine , where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon senses Anakin 's extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training , although Obi - Wan expresses concerns . When Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation , they are met by Sith Lord Darth Maul . When Maul mortally wounds Qui - Gon in the ensuing duel , Obi - Wan rushes to fight Darth Maul , who nearly kills him . However , Obi - Wan manages to turn the tables and defeat Maul , slicing him in half and sending him plunging down a vast reactor shaft . He promises to fulfill Qui - Gon 's dying wish of training Anakin in the ways of the Jedi , with or without the Council 's blessing . Yoda proclaims Obi - Wan a Jedi Knight and reluctantly allows him to take Anakin on as his own Padawan . Ewan McGregor as Obi - Wan Kenobi in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , set 10 years later , Obi - Wan Kenobi is now a respected Jedi Knight and the master of Anakin Skywalker . The two have formed a close friendship , although Anakin is arrogant and believes Obi - Wan is `` holding him back '' . After they save Senator Amidala from an assassination attempt , Obi - Wan goes on a solo mission and traces the bounty hunters involved to the planet Kamino , where he learns of a massive clone army that the planet 's inhabitants are building for the Republic . He is introduced to bounty hunter Jango Fett , the clones ' template , and the two fight after Obi - Wan deduces that Fett must be behind the attempted assassination . Fett escapes to the planet Geonosis with his clone son while Obi - Wan is in pursuit . On Geonosis , Obi - Wan discovers that a conspiracy of star systems bent on secession from the Republic is led by Jedi - turned - Sith Lord Count Dooku , Qui - Gon 's old master . After sending a message to Anakin , Obi - Wan is captured , interrogated , and sentenced to death by Dooku . A cadre of Jedi arrive with the clone army just in time to prevent the executions . Obi - Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle , but are defeated in a lightsaber duel . Yoda intervenes and saves their lives , at the cost of Dooku 's escape . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , set three years later , Obi - Wan Kenobi is a Jedi Master , a member of the Jedi Council and a General in the Army of the Republic . Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker remains Obi - Wan 's partner and the two have become war heroes and best friends . The film opens with the two on a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous onboard his starship . Count Dooku discovers the attempt and fights the Jedi , knocking Obi - Wan unconscious ; while Obi - Wan is out cold , Anakin defeats Dooku and executes him on Palpatine 's orders . Soon after returning to Coruscant , Obi - Wan is called away to the planet Utapau to track down the escaped Grievous . After finding the Separatist encampment , Obi - Wan fights Grievous and eventually kills the cyborg with a blaster after failing to overcome him in hand - to - hand combat . When Palpatine -- who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious -- issues Order 66 to have the clone troopers turn on the Jedi , Obi - Wan survives the attempt on his life and escapes , rendezvousing with Yoda and Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan aboard Organa 's ship Tantive IV . Returning to Coruscant , he and Yoda discover that every Jedi in the Jedi Temple has been murdered . After sending a beacon to all surviving Jedi to scatter across the galaxy and remain in hiding , a heartbroken Obi - Wan watches security footage revealing that it was Anakin -- who is now Sidious ' Sith apprentice Darth Vader -- who led the slaughter . Yoda charges Obi - Wan with hunting down Vader , while Yoda fights Sidious . Obi - Wan is loath to fight his best friend , but reluctantly accepts . Obi - Wan visits Padmé to learn of Vader 's whereabouts , and realizes that Vader is the father of her unborn child . When Padmé sets out to the volcanic planet Mustafar to confront her husband herself , Obi - Wan secretly stows away in the ship . After they arrive on Mustafar , Obi - Wan reveals himself and confronts Vader . After a long and ferocious lightsaber duel , Obi - Wan defeats Vader by severing his legs and left arm ; as Vader catches fire beside a lava river , Obi - Wan takes his former friend 's lightsaber and leaves him to die . Unknown to Obi - Wan , Vader is rescued by Sidious and reconstructed into the cyborg first seen in the original trilogy . Obi - Wan takes Padmé to a remote asteroid belt , where she dies after giving birth to twins Luke and Leia . Afterwards , Yoda instructs Obi - Wan to give Luke to his uncle Owen and aunt Beru on Tatooine , and reveals that Qui - Gon 's spirit has returned from the Force to continue Obi - Wan 's training . Obi - Wan hands Luke off to his family and goes into exile on Tatooine . Sequel trilogy ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Force Awakens , set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , the protagonist Rey hears Obi - Wan 's voice when she touches the lightsaber that previously belonged to Luke . Obi - Wan calls out to Rey , before saying the words of encouragement he gave to Luke during his training on the Millennium Falcon : `` These are your first steps . '' James Arnold Taylor recorded lines for Obi - Wan , but this was replaced by a combination of new recorded dialogue from Ewan McGregor and archival audio of Guinness . Television ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : needs cleanup , section all over the place . Please help improve this section if you can . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Obi - Wan Kenobi is a main character in the animated micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars and the CGI animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . In both series , Obi - Wan is a general in the Clone Wars , and he and Anakin have many adventures fighting the Separatists . The latter series highlights his numerous confrontations with General Grievous , his adversarial relationship with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress , his romance with Duchess Satine Kryze , and the return of his old enemy Darth Maul . In Star Wars Rebels , set five years before A New Hope , Obi - Wan appears as a hologram in the pilot episode `` Spark of Rebellion '' . In the Season 3 episode `` Visions and Voices '' , protagonist Ezra Bridger discovers that Obi - Wan is alive on Tatooine ; Obi - Wan 's old nemesis Darth Maul finds him as well . In the episode `` Twin Suns '' , Maul is shown wandering the desert of Tatooine searching for Obi - Wan . Maul lures Ezra and uses him to draw Obi - Wan out . Obi - Wan rescues Ezra from dying from heat exhaustion , and advises him to stay with the Rebellion . Maul appears and engages Obi - Wan in a lightsaber duel , but Obi - Wan mortally wounds him . With his dying breath , Maul asks Obi - Wan if he is protecting the `` Chosen One '' ; Obi - Wan replies that he is . After Maul 's death , Obi - Wan is seen watching over Luke Skywalker from a distance . In Rebels , Obi - Wan was voiced by Stephen Stanton , who replaced James Arnold Taylor . Rebels creator Dave Filoni , who worked with the character during the full duration of Star Wars : The Clone Wars , said he considered asking McGregor to reprise and voice the role . Novels and comics ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi appears briefly in the novel Dark Disciple , based on unfinished episodes from The Clone Wars . The Marvel Comics five issue mini-series Obi - Wan and Anakin focuses on the title characters between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . In the Star Wars main comic series , Luke Skywalker goes to Obi - Wan 's abandoned house on Tatooine , and finds his diary . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the original 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Obi - Wan Kenobi appears extensively in the Star Wars expanded universe of comic books and novels . Novels ( edit ) Obi - Wan 's life prior to The Phantom Menace is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson 's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series . The Jedi Apprentice books follow his adventures as Qui - Gon 's Padawan . Notable events in the series include battling the Dark Jedi Xanatos and going on his first independent mission . The Jedi Quest books detail his adventures with Anakin in the years leading up to Attack of the Clones . His heroism just before and during the Clone Wars is portrayed in novels such as Outbound Flight , The Approaching Storm , and The Cestus Deception . Obi - Wan 's life between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson 's The Last of the Jedi series . Set roughly a year after the fall of the Republic , the series follows Obi - Wan as he seeks out possible survivors of the Great Jedi Purge , most notably Anakin 's former rival Ferus Olin . The books also portray Obi - Wan adjusting to life as a hermit on Tatooine , and quietly watching over Luke . He also discovers that Vader is still alive after seeing him on the Holonet , the galaxy 's official news source . Obi - Wan appears in the final chapter of Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader , set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith . He is also the protagonist in John Jackson Miller 's novel Star Wars : Kenobi , which takes place during his exile on Tatooine . Obi - Wan appears in spirit form in many novels set after Return of the Jedi . In The Truce at Bakura , he appears to Luke to warn him about the threat presented by the Ssi - ruuk ; in The Lost City of the Jedi , he guides Luke to the titular city on Yavin IV ; in Heir to the Empire , meanwhile , he bids farewell to Luke , explaining that he must abandon his spiritual form to `` move on '' to a new , higher plane of consciousness . Before parting , Luke says that Obi - Wan was like a father to him , and Obi - Wan replies that he loved Luke like a son . Video games ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi appears in several video games . He is a playable character in all four Lego Star Wars video games , as well as Battlefront II and Renegade Squadron . He is also the lead character in Star Wars : Obi - Wan . The older version is only playable in Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy and Star Wars : The Complete Saga , and Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith multiplayer mode and Death Star bonus mission Star Wars : Renegade Squadron , and Star Wars : The Force Unleashed in multiplayer mode and the droid PROXY disguises as him . He also appears in Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance , Star Wars : Jedi Power Battles and Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels as a playable character . He is also playable in the strategy game Star Wars : Empire at War . He is a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Comic books ( edit ) In the comic book series Star Wars : Republic , Obi - Wan Kenobi faces many grave threats while fighting against the Separatists . Among other notable storylines , he is kidnapped and tortured by Asajj Ventress before being rescued by Anakin ( `` Hate & Fear '' ) , and apprehends corrupted Jedi Master Quinlan Vos ( `` The Dreadnaughts of Rendili '' ) . Throughout the series , he grows increasingly wary of Palpatine 's designs on the Republic and his influence on Anakin . In the non-canon story `` Old Wounds '' , set a few years after the events of Revenge of the Sith , Obi - Wan confronts Darth Maul on Tatooine to protect Luke . The duel ends when Owen Lars shoots and kills Maul ; he then warns Obi - Wan to stay away from his nephew . Through the Force , Obi - Wan reassures Luke that he will be there for him when needed . Presumed planned anthology film ( edit ) Since the announcement of the sequel trilogy , Ewan McGregor has also expressed interest in returning to the role , albeit for an Obi - Wan spin - off film , should he be approached ; wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . A fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert , has been widely praised by fans . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest , and rumors . Despite being nothing but rumors , the film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter . Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' aired , McGregor said he would like to do it , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . On August 17 , 2017 , it was reported that there are plans for a stand - alone Star Wars movie about Obi - Wan Kenobi . No casting or script decisions have been made yet . It is currently unclear what part of Obi - Wan 's life will be portrayed . In August 2017 , Stephen Daldry was reported to be directing the film . While no casting decisions have been made , Ewan McGregor has said he would be open to reprising the role of Obi - Wan . In December , 2017 , it was reported that an Obi - Wan Kenobi anthology film was eying a potential January 2019 production - start date . Cultural impact ( edit ) The character is loosely inspired by General Makabe Rokurōta , a character from Akira Kurosawa 's film The Hidden Fortress , played by Toshiro Mifune ( whom series creator George Lucas also considered casting as Obi - Wan ) . Mad magazine parodied the original film under the title Star Roars and included a character named ' Oldie Von Moldie ' , a grizzled 97 - year - old whose lightsaber runs on an extension cord . The Shanghai nightclub shown in the beginning of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is called `` Club Obi - Wan '' ( Lucas wrote both the Star Wars and Indiana Jones series ) . A real bar / club by this name existed in the Xihai district of Beijing , China but closed in the summer of 2010 . The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! episode `` Star Koopa '' ( a spoof of Star Wars ) also had its own parody of Obi - Wan called ' Obi - Wan Toadi ' , and the live - action segment `` Zenned Out Mario '' featured a parody called `` Obi - Wan Cannoli '' . The 1998 Animaniacs episode `` Star Warners '' ( which spoofed Star Wars ) featured Slappy Squirrel portraying a parody of Obi - Wan as ' Slappy Wanna Nappy ' . In the Family Guy episode `` Blue Harvest '' , Obi - Wan Kenobi is parodied by the character Herbert . In the short film Thumb Wars , Obi - Wan is parodied as the character `` Oobedoob Benubi '' . In the film , his full name is ' Oobedoob Scooby - Doobi Benubi , the silliest name in the galaxy . ' In the 1977 Star Wars parody Hardware Wars , Obi - Wan is parodied by the character `` Augie Ben Doggie '' . The TV Tropes website uses Obi - Wan 's name for the archetype mentor figure . Guinness received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination for his portrayal of Obi - Wan Kenobi . In the parody song `` The Saga Begins '' , released approximately one month after the release of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic sings a humorous summary of the plot of that film from Obi - Wan 's perspective , to the tune of the song `` American Pie . '' In 2003 , the American Film Institute selected Obi - Wan Kenobi as the 37th greatest movie hero of all time . He was also listed as IGN 's third greatest Star Wars character , as well as one of UGO Networks 's favorite heroes of all time . In 2004 , the Council of the Commune Lubicz in Poland passed a resolution giving the name `` Obi - Wan Kenobi '' to one of the streets in Grabowiec , a small village near Toruń . The street was named in 2005 . The spelling of the street name , Obi - Wana Kenobiego is the genitive form of the noun in the Polish language : ( the street ) of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Guardian cartoonist Steve Bell portrayed Jeremy Corbyn , current leader of the British Labour Party , as Obi - Wan Kenobi . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Q : Where 's Obi - Wan 's home ... '' Official Star Wars Twitter . Twitter . August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back Script at IMSDb '' . Imsdb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Return of the Jedi Script at IMSDb '' . Imsdb.com. 1981 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Menace Script '' . Blueharvest.net . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 Jump up ^ Soule 2016 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones novelization , 2003 . R.A. Salvatore Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` Obi - Wan and Yoda are secretly in Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Visions and Voices '' Review `` . Ign.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels : `` Twin Suns '' Review `` . Ign.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Rebels Recon # 3.20 : Inside Twin Suns - Star Wars Rebels '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obi - Wan will fight Darth Maul in Star Wars Rebels '' . Digitalspy.com. 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Filoni Wants Ewan McGregor To Voice Obi Wan On Star Wars Rebels '' . Dorkoftheforce.com. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Playlist : A Guide to Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Biggest Moments '' . StarWars.com. 2016 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Yoda 's Pre-Phantom Menace History Will Be Revealed in Marvel 's Star Wars Comic '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Clarifies Status of an Obi - Wan Kenobi Solo Film '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kenobi ' Fan Trailer Teases the Inevitable ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Collider.com. 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader Deserves a ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ( But Not Everyone Agrees ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ewan McGregor is still up to play Obi - Wan Kenobi again : ' It would be fun to do ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Film in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . Msn.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Standalone Obi - Wan Kenobi Movie in Development with Director Stephen Daldry '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ staff , Guardian ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` Obi - Wan Kenobi film set to join Star Wars universe '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( 10 December 2017 ) . `` Lucasfilm Eyeing Early 2019 Production Start On ' Kenobi ' Anthology Film '' . OmagaUnderground.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Enk , Bryan ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` ' Seven Samurai ' star Toshiro Mifune : The would - be face of Darth Vader ? '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Obi Wan - Television Tropes & Idioms '' . Tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Obi - Wan Kenobi is # 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ UGO Team ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Home and Lucasfilm 's letter to BFSW '' . YouTube . 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Leszek Budkiewicz , who lives on the street , and who ( being the Council member himself ) managed to convince the Council to name the street after Obi - Wan Kenobi '' . Starwars.pl . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bell , Steve ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Steve Bell 's If ... Labour 's Obi - Wan Kenobi Corbyn gives a dire warning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Star Wars portal Bibliography ( edit ) Soule , Charles ( 2016 ) . Checchetto , Marco , ed . Star Wars : Obi - Wan and Anakin . Marvel Entertainment . p. 112 . ISBN 9781302489342 . The New Essential Guide to Characters , revised edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars Episode I Who 's Who : A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace , hardcover , 1999 . Ryder Windham , ISBN 0 - 7624 - 0519 - 8 Star Wars : Power of Myth , 1st edition paperback , 2000 . DK Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 5591 - 9 Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook , 1st edition , 2000 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1793 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Obi - Wan Kenobi Obi - Wan Kenobi in the StarWars.com Databank Obi - Wan Kenobi on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Obi - Wan Kenobi on IMDb Fictional universe of Star Wars Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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About Wikipedia	who plays obi wan in a new hope	[ "\n\nObi-Wan Kenobi\n\n\nStar Wars character\n\n\n\nAlec Guinness as Kenobi in Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nStar Wars (1977)\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nAlec Guinness (Episodes IV–VI)\nEwan McGregor (Episodes I–III)\n\n\n\n\n\nVoiced by\n\n\nVarious[show]\n\n\n\n\nBen Kenobi:\nBernard Behrens (radio dramas)\nRoy Dotrice (Read-along storybook CDs)\nDaran Norris (Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game))\nDavid Ian Davies (Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds)\nTimothy Omundson (Star Wars Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike)\nNick Jameson (Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (video game) and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed)\nStephen Stanton (Star Wars: Battlefront II, Star Wars: Empire at War, Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Rebels)\nMichael Donovan (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales)\nObi-Wan Kenobi:\nScott Cleverdon (Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (video game) and Star Wars Episode I: Jedi Power Battles)\nLewis Macleod (Star Wars: Super Bombad Racing, Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars: Obi-Wan)\nJonathan Love (Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2002 video game))\nJames Arnold Taylor (Star Wars: Clone Wars, Star Wars: The Clone Wars film and TV series, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (video game), Star Wars Battlefront II, Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Lightsaber Duels, Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Jedi Alliance, Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion and all other appearances)\nDavid Scott (Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace)\nSamuel Vincent (Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales)\nEwan McGregor (Star Wars: The Force Awakens)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nAliases\n\n\n\nBen Kenobi\nRako Hardeen\nObi\n\n\n\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nJedi\nJedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic\n\n\n\n\n\nAffiliation\n\n\n\nJedi Order\nGalactic Republic\nRebel Alliance\n\n\n\n\n\nTitle\n\n\n\nPadawan (Episode I)\nJedi Knight (Episode II)\nJedi Master (Episodes III-IV, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars, Rebels)\nMember of the High Jedi Council (Episode III, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars)\nJedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic (Episode III, Clone Wars, The Clone Wars)\n\n\n\n\n\nHomeworld\nStewjon[1]\n\n\nMasters\n\n\n\nQui-Gon Jinn\nYoda\n\n\n\n\n\nApprentices\n\n\n\nAnakin Skywalker\nLuke Skywalker\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Alec Guinness" ]
-6826508887815023949	Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe	Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe - wikipedia Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Jump to : navigation , search Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe View of the new and the old basilica from the Marian square of the Americas Basic information Location Villa de Guadalupe , Mexico City , Mexico Geographic coordinates 19 ° 29 ′ 2.4 '' N 99 ° 7 ′ 1.2 '' W / 19.484000 ° N 99.117000 ° W / 19.484000 ; - 99.117000 Coordinates : 19 ° 29 ′ 2.4 '' N 99 ° 7 ′ 1.2 '' W / 19.484000 ° N 99.117000 ° W / 19.484000 ; - 99.117000 Affiliation Catholic ( Roman Rite ) District Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico Country Mexico Year consecrated 12 October 1976 Ecclesiastical or organizational status Minor basilica , National Shrine Leadership Monsignor Enrique Glennie Graue Website www.virgendeguadalupe.org.mx Architectural description Architect ( s ) José Luis Benlliure Architectural type Church Groundbreaking Completed 1976 Specifications Capacity 10,000 Height ( max ) 42 metres ( 138 ft ) Dome dia . ( outer ) 100 metres ( 330 ft ) The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe ( Spanish : Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ) is a Roman Catholic church , basilica and National shrine of Mexico in the north of Mexico City . The shrine was built near the hill of Tepeyac where Our Lady of Guadalupe is believed to have appeared to Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin . This site is also known as La Villa de Guadalupe or , in a more popular sense , simply La Villa , as it has several churches and related buildings . The new Basilica houses the original tilma ( or cloak ) of Juan Diego , which holds the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe . One of the most important pilgrimage sites of Catholicism , the basilica is visited by several million people every year , especially around 12 December , Our Lady of Guadalupe 's Feast day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Old basilica 3 Modern basilica 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Roses of the Tepeyac A nearby chapel was built on the sacred site devoted to a temple for Tonantzin Coatlaxopeuh , an important mother goddess , after the Spanish conquerors destroyed the temple . Pilgrimages have been made to this shrine almost uninterrupted since 1531 - 32 . In the latter year , a shrine had been constructed at the foot of Tepeyac Hill , which served the people for ninety years . It was adapted as part of the parochial sacristy of the new basilica . In 1622 a rich shrine was erected ; a newer one , much richer , in 1709 . Other structures of the eighteenth century connected with it are a parish church , a convent and church for Capuchin nuns , a well chapel , and a hill chapel . About 1750 the shrine got the title of collegiate , and a canonry and choir service were established . In 1754 it was aggregated to the Basilica of St. John Lateran . In 1904 it was designated as a basilica . Old Basilica ( edit ) Guadalupe Basilica postcard . University of Dayton Libraries . Inauguration of the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe . Manuel Arellano , ca . 1709 . Old Basilica . Officially known as the `` Templo Expiatorio a Cristo Rey , '' the first structure of the old basilica was begun in 1695 and it was not finished until 1709 . The major architect was Pedro de Arrieta . It is characterized by its doric interior and marble statues of Fray Juan de Zumárraga , archbishop at the time it was started , and Juan Diego , the peasant who saw the vision of the Virgin Mary . These are featured in the altarpiece that originally held the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe . ( That altarpiece matches a similar one in the older chapel higher on the hill , which features the archangels Gabriel and Michael ) . The church was granted basilica status by Pope Pius X in 1904 . The icon of Juan Diego 's cloak was housed in this church from 1709 to 1974 . In 1921 a bomb planted in a flower vase near the altar by an anticlerical terrorist exploded , causing great damage to the interior of the building . ( In memory of this incident , the New Basilica displays an iron crucifix called `` the attempt on Christ '' . ) The cloak survived undamaged . As much of Mexico City was built on a former lake , the land was unstable and the old basilica was sinking . A new , more spacious basilica was built . The old one was closed for many years and repairs have recently finished . It is open to the public and perpetual adoration is held there . It is a very important place for Mexico City . Modern Basilica ( edit ) Modern Basilica de Guadalupe The present church was constructed on the site of an earlier 16th - century church that was finished in 1709 , the Old Basilica . When this basilica became dangerous due to the sinking of its foundations , a modern structure called the New Basilica was built next to it ; the original image of the Virgin of Guadalupe is now housed in this New Basilica . Built between 1974 and 1976 , the new Basilica has a circular floorplan so that the image of the Virgin can be seen from any point within the building . The circular structure is 100 meters ( 330 ft ) in diameter and can accommodate up to 10,000 people . The choir is located between the altar and the churchgoers to indicate that it , too , is part of the group of the faithful . To the sides are the chapels of the Santisimo and of Saint Joseph . It has 9 chapels on the upper floor . Under the main floor are the Basilica 's crypts , with 15,000 niches and 10 chapels . Its seven front doors are an allusion to the seven gates of Celestial Jerusalem referred to by Christ . In the Sanctuary grounds where the new Basilica is located there are also many other buildings , including the original chapel on the exact site of the apparitions to Juan Diego ( Capilla del Cerrito ) and the Old Basilica consecrated in 1709 , as well as other chapels where Masses and other sacraments of the Church are celebrated daily . Gallery ( edit ) Old Basilica Pocito Chapel Capuchin Nuns ' Temple Image of Our Lady of Guadalupe in the New Basilica Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church Virgo by Josef Moroder - Lusenberg Overview ( show ) Prayers Antiphons Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Prayers ( show ) Angelus Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Antiphons ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Salve Regina Hymns to Mary ( show ) Hail Queen of Heaven , the Ocean Star Immaculate Mary Lo , How a Rose E'er Blooming O Sanctissima Regina Coeli Stabat Mater Devotional practices ( show ) Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholicism portal See also ( edit ) Roman Catholic Marian churches Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral The Basilica of Guadalupe in Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe , in Spain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Archdiocese of Mexico ( 2009 ) , Vicaría de Guadalupe - Antecedentes Históricos ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 22 References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Lee , George ( 1913 ) . `` Shrine of Guadalupe '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . External links ( edit ) ( in Spanish ) Interactive tour of the Basilica campus ( in Spanish ) Official website of the Basilica , Virgen de Guadalupe Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Tepeyac , Mexico City . ( hide ) Private revelation in the Catholic Church Revelations Apparitional experience Christian mysticism Locution interior Marian apparition Religious ecstasy Vision ( spirituality ) Visions of Jesus and Mary Miracles Bilocation Charism Gift of miracles Gifts of healing Glossolalia Interpretation of tongues Prophecy Word of Knowledge Word of wisdom Eucharistic miracle Miracle of Lanciano Levitation Lourdes water Miracle of the Sun Odour of sanctity Stigmata Tabor Light Thaumaturgy Weeping statue Discernment Documents Code of canon law Haurietis aquas Normae Congregationis Tribus circiter Magisterium Rule of Faith Sensus fidei Theology Bridal theology Christology Mariology Mystical theology Popular piety Acts of reparation Immaculate Heart of Mary Consecration First Saturdays Devotion Miraculous Medal Seven Dolors Pilgrimage Rosary Rosary of the Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration First Friday Devotion Holy Hour Saint Michael Chaplet of Saint Michael Prayer to Saint Michael Scapular Shrines Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary of Christ the King Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Marian shrines Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Cathedral - Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo Catholicism portal Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe&oldid=815126932 '' Categories : Our Lady of Guadalupe Roman Catholic churches in Mexico City Basilica churches in Mexico Gustavo A. Madero Marian shrines Roman Catholic churches in Mexico Roman Catholic National Shrines Catholic pilgrimage sites Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox religious building with unsupported parameters Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who built the basilica of our lady of guadalupe	[ "Officially known as the \"Templo Expiatorio a Cristo Rey,\" the first structure of the old basilica was begun in 1695 and it was not finished until 1709. The major architect was Pedro de Arrieta. It is characterized by its doric interior and marble statues of Fray Juan de Zumárraga, archbishop at the time it was started, and Juan Diego, the peasant who saw the vision of the Virgin Mary. These are featured in the altarpiece that originally held the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. (That altarpiece matches a similar one in the older chapel higher on the hill, which features the archangels Gabriel and Michael). The church was granted basilica status by Pope Pius X in 1904." ]	[ "Pedro de Arrieta" ]
-1391029146148615972	FedEx Cup	FedEx Cup - wikipedia FedEx Cup Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Fed Cup , an international women 's team tennis tournament . FedExCup Current season , competition or edition : 2018 FedEx Cup Playoffs Sport Golf Founded 2007 Country United States Most recent champion ( s ) Justin Thomas Most titles Tiger Woods ( 2 titles ) TV partner ( s ) CBS Sports NBC Sports / Golf Channel Official website PGATour.com The FedExCup is a championship trophy for the PGA Tour . Its introduction marked the first time that men 's professional golf had a playoff system . Announced in November 2005 , it was first awarded in 2007 . Justin Thomas is the 2017 champion . This competition is sponsored by FedEx . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rule changes 2 Format 2.1 Qualifying for the playoffs 2.2 Playoff events 2.3 Playoff rewards 3 Winners 4 Individual tournament winners 4.1 By country 5 Career FedExCup bonus money leaders 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Rule changes ( edit ) The PGA Tour adjusted the rules around the FedExCup in each of the two years after its introduction in 2007 . Each set of changes was introduced to address issues that arose the previous year , particularly with the playoffs portion of the FedExCup : In February 2008 , the changes were designed to allow more golfers a chance to improve their positions on the points list as the playoffs progress . The changes involve a tightening of the playoff reset points and awarding more points to playoff participants . This is effectively a penalty on those players who skip a playoff event . In November 2008 , the changes were designed to help ensure that the championship would not be won until every golfer who qualified finished playing the final playoff event . This resulted from the fact that Vijay Singh had accumulated enough points through the first three playoff events in 2008 to guarantee that he would win the Cup without finishing the final event . In 2013 , FedExCup points began to determine the 125 golfers who would retain their PGA Tour playing privileges ( popularly known as `` tour cards '' ) for the following season . Previously , this was determined by position on the tour 's money list at the end of the year . Format ( edit ) Brandt Snedeker reacting to winning the FedEx Cup at the 2012 Tour Championship Qualifying for the playoffs ( edit ) The following are the criteria for the 2012 season ( unchanged since 2009 ) . Although the season structure changed beginning in the fall of 2013 , the qualifying criteria did not change . For the first portion of the season , the `` regular season '' , currently from January through the latter part of August ( changing in fall 2013 to an October -- August cycle ) , PGA Tour players can earn points in each event they play . The number of points for winning each tournament varies from 250 to 600 , depending on the quality of the field for each event , with the typical tournament awarding 500 . Fewer points are awarded to other players who finish each tournament , based on their final position . The ultimate goal is to be among the top 125 points leaders following the final event of the regular season . Only those players who are regular full - time members of the PGA Tour will earn points . A non-member who joins the PGA Tour in mid-season will be eligible to earn points in the first event he plays after officially joining the Tour . After the final event of the regular season , the top 125 players participate in the playoffs . The number of points awarded for winning each playoff event is 2000 , which is four times the amount awarded for a typical regular season tournament . Points won in playoff events are added to those for the regular season , and the fields are reduced as the playoffs proceed . Starting in 2013 , the top 125 on the FedExCup points list will also retain their tour cards for the following season . After the third playoff event , the top 30 players move to the final event . Points are reset at that time , so the # 1 player has 2000 points , the # 2 player has 1800 points , down to the # 30 player who is given 168 points . The goal is to ensure that any of the 30 players has a chance to win the FedExCup , but give the top players the best chance , with all of the top five players assured of winning the FedExCup by winning the Tour Championship , which is held at East Lake Golf Club each year . Playoff events ( edit ) Event Players Cut The Northern Trust Top 125 points leaders ( after the Wyndham Championship ) 36 - hole cut to top 70 players plus ties Dell Technologies Championship Top 100 points leaders ( after The Northern Trust ) BMW Championship Top 70 points leaders ( after the Dell Technologies Championship ) None Tour Championship Top 30 points leaders ( after the BMW Championship ) Once the final 125 playoff qualifiers are set , no alternates will be allowed . It is possible for any player among the final 125 ( then 100 , then 70 ) to skip a playoff event prior to the Tour Championship , but if he did , he would risk his standing on the points list . This could potentially result in him being eliminated from the playoffs . For the Tour Championship itself , only the top 30 points leaders after the BMW Championship will be eligible . If for any reason , a player among the top 30 does not compete in the Tour Championship , he will not be replaced . Playoff rewards ( edit ) The Trophy The player with the most points after the Tour Championship wins the FedExCup itself and $10 million of a $35 million bonus fund . The runner - up gets $3 million , 3rd place $2 million , 4th place $1.5 million , 5th place $1 million , and so on down to $32,000 for 126th through 150th place . Beginning with the 2013 season , non-exempt players who finish 126th - 150th in the FedExCup are given conditional PGA Tour status , but can attempt to improve their priority rankings through the Web.com Tour Finals . Previously , conditional status was earned through the money list . In 2007 , the money was placed into their tax - deferred retirement accounts , not given in cash . Players under 45 are not able to access any 2007 FedExCup bonuses ( as opposed to prize money earned in the tournaments themselves ) until turning 45 . They can invest their bonus in any manner they choose , and once they turn 45 , can choose to defer payment until they turn 60 or play in fewer than 15 PGA Tour events in a season . Once a player chooses to take payments from his fund , he will receive monthly checks for five years . Because of possible legislation affecting deferred retirement plans , in the wake of business stories that speculated that Tiger Woods could amass a $1 billion retirement fund if he won the FedExCup six more times , the PGA Tour announced a change to the payout system effective in 2008 . The top 10 finishers now receive the bulk of their FedExCup bonuses in cash up front ; for example , the 2008 FedExCup champion received $9 million up front and $1 million in his tax - deferred retirement account . FedExCup bonuses to finishers below the top 10 are still paid solely into the players ' retirement accounts . The winner of the FedExCup also receives a five - year exemption on the PGA Tour . This mirrors the exemption for the Leading Money Winner title ( PGA Tour Exemption Category 8 ) , but it may not have any practical implications . Players have almost never relied on the Leading Money Winner exemption , as they are usually exempt by other means . With the exception of the Tour Championship , which awards a 3 - year PGA Tour exemption , winners of FedExCup playoff events receive only the standard 2 - year exemption . Beginning 2008 , any player among the Final Top 30 FedExCup Points Leaders after the Tour Championship , if not exempt by other means , is placed in PGA Tour Exemption Category 18 , which is just above the category for the Top 125 Official Money List leaders . Through 2012 , remaining FedExCup qualifiers for the next year will come from the PGA Tour 's Official Money List . This particular list will be finalized after the PGA Tour Fall Series , a group of official PGA Tour events that follow the Tour Championship . Also through 2012 , the top 125 players on the money list will be fully exempt for the following year , with other golfers either eligible through other exemptions or needing to qualify by other means ( e.g. `` Qualifying school '' ) . Starting in 2013 , the players retaining their cards will be the top 125 on the FedExCup points list , with the next 75 on the points list having to enter the Web.com Tour Finals for a chance to retain their cards , unless otherwise exempt . Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Points Margin Events Wins Top 5s Pre-Cup ranking Pre-Cup points Pre-Cup events 2018 2017 Justin Thomas United States 3,000 660 2,689 21 2016 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 3,120 740 36 973 14 2015 Jordan Spieth United States 3,800 1,493 4,169 21 2014 Billy Horschel United States 4,750 1,650 69 722 23 2013 Henrik Stenson Sweden 4,750 2,007 9 1,426 14 2012 Brandt Snedeker United States 4,100 1,273 19 1,194 18 2011 Bill Haas United States 2,760 15 15 1,273 22 Jim Furyk United States 2,980 252 1,691 18 2009 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States 4,000 1,080 3,341 13 2008 Vijay Singh Fiji 125,101 551 7 15,034 19 2007 Tiger Woods United States 123,033 12,578 30,574 13 Individual tournament winners ( edit ) Year The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship 2018 2017 Dustin Johnson ( 4 ) Justin Thomas Marc Leishman Xander Schauffele 2016 Patrick Reed Rory McIlroy ( 3 ) Dustin Johnson ( 3 ) Rory McIlroy ( 4 ) 2015 Jason Day ( 1 ) Rickie Fowler Jason Day ( 2 ) Jordan Spieth 2014 Hunter Mahan Chris Kirk Billy Horschel ( 1 ) Billy Horschel ( 2 ) 2013 Adam Scott Henrik Stenson ( 1 ) Zach Johnson Henrik Stenson ( 2 ) 2012 Nick Watney Rory McIlroy ( 1 ) Rory McIlroy ( 2 ) Brandt Snedeker 2011 Dustin Johnson ( 2 ) Webb Simpson Justin Rose Bill Haas Matt Kuchar Charley Hoffman Dustin Johnson ( 1 ) Jim Furyk 2009 Heath Slocum Steve Stricker ( 2 ) Tiger Woods ( 3 ) Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) 2008 Vijay Singh ( 1 ) Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Camilo Villegas ( 1 ) Camilo Villegas ( 2 ) 2007 Steve Stricker ( 1 ) Phil Mickelson ( 1 ) Tiger Woods ( 1 ) Tiger Woods ( 2 ) By country ( edit ) Country The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Total United States 8 7 6 8 29 Australia 0 0 Colombia 0 0 Fiji 0 0 Northern Ireland 0 Sweden 0 0 England 0 0 0 Career FedExCup bonus money leaders ( edit ) Player Country Total ( $ ) 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Tiger Woods United States 25,275,000 10,000,000 110,000 10,000,000 133,000 32,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 15,625,000 140,000 3,000,000 125,000 2,000,000 250,000 10,000,000 110,000 Jim Furyk United States 15,215,000 300,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 10,000,000 140,000 250,000 270,000 1,500,000 180,000 75,000 Jordan Spieth United States 14,500,000 700,000 250,000 10,000,000 550,000 3,000,000 Henrik Stenson Sweden 13,648,000 136,000 32,000 70,000 10,000,000 115,000 3,000,000 140,000 155,000 Brandt Snedeker United States 12,163,000 225,000 145,000 150,000 138,000 600,000 10,000,000 290,000 75,000 210,000 250,000 80,000 Bill Haas United States 11,474,500 32,000 80,000 134,000 165,000 10,000,000 155,000 205,000 242,500 190,000 129,000 142,000 Vijay Singh Fiji 11,272,000 500,000 10,000,000 75,000 110,000 185,000 150,000 32,000 75,000 70,000 75,000 Billy Horschel United States 10,645,000 32,000 245,000 10,000,000 110,000 125,000 133,000 Justin Thomas United States 10,445,000 155,000 290,000 10,000,000 Dustin Johnson United States 9,057,000 32,000 270,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 600,000 280,000 175,000 700,000 3,000,000 1,500,000 Steve Stricker United States 8,650,000 3,000,000 270,000 2,000,000 700,000 235,000 225,000 2,000,000 70,000 80,000 70,000 Phil Mickelson United States 8,390,000 2,000,000 700,000 3,000,000 280,000 250,000 1,000,000 550,000 110,000 110,000 245,000 145,000 Matt Kuchar United States 6,450,000 75,000 70,000 135,000 3,000,000 800,000 235,000 800,000 600,000 230,000 235,000 270,000 Luke Donald England 5,480,000 165,000 70,000 175,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 550,000 185,000 75,000 80,000 110,000 70,000 Source See also ( edit ) List of point distributions of the FedEx Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Changes : What to know '' . PGA Tour . February 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Five key structural changes about ' 09 FedExCup '' . PGA Tour . September 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dell , John ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Web.com impact expanded with qualifying changes '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Van Sickle , Gary ( August 21 , 2007 ) . `` A Guide to the FedEx Cup '' . Golf.com ( Sports Illustrated ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` Billion to one '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Tour will have two - week break for Ryder Cup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Tour FedExCup Bonus Money '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Unless otherwise indicated , all are pgatour.com links . The PGA Tour 's FedExCup Home Page PGA Tour Fan 's Quick Guide to FedExCup FedExCup Points for Regular Season , Playoffs and Tour Championship Reset . Official FedExCup Points Standings During Regular Season During The Playoffs Official PGA Tour Schedule -- FedExCup Regular and Playoff events Initial announcement of the FedEx Cup Series June 2006 announcement giving details of the points system and bonus fund November 2006 announcement on size of playoff fields Notes : FedExCup winner to get five - year exemption PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Point distributions Current Former PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FedEx_Cup&oldid=840563667 '' Categories : FedEx Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did tiger woods win the fedex cup	[ "\n\nYear\nPlayer\nCountry\nPoints\nMargin\nEvents\nWins\nTop 5s\nPre-Cup ranking\nPre-Cup points\nPre-Cup events\n\n\n2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\nJustin Thomas\n United States\n3,000\n660\n4\n1\n2\n2\n2,689\n21\n\n\n2016\nRory McIlroy\n Northern Ireland\n3,120\n740\n4\n2\n2\n36\n973\n14\n\n\n2015\nJordan Spieth\n United States\n3,800\n1,493\n4\n1\n1\n1\n4,169\n21\n\n\n2014\nBilly Horschel\n United States\n4,750\n1,650\n4\n2\n3\n69\n722\n23\n\n\n2013\nHenrik Stenson\n Sweden\n4,750\n2,007\n4\n2\n2\n9\n1,426\n14\n\n\n2012\nBrandt Snedeker\n United States\n4,100\n1,273\n4\n1\n2\n19\n1,194\n18\n\n\n2011\nBill Haas\n United States\n2,760\n15\n4\n1\n1\n15\n1,273\n22\n\n\n2010\nJim Furyk\n United States\n2,980\n252\n3\n1\n1\n3\n1,691\n18\n\n\n2009\nTiger Woods (2)\n United States\n4,000\n1,080\n4\n1\n3\n1\n3,341\n13\n\n\n2008\nVijay Singh\n Fiji\n125,101\n551\n4\n2\n2\n7\n15,034\n19\n\n\n2007\nTiger Woods\n United States\n123,033\n12,578\n3\n2\n3\n1\n30,574\n13\n\n", "\n\nYear\nPlayer\nCountry\nPoints\nMargin\nEvents\nWins\nTop 5s\nPre-Cup ranking\nPre-Cup points\nPre-Cup events\n\n\n2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\nJustin Thomas\n United States\n3,000\n660\n4\n1\n2\n2\n2,689\n21\n\n\n2016\nRory McIlroy\n Northern Ireland\n3,120\n740\n4\n2\n2\n36\n973\n14\n\n\n2015\nJordan Spieth\n United States\n3,800\n1,493\n4\n1\n1\n1\n4,169\n21\n\n\n2014\nBilly Horschel\n United States\n4,750\n1,650\n4\n2\n3\n69\n722\n23\n\n\n2013\nHenrik Stenson\n Sweden\n4,750\n2,007\n4\n2\n2\n9\n1,426\n14\n\n\n2012\nBrandt Snedeker\n United States\n4,100\n1,273\n4\n1\n2\n19\n1,194\n18\n\n\n2011\nBill Haas\n United States\n2,760\n15\n4\n1\n1\n15\n1,273\n22\n\n\n2010\nJim Furyk\n United States\n2,980\n252\n3\n1\n1\n3\n1,691\n18\n\n\n2009\nTiger Woods (2)\n United States\n4,000\n1,080\n4\n1\n3\n1\n3,341\n13\n\n\n2008\nVijay Singh\n Fiji\n125,101\n551\n4\n2\n2\n7\n15,034\n19\n\n\n2007\nTiger Woods\n United States\n123,033\n12,578\n3\n2\n3\n1\n30,574\n13\n\n" ]	[ "2007", "2009" ]
-689033604907999986	History of China	History of China - wikipedia History of China Along the River During the Qingming Festival ( Qing Court Version ) . The original version dated to the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 CE ) . It captures the daily life of people and the landscape of the capital , Bianjing ( present - day Kaifeng ) during the Northern Song . Approximate territories occupied by the various dynasties and states throughout the history of China Timeline of Chinese history History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BC Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BC Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BC Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BC Han dynasty 206 BC -- 220 AD Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC , from the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600 -- 1046 BC ) . Ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian ( c. 100 BC ) and the Bamboo Annals ( 296 BC ) describe a Xia dynasty ( c. 2070 -- 1600 BC ) before the Shang , but no writing is known from the period , and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia . The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley , which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization . However , Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River . These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang . With thousands of years of continuous history , China is one of the world 's oldest civilizations , and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization . The Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) supplanted the Shang , and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule . The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC , and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period . These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period . Much of traditional Chinese culture , literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times . In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or `` emperor '' of the Qin , marking the beginning of imperial China . However , the oppressive government fell soon after his death , and was supplanted by the longer lived Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) . Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly . In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912 , routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar - officials . Young men , well - versed in calligraphy , history , literature , and philosophy , were carefully selected through difficult government examinations . China 's last dynasty was the Qing ( 1644 -- 1912 ) , which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912 , and in the mainland by the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , resulting in two de facto states claiming to be the legitimate government of all China . Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace , and periods of war and failed statehood -- the most recent being the Chinese Civil War ( 1927 -- 1949 ) . China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples , most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population . Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism , Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China ; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet , as at present . Traditional culture , and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world ( carried by waves of immigration , cultural assimilation , expansion , and foreign contact ) , form the basis of the modern culture of China . Contents 1 Prehistory 1.1 Paleolithic ( 3.3 Ma ~ 12 ka ) 1.2 Neolithic 1.3 Bronze Age 2 Ancient China 2.1 Xia dynasty ( 2070 -- 1600 BC ) 2.2 Shang dynasty ( 1600 -- 1046 BC ) 2.3 Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) 2.4 Spring and Autumn period ( 722 -- 476 BC ) 2.5 Warring States period ( 476 -- 221 BC ) 3 Imperial China 3.1 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 207 BC ) 3.2 Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) 3.2. 1 Western Han 3.2. 2 Xin dynasty 3.2. 3 Eastern Han 3.3 Three Kingdoms ( AD 220 -- 280 ) 3.4 Jin dynasty ( AD 266 -- 420 ) 3.5 Northern and Southern dynasties ( AD 420 -- 589 ) 3.6 Sui dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) 3.7 Tang dynasty ( AD 618 -- 907 ) 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( AD 907 -- 960 ) 3.9 Song , Liao , Jin , and Western Xia dynasties ( AD 960 -- 1234 ) 3.10 Yuan dynasty ( AD 1271 -- 1368 ) 3.11 Ming dynasty ( AD 1368 -- 1644 ) 3.12 Qing dynasty ( AD 1644 -- 1911 ) 4 Modern China 4.1 Republic of China ( since 1912 ) 4.2 People 's Republic of China ( since 1949 ) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 7.1 Surveys 7.2 Prehistory 7.3 Shang dynasty 7.4 Zhou dynasty 7.5 Qin 7.6 Han dynasty 7.7 Jin , the Sixteen Kingdoms , and the Northern and Southern dynasties 7.8 Sui dynasty 7.9 Tang dynasty 7.10 Song dynasty 7.11 Yuan dynasty 7.12 Ming dynasty 7.13 Qing dynasty 7.14 Nationalist era ( 1912 -- present ) 7.15 Communist era ( 1949 -- present ) 7.15. 1 Cultural Revolution , 1966 -- 76 7.16 Economy and environment 7.17 Women and gender 7.18 Scholarly journals 8 Bibliography 9 External links Prehistory Paleolithic ( 33 ma ~ 12 ka ) See also : List of Paleolithic sites in China Linheraptor , a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur which lived in what is now China in the Late Cretaceous . Tarbosaurus , a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived at the end of the Late Cretaceous Period . Fossils have been recovered in the Gobi Desert . What is now China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than a million years ago . Recent study shows that the stone tools found at Xiaochangliang site are magnetostratigraphically dated to 1.36 million years ago . The archaeological site of Xihoudu in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus , which is dated 1.27 million years ago . The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation . Perhaps the most famous specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so - called Peking Man discovered in 1923 -- 27 . Fossilised teeth of Homo sapiens dating to 125,000 -- 80,000 BC have been discovered in Fuyan Cave in Dao County in Hunan . Neolithic See also : List of Neolithic cultures of China Further information : Yellow river civilization , Yangtze civilization , and Liao civilization Neolithic 10,000 years old pottery , Xianren Cave culture ( 18000 -- 7000BC ) Bone Arrowheads , Peiligang culture ( 7000 - 5000 BC ) Butterfly - shaped ivory vessel with the pattern of two birds facing the sun , Hemudu culture ( 5500 - 3300 BC ) Pottery artifacts from the Hemudu culture . The Neolithic age in China can be traced back to about 10,000 BC . Early evidence for proto - Chinese millet agriculture is radiocarbon - dated to about 7000 BC . The earliest evidence of cultivated rice , found by the Yangtze River , is carbon - dated to 8,000 years ago . Farming gave rise to the Jiahu culture ( 7000 to 5800 BC ) . At Damaidi in Ningxia , 3,172 cliff carvings dating to 6000 -- 5000 BC have been discovered , `` featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun , moon , stars , gods and scenes of hunting or grazing '' . These pictographs are reputed to be similar to the earliest characters confirmed to be written Chinese . Chinese proto - writing existed in Jiahu around 7000 BC , Dadiwan from 5800 BC to 5400 BC , Damaidi around 6000 BC and Banpo dating from the 5th millennium BC . Some scholars have suggested that Jiahu symbols ( 7th millennium BC ) were the earliest Chinese writing system . Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng county , Henan , found a community that flourished in 5,500 to 4,900 BC , with evidence of agriculture , constructed buildings , pottery , and burial of the dead . With agriculture came increased population , the ability to store and redistribute crops , and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators . In late Neolithic times , the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a center of Yangshao culture ( 5000 BC to 3000 BC ) , and the first villages were founded ; the most archaeologically significant of these was found at Banpo , Xi'an . Later , Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture , which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 BC to 2000 BC . Bronze Age See also : List of Bronze Age sites in China Bronze Age Jade bi from the Liangzhu culture ( 3400 -- 2250 BC ) . Bronze jue ( wine vessel ) from Erlitou culture ( 1900 -- 1500 BC ) . Bronze artifacts have been found at the Majiayao culture site ( between 3100 and 2700 BC ) , The Bronze Age is also represented at the Lower Xiajiadian culture ( 2200 -- 1600 BC ) site in northeast China . Sanxingdui located in what is now Sichuan province is believed to be the site of a major ancient city , of a previously unknown Bronze Age culture ( between 2000 and 1200 BC ) . The site was first discovered in 1929 and then re-discovered in 1986 . Chinese archaeologists have identified the Sanxingdui culture to be part of the ancient kingdom of Shu , linking the artifacts found at the site to its early legendary kings . Ferrous metallurgy begins to appear in the late 6th century in the Yangzi Valley . An bronze tomahawk with a blade of meteoric iron excavated near the city of Gaocheng in Shijiazhuang ( now Hebei province ) has been dated to the 14th century BC . For this reason , authors such as Liana Chua and Mark Elliott have used the term `` Iron Age '' by convention for the transitional period of c. 500 BC to 100 BC , roughly corresponding to the Warring States period of Chinese historiography . An Iron Age culture of the Tibetan Plateau has tentatively been associated with the Zhang Zhung culture described in early Tibetan writings . Ancient China Xia dynasty ( 2070 -- 1600 BC ) Main article : Xia dynasty The Xia dynasty of China ( from c. 2070 to c. 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals . The dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou , Henan in 1959 . With few clear records matching the Shang oracle bones , it remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia dynasty or of another culture from the same period . Excavations that overlap the alleged time period of the Xia indicate a type of culturally similar groupings of chiefdoms . Early markings from this period found on pottery and shells are thought to be ancestral to modern Chinese characters . According to ancient records , the dynasty ended around 1600 BC as a consequence of the Battle of Mingtiao . Shang dynasty ( 1600 -- 1046 BC ) Main article : Shang dynasty Further information : Chinese Bronze Age Shang dynasty ( 1600 -- 1046 BC ) Map of the Shang Dynasty Oracle bones pit at Yin The Golden Sun Bird , a ring - shaped piece of foil , made of nearly pure gold . Late Sanxingdui culture ( Shang Period ) . Guang , a Shang Period ritual Wine Vessel . Bronze square ding ( cauldron ) with human faces Ding , a Shang dynasty bronze Bronze Battle Axe , Shang Dynasty ( 1600 - 1046 B.C. ) . Excavated at Yidu , Shangdong Province . Archaeological findings providing evidence for the existence of the Shang dynasty , c. 1600 -- 1046 BC , are divided into two sets . The first set , from the earlier Shang period , comes from sources at Erligang , Zhengzhou , and Shangcheng . The second set , from the later Shang or Yin ( 殷 ) period , is at Anyang , in modern - day Henan , which has been confirmed as the last of the Shang 's nine capitals ( c. 1300 -- 1046 BC ) . The findings at Anyang include the earliest written record of Chinese past so far discovered : inscriptions of divination records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of animals -- the `` oracle bones '' , dating from around 1250 BC . A series of thirty - one kings reigned over the Shang dynasty . During their reign , according to the Records of the Grand Historian , the capital city was moved six times . The final ( and most important ) move was to Yin in 1350 BC which led to the dynasty 's golden age . The term Yin dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang dynasty in history , although it has lately been used to refer specifically to the latter half of the Shang dynasty . Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another , but the actual political situation in early China is known to have been much more complicated . Hence , as some scholars of China suggest , the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently , just as the early Zhou is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang . Although written records found at Anyang confirm the existence of the Shang dynasty , Western scholars are often hesitant to associate settlements that are contemporaneous with the Anyang settlement with the Shang dynasty . For example , archaeological findings at Sanxingdui suggest a technologically advanced civilization culturally unlike Anyang . The evidence is inconclusive in proving how far the Shang realm extended from Anyang . The leading hypothesis is that Anyang , ruled by the same Shang in the official history , coexisted and traded with numerous other culturally diverse settlements in the area that is now referred to as China proper . Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) Main articles : Zhou dynasty and Iron Age China Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) The approximate territory of the Zhou dynasty in China . Spear of Fuchai Bronze ritual vessel ( You ) , Western Zhou dynasty Ji , a Chinese polearm combining a spear and dagger - axe , Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 256 BC ) The Zhou dynasty ( 1046 BC to approximately 256 BC ) was the longest - lasting dynasty in Chinese history . By the end of the 2nd millennium BC , the Zhou dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley , overrunning the territory of the Shang . The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal system . The Zhou lived west of the Shang , and the Zhou leader had been appointed Western Protector by the Shang . The ruler of the Zhou , King Wu , with the assistance of his brother , the Duke of Zhou , as regent , managed to defeat the Shang at the Battle of Muye . The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule , a concept that would be influential for almost every succeeding dynasty . Like Shangdi , Heaven ( tian ) ruled over all the other gods , and it decided who would rule China . It was believed that a ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven when natural disasters occurred in great number , and when , more realistically , the sovereign had apparently lost his concern for the people . In response , the royal house would be overthrown , and a new house would rule , having been granted the Mandate of Heaven . The Zhou initially moved their capital west to an area near modern Xi'an , on the Wei River , a tributary of the Yellow River , but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley . This would be the first of many population migrations from north to south in Chinese history . Spring and Autumn period ( 722 -- 476 BC ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Spring and Autumn period Further information : Chinese Iron Age Spring and Autumn period ( 722 -- 476 BC ) Map of the Five Hegemons during the Spring and Autumn period of Zhou Dynasty Remains of city sewer passing underneath the former city wall in Ancient Linzi , Spring and Autumn period . Sword of Goujian , Hubei Provincial Museum The Sun Gao Bianzhong , Spring and Autumn period ( 770 - 476 B.C. ) , excavated in 1978 from a tomb in Yingchuan , Henan . Capitals : several ( multiple states ) In the 8th century BC , power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn period , named after the influential Spring and Autumn Annals . In this period , local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony . The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples from the northwest , such as the Qin , forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang . This marks the second major phase of the Zhou dynasty : the Eastern Zhou . The Spring and Autumn period is marked by a falling apart of the central Zhou power . In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose , local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only . Some local leaders even started using royal titles for themselves . China now consisted of hundreds of states , some of them only as large as a village with a fort . As the era continued , larger and more powerful states annexed or claimed suzerainty over smaller ones . By the 6th century BC most small states had disappeared from being annexed and just a few large and powerful principalities dominated China . Some southern states , such as Chu and Wu , claimed independence from the Zhou , who undertook wars against some of them ( Wu and Yue ) . Many new cities were established in this period and Chinese culture was slowly shaped . Once all these powerful rulers had firmly established themselves within their respective dominions , the bloodshed focused more fully on interstate conflict in the Warring States period , which began when the three remaining élite families in the Jin state -- Zhao , Wei and Han -- partitioned the state . Many famous individuals such as Lao Zi , Confucius and Sun Tzu lived during this chaotic period . The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period , and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism , Taoism , Legalism and Mohism were founded , partly in response to the changing political world . The first two philosophical thoughts would have an enormous influence on Chinese culture . Warring states period ( 476 -- 221 BC ) Main article : Warring States period Warring States period ( 476 -- 221 BC ) Map of the Warring States . Qin is shown in pink Bronze halberd - Duo Ge Tong Ji , Warring States period ( 457 - 221 B.C. ) , excavated in 1994 in Henan . Bi disc with a dual dragon motif , Warring States period A cup carved from crystal , unearthed at Banshan , Hangzhou . After further political consolidation , seven prominent states remained by the end of 5th century BC , and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States period . Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC , he was largely a figurehead and held little real power . Numerous developments were made during this period in culture and mathematics , examples include an important literary achievement , the Zuo Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals , which summarizes the preceding Spring and Autumn period and the bundle of 21 bamboo slips from the Tsinghua collection , which was invented during this period dated to 305 BC , are the worlds ' earliest example of a two digit decimal multiplication table , indicating that sophisticated commercial arithmetic was already established during this period . As neighboring territories of these warring states , including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning , were annexed , they were governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture . This system had been in use since the Spring and Autumn period , and parts can still be seen in the modern system of Sheng & Xian ( province and county ) . The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng , the king of Qin . His unification of the other six powers , and further annexations in the modern regions of Zhejiang , Fujian , Guangdong and Guangxi in 214 BC , enabled him to proclaim himself the First Emperor ( Qin Shi Huang ) . Imperial China `` Empire of China '' redirects here . For the empire founded by Yuan Shikai , see Empire of China ( 1915 -- 1916 ) . The Imperial China Period can be divided into three subperiods : Early , Middle , and Late . Major events in the Early subperiod include the Qin unification of China and their replacement by the Han , the First Split followed by the Jin unification , and the loss of north China . The Middle subperiod was marked by the Sui unification and their supplementation by the Tang , the Second Split , and the Song unification . The Late subperiod included the Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 207 BC ) Main article : Qin dynasty Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 207 BC ) The territory of Qin dynasty , 210BCE . The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang Dujiangyan , an irrigation project completed in 256 BC during the Warring States period of China by the State of Qin . Ruins of the ancient Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain in the Changqing District of Jinan , Shandong province , dated back to the Warring States period Historians often refer to the period from Qin dynasty to the end of Qing dynasty as Imperial China . Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years , he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang ( close to modern Xi'an ) . The doctrine of Legalism that guided the Qin emphasized strict adherence to a legal code and the absolute power of the emperor . This philosophy , while effective for expanding the empire in a military fashion , proved unworkable for governing it in peacetime . The Qin Emperor presided over the brutal silencing of political opposition , including the event known as the burning of books and burying of scholars . This would be the impetus behind the later Han synthesis incorporating the more moderate schools of political governance . Terracotta Army General ( Left ) , Mid-rank officer of the Terracotta Army in Xi'an ( Right ) Major contributions of the Qin include the concept of a centralized government , and the unification and development of the legal code , the written language , measurement , and currency of China after the tribulations of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods . Even something as basic as the length of axles for carts -- which need to match ruts in the roads -- had to be made uniform to ensure a viable trading system throughout the empire . Also as part of its centralization , the Qin connected the northern border walls of the states it defeated , making the first Great Wall of China . A major Qin innovation that lasted until 1912 was reliance upon a trained intellectual elite , the Scholar - official ( `` Scholar - gentlemen '' ) . They were civil servants appointed by the Emperor to handle daily governance . Talented young men were selected through an elaborate process of imperial examination . They had to demonstrate skill at calligraphy , and had to know Confucian philosophy . Historian Wing - Tsit Chan concludes that : Generally speaking , the record of these scholar - gentlemen has been a worthy one . It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe . Nevertheless , it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law , and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse . After Emperor Qin Shi Huang 's unnatural death due to the consumption of mercury pills , the Qin government drastically deteriorated and eventually capitulated in 207 BC after the Qin capital was captured and sacked by rebels , which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a new dynasty of a unified China . Despite the short 15 - year duration of the Qin dynasty , it was immensely influential on China and the structure of future Chinese dynasties . Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) Main article : Han dynasty Further information : History of the Han dynasty Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) The territory of Han dynasty , 2nd century CE . The ruins of a Han - dynasty watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang , the eastern end of the Silk Road . An early Western - Han silk map , depicting the Kingdom of Changsha and Kingdom of Nanyue in southern China . A mural showing women dressed in traditional Hanfu silk robes , from the Dahuting Tomb of the late Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) , located in Zhengzhou , Henan province , China Western Han Map showing the expansion of Han dynasty in 2nd century BC . The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang , who emerged victorious in the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the fall of the Qin dynasty . A golden age in Chinese history , the Han dynasty 's long period of stability and prosperity consolidated the foundation of China as a unified state under a central imperial bureaucracy , which was to last intermittently for most of the next two millennia . During the Han dynasty , territory of China was extended to most of the China proper and to areas far west . Confucianism was officially elevated to orthodox status and was to shape the subsequent Chinese civilization . Art , culture and science all advanced to unprecedented heights . With the profound and lasting impacts of this period of Chinese history , the dynasty name `` Han '' had been taken as the name of the Chinese people , now the dominant ethnic group in modern China , and had been commonly used to refer to Chinese language and written characters . The Han dynasty also saw many mathematical innovations being invented such as the method of Gaussian elimination which appeared in the Chinese mathematical text Chapter Eight Rectangular Arrays of The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art . Its use is illustrated in eighteen problems , with two to five equations . The first reference to the book by this title is dated to 179 AD , but parts of it were written as early as approximately 150 BC , more than 1500 years before the Europeans came up with the method in the 18th century . After the initial Laissez - faire policies of Emperors Wen and Jing , the ambitious Emperor Wu brought the empire to its zenith . To consolidate his power , Confucianism , which emphasizes stability and order in a well - structured society , was given exclusive patronage to be the guiding philosophical thoughts and moral principles of the empire . Imperial Universities were established to support its study and further development , while other schools of thought were discouraged . Left image : Western - Han painted ceramic jar decorated with raised reliefs of dragons , phoenixes , and taotie Right image : Reverse side of a Western - Han bronze mirror with painted designs of a flower motif Major military campaigns were launched to weaken the nomadic Xiongnu Empire , limiting their influence north of the Great Wall . Along with the diplomatic efforts led by Zhang Qian , the sphere of influence of the Han Empire extended to the states in the Tarim Basin , opened up the Silk Road that connected China to the west , stimulating bilateral trade and cultural exchange . To the south , various small kingdoms far beyond the Yangtze River Valley were formally incorporated into the empire . A Chinese crossbow mechanism with a buttplate from either the late Warring States Period or the early Han dynasty ; made of bronze and inlaid with silver Emperor Wu also dispatched a series of military campaigns against the Baiyue tribes . The Han annexed Minyue in 135 BC and 111 BC , Nanyue in 111 BC , and Dian in 109 BC . Migration and military expeditions led to the cultural assimilation of the south . It also brought the Han into contact with kingdoms in Southeast Asia , introducing diplomacy and trade . After Emperor Wu , the empire slipped into gradual stagnation and decline . Economically , the state treasury was strained by excessive campaigns and projects , while land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base . Various consort clans exerted increasing control over strings of incompetent emperors and eventually the dynasty was briefly interrupted by the usurpation of Wang Mang . Xin dynasty In AD 9 , the usurper Wang Mang claimed that the Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the rise of his own , and he founded the short - lived Xin ( `` New '' ) dynasty . Wang Mang started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms , including the outlawing of slavery and land nationalization and redistribution . These programs , however , were never supported by the landholding families , because they favored the peasants . The instability of power brought about chaos , uprisings , and loss of territories . This was compounded by mass flooding of the Yellow River ; silt buildup caused it to split into two channels and displaced large numbers of farmers . Wang Mang was eventually killed in Weiyang Palace by an enraged peasant mob in AD 23 . Eastern Han A bronze caliper from the Eastern Han period . Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang , east of the former capital Xi'an . Thus , this new era is termed the Eastern Han dynasty . With the capable administrations of Emperors Ming and Zhang , former glories of the dynasty was reclaimed , with brilliant military and cultural achievements . The Xiongnu Empire was decisively defeated . The diplomat and general Ban Chao further expanded the conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea , thus reopening the Silk Road , and bringing trade , foreign cultures , along with the arrival of Buddhism . With extensive connections with the west , the first of several Roman embassies to China were recorded in Chinese sources , coming from the sea route in AD 166 , and a second one in AD 284 . The Eastern Han dynasty was one of the most prolific era of science and technology in ancient China , notably the historic invention of papermaking by Cai Lun , and the numerous scientific and mathematical contributions by the famous polymath Zhang Heng . Three Kingdoms ( AD 220 -- 280 ) Main article : Three Kingdoms Three Kingdoms ( AD 220 -- 280 ) Three Kingdoms in 262 , on the eve of the conquest of Shu , Wei , and Wu . Fresco of a tomb in Luoyang dated to the Cao Wei period ( 220 -- 266 AD ) , showing seated men wearing Hanfu silk robes By the 2nd century , the empire declined amidst land acquisitions , invasions , and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs . The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in AD 184 , ushering in an era of warlords . In the ensuing turmoil , three states tried to gain predominance in the period of the Three Kingdoms . This time period has been greatly romanticized in works such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms . After Cao Cao reunified the north in 208 , his son proclaimed the Wei dynasty in 220 . Soon , Wei 's rivals Shu and Wu proclaimed their independence , leading China into the Three Kingdoms period . This period was characterized by a gradual decentralization of the state that had existed during the Qin and Han dynasties , and an increase in the power of great families . In 266 , the Jin dynasty overthrew the Wei and later unified the country in 280 , but this union was short - lived . Jin dynasty ( AD 266 -- 420 ) Main articles : Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) and Sixteen Kingdoms Jin dynasty ( AD 266 -- 420 ) Western Jin Dynasty , c. 280 CE View of Maijishan hill caves , grottoes and stairways . `` The Painting of Goddess Luo Rhapsody '' ( in a part ) , Gu Kaizhi , Jin Dynasty Eastern Jin Dynasty ( Yellow ) , c. 400 CE The Jin dynasty was severely weakened by internecine fighting among imperial princes and lost control of northern China after non-Han Chinese settlers rebelled and captured Luoyang and Chang'an . In 317 , a Jin prince in modern - day Nanjing became emperor and continued the dynasty , now known as the Eastern Jin , which held southern China for another century . Prior to this move , historians refer to the Jin dynasty as the Western Jin . Northern China fragmented into a series of independent kingdoms , most of which were founded by Xiongnu , Xianbei , Jie , Di and Qiang rulers . These non-Han peoples were ancestors of the Turks , Mongols , and Tibetans . Many had , to some extent , been `` sinicized '' long before their ascent to power . In fact , some of them , notably the Qiang and the Xiongnu , had already been allowed to live in the frontier regions within the Great Wall since late Han times . During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms , warfare ravaged the north and prompted large - scale Han Chinese migration south to the Yangtze Basin and Delta . Northern and Southern dynasties ( AD 420 -- 589 ) Main article : Northern and Southern dynasties This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Northern and Southern dynasties ( AD 420 -- 589 ) Southern and Northern Dynasties , 440 CE Hanging Monastery , a temple with the combination of Taoism , Buddhism , and Confucianism . Yungang Grottoes , an ancient Chinese Buddhist temple grottoes near the city of Datong in the province of Shanxi . Mogao Caves , also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes , located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road , in Gansu province . In the early 5th century , China entered a period known as the Northern and Southern dynasties , in which parallel regimes ruled the northern and southern halves of the country . In the south , the Eastern Jin gave way to the Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang and finally Chen . Each of these Southern dynasties were led by Han Chinese ruling families and used Jiankang ( modern Nanjing ) as the capital . They held off attacks from the north and preserved many aspects of Chinese civilization , while northern barbarian regimes began to sinify . In the north , the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms was extinguished in 439 by the Northern Wei , a kingdom founded by the Xianbei , a nomadic people who unified northern China . The Northern Wei eventually split into the Eastern and Western Wei , which then became the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou . These regimes were dominated by Xianbei or Han Chinese who had married into Xianbei families . During this period most Xianbei people adopted Han surnames , eventually leading to complete assimilation into the Han . Despite the division of the country , Buddhism spread throughout the land . In southern China , fierce debates about whether Buddhism should be allowed were held frequently by the royal court and nobles . By the end of the era , Buddhists and Taoists had become much more tolerant of each other . Sui dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) Main article : Sui dynasty Sui dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) Sui dynasty c. 609 The Anji Bridge , the world 's oldest open - spandrel segmental arch bridge of stone construction . Manshan Pavilion of the Tianlongshan Grottoes Yang Guang depicted as Emperor of Sui The short - lived Sui dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history . Founded by Emperor Wen in 581 in succession of the Northern Zhou , the Sui went on to conquer the Southern Chen in 589 to reunify China , ending three centuries of political division . The Sui pioneered many new institutions , including the government system of Three Departments and Six Ministries , imperial examinations for selecting officials from commoners , while improved on the systems of fubing system of the army conscription and the Equal - field system of land distributions . These policies , which were adopted by later dynasties , brought enormous population growth , and amassed excessive wealth to the state . Standardized coinage were enforced throughout the unified empire . Buddhism took root as a prominent religion and was supported officially . Sui China was known for its numerous mega-construction projects . Intended for grains shipment and transporting troops , the Grand Canal was constructed , linking the capitals Daxing ( Chang'an ) and Luoyang to the wealthy southeast region , and in another route , to the northeast border . The Great Wall was also expanded , while series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers further pacified its borders . However , the massive invasions of the Korean Peninsula during the Goguryeo -- Sui War failed disastrously , triggering widespread revolts that led to the fall of the dynasty . Tang dynasty ( AD 618 -- 907 ) Main article : Tang dynasty Tang dynasty ( AD 618 -- 907 ) Tang Dynasty circa 700 CE The Fengxian cave ( c. 675 AD ) of the Longmen Grottoes , commissioned by Wu Zetian . Inside a cave of Longmen Grottoes The Dunhuang map is to date the world 's oldest complete preserved star atlas . The Tang dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu on 18 June 618 . It was a golden age of Chinese civilization and considered to be the most prosperous period of China with significant developments in culture , art , literature , particularly poetry , and technology . Buddhism became the predominant religion for the common people . Chang'an ( modern Xi'an ) , the national capital , was the largest city in the world during its time . Map of the six major protectorates during Tang dynasty . The second emperor , Taizong , is widely regarded as one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history , who had laid the foundation for the dynasty to flourish for centuries beyond his reign . Combined military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers were implemented to eliminate threats from nomadic tribes , extend the border , and submit neighboring states into a tributary system . Military victories in the Tarim Basin kept the Silk Road open , connecting Chang'an to Central Asia and areas far to the west . In the south , lucrative maritime trade routes began from port cities such as Guangzhou . There was extensive trade with distant foreign countries , and many foreign merchants settled in China , encouraging a cosmopolitan culture . The Tang culture and social systems were observed and imitated by neighboring countries , most notably , Japan . Internally the Grand Canal linked the political heartland in Chang'an to the agricultural and economic centers in the eastern and southern parts of the empire . Xuanzang , a Chinese Buddhist monk , scholar , traveller , and translator who travelled to India on his own , and returned with , `` over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts , seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred sarira relics . '' Underlying the prosperity of the early Tang dynasty was a strong centralized bureaucracy with efficient policies . The government was organized as `` Three Departments and Six Ministries '' to separately draft , review , and implement policies . These departments were run by royal family members as well as scholar officials who were selected by imperial examinations . These practices , which matured in the Tang dynasty , were continued by the later dynasties , with some modifications . Under the Tang `` equal - field system '' all land was owned by the Emperor and granted to people according to household size . Men granted land were conscripted for military service for a fixed period each year , a military policy known as the `` Fubing system '' . These policies stimulated a rapid growth in productivity and a significant army without much burden on the state treasury . By the dynasty 's midpoint , however , standing armies had replaced conscription , and land was continuously falling into the hands of private owners . A gilt Buddhist reliquary with decorations of armored guards , from Silla , 7th - century A Tang period gilt - silver jar , shaped in the style of northern nomad 's leather bag decorated with a horse dancing with a cup of wine in its mouth , as the horses of Emperor Xuanzong were trained to do . The dynasty continued to flourish under the rule of Empress Wu Zetian , the only empress regnant in Chinese history , and reached its zenith during the long reign of Emperor Xuanzong , who oversaw an empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Aral Sea with at least 50 million people . There were vibrant artistic and cultural creations , including works of the greatest Chinese poets , Li Bai , and Du Fu . One of the Three Pagodas of Chong Shen Monastery in Dali . The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda , Chang'an ( modern - day Xi'an ) , built in 652 , repaired by Empress Wu Zetian in 704 . The Small Wild Goose Pagoda , built by 709 , was adjacent to the Dajianfu Temple in Chang'an , where Buddhist monks gathered to translate Sanskrit texts into Chinese At the zenith of prosperity of the empire , the An Lushan Rebellion from 755 to 763 was a watershed event that devastated the population and drastically weakened the central imperial government . Upon suppression of the rebellion , regional military governors , known as Jiedushi , gained increasingly autonomous status . With loss of revenue from land tax , the central imperial government relied heavily on salt monopoly . Externally , former submissive states raided the empire and the vast border territories were irreversibly lost for subsequent centuries . Nevertheless , civil society recovered and thrived amidst the weakened imperial bureaucracy . In late Tang period , the empire was worn out by recurring revolts of regional warlords , while internally , as scholar - officials engaged in fierce factional strife , corrupted eunuchs amassed immense power . Catastrophically , the Huang Chao Rebellion , from 874 to 884 , devastated the entire empire for a decade . The sack of the southern port Guangzhou in 879 was followed by the massacre of most of its inhabitants , along with the large foreign merchant enclaves . By 881 , both capitals , Luoyang and Chang'an , fell successively . The reliance on ethnic Han and Turkic warlords in suppressing the rebellion increased their power and influence . Consequently , the fall of the dynasty following Zhu Wen 's usurpation led to an era of division . According to historian Mark Edward Lewis : Most Chinese regard the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) as the high point of Imperial China , both politically and culturally . The empire reached its greatest size prior to the Manchu Qing dynasty , becoming the center of an East Asian world linked by religion , script , and many economic and political institutions . Moreover , Tang writers produce the finest poetry in China 's great lyric tradition . Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( AD 907 -- 960 ) Main article : Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period Zhenguo Pagoda of Kaiyuan Temple ( Quanzhou ) Gongchen Bagoda , Lin'an , Hangzhou , China Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( AD 907 -- 960 ) Five Dynasties Ten Kingdoms Period 923 CE Yunyan Pagoda in Jiangsu Province of Eastern China . Coins of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Section and detail of Night Revels of Han Xizai , by Gu Hongzhong The period of political disunity between the Tang and the Song , known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , lasted from 907 to 960 . During this half - century , China was in all respects a multi-state system . Five regimes , namely , ( Later ) Liang , Tang , Jin , Han and Zhou , rapidly succeeded one another in control of the traditional Imperial heartland in northern China . Among the regimes , rulers of ( Later ) Tang , Jin and Han were sinicized Shatuo Turks , which ruled over the ethnic majority of Han Chinese . More stable and smaller regimes of mostly ethnic Han rulers coexisted in south and western China over the period , cumulatively constituted the `` Ten Kingdoms '' . Amidst political chaos in the north , the strategic Sixteen Prefectures ( region along today 's Great Wall ) were ceded to the emerging Khitan Liao dynasty , which drastically weakened the defense of the China proper against northern nomadic empires . To the south , Vietnam gained lasting independence after being a Chinese prefecture for many centuries . With wars dominated in Northern China , there were mass southward migrations of population , which further enhanced the southward shift of cultural and economic centers in China . The era ended with the coup of Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin , and the establishment the Song dynasty in 960 , which eventually annihilated the remains of the `` Ten Kingdoms '' and reunified China . Song , Liao , Jin , and Western Xia dynasties ( AD 960 -- 1234 ) Main articles : Song dynasty , Liao dynasty , Western Xia , and Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) Further information : History of the Song dynasty Song , Liao , Jin , and Western Xia dynasties ( AD 960 -- 1234 ) China during the Northern Song Dynasty A wooden Bodhisattva from the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . Earliest known written formula for gunpowder , from the Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD . A giant `` squatting - tiger fire trebuchet '' located at the Wolongtai Great Wall section , Xinyang , Henan , China . In 960 , the Song dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu , with its capital established in Kaifeng ( also known as Bianjing ) . In 979 , the Song dynasty reunified most of the China proper , while large swaths of the outer territories were occupied by sinicized nomadic empires . The Khitan Liao dynasty , which lasted from 907 to 1125 , ruled over Manchuria , Mongolia , and parts of Northern China . Meanwhile , in what are now the north - western Chinese provinces of Gansu , Shaanxi , and Ningxia , the Tangut tribes founded the Western Xia dynasty from 1032 to 1227 . Aiming to recover the strategic Sixteen Prefectures lost in the previous dynasty , campaigns were launched against the Liao dynasty in the early Song period , which all ended in failure . Then in 1004 , the Liao cavalry swept over the exposed North China Plain and reached the outskirts of Kaifeng , forcing the Song 's submission and then agreement to the Chanyuan Treaty , which imposed heavy annual tributes from the Song treasury . The treaty was a significant reversal of Chinese dominance of the traditional tributary system . Yet the annual outflow of Song 's silver to the Liao was paid back through the purchase of Chinese goods and products , which expanded the Song economy , and replenished its treasury . This dampened the incentive for the Song to further campaign against the Liao . Meanwhile , this cross-border trade and contact induced further sinicization within the Liao Empire , at the expense of its military might which was derived from its primitive nomadic lifestyle . Similar treaties and social - economical consequences occurred in Song 's relations with the Jin dynasty . Liaodi Pagoda , Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) The Pagoda of Tianing Temple , Liao Dynasty ( 1100 - 1120 ) The Ten Thousand Copies of the Huayan Sutra Pagoda , commonly known as the White Pagoda , Liao dynasty ( 907 - 1125 ) Poyang Yongfu Temple Pagoda , Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) Within the Liao Empire , the Jurchen tribes revolted against their overlords to establish the Jin dynasty in 1115 . In 1125 , the devastating Jin cataphract annihilated the Liao dynasty , while remnants of Liao court members fled to Central Asia to found the Qara Khitai Empire ( Western Liao dynasty ) . Jin 's invasion of the Song dynasty followed swiftly . In 1127 , Kaifeng was sacked , a massive catastrophe known as the Jingkang Incident , ending the Northern Song dynasty . Later the entire north of China was conquered . The survived members of Song court regrouped in the new capital city of Hangzhou , and initiated the Southern Song dynasty , which ruled territories south of the Huai River . In the ensuing years , the territory and population of China were divided between the Song dynasty , the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia dynasty . The era ended with the Mongol conquest , as Western Xia fell in 1227 , the Jin dynasty in 1234 , and finally the Southern Song dynasty in 1279 . Despite its military weakness , the Song dynasty is widely considered to be the high point of classical Chinese civilization . The Song economy , facilitated by technology advancement , had reached a level of sophistication probably unseen in world history before its time . The population soared to over 100 million and the living standards of common people improved tremendously due to improvements in rice cultivation and the wide availability of coal for production . The capital cities of Kaifeng and subsequently Hangzhou were both the most populous cities in the world for their time , and encouraged vibrant civil societies unmatched by previous Chinese dynasties . Although land trading routes to the far west were blocked by nomadic empires , there were extensive maritime trade with neighbouring states , which facilitated the use of Song coinage as the de facto currency of exchange . Giant wooden vessels equipped with compasses travelled throughout the China Seas and northern Indian Ocean . The concept of insurance was practised by merchants to hedge the risks of such long - haul maritime shipments . With prosperous economic activities , the historically first use of paper currency emerged in the western city of Chengdu , as a supplement to the existing copper coins . Beisi Pagoda , located at Bao'en Temple in Suzhou , Jiangsu Province . Jingzhou Pagoda , Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) Northern Chaoyang Bagoda , located in Chaoyang , Liaoning Province . Liao Dynasty ( 1100 - 1120 ) . The Song dynasty was considered to be the golden age of great advancements in science and technology of China , thanks to innovative scholar - officials such as Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) and Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) . Inventions such as the hydro - mechanical astronomical clock , the first continuous and endless power - transmitting chain , woodblock printing and paper money were all invented during the Song dynasty . City views of Song dynasty from paintings . Clockwise from upper left : A Northern Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1127 ) era Chinese painting of a water - powered mill for grain , with surrounding river transport . The bridge scene from Zhang Zeduan 's ( 1085 -- 1145 ) painting Along the River During Qingming Festival . Chinese boats from Along the River During Qingming Festival . Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty by Li Song . There was court intrigue between the political reformers and conservatives , led by the chancellors Wang Anshi and Sima Guang , respectively . By the mid-to - late 13th century , the Chinese had adopted the dogma of Neo-Confucian philosophy formulated by Zhu Xi . Enormous literary works were compiled during the Song dynasty , such as the historical work , the Zizhi Tongjian ( `` Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government '' ) . The invention of movable - type printing further facilitated the spread of knowledge . Culture and the arts flourished , with grandiose artworks such as Along the River During the Qingming Festival and Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute , along with great Buddhist painters such as the prolific Lin Tinggui . The Song dynasty was also a period of major innovation in the history of warfare . Gunpowder , while invented in the Tang dynasty , was first put into use in battlefields by the Song army , inspiring a succession of new firearms and siege engines designs . During the Southern Song dynasty , as its survival hinged decisively on guarding the Yangtze and Huai River against the cavalry forces from the north , the first standing navy in China was assembled in 1132 , with its admiral 's headquarters established at Dinghai . Paddle - wheel warships equipped with trebuchets could launch incendiary bombs made of gunpowder and lime , as recorded in Song 's victory over the invading Jin forces at the Battle of Tangdao in the East China Sea , and the Battle of Caishi on the Yangtze River in 1161 . The advances in civilization during the Song dynasty came to an abrupt end following the devastating Mongol conquest , during which the population sharply dwindled , with a marked contraction in economy . Despite viciously halting Mongol advance for more than three decades , the Southern Song capital Hangzhou fell in 1276 , followed by the final annihilation of the Song standing navy at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 . Yuan dynasty ( AD 1271 -- 1368 ) Main article : Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty ( AD 1271 -- 1368 ) The White Stupa of Miaoying Temple in Beijing . Deva King of the East on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass . Yuan period bronze firearm on display at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an . Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing wood plate , 1287 CE . Mongol successor khanates The Yuan dynasty was formally proclaimed in 1271 , when the Great Khan of Mongol , Kublai Khan , one of the grandsons of Genghis Khan , assumed the additional title of the Emperor of China , and considered his inherited part of the Mongol Empire as a Chinese dynasty . In the preceding decades , the Mongols had conquered the Jin dynasty in Northern China , and the Southern Song dynasty fell in 1279 after a protracted and bloody war . The Mongol Yuan dynasty became the first conquest dynasty in Chinese history to rule the entire China proper and its population as an ethnic minority . The dynasty also directly controlled the Mongolian heartland and other regions , inheriting the largest share of territory of the divided Mongol Empire , which roughly coincided with the modern area of China and nearby regions in East Asia . Further expansion of the empire was halted after defeats in the invasions of Japan and Vietnam . Following the previous Jin dynasty , the capital of Yuan dynasty was established at Khanbaliq ( also known as Dadu , modern - day Beijing ) . The Grand Canal was reconstructed to connect the remote capital city to economic hubs in southern part of China , setting the precedence and foundation where Beijing would largely remain as the capital of the successive regimes that unified China mainland . After the peace treaty in 1304 that ended a series of Mongols civil wars , the emperors of the Yuan dynasty were upheld as the nominal Great Khan ( Khagan ) of the greater Mongol Empire over other Mongol Khanates , which nonetheless remained de facto autonomous . The era was known as Pax Mongolica , when much of the Asian continent was ruled by the Mongols . For the first and only time in history , the silk road was controlled entirely by a single state , facilitating the flow of people , trade , and cultural exchange . Network of roads and a postal system were established to connect the vast empire . Lucrative maritime trade , developed from the previous Song dynasty , continued to flourish , with Quanzhou and Hangzhou emerging as the largest ports in the world . Adventurous travelers from the far west , most notably the Venetian , Marco Polo , would have settled in China for decades . Upon his return , his detail travel record inspired generations of medieval Europeans with the splendors of the far East . The Yuan dynasty was the first ancient economy , where paper currency , known at the time as Chao , was used as the predominant medium of exchange . Its unrestricted issuance in the late Yuan dynasty inflicted hyperinflation , which eventually brought the downfall of the dynasty . Dengfeng Observatory , the first in a series of 27 astronomical observatories built in the early Yuan dynasty . The Pagoda of Bailin Temple , an octagonal - based brick pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of Emperor Wenzong , ruler of the Mongol - led Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . While the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopted substantially to Chinese culture , their sinicization was of lesser extent compared to earlier conquest dynasties in Chinese history . For preserving racial superiority as the conqueror and ruling class , traditional nomadic customs and heritage from the Mongolian steppe were held in high regard . On the other hand , the Mongol rulers also adopted flexibly to a variety of cultures from many advanced civilizations within the vast empire . Traditional social structure and culture in China underwent immense transform during the Mongol dominance . Large group of foreign migrants settled in China , who enjoyed elevated social status over the majority Han Chinese , while enriching Chinese culture with foreign elements . The class of scholar officials and intellectuals , traditional bearers of elite Chinese culture , lost substantial social status . This stimulated the development of culture of the common folks . There were prolific works in zaju variety shows and literary songs ( sanqu ) , which were written in a distinctive poetry style known as qu . Novels of vernacular style gained unprecedented status and popularity . The Ayuwang Stupa in northern Shanxi , China . A stupa on top of an arch ( crossing street tower ) , is a common form of architecture during Yuan period . Before the Mongol invasion , Chinese dynasties reported approximately 120 million inhabitants ; after the conquest had been completed in 1279 , the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people . This major decline is not necessarily due only to Mongol killings . Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace , causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians including William McNeill and David Morgan consider that plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period . In the 14th century China suffered additional depredations from epidemics of plague , estimated to have killed 25 million people , 30 % of the population of China . Throughout the Yuan dynasty , there was some general sentiment among the populace against the Mongol dominance . Yet rather than the nationalist cause , it was mainly strings of natural disasters and incompetent governance that triggered widespread peasant uprisings since the 1340s . After the massive naval engagement at Lake Poyang , Zhu Yuanzhang prevailed over other rebel forces in the south . He proclaimed himself emperor and founded the Ming dynasty in 1368 . The same year his northern expedition army captured the capital Khanbaliq . The Yuan remnants fled back to Mongolia and sustained the regime . Other Mongol Khanates in Central Asia continued to exist after the fall of Yuan dynasty in China . Ming dynasty ( AD 1368 -- 1644 ) Main article : Ming dynasty Further information : History of the Ming dynasty Residence of the Lu Family in Dongyang , built in the Ming period . City wall of Xi'an , a UNESCO World Heritage Site built during the early Ming dynasty Fenghuang County , an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles . Hongcun , a village in Yi County in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province . Xinye , a village noted for its well - preserved Ming and Qing era architecture and ancient residential buildings . The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368 , who proclaimed himself as the Hongwu Emperor . The capital was initially set at Nanjing , and was later moved to Beijing from Yongle Emperor 's reign onward . Porcelain Tower , from An embassy from the East - India Company ( 1665 ) by Johan Nieuhof . It was first discovered by the Western world when travelers like Johan Nieuhof visited it , sometimes listing it as one of the Seven Wonders of the World . Haihui Temple Pagodas , built in the Ming period . Pagoda of Chongjue Temple , dated to the Song dynasty . The onion - shaped Sōrin was a Ming dynasty addition . Urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex . Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry . In particular , small - scale industries grew up , often specializing in paper , silk , cotton , and porcelain goods . For the most part , however , relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country . Town markets mainly traded food , with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil . Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism , China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated . Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world , particularly Japan , increased considerably . Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the voyages of Zheng He . The Hongwu Emperor , being the only founder of a Chinese dynasty who was also of peasant origin , had laid the foundation of a state that relied fundamentally in agriculture . Commerce and trade , which flourished in the previous Song and Yuan dynasties , were less emphasized . Neo-feudal landholdings of the Song and Mongol periods were expropriated by the Ming rulers . Land estates were confiscated by the government , fragmented , and rented out . Private slavery was forbidden . Consequently , after the death of the Yongle Emperor , independent peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture . These laws might have paved the way to removing the worst of the poverty during the previous regimes . Towards later era of the Ming dynasty , with declining government control , commerce , trade and private industries revived . The dynasty had a strong and complex central government that unified and controlled the empire . The emperor 's role became more autocratic , although Hongwu Emperor necessarily continued to use what he called the `` Grand Secretariat '' to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy , including memorials ( petitions and recommendations to the throne ) , imperial edicts in reply , reports of various kinds , and tax records . It was this same bureaucracy that later prevented the Ming government from being able to adapt to changes in society , and eventually led to its decline . The Yongle Emperor strenuously tried to extend China 's influence beyond its borders by demanding other rulers send ambassadors to China to present tribute . A large navy was built , including four - masted ships displacing 1,500 tons . A standing army of 1 million troops was created . The Chinese armies conquered and occupied Vietnam for around 20 years , while the Chinese fleet sailed the China seas and the Indian Ocean , cruising as far as the east coast of Africa . The Chinese gained influence in eastern Moghulistan . Several maritime Asian nations sent envoys with tribute for the Chinese emperor . Domestically , the Grand Canal was expanded and became a stimulus to domestic trade . Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced . Many books were printed using movable type . The imperial palace in Beijing 's Forbidden City reached its current splendor . It was also during these centuries that the potential of south China came to be fully exploited . New crops were widely cultivated and industries such as those producing porcelain and textiles flourished . In 1449 Esen Tayisi led an Oirat Mongol invasion of northern China which culminated in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu . Since then , the Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier , which led to the Ming Great Wall being built . Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today was either built or repaired by the Ming . The brick and granite work was enlarged , the watchtowers were redesigned , and cannons were placed along its length . Eagles by Lin Liang . Located at the National Palace Museum . Snow Plums and Twin Cranes by Bian Jingzhao . Located at the Guangdong Provincial Museum . At sea , the Ming became increasingly isolationist after the death of the Yongle Emperor . The treasure voyages which sailed Indian Ocean were discontinued , and the maritime prohibition laws were set in place banning the Chinese from sailing abroad . European traders who reached China in the midst of the Age of Discovery were repeatedly rebuked in their requests for trade , with the Portuguese being repulsed by the Ming navy at Tuen Mun in 1521 and again in 1522 . Domestic and foreign demands for overseas trade , deemed illegal by the state , led to widespread wokou piracy attacking the southeastern coastline during the rule of the Jiajing Emperor ( 1507 -- 1567 ) , which only subsided after the opening of ports in Guangdong and Fujian and much military suppression . The Portuguese were allowed to settle in Macau in 1557 for trade , which remained in Portuguese hands until 1999 . The Dutch entry into the Chinese seas was also met with fierce resistance , with the Dutch being chased off the Penghu islands in the Sino - Dutch conflicts of 1622 -- 1624 and were forced to settle in Taiwan instead . The Dutch in Taiwan fought with the Ming in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay in 1633 and lost , and eventually surrendered to the Ming loyalist Koxinga in 1662 , after the fall of the Ming dynasty . In 1556 , during the rule of the Jiajing Emperor , the Shaanxi earthquake killed about 830,000 people , the deadliest earthquake of all time . The Ming dynasty intervened deeply in the Japanese invasions of Korea ( 1592 -- 98 ) , which ended with the withdrawal of all invading Japanese forces in Korea , and the restoration of the Joseon dynasty , its traditional ally and tributary state . The regional hegemony of the Ming dynasty was preserved at a toll on its resources . Coincidentally , with Ming 's control in Manchuria in decline , the Manchu ( Jurchen ) tribes , under their chieftain Nurhaci , broke away from Ming 's rule , and emerged as a powerful , unified state , which was later proclaimed as the Qing dynasty . It went on to subdue the much weakened Korea as its tributary , conquered Mongolia , and expanded its territory to the outskirt of the Great Wall . The most elite army of the Ming dynasty was to station at the Shanhai Pass to guard the last stronghold against the Manchus , which weakened its suppression of internal peasants uprisings . Qing dynasty ( AD 1644 -- 1911 ) Main article : Qing dynasty See also : Century of humiliation Qing dynasty ( AD 1644 -- 1911 ) 1836 map of China published by C. Picque . Pilgrim flask , porcelain with underglaze blue and iron - red decoration . A military attire of the Qianlong Emperor A Qing period geomantic compass ( c. 1760 ) Summer Palace , an imperial garden in Qing Dynasty . Putuo Zongcheng Temple , a Buddhist temple complex built between 1767 and 1771 . The temple was modeled after the Potala Palace of Tibet . The House of the Huangcheng Chancellor , a 10 - hectare walled estate on Phoenix Hill in southeastern Shanxi , China . Flower Theatre , a Qing period guildhall . A residential building of Qiao Family Compound , built in the Qing period . The Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) was the last imperial dynasty in China . Founded by the Manchus , it was the second conquest dynasty to rule the entire territory of China and its people . The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchens , residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall . They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming dynasty after Nurhaci united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent state . However , the Ming dynasty would be overthrown by Li Zicheng 's peasants rebellion , with Beijing captured in 1644 and the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committing suicide . The Manchus allied with the former Ming general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing , which was made the capital of the Qing dynasty , and then proceeded to subdue the Ming remnants in the south . The decades of Manchu conquest caused enormous loss of lives and the economic scale of China shrank drastically . In total , the Qing conquest of the Ming ( 1618 -- 1683 ) cost as many as 25 million lives . Nevertheless , the Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule and were considered a Chinese dynasty . The Manchus enforced a ' queue order , ' forcing the Han Chinese to adopt the Manchu queue hairstyle . Officials were required to wear Manchu - style clothing Changshan ( bannermen dress and Tangzhuang ) , but ordinary Han civilians were allowed to wear traditional Han clothing , or Hanfu . Most Han then voluntarily shifted to wearing Qipao anyway . The Kangxi Emperor ordered the creation of the Kangxi Dictionary , the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters that had been compiled . The Qing dynasty set up the Eight Banners system that provided the basic framework for the Qing military organization . Bannermen could not undertake trade or manual labor ; they had to petition to be removed from banner status . They were considered a form of nobility and were given preferential treatment in terms of annual pensions , land , and allotments of cloth . Over the next half - century , all areas previously under the Ming dynasty were consolidated under the Qing . Xinjiang , Tibet , and Mongolia were also formally incorporated into Chinese territory . Between 1673 and 1681 , the Kangxi Emperor suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories , an uprising of three generals in Southern China who had been denied hereditary rule of large fiefdoms granted by the previous emperor . In 1683 , the Qing staged an amphibious assault on southern Taiwan , bringing down the rebel Kingdom of Tungning , which was founded by the Ming loyalist Koxinga ( Zheng Chenggong ) in 1662 after the fall of the Southern Ming , and had served as a base for continued Ming resistance in Southern China . The Qing defeated the Russians at Albazin , resulting in the Treaty of Nerchinsk . Qianlong Emperor By the end of Qianlong Emperor 's long reign , the Qing Empire was at its zenith . China ruled more than one - third of the world 's population , and had the largest economy in the world . By area it was one of the largest empires ever . Li Hongzhang , a Chinese politician , general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty . In the 19th century the empire was internally stagnant and externally threatened by western powers . The defeat by the British Empire in the First Opium War ( 1840 ) led to the Treaty of Nanking ( 1842 ) , under which Hong Kong was ceded to Britain and importation of opium ( produced by British Empire territories ) was allowed . Subsequent military defeats and unequal treaties with other western powers continued even after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Internally the Taiping Rebellion ( 1851 -- 1864 ) , a quasi-Christian religious movement led by the `` Heavenly King '' Hong Xiuquan , raided roughly a third of Chinese territory for over a decade until they were finally crushed in the Third Battle of Nanking in 1864 . This was one of the largest wars in the 19th century in terms of troop involvement ; there was massive loss of life , with a death toll of about 20 million . A string of civil disturbances followed , including the Punti -- Hakka Clan Wars , Nian Rebellion , Dungan Revolt , and Panthay Rebellion . All rebellions were ultimately put down , but at enormous cost and with millions dead , seriously weakening the central imperial authority . The Banner system that the Manchus had relied upon for so long failed : Banner forces were unable to suppress the rebels , and the government called upon local officials in the provinces , who raised `` New Armies '' , which successfully crushed the challenges to Qing authority . China never rebuilt a strong central army , and many local officials became warlords who used military power to effectively rule independently in their provinces . In response to calamities within the empire and threats from imperialism , the Self - Strengthening Movement was an institutional reform in the second half of the 1800s . The aim was to modernize the empire , with prime emphasis on strengthening the military . However , the reform was undermined by corrupt officials , cynicism , and quarrels within the imperial family . As a result , the `` Beiyang Fleet '' were soundly defeated in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) . The Guangxu Emperor and the reformists then launched a more comprehensive reform effort , the Hundred Days ' Reform ( 1898 ) , but it was soon overturned by the conservatives under Empress Dowager Cixi in a military coup . At the turn of the 20th century , the violent Boxer Rebellion opposed foreign influence in Northern China , and attacked Chinese Christians and missionaries . When Boxers entered Beijing , the Qing government ordered all foreigners to leave . But instead the foreigners and many Chinese were besieged in the foreign legations quarter . The Eight - Nation Alliance sent the Seymour Expedition of Japanese , Russian , Italian , German , French , American , and Austrian troops to relieve the siege . The Expedition was stopped by the Boxers at the Battle of Langfang and forced to retreat . Due to the Alliance 's attack on the Dagu Forts , the Qing government in response sided with the Boxers and declared war on the Alliance . There was fierce fighting at Tientsin . The Alliance formed the second , much larger Gaselee Expedition and finally reached Beijing ; the Qing government evacuated to Xi'an . The Boxer Protocol ended the war . Modern China Republic of China ( since 1912 ) Main articles : History of the Republic of China and Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) See also : History of Taiwan Nanjing Road during Xinhai Revolution , 1911 . Frustrated by the Qing court 's resistance to reform and by China 's weakness , young officials , military officers , and students began to advocate the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the creation of a republic . They were inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat - sen . A revolutionary military uprising , the Wuchang Uprising , began on 10 October 1911 , in Wuhan . The provisional government of the Republic of China was formed in Nanjing on 12 March 1912 . The Xinhai Revolution ended 2,000 years of dynastic rule in China . Sun Yat - sen , the leader of the Xinhai Revolution and the first provisional president of the Republic of China . Yuan Shikai , the first president of the Republic of China . After the success of the overthrow of the Qing dynasty , Sun Yat - sen was declared President , but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai , who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government , as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate ( a decision Sun would later regret ) . Over the next few years , Yuan proceeded to abolish the national and provincial assemblies , and declared himself emperor in late 1915 . Yuan 's imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates ; faced with the prospect of rebellion , he abdicated in March 1916 , and died in June of that year . Yuan 's death in 1916 left a power vacuum in China ; the republican government was all but shattered . This ushered in the Warlord Era , during which much of the country was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders . In 1919 , the May Fourth Movement began as a response to the terms imposed on China by the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I , but quickly became a nationwide protest movement about the domestic situation in China . The protests were a moral success as the cabinet fell and China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles , which had awarded German holdings to Japan . The New Culture Movement stimulated by the May Fourth Movement waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s . According to Ebrey : `` Nationalism , patriotism , progress , science , democracy , and freedom were the goals ; imperialism , feudalism , warlordism , autocracy , patriarchy , and blind adherence to tradition were the enemies . Intellectuals struggled with how to be strong and modern and yet Chinese , how to preserve China as a political entity in the world of competing nations . '' The flag of the Republic of China from 1928 to now . The discrediting of liberal Western philosophy amongst leftist Chinese intellectuals led to more radical lines of thought inspired by the Russian Revolution , and supported by agents of the Comintern sent to China by Moscow . This created the seeds for the irreconcilable conflict between the left and right in China that would dominate Chinese history for the rest of the century . In the 1920s , Sun Yat - sen established a revolutionary base in south China , and set out to unite the fragmented nation . With assistance from the Soviet Union ( itself fresh from Lenin 's takeover ) , he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist Party of China . After Sun 's death from cancer in 1925 , one of his protégés , Chiang Kai - shek , seized control of the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party or KMT ) and succeeded in bringing most of south and central China under its rule in a military campaign known as the Northern Expedition ( 1926 -- 1927 ) . Having defeated the warlords in south and central China by military force , Chiang was able to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North . In 1927 , Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China . In 1934 , driven from their mountain bases such as the Chinese Soviet Republic , the CPC forces embarked on the Long March across China 's most desolate terrain to the northwest , where they established a guerrilla base at Yan'an in Shaanxi Province . During the Long March , the communists reorganized under a new leader , Mao Zedong ( Mao Tse - tung ) . The bitter struggle between the KMT and the CPC continued , openly or clandestinely , through the 14 - year - long Japanese occupation of various parts of the country ( 1931 -- 1945 ) . The two Chinese parties nominally formed a united front to oppose the Japanese in 1937 , during the Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , which became a part of World War II . Japanese forces committed numerous war atrocities against the civilian population , including biological warfare ( see Unit 731 ) and the Three Alls Policy ( Sankō Sakusen ) , the three alls being : `` Kill All , Burn All and Loot All '' . Following the defeat of Japan in 1945 , the war between the Nationalist government forces and the CPC resumed , after failed attempts at reconciliation and a negotiated settlement . By 1949 , the CPC had established control over most of the country ( see Chinese Civil War ) . Westad says the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Furthermore , his party was weakened in the war against the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Communists told different groups , such as peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and cloaked themselves in the cover of Chinese Nationalism . During the civil war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities , with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides . These included deaths from forced conscription and massacres . When the Nationalist government forces were defeated by CPC forces in mainland China in 1949 , the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan with its forces , along with Chiang and most of the KMT leadership and a large number of their supporters ; the Nationalist government had taken effective control of Taiwan at the end of WWII as part of the overall Japanese surrender , when Japanese troops in Taiwan surrendered to Republic of China troops . People 's Republic of China ( since 1949 ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China The People 's Liberation Army enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang ( KMT ) pulling out of the mainland , with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands . The Communist Party of China was left in control of mainland China . On 1 October 1949 , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China . `` Communist China '' and `` Red China '' were two common names for the PRC . Chairman Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . The PRC was shaped by a series of campaigns and five - year plans . The economic and social plan known as the Great Leap Forward caused an estimated 45 million deaths . Mao 's government carried out mass executions of landowners , instituted collectivisation and implemented the Laogai camp system . Execution , deaths from forced labor and other atrocities resulted in millions of deaths under Mao . In 1966 Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution , which continued until Mao 's death a decade later . The Cultural Revolution , motivated by power struggles within the Party and a fear of the Soviet Union , led to a major upheaval in Chinese society . In 1972 , at the peak of the Sino - Soviet split , Mao and Zhou Enlai met US president Richard Nixon in Beijing to establish relations with the United States . In the same year , the PRC was admitted to the United Nations in place of the Republic of China , with permanent membership of the Security Council . The flag of the People 's Republic of China since 1949 . A power struggle followed Mao 's death in 1976 . The Gang of Four were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution , marking the end of a turbulent political era in China . Deng Xiaoping outmaneuvered Mao 's anointed successor chairman Hua Guofeng , and gradually emerged as the de facto leader over the next few years . Deng Xiaoping was the Paramount Leader of China from 1978 to 1992 , although he never became the head of the party or state , and his influence within the Party led the country to significant economic reforms . The Communist Party subsequently loosened governmental control over citizens ' personal lives and the communes were disbanded with many peasants receiving multiple land leases , which greatly increased incentives and agricultural production . In addition , there were many free market areas opened . The most successful free market areas was shenzhen . It is located in guangdong and the property tax free area still exists today . This turn of events marked China 's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open market environment , a system termed by some as `` market socialism '' , and officially by the Communist Party of China as `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' . The PRC adopted its current constitution on 4 December 1982 . In 1989 the death of former general secretary Hu Yaobang helped to spark the Tiananmen Square protests of that year , during which students and others campaigned for several months , speaking out against corruption and in favour of greater political reform , including democratic rights and freedom of speech . However , they were eventually put down on 4 June when PLA troops and vehicles entered and forcibly cleared the square , with many fatalities . This event was widely reported , and brought worldwide condemnation and sanctions against the government . A filmed incident involving the `` tank man '' was seen worldwide . CPC general secretary and PRC President Jiang Zemin and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , both former mayors of Shanghai , led post-Tiananmen PRC in the 1990s . Under Jiang and Zhu 's ten years of administration , the PRC 's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2 % . The country formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 . Although the PRC needs economic growth to spur its development , the government began to worry that rapid economic growth was degrading the country 's resources and environment . Another concern is that certain sectors of society are not sufficiently benefiting from the PRC 's economic development ; one example of this is the wide gap between urban and rural areas . As a result , under former CPC general secretary and President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , the PRC initiated policies to address issues of equitable distribution of resources , but the outcome was not known as of 2014 . More than 40 million farmers were displaced from their land , usually for economic development , contributing to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across China in 2005 . For much of the PRC 's population , living standards improved very substantially and freedom increased , but political controls remained tight and rural areas poor . See also History of Imperial China portal China portal Timeline of Chinese history Outline of ancient China Chinese historiography List of Neolithic cultures of China Economic history of China History of science and technology in China Military history of China ( pre-1911 ) List of rebellions in China Naval history of China History of Islam in China Four occupations Chinese exploration Chinese sovereign Women in ancient and imperial China List of rulers of China Chinese emperors family tree Ancient -- Early -- Middle -- Late Ethnic groups in Chinese history Foreign relations of Imperial China List of recipients of tribute from China List of tributaries of Imperial China History of Hong Kong History of Macau History of canals in China History of the Great Wall of China Religion in China Chinese armour Notes ^ Jump up to : William G. Boltz , Early Chinese Writing , World Archaeology , Vol. 17 , No. 3 , Early Writing Systems . ( Feb. , 1986 ) , pp. 420 -- 436 ( 436 ) . Jump up ^ David N. Keightley , `` Art , Ancestors , and the Origins of Writing in China '' , Representations , No. 56 , Special Issue : The New Erudition . ( Autumn , 1996 ) , pp. 68 -- 95 ( 68 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Summary Request Of The People 's Republic Of China To The Government Of The United States Of America Under Article 9 Of The 1970 Unesco Convention '' . Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs , U.S. State Department . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ancient Dynasties '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China country profile '' . BBC News . 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Cradles of Civilization - China : Ancient Culture , Modern Land , Robert E. Murowchick , gen . ed . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 ^ Jump up to : Rixiang Zhu ; Zhisheng An ; Richard Pott ; Kenneth A. Hoffman ( June 2003 ) . `` Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans of in China '' ( PDF ) . Earth - Science Reviews . 61 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 191 -- 361 . Bibcode : 2003ESRv ... 61 ... 341Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00132 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Earliest Presence of Humans in Northeast Asia '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil teeth place humans in Asia ' 20,000 years early ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neolithic Period in China '' . Timeline of Art History . Metropolitan Museum of Art . October 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rice and Early Agriculture in China '' . Legacy of Human Civilizations . Mesa Community College . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pringle , Heather ( 1998 ) . `` The Slow Birth of Agriculture '' . Science . 282 ( 5393 ) : 1446 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5393. 1446 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carvings may rewrite history of Chinese characters '' . Xinhua online . 18 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rincon , Paul ( 17 April 2003 ) . `` ' Earliest writing ' found in China '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Qiu Xigui ( 2000 ) . Chinese Writing . English translation of 文字學概論 by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman . Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4 . Berkeley : The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55729 - 071 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Peiligang Site '' . Ministry of Culture of the People 's Republic of China . 2003 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wertz , Richard R. ( 2007 ) . `` Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures '' . Exploring Chinese History . ibiblio . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Martini , I. Peter ( 2010 ) . Landscapes and Societies : Selected Cases . Springer . p. 310 . ISBN 90 - 481 - 9412 - 1 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4640 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leadership Strategies , Economic Activity , and Interregional Interaction : Social Complexity in Northeast China , pp. 89 Jump up ^ Michael Loewe , Edward L. Shaughness ( 1999 - 03 - 13 ) . The Cambridge History of Ancient China : From the Origins of Civilization to . Cambridge University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47030 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jessica Rawson . `` New discoveries from the early dynasties '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles . 1996 . The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia Jump up ^ Liana Chua , Mark Elliott , Distributed Objects : Meaning and Mattering after Alfred Gell ( 2013 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ `` Bronze Age China '' . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ China : Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization . City University of HK Press . 2007 . p. 25 . ISBN 9789629371401 . Jump up ^ Scripts found on Erlitou pottery ( written in Simplified Chinese ) ^ Jump up to : 《史记殷本纪》 : 帝陽甲崩 , 弟盤庚立 , 是為帝盤庚. 帝盤庚之時 , 殷已都河北 , 盤庚渡河南 , 復居成湯之故居 , 乃五遷 , 無定處. 殷民咨胥皆怨 , 不欲徙. 盤庚乃告諭諸侯大臣曰 : 「昔高后成湯與爾之先祖俱定天下 , 法則可修. 捨而弗勉 , 何以成德 ! 」乃遂涉河南 , 治亳 , 行湯之政 , 然後百姓由寧 , 殷道復興. 諸侯來朝 , 以其遵成湯之德也 . Jump up ^ Cheung , Kwong - yue ( 1983 ) , `` Recent archaeological evidence relating to the origin of Chinese characters '' , in Keightley , David N. ; Barnard , Noel , The Origins of Chinese Civilization , trans . Noel Barnard , University of California Press , p. 235 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04229 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nature The 2,300 - year - old matrix is the world 's oldest decimal multiplication table Jump up ^ Charles Alexander Moore , ed. ( 1967 ) . The Chinese Mind : Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture . U of Hawaii Press . p. 22 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wright , David Curtis ( 2001 ) . The History of China . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30940 - X . Jump up ^ Bodde 1986 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Calinger ( 1999 ) , pp. 234 -- 236 Jump up ^ Timothy Gowers ; June Barrow - Green ; Imre Leader ( 8 September 2008 ) . The Princeton Companion to Mathematics . Princeton University Press . p. 607 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11880 - 2 . Jump up ^ Yu , Yingshi ( 1986 ) . Denis Twitchett ; Michael Loewe , eds . Cambridge History of China : Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 . University of Cambridge Press . pp. 455 -- 458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 5212 - 4327 - 8 . Jump up ^ Xu , Pingfang ( 2005 ) . The Formation of Chinese Civilization : An Archaeological Perspective . Yale University Press . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09382 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gernet , Jacques ( 1996 ) . A History of Chinese Civilization . Cambridge University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49781 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ban Chao , Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lewis , China 's Cosmopolitan Empire : The Tang Dynasty ( 2012 ) . excerpt . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey 1999 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Kiang 1999 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Ferrand , ed. ( 1922 ) . Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine , rédigé en 851 , suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan ( vers 916 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Kaifung Jews '' . University of Cumbria , Division of Religion and Philosophy . Archived from the original on 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lewis , China 's Cosmopolitan Empire : The Tang Dynasty ( 2012 ) . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ho , Ping - ti ( 1970 ) . `` An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung - Chin China '' . Études Song . 1 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Course : Plague '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` China > History > The Ming dynasty > Political history > The dynastic succession '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 2007 Jump up ^ John M. Roberts ( 1997 ) . A Short History of the World . Oxford University Press . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511504 - X . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Statistics of Wars , Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century '' . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Harper , Damsan ; Fallon , Steve ; Gaskell , Katja ; Grundvig , Julie ; Heller , Carolyn ; Huhti , Thomas ; Maynew , Bradley ; Pitts , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Lonely Planet China ( 9 ed . ) . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 687 - 0 . Jump up ^ Philip Kuhn , Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796 -- 1864 ( 1970 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China ( 1996 ) p 271 Jump up ^ Fairbank , J.K. ; Goldman , M. ( 2006 ) . China : A New History ( 2nd ed . ) . Harvard University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 9780674018280 . Jump up ^ Odd Arne Westad , Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 ( 2012 ) p 291 Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph ( 1994 ) , Death by Government . Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin A. Final solutions : mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century Cornell University Press . December 8 , 2005 . p88 Jump up ^ Surrender Order of the Imperial General Headquarters of Japan , 2 September 1945 , `` ( a ) The senior Japanese commanders and all ground , sea , air , and auxiliary forces within China ( excluding Manchuria ) , Formosa , and French Indochina north of 16 degrees north latitude shall surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek . '' Jump up ^ The Chinese people have stood up . UCLA Center for East Asian Studies . Retrieved 16 April 2006 . Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph ; and Davis , Simon . ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ) . The A to Z of the Cold War . Issue 28 of Historical dictionaries of war , revolution , and civil unrest . Volume 8 of A to Z guides . Scarecrow Press publisher . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5384 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5384 - 3 . Jump up ^ Akbar , Arifa ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Mao 's Great Leap Forward ' killed 45 million in four years ' '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart - Landsberg , Martin ; Burkett , Paul ( March 2010 ) . `` China and Socialism : Market Reforms and Class Struggle '' . Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 123 - 4 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Youngs , R . The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924979 - 4 . Jump up ^ Carroll , J.M. A Concise History of Hong Kong . Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3422 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Nation bucks trend of global poverty '' . China Daily . 11 July 2003 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Average Economic Growth in 90s Ranked 1st in World '' . People 's Daily . 1 March 2000 . Jump up ^ `` China worried over pace of growth '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` China : Migrants , Students , Taiwan '' . Migration News . 13 ( 1 ) . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In Face of Rural Unrest , China Rolls Out Reforms '' . The Washington Post . 28 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Antony ( 11 April 2006 ) . `` Frontline : The Tank Man transcript '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . Further reading Surveys Blunden , Caroline , and Mark Elvin . Cultural Atlas of China ( 2nd ed 1998 ) excerpt and text search Dardess , John W. ( 2010 ) . Governing China , 150 - 1850 . Hackett Publishing . ISBN 1 - 60384 - 311 - 6 . Eberhard , Wolfram . A History of China ( 1950 ; 4th edition , revised 1977 ) , 380 pages ' Google Book Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521196208 . Elvin , Mark . The Pattern of the Chinese Past ( Stanford Up , 1973 ) Fairbank , John King and Goldman , Merle . China : A New History . 2nd ed . Harvard U. Press , ( 2006 ) . 640 pp . Gernet , Jacques , J.R. Foster , and Charles Hartman . A History of Chinese Civilization ( 1996 ) . One - volume survey . Hsu , Cho - yun . China : A New Cultural History ( Columbia University Press ; 2012 ) 612 pages ; stress on China 's encounters with successive waves of globalization . Hsü , Immanuel Chung - yueh . The Rise of Modern China , 6th ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) , highly detailed coverage of 1644 -- 1999 , in 1136pp . Huang , Ray . China , a Macro History ( 1997 ) 335pp . A personal , essayistic approach Questia online edition ( by subscription Keay , John . China : A History ( 2009 ) , 642pp Franz , Michael . China through the Ages : History of a Civilization. ( 1986 ) . 278pp ; online edition Questia ( by subscription Mote , Frederick W. Imperial China , 900 -- 1800 Harvard University Press , 1999 , 1,136 pages . Aauthoritative treatment of the Song , Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties . Perkins , Dorothy . Encyclopedia of China : The Essential Reference to China , Its History and Culture . Facts on File , 1999 . 662 pp . Roberts , J.A.G. A Concise History of China . Harvard U. Press , 1999 . 341 pp . Schoppa , R. Keith . The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History . Columbia U. Press , 2000 . 356 pp. Questia online edition ( by subscription Spence , Jonathan D . The Search for Modern China ( 1999 ) , 876pp ; survey from 1644 to 1990s Questia online edition ( by subscription ) . Wang , Ke - wen , ed . Modern China : An Encyclopedia of History , Culture , and Nationalism . Garland , 1998 . 442 pp . Wright , David Curtis . History of China ( 2001 ) 257pp ; Questia online edition ( by subscription ) Wills , Jr. , John E. Mountain of Fame : Portraits in Chinese History ( 1994 ) Biographical essays on important figures . Prehistory Chang , Kwang - chih . The Archaeology of Ancient China , Yale University Press , 1986 . Discovery of residue from fermented beverage consumed up to 9,000 years ago in Jiahu , Henan Province , China . By Dr. Patrick E McGovern , University of Pennsylvania archaeochemist and colleagues from China , Great Britain and Germany . Zhu , Rixiang ; Zhisheng An ; Richard Potts ; Kenneth A. Hoffman . `` Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans in China '' ( PDF ) . Bibcode : 2003ESRv ... 61 ... 341Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00132 - 0 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . The Discovery of Early Pottery in China by Zhang Chi , Department of Archaeology , Peking University , China . Shang dynasty Further information : Shang dynasty § Further reading Durant , Stephen W . The Cloudy Mirror : Tension and Conflict in the Writings of Sima Qian ( 1995 ) . Zhou dynasty Further information : Zhou dynasty § Further reading Qin Further information : Qin dynasty § Further reading Lewis , Mark Edward ( 2007 ) . The Early Chinese Empires : Qin and Han . History of imperial China Series . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674024779 . Han dynasty Further information : Han dynasty § Further reading de Crespigny , Rafe. 1972 . The Ch'iang Barbarians and the Empire of Han : A Study in Frontier Policy . Papers on Far Eastern History 16 , Australian National University . Canberra . de Crespigny , Rafe. 1984 . Northern Frontier . The Policies and Strategies of the Later Han Empire . Rafe de Crespigny. 1984 . Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . Canberra . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1990 ) . Chapter One from Generals of the South : the Foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu . `` South China under the Later Han Dynasty '' . Asian Studies Monographs , New Series No. 16 . Faculty of Asian Studies , The Australian National University , Canberra . Archived from the original on 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1996 ) . `` Later Han Military Administration : An Outline of the Military Administration of the Later Han Empire '' . Asian Studies Monographs , New Series No. 21 ( Based on the Introduction to Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang ed . ) . Faculty of Asian Studies , The Australian National University . Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Dubs , Homer H. 1938 -- 55 . The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku. ( 3 vol ) Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd centuries CE . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Hulsewé , A.F.P. and Loewe , M.A.N. , eds . China in Central Asia : The Early Stage 125 B.C. -- A.D. 23 : an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. ( 1979 ) Twitchett , Denis and Loewe , Michael , eds. 1986 . The Cambridge History of China . Volume I . The Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- a.d. 220 . Cambridge University Press . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) Wars With the Xiongnu -- A Translation From Zizhi tongjian , AuthorHouse . ISBN 1 - 4900 - 0604 - 4 Jin , the Sixteen Kingdoms , and the Northern and Southern dynasties de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1991 ) . `` The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin : A History of China in the Third Century AD '' . East Asian History . Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University , Canberra ( 1 June 1991 , pp. , 1 -- 36 , & no . 2 December 1991 , pp. , 143 -- 164 ) . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Lewis , Mark Edward ( 2009 ) . China between Empires : The Northern and Southern Dynasties . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674040151 . Sui dynasty Further information : Sui dynasty § Further reading Wright , Arthur F. 1978 . The Sui Dynasty . Alfred A. Knopf , New York . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49187 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 32332 - 7 ( pbk ) . Tang dynasty Further information : Tang dynasty § Further reading Benn , Charles . 2002 . China 's Golden Age : Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517665 - 0 . Lewis , Mark Edward . 2012 . China 's Cosmopolitan Empire : The Tang Dynasty ( 2012 ) . excerpt ; A standard scholarly survey . Schafer , Edward H. 1967 . The Vermilion Bird : T'ang Images of the South . University of California Press , Berkeley and Los Angeles . Reprint 1985 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05462 - 8 . Shaffer , Lynda Norene. 1996 . Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500 . Armonk , New York , M.E. Sharpe , Inc . ISBN 1 - 56324 - 144 - 7 . Wang , Zhenping. 1991 . `` T'ang Maritime Trade Administration . '' Wang Zhenping . Asia Major , Third Series , Vol. IV , 1991 , pp. 7 -- 38 . Song dynasty Further information : Song dynasty § Further reading Ebrey , Patricia . The Inner Quarters : Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period ( 1990 ) Gernet , , Jacques ( 1962 ) . Daily Life in China , on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion , 1250 -- 1276 . translated by Wright , H.M. Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0804707200 . Hymes , Robert , and Conrad Schirokauer , eds . Ordering the World : Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China , U of California Press , 1993 ; complete text online free Kuhn , Dieter ( 2009 ) . The Age of Confucian Rule : The Song Transformation of China . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674031463 . Shiba , Yoshinobu. 1970 . Commerce and Society in Sung China . Originally published in Japanese as So - dai sho - gyo -- shi kenkyu - . Tokyo , Kazama shobo - , 1968 . Yoshinobu Shiba . Translation by Mark Elvin , Centre for Chinese Studies , University of Michigan . Yuan dynasty Further information : Yuan dynasty § Further reading Brook , Timothy ( 2010 ) . The Troubled Empire : China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04602 - 3 . Ming dynasty Further information : Ming dynasty § Further reading Brook , Timothy . The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China . ( 1998 ) . -- -- ( 2010 ) . The Troubled Empire : China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04602 - 3 . 329 pages . Focus on the impact of a Little Ice Age on the empire , as the empire , beginning with a sharp drop in temperatures in the 13th century during which time the Mongol leader Kubla Khan moved south into China . Dardess , John W. A Ming Society : T'ai - ho County , Kiangsi , Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries. ( 1983 ) ; uses advanced `` new social history '' complete text online free Farmer , Edward . Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation : The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule . E.J. Brill , 1995 . Goodrich , L. Carrington , and Chaoying Fang . Dictionary of Ming Biography. ( 1976 ) . Huang , Ray . 1587 , A Year of No Significance : The Ming Dynasty in Decline. ( 1981 ) . Mote , Frederick W. , and Denis Twitchett , eds . The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 7 , part 1 : The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 ( 1988 ) . 1008 pp. excerpt and text search -- -- The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 8 : The Ming Dynasty , 1368 -- 1644 , Part 2 . ( 1998 ) . 1203 pp . Schneewind , Sarah . A Tale of Two Melons : Emperor and Subject in Ming China . ( 2006 ) . Tsai , Shih - shan Henry . Perpetual Happiness : The Ming Emperor Yongle. ( 2001 ) . Qing dynasty Further information : Qing dynasty § Further reading Arthur W. Hummel . Eminent Chinese of the Ch ` ing Period ( 1644 -- 1912 ) . ( Washington : Library of Congress . Orientalia , Division ; U.S. Government Printing Office , 1943 ) . 2 vols . Reprinted : Berkshire , 2016 . 800 still generally reliable biographical articles , a number of which are online : Qing Research Portal . Fairbank , John K. and Liu , Kwang - Ching , ed . The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 2 : Late Ch'ing , 1800 -- 1911 , Part 2 . Cambridge U. Press , 1980 . 754 pp . Mann , Susan . Precious Records : Women in China 's Long Eighteenth Century ( 1997 ) Naquin , Sysan , and Evelyn S. Rawski . Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Peterson , Willard J. , ed . The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 9 , Part 1 : The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800 . Cambridge U. Press , 2002 . 753 pp . Rawski , Evelyn S . The Last Emperors : A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions ( 2001 ) Rowe , William T. ( 2009 ) . China 's Last Empire : The Great Qing . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674036123 . Smith , Richard J. ( 2015 ) . The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 2194 - 9 . Struve , Lynn A. , ed . The Qing Formation in World - Historical Time . ( 2004 ) . 412 pp . Struve , Lynn A. , ed . Voices from the Ming - Qing Cataclysm : China in Tigers ' Jaws ( 1998 ) Yizhuang , Ding . `` Reflections on the ' New Qing History ' School in the United States , '' Chinese Studies in History , Winter 2009 / 2010 , Vol. 43 Issue 2 , pp 92 -- 96 . Nationalist era ( 1912 -- present ) Further information : History of the Republic of China § Further reading Bergere , Marie - Claire . Sun Yat - Sen ( 1998 ) , 480pp . Standard biography Boorman , Howard L. , ed . Biographical Dictionary of Republican China . ( Vol . I - IV and Index . 1967 -- 1979 ) . 600 short scholarly biographies excerpt and text search Dreyer , Edward L. China at War , 1901 -- 1949 . ( 1995 ) . 422 pp . Eastman Lloyd . Seeds of Destruction : Nationalist China in War and Revolution , 1937 -- 1945 . ( 1984 ) Eastman Lloyd et al . The Nationalist Era in China , 1927 -- 1949 ( 1991 ) Ebrey , Patricia ( 1996 ) , `` Surnames and Han Chinese Identity '' , in Melissa J. Brown , Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , ISBN 1557290482 . Edmondson , Robert ( 2002 ) , `` The February 28 Incident and National Identity '' , in Stephane Corcuff , Momories of the Future : National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan , New York : M.E. Sharpe . Fairbank , John K. , ed . The Cambridge History of China , Vol. 12 , Republican China 1912 -- 1949 . Part 1 . ( 1983 ) . 1001 pp . Fairbank , John K. and Feuerwerker , Albert , eds . The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 13 : Republican China , 1912 -- 1949 , Part 2 . ( 1986 ) . 1092 pp . Fogel , Joshua A . The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography ( 2000 ) Gordon , David M. `` The China - Japan War , 1931 -- 1945 , '' The Journal of Military History v70 # 1 ( 2006 ) 137 -- 182 . Overview of important books and interpretations ; online Hsiung , James C. and Steven I. Levine , eds . China 's Bitter Victory : The War with Japan , 1937 -- 1945 ( 1992 ) , essays by scholars ; Questia online edition ( by subscription ; Hsi - sheng , Ch'i . Nationalist China at War : Military Defeats and Political Collapse , 1937 -- 1945 ( 1982 ) Mitter , Rana . Forgotten Ally : China 's World War II , 1937 -- 1945 . ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2013 ) . ISBN 9780618894253 . Manthorpe , Jonathan ( 2008 ) , Forbidden Nation : A History of Taiwan , Palgrave Macmillan . Mitter , Rana . A Bitter Revolution : China 's Struggle with the Modern World . ( Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) . ISBN 0192803417 . Hung , Chang - tai . War and Popular Culture : Resistance in Modern China , 1937 -- 1945 ( 1994 ) complete text online free Lary , Diana . The Chinese People at War : Human Suffering and Social Transformation , 1937 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) Rubinstein , Murray A. , ed . Taiwan : A New History ( 2006 ) , 560pp Shiroyama , Tomoko . China during the Great Depression : Market , State , and the World Economy , 1929 -- 1937 ( 2008 ) Singh , Gunjan . `` Kuomintang , Democratization and the One - China Principle '' , in Sharma , Anita ; Chakrabarti , Sreemati , Taiwan Today , Anthem Press , pp. 42 -- 65 ( 2010 ) ISBN 9780857289667 . Shuyun , Sun . The Long March : The True History of Communist China 's Founding Myth ( 2007 ) Taylor , Jay . The Generalissimo : Chiang Kai - shek and the Struggle for Modern China . ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03338 - 2 Westad , Odd Arne . Decisive Encounters : The Chinese Civil War , 1946 -- 1950 . ( 2003 ) . 413 pp. A standard history Wilson , Richard W. Learning To Be Chinese : The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan ( 1970 ) Communist era ( 1949 -- present ) Barnouin , Barbara , and Yu Changgen . Zhou Enlai : A Political Life ( 2005 ) Chang , Jung and Jon Halliday . Mao : The Unknown Story , ( 2005 ) , 814 pages , ISBN 0 - 679 - 42271 - 4 Davin , Delia ( 2013 ) . Mao : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . Dikötter , Frank . The Tragedy of Liberation : A History of the Chinese Revolution , 1945 -- 57 . ( New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2013 ) . ISBN 9781620403471 . Dikötter , Frank . Mao 's Great Famine : The History of China 's Most Devastating Catastrophe , 1958 -- 62 . ( London : Bloomsbury , 2010 ) . ISBN 9780747595083 . Dittmer , Lowell . China 's Continuous Revolution : The Post-Liberation Epoch , 1949 -- 1981 ( 1989 ) online free . Gao , Wenqian ( 2007 ) . Zhou Enlai : The Last Perfect Revolutionary . translated by Rand , Peter and Lawrence R. Sullivan . NY : Public Affairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 415 - 6 ... Both sympathetic and critical . Kirby , William C. ; Ross , Robert S. ; and Gong , Li , eds . Normalization of U.S. - China Relations : An International History . ( 2005 ) . 376 pp . Li , Xiaobing . A History of the Modern Chinese Army ( 2007 ) MacFarquhar , Roderick and Fairbank , John K. , eds . The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 15 : The People 's Republic , Part 2 : Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution , 1966 -- 1982 . Cambridge U. Press , 1992 . 1108 pp . Meisner , Maurice . Mao 's China and After : A History of the People 's Republic , 3rd ed . ( Free Press , 1999 ) , dense book with theoretical and political science approach . Pantsov , Alexander and Steven I. Levine . Deng Xiaoping : A Revolutionary Life . Oxford University Press , 2015 ) . ISBN 9780199392032 . Pantsov , Alexander , With Steven I Levine . Mao : The Real Story . ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 2012 ) . ISBN 9781451654479 . Spence , Jonathan . Mao Zedong ( 1999 ) Walder , Andrew G. China under Mao : A Revolution Derailed ( Harvard University Press , 2015 ) 413 pp. online review Wang , Jing . High Culture Fever : Politics , Aesthetics , and Ideology in Deng 's China ( 1996 ) complete text online free Cultural Revolution , 1966 -- 76 Clark , Paul . The Chinese Cultural Revolution : A History ( 2008 ) , a favorable look at artistic production excerpt and text search Esherick , Joseph W. ; Pickowicz , Paul G. ; and Walder , Andrew G. , eds . The Chinese Cultural Revolution as History . ( 2006 ) . 382 pp . Jian , Guo ; Song , Yongyi ; and Zhou , Yuan . Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution . ( 2006 ) . 433 pp . Richard Curt Kraus . The Cultural Revolution : A Very Short Introduction . ( New York : Oxford University Press , Very Short Introductions Series , 2012 ) . ISBN 9780199740550 . MacFarquhar , Roderick and Fairbank , John K. , eds . The Cambridge History of China . Vol. 15 : The People 's Republic , Part 2 : Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution , 1966 -- 1982 . Cambridge U. Press , 1992 . 1108 pp . MacFarquhar , Roderick and Michael Schoenhals . Mao 's Last Revolution . ( 2006 ) . MacFarquhar , Roderick . The Origins of the Cultural Revolution . Vol. 3 : The Coming of the Cataclysm , 1961 -- 1966 . ( 1998 ) . 733 pp . Yan , Jiaqi and Gao , Gao . Turbulent Decade : A History of the Cultural Revolution . ( 1996 ) . 736 pp . Economy and environment Chao , Kang . Man and Land in Chinese History : An Economic Analysis ( Stanford UP , 1986 ) Chow , Gregory C. China 's Economic Transformation ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) Elvin , Mark . Retreat of the Elephants : An Environmental History of China . ( 2004 ) . 564 pp . Elvin , Mark and Liu , Ts'ui - jung , eds . Sediments of Time : Environment and Society in Chinese History . ( 1998 ) . 820 pp . von Glahn , Richard . The Economic History of China : From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century ( Cambridge UP , 2016 ) . 461 pp. online review Ji , Zhaojin . A History of Modern Shanghai Banking : The Rise and Decline of China 's Finance Capitalism. ( 2003 . 325 ) pp . Naughton , Barry . The Chinese Economy : Transitions and Growth ( 2007 ) Rawski , Thomas G. and Lillian M. Li , eds . Chinese History in Economic Perspective , University of California Press , 1992 complete text online free Sheehan , Jackie . Chinese Workers : A New History . Routledge , 1998 . 269 pp . Stuart - Fox , Martin . A Short History of China and Southeast Asia : Tribute , Trade and Influence. ( 2003 ) . 278 pp . Women and gender Ebrey , Patricia . The Inner Quarters : Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period ( 1990 ) Hershatter , Gail , and Wang Zheng . `` Chinese History : A Useful Category of Gender Analysis , '' American Historical Review , Dec 2008 , Vol. 113 Issue 5 , pp 1404 -- 1421 Hershatter , Gail . Women in China 's Long Twentieth Century ( 2007 ) , full text online Hershatter , Gail , Emily Honig , Susan Mann , and Lisa Rofel , eds . Guide to Women 's Studies in China ( 1998 ) Ko , Dorothy . Teachers of Inner Chambers : Women and Culture in China , 1573 -- 1722 ( 1994 ) Mann , Susan . Precious Records : Women in China 's Long Eighteenth Century ( 1997 ) Wang , Shuo . `` The ' New Social History ' in China : The Development of Women 's History , '' History Teacher , May 2006 , Vol. 39 Issue 3 , pp 315 -- 323 Scholarly journals Central Asian Survey Chinese Studies in History East Asian History Early Medieval China . Covers the period between the end of the Han and beginning of the Tang . Journal of Modern Chinese History Late Imperial China Modern China : An International Journal of History and Social Science Sino - Japanese Studies T'oung Pao : International Journal of Chinese Studies Bibliography Benjamin Elman , Classical Historiography For Chinese History , ( November 2015 ) Princeton University . Extensive lists of sinological resources and bibliography . Cheng , Linsun ( 2009 ) . Berkshire Encyclopedia of China . Great Barrington , Mass. : Berkshire Pub . Group . ISBN 9781933782683 . Hayford , Charles ( 1997 ) . China . World Bibliograpical Series . Oxford , England ; Santa Barbara , CA : Clio Press . ISBN 1851092358 ... Selective , annotated bibliography ; up to 1995 . Li , Xiaobing . China at War : An Encyclopedia ( 2012 ) . Pong. , David ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Modern China . Farmington Hills , MI : Charles Scribner 's Sons / Gale Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780684315713 . Wilkinson , Endymion , Chinese History : A New Manual , Harvard University , Asia Center ( for the Harvard - Yenching Institute ) , 2013 , 1128p. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06715 - 8 . Supersedes Wilkinson ( 2000 ) . Though aimed at research specialists , contains many useful summaries that will be useful for general readers . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of China . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chinese Empire . ( in Chinese ) Chinese Database by Academia Sinica . Modernizing China from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives ( in Chinese ) Manuscript and Graphics Database by Academia Sinica . Ulrich Theobald , China Knowledge ( 2016 ) Online encyclopaedia of traditional China , including literature , philosophy , art , and other themes . Chinese Text Project , texts and translations of historical Chinese works . Yin Yu Tang : A Chinese Home , an exploration of domestic Chinese architecture during the Qing dynasty . Cultural Revolution Propaganda Poster China Rediscovers its Own History , a 100 - minute lecture on Chinese history given by Yu Ying - shih , Emeritus Professor of East Asian Studies and History at Princeton University . Resources for Middle School students ( grades 5 -- 9 ) . China from the Inside , a 2006 PBS documentary . Ancient Asian World History of China : Table of Contents by the Chaos Group at the University of Maryland . 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Government League Paramount leaders Xi Jinping Hu Jintao Jiang Zemin Deng Xiaoping People Chen Deming Chen Yunlin Liu Jieyi Wang Daohan Wang Yi Zhang Zhijun Organizations Mainland Affairs Council Straits Exchange Foundation Political parties Democratic Progressive Party Kuomintang New Party People First Party Presidents Tsai Ing - wen Ma Ying - jeou Chen Shui - bian Lee Teng - hui People Chang Chun - hsiung Katharine Chang Chen Ming - tong Chiang Pin - kung Andrew Hsia Koo Chen - fu Lai Shin - yuan Lin Join - sane Tien Hung - mao Wang Yu - chi Joseph Wu Mainland China , Hong Kong and Macau Taiwan Area ( Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen , Matsu ) Events Treaty of Shimonoseki ( 1895 ) Retrocession of Taiwan ( 1945 ) February 28 Incident ( 1947 ) Chinese Civil War ( 1946 -- 1950 ) First Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1958 ) PRC entry to the United Nations ( 1971 ) Lieyu Massacre ( 1987 ) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Anti-Secession Law ( 2005 ) Pan -- Blue visits to mainland China ( 2005 ) Cross-Strait charter ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Sunflower Movement ( 2014 ) 2014 Wang -- Zhang meetings 2015 Xi -- Chu meeting 2015 Ma -- Xi meeting Negotiations Kinmen Agreement ( 1990 ) Wang -- Koo summit ( 1993 ) Cross-Strait high - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the original birthplace of the chinese civilization	[ "The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC,[1][2] from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC).[3] Ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia.[3][4] The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations,[5] and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.[6]\n" ]	[ "Yellow River valley" ]
-283517777039737435	Florence, South Carolina	Florence , South Carolina - wikipedia Florence , South Carolina Jump to : navigation , search Florence , South Carolina City Aerial view of Florence Civic Center Logo Nickname ( s ) : `` Flo - Town '' Location in Florence County in South Carolina Coordinates : 34 ° 11 ′ 2 '' N 79 ° 46 ′ 27 '' W / 34.18389 ° N 79.77417 ° W / 34.18389 ; - 79.77417 Coordinates : 34 ° 11 ′ 2 '' N 79 ° 46 ′ 27 '' W / 34.18389 ° N 79.77417 ° W / 34.18389 ; - 79.77417 Country United States State South Carolina County Florence Incorporated December 24 , 1890 Government Mayor Stephen Wukela ( D ) City Manager Drew Griffin Area City 20.9 sq mi ( 54.2 km ) Land 20.9 sq mi ( 54.1 km ) Water 0.1 sq mi ( 0.3 km ) Elevation 138 ft ( 42 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 37,056 Estimate ( 2015 ) 38,228 Rank SC : 11th Density 1,830 / sq mi ( 706.6 / km ) Urban 89,557 Metro 205,566 Demonym Florentine Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 29501 -- 29506 Area code ( s ) 843 FIPS code 45 - 25810 GNIS feature ID 1222461 Website www.cityofflorence.com Florence / ˈflɔːrəns / is a city in Florence County , South Carolina , United States , and it is probably best known for being the intersection of I - 95 and I - 20 , and the eastern terminus of I - 20 . It is the county seat of Florence County and the primary city within the Florence metropolitan area . The area forms the core of the historical `` Pee Dee '' region of South Carolina , which includes the eight counties of northeastern South Carolina , along with sections of southeastern North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population of Florence was 37,056 , and the estimated population in 2015 was 38,228 . Florence is one of the major cities in South Carolina . In 1965 , Florence was named an All - American City , presented by the National Civic League . The city was founded as a railroad hub and became the junction of three major railroad systems , including the Wilmington and Manchester , the Northeastern , and the Cheraw and Darlington . As of 2013 , the city retains its status as a major hub , both for industry and infrastructure , while establishing itself as a regional center for business , medicine , culture and finance . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 American Civil War 1.2 Early 20th century 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Government 5 Economy 6 Education 6.1 Public schools 6.2 Private schools 6.3 Higher education 7 Healthcare 8 Transportation 8.1 Highways 8.2 Mass transit 8.3 Air 8.4 Intercity rail 8.5 Intercity bus 9 Downtown revitalization 10 People and culture 10.1 Demographics 10.2 Religion 11 Notable people 12 Sports 13 Media 14 Attractions 14.1 Venues 14.2 Shopping 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) The City of Florence was chartered in 1871 and incorporated in 1890 following the 1888 creation of Florence County . Prior to its charter , the city was part of one of the original townships laid out by the Lords Proprietors in 1719 . The area was gradually settled through the late 19th and early 20th century . Early settlers practiced subsistence farming and produced indigo , cotton , naval stores and timber , which were shipped down the Great Pee Dee River to the port at Georgetown and exported . In the mid-19th century two intersecting railroads were built , the Wilmington and Manchester , and the Northeastern . Gen. W.W. Harllee , the president of the W & M , built his home at the junction , and named the community `` Florence '' , after his daughter . American Civil war ( edit ) During the Civil War the town was an important supply and railroad repair center for the Confederacy , and the site of the Florence Stockade , which held between 12,000 and 18,000 Union prisoners of war . Over 2,800 of the prisoners died of disease , and the burial ground adjacent to the prison became the Florence National Cemetery after the war and now has expanded . Early 20th century ( edit ) After the war , Florence grew and prospered , using the railroad to supply its cotton , timber , and by the turn of the century , tobacco . During the 20th century the economy of Florence came to rely heavily on the healthcare industry , driven by two major hospitals and a number of pharmaceutical plants . Industry grew , especially after World War II , when Florence became increasingly known for textiles , pharmaceuticals , paper , and manufacturing , in addition to agricultural products . Geography ( edit ) Florence is located in the coastal plain of South Carolina . It is in the northeastern part of the state and the northern part of Florence County . The average elevation above sea level is around 140 ft ( 43 m ) . Jeffries Creek is a tributary of the Great Pee Dee River and is the main waterway that flows through the city , passing south of the city center . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 20.9 square miles ( 54.2 km ) , of which 20.9 square miles ( 54.1 km ) are land and 0.04 square miles ( 0.1 km ) , or 0.22 % , is water . Climate ( edit ) Autumn , winter and spring are mild , with occasional winter nights below freezing but rarely extended cold . Florence 's summers can be very hot and humid . The city , like other cities of the Southeast , is prone to inversions , which trap ozone and other pollutants over the area . ( hide ) Climate data for Florence , South Carolina Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 108 ( 42 ) 108 ( 42 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 89 ( 32 ) 86 ( 30 ) 108 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56 ( 13 ) 59 ( 15 ) 68 ( 20 ) 76 ( 24 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 91 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 84 ( 29 ) 76 ( 24 ) 67 ( 19 ) 58 ( 14 ) 74.7 ( 23.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 35 ( 2 ) 37 ( 3 ) 44 ( 7 ) 51 ( 11 ) 60 ( 16 ) 67 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 70 ( 21 ) 64 ( 18 ) 53 ( 12 ) 44 ( 7 ) 37 ( 3 ) 52.8 ( 11.8 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 0 ( − 18 ) ( − 16 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 36 ( 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 50 ( 10 ) 50 ( 10 ) 39 ( 4 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) ( − 16 ) 0 ( − 18 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.25 ( 82.6 ) 2.68 ( 68.1 ) 3.29 ( 83.6 ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 3.13 ( 79.5 ) 4.2 ( 107 ) 4.96 ( 126 ) 4.84 ( 122.9 ) 3.33 ( 84.6 ) 2.88 ( 73.2 ) 2.49 ( 63.2 ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 40.69 ( 1,034.4 ) Source : The Weather Channel Government ( edit ) The city of Florence has a council - manager form of government . City council members are elected every four years , without term limits . The council consists of seven members ( three from districts and three at - large ) , as well as the mayor . The council responsible for making policies and enacting laws , rules and regulations in order to provide for future community and economic growth . The council additionally provides the necessary support for the orderly and efficient operation of city services . Florence holds elections for mayor every four years , alongside national Presidential elections . Mayors serve as a member of the city council , without term limits . The council appoints a city manager to serve as chief administrative officer to run the day - to - day business of the city and to serve at the pleasure of the council . Current members of the Florence City Council : Council Member District Represented Stephen J Wukela , Mayor At - Large Teresa Myers - Ervin District 1 Pat Gibson - Hye Moore District 2 Buddy Brand District 3 George Jebaily At - Large Octavia Williams - Blake At - Large Glynn Willis At - Large Economy ( edit ) During the latter part of the 20th century and early 21st century , Florence 's economy was transformed from based largely on rail and farming into a diversified economy as the major commerce , finance , rail and trucking services , health care , and industrial center of the Eastern Carolinas . There are over 9 foreign affiliated companies and fourteen Fortune 500 companies in the region . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the Florence metropolitan statistical area as of 2009 was $6.8 billion , one of the highest among MSAs in the state . Milken Institute 2008 Best Performing Cities Index showed the Florence MSA as the 5th largest gainer in their evaluation of the top 124 small metropolitan areas in the United States . The report ranks U.S. metropolitan areas by how well they are creating and sustaining jobs and economic growth . The components include job , wage and salary and technology growth . Florence has blossomed into a strong center for medical care , with four major medical providers McLeod Regional Medical Center , Carolinas Hospital System , Regency Hospital and HealthSouth . The growth of these providers has led to the transformation of the Florence skyline over the last 10 years , with development for demand with multi-story high - rises as well as community relation projects . With such a strong medical community several companies have their global , continental , or national headquarters in Florence , including General Electric Medical Systems manufacturing operations ( MRI Manufacturing ) , TRICARE , a supplemental insurance company that serves the US Armed Forces and its civilian employees , and Assurant , a real property and personal insurance company . The city also serves the pharmaceutical industry : with a Patheon pharmaceutical manufacturing facility and research and development center for Patheon API Services . Florence also serves as the financial and service hub for the Eastern Carolinas , with many financial and professional management institutions invested heavily within the city . Companies with regional operations and headquarters to include , BB&T , Monster.com , Otis Elevator , CSX Railway , Wells Fargo and Bank of America . Florence has operation headquarters for AT&T and is the Southeastern Headquarters of Duke Energy Inc . Florence has benefited being located at the intersection of I - 95 and I - 20 , approximately halfway between New York City and Miami , Florida . The city is located 80 miles ( 130 km ) east from the state capital Columbia , 70 miles ( 110 km ) west from Myrtle Beach , 120 miles ( 190 km ) North of Charleston , and 110 miles ( 180 km ) southeast of Charlotte , North Carolina . This has allowed Florence to remain competitive and bringing in and sustaining major manufacturers such as Honda , QVC Distribution Center and Otis Elevator . Education ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) The Florence Public School District One is the governing body of the public schools in the area . As of 2010 , the district has an active enrollment of 14,500 students , attending a total of 18 schools , including 12 elementary schools , three middle schools , and three high schools serving the City of Florence , Effingham and Quinby areas . The school system also supports an alternative school for middle and / or high school students , a vocational career center , and an adult learning center . The district and its schools have been recognized as being among the state 's best with numerous awards , including the Palmetto 's Finest Award . Private schools ( edit ) Florence Christian School Montessori School of Florence Trinity - Byrnes Collegiate School The King 's Academy All Saints ' Episcopal Day School Saint Anthony Catholic School Higher education ( edit ) Facilities of higher education in and around Florence include Francis Marion University and Florence -- Darlington Technical College . Francis Marion University is a public university located in Florence , while Florence -- Darlington Technical College , located in Florence , also operates satellite campuses in Hartsville , Lake City and Mullins . Healthcare ( edit ) McLeod Regional Medical Center McLeod Regional Medical Center is a 453 - bed non-profit medical center located on a 75 - acre ( 300,000 m ) campus in downtown Florence . The hospital complex in downtown contains the Cardiovascular Institute , the Center for Advanced Surgery , the Cancer Center , and the only specialised paediatrics unit in the northeastern portion of South Carolina . It encompasses acute care facilities , such as McLeod Regional Medical Center in Florence , McLeod Medical Center in Dillon , McLeod Medical Center in Darlington , and also operates campuses all over the Pee Dee region of South Carolina . Carolinas Hospital System , a leading regional healthcare facility with 420 - beds , serves eight counties in northeastern South Carolina . For thousands of patients who use the facility every year , CHS makes a commitment to offering personalized , compassionate care , and to being at the forefront for innovative surgery and the latest in cutting - edge technology for diagnosis and treatment . Regency Hospital opened its doors in Florence , in July 2001 . It is a 40 - bed Long Term Acute Care ( LTAC ) hospital located on the fourth and fifth floors of the Cedar Towers , at 121 Cedar Street . Regency , with its corporate office based in Alpharetta , Georgia , has 20 hospitals nationwide , and continues to aggressively grow throughout the country . McLeod Regional Medical Center and Carolinas Hospital System are the first and third largest employers in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina . Transportation ( edit ) Highways ( edit ) I - 95 is a six - lane freeway that enters the city from the northeast , and exits southwest . The highway leads northeast 87 miles ( 140 km ) to Fayetteville , North Carolina , and southwest 179 miles ( 288 km ) to Savannah , Georgia . I - 20 is a four - lane interstate highway , which enters the city from the west and has a terminus in Florence as ( David McLeod Blvd I - 20 Bus . ) . Interstate 20 leads west 83 miles ( 134 km ) to Columbia , then on to Atlanta and ultimately Texas . US 52 is a north to south route through the downtown area . The highway crosses Interstate 95 northwest of the downtown area and leads north 157 miles ( 253 km ) to Winston - Salem , North Carolina . To the south it merges with US 301 and eventually leads 113 miles ( 182 km ) to Charleston . US 76 enters the city from the west at Interstate 95 , then merges with David McLeod Blvd at Palmetto Street , and finally exits east of the city at the junction with Freedom Blvd . The road leads southwest 39 miles ( 63 km ) to Sumter and east 115 miles ( 185 km ) to Wilmington , North Carolina . US 301 offers another northeast to southwest route through Florence . Entering the city merged with US 52 as South Irby Street , it then forms a crescent - shaped bypass around the downtown area as Freedom Boulevard . US 301 then merges with US 76 east of downtown Florence , and exits as such . Mass transit ( edit ) The Pee Dee Regional Transportation Authority ( PDRTA ) , is the principal agency responsible for operating mass transit in greater Florence area including Darlington , Marion , Chesterfield , Dillon , and the Lake City area , PDRTA also operates routes to Columbia , Myrtle Beach and Sumter . PDRTA operates express shuttles , and bus service serving Florence and its immediate surrounds areas . The authority was established in June 1974 which is South Carolina 's Oldest and Largest RTA . PDRTA began operations serving the six - county Pee Dee region of Chesterfield , Darlington , Dillon , Florence , Marion , and Marlboro Counties . The PDRTA has provided transportation for more than 15 million passengers and daily PDRTA transports approximately 2,457 people . PDRTA operates services with 165 vehicles ranging in size from transit , intercity buses , and trolleys to lift - equipped vans and goshens . Air ( edit ) The city and its surroundings are served by Florence Regional Airport ( IATA : FLO ; ICAO : KFLO ) , which is located 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of downtown Florence on US 76 . The airport itself is serviced by American Eagle to Charlotte and is the second busiest airport in the region behind Myrtle Beach International Airport . It is located an hour west of Myrtle Beach . Intercity rail ( edit ) See also : Florence ( Amtrak station ) Amtrak 's The Palmetto trains 89 , 90 and the Silver Meteor trains 97 , 98 connect Florence with the cities of New York , Philadelphia , Wilmington , Baltimore , Washington , Jacksonville , Tampa and Miami . Intercity bus ( edit ) Greyhound Lines and Southeastern Stages operates a station on Irby Street , in the southern part of downtown , providing Florence with intercity bus transportation . Downtown Revitalization ( edit ) In 2010 , the city of Florence began a massive redevelopment of Downtown Florence . The city has completed several notable projects and has several more planned . The Downtown Redevelopment District was originally a seventy square block area encompassing some 500 acres ( 2.0 km ) in the heart of the City of Florence , but now has added over 100 more acres of the Timrod Park area with its historic homes . The redevelopment of Florence has even created a new branding effort , to include new city department logos ( not to be confused with the city seal ) way finding signs and repainting of water towers . The historic downtown district running from the central business district toward the McLeod Medical Center , features a number of historic buildings that have been rehabilitated . The redevelopment started with the $18 million Drs . Bruce and Lee Foundation Library , and today now has the new Florence Little Theater , some 60 new apartments and the Francis Marion University Performing Arts Center which opened in September 2011 , as well the new Florence Museum Of Art , Science & History which opened October 11 , 2014 . New office space has emerged from once abandoned buildings , and a police substation was added on once crime ridden Dargan Street . Special efforts are being aimed at the downtown area , which was once the center of the city 's activity but remains dormant after retailers and shoppers left for suburban malls . The goal is to re-establish Evans as a vibrant commercial and residential corridor , and five blocks of Evans Street will be streetscaped . People and culture ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 1,914 -- 1890 3,395 77.4 % 1900 4,647 36.9 % 1910 7,057 51.9 % 1920 10,968 55.4 % 1930 14,774 34.7 % 1940 16,054 8.7 % 1950 22,513 40.2 % 1960 24,722 9.8 % 1970 25,997 5.2 % 1980 29,842 14.8 % 29,813 − 0.1 % 2000 30,248 1.5 % 37,056 22.5 % Est. 2016 38,317 3.4 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 30,248 people , 11,925 households , and 7,882 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,709.4 people per square mile ( 659.8 / km2 ) . There were 13,090 housing units at an average density of 739.7 per square mile ( 285.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 50.0 % White , 46.0 % Black or African - American , 0.18 % Native American , 1.16 % Asian , 0.01 % Pacific Islander , 0.21 % from other races , and 0.71 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76 % of the population . There were 11,925 households out of which 30.2 % had children living with them , 41.9 % were married couples living together , 20.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 33.9 % were non-families. 29.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.03 . In the city , the population was spread out with 25.0 % under the age of 18 , 8.7 % from 18 to 24 , 28.2 % from 25 to 44 , 23.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37 years . For every 100 females there were 82.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 77.5 males . The median income for a household in the city was $35,388 , and the median income for a family was $42,250 . Males had a median income of $35,633 versus $23,589 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,336 . Of the population 19.3 % and 15.3 % of families , and 28.2 % of those under and 15.9 % of those 65 and older , were living below the poverty line . Florence is the central city of a metropolitan area with a total population of 205,566 ( 2010 US census ) , including the entire populations of Florence and Darlington counties . However , in the more detailed 2000 Census data , only about 54 % of this metro was urbanized , consisting of the urban areas Florence ( 2000 pop. : 67,314 ) , Hartsville ( 14,907 ) , Darlington ( 12,066 ) , and Lake City ( 8,728 ) . The remainder of the Florence metro is considered rural . Religion ( edit ) Like other midsize cities in the southern United States , Florence 's population is largely dominated by Protestantism , the largest being the Southern Baptists , followed by the Methodists . The rest of the population are distributed among other Protestant denominations as well as the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches . The Greek Orthodox Church holds a large Greek Festival annually in September . There are two Reform Judaism synagogues in Florence Beth Israel Congregation . It is also the home of the Florence Stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . There is also a small Hindu Temple . Notable people ( edit ) Arts Blackie Collins , author and knife maker William Johnson , artist Trey Lorenz , musician Philip B. Meggs , author and historian Houston Person , musician Padgett Powell , author Doug Quattlebaum , Piedmont blues guitarist , singer and songwriter Henry Timrod , so - called `` poet laureate of the Confederacy '' Bill Trader , songwriter Graves of Valor , band The Independents , band Sequoyah Prep School , band Through the Eyes of the Dead , band Entertainment K. Lee Graham , Miss South Carolina Teen USA 201 , Miss Teen USA 2014 Mark L. Walberg , television host Politics and law Beverly Daggett , politician Alvin Greene , politician Charles Weston Houck , judge Sports Buddy Baker , NASCAR racecar driver Ron Barfield Jr. , NASCAR racecar driver Brandon Bostick , professional football player ( NFL ) Harry Carson , professional football player ( NFL ) Jim David , professional football player ( NFL ) Fisher DeBerry , football coach Darian Durant , professional football player ( CFL ) Justin Durant , professional football player ( NFL ) Malliciah Goodman , professional football player ( NFL ) Clayton Holmes , professional football player ( NFL ) Reggie Sanders , professional baseball player ( MLB ) Lawrence Timmons , professional football player ( NFL ) Ron Turner , swimming coach Cale Yarborough , NASCAR driver , 4 - time Daytona 500 champion Sports ( edit ) Baseball Baseball has a long history in Florence , dating back to the 1920s when the Florence Swamp Foxes were founded . The Toronto Blue Jays had a minor league team that played in Florence from 1981 to 1986 . Major league players Pat Borders , Jimmy Key , Cecil Fielder and Fred McGriff made stops in Florence during their minor league careers . Florence 's Post 1 American Legion baseball team is one of the longest tenured teams in the state , beginning in 1932 . Drawing the best high school talent from all over the Pee Dee area each summer , Post 1 has had over 30 players move on the professional ranks , including Reggie Sanders . They have won 28 league championships and two state titles . They were the host site of the 2008 American Legion State Tournament . In 2012 , Post 1 won the South Carolina state tournament and the Southeast Regional and participated in the American Legion World Series in Shelby , North Carolina . As of 1998 , Florence was home to the Coastal Plain League Florence Red Wolves summer baseball team . Founded in 1998 , team brings in players from collegiate sports conferences , including the Southeastern Conference and the Atlantic Coast Conference . The team hosted the 2004 All - Star game and Home Run Derby . In 2007 , they hosted the Petitt Cup Tournament at their home field . The Florence Red Wolves play at the 3,500 - seat Sparrow Stadium at Francis Marion University . The stadium is also home to the Florence -- Darlington Technical College . Post 1 plays its home games at Legion Stadium , adjacent to Memorial Stadium , where Florence 's 3 public high schools play their home football games . Football Until 2009 , Florence was home to the American Indoor Football league 's Florence Phantoms , which debuted in the league in 2006 . The Phantoms played in the Florence Civic Center . Florence Memorial Stadium is a 7,000 seat football stadium 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) to the east of the city . It is the home stadium for West Florence , Wilson , and South Florence high schools . Hockey Florence was also home to the Southern Professional Hockey League 's now - Twin City Cyclones , who played from 2005 to 2007 . This team was part of a two event package in 2004 to replace the now defunct Pee Dee Pride ( to be the Myrtle Beach Thunderboltz ) from the ECHL . The building was also the home of the South Carolina Fire Ants of Major League Roller Hockey in 1998 . Media ( edit ) Florence and Grand Strand share a common defined market by Nielsen Media Research in Horry , Marion , Dillon , Darlington , Marlboro , Scotland , Robeson , and Florence counties . The Florence / Myrtle Beach Market is the 103rd largest market in the USA as defined by Nielsen Media Research . WBTW , WPDE and WWMB television stations are licensed to the city of Florence whereas WMBF and WFXB television stations are licensed to the city of Myrtle Beach . Florence , along with The Pee Dee Region , makes up the 217th largest radio market in the United States . The Florence Morning News is the largest daily paper published in the Pee Dee , with a readership base extending from Cheraw , South Carolina , Marion South Carolina , Darlington , South Carolina to Williamsburg , South Carolina . The paper has been in existence since 1922 and is published by BH Media Group , a Berkshire Hathaway Company . The area is also served by several weekly papers , including The News Journal and the Community Times . Attractions ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) Florence Civic Center Florence National Cemetery Florence Public Library Florence Regional Airport Florence Stockade War Between the States Museum Shopping ( edit ) The city of Florence is a retail hub of the Pee Dee region of South Carolina . Shoppers come from not only Florence and Darlington counties but from all over the Pee Dee region to Florence for a wider range of shopping and dining that includes many of the largest and well known regional and national chains . Magnolia Mall , a regional mall is the largest shopping center in the area between Columbia and Myrtle Beach . It contains over 600,000 sq. ft with over 70 stores including anchors Belk , JC Penney , Dick 's Sporting Goods , Best Buy and Barnes & Noble . Other retailers include : Aéropostale , American Eagle Outfitters , Old Navy , Bath & Body Works , Charlotte Russe , The Children 's Place , Express , Justice , Lane Bryant , New York & Company , Victoria 's Secret . There are seven food court options and a Ruby Tuesday attached to the mall . Outparcels on the mall property include Buffalo Wild Wings , Mellow Mushroom , Outback Steakhouse , IHOP , Chipotle Mexican Grill , and Chuck E. Cheese 's . Magnolia Mall was opened in 1979 and redeveloped in 2008 . The mall is located near the junction of I - 95 and I - 20 on David H. McLeod Blvd . Adjacent to Magnolia Mall is Commons at Magnolia which includes Target , David 's Bridal , Bed , Bath & Beyond , Kirkland 's and PetSmart . Across David H. McLeod Blvd. is The Plaza at Magnolia which includes Kohl 's , The Home Depot , Longhorn Steakhouse , Olive Garden , and Chili 's . Florence Mall is the other major shopping center in the city of Florence . Florence Mall was developed as an open - air mall in the 1960s and now looks more like a shopping plaza . It contains 340,506 sq. ft . Retailers include : Stein Mart , Piggly Wiggly , Talbots , TJ Maxx , Shoe Carnival , Ross , etc . Food options include : Red Bone Alley , Moe 's Southwest Grill , Zaxby 's : Buffalo Wings and Fingers , Five Guys Burgers & Fries , Cici 's Pizza , Hardee 's , Schlotzsky 's Deli , and Cold Stone Creamery . In addition , Florence has two Walmart Supercenters , a Sam 's Club , a Kmart , and two Lowe 's among other retailers . Other shopping plazas / strip malls , craft / hobby stores , antique stores and mom and pop stores are spread throughout the city . See also ( edit ) South Carolina portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Table 2 : Population Estimates for the 100 Most Populous Metropolitan Statistical Areas Based on July 1 , 2006 Population Estimates : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2006 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . April 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Florence city , South Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 ( PEPANNRES ) : Incorporated Places , South Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of the '' . All - America City Award . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Brenda ; Leach , Jennifer ( 1 February 2004 ) . Florence . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1609 - 7 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florence , South Carolina -- Great American Stations ( Amtrak ) '' . Greatamericanstations.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Clint ( May 2011 ) . Touring the Carolinas ' Civil War Sites . John F. Blair . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 475 - 7 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dabney , Eric ; Coker , Mike ( 31 January 2006 ) . Historic South Carolina : An Illustrated History . HPN Books . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893619 - 52 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Felder , James ( 22 May 2012 ) . Civil Rights in South Carolina : From Peaceful Protests to Groundbreaking Rulings . The History Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 686 - 9 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . Cityofflorence.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . Cityofflorence.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florence Business Climate '' . Fcedp.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pace of Economic Recovery : GMP and Jobs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Global Pharma Contract Development & Manufacturing ( CDMO ) '' . Patheon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 FSD1 Fast Facts '' . Florence School District One . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Florence County Economic Development Partnership : Largest Employers '' . Fcedp.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Florence Airport Stats '' . Florencescairport.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florence Downtown Revitalization '' . Florencedowntown.com . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halpern , Dan ( October 18 , 2009 ) . `` Southern Discomfort '' . New York Times Sunday Magazine . p . SM32 . Jump up ^ Bob L. Eagle ; Eric S. LeBlanc ( 1 May 2013 ) . Blues : A Regional Experience . ABC - CLIO . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34424 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 - 98 Major League Roller Hockey ( MLRH ) standings at '' . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florence , South Carolina . Official website Official tourism website Municipalities and communities of Florence County , South Carolina , United States County seat : Florence Cities Florence Johnsonville Lake City Towns Coward Olanta Pamplico Quinby Scranton Timmonsville Unincorporated communities Effingham Evergreen Hannah Kingsburg Mars Bluff State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Radio stations in the Florence , South Carolina market By FM frequency 88.1 91.7 92.9 93.7 94.3 95.3 98.5 99.3 100.1 100.5 101.3 102.1 102.9 103.3 105.1 105.5 106.3 By AM frequency 540 800 970 1230 1260 1400 By callsign WBZF WCMG WDAR WDSC WEGX WFRK WHYM WJMX WJMX - FM WLPG WMXT WOLH WPDT WQPD WRJA WSIM WWDM WWFN - FM WWKT WWRK WYNN ( AM ) WYNN - FM WZTF Defunct WBSC ( 1550 AM ) South Carolina radio markets Charleston Columbia Florence Greenville -- Spartanburg Myrtle Beach Rock Hill Other South Carolina radio regions Hilton Head See also List of radio stations in South Carolina Television stations in the Pee Dee region , including Myrtle Beach and Florence , South Carolina Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Digital television WBTW ( 13.1 CBS , 13.2 MNTV / ANT , 13.3 Ion TV , 13.4 Escape ) WPDE ( 15.1 ABC , 15.2 News / Weather , 15.3 Comet , 15.4 TBD ) WWMB ( 21.1 CW , 21.2 CW+ , 21.3 Stadium , 21.4 Charge ! ) WHMC 23 / WJPM 33 ( xx. 1 PBS , xx. 2 South Carolina , xx. 3 ETV World , xx. 4 ETV Kids ) WUNU ( 31.1 PBS , 31.2 Rootle , 31.3 Explorer , 31.4 North Carolina ) WMBF ( 32.1 NBC , 32.2 Bounce , 32.3 Grit ) WFXB ( 43.1 Fox , 43.2 QVC , 43.3 This TV , 43.4 MeTV ) South Carolina broadcast television areas by city Augusta , GA / Aiken Charleston Charlotte , NC Columbia Greenville , SC Myrtle Beach Savannah , GA / Hilton Head North Carolina broadcast television areas by city Asheville Charlotte Greensboro Greenville , NC Myrtle Beach , SC Norfolk , VA Raleigh Wilmington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence,_South_Carolina&oldid=803436577 '' Categories : Florence , South Carolina Cities in South Carolina County seats in South Carolina Florence , South Carolina metropolitan area Cities in Florence County , South Carolina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kernowek Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 14 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is sumter south carolina from florence south carolina	[ "\n I-95 is a six-lane freeway that enters the city from the northeast, and exits southwest. The highway leads northeast 87 miles (140 km) to Fayetteville, North Carolina, and southwest 179 miles (288 km) to Savannah, Georgia.\n I-20 is a four-lane interstate highway, which enters the city from the west and has a terminus in Florence as (David McLeod Blvd I-20 Bus.). Interstate 20 leads west 83 miles (134 km) to Columbia, then on to Atlanta and ultimately Texas.\n US 52 is a north to south route through the downtown area. The highway crosses Interstate 95 northwest of the downtown area and leads north 157 miles (253 km) to Winston-Salem, North Carolina. To the south it merges with US 301 and eventually leads 113 miles (182 km) to Charleston.\n US 76 enters the city from the west at Interstate 95, then merges with David McLeod Blvd at Palmetto Street, and finally exits east of the city at the junction with Freedom Blvd. The road leads southwest 39 miles (63 km) to Sumter and east 115 miles (185 km) to Wilmington, North Carolina.\n US 301 offers another northeast to southwest route through Florence. Entering the city merged with US 52 as South Irby Street, it then forms a crescent-shaped bypass around the downtown area as Freedom Boulevard. US 301 then merges with US 76 east of downtown Florence, and exits as such.\n" ]	[ "39 miles (63 km)" ]
-3409775823248040846	Schmidt (surname)	Schmidt ( surname ) - wikipedia Schmidt ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Schmidt is a common German occupational surname derived from the German word `` Schmied '' meaning `` blacksmith '' and / or `` metalworker '' . This surname is the German equivalent of `` Smith '' in the English - speaking world . Contents ( hide ) 1 A -- G 2 H -- L 3 M -- Z 4 See also A -- G ( edit ) Alexander Schmidt ( physiologist ) ( 1831 -- 1894 ) , Baltic German physiologist Alfred Schmidt ( weightlifter ) ( 1898 -- 1972 ) , Estonian weightlifter and Olympic medalist Andreas Schmidt ( baritone ) , born 1960 , German classical singer Andreas Schmidt ( footballer ) , born 1973 , German footballer , twin brother of Oliver Schmidt Annie M.G. Schmidt ( 1911 -- 1995 ) , Dutch writer Arno Schmidt ( 1914 -- 1979 ) , German author and translator Arthur Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Bernhard Schmidt ( 1879 -- 1935 ) , Estonian - German astronomer , inventor of the Schmidt camera Boss Schmidt ( 1880 -- 1932 ) , American major league catcher Brian Schmidt ( born 1967 ) , U.S. - Australian astrophysicist and Nobel laureate Burghart Schmidt ( historian ) ( born 1962 ) , German historian Burghart Schmidt born 1942 , German philosopher Carl Schmidt ( chemist ) ( 1822 -- 1894 ) , Baltic German chemist Carl Friedrich Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Carmela Schmidt ( born 1962 ) , East German freestyle swimmer Casper Schmidt ( 1842 -- 1889 ) , American politician Charles C. Schmidt ( 1907 -- 1966 ) , American politician Diane Grob Schmidt , American chemist Earl W. Schmidt , American jurist and politician Erhard Schmidt ( 1876 -- 1959 ) , German mathematician Eric Schmidt ( born 1955 ) , executive chairman , former CEO , of Google Erich Schmidt ( archaeologist ) ( 1897 -- 1964 ) , German archaeologist Erich Schmidt ( historian ) ( 1853 -- 1913 ) German historian of literature Ferenc Schmidt ( 1941 -- 2011 ) , Hungarian politician and MP Firmin Martin Schmidt ( 1918 -- 2005 ) , American Roman Catholic bishop Francis Schmidt ( 1885 -- 1944 ) , American college baseball coach Franklin J.W. Schmidt ( 1901 -- 1935 ) , American naturalist , brother of Karl Patterson Franz Schmidt ( 1874 -- 1939 ) , Austrian composer Frithjof Schmidt ( born 1953 ) , German politician Fritz Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Gavin Schmidt , Climatologist Gerhard Schmidt ( 1919 -- 1971 ) , organic chemist H -- l ( edit ) Hans Christian Schmidt ( born 1953 ) , Danish politician Hans Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Hans - Thilo Schmidt ( 1888 -- 1943 ) , German spy for France in the 1930s Harald Schmidt ( born 1957 ) , German television entertainer Harry Schmidt ( Air National Guard ) , US Air National Guard pilot Harry Schmidt ( USMC ) ( 1886 -- 1968 ) , US Marine Corps general Harvey Schmidt ( born 1929 ) , American composer Heide Schmidt ( born 1948 ) , Austrian politician Helle Thorning - Schmidt ( born 1966 ) , Danish Prime Minister Helmut Schmidt ( footballer ) ( born 1949 ) , German football player Helmut Schmidt ( parapsychologist ) , German parapsychologist Helmut Schmidt ( 1918 -- 2015 ) , German chancellor Henry C. Schmidt ( born 1937 ) , American historian Herbert B. Schmidt ( born 1931 ) , German economist Howard A. Schmidt ( 1949 - 2017 ) , American computer security specialist Irmin Schmidt ( born 1937 ) , German rock keyboard player Isaac Jacob Schmidt ( 1779 -- 1847 ) , Dutch / Russian linguist and academician Jacques Schmidt ( 1933 -- 1996 ) , French costume designer . Jason Schmidt ( born 1973 ) , American baseball player Jean Schmidt ( born 1951 ) , American politician Joe Schmidt ( born 1932 ) , American football player Johann Anton Schmidt ( 1823 -- 1905 ) , German botanist Joe Schmidt ( born 1965 ) , New Zealand rugby union coach Johannes Schmidt ( biologist ) ( 1877 -- 1933 ) , Danish biologist Johannes Schmidt ( linguist ) ( 1843 -- 1901 ) , German linguist Joost Schmidt ( 1893 -- 1948 ) , teacher at the Bauhaus Jordan Schmidt ( born 1989 ) , American music producer Josef Friedrich Schmidt ( 1871 -- 1948 ) , German board game inventor Joseph Hermann Schmidt ( 1804 -- 1852 ) , professor of Obstetrics in Berlin Joseph Schmidt ( 1904 -- 1942 ) , singer , actor Julius Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Justin O. Schmidt ( entomologist ) , creator of the index of insect sting pain . Jürgen Schmidt ( born 1941 ) , German speed skater Karl Patterson Schmidt ( 1890 -- 1957 ) , Chief Curator of Zoology , Field Museum of Natural History Karl Schmidt - Rottluff ( 1884 -- 1976 ) , German painter Katherine Schmidt ( 1899 - 1978 ) , American artist Kendall Schmidt ( 1990 -- present ) , American actor , singer Kurt Schmidt ( 1891 -- 1945 ) , German Lieutenant - General during the Second World War . Luís Eduardo Schmidt ( born 1979 ) , Brazilian football player M -- Z ( edit ) Maarten Schmidt ( born 1929 ) , Dutch - American astronomer Martin Johann Schmidt ( 1718 -- 1801 ) , also called Kremser Schmidt Kremserschmidt , Austrian painter Max Schmidt ( 1818 -- 1901 ) , German painter Max Schmidt ( Waffen - SS ) ( de ) ( 1920 -- 2002 ) , commandant Fürstengrube subcamp of Auschwitz , March 1944 -- January 1945 Michael Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Mike Schmidt ( born 1949 ) , American baseball player , third baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies Milt Schmidt ( 1918 -- 2017 ) , Canadian hockey player Noémie Schmidt ( born 1990 ) , Swiss actress Olaf Schmidt ( born 1962 ) , German glider aerobatic pilot Ole Schmidt ( de ) ( 1928 -- 2010 ) , Danish conductor and composer Oliver Schmidt , born 1973 , German footballer , twin brother of Andreas Schmidt ( above ) Olle Schmidt ( born 1949 ) , Swedish politician Oscar Schmidt ( born 1958 ) , Brazilian basketball player Otto Schmidt ( 1891 -- 1956 ) , Soviet scientist Paul Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Peter Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Pyotr Schmidt ( 1867 -- 1906 , Russian revolutionary of 1905 Renate Schmidt ( born 1943 ) , German Federal Minister for family affairs Rob Schmidt ( born 1965 ) , American film director and writer Sophie Schmidt , Canadian soccer player Steve Schmidt , American campaign strategist and public relations expert for the U.S. Republican Party Thomas Schmidt ( footballer ) Tim Schmidt ( born 1986 ) , Australian rules footballer Tony Schmidt ( born 1980 ) , German racing driver Torsten Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Ulla Schmidt ( born 1949 ) , German Federal Minister for health Vasili Schmidt ( 1886 -- 1938 ) , Soviet politician and statesman Vera Schmidt ( born 1982 ) , Hungarian singer - songwriter Walter Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Wilhelm Schmidt ( disambiguation ) William Schmidt ( disambiguation ) Wolfgang M. Schmidt ( born 1933 ) , mathematician See also ( edit ) Smith ( surname ) Schmitt ( disambiguation ) Schmitz Schmid Schmied Smits Smeets Surnames associated with the occupation of smith Armenian Darbinyan Celtic Cowell Goff Gow Gowan Mac a ' Ghobhainn MacGavin / McGavin MacGowan / McGowan Germanic De Smet Schmid Schmidt Schmied Schmieden Schmitt Schmitz Schmitzer Smeets Smet Smets Smit Smith Smithe Smither Smithers Smithies Smithson Smits Smyth Smythe Szmidt Indic Lohar Kartvelian Mchedlidze Mchedlishvili Romance Fabbri Faber Fabre Fabri Faure Favre Feaver Ferrara Ferrari Ferraris Ferraro Ferrara Ferré Ferreira Ferrer Ferrero Ferreiro Ferretti Ferrier Fieraru Fierarul Herrera Herrero Lefébure Lefebvre Lefèvre Semitic Haddad Hadodo Al - Haddad El - Haddad Slavic Covaci Kavalyow Kovač Kovačić Kovačević Kovachev Kovács Koval Kovalchuk ( Kowalczuk ) Kovalenko Kovalevich ( Kowalewicz ) Kovalevsky Kovalic Kovalik Kovalyuk Kovals Kovalyov Kovář Kovařík Kowal , Kowalczyk , Kowalewski , Kowalik , Kowalski Kuznets Kuznetsov Turkic Demirci Demircioğlu Uralic Sepp Seppä Seppänen Seppälä From `` spark '' rel. to occ . ' smith ' Funke Vonck Vonk This page lists people with the surname Schmidt . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schmidt_(surname)&oldid=804822167 '' Categories : Occupational surnames Surnames German - language surnames Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Hornjoserbsce Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 11 : 04 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name schmidt come from	[ "Schmidt is a common German occupational surname derived from the German word \"Schmied\" meaning \"blacksmith\" and/or \"metalworker\". This surname is the German equivalent of \"Smith\" in the English-speaking world." ]	[ "derived from the German word \"Schmied\" meaning \"blacksmith\" and/or \"metalworker\"" ]
-651764068297870385	Go Rest High on That Mountain	Go Rest High on that Mountain - Wikipedia Go Rest High on that Mountain Jump to : navigation , search `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' Single by Vince Gill from the album When Love Finds You B - side `` Maybe Tonight '' Released August 28 , 1995 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded Genre Country Length 5 : 15 ( Album version ) 4 : 27 ( Radio edit ) Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Vince Gill Producer ( s ) Tony Brown Vince Gill singles chronology `` You Better Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' ( 1995 ) `` High Lonesome Sound '' ( 1996 ) `` You Better Think Twice '' ( 1995 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' ( 1995 ) `` High Lonesome Sound '' ( 1996 ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill . It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You . It is a eulogic ballad . Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley , who died in 1989 . Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob , in 1993 , of a heart attack . Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record . The song won the CMA 's Song of the Year award in 1996 and a BMI Most - Performed Song award in 1997 . It also received two Grammy Awards for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song in the 38th Grammy Awards . The single reached No. 14 on the Country Singles chart in 1995 . It has sold 648,000 digital copies in the US since becoming available for download . On May 2 , 2013 , Gill performed the song with Loveless at the funeral of fellow country artist George Jones . At one point during the performance , Gill became too emotional to sing some of the words , but was able to complete the song by focusing primarily on his guitar playing . In a speech just prior to Gill 's and Loveless ' performance , Gill underlined their duet by stating that he always was aware of a `` special anointing '' in his duets with Loveless , and compared them particularly to Jones ' duets with singer Melba Montgomery during the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 Notes Critical reception ( edit ) Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably calling the song `` beautiful , majestic , and easily one of the best singles of Gill 's already distinguished career . '' She goes on to say that the composition `` boasts a touching spiritual lyric and Gill 's consistently impeccable vocal delivery . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in mid-1995 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' debuted at number 70 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 2 , 1995 . The song has sold 777,000 digital copies as of December 2017 after it became available for download in the U.S. Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 74 See also ( edit ) Vince Gill discography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cash , Rosanne ; Rudder , Randy ( 2006 ) . Country Music Reader . Country Music Books . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 9769745 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carlin , Richard ( 2003 ) . Country Music : A Biographical Dictionary . Taylor & Francis . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93802 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners search '' . Grammy.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : December 7 , 2015 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ YouTube . Grand Ole Opry . Vince Gill and Patty Loveless - `` Go Rest High On That Mountain '' at George Jones ' Funeral Opry. 2013 Possum Tracks Touring Co . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . YouTube Jump up ^ Billboard , September 2 , 1995 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2841 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Awards and achievements Preceded by `` Independence Day '' performed by Martina McBride CMA Award for Song of the Year - `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' by Vince Gill Succeeded by Matraca Berg & Gary Harrison -- `` Strawberry Wine '' ( hide ) Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_Rest_High_on_That_Mountain&oldid=825158665 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1994 songs Vince Gill songs Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Vince Gill Songs in memory of deceased persons MCA Records singles Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song go rest high on that mountain	[ "\"Go Rest High on That Mountain\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You. It is a eulogic ballad. Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley, who died in 1989. Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob, in 1993, of a heart attack. Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record." ]	[ "American country music artist Vince Gill" ]
4232064917376041814	Nitrogenous base	Nitrogenous base - Wikipedia Nitrogenous base A nitrogenous base , or nitrogen - containing base , is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base . The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together . A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom . Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds , pyrimidine and purine . They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity , planar . Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution . Role in nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Nucleobase In the biological sciences , nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA . A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides , which in turn build up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA . These nitrogenous bases are adenine ( A ) , uracil ( U ) , guanine ( G ) , thymine ( T ) , and cytosine ( C ) . The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the `` twisted ladder '' or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides . Adenine is always paired with thymine , and guanine is always paired with cytosine . These are known as base pairs . Uracil is only present in RNA , replacing thymine . Pyrimidines include thymine , cytosine , and uracil . They have a single ring structure . Purines include adenine and guanine . They have a double ring structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. and Michael M Cox ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , ed. 5 , W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 272 . ISBN 071677108X . Jump up ^ Carey , Francis A. ( 2008 ) . Organic Chemistry , ed. 6 , Mc Graw Hill . p. 1206 . ISBN 0072828374 . Jump up ^ Angstadt , Carol N ( 1997 ) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism . library.med.utah.edu This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenous_base&oldid=854853273 '' Categories : Biochemistry Biochemistry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Eesti Español Esperanto Galego Italiano 日本語 Occitan Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which nitrogenous base is the complementary base for thymine	[ "In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the \"twisted ladder\" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure.[3]\n" ]	[ "Adenine" ]
6011203781840655917	List of Texas hurricanes (1980–present)	List of Texas hurricanes ( 1980 -- present ) - wikipedia List of Texas hurricanes ( 1980 -- present ) Jump to : navigation , search Damaged property caused by Hurricane Ike From 1980 to the present , at least 70 tropical or subtropical cyclones affected the U.S. state of Texas . According to David Roth of the Weather Prediction Center , a tropical cyclone makes landfall along the coastline about three times every four years , and on any 50 mi ( 80 km ) segment of the coastline a hurricane makes landfall about once every six years . The most active month is September , with 21 total storms , while no recorded storms have affected Texas during the months of December through May . While the most intense storm in terms of barometric pressure is Hurricane Allen in 1980 , Hurricane Harvey in 2017 caused the most fatalities and damages , with $125 billion in Texas . The first storm to impact the state during the period is also Hurricane Allen in August 1980 , with the most recent being Hurricane Harvey on August 26 , 2017 . In terms of wind speed , Hurricane Gilbert is the strongest storm to affect the state , producing maximum sustained winds equivalent to Category 4 status on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . During the 1980s , multiple tropical cyclones affected the state , of which six made landfall as hurricanes ; three made landfall as major hurricanes . Hurricane Alicia is the most destructive hurricane of the decade , severely impacting the Greater Houston area . The names of all three major hurricanes that impacted Texas during the 1980s were later retired by the World Meteorological Organization . In contrast to the 1980s , during the 1990s only one tropical cyclone , Hurricane Bret , made landfall on the Texas coast . In the next decade five hurricanes would make landfall on Texas . Hurricane Ike , the second costliest hurricane to impact Texas , made landfall during the decade . Other notable systems include Tropical Storm Allison and Hurricane Rita . Contents ( hide ) 1 1980 -- 1984 2 1985 -- 1989 3 1990 -- 1994 4 1995 -- 1999 5 2000 -- 2004 6 2005 -- 2009 7 2010 -- 2017 8 Monthly statistics 9 Deadly storms 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 1980 -- 1984 ( edit ) Hurricane Allen ( 1980 ) near landfall August 10 , 1980 -- Hurricane Allen makes landfall near Brownsville as a Category 3 hurricane . A wind gust of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) is reported in Port Mansfield . Heavy rainfall is reported across South Texas , with a peak of 20.2 in ( 510 mm ) in Kingsville . Nearly all structures on South Padre Island are destroyed . At least 12 tornadoes are also reported as a result of Allen . One damages hangars and aircraft at Robert Mueller Municipal Airport , causing $250 million in damages . Two deaths are directly attributed to Allen , both of which are drownings in the Corpus Christi area , with five others indirectly killed . An estimated $600 million in damages are attributed to Allen . September 5 , 1980 -- Tropical Storm Danielle makes landfall near Galveston Bay as a weak tropical storm . As it moves inland , it causes severe and widespread flooding across Texas . Areas are inundated by the rain , peaking at 18.29 in ( 465 mm ) in Nederland . One person is killed due to rains associated with Danielle . Mid-November , 1980 -- Hurricane Jeanne over the Western Gulf of Mexico causes tides to rise up to 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) above average along the Texas coast . Coastal flooding also occurs , with the worst being near Galveston . Minimal damage is reported . Late - August , 1981 -- Tropical Depression Eight moves ashore northeast Mexico on August 29 and into the United States on August 30 . As an ill - defined surface low , a large thunderstorm complex forms near its center that day , which unleashes very heavy rainfall in a 50 mi ( 80 km ) wide band covering a 200 mi ( 320 km ) path from Seguin to north of Houston . The highest rainfall amount reported is from Cheapside , where 18 in ( 460 mm ) falls in a 24 ‐ hour period ending on the morning of August 31 . Five die in the town of Shiner due to the heavy rains . Heavy rain in downtown Hallettsville causes floods and torrential rain , reaching a peak of 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) . Significant flooding also occurs along the Lavaca , Guadalupe , and Colorado rivers in Texas . Damages from the floods amount to nearly $21 million . October 13 , 1981 -- Hurricane Norma makes landfall on the Pacific coast of Mexico , but its remnants produce 21 in ( 530 mm ) of rain near Dallas - Fort Worth , killing five . Multiple tornadoes touch down in six counties in the region , injuring three . Hurricane Norma causes $50 million in damages and kills three people in Texas . September 11 , 1982 -- Tropical Storm Chris makes landfall near Sabine Pass . Before landfall the storm causes tides of 5 to 6 ft ( 1.5 -- 1.8 m ) in height . Rainfall from Chris peaks at 0.96 in ( 24 mm ) in Evadale . Hurricane Alicia ( 1983 ) at landfall August 18 , 1983 -- Hurricane Alicia makes landfall near Galveston as a Category 3 hurricane . Alicia causes $2.6 billion in damage and 13 fatalities , along with an estimated 5,805 residential structures either heavily damaged or destroyed . In advance of Alicia , offshore drilling platforms are evacuated . At one point during the storm , the entire city of Galveston loses power , with 250,000 electricity customers in Houston losing power as well . At the time , Hurricane Alicia is the costliest hurricane to impact Texas , not adjusting for inflation . High rainfall totals are reported across Southeast Texas , with a peak of 9.5 in ( 240 mm ) of rain in Liberty . The peak wind gust in Galveston is 102 mph ( 164 km / h ) . An estimated storm surge of up to 12 ft ( 3.7 m ) is estimated in Galveston Bay . Alicia also causes 23 tornadoes , concentrated around the Galveston and Tyler areas . August 28 , 1983 -- Hurricane Barry , a Category 1 , makes landfall just south of Brownsville and forces the evacuation of 4,000 people , but causes minor damage . Mid-October , 1983 -- The remnants of Hurricane Tico from the Eastern Pacific cause rainfall over much of Texas , most of which is in northern Texas , where rainfall peaks at 9.59 in ( 0.244 m ) in Quanah . Numerous road closures take place due to the floods caused by the remnants of Tico . In Val Verde County , 100 people are evacuated due to the heavy rain . Tico 's remnants kill one person and cause $93 million in damages . Mid-September , 1984 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Edouard cause severe flooding in South Texas , where some isolated locations receive totals in excess of 20 in ( 510 mm ) . 1985 -- 1989 ( edit ) October 11 , 1985 -- The remnants of Hurricane Waldo produce rainfall over most of West Texas , with multiple rain totals of at least 5 in ( 130 mm ) . Late - October 1985 -- Hurricane Juan dumps up to 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain in extreme southeastern Texas , peaking at 12.84 in ( 326 mm ) in Alto , killing one coastal resident . The rains cause widespread floods that lead to road closures , and gusty winds cause some power outages . Coastal flooding is also reported as a result of high tides caused by Juan . June 26 , 1986 -- Hurricane Bonnie makes landfall near High Island in Southeast Texas as a Category 1 hurricane , killing four people in Texas and producing heavy rainfall that causes street flooding . Rainfall peaks at 13 in ( 330 mm ) , with many areas picking up at least 10 in ( 250 mm ) . Bonnie also spawns four tornadoes in Texas . August 6 , 1986 -- A tropical depression produces rain over South Texas with a maximum total of 4.5 in ( 110 mm ) near Refugio . September 23 , 1986 -- The remnants of Hurricane Newton produce 1 in ( 25 mm ) rainfall totals over the Texas Panhandle with an area of 3 in ( 76 mm ) near the border between New Mexico and Texas , peaking at 3.97 in ( 101 mm ) in Wharton . Early - October , 1986 -- The remnants of Hurricane Paine produce widespread rainfall over western and northern Texas , most of which receives at least an inch of rain , with 10.39 in ( 264 mm ) in Wellington . October 22 , 1986 -- The remnants of Hurricane Roslyn produce rainfall over much of southern and eastern Texas , with the heaviest totals along the middle Texas coast , where rainfall totals exceeds 10 in ( 250 mm ) . Roslyn causes low - water crossings and streams to flood . Hurricane Gilbert at approaching northern Mexico August 10 , 1987 -- An unnamed storm makes landfall near High Island , Texas , producing over 1 in ( 25 mm ) of rain to eastern portions of the state , peaking at 4.25 in ( 108 mm ) in Umbarger . August 12 , 1988 -- Tropical Storm Beryl produces heavy rainfall over East Texas . Some areas receive 11.8 in ( 300 mm ) of rain , causing localized flash flooding . September 2 , 1988 -- Tropical Depression Ten produces heavy rain over Southeast Texas , peaking at 8.16 in ( 207 mm ) in Galveston . September 17 , 1988 -- Hurricane Gilbert makes landfall in northern Mexico with winds of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) and causes tides to rise up to 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) above normal . As a result , beach erosion is reported on Padre Island . Rainfall peaks at 7.45 in ( 189 mm ) in Anson . Minor wind damage is reported from Gilbert . Twenty - nine tornadoes are recorded across Texas , with the worst damage in San Antonio . Gilbert causes three deaths in Texas , all resulting from tornadoes in San Antonio . Damages from Gilbert total to $50 million . Late - June 1989 -- Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall near Freeport , causing three deaths in the state . Tropical Storm Allison produces torrential rainfall across the state , with amounts of more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) over much of the upper Texas coast , peaking at 20.28 in ( 515 mm ) in Orange . Storm surge from the storm measures 7 ft ( 2.1 m ) in Trinity Bay . As a result , beach erosion is reported on Padre Island . Allison causes an estimated $400 million in Texas alone . August 1 , 1989 -- Hurricane Chantal makes landfall as a minimal hurricane at High Island , Texas , causing two deaths from flash flooding . Early - October 1989 -- Hurricane Raymond from the East Pacific causes rainfall in northern Texas , peaking at 2.80 in ( 71 mm ) in Yorktown . October 16 , 1989 -- Hurricane Jerry affects the Galveston area as a minimal hurricane . The storm kills three people when a car is blown off Texas Route 87 near Sea Rim State Park . Jerry causes $70 million in damage and kills three . 1990 -- 1994 ( edit ) Hurricane Lester ( 1992 ) off Baja California October 3 , 1990 -- Tropical Storm Rachel 's remnants affect portions of West Texas . Roads in Big Bend National Park are closed due to high water levels . Rainfall peaks at 1.5 in ( 38 mm ) in Lubbock , causing minor street flooding , which leads to several car accidents . July 6 , 1991 -- Tropical Depression Two causes isolated rainfall over Texas , with a maximum total of 3 in ( 76 mm ) reported within the vicinity of Anahuac . August 24 , 1992 -- The remnants of Hurricane Lester , which originated from the East Pacific , cause rainfall in North Texas , amounting up to 3 in ( 76 mm ) in locations and peaking at 3.54 in ( 90 mm ) in Chisos Basin . June 20 , 1993 -- Tropical Storm Arlene makes landfall near Padre Island . Heavy beach erosion occurs as a result of the storm . Arlene causes $55 million in damage and its flooding rains kill one person . September 14 , 1993 -- Hurricane Lidia moves into Texas before being absorbed by a cold front near Austin . Lida 's remnants cause moderate rainfall across the state , peaking at 7.3 in ( 190 mm ) in Denton . The combination of the front and the hurricane 's remnants trigger tornadoes , and one causes more than $8 million in damages . Five people are injured in Arlington after a roof is torn off their hotel . Mid-October 1994 -- The remnants of Hurricane Rosa cause severe flooding in Texas . In some locations the flood is considered a 100 - year event , peaking at 29.40 in ( 747 mm ) in Cypress . The floods kill 22 people and cause $700 million in damages . 1995 -- 1999 ( edit ) July 31 , 1995 -- Tropical Storm Dean makes landfall near Freeport . Dean drops nearly 17 in ( 430 mm ) of rain in Monroe City . The rainfall results in moderate localized damage . August 12 , 1995 -- Tropical Storm Gabrielle makes landfall just south of the Texas -- Mexico border as a strong tropical storm , producing rainfall in southern Texas , peaking at 6.26 in ( 159 mm ) in Weslaco . Slight storm surge associated with Gabrielle floods beaches along the southern Texas coast . September 16 , 1995 -- Hurricane Ismael 's remnants move across the Texas Panhandle . Rainfall peaks at 6.57 in ( 167 mm ) in Ransom Canyon , and flash flooding results in the area . August 23 , 1996 -- Hurricane Dolly makes landfall near Tampico , Mexico . The storm causes beneficial rainfall in southern Texas , peaking at 5.53 in ( 140 mm ) in Corpus Christi , providing drought relief to the area . October 4 , 1996 -- Tropical Storm Josephine forms just offshore of the Texas coast , bringing heavy rain to the state . Rainfall peaks at 10.81 in ( 275 mm ) in Brownsville . The storm , although remaining offshore , causes severe beach erosion across much of the coast . Several houses are lost and up to 65 ft ( 20 m ) of shore - front property on Galveston Island is eroded . August 23 , 1998 -- Tropical Storm Charley makes landfall near Port Aransas . Severe inland flooding occurs in Val Verde Country and 13 people are killed . Del Rio records 17 in ( 430 mm ) of rain in 24 hours from the storm , a city record and the most rainfall from a tropical cyclone in Texas since Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979 . September 11 , 1998 -- Tropical Storm Frances makes landfall north of Corpus Christi on September 11 as a moderately strong tropical storm . Rainfall causes large amounts of flooding in southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana , peaking at 21.76 in ( 553 mm ) in Goose Creek . As a result of the rains , many rivers and bayous overflow . Due to the storm , tides are 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) above average . Frances causes an estimated total of $500 million in property damage . Mid-October 1998 -- Moisture associated with the remnants of Hurricane Madeline results in flooding in Central Texas . The event breaks numerous rain records in the region , including the wettest month for San Antonio since records began in 1885 . In addition , 15 rivers exceed the previously known peak flow . The floods kill 31 people . and cause $1.5 billion in damages . August 23 , 1999 -- Hurricane Bret makes landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Padre Island , becoming the first major hurricane to hit Texas since Hurricane Alicia in 1983 . As it approaches landfall , large swells cause minor beach erosion along the coast . Along with rainfall from Bret , beaches in Matagorda County are closed due to the high water level . Further inland , heavy rainfall occurs across South Texas , reaching 13.18 in ( 335 mm ) in Sarita . At the height of the storm , power outages cut electricity to an estimated 64,000 customers . Due to the small size of Bret and its landfall in a relatively unpopulated region of the Texas coast , damages from Bret total just $15 million , but it causes four deaths , all of which are attributed to a semi-trailer truck jackknifing in Laredo . September 8 , 1999 -- Tropical Depression Seven 's remnants produce light rainfall , peaking at 3.35 in ( 85 mm ) in Harlingen . 2000 -- 2004 ( edit ) Flooding in Houston caused by Tropical Storm Allison ( 2001 ) September 9 , 2000 -- Tropical Depression Nine makes landfall near Sabine Pass , with maximum sustained winds of 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) . Minimal damage is reported . June 5 , 2001 -- Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall near Freeport . It stalls over eastern Texas for several days , dropping extreme amounts of rain which leads to catastrophic flooding . Allison causes flash flooding in the area , producing widespread street flooding and filling nearby bayous to severe levels . Rainfall peaks at 36.99 in ( 940 mm ) at the Port of Houston . The Texas Medical Center is severely damaged , with losses of up to $2 billion . Patient evacuations and medical services are disrupted due to power outages caused by the storm . Allison causes an estimated $4.8 billion in damages , nearly all of it related to freshwater flooding in the Greater Houston region . Tropical Storm Allison causes 23 deaths in the state , and was the only non-hurricane strength storm to have its name retired until Tropical Storm Erika ( did not affect the U.S. ) in 2015 . August 9 , 2002 -- Tropical Storm Bertha makes landfall as a tropical depression near Kingsville , causing isolated rainfall throughout the state . September 7 , 2002 -- Tropical Storm Fay makes landfall near Port O'Connor , where it causes heavy rainfall and $450,000 in damage . Rainfall peaks at 18.49 in ( 470 mm ) in Fowlerton . Fay causes five tornadoes , one of which injures three people . Much of the impact takes place in Brazoria County , where over 2,300 homes are damaged . June 30 , 2003 -- Tropical Storm Bill causes minor beach erosion on the Bolivar Peninsula . July 15 , 2003 -- Hurricane Claudette makes landfall at Matagorda Island near Port O'Connor as a strong Category 1 storm , with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Claudette is responsible for one direct death . Inland towns in Texas sustain significant wind damage . Estimated damages total up to $181 million . August 16 , 2003 -- Hurricane Erika makes landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas as a minor Category 1 hurricane , causing minor coastal damage and beach erosion in parts of southern Texas . August 31 , 2003 -- Tropical Storm Grace makes landfall near San Luis Pass with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) , causing heavy rainfall along the Texas coast and resulting in $113,000 in total damages . September 22 , 2003 -- Hurricane Marty from the East Pacific makes landfall in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur . Rainfall associated with the remnants of Marty affects western Texas . September 20 , 2004 -- As the remnants of Hurricane Javier move northeast through northwest Mexico , 1 in ( 25 mm ) of rain is reported in western Texas . September 24 , 2004 -- Four days after Hurricane Javier affected the state , Hurricane Ivan , having regenerated into a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico , makes landfall near Cameron , Louisiana , as a tropical depression . Over 7 in ( 180 mm ) of rain is dropped on eastern Texas . October 10 , 2004 -- Tropical Storm Matthew moves ashore in southern Louisiana , producing locally heavy rainfall in eastern Texas , peaking at 6.10 in ( 155 mm ) in Matagorda , but little damage . 2005 -- 2009 ( edit ) Damage from Hurricane Humberto ( 2007 ) July 20 , 2005 -- Hurricane Emily makes landfall in Tamaulipas , Mexico , providing rainfall to drought - affected areas of southern Texas . Rainfall peaks at 5.2 in ( 130 mm ) in Mercedes , and is spread from about 1 to 3 in ( 25 -- 76 mm ) elsewhere . September 23 , 2005 -- Hurricane Rita makes landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on the border between Louisiana and Texas on September 23 . In preparation for its landfall , the largest evacuation in United States history takes place , with over 3 million people evacuating inland . At one point during the storm , 1 million energy customers lose power due to outages . Rita causes a peak of 10.48 in ( 266 mm ) in Center . Major flooding is reported in Port Arthur and Beaumont . Offshore oil platforms throughout Rita 's path also suffer significant damage , though the refineries of Houston , originally thought to be at risk , escape the brunt of the storm . Many of the indirect deaths linked to Rita are caused by a single bus fire in mass evacuations out of Houston . Rita causes 59 deaths in the state all told . September 2 , 2006 -- The remnants of Hurricane John , an East Pacific storm , cause moderate to heavy rainfall . In northern Texas , moisture from the storm combined with a cold front produces rainfall of over 4 in ( 100 mm ) , helping alleviate severe drought . September 16 , 2006 -- Hurricane Lane , another East Pacific storm , makes landfall in the Mexican state of Sinaloa . Lane 's remnants combine with an upper level trough over southeast portions of the state , dropping over 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain in some locations . August 16 , 2007 -- Tropical Storm Erin makes landfall near Lamar as a minimal tropical storm . Rainfall peaks in Texas at 10.7 in ( 270 mm ) in Sisterdale . Erin causes nine deaths in the state and causes nearly $49 million in damages . September 13 , 2007 -- Hurricane Humberto rapidly intensifies before making landfall just west of the Louisiana -- Texas border with winds of up to 90 mph , dropping up to 14.13 in ( 359 mm ) of rain . The storm kills one person and leaves $50 million in damage . Hurricane Ike ( 2008 ) in the Gulf of Mexico July 23 , 2008 -- Hurricane Dolly makes landfall at South Padre Island with winds near 100 mph . A storm surge of 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) is observed across much of the coast of southern Texas . Dolly 's remnants cause coastal and inland flooding and over 12 in ( 300 mm ) of rain in some locations , peaking at 15 in ( 380 mm ) in Harlingen . On South Padre Island , moderate structural damage , mostly to roofs , is reported . Tree and utility pole damage is widespread across Cameron County . Widespread power outages are reported across southern Texas as a result of Dolly . August 5 , 2008 -- Tropical Storm Edouard makes landfall near Port Arthur with winds near 65 mph . Edouard provides beneficial rain to a drought stricken central Texas . September 1 , 2008 -- Hurricane Gustav produces heavy rain to extreme East Texas as it makes landfall in Louisiana as a Category 2 hurricane . The storm causes strong rip currents and minor overwash of the coast . September 13 , 2008 -- Hurricane Ike makes landfall at Galveston as a large Category 2 hurricane . Its large size contributes to a storm surge that is as high as 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) , which inundates many of the barrier islands off the Texas coast . Many structures on the Bolivar Peninsula are destroyed . Most notably , in Gilchrist all but one house is destroyed by the storm surge . The storm also causes heavy rains where it makes landfall , peaking at 18.9 in ( 480 mm ) . At one point , the storm knocks out power to as many as an estimated 2.6 million people . Ike is one of the most destructive hurricanes ever to hit Texas and one of the deadliest , causing $19.3 billion in damages and killing 84 people . October 13 , 2008 -- Hurricane Norbert causes moderate rainfall over West Texas after moving inland from the eastern Pacific . November 10 , 2009 -- Hurricane Ida causes minimal effects on Texas , producing high tides that lead to road closures . 2010 -- 2017 ( edit ) Hurricane Harvey at peak intensity prior to landfall in southern Texas on August 25 June 30 , 2010 -- Hurricane Alex makes landfall at Soto la Marina , Tamaulipas in Mexico as a large Category 2 hurricane , bringing heavy rains , wind , and tornadoes to South Texas . The hurricane 's remnants also bring heavy rains to portions of the Rio Grande , causing it to exceed record levels . July 8 , 2010 -- Tropical Depression Two makes landfall on South Padre Island , dropping 1 to 3 in ( 25 to 76 mm ) of rain in south Texas , peaking at 8.95 in ( 227 mm ) in Chincorro . However , there are no reports of significant damage . September 7 , 2010 -- Tropical Storm Hermine makes landfall in northeastern Mexico as a strong tropical storm with 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) winds . A storm surge of 3.4 ft ( 1.0 m ) is reported at Port Aransas as the storm approaches the coast . In the Rio Grande Valley , an estimated 35,000 homes lose power due to Hermine , while in Bexar County , 100,000 customers lose power . Farm crops in the Texas Coastal Bend are also damaged by the strong winds and rain . In addition , numerous roads are closed due to overwash . Hermine kills five people and causes $240 million in damages in the state . June 30 , 2011 -- Tropical Storm Arlene makes landfall south of Texas near Cabo Rojo . The outer bands of Arlene produce 1 to 4 in ( 25 -- 102 mm ) of rain in southern Texas . July 30 , 2011 -- Tropical Storm Don makes landfall near Baffin Bay , Texas before quickly dissipating . The storm produces minimal rainfall in extreme southern Texas , peaking at 2.56 in ( 65 mm ) in Bay City . Cotton farms benefit from the minimal rainfall . Early - September 2011 -- The outer bands of Tropical Storm Lee cause light rain in eastern Texas , peaking at 3.97 in ( 101 mm ) in Nederland . Despite the light rainfall , strong winds further inland help ignite numerous wildfires throughout the state . One of the fires , the Bastrop County Complex fire , destroys 1,700 homes and businesses , becoming the most destructive wildfire in Texas history . August 31 , 2012 -- Outer rainbands associated with Hurricane Isaac cause slight rainfall in East Texas , peaking at around 3 in ( 7.6 cm ) near Galveston Bay . Strong winds associated with Isaac 's thunderstorms knock down many trees in Trinity County , where wind gusts peak at an estimated 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . September 29 , 2012 -- Moisture associated with the remnants of Hurricane Miriam and Tropical Storm Norman brings light rainfall over areas of Texas , slightly alleviating drought conditions . Rainfall in the state measures 1 -- 4 in ( 25 -- 102 mm ) , causing some flash flooding . Combined with a surface trough , the moisture generates severe thunderstorms which later coalesce into a squall line , bringing strong winds which cause numerous reports of window damage . A weather station near Paducah records a peak wind gust of 96 mph ( 154 km / h ) . Mid-September 2013 -- As Hurricane Ingrid passes to the south , its outer rainbands drop isolated areas of heavy rainfall across South Texas . Rainfall totals from the bands peak at approximately 3 in ( 76 mm ) near the Texas border with Mexico . September 3 , 2014 -- Despite making landfall near Tampico , Mexico , the outer rainbands of Tropical Storm Dolly traverse South Texas , producing rainfall totals peaking at 2.91 in ( 74 mm ) in Hidalgo County . After dissipating , moisture from the remnant system causes additional showers in the area . Urban flooding as a result of poor water drainage occurs in Brownsville , Edinburg , and McAllen . However , the heavy rainfall helps to alleviate some drought conditions in South Texas . September 20 , 2014 -- Flooding associated with the remnants of Hurricane Odile kill one sheriff 's deputy in Austin . Mid-June 2015 -- Tropical Storm Bill makes landfall on Matagorda Island with sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , causing gusts peaking at 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) in Palacios and Port O'Connor in addition to producing a 3 ft ( 0.9 m ) storm surge in Port Lavaca . However , most of Bill 's impacts in Texas are associated with heavy rainfall . Several isolated areas receive rainfall in excess of 10 in ( 25 cm ) of rainfall , including a large swath of Victoria County . In Wharton , rainfall peaks at 13.05 in ( 331 mm ) . October 20 -- 24 , 2015 -- Hurricane Patricia 's remnants bring heavy rain to Texas . The maximum rainfall total is reported to be 20.87 in ( 530 mm ) in Corsicana . This rain causes the flooding and closure of Interstate 45 in that area . September 8 , 2016 -- The remnants of Hurricane Newton bring heavy rains to parts of western Texas , however there are no reports of significant damage . June 22 , 2017 -- Tropical Storm Cindy makes landfall near Port Arthur with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . One fatality takes place in Bolivar Peninsula . Flooding in Port Arthur from Hurricane Harvey August 25 -- 28 , 2017 -- Hurricane Harvey makes landfall near the coast of Rockport as a Category 4 hurricane and later stalls just inland , producing extreme and unprecedented amounts of rainfall in the vast majority of southern Texas . The resulting catastrophic flooding in most of Houston and Harris County as well as in dozens of other surrounding counties causes an estimated $125 billion in damage , making Harvey the costliest tropical cyclone worldwide . Monthly statistics ( edit ) Number of recorded storms affecting Texas Month Number of storms June 8 July 7 August 19 September 24 October 13 November Deadly storms ( edit ) The following is a list of tropical storms with known deaths in the state . Tropical Storms causing known deaths in Texas Name Year Number of deaths Notes Harvey 2017 103 Ike 2008 84 Rita 2005 59 Allison 23 Alicia 13 Charley 1998 13 Erin 2007 9 Allen 1980 7 Eight 1981 5 Norma 1981 5 Hermine 5 Bonnie 1986 Bret 1999 Allison 1989 Jerry 1989 Chantal 1989 Danielle 1980 Arlene Claudette 2003 Humberto 2007 Odile 2014 Cindy 2017 See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of Atlantic hurricane seasons List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Pacific hurricanes List of wettest known tropical cyclones affecting Texas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All damage totals are in the value of the USD during the storm 's year of existence . Jump up ^ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Texas Hurricane History ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea ; Neal Dorst ( ed . ) ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` A : Basic Definitions '' . Hurricane Research Division : Frequently Asked Questions ( PDF ) . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . What is a super-typhoon ? What is a major hurricane ? What is an intense hurricane ? . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berger , Eric ; Houston Chronicle Publishing Company Division ; Hearst Newspapers Partnership , L.P. ( September 9 , 2007 ) . `` Texas spins the wheel in hurricane roulette / After a lull that began in 1989 , the law of averages is not considered favorable for state '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center ( 1980 ) . Hurricane Allen ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved May 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Albert Ramon ; KVUE Television , Inc. , ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Remembering the 1980 tornado '' . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center ( 1980 ) . Tropical Storm Danielle ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Danielle Strikes Texas '' . Indiana Gazette . Houston , Texas . Associated Press . September 6 , 1980 . p. 4 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pessilier , Joseph M ; National Hurricane Center ( 1980 ) . Hurricane Jeanne ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . p. 2 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Significant Floods in the United States , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands , 1970 Through 1989 '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pattan , John ; Slade Jr , Raymond M. `` Major and Catastrophic Storms and Floods in Texas '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency . `` Significant Flood Events as of May 31 , 2012 '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Norma ( 1981 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Swamps Central Texas '' . Times Daily . Fort Worth , Texas . October 14 , 1981 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dallas / Fort Worth , Texas Weather Forecast Office . `` Hurricanes and Tropical Storms That Have Affected North Texas From 1874 to 2009 '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Gilbert B ; National Hurricane Center ( 1982 ) . Tropical Storm Chris ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , David M. ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center ( 1983 ) . Hurricane Alicia ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Alicia Heads for Texas '' . The Gainesville Sun . Miami , Florida . Associated Press . August 17 , 1983 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane extracts ' billion - dollar ' toll '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Galveston , Texas . United Press International . August 18 , 1983 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Alicia ( 1983 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 1983 ) . Hurricane Barry ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Tico ( 1983 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( October 1983 ) . `` Storm Data -- 1983 '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . 25 ( 10 ) : 20 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( September 1984 ) . `` Storm Data -- 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . 26 ( 9 ) : 20 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Waldo ( 1985 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Juan ( 1985 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Gilbert B ; National Hurricane Center ( 1985 ) . Hurricane Juan ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( October 1985 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 27 ( 10 ) : 28 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Bonnie ( 1986 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gerrish , Harold P ; National Hurricane Center ( 1986 ) . Hurricane Bonnie ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Depression Four ( 1986 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Newton ( 1986 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gunther , EB ; Cross , RL ( 1987 ) . `` Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1986 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 115 ( 10 ) : 2507 -- 2523 . Bibcode : 1987MWRv ... 115.2507 G . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1987 ) 115 < 2507 : ENPTCO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Paine ( 1986 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Roslyn ( 1986 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rain spreads across South ; Northeast chills '' . The Bryan Times . United Press International . October 24 , 1986 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Case , Robert A ; Gerrish , Harold P ( 1988 ) . `` Annual Summary Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1987 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 116 ( 4 ) : 939 -- 949 . Bibcode : 1988MWRv ... 116 ... 939C . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1988 ) 116 < 0939 : ahso > 2.0.co ; 2 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Unnamed Tropical Storm -- August 8 -- 17 , 1987 Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Miles B ; Gross , James M ; National Hurricane Center ( 1989 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 117 ( 10 ) : 2248 -- 2259 . Bibcode : 1989MWRv ... 117.2248 L . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1989 ) 117 < 2248 : AHSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center ( 2006 ) . `` Tropical Storm Beryl ( 1988 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Case , Robert A ; National Hurricane Center . Tropical Storm Beryl ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . p. 3 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Avila , Lixion A ; Clark , Gilbert B ( 1989 ) . `` Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988 '' . Monthly Weather Review ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . American Meteorological Society . 117 ( 10 ) : 2260 -- 2265 . Bibcode : 1989MWRv ... 117.2260 A . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1989 ) 117 < 2260 : ATSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Depression 10 ( 1988 ) '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( October 1985 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 30 ( 9 ) : 27 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Clark , Gilbert B. ; National Hurricane Center . Hurricane Gilbert ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . p. 2 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Gilbert ( 1988 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Storm Allison ( 1989 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 1989 ) . Tropical Storm Allison ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Case , Robert A ; National Hurricane Center ( August 16 , 1989 ) . Tropical Storm Allison ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( June 1989 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 31 ( 6 ) : 85 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Chantal ( 1989 ) '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Raymond Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Jerry Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rainfall covers state '' . The Bonham Daily Favorite . Associated Press . October 3 , 1990 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Depression Two ( 1991 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometrological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Lester ( 1992 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasch , Richard J ; Rappaport , Edward N ( 1995 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 123 ( 3 ) : 871 -- 886 . Bibcode : 1995MWRv ... 123 ... 871P . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1995 ) 123 < 0871 : AHSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rappaport , Edward N. ; National Hurricane Center ( 1993 ) . Tropical Storm Arlene ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved May 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 1993 ) . Hurricane Lidia ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas reeling from series of tornadoes '' . The Tuscaloosa News . The Associated Press . September 14 , 1993 . p. 2A . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liscum , Fred ; East , Jeffrey W. ( January 1995 ) . `` Floods in Southeast Texas , October 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Houston , Texas : United States Department of the Interior . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 1995 ) . Tropical Storm Dean ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Summary of Tropical Storm Dean ( Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . 1995 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometrological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Storm Gabrielle ( 1995 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Miles B. `` Tropical Storm Gabrielle '' ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometrological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Isamel ( 1995 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucson Weather Forecast Office . `` Hurricane Ismael 1995 '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Dolly Brings Texas Drought Relief '' . Los Angeles Times . Houston , Texas . Reuters . August 25 , 1996 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Mead A. ( 1997 ) . `` Tropical Storm Josephine damages Texas beaches '' . Texas A&M University 's Department of Oceanography . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rappaport , Edward ; National Hurricane Center . `` Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Charley '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( October 1998 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 40 ( 9 ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Baro , Madeline ( September 11 , 1998 ) . `` Frances buffets , drenches south Texas Gulf Coast '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . p. 2 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Miles . `` Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Frances '' . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Daley , William M. ; Baker , D. James ; Kelly Jr. , John J. ; United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service ( February 1999 ) . `` Service Assessment -- South Texas Floods October 17 -- 22 , 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Silver Spring , Maryland : United States Department of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Central Texas October , 1998 '' . Flood Safety . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Miles ; Todd Kimberlain ; National Hurricane Center . `` Preliminary Report Hurricane Bret '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Storm Report ... Hurricane Bret '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Bret ( 1999 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( August 24 , 1999 ) . `` Hurricane Bret Disaster Update '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ... The Streak is Over -- Hurricane Bret Strikes Texas ! ... '' United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometerological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Depression Seven ( 1999 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beven , John ( Jack ) L ; National Hurricane Center . Tropical Depression Nine ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Stacy R ( November 28 , 2001 ) . Tropical Storm Allison . National Hurricane Center ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NWS Houston / Galveston . `` Tropical Storm Allison Floods , June 5 -- 9 , 2001 '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Tropical Storm Allison Heavy Rains and Floods Texas and Louisiana June 2001 ( PDF ) ( Service Assessment ) . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` June 6 , 2001 Tropical Storm Allison '' . Flood Safety Education Project . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Skilling , Tom ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` Record five retirees from a memorable 2005 hurricane season '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ; National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Bertha '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Storm Bertha ( 2002 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Stacy R ; National Hurricane Center . Tropical Storm Fay ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( September 2002 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 44 ( 9 ) : 115 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blood & Traphagan ( 2003 ) . `` Tropical Storm Bill Preliminary Storm Report '' . Houston / Galveston National Weather Service . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Beven , John ( Jack ) L ; National Hurricane Center ( 2003 ) . Hurricane Claudette ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Erika ( 2003 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Stacy R ; National Hurricane Center ( November 27 , 2003 ) . Tropical Storm Grace ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Marty ( 2003 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Javier ( 2004 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Ivan ( 2004 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Tropical Storm Matthew ( 2004 ) Rainfall Totals . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L ; Brown , Daniel P ; National Hurricane Center ( March 10 , 2006 ) . Hurricane Emily ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Emily ( 2005 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; Brown , Daniel P ; Rhome , Jamie R ; National Hurricane Center ( March 17 , 2006 ) . Hurricane Rita ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patrick Martin ; World Socialist Web Site ( September 28 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Rita causes widespread damage but few deaths '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Rita Pummels Texas , Louisiana Coast '' . Associated Press . September 23 , 2005 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L ; National Hurricane Center ( September 4 , 2006 ) . Hurricane John Discussion 29 ( Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fort Bend ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Fort Bend Under Flood Watch As Storm System Blankets The Region '' . Instant News Network . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Storm Erin ( 2007 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; National Hurricane Center ( April 7 , 2008 ) . Tropical Storm Erin ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Events Database -- Texas ( 8 / 14 / 2007 -- 8 / 21 / 2007 ) '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Humberto ( 2007 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Eric S ; National Hurricane Center ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Hurricane Humberto : Tropical Cyclone Report '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pasch , Richard J ; Todd B. Kimberlain ; National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Dolly '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Jump up ^ Tolson , Mike ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Parched Central Texas welcomes what 's left of Edouard '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M. ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center ; National Hurricane Center . `` Hurricane Gustav ( 2008 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( September 2008 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 50 ( 9 ) : 152 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Heller , Tim . `` More storm surge data from Hurricane Ike '' . ABC Inc. , KTRK - TV / DT Houston , TX . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oren Dorell ; Donna Leinwand ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Rescuers reach hundreds of Ike survivors '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jason Hanna ; Cable News Network ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Their house survived Ike , but it 's the only one left '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Jump up ^ `` Norbert weakens over Mexico '' . World news briefs . Puerto San Carlos , Mexico : Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Ida Enters the Gulf '' . BNQT Media Group . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasch , Richard ; National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Alex '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Mike ; Tardy , Alex. `` Record Flooding along the Rio Grande River in Laredo on July 8 -- 9th 2010 '' . Corpus Christi , Texas : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Tropical Depression Two ( 2010 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beven , John ( Jack ) L ; National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Depression Two '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Avila , Lixion ; National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Hermine '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Hermine Crosses Into Texas '' . Fox News . Raymondville , Texas . Associated Press . September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Hermine Impacts South Central Texas '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( September 2010 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 52 ( 9 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blake , Eric ; Kimberlain , Todd ; National hurricane Center ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Tropical Storm Arlene Discussion Number Seven '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( June 2011 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 53 ( 6 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brennan , Michael ; National Hurricane Center . `` Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Don '' ( PDF ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical system leaves little rain in dry Texas '' . USA Today . McAllen , Texas . Associated Press . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Jim ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Tropical Storm Lee 's winds stoke Texas wildfires '' . San Antonio , Texas . Reuters . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jervis , Rick ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Bastrop , Texas , still sees hope seven months after fire '' . USA Today . Bastrop , Texas . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . `` Hurricane Isaac ( 2012 ) Rainfall Totals '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( August 2012 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 54 ( 8 ) : 410 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; National Environmental Satellite , Data , and Information Service ; National Climatic Data Center ( September 2012 ) . `` Storm Data '' ( PDF ) . Storm Data . United States Department of Commerce . 54 ( 9 ) : 273 -- . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Brownsville , Texas ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` September 2013 's Soaking Dents the Drought ... For Most '' . Brownsville , Texas : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; National Hurricane Center ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tropical Storm Dolly Advisory Number Six '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Missing last2 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sheriff 's Deputy , Oil Field Worker Die in Odile Flooding '' . September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Stacy R. ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tropical Storm Bill Update '' . National Hurricane Center . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Corpus Christi , Texas ( June 20 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Day Rainfall Totals '' . NWS Corpus Christi , Texas Graphicasts . Corpus Christi , Texas : National Weather Service . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston , Texas ( June 20 , 2015 ) . `` HGX Radar Estimated Rainfall '' . NWS Houston , Texas Graphicasts . Houston , Texas : National Weather Service . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Rain Caused Flooding in Texas and Along the Gulf Coast '' . The Weather Channel . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Residents Told to Avoid Traveling ; Texas Roads , Interstates Closed '' . The Weather Channel . 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nola.com/hurricane/index.ssf/2017/06/man_found_dead_on_texas_beach.html Jump up ^ U.S. Billion - Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters ( Report ) . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` > `` The death toll from Harvey rises to at least 60 '' . Associated Press . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last hurricane in galveston texas	[ "\nJuly 23, 2008 – Hurricane Dolly makes landfall at South Padre Island with winds near 100 mph. A storm surge of 4 ft (1.2 m) is observed across much of the coast of southern Texas.[116] Dolly's remnants cause coastal and inland flooding and over 12 in (300 mm) of rain in some locations, peaking at 15 in (380 mm) in Harlingen.[117] On South Padre Island, moderate structural damage, mostly to roofs, is reported. Tree and utility pole damage is widespread across Cameron County. Widespread power outages are reported across southern Texas as a result of Dolly.[116]\nAugust 5, 2008 – Tropical Storm Edouard makes landfall near Port Arthur with winds near 65 mph. Edouard provides beneficial rain to a drought stricken central Texas.[118]\nSeptember 1, 2008 – Hurricane Gustav produces heavy rain to extreme East Texas as it makes landfall in Louisiana as a Category 2 hurricane.[119] The storm causes strong rip currents and minor overwash of the coast.[120]\nSeptember 13, 2008 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall at Galveston as a large Category 2 hurricane. Its large size contributes to a storm surge that is as high as 20 ft (6.1 m),[121] which inundates many of the barrier islands off the Texas coast. Many structures on the Bolivar Peninsula are destroyed.[122] Most notably, in Gilchrist all but one house is destroyed by the storm surge.[123] The storm also causes heavy rains where it makes landfall, peaking at 18.9 in (480 mm).[124] At one point, the storm knocks out power to as many as an estimated 2.6 million people.[1] Ike is one of the most destructive hurricanes ever to hit Texas and one of the deadliest, causing $19.3 billion in damages and killing 84 people.[1]\nOctober 13, 2008 – Hurricane Norbert causes moderate rainfall over West Texas after moving inland from the eastern Pacific.[125]\nNovember 10, 2009 – Hurricane Ida causes minimal effects on Texas, producing high tides that lead to road closures.[126]\n" ]	[ "September 13, 2008" ]
8090890008439164251	Trojan War	Trojan War - wikipedia Trojan War Jump to : navigation , search For the 1997 film , see Trojan War ( film ) . `` Fall of Troy '' redirects here . For the American band , see The Fall of Troy . Trojan War Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus ( Attic red - figure kylix , c. 500 BC ) The war Setting : Troy ( modern Hisarlik , Turkey ) Period : Bronze Age Traditional dating : c. 1194 -- 1184 BC Modern dating : c. 1260 -- 1180 BC Outcome : Greek victory , destruction of Troy See also : Historicity of the Iliad Literary sources Iliad Epic Cycle Aeneid , Book 2 Iphigenia in Aulis Philoctetes Ajax The Trojan Women Posthomerica See also : Trojan War in popular culture Episodes Judgement of Paris Seduction of Helen Trojan Horse Sack of Troy The Returns Wanderings of Odysseus Aeneas and the Founding of Rome Greeks and allies Agamemnon Achilles Helen Menelaus Nestor Odysseus Ajax Diomedes Patroclus Thersites Achaeans Myrmidons See also : Catalogue of Ships Trojans and allies Priam Hecuba Hector Paris Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Memnon Troilus Penthesilea and the Amazons Sarpedon See also : Trojan Battle Order Participant gods Caused the war : Eris Zeus On the Greek side : Athena Hera Hephaestus Hermes Poseidon Thetis On the Trojan side : Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Leto Scamander Related topics Homeric question Archaeology of Troy Mycenae Mycenaean warfare In Greek mythology , the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans ( Greeks ) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus , king of Sparta . The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature , most notably through Homer 's Iliad . The Iliad relates four days in the tenth year of the decade - long siege of Troy ; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus , one of the war 's heroes . Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems , which have survived through fragments . Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature , and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid . The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite , after Eris , the goddess of strife and discord , gave them a golden apple , sometimes known as the Apple of Discord , marked `` for the fairest '' . Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris , who judged that Aphrodite , as the `` fairest '' , should receive the apple . In exchange , Aphrodite made Helen , the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus , fall in love with Paris , who took her to Troy . Agamemnon , king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen 's husband Menelaus , led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris ' insult . After the deaths of many heroes , including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax , and the Trojans Hector and Paris , the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse . The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans ( except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves ) and desecrated the temples , thus earning the gods ' wrath . Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores . The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas , one of the Trojans , who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern - day Italy . The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles and that the Trojan War was a historical event of the 13th or 12th century BC , but by the mid-19th century , both the war and the city were widely seen as mythological . In 1868 , however , the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert , who convinced Schliemann that Troy was a real city at what is now Hissarlik in Turkey . On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others , this claim is now accepted by most scholars . Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War remains an open question . Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale , though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age . Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC , often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes , 1194 -- 1184 BC , which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Legend 2.1 Origins of the war 2.1. 1 Plan of Zeus 2.1. 2 Judgement of Paris 2.1. 3 Elopement of Paris and Helen 2.2 Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition 2.2. 1 Odysseus and Achilles 2.2. 2 First gathering at Aulis 2.2. 3 Telephus 2.3 Second gathering 2.4 Nine years of war 2.4. 1 Philoctetes 2.4. 2 Arrival 2.4. 3 Achilles ' campaigns 2.4. 4 Ajax and a game of petteia 2.4. 5 Death of Palamedes 2.4. 6 Mutiny 2.5 Iliad 2.6 After the Iliad 2.6. 1 Penthesilea and the death of Achilles 2.6. 2 Judgment of Arms 2.6. 3 Prophecies 2.6. 4 Trojan Horse 2.7 Sack of Troy 2.8 Returns 2.8. 1 House of Atreus 2.9 Odyssey 2.10 Telegony 2.11 Aeneid 3 Dates of the Trojan War 4 Historical basis 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Ancient authors 7.2 Modern authors 8 External links Sources The Burning of Troy ( 1759 / 62 ) , oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art . There is no single , authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war . Instead , the story is assembled from a variety of sources , some of which report contradictory versions of the events . The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer , the Iliad and the Odyssey , composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC . Each poem narrates only a part of the war . The Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy , while the Odyssey concerns Odysseus 's return to his home island of Ithaca , following the sack of Troy . Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle , also known as the Cyclic Epics : the Cypria , Aethiopis , Little Iliad , Iliou Persis , Nostoi , and Telegony . Though these poems survive only in fragments , their content is known from a summary included in Proclus ' Chrestomathy . The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain . It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC , after the composition of the Homeric poems , though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions . Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition . Even after the composition of the Iliad , Odyssey , and the Cyclic Epics , the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally , in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling . Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems . Visual art , such as vase - painting , was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated . In later ages playwrights , historians , and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War . The three great tragedians of Athens , Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides , wrote many dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War . Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil . In Book 2 of the Aeneid , Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy ; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic Iliou Persis . Legend The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus ' summary , along with the Iliad , Odyssey , and Aeneid , supplemented with details drawn from other authors . Origins of the War Plan of Zeus According to Greek mythology , Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus ; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Uranus . Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister Hera , and had many relationships from which many children were born . Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth , he envisioned Momus or Themis , who was to use the Trojan War as a means to depopulate the Earth , especially of his demigod descendants . These can be supported by Hesiod 's account : Now all the gods were divided through strife ; for at that very time Zeus who thunders on high was meditating marvelous deeds , even to mingle storm and tempest over the boundless earth , and already he was hastening to make an utter end of the race of mortal men , declaring that he would destroy the lives of the demi - gods , that the children of the gods should not mate with wretched mortals , seeing their fate with their own eyes ; but that the blessed gods henceforth even as aforetime should have their living and their habitations apart from men . But on those who were born of immortals and of mankind verily Zeus laid toil and sorrow upon sorrow . Judgement of Paris The Judgment of Paris ( 1904 ) by Enrique Simonet Main article : Judgement of Paris Zeus came to learn from either Themis or Prometheus , after Heracles had released him from Caucasus , that , like his father Cronus , one of his sons would overthrow him . Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea - nymph Thetis , with whom Zeus fell in love after gazing upon her in the oceans off the Greek coast , would become greater than his father . Possibly for one or both of these reasons , Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king , Peleus son of Aiakos , either upon Zeus ' orders , or because she wished to please Hera , who had raised her . All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis ' wedding and brought many gifts , except Eris ( the goddess of discord ) , who was stopped at the door by Hermes , on Zeus ' order . Insulted , she threw from the door a gift of her own : a golden apple ( το μήλον της έριδος ) on which was inscribed the word καλλίστῃ Kallistēi ( `` To the fairest '' ) . The apple was claimed by Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite . They quarreled bitterly over it , and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one , for fear of earning the enmity of the other two . Eventually , Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris , a prince of Troy , who , unaware of his ancestry , was being raised as a shepherd in Mount Ida , because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy . After bathing in the spring of Ida , the goddesses appeared to him naked , either for the sake of winning or at Paris ' request . Paris was unable to decide between them , so the goddesses resorted to bribes . Athena offered Paris wisdom , skill in battle , and the abilities of the greatest warriors ; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia ; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world , Helen of Sparta . Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite , and , after several adventures , returned to Troy , where he was recognized by his royal family . Thetis gives her son Achilles weapons forged by Hephaestus ( detail of Attic black - figure hydria , 575 -- 550 BC ) Peleus and Thetis bore a son , whom they named Achilles . It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life , or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry . Furthermore , when Achilles was nine years old , Calchas had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help . A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant . Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day , but Peleus discovered her actions and stopped her . According to some versions of this story , Thetis had already killed several sons in this manner , and Peleus ' action therefore saved his son 's life . Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the Styx , the river that runs to the underworld , making him invulnerable wherever he was touched by the water . Because she had held him by the heel , it was not immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury ( hence the expression `` Achilles heel '' for an isolated weakness ) . He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors . After Calchas ' prophesy , Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros at the court of King Lycomedes , where he was disguised as a girl . At a crucial point in the war , she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by Hephaestus ( see below ) . Elopement of Paris and Helen The Abduction of Helen ( 1530 -- 39 ) by Francesco Primaticcio , with Aphrodite directing The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen , one of the daughters of Tyndareus , King of Sparta . Her mother was Leda , who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan . Accounts differ over which of Leda 's four children , two pairs of twins , were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus . However , Helen is usually credited as Zeus ' daughter , and sometimes Nemesis is credited as her mother . Helen had scores of suitors , and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently . Finally , one of the suitors , Odysseus of Ithaca , proposed a plan to solve the dilemma . In exchange for Tyndareus ' support of his own suit towards Penelope , he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen 's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen , regardless of whom he chose . The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse , although not without a certain amount of grumbling . Tyndareus chose Menelaus . Menelaus was a political choice on her father 's part . He had wealth and power . He had humbly not petitioned for her himself , but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf . He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb , a sacrifice of 100 oxen , if he won Helen , but forgot about it and earned her wrath . Menelaus inherited Tyndareus ' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers , Castor and Pollux , became gods , and when Agamemnon married Helen 's sister Clytemnestra and took back the throne of Mycenae . Paris , under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission , went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy . Before Helen could look up to see him enter the palace , she was shot with an arrow from Eros , otherwise known as Cupid , and fell in love with Paris when she saw him , as promised by Aphrodite . Menelaus had left for Crete to bury his uncle , Crateus . Hera , still jealous over the judgement of Paris , sent a storm . The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt , where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds , Nephele . The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 6th century BC Sicilian poet Stesichorus . For Homer the true Helen was in Troy . The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy . Paris , fearful of getting caught , spent some time there and then sailed to Troy . Map of Homeric Greece Paris ' abduction of Helen had several precedents . Io was taken from Mycenae , Europa was taken from Phoenicia , Jason took Medea from Colchis , and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles , who gave her to Telamon of Salamis . According to Herodotus , Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece , and expected no retribution , since there had been none in the other cases . Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition According to Homer , Menelaus and his ally , Odysseus , traveled to Troy , where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means . Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to uphold his oath , which , as one of Helen 's suitors , was to defend her marriage regardless of which suitor had been chosen . Agamemnon agreed and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oaths and retrieve Helen . Odysseus and Achilles A scene from the Iliad where Odysseus ( Ulysses ) discovers Achilles dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros . A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda , Spain , 4th -- 5th centuries AD Since Menelaus 's wedding , Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son , Telemachus . In order to avoid the war , he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt . Palamedes outwitted him by placing his infant son in front of the plough 's path , and Odysseus turned aside , unwilling to kill his son , so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war . According to Homer , however , Odysseus supported the military adventure from the beginning , and traveled the region with Pylos ' king , Nestor , to recruit forces . At Skyros , Achilles had an affair with the king 's daughter Deidamia , resulting in a child , Neoptolemus . Odysseus , Telamonian Ajax , and Achilles ' tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles . Achilles ' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war , but , according to one story , they blew a horn , and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders , rather than fleeing . According to another story , they disguised themselves as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry , and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewelry . Pausanias said that , according to Homer , Achilles did not hide in Skyros , but rather conquered the island , as part of the Trojan War . The Discovery of Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes ( 1664 ) by Jan de Bray First gathering at Aulis The Achaean forces first gathered at Aulis . All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus . Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships , he sent only one real ship , led by the son of Mygdalion , and 49 ships made of clay . Idomeneus was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae 's war against Troy , but only as a co-commander , which he was granted . The last commander to arrive was Achilles , who was then 15 years old . Following a sacrifice to Apollo , a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow 's nest in a plane tree nearby . It ate the mother and her nine babies , then was turned to stone . Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war . Telephus When the Achaeans left for the war , they did not know the way , and accidentally landed in Mysia , ruled by King Telephus , son of Heracles , who had led a contingent of Arcadians to settle there . In the battle , Achilles wounded Telephus , who had killed Thersander . Because the wound would not heal , Telephus asked an oracle , `` What will happen to the wound ? '' . The oracle responded , `` he that wounded shall heal '' . The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm . Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidamia . A new gathering was set again in Aulis . Telephus went to Aulis , and either pretended to be a beggar , asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound , or kidnapped Orestes and held him for ransom , demanding the wound be healed . Achilles refused , claiming to have no medical knowledge . Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it . Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound , and Telephus was healed . Telephus then showed the Achaeans the route to Troy . Some scholars have regarded the expedition against Telephus and its resolution as a derivative reworking of elements from the main story of the Trojan War , but it has also been seen as fitting the story - pattern of the `` preliminary adventure '' that anticipates events and themes from the main narrative , and therefore as likely to be `` early and integral '' . Second gathering Map of the Troad ( Troas ) Eight years after the storm had scattered them , the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again . But when they had all reached Aulis , the winds ceased . The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove , and boasting that he was a better hunter than she . The only way to appease Artemis , he said , was to sacrifice Iphigenia , who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus . Agamemnon refused , and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition . According to some versions , Agamemnon relented , but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place , or that at the last moment , Artemis took pity on the girl , and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples , substituting a lamb . Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate . The Achaean forces are described in detail in the Catalogue of Ships , in the second book of the Iliad . They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece , the Peloponnese , the Dodecanese islands , Crete , and Ithaca , comprising 1186 pentekonters , ships with 50 rowers . Thucydides says that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships , and that the Boeotian ships had 120 men , while Philoctetes ' ships only had the fifty rowers , these probably being maximum and minimum . These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men . Another catalogue of ships is given by the Bibliotheca that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers . Some scholars have claimed that Homer 's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document , possibly the Achaean commander 's order of operations . Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer . The second book of the Iliad also lists the Trojan allies , consisting of the Trojans themselves , led by Hector , and various allies listed as Dardanians led by Aeneas , Zeleians , Adrasteians , Percotians , Pelasgians , Thracians , Ciconian spearmen , Paionian archers , Halizones , Mysians , Phrygians , Maeonians , Miletians , Lycians led by Sarpedon and Carians . Nothing is said of the Trojan language ; the Carians are specifically said to be barbarian - speaking , and the allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages , requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders . It should be noted , however , that the Trojans and Achaeans in the Iliad share the same religion , same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language , though this could be dramatic effect . Philoctetes on Lemnos , with Heracles ' bow and quiver ( Attic red - figure lekythos , 420 BC ) Nine years of War Philoctetes Philoctetes was Heracles ' friend , and because he lit Heracles 's funeral pyre when no one else would , he received Heracles ' bow and arrows . He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War , where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans . They stopped either at Chryse Island for supplies , or in Tenedos , along with the rest of the fleet . Philoctetes was then bitten by a snake . The wound festered and had a foul smell ; on Odysseus 's advice , the Atreidae ordered Philoctetes to stay on Lemnos . Medon took control of Philoctetes 's men . While landing on Tenedos , Achilles killed king Tenes , son of Apollo , despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo . From Tenedos , Agamemnon sent an embassy to Priam , composed of Menelaus , Odysseus , and Palamedes , asking for Helen 's return . The embassy was refused . Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years , which was a deserted island according to Sophocles ' tragedy Philoctetes , but according to earlier tradition was populated by Minyans . Arrival Calchas had prophesied that the first Achaean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die . Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land . Finally , Protesilaus , leader of the Phylaceans , landed first . Odysseus had tricked him , in throwing his own shield down to land on , so that while he was first to leap off his ship , he was not the first to land on Trojan soil . Hector killed Protesilaus in single combat , though the Trojans conceded the beach . In the second wave of attacks , Achilles killed Cycnus , son of Poseidon . The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city . The walls served as sturdy fortifications for defense against the Greeks ; the build of the walls was seen as so impressive , archaeologists say that Poseidon and Apollo made them . Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by Hector in most versions of the story , though others list Aeneas , Achates , or Ephorbus as his slayer . The Achaeans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula , across the Troad . After Protesilaus ' death , his brother , Podarces , took command of his troops . Briseis and Achilles in a 17th - century book illustration by Wenzel Hollar Achilles ' campaigns Achilles ' surrender of Briseis to Agamemnon , from the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii , fresco , 1st century AD , now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years . This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources , which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war . After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year . Thucydides deduces that this was due to lack of money . They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula . Troy was never completely besieged , thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor . Reinforcements continued to come until the very end . The Achaeans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles , and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at Abydos and Sestus and communicated with allies in Europe . Achilles and Ajax were the most active of the Achaeans , leading separate armies to raid lands of Trojan allies . According to Homer , Achilles conquered 11 cities and 12 islands . According to Apollodorus , he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troad region and stole his cattle . He also captured Lyrnassus , Pedasus , and many of the neighbouring cities , and killed Troilus , son of Priam , who was still a youth ; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age , Troy would not fall . According to Apollodorus , He also took Lesbos and Phocaea , then Colophon , and Smyrna , and Clazomenae , and Cyme ; and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos , the so - called Hundred Cities ; then , in order , Adramytium and Side ; then Endium , and Linaeum , and Colone . He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus , and further Antandrus , and many other cities . Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south . Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus , Monenia , Mythemna ( in Lesbos ) , and Peisidice . Among the loot from these cities was Briseis , from Lyrnessus , who was awarded to him , and Chryseis , from Hypoplacian Thebes , who was awarded to Agamemnon . Achilles captured Lycaon , son of Priam , while he was cutting branches in his father 's orchards . Patroclus sold him as a slave in Lemnos , where he was bought by Eetion of Imbros and brought back to Troy . Only 12 days later Achilles slew him , after the death of Patroclus . Ajax and Achilles playing a board game ( Black - figure Attic lekythos , c. 500 BC ) Ajax and a game of petteia Ajax son of Telamon laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which Polymestor , a son - in - law of Priam , was king . Polymestor surrendered Polydorus , one of Priam 's children , of whom he had custody . He then attacked the town of the Phrygian king Teleutas , killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter Tecmessa . Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks , both on Mount Ida and in the countryside . Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions . At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game ( petteia ) . They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle . The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes , who were only saved by an intervention of Athena . Death of Palamedes Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain , but came back empty - handed . When scorned by Palamedes , Odysseus challenged him to do better . Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain . Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son . In revenge , Odysseus conceived a plot where an incriminating letter was forged , from Priam to Palamedes , and gold was planted in Palamedes ' quarters . The letter and gold were `` discovered '' , and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to death for treason . However , Pausanias , quoting the Cypria , says that Odysseus and Diomedes drowned Palamedes , while he was fishing , and Dictys says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well , which they said contained gold , then stoned him to death . Palamedes ' father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice , but was refused . In revenge , Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them . Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands , most significantly Agamemnon 's wife , Clytemnestra , who was seduced by Aegisthus , son of Thyestes . Mutiny Near the end of the ninth year since the landing , the Achaean army , tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies , mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes . According to the Cypria , Achilles forced the army to stay . According to Apollodorus , Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers , daughters of Anius , son of Apollo , who had the gift of producing by touch wine , wheat , and oil from the earth , in order to relieve the supply problem of the army . Iliad Chryses pleading with Agamemnon for his daughter ( 360 -- 350 BC ) Main article : Iliad Chryses , a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis , came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter . Agamemnon refused , and insulted Chryses , who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill - treatment . Enraged , Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague . Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague , and took Achilles ' concubine Briseis as his own . Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him , Achilles decided he would no longer fight . He asked his mother , Thetis , to intercede with Zeus , who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles , the best warrior of the Achaeans . After the withdrawal of Achilles , the Achaeans were initially successful . Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing . Menelaus and Paris fought a duel , which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field . With the truce broken , the armies began fighting again . Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans , killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas , who was only saved by his mother , Aphrodite . With the assistance of Athena , Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares . During the next days , however , the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon . The next day , though , with Zeus ' help , the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships . An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected , but after Hector burned Protesilaus ' ship , he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles ' armour and lead his army . Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy , and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo . Patroclus was then killed by Hector , who took Achilles ' armour from the body of Patroclus . Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector 's body around Troy , from a panoramic fresco of the Achilleion Achilles , maddened with grief , swore to kill Hector in revenge . He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back , untouched by Agamemnon . He received a new set of arms , forged by the god Hephaestus , and returned to the battlefield . He slaughtered many Trojans , and nearly killed Aeneas , who was saved by Poseidon . Achilles fought with the river god Scamander , and a battle of the gods followed . The Trojan army returned to the city , except for Hector , who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena . Achilles killed Hector , and afterwards he dragged Hector 's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial . The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus . Afterwards , Priam came to Achilles ' tent , guided by Hermes , and asked Achilles to return Hector 's body . The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead . The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector . After the Iliad Penthesilea and the death of Achilles Achilles killing the Amazon Penthesilea Shortly after the burial of Hector , Penthesilea , queen of the Amazons , arrived with her warriors . Penthesilea , daughter of Otrere and Ares , had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte . She was purified from this action by Priam , and in exchange she fought for him and killed many , including Machaon ( according to Pausanias , Machaon was killed by Eurypylus ) , and according to another version , Achilles himself , who was resurrected at the request of Thetis . Penthesilia was then killed by Achilles who fell in love with her beauty after her death . Thersites , a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean , taunted Achilles over his love and gouged out Penthesilea 's eyes . Achilles slew Thersites , and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos , where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo , Artemis , and Leto . While they were away , Memnon of Ethiopia , son of Tithonus and Eos , came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam . He did not come directly from Ethiopia , but either from Susa in Persia , conquering all the peoples in between , or from the Caucasus , leading an army of Ethiopians and Indians . Like Achilles , he wore armour made by Hephaestus . In the ensuing battle , Memnon killed Antilochus , who took one of Memnon 's blows to save his father Nestor . Achilles and Memnon then fought . Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes ; the weight containing that of Memnon sank , and he was slain by Achilles . Achilles chased the Trojans to their city , which he entered . The gods , seeing that he had killed too many of their children , decided that it was his time to die . He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo . In another version he was killed by a knife to the back ( or heel ) by Paris , while marrying Polyxena , daughter of Priam , in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo , the site where he had earlier killed Troilus . Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour , saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield . His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus , and funeral games were held . Like Ajax , he is represented as living after his death in the island of Leuke , at the mouth of the Danube River , where he is married to Helen . Judgment of arms The suicide of Ajax ( from a calyx - krater , 400 -- 350 BC , Vulci ) A great battle raged around the dead Achilles . Ajax held back the Trojans , while Odysseus carried the body away . When Achilles ' armour was offered to the smartest warrior , the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors . Agamemnon , unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors , referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners , inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans . Alternatively , the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges in that , following Nestor 's advice , spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said . A girl said that Ajax was braver : For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero , Peleus ' son : this great Odysseus cared not to do . To this another replied by Athena 's contrivance : Why , what is this you say ? A thing against reason and untrue ! Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her shoulder ; but she could not fight . For she would fail with fear if she should fight . ( Scholiast on Aristophanes , Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib ) According to Pindar , the decision was made by secret ballot among the Achaeans . In all story versions , the arms were awarded to Odysseus . Driven mad with grief , Ajax desired to kill his comrades , but Athena caused him to mistake the cattle and their herdsmen for the Achaean warriors . In his frenzy he scourged two rams , believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus . In the morning , he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector , so that it pierced his armpit , his only vulnerable part . According to an older tradition , he was killed by the Trojans who , seeing he was invulnerable , attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move , thus dying of starvation . Prophecies A mosaic depicting Odysseus , from the villa of La Olmeda , Pedrosa de la Vega , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD After the tenth year , it was prophesied that Troy could not fall without Heracles ' bow , which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos . Odysseus and Diomedes retrieved Philoctetes , whose wound had healed . Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris . According to Apollodorus , Paris ' brothers Helenus and Deiphobus vied over the hand of Helen . Deiphobus prevailed , and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mt . Ida . Calchas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy , so Odysseus waylaid Helenus . Under coercion , Helenus told the Achaeans that they would win if they retrieved Pelops ' bones , persuaded Achilles ' son Neoptolemus to fight for them , and stole the Trojan Palladium . The Greeks retrieved Pelop 's bones , and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus , who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes 's court in Scyros . Odysseus gave him his father 's arms . Eurypylus , son of Telephus , leading , according to Homer , a large force of Kêteioi , or Hittites or Mysians according to Apollodorus , arrived to aid the Trojans . He killed Machaon and Peneleos , but was slain by Neoptolemus . Disguised as a beggar , Odysseus went to spy inside Troy , but was recognized by Helen . Homesick , Helen plotted with Odysseus . Later , with Helen 's help , Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium . The earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse , from the Mykonos vase c. 670 BC Trojan horse Main article : Trojan Horse The end of the war came with one final plan . Odysseus devised a new ruse -- a giant hollow wooden horse , an animal that was sacred to the Trojans . It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena , from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo , with the inscription : The Greeks dedicate this thank - offering to Athena for their return home . The hollow horse was filled with soldiers led by Odysseus . The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for Tenedos . When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone , believing the war was over , they `` joyfully dragged the horse inside the city '' , while they debated what to do with it . Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks , others thought they should burn it , while others said they ought to dedicate it to Athena . Both Cassandra and Laocoön warned against keeping the horse . While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo , she was also cursed by Apollo never to be believed . Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons , Laocoön and both his sons , or only his sons , a portent which so alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida . The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration . Sinon , an Achaean spy , signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when `` it was midnight and the clear moon was rising '' and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards . Sack of Troy Neoptolemus , son of Achilles , kills King Priam ( detail of Attic black - figure amphora , 520 -- 510 BC ) The Achaeans entered the city and killed the sleeping population . A great massacre followed which continued into the day . Blood ran in torrents , drenched was all the earth , As Trojans and their alien helpers died . Here were men lying quelled by bitter death All up and down the city in their blood . The Trojans , fuelled with desperation , fought back fiercely , despite being disorganized and leaderless . With the fighting at its height , some donned fallen enemies ' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting . Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else heavy down on the rampaging attackers . The outlook was grim though , and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city . Neoptolemus killed Priam , who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard . Menelaus killed Deiphobus , Helen 's husband after Paris ' death , and also intended to kill Helen , but , overcome by her beauty , threw down his sword and took her to the ships . Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra on Athena 's altar while she was clinging to her statue . Because of Ajax 's impiety , the Acheaens , urged by Odysseus , wanted to stone him to death , but he fled to Athena 's altar , and was spared . Antenor , who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen , and who had advocated so , was spared , along with his family . Aeneas took his father on his back and fled , and , according to Apollodorus , was allowed to go because of his piety . The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils . Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon . Neoptolemus got Andromache , wife of Hector , and Odysseus was given Hecuba , Priam 's wife . The Achaeans threw Hector 's infant son Astyanax down from the walls of Troy , either out of cruelty and hate or to end the royal line , and the possibility of a son 's revenge . They ( by usual tradition Neoptolemus ) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles as demanded by his ghost , either as part of his spoil or because she had betrayed him . Aethra , Theseus ' mother , and one of Helen 's handmaids , was rescued by her grandsons , Demophon and Acamas . Returns Main article : Returns from Troy The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Achaeans , and decided that most would not return home . A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island . Additionally , Nauplius , in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes , set up false lights in Cape Caphereus ( also known today as Cavo D'Oro , in Euboea ) and many were shipwrecked . Agamemnon had made it back to Argos safely with Cassandra in his possession after some stormy weather . He and Cassandra were slain by Aegisthus ( in the oldest versions of the story ) or by Clytemnestra or by both of them . Electra and Orestes later avenged their father , but Orestes was the one who was chased by the Furies . Nestor , who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting , was the only hero who had a fast and safe return . Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely , but later left and colonised Metapontium in Southern Italy . Poseidon smites Ajax the Lesser , by Bonaventura Genelli ( 1798 -- 1868 ) Ajax the Lesser , who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods , never returned . His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena , who borrowed one of Zeus ' thunderbolts and tore it to pieces . The crew managed to land in a rock , but Poseidon struck it , and Ajax fell in the sea and drowned . He was buried by Thetis in Myconos or Delos . Teucer , son of Telamon and half - brother of Ajax , stood trial by his father for his half - brother 's death . He was disowned by his father and was n't allowed back on Salamis Island . He was at sea near Phreattys in Peiraeus . He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms . He left with his army ( who took their wives ) and founded Salamis in Cyprus . The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus ' sons ( and not to Megara ) . Neoptolemus , following the advice of Helenus , who accompanied him when he traveled over land , was always accompanied by Andromache . He met Odysseus and they buried Achilles ' teacher Phoenix on the land of the Ciconians . They then conquered the land of the Molossians ( Epirus ) and Neoptolemus had a child by Andromache , Molossus , to whom he later gave the throne . Thus the kings of Epirus claimed their lineage from Achilles , and so did Alexander the Great , whose mother was of that royal house . Alexander the Great and the kings of Macedon also claimed to be descended from Heracles . Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it , and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife . After Peleus died he succeeded Phtia 's throne . He had a feud with Orestes ( son of Agamemnon ) over Menelaus ' daughter Hermione , and was killed in Delphi , where he was buried . In Roman myths , the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus , who married Andromache . They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees , including Aeneas , who paid a visit there during his wanderings . Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia , where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king Lycus , but Callirrhoe , the king 's daughter , took pity upon him , and assisted him in escaping . He then accidentally landed in Attica , in Phaleron . The Athenians , unaware that they were allies , attacked them . Many were killed , and Demophon took the Palladium . He finally landed in Argos , where he found his wife Aegialeia committing adultery . In disgust , he left for Aetolia . According to later traditions , he had some adventures and founded Canusium and Argyrippa in Southern Italy . Philoctetes , due to a sedition , was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy , where he founded the cities of Petilia , Old Crimissa , and Chone , between Croton and Thurii . After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer , to whom also he dedicated his bow . According to Homer , Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound . Another tradition later formed . After the war , Idomeneus 's ship hit a horrible storm . Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew . The first living thing he saw was his son , whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed . The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete . His people sent him into exile to Calabria in Italy , and then to Colophon , in Asia Minor , where he died . Among the lesser Achaeans very few reached their homes . House of atreus The murder of Agamemnon ( 1879 illustration from Alfred Church 's Stories from the Greek Tragedians ) According to the Odyssey , Menelaus 's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt , where they were unable to sail away due to calm winds . Only five of his ships survived . Menelaus had to catch Proteus , a shape - shifting sea god , to find out what sacrifices to which gods he would have to make to guarantee safe passage . According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake , and the real Helen was in Egypt , where she was reunited with Menelaus . Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for Elysium ( Heaven ) after his death . Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy . Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos . His wife Clytemnestra ( Helen 's sister ) was having an affair with Aegisthus , son of Thyestes , Agamemnon 's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it . Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia , Clytemnestra plotted with her lover to kill Agamemnon . Cassandra foresaw this murder , and warned Agamemnon , but he disregarded her . He was killed , either at a feast or in his bath , according to different versions . Cassandra was also killed . Agamemnon 's son Orestes , who had been away , returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father . He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father 's throne . Odyssey Main article : Odyssey Odysseus ' ten - year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer 's Odyssey . Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans ; there Odysseus had many adventures , including the famous encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus , and an audience with the seer Teiresias in Hades . On the island of Thrinacia , Odysseus ' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun - god Helios . For this sacrilege Odysseus ' ships were destroyed , and all his men perished . Odysseus had not eaten the cattle , and was allowed to live ; he washed ashore on the island of Ogygia , and lived there with the nymph Calypso . After seven years , the gods decided to send Odysseus home ; on a small raft , he sailed to Scheria , the home of the Phaeacians , who gave him passage to Ithaca . Odysseus and Polyphemus by Arnold Böcklin : the Cyclops ' curse delays the homecoming of Odysseus for another ten years Once in his home land , Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar . He was recognised by his dog , Argos , who died in his lap . He then discovered that his wife , Penelope , had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent , despite the countless suitors that were eating his food and spending his property . With the help of his son Telemachus , Athena , and Eumaeus , the swineherd , he killed all of them except Medon , who had been polite to Penelope , and Phemius , a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope . Penelope tested Odysseus and made sure it was him , and he forgave her . The next day the suitors ' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena . Telegony Main article : Telegony The Telegony picks up where the Odyssey leaves off , beginning with the burial of the dead suitors , and continues until the death of Odysseus . Some years after Odysseus ' return , Telegonus , the son of Odysseus and Circe , came to Ithaca and plundered the island . Odysseus , attempting to fight off the attack , was killed by his unrecognized son . After Telegonus realized he had killed his father , he brought the body to his mother Circe , along with Telemachus and Penelope . Circe made them immortal ; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe . Aeneid Aeneas Flees Burning Troy ( 1598 ) by Federico Barocci Main article : Aeneid The journey of the Trojan survivor Aeneas and his resettling of Trojan refugees in Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem The Aeneid by Virgil . Writing during the time of Augustus , Virgil has his hero give a first - person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the Aeneid ' s twelve books ; the Trojan Horse , which does not appear in `` The Iliad '' , became legendary from Virgil 's account . Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city , among them his son Ascanius ( also known as Iulus ) , his trumpeter Misenus , father Anchises , the healer Iapyx , his faithful sidekick Achates , and Mimas as a guide . His wife Creusa is killed during the sack of the city . Aeneas also carries the Lares and Penates of Troy , which the historical Romans claimed to preserve as guarantees of Rome 's own security . The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships , seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere . They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable , and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears . They first try to establish themselves in Crete , where Dardanus had once settled , but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away . They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache , but decline to remain . After seven years they arrive in Carthage , where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido . ( Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC , the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition . ) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward , and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy . Dido commits suicide , and Aeneas 's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony . At Cumae , the Sibyl leads Aeneas on an archetypal descent to the underworld , where the shade of his dead father serves as a guide ; this book of the Aeneid directly influenced Dante , who has Virgil act as his narrator 's guide . Aeneas is given a vision of the future majesty of Rome , which it was his duty to found , and returns to the world of the living . He negotiates a settlement with the local king , Latinus , and was wed to his daughter , Lavinia . This triggered a war with other local tribes , which culminated in the founding of the settlement of Alba Longa , ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia 's son Silvius . Roman myth attempted to reconcile two different founding myths : three hundred years later , in the more famous tradition , Romulus founded Rome after murdering his brother Remus . The Trojan origins of Rome became particularly important in the propaganda of Julius Caesar , whose family claimed descent from Venus through Aeneas 's son Iulus ( hence the Latin gens name Iulius ) , and during the reign of Augustus ; see for instance the Tabulae Iliacae and the `` Troy Game '' presented frequently by the Julio - Claudian dynasty . Dates of the Trojan War Hypnos and Thanatos carrying the body of Sarpedon from the battlefield of Troy ; detail from an Attic white - ground lekythos , c. 440 BC . Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age , several dates are given for the fall of Troy . They usually derive from genealogies of kings . Ephorus gives 1135 BC , Sosibius 1172 BC , Eratosthenes 1184 BC / 1183 BC , Timaeus 1193 BC , the Parian marble 1209 BC / 1208 BC , Dicaearchus 1212 BC , Herodotus around 1250 BC , Eretes 1291 BC , while Douris 1334 BC . As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23 / 24 Thargelion ( May 6 or 7 ) , Hellanicus 12 Thargelion ( May 26 ) while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion ( July 7 ) or the 23rd of Ponamos ( October 7 ) . The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors , destroyed in 1275 BC , probably by an earthquake . Its follower Troy VIIa , destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC , was long considered a poorer city , but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate . Map showing the Hittite Empire , Ahhiyawa ( possibly the Achaeans ) and Wilusa ( Troy ) Historical basis See also : Historicity of the Iliad The historicity of the Trojan War is still subject to debate . Most classical Greeks thought that the war was a historical event , but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry . For instance , the historian Thucydides , who is known for being critical , considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy . Euripides started changing Greek myths at will , including those of the Trojan War . Near year 100 , Dio Chrysostom argued that while the war was historical , it ended with the Trojans winning , and the Greeks attempted to hide that fact . Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War had never happened and Troy never existed . Then Heinrich Schliemann popularized his excavations at Hisarlik , which he and others believed to be Troy , and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece . Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Troy , but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war . In November 2001 , geologist John C. Kraft and classicist John V. Luce presented the results of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977 . The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources , notably Strabo 's Geographia . Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann ( and other locations such as the Greek camp ) , the geological evidence , and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad . In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War . While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time , their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited . Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form and is therefore grounded in history , its true nature is and will be unknown . The Tawagalawa letter mentions a kingdom of Ahhiyawa ( Achaea , or Greece ) that lies beyond the sea ( that would be the Aegean ) and controls Milliwanda , which is identified with Miletus . Also mentioned in this and other letters is the Assuwa confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of Wilusa ( Ilios or Ilium ) . The Milawata letter implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation , beyond the Seha river . While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium ( that is , Troy ) is always controversial , in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance . In the Alaksandu treaty ( c. 1280 BC ) the king of the city is named Alaksandu , and Paris 's name in the Iliad ( among other works ) is Alexander . The Tawagalawa letter ( dated c. 1250 BC ) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says : `` Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war ... '' Formerly under the Hittites , the Assuwa confederation defected after the battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites ( c. 1274 BC ) . In 1230 BC Hittite king Tudhaliya IV ( c. 1240 -- 1210 BC ) campaigned against this federation . Under Arnuwanda III ( c. 1210 -- 1205 BC ) the Hittites were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean . It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation . This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia ( and Telephus ' wounding ) , Achilles 's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax 's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia . Most of these regions were part of Assuwa . That most Achaean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence . Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achaean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenaean era preferred to claim descent from exiles of the Trojan War . In popular culture Main article : Trojan War in popular culture The inspiration provided by these events produced many literary works , far more than can be listed here . The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art , most famously Homer 's Iliad , set in the last year of the siege . Some of the others include Troades by Euripides , Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer , Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare , Iphigenia and Polyxena by Samuel Coster , Palamedes by Joost van den Vondel and Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz . Films based on the Trojan War include Troy ( 2004 ) . The war has also been featured in many books , television series , and other creative works . References Jump up ^ Bryce , Trevor ( 2005 ) . The Trojans and their neighbours . Taylor & Francis . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 34959 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rutter , Jeremy B. `` Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ In the second edition of his In Search of the Trojan War , Michael Wood notes developments that were made in the intervening ten years since his first edition was published . Scholarly skepticism about Schliemann 's identification has been dispelled by the more recent archaeological discoveries , linguistic research , and translations of clay - tablet records of contemporaneous diplomacy . Wood , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` Preface '' . In Search of the Trojan War ( 2 ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 . Now , more than ever , in the 125 years since Schliemann put his spade into Hisarlik , there appears to be a historical basis to the tale of Troy Jump up ^ Wood ( 1985 : 116 -- 118 ) Jump up ^ Wood ( 1985 : 19 ) Jump up ^ It is unknown whether this Proclus is the Neoplatonic philosopher , in which case the summary dates to the 5th century AD , or whether he is the lesser - known grammarian of the 2nd century AD . See Burgess , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Burgess , pp. 10 -- 12 ; cf . W. Kullmann ( 1960 ) , Die Quellen der Ilias . Jump up ^ Burgess , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Scholium on Homer A. 5 . Jump up ^ Plato , Republic 2,379 e . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.1 , Hesiod Fragment 204 , 95ff . Jump up ^ Berlin Papyri , No. 9739 ; Hesiod . Catalogue of Women Fragment 68 . Translated by Evelyn - White , H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57 . London : William Heinemann , 1914 Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.757 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound 767 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Iliad ; Hyginus , Fabulae 54 ; Ovid , Metamorphoses 11.217 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.168 . Jump up ^ Pindar , Nemean 5 ep2 ; Pindar , Isthmian 8 str3 -- str5 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Catalogue of Women fr. 57 ; Cypria fr. 4 . Jump up ^ Photius , Myrobiblion 190 . Jump up ^ P. Oxy. 56 , 3829 ( L. Koppel , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 92 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus Epitome E. 3.2 Jump up ^ Pausanias , 15.9. 5 . Jump up ^ Euripides Andromache 298 ; Div . i . 21 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 5 . Jump up ^ Homer Iliad I. 410 ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 8 . Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.869 -- 879 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 6 . Jump up ^ Frazer on Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 6 . Jump up ^ Alluded to in Statius , Achilleid 1.269 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 96 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus 3.10. 7 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.33. 1 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 5 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 77 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 9 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.20. 9 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History 4 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) . Jump up ^ Pindar , Pythian 11 ep4 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.11. 15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 2.15 . ^ Jump up to : Proclus Chrestomathy 1 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.3 . Jump up ^ Euripides , Helen 40 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.4 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories 1.2 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 7 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , 1.3. 1 . Jump up ^ Il. 3.205 - 6 ; 11.139 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.6 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.7 . Jump up ^ Il. 11.767 -- 770 , ( lines rejected by Aristophanes and Aristarchus ) Jump up ^ Statius , Achilleid 1.25 Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Iliad 19.326 ; Ovid , Metamorphoses 13.162 ff . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.22. 6 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 11.19 ff. ; Apollodurus , Epitome 3.9 . Jump up ^ Philostratus , Heroicus 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.15 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.4. 6 . Jump up ^ Pindar , Isthmian 8 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 9.5. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 3.20 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus fragment 405 -- 410 Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 24.42 , 34.152 . Jump up ^ Davies , esp . pp. 8 , 10 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.19 . Jump up ^ Philodemus , On Piety . Jump up ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses 27 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History 5 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.43. 1 . Jump up ^ History of the Pelloponesian War 1 , 10 . Jump up ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek Nation ) vol . A , Ekdotiki Athinon , Athens 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Pantelis Karykas , Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ( Mycenian Warriors ) , Athens 1999 . Jump up ^ Vice Admiral P.E. Konstas R.H.N. , Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών ( The naval hegemony of Mycenae ) , Athens 1966 Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Β. 803 -- 806 . Jump up ^ Diodorus iv , 38 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 8.33. 4 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.27 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.26 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.28 . Jump up ^ Herodotus 4.145. 3 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.29 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 4.2. 7 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.31 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Troy '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.30 . Jump up ^ Eustathius on Homer , Iliad ii. 701 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Lycophron 532 . Jump up ^ Thucydides 1.11 . Jump up ^ Papademetriou Konstantinos , `` Τα όπλα του Τρωϊκού Πολέμου '' ( `` The weapons of the Trojan War '' ) , Panzer Magazine issue 14 , June -- July 2004 , Athens . Jump up ^ Iliad I. 328 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.32 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.33 ; translation , Sir James George Frazer . Jump up ^ Volume 5 p. 80 Jump up ^ Demetrius ( 2nd century BC ) Scholium on Iliad Z , 35 Jump up ^ Parthenius Ερωτικά Παθήματα 21 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 5 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Φ 35 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Dictis Cretensis ii. 18 ; Sophocles , Ajax 210 . Jump up ^ `` Petteia '' . Jump up ^ `` Greek Board Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Latrunculi '' . Jump up ^ Kakrides vol. 5 p. 92 . Jump up ^ Servius , Scholium on Virgil 's Aeneid 2.81 Jump up ^ According to other accounts Odysseus , with the other Greek captains , including Agamemnon , conspired together against Palamedes , as all were envious of his accomplishments . See Simpson , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , p. 251 . Jump up ^ According to Apollodorus Epitome 3.8 , Odysseus forced a Phrygian prisoner , to write the letter . Jump up ^ Pausanias 10.31. 2 ; Simpson , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.9 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.10 Jump up ^ The exact nature of Achilles ' relationship to Patroclus is the subject of some debate . See Achilles and Patroclus for details . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer , Iliad . xxiv. 804 . Jump up ^ Quintus of Smyrna , Posthomerica i. 18 ff . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.1 . ^ Jump up to : Pausanias 3.26. 9 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History Bk6 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 2 , Aethiopis . Jump up ^ Tzetzes , Scholiast on Lycophron 999 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.3 . Jump up ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 18 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 10.31. 7 . Jump up ^ Dictys Cretensis iv. 4 . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 8.372 . Jump up ^ Pindarus Pythian vi. 30 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus ii. 224 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Library of History 4.75. 4 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.13. 9 . Jump up ^ Euripedes , Hecuba 40 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica iv. 88 -- 595 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.5 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.19. 13 . Jump up ^ Argument of Sophocles ' Ajax Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Odyssey λ. 547 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey λ 542 . ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad . Jump up ^ Pindar , Nemean Odes 8.46 ( 25 ) . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.6 . Jump up ^ Zenobius , Cent . i. 43 . Jump up ^ Sophocles , Ajax 42 , 277 , 852 . Jump up ^ Either by Calchas , ( Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 ) , or by Paris ' brother Helenus ( Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad ; Sophocles , Philoctetes 604 -- 613 ; Tzetzes , Posthomerica 571 -- 595 ) . Jump up ^ This is according to Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 , Hyginus , Fabulae 103 , Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 , and Euripides , Philoctetes -- but Sophocles , Philoctetes says Odysseus and Neoptolemus , while Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad says Diomedes alone . Jump up ^ Philoctetes was cured by a son of Asclepius , either Machaon , ( Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad ; Tzetzes , Posthomerica 571 -- 595 ) or his brother Podalirius ( Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 ) . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.9 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.10 ; Pausanias 5.13. 4 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 5.13. 4 -- 6 , says that Pelop 's shoulder - blade was brought to Troy from Pisa , and on its return home was lost at sea , later to be found by a fisherman , and identified as Pelop 's by the Oracle at Delphi . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.11 . Jump up ^ Odyssey λ. 520 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.12 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.5. 15 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.242 ff . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.13 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.492 -- 495 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.14 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.13. 5 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.15 , Simpson , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.14 , says the hollow horse held 50 , but attributes to the author of the Little Iliad a figure of 3,000 , a number that Simpson , p. 265 , calls `` absurd '' , saying that the surviving fragments only say that the Greeks put their `` best men '' inside the horse . Tzetzes , Posthomerica 641 -- 650 , gives a figure of 23 , while Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xii. 314 -- 335 , gives the names of thirty , and says that there were more . In late tradition it seems it was standardized at 40 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.500 -- 504 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.16 , as translated by Simpson , p. 246 . Proculus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad , says that the Trojans pulled down a part of their walls to admit the horse . ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 4 , Iliou Persis . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.505 ff. ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.16 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.17 says that Cassandra warned of an armed force inside the horse , and that Laocoön agreed . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 2.199 -- 227 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 135 ; Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xii. 444 -- 497 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.18 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Lycophroon , 344 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 100 -- 104 , Translation by A.S. Way , 1913 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus . Epitome 5.21 . Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Lysistrata 155 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 423 -- 457 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 ; Pausanias 10.31. 2 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 462 -- 473 ; Virgil , Aeneid 403 -- 406 . The rape of Cassandra was a popular theme of ancient Greek paintings , see Pausanias , 1.15. 2 , 5.11. 6 , 5.19. 5 , 10.26. 3 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.203 -- 207 , 7.347 -- 353 ; Apollodorus , Epitome , 5.21 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 322 -- 331 , Livy , 1.1 ; Pausanias , 10.26. 8 , 27.3 ff. ; Strabo , 13.1. 53 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus . Epitome 5.23 . Jump up ^ Proclus , Chrestomathy 4 , Ilio Persis , says Odysseus killed Astyanax , while Pausanias , 10.25. 9 , says Neoptolemus . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.23 . Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 279 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Euripides , Trojan Women 709 -- 739 , 1133 -- 1135 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 109 . Jump up ^ Euripides , Hecuba 107 -- 125 , 218 -- 224 , 391 -- 393 , 521 -- 582 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiv. 193 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.144 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 ; Pausanias , 10.25. 8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 547 -- 595 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.11 . ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.24 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.1. 15 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.6 . Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer , Iliad 13.66 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.28. 11 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 8.15. 7 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.12 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.13 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.14 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , 23 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.28. 9 . Jump up ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 609 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.3. 9 . Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.15 b ; Strabo , 6.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 3.191 . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 3.400 Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Odyssey 13.259 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.360 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.382 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.29 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.16. 6 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.23 . Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 1.30 , 298 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.16. 7 . Jump up ^ Sophocles , Electra 1405 . Jump up ^ Proclus Chrestomathy 2 , Telegony Jump up ^ FGrHist 70 F 223 Jump up ^ FGrHist 595 F 1 Jump up ^ Chronographiai FGrHist 241 F 1d Jump up ^ FGrHist 566 F 125 Jump up ^ FGrHist 239 , § 24 Jump up ^ Bios Hellados Jump up ^ Histories 2,145 Jump up ^ FGrHist 242 F 1 Jump up ^ FGrHist 76 F 41 Jump up ^ FGrHist 4 F 152 Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom The Eleventh Discourse Maintaining that Troy was not Captured Jump up ^ Yale University : Introduction to Ancient Greek History : Lecture 2 Jump up ^ Kraft , J.C. ; Rapp , G. ( Rip ) ; Kayan , I. ; Luce , J.V. ( 2003 ) . `` Harbor areas at ancient Troy : Sedimentology and geomorphology complement Homer 's Iliad '' . Geology. 31 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2003 ) 031 < 0163 : HAAATS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Geologists show Homer got it right at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 2 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Iliad , Discovery . Jump up ^ Wilson , Emily . Was The Iliad written by a woman ? , Slate Magazine , December 12 , 2006 . Accessed June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek Nation ) Volume A. Athens : Ekdotiki Athinon , 1968 . Jump up ^ Thucydides . The Peloponnesian War , 1.12. 2 . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert . The Greek Myths , `` The Returns '' . Further reading Tabula Iliaca , a 1st - century BC Roman bas - relief depicting scenes from Trojan War narratives Ancient authors Apollodorus , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , translated by Michael Simpson , The University of Massachusetts Press , ( 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 205 - 3 . Apollodorus , Apollodorus : The Library , translated by Sir James George Frazer , two volumes , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press and London : William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Volume 1 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99135 - 4 . Volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99136 - 2 . Euripides , Andromache , in Euripides : Children of Heracles , Hippolytus , Andromache , Hecuba , with an English translation by David Kovacs . Cambridge . Harvard University Press . ( 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99533 - 3 . Euripides , Helen , in The Complete Greek Drama , edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill , Jr. in two volumes . 1 . Helen , translated by E.P. Coleridge . New York . Random House . 1938 . Euripides , Hecuba , in The Complete Greek Drama , edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill , Jr. in two volumes . 1 . Hecuba , translated by E.P. Coleridge . New York . Random House . 1938 . Herodotus , Histories , A.D. Godley ( translator ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1920 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 99133 - 8 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library ) . Pausanias , Description of Greece , ( Loeb Classical Library ) translated by W.H.S. Jones ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. ( 1918 ) . Vol 1 , Books I -- II , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99104 - 4 ; Vol 2 , Books III -- V , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99207 - 5 ; Vol 3 , Books VI -- VIII. 21 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99300 - 4 ; Vol 4 , Books VIII. 22 -- X , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99328 - 4 . Proclus , Chrestomathy , in Fragments of the Kypria translated by H.G. Evelyn - White , 1914 ( public domain ) . Proclus , Proclus ' Summary of the Epic Cycle , trans . Gregory Nagy . Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica , in Quintus Smyrnaeus : The Fall of Troy , Arthur Sanders Way ( Ed . & Trans . ) , Loeb Classics # 19 ; Harvard University Press , Cambridge MA . ( 1913 ) . ( 1962 edition : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99022 - 6 ) . Strabo , Geography , translated by Horace Leonard Jones ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ; London : William Heinemann , Ltd. ( 1924 ) Modern authors Greek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Sea - deities Earth - deities Heroes and heroism Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) Achilles Hector ( Trojan War ) Odysseus ( Odyssey ) Jason Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) Perseus ( Medusa Gorgon ) Oedipus ( Sphinx ) Orpheus ( Orphism ) Theseus ( Minotaur ) Bellerophon ( Pegasus Chimera ) Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) Atalanta Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) Cadmus ( Thebes ) Aeneas ( Aeneid ) Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) Narcissus ( Narcissism ) Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) Otrera ( Amazons ) Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Religion in Ancient Greece Mycenaean gods Greek mythology portal Burgess , Jonathan S. 2004 . The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle ( Johns Hopkins ) . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7890 - X . Castleden , Rodney . The Attack on Troy . Barnsley , South Yorkshire , UK : Pen and Sword Books , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 84415 - 175 - 1 ) . Davies , Malcolm ( 2000 ) . `` Euripides Telephus Fr. 149 ( Austin ) and the Folk - Tale Origins of the Teuthranian Expedition '' ( PDF ) . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 133 : 7 -- 10 . Durschmied , Erik . The Hinge Factor : How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History . Coronet Books ; New Ed edition ( 7 Oct 1999 ) . Frazer , Sir James George , Apollodorus : The Library , two volumes , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press and London : William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Volume 1 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99135 - 4 . Volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99136 - 2 . Graves , Robert . The Greek Myths , Penguin ( Non-Classics ) ; Cmb / Rep edition ( April 6 , 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017199 - 1 . Kakridis , J. , 1988 . Ελληνική Μυθολογία ( `` Greek mythology '' ) , Ekdotiki Athinon , Athens . Karykas , Pantelis , 2003 . Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ( `` Mycenean Warriors '' ) , Communications Editions , Athens . Latacz , Joachim . Troy and Homer : Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery . New York : Oxford University Press ( US ) , 2005 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 19 - 926308 - 6 ) . Simpson , Michael . Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , The University of Massachusetts Press , ( 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 205 - 3 . Strauss , Barry . The Trojan War : A New History . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6441 - X ) . Thompson , Diane P . The Trojan War : Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1737 - 4 . Troy : From Homer 's Iliad to Hollywood Epic , edited by Martin M. Winkler . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers , 2007 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3182 - 9 ; paperback , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3183 - 7 ) . Wood , Michael . In Search of the Trojan War . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1998 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 ) ; London : BBC Books , 1985 ( ISBN 0 - 563 - 20161 - 4 ) . External links Media related to Trojan War at Wikimedia Commons Was There a Trojan War ? Maybe so . From Archeology , a publication of the Archeological Institute of America . May / June 2004 The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link The Legend of the Trojan War Mortal Women of the Trojan War The Historicity of the Trojan War The location of Troy and possible connections with the city of Teuthrania . The Greek Age of Bronze `` Trojan war '' The Trojan War : A Prologue to Homer 's Iliad BBC audio podcast Melvyn Bragg interviews Edith Hall and others on historicity , history and archaeology of the war . ( Play ) Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( about 2500 images related to the Trojan War ) Epic Cycle Cypria Iliad Aethiopis Little Iliad Iliupersis Nostoi Odyssey Telegony Ancient Greek wars Mycenaean Trojan War Archaic First Messenian War Lelantine War Second Messenian War First Sacred War Sicilian Wars Classical Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League First Peloponnesian War Second Sacred War Samian War Second Peloponnesian War Phyle Campaign Corinthian War Boeotian War Wars of the Theban hegemony Theban -- Spartan War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Third Sacred War Foreign War Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Hellenistic Lamian War Wars of the Diadochi Antigonid -- Nabataean confrontations Seleucid -- Mauryan war Pyrrhic War Syrian Wars Pyrrhus ' invasion of the Peloponnese Chremonidean War Seleucid -- Parthian wars Cleomenean War Lyttian War Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) First Macedonian War Cretan War Second Macedonian War Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War War against Nabis Galatian War Third Macedonian War Maccabean Revolt Seleucid Dynastic Wars Fourth Macedonian War Achaean War Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Final War of the Roman Republic Military history GND : 4060976 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trojan_War&oldid=814160237 '' Categories : 12th century BC People of the Trojan War Trojans Trojan War War in mythology Military deception Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the leader of the greek forces in the trojan war	[ "The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked \"for the fairest\". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the \"fairest\", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy." ]	[ "Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus" ]
-2465581354123502553	World energy consumption	World energy consumption - Wikipedia World energy consumption Jump to : navigation , search See also : World energy resources and Worldwide energy supply This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) The world 's energy consumption ( 2015 data ) World total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2015 Coal ( 30 % ) Natural Gas ( 24 % ) Hydro ( 7 % ) Nuclear ( 4 % ) Oil ( 33 % ) Others ( Renewables ) ( 2 % ) World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization . Typically measured per year , it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity 's endeavours across every single industrial and technological sector , across every country . It does not include energy from food , and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented . Being the power source metric of civilization , World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity 's socio - economic - political sphere . Institutions such as the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and the European Environment Agency ( EEA ) record and publish energy data periodically . Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns , which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions . Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes . Since changes of energy storage over the year are minor , TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy consumption . However , TPES ignores conversion efficiency , overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency ( e.g. coal , gas and nuclear ) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms ( e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity ) . The IEA estimates that , in 2013 , total primary energy supply ( TPES ) was 1.575 × 10 Wh ( = 157.5 PWh , 157,500 TWh , 5.67 × 10 joules , or 13,541 Mtoe ) or about 18 TW - year . From 2000 -- 2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth . The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth , followed by hydropower and renewable energy . Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period . The demand for nuclear energy decreased , in part due to nuclear disasters ( e.g. Three Mile Island 1979 , Chernobyl 1986 , and Fukushima 2011 ) . In 2011 , expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD , or about 10 % of the world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Europe spends close to one - quarter of the world 's energy expenditures , North America close to 20 % , and Japan 6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Energy supply , consumption and electricity 1.2 Electricity generation 1.3 Trends 1.4 Emissions 2 By source 2.1 Fossil fuels 2.1. 1 Coal 2.1. 2 Oil 2.1. 3 Natural Gas 2.2 Nuclear power 2.3 Renewable energy 2.3. 1 Hydro 2.3. 2 Marine energy 2.3. 3 Wind 2.3. 4 Solar 2.3. 5 Geothermal 2.3. 6 Bio energy 3 By country 3.1 Oil 3.2 Coal 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Wind power 4 By sector 4.1 European Union 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Further information : Primary energy and List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production Energy supply , consumption and electricity ( edit ) Key figures ( TWh ) Year Primary energy supply ( TPES ) Final energy consumption Electricity generation Ref 1973 71,013 ( Mtoe 6,106 ) 54,335 ( Mtoe 4,672 ) 6,129 1990 102,569 -- 11,821 -- 2000 117,687 -- 15,395 -- 147,899 ( Mtoe 12,717 ) 100,914 ( Mtoe 8,677 ) 21,431 2011 152,504 ( Mtoe 13,113 ) 103,716 ( Mtoe 8,918 ) 22,126 2012 155,505 ( Mtoe 13,371 ) 104,426 ( Mtoe 8,979 ) 22,668 2013 157,482 ( Mtoe 13,541 ) 108,171 ( Mtoe 9,301 ) 23,322 2014 155,481 ( Mtoe 13,369 ) 109,613 ( Mtoe 9,425 ) 23,816 2015 168,519 ( Mtoe 13,647 ) converted from Mtoe into TWh ( 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh ) and from Quad BTU into TWh ( 1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh ) World total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , or `` primary energy '' differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers . For instance , when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline , so that it can be used in a car , and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers . World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world 's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity . In 2014 , world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt - hour ( TWh ) or 13,541 Mtoe , while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5 % less than the total supply . World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants , asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel . This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh ( 809 Mtoe ) in 2012 . 2014 World electricity generation ( 23,816 TWh ) by source ( IEA , 2016 ) Coal / Peat ( 40.8 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.6 % ) Hydro ( 16.4 % ) Nuclear ( 10.6 % ) Oil ( 4.3 % ) Others ( Renewables ) ( 6.3 % ) The United States Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources . For 2013 , estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 10 joules , or 157,481 TWh . According to the IEA the total world energy consumption in past years was 143,851 TWh in 2008 , 133,602 TWh in 2005 , 117,687 TWh in 2000 , and 102,569 TWh in 1990 . In 2012 approximately 22 % of world energy was consumed in North America , 5 % was consumed South and Central America , 23 % was consumed in Europe and Eurasia , 3 % was consumed in Africa , and 40 % was consumed in the Asia Pacific region . Electricity generation ( edit ) The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in 2013 , 16,503 TWh in 2008 , 15,105 TWh in 2005 , and 12,116 TWh in 2000 . By the end of 2014 , the total installed electricity generating capacity worldwide was nearly 6.142 TW ( million MW ) which only includes generation connected to local electricity grids . In addition there is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed off - grid by isolated villages and industries . In 2014 , the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 40.8 % , natural gas at 21.6 % , nuclear at 10.6 % , hydro at 16.4 % , other sources ( solar , wind , geothermal , biomass , etc . ) at 6.3 % and oil at 4.3 % . Coal and natural gas were the most used energy fuels for generating electricity . The world 's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh in 2012 . This figure is about 18 % smaller than the generated electricity , due to grid losses , storage losses , and self - consumption from power plants ( gross generation ) . Cogeneration ( CHP ) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted for use in buildings or in industrial processes . In 2016 while total world energy came from 80 % fossil fuels , 10 % biofuels , 5 % nuclear and 5 % renewable ( hydro , wind , solar , geothermal ) , only 18 % of that total world energy was in the form of electricity . Most of the other 82 % was used for heat and transportation . Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans , such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive , to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas . One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme 's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources . From 2000 -- 2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history , with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil . During this period , oil , coal , and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy . The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period . Trends ( edit ) World primary energy consumption in quadrillion Btu Energy intensity of different economies : The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries . GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation . GDP and energy consumption in Japan , 1958 -- 2000 : The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use ; however , it also shows that this link can be broken . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan 's GDP continued to grow , after 1985 , under the influence of the then much cheaper oil , energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP . The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2 % in 2011 , after the strong increase of 2010 . The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth . For several years now , the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets , while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies , high oil prices , resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption . According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008 , the average energy use per person increased 10 % while world population increased 27 % . Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008 : the Middle East increased by 170 % , China by 146 % , India by 91 % , Africa by 70 % , Latin America by 66 % , the USA by 20 % , the EU - 27 block by 7 % , and world overall grew by 39 % . In 2008 , total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt - hours ( TWh ) or 474 exajoules ( EJ ) . In 2012 , primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh ( 567 EJ ) . Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5 % in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009 . In 2009 , world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1 % , or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( Mtoe ) , as a result of the financial and economic crisis , which reduced world GDP by 0.6 % in 2009 . This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends : Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries , specifically in Asia ( + 4 % ) . Conversely , in OECD , consumption was severely cut by 4.7 % in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels . In North America , Europe and the CIS , consumptions shrank by 4.5 % , 5 % and 8.5 % respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity . China became the world 's largest energy consumer ( 18 % of the total ) since its consumption surged by 8 % during 2009 ( up from 4 % in 2008 ) . Oil remained the largest energy source ( 33 % ) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time . Coal posted a growing role in the world 's energy consumption : in 2009 , it accounted for 27 % of the total . Most energy is used in the country of origin , since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials . In 2008 , the share export of the total energy production by fuel was : oil 50 % ( 1,952 / 3,941 Mt ) , gas 25 % ( 800 / 3,149 bcm ) and hard coal 14 % ( 793 / 5,845 Mt ) . Most of the world 's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun 's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet . Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy , some is directly or indirectly usable ; for example , via solar PV / thermal , wind , hydro - or wave power . The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter ( see solar constant ) , though it fluctuates by about 6.9 % during the year due to the Earth 's varying distance from the sun . This value , after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth , is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet ; about half , 89,000 TW , reaches the Earth 's surface . The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary , with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 yottajoule ( YJ ) or 4 × 10 joules , and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ . Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable . The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year , though not all of this is available for human consumption . The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and `` credible policy frameworks . '' According to IEA ( 2012 ) the goal of limiting warming to 2 ° C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes . If action is not taken before 2017 , CO emissions would be locked - in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017 . Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix , supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011 , up almost 30 % on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables . Regional energy use ( kWh / capita & TWh ) and growth 1990 -- 2008 ( % ) kWh / capita Population ( million ) Energy use ( 1,000 TWh ) Region 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth USA 89,021 87,216 − 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 % EU - 28 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 % Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 % China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 % Latin America 11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 % Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 % India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 % Others * 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 % The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 % Source : IEA / OECD , Population OECD / World Bank Energy use = kWh / capita * billion capita ( population ) = 1 TWh Others : Mathematically calculated , includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia . The use of energy varies between the `` other countries '' : E.g. in Australia , Japan , or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma . Emissions ( edit ) Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem . Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol , which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts , which a number of nations have signed . Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius , thought to be a risk by the SEI , is now doubtful . To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75 % decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050 , if the population is 10 billion in 2050 . Across 40 years , this averages to a 2 % decrease every year . In 2011 , the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem . Hypothetically , according to Robert Engelman ( Worldwatch institute ) , in order to prevent collapse , human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population ( 2009 ) . Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption . Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides ( SO ) , nitrous oxides ( NO ) , and particulate matter ( PM ) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass ; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution . Biomass combustion is a major contributor . In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion , most biomass has high CO emissions . By source ( edit ) Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) Oil ( 31.3 % ) Coal / Peat / Shale ( 28.6 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.2 % ) Biofuels and waste ( 10.3 % ) Hydro Electricity ( 2.4 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 1.4 % ) Nuclear ( 4.8 % ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fossil fuel The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels . Between 1980 and 2006 , the worldwide annual growth rate was 2 % . According to the US Energy Information Administration 's 2006 estimate , the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 , was divided as given in the table above , with fossil fuels supplying 86 % of the world 's energy : Coal ( edit ) Main articles : Coal and List of countries by coal production In 2000 , China accounted for 28 % of world coal consumption , other Asia consumed 19 % , North America 25 % and the EU 14 % . The single greatest coal - consuming country is China . Its share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and rose to 48 % in 2009 . In contrast to China 's ~ 70 % increase in coal consumption , world coal use increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009 . In practice , the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia . China 's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector , the majority of which comes from coal consumption . World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32 % in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005 , of which over 70 % was in China and 8 % in India . Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt , and 2009 6,903 Mt , equal to 12.7 % production increase in two years . If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008 , proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years . This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe . Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world . According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO emissions from coal . Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1 % of the world coal export in 2011 . China , Japan , South Korea , India and Taiwan had 65 % share of all the world coal import in 2011 . Regional coal supply ( TWh ) , share 2010 ( % ) and share of change 2000 -- 2010 Region 2000 2008 2009 * 2010 * % * Change 2000 -- 2009 * North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16 % − 1.2 % Asia excl . China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19 % 18.9 % China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48 % 85.5 % EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8 % − 3.8 % Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3 % 0.4 % Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3 % − 2.0 % Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4 % 2.2 % Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100 % 47.9 % Source : IEA , * in 2009 , 2010 BP * Change 2000 -- 2009 : Region 's share of the world change + 12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009 Top 10 coal exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Indonesia 162 309 29.7 % 383 Australia 298 285 27.4 % 302 Russia 89 99 9.5 % 103 US 57 85 8.2 % 106 5 Colombia 68 76 7.3 % 82 6 South Africa 68 70 6.7 % 72 7 Kazakhstan 33 34 3.3 % 32 8 Canada 24 24 2.3 % 25 9 Vietnam 21 23 2.2 % 18 10 Mongolia 17 22 2.1 % 22 x Others 19 14 1.3 % Total ( Mt ) 856 1,041 1,168 Top ten 97.8 % 98.7 % Oil ( edit ) Main articles : Petroleum , List of countries by oil production , and List of countries by oil consumption Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century . With the advent of the automobile , aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity , oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century . The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973 . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 , during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel , there was a shift away from oil . Coal , natural gas , and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency . In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon . Japan , which bore the brunt of the oil shocks , made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world . From 1965 to 2008 , the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased . From 2003 to 2008 , coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel . It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present . Natural gas ( edit ) Main articles : Natural Gas , List of countries by natural gas production , and List of countries by natural gas consumption In 2009 , the world use of natural gas grew 31 % compared to 2000 . 66 % of this growth was outside EU , North America , Latin America , and Russia . Others include the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . The gas supply increased also in the previous regions : 8.6 % in the EU and 16 % in the North America 2000 -- 2009 . Regional gas supply ( TWh ) and share 2010 ( % ) Land 2000 2008 2009 % North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27 % Asia excl . China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14 % China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3 % EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16 % Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3 % Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13 % Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23 % Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100 % Source : IEA , in 2009 , 2010 BP Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear Power As of 1 July 2016 , the world had 444 operable grid - electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction . Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s , 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid , although two were connected in 2009 . Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007 , decreasing 1.8 % in 2009 to 2558 TWh , and another 1.6 % in 2011 to 2518 TWh , despite increases in production from most countries worldwide , because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan . Nuclear power met 11.7 % of the world 's electricity demand in 2011 . Source : IEA / OECD Renewable energy ( edit ) Main articles : Renewable energy , List of renewable energy topics by country , and Renewable energy commercialization Strong public support for renewables worldwide in 2011 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas : electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural ( off - grid ) energy services . Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( non-biomass ) , 3.8 % hydro electricity and 2 % electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US $214 billion in 2013 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity , and has capacity factors that range from 11 % for solar , to 40 % for hydropower . Selected renewable energy global indicators 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Investment in new renewable capacity ( annual ) ( 10 USD ) 182 178 237 279 256 232 270 285 Renewables power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 1,140 1,230 1,320 1,360 1,470 1,578 1,712 1,849 Hydropower capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 885 915 945 970 990 1,018 1,055 1,064 Wind power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 121 159 198 238 283 319 370 433 Solar PV capacity ( grid - connected ) ( GWe ) 16 23 40 70 100 138 177 227 Solar hot water capacity ( existing ) ( GWth ) 130 160 185 232 255 373 406 435 Ethanol production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 67 76 86 86 83 87 94 98 Biodiesel production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 12 17.8 18.5 21.4 22.5 26 29.7 30 Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use 79 89 98 118 138 144 164 173 Source : The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ( REN21 ) -- Global Status Report Renewable energy 2000 - 2013 ( TWh ) 2000 2013 North - America 1,973 2,237 2,443 EU 1,204 2,093 2,428 Russia 245 239 271 China 2,613 3,374 3,847 Asia ( - China ) 4,147 4,996 5,361 Africa 2,966 3,930 4,304 Latin America 1 502 2,127 2,242 Other 567 670 738 Total renewable 15,237 19,711 21,685 Total energy 116,958 148,736 157,485 Share 13.0 % 13.3 % 13.8 % Total nonrenewable 101,721 129,025 135,800 From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh . Hydro ( edit ) Main articles : Hydroelectricity and Hydropower Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water . In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6 % of the world 's total electricity and 70 % of all renewable electricity , which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009 . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia - Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 2,600 PJ ( 721 TWh ) of production in 2010 , representing around 17 % of domestic electricity use . There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW : the Three Gorges Dam in China , Itaipu Dam in Brazil , and Guri Dam in Venezuela . Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric , one is wind . Marine energy ( edit ) Main article : Ocean energy Marine energy , also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy ( MHK ) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy , with most projects still in the pilot phase , but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4 -- 18 million tonne of oil equivalent ( toe ) . MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as , wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves , tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas , in - stream turbines in fast - moving rivers , ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents , and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters . Wind ( edit ) Main articles : Wind power and Wind power by country Wind power is growing at the rate of 17 % annually , with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts ( MW ) at the end of 2015 , and is widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration , such as 21 % of stationary electricity production in Denmark , 18 % in Portugal , 16 % in Spain , 14 % in Ireland and 9 % in Germany in 2010 . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis . Continuing strong growth , by 2016 wind generated 3 % of global power annually . Solar ( edit ) Main articles : Solar energy , Solar power , and Solar power by country Solar energy , radiant light and heat from the sun , has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever - evolving technologies . Solar energy technologies include solar heating , solar photovoltaics , concentrated solar power and solar architecture , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces . The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide `` a third of the global final energy demand after 2060 , while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels . '' Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute solar energy . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3 % of global energy . Geothermal ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal energy and Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries . In 2004 , 200 petajoules ( 56 TWh ) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources , and an additional 270 petajoules ( 75 TWh ) of geothermal energy was used directly , mostly for space heating . In 2007 , the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000 ♠ 28 GW of direct heating , including extraction by geothermal heat pumps . Heat pumps are small and widely distributed , so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 GW . Bio energy ( edit ) Main articles : Biomass , Biogas , and Biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel , today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply . Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005 . Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100 % in Germany , Hungary , the Netherlands , Poland , and Spain . A further 220 GW was used for heating ( in 2004 ) , bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW . The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded . World production of bioethanol increased by 8 % in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres ( 8.7 × 10 US gal ) , with most of the increase in the United States , bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil . Biodiesel increased by 85 % to 3.9 gigalitres ( 1.0 × 10 US gal ) , making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005 . Over 50 % is produced in Germany . By country ( edit ) Main article : List of renewable energy topics by country See also : Energy by country , Worldwide energy supply , and List of countries by energy consumption per capita World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) OECD ( 38.4 % ) Middle East ( 5.3 % ) Non-OECD Eurasia ( 8.2 % ) China ( 22.4 % ) Rest of Asia ( 12.7 % ) Non-OECD Americas ( 4.7 % ) Africa ( 5.6 % ) Bunkers ( 2.7 % ) Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate , but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries , such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person . In developing countries , particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India , the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW . Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person . The US consumes 25 % of the world 's energy with a share of global GDP at 22 % and a share of the world population at 4.59 % . The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China , which has been growing at 5.5 % per year over the last 25 years . Its population of 1.3 billion people ( 19.6 % of the world population ) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person . One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity . This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product . The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) The World Bank : PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) Oil ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum Saudi Arabia , Russia and the United States accounted for 34 % of oil production in 2011 . Saudi Arabia , Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36 % of oil export in 2011 . Top 10 oil producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 517 12.9 % 544 Russia 470 485 494 502 510 12.7 % 520 United States 307 300 320 336 346 8.6 % 387 Iran 205 214 206 227 215 5.4 % 186 5 China 183 190 194 200 203 5.1 % 206 6 Canada 143 155 152 159 169 4.2 % 182 7 UAE nd 136 120 129 149 3.7 % 163 8 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 148 3.7 % 162 9 Mexico 188 159 146 144 144 3.6 % nd 10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 139 3.5 % nd x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd nd 152 x Iraq nd nd 114 140 nd nd 148 x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd nd nd Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 4,011 100 % Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 % 62 % 63 % Top 10 oil exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 333 17.0 % Russia 246 12.5 % Nigeria 129 6.6 % Iran 126 6.4 % 5 UAE 105 5.4 % 6 Iraq 94 4.8 % 7 Venezuela 87 4.4 % 8 Angola 84 4.3 % 9 Norway 78 4.0 % 10 Mexico 71 3.6 % x Others 609 31.0 % Total ( Mt ) 1,962 Coal ( edit ) Main article : Coal Top 10 coal producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 3,576 46 % 3,549 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 1,004 13 % 935 India 430 521 561 571 586 8 % 595 Australia 372 397 399 420 414 5 % 421 5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 376 5 % 443 6 Russia 222 323 297 324 334 4 % 354 7 South Africa 315 236 247 255 253 3 % 259 8 Germany nd nd nd nd 189 2 % 197 9 Poland 160 144 135 134 139 2 % 144 10 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 117 2 % 126 11 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1 % nd nd Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 7,783 100 % 7,831 Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 % 88 % nd 90 % * include hard coal and brown coal Top 10 coal importers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 China 25 nd 114 157 177 Japan 178 186 165 187 175 South Korea 77 100 103 119 129 India 37 58 66 88 101 5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63 66 6 Germany 38 46 38 45 41 7 UK 44 43 38 26 32 8 Turkey nd 19 20 27 24 9 Italy 24 25 19 22 23 10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19 21 x Spain 25 19 16 nd nd x France nd 21 nd nd nd x US 28 nd nd nd nd Total 778 778 819 949 1,002 Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 % 79 % 79 % Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 % 15 % 13 % * 2005 -- 2010 hard coal Natural gas ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas Top 10 natural gas producers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Russia 627 657 589 637 677 20.0 % US 517 583 594 613 651 19.2 % Canada 187 175 159 160 160 4.7 % Qatar nd 79 89 121 151 4.5 % 5 Iran 84 121 144 145 149 4.4 % 6 Norway 90 103 106 107 106 3.1 % 7 China nd 76 90 97 103 3.0 % 8 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 92 2.7 % 9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 92 2.7 % 10 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 81 2.4 % x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd nd x UK 93 nd nd nd nd nd Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100 % 3,388 Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 67 % bcm = billion cubic meters Top 10 natural gas importers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Japan 81 95 93 99 116 13.9 % Italy 73 77 69 75 70 8.4 % Germany 91 79 83 83 68 8.2 % US 121 84 76 74 55 6.6 % 5 South Korea 29 36 33 43 47 5.6 % 6 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 44 5.3 % 7 Turkey 27 36 35 37 43 5.2 % 8 France 47 44 45 46 41 4.9 % 9 UK nd 26 29 37 37 4.4 % 10 Spain 33 39 34 36 34 4.1 % x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd nd Total 838 783 749 820 834 100 % Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 % 69 % 67 % Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 % 25 % 25 % bcm = billion cubic meters Wind power ( edit ) Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity ( 2011 year - end ) Country Windpower capacity ( MW ) provisional % world total China 62,733 26.3 United States 46,919 19.7 Germany 29,060 12.2 Spain 21,674 9.1 India 16,084 6.7 France 6,800 2.8 Italy 6,747 2.8 United Kingdom 6,540 2.7 Canada 5,265 2.2 Portugal 4,083 1.7 ( rest of world ) 32,446 13.8 World total 238,351 MW 100 % Top 10 countries by windpower electricity production ( 2010 totals ) Country Windpower production ( TWh ) % world total United States 95.2 27.6 China 55.5 15.9 Spain 43.7 12.7 Germany 36.5 10.6 India 20.6 6.0 United Kingdom 10.2 3.0 France 9.7 2.8 Portugal 9.1 2.6 Italy 8.4 2.5 Canada 8.0 2.3 ( rest of world ) 48.5 14.1 World total 344.8 TWh 100 % By sector ( edit ) World energy use by sector , 2012 Sector 10 Btu Petawatt - hours percentage Residential 53.0 15.5 13 Commercial 29.3 8.6 7 Industrial 222.3 65.1 54 Transportation 104.2 30.5 26 Total * 408.9 119.8 100 Source : US DOE . PWh from 0.293 times Btu column . Numbers are the end use of energy The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors , according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy : Residential ( heating , lighting , and appliances ) Commercial ( lighting , heating and cooling of commercial buildings , and provision of water and sewer services ) Industrial users ( agriculture , mining , manufacturing , and construction ) Transportation ( passenger , freight , and pipeline ) Of the total 120 PWh ( 7020432000000000000 ♠ 120 × 10 Wh ) consumed , 19.4 were in the form of electricity , but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce . Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh ( ca 7020580280718941000 ♠ 550 × 10 Btu ) . The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38 % . The new generation of gas - fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55 % . Coal is the most common fuel for the world 's electricity plants . Another report gives different values for the sectors , apparently due to different definitions . According to this , total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28 % , transport 27 % and residential and service 36 % . Division was about the same in the year 2000 . World energy use per sector Year 2000 2008 2000 2008 Sector TWh % * Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8 Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3 Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0 Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9 Total * 81,970 98,022 100 100 Source : IEA 2010 , Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply ( 2008 ) 143,851 TWh European Union ( edit ) The European Environmental Agency ( EEA ) measures final energy consumption ( does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation ) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8 % of final energy consumption , households 26.2 % , industry 25.6 % , services 13.5 % and agriculture 2.9 % in 2012 . The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions ( 79 % ) , with the energy sector representing 31 % , transport 19 % , industry 13 % , households 9 % and others 7 % . While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues , more than 70 % of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32 -- 40 % . Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40 -- 45 % at newer plants . However , according to an impact assessment by the European Commission , this is still below the best available technological ( BAT ) efficiency levels of 46 -- 49 % . With gas - fired power plants the average efficiency is 52 % compared to 58 -- 59 % with best available technology ( BAT ) , and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36 % efficiency ( BAT delivers 47 % ) . According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission , raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants , through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions , to an average generation efficiency of 51.5 % in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km ( 3.6 cu mi ) of natural gas and 25 Mt ( 25,000,000 long tons ; 28,000,000 short tons ) of coal . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Comparisons of life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions Cubic mile of oil Domestic Energy Consumption Earth 's energy budget Electricity generation Electric energy consumption Energy development Energy intensity Energy policy Environmental impact of aviation Energy security and renewable technology Environmental tariff Feed - in Tariff Kardashev scale Peak oil Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy by country Sustainable energy A Thousand Barrels a Second : The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World ( book ) World Energy Outlook Regional Energy by country European countries by fossil fuel use ( % of total energy ) European countries by electricity consumption per person Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Energy use in the United States Asian brown cloud Making Sweden an Oil - Free Society Lists List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions List of countries by electricity consumption List of countries by electricity production List of countries by energy consumption and production List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by energy intensity List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions List of countries by renewable electricity production References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BP : Statistical Review of World Energy , Workbook ( xlsx ) , London , 2016 Jump up ^ Statistical Review of World Energy ( June 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . 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Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy efficiency measures and technological improvements '' . e8.org . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Article by group of ten leading electricity companies Jump up ^ `` Coal Facts 2006 Edition '' ( PDF ) . World Coal Institute . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Table 56 , Total world energy use per sector 1990 -- 2008 ( pp. 48 - 49 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ European Environmental Agency . `` Final energy consumption by sector and fuel ( CSI 027 / ENER 016 ) - Assessment published Jan 2015 '' . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Eva Hoos European Commission 2011 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most of the renewable energy consumption on earth is from	[ "Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.[55] Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.[56] In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.[57] At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.[58]" ]	[ "traditional biomass" ]
491842038293571439	Robert F. Mager	Robert F. Mager - wikipedia Robert F. Mager Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( February 2015 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : The formatting of the page needs to be cleaned up to meet quality standards . Please help improve this article if you can . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Robert F. Mager ( 1923 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 1923 ( age 94 ) Cleveland , Ohio Residence Arizona Nationality American Alma mater Ohio University : B.A. and M.A. Psychology State University of Iowa : Ph. D. in Experimental Psychology Known for Learning objectives Criterion Referenced Instruction ( CRI ) Self - paced multimedia courses Notable work Preparing instructional objectives Robert ( Bob ) Frank Mager ( meɪgɜ : ) ( born June 10 , 1923 ) is an American psychologist and author . Concerned with understanding and improving human performance , he is known for developing a framework for preparing learning objectives , and criterion referenced instruction ( CRI ) , as well as addressing areas of goal orientation , student evaluation , student motivation , classroom environment , educational change , performance technology , and instructional design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life / biography 1.1 Drafted into the Army 1.2 Today 1.3 Other interests 2 Education and academic career 3 Research 3.1 Instructional sequencing 3.2 Learning objectives 3.3 Goal analysis 3.4 Criterion Referenced Instruction ( CRI ) 4 Professional associations 5 Publications 5.1 Non-fiction 5.2 Biographical chronicle 5.3 Fiction 6 Workshops 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Personal life / biography ( edit ) Robert Frank Mager was born in the summer of 1923 shortly before The Great Depression . As any other little boy , Mager had aspirations of becoming a fireman , policeman , detective , cowboy and even a rocketship pilot . Mager was picked - on in school . This was as a result of him being skipped from fourth grade to sixth grade . This made him one of the smallest in his class . To add insult to injury , in his time , being left - handed was considered a heinous act and often resulted in a sharp rap on the knuckles . Subsequently , Mager switched to writing with his right - hand . Music also formed part of Mager 's explorations as he jumped from one instrument to the other . At one time he played the violin , then the clarinet and even the saxophone . Eventually he found ' his love ' the banjo , and has even been part of a banjo band . Interestingly Mager 's ' true love ' his wife , is a professional classical musician . Drafted into the army ( edit ) In his book , Life in the Pinball Machine : Careening from There to Here , Mager makes an analogy of his life to a pinball . He likened his life as the ball and the different experiences in his lives as the pins of machine that would bump and jostle him eventually to his current research in the Instructional Design field . One such experience occurred in 1943 when Mager was drafted into the military . One of his initial responsibilities was that of a company clerk which involved him interacting with new recruits . Mager was able to observe discrepancies with performances due to lack of information . Today ( edit ) Today Mager is credited with revolutionizing the performance improvement industry with his groundbreaking work , the Criterion Referenced Instruction ( CRI ) framework . Other interests ( edit ) Over the years , Mager has also been an accomplished unicyclist , banjo player , ventriloquist , crime novelist , tap dancer . Education and academic career ( edit ) After serving in World War II , Mager completed his undergraduate studies in Psychology with minors in Philosophy and Speech at Ohio University ( 1948 ) , then taught broadcasting techniques and business speech at Tyler Commercial College while studying Electronics there , and studied Radio Broadcasting at the CBS School ( NYU campus , 1948 ) . He completed graduate studies ( A.B and M.A. degrees ) in Psychology at Ohio University in 1950 , and taught psychology there the following year , before moving on to completing his PhD in Experimental Psychology at State University of Iowa in 1954 . He also taught psychology at Sacramento State College in 1958 - 59 . He served as research scientist for the Human Resources Research Office . Research ( edit ) Instructional sequencing ( edit ) In the early 1960s Mager created a small experiment to determine what instructional sequence would be logical and meaningful for adult learners and compared this to the usual instructor - led sequence of instruction . The findings he reported in On the sequencing of instructional content , suggested that instruction led by the learner takes on a different sequence from that led by an instructor , it allowed them to take their own knowledge into account and resulted in a more motivated learner . Further experiments and research on this subject by Mager and his colleagues led to the concept of learner - control as a method which when introduced to technology - assisted instruction was found to improve learning performance . This has been a key concept in self - paced multimedia courses and has influenced distance and online learning . Learning objectives ( edit ) In 1962 Preparing objectives for programmed instruction Mager pioneered a new approach to instructional design which involved establishing objectives for instruction . This made such an impact that in later editions as Preparing Instructional Objectives it became , it could be said , the manual for preparing instruction because of its clearly outlined steps on how to define objectives . It so revolutionized instructional methods in schools that a bill was passed in California that required teachers to describe what they wanted their students to achieve ( i.e. , behavioral outcomes ) by writing these as objectives ( the Stull Act , 1972 ) . Goal Analysis ( edit ) Mager found that establishing objectives could easily be misused , and went further to formulate five steps that would clearly guide the process of defining solid and measurable outcomes . This resulted in the publication Goal analysis in 1972 , which became a cornerstone of the CRI method and ensuing workshops . Criterion Referenced instruction ( CRI ) ( edit ) Mager along with Peter Pipe is well known for developing the Criterion Referenced Instruction ( CRI ) a framework for Instructional Design . The origins of Instructional Design dated back as early as World War II with the need for creating training programs . Mager had first hand experience with these training regimes , however , he found that they were not meeting the goals that they were set out to meet . From this phenomenon Mager , went about seeking ways to improve training delivery . These experiences led Mager to publish his work in a book later titled , Preparing Instructional Objectives : A Critical Tool in the Development of Effective Instruction . In his publications , Mager usually starts out with a fable . In this book the fable is about a sea - horse which went out seeking a fortune . Unfortunately , the sea horse got side - tracked by the different sea creatures he met along the way and eventually ended up being swallowed by a shark . The moral of the fable : if you 're not sure where you 're going , you 're liable to end up some place else . Consequently , in his book , Mager speaks of the importance of knowing precisely what is needed to be achieved before embarking on any instructional design process . The CRI framework is based upon using objectives ( instructional objectives ) to drive instruction . Effective Instructional objectives should have three components : Performance - Identifies specifically what the learner should be able to do after the instruction Condition - Identifies the conditions under which the learning is to occur Criterion - Describes how well the learner must perform in order to be acceptable The CRI is divided into four stages . The Goal / task Analysis - The specific competencies that are needed are identified . Performance Objectives - The criterion , this provides clear cut outcomes as well as states how they would be evaluated . Criterion Referenced Testing - The actual evaluation that will be used to test whether or not the performance objectives were carried out to the required standard. Criterion - referenced test Learning modules - Involves the development of the actual modules that would be used in the training / instruction . This instructional framework is designed in such a way that students are expected to gain mastery in the specific modules by evaluating themselves using assessment tools built into the program . Mager was influenced by the works of Robert M. Gagné and Malcolm Knowles . Professional associations ( edit ) Mager is one of the founders of International Society for Performance Improvement ( ISPI ) in 1962 , originally known as National Society for Programmed Instruction ( NSPI ) , and was its president in 1965 - 66 . Member of the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers ( IEEE ) . Publications ( edit ) Robert F. Mager is the author of over 10 books which have been translated into at least 17 languages and sold over four million copies worldwide in the past five decades . His Preparing Instructional Objectives is the best - selling book ever written on the subject , and is part of the Museum of Education 's books of the century list . His main publications are characterized by an easy - to - read writing style and humor , which is much unlike other academic writings in the field . Mager has also written the materials for the three workshops he was responsible for , i.e. , the Criterion - referenced Instruction , the Instructional Module Development , and the Training Manager workshops . In latter years he has taken up fiction writing and has published 7 novels and two anthologies to date . Non-fiction ( edit ) Beach , K.M. , & Mager , R.F. ( 1976 ) . Developing Vocational Instruction . London : Financial Times Prentice Hall . Mager , R.F. ( 1973 ) . Measuring Instructional Intent ; Or , Got a Match ? . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1983 ) . Troubleshooting the Troubleshooting Course , Or , Debug D'Bugs . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1984 ) . Developing Attitude Toward Learning ( 2nd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1986 ) . The How to Write a Book Book . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. , & Pipe , P. ( 1997 ) . Analyzing Performance Problems : Or , You Really Oughta Wanna -- How to Figure out Why People Are n't Doing What They Should Be , and What to do About It ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1997 ) . Goal Analysis : How to Clarify Your Goals So You Can Actually Achieve Them ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1997 ) . How to Turn Learners On ... Without Turning Them Off : Ways to Ignite Interest in Learning ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1997 ) . Making Instruction Work : Or Skillbloomers : A Step - By - Step Guide to Designing and Developing Instruction That Works ( 2nd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1997 ) . Measuring Instructional Results . ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1997 ) . Preparing Instructional Objectives : A Critical Tool in the Development of Effective Instruction ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 1999 ) . What Every Manager Should Know About Training : An Insider 's Guide to Getting Your Money 's Worth From Training ( 2nd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : The Center for Effective Performance Inc . Mager , R.F. ( 2014 ) . Making Schools Work . Carefree , AZ : Mager Associates , Inc . Biographical chronicle ( edit ) Mager , R.F. ( 2003 , 2012 ) . Life in the Pinball Machine : Careening from There to Here ... Observations from an Accidental Life in Learning and Human Performance . Carefree , AZ : Mager Associates , Inc . Fiction ( edit ) ( 2001 ) Mager 's Shorts : Stories , that is : Bedtime Stories for the Fearless Reader. ( 2002 ) Killer in our midst . ( 2005 ) Dying for jade. ( 2006 ) The reluctant miracle man . ( 2007 ) The price of a miracle : A novel . ( 2008 ) Pursuing the steamy novel . ( 2009 ) Mager 's shorts II : Quirky stories for the adventurous reader . ( 2010 ) Shen : The chronicles of Madame Woo. ( 2011 ) The bitch file . Workshops ( edit ) Criterion - Referenced Instruction ( with Peter Pipe ) Instructional Module Development The Training Director Workshop Awards ( edit ) Thomas F. Gilbert Distinguished Professional Achievement Award - 1994 Award for Public Service in Behavior Analysis - 2005 ASTD award for distinguished contribution to human resource development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IRE Transactions on Education . Institute of Radio Engineers . 1958 . p. 1976 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mager , Robert F. ( 2003 ) . Life in the pinball machine : careening from there to here : observations from an accidental life in learning and human performance . Atlanta , GA : CEP Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0970952724 . Jump up ^ Mager , Robert F. ( 2003 ) . Life in the pinball machine : careening from there to here : observations from an accidental life in learning and human performance . Atlanta , GA : CEP Press . p. 16 . ISBN 0970952724 . Jump up ^ Mager , Robert F. ( 2003 ) . Life in the pinball machine : careening from there to here : observations from an accidental life in learning and human performance . Atlanta , GA : CEP Press . p. back cover . ISBN 0970952724 . Jump up ^ `` Theories of Learning in Educational Psychology '' . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Translation Award '' . Society for the Advancement of Behaviour Analysis . Jump up ^ Mager , R.F. ( 1961 ) . `` On the sequencing of instructional content '' . Psychological Reports . Southern Universities Press . 9 : 405 -- 413 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1961.9. 2.405 . Jump up ^ Mager , Robert Frank ; McCann , John ( 1961 ) . Learner - controlled instruction . Palo Alto , CA : Varian Associates . Jump up ^ Mager , Robert Frank ( 1961 ) . Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction . San Francisco : Fearon . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Ray ( October 2005 ) . `` Life in the Pinball Machine : Looking Back with Bob Mager '' . Performance Improvement . Wiley . 44 ( 9 ) : 5 . doi : 10.1002 / pfi. 4140440903 . Jump up ^ Mager , Robert F. ( 1997 ) . Preparing instructional objectives a critical tool in the development of effective instruction ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , Ga. : Center for Effective Performance . ISBN 1879618036 . Jump up ^ Mager , Robert F. ( 1997 ) . Preparing instructional objectives a critical tool in the development of effective instruction ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , Ga. : Center for Effective Performance . p. v - vi . ISBN 1879618036 . Jump up ^ `` Criterion Referenced Instruction ( Robert Mager ) '' . Instructional Design . Jump up ^ About ISPI Jump up ^ Foreword by Seth N. Leibler in Mager 's Life in the pinball machine ( 2003 edition ) . Jump up ^ Kridel , Craig . Some Books of the Century . Education Week December 15 , 1999 Jump up ^ Information provided by Mager Associates info sheet on Rober F. Mager , Ph. D. ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` THOMAS F. GILBERT DISTINGUISHED PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD '' . International Society for Performance Improvement . Jump up ^ `` Award for Public Service in Behavior Analysis '' . Society for the Advancement of Behavior analysis . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Contribution to Talent Development Award '' . Association for Talent Development . External links ( edit ) International Society for Performance Improvement ( ISPI ) Mager Consortium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Mager&oldid=799967261 '' Categories : 1923 births Living people American psychologists Ohio University alumni University of Iowa alumni Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Orphaned articles from February 2015 All orphaned articles Articles needing cleanup from February 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	according to mager if you do not know where you are going	[ "In his publications, Mager usually starts out with a fable. In this book the fable is about a sea-horse which went out seeking a fortune. Unfortunately, the sea horse got side-tracked by the different sea creatures he met along the way and eventually ended up being swallowed by a shark. The moral of the fable :if you're not sure where you're going, you're liable to end up some place else. Consequently, in his book, Mager speaks of the importance of knowing precisely what is needed to be achieved before embarking on any instructional design process.[12]" ]	[ "you're liable to end up some place else" ]
1078598035849520248	Yahtzee	Yahtzee - wikipedia Yahtzee Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the dice game . For the video game journalist , see Ben `` Yahtzee '' Croshaw . Yahtzee Present Yahtzee logo Players 1 + Playing time 30 minutes Random chance High Skill ( s ) required Luck , probability , strategy Yahtzee is a dice game made by Milton Bradley ( now owned by Hasbro ) , which was first marketed as `` Yatzie '' by the National Association Service of Toledo , Ohio , in the early 1940s . Yatzie was included in a game set called `` LUCK - 15 Grand Dice Games '' . It was marketed under the name of Yahtzee by game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe in 1956 . Lowe is also responsible for introducing Bingo to the U.S. market . The game is a development of earlier dice games such as Poker Dice , Yacht and Generala . It is also similar to Yatzy , which is popular in Scandinavia . The objective of the game is to score points by rolling five dice to make certain combinations . The dice can be rolled up to three times in a turn to try to make various scoring combinations . A game consists of thirteen rounds . After each round the player chooses which scoring category is to be used for that round . Once a category has been used in the game , it can not be used again . The scoring categories have varying point values , some of which are fixed values and others where the score depends on the value of the dice . A Yahtzee is five - of - a-kind and scores 50 points ; the highest of any category . The winner is the player who scores the most points . Yahtzee was marketed by the E.S. Lowe Company from 1956 till 1973 . In 1973 , the Milton Bradley Company purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee . During Lowe 's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold worldwide . The game has maintained its popularity . According to current owner Hasbro , 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year . A classic edition is currently being marketed by Winning Moves . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules 2.1 Upper section 2.2 Lower section 2.3 Yahtzee bonuses and Joker rules 2.3. 1 Forced Joker rule 2.3. 2 Free choice Joker rule 2.3. 3 Original Joker rule 3 Example games 4 Strategies 4.1 Completing a Yahtzee 4.1. 1 Specific Yahtzee 4.1. 2 Any Yahtzee 4.2 Final round 4.2. 1 Upper Section box 4.2. 2 Three - Of - A-Kind 4.2. 3 Four - Of - A-Kind 4.2. 4 Full House 4.2. 5 Small Straight 4.2. 6 Large Straight 4.2. 7 Yahtzee 4.2. 8 Chance 4.3 Optimal strategy 4.4 First round 4.4. 1 Second and third roll choices 4.4. 2 Category choice 4.4. 3 Best and worst outcome 5 Extreme scores 5.1 Maximum score 5.2 Other high scores 5.3 Minimum score 6 Commercial versions 6.1 Deluxe and collector editions 6.2 Travel Yahtzee 6.3 Electronic versions 6.4 Related games 7 Online versions 8 Similar games 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The Original 1956 Yahtzee Board Game The overall concept of Yahtzee traces its roots to a number of traditional dice games . Among these is the Puerto Rican game Generala , and the English games of Poker Dice and Cheerio . Another game , Yap , shows close similarities to Yahtzee ; this game was copyrighted by Robert Cissne in 1952 . The most important predecessor of Yahtzee is the dice game named `` Yacht '' , which is an English cousin of Generala and dates back to at least 1938 . Wood classifies Yacht , and a similar three - dice game called Crag , as sequence dice games . Yahtzee is similar to Yacht in both name and content . Although Yahtzee is clearly derived from Yacht , it differed from it in a number of significant ways : It introduced the upper section bonus . It included the three - of - a-kind category . In Yacht both straights are a sequence of five ( `` Big Straight '' is 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 , `` Little Straight '' is 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 ) . Yahtzee introduced the sequence of four straight ( the `` Small Straight '' ) . It introduced Yahtzee bonuses and the Joker rule . There were also a number of scoring differences . The present - day commercial Yahtzee began when toy and game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe filed Yahtzee as a trademark with the U.S. Patent Office on April 19 , 1956 . The first commercial usage of the name Yahtzee was a few weeks earlier on April 3 . Lowe classified his product as a `` Poker Dice Game . '' According to Hasbro , the game was invented by an anonymous Canadian couple , who called it `` The Yacht Game '' because they played it on their yacht with their friends . Later they asked Lowe if he would make up some sets to be given as gifts to their friends who enjoyed the game . Lowe perceived the possibility of marketing the game , and acquired the rights to the game from the couple in exchange for 1,000 gift sets . This story is expanded by Lowe in the 1973 book , A Toy is Born by Marvin Kaye . According to Lowe , the game did not initially do well commercially , since the rules and appeal were not easily conveyed in an advertisement . Eventually , he had the idea of organizing Yahtzee parties at which people could play the game and thereby gain a first - hand appreciation of it . The idea was successful , and enthusiasts quickly popularized the game through word of mouth . The E.S. Lowe Company sold Yahtzee from 1956 to 1973 . During Lowe 's ownership , a number of changes were made to the game 's packaging , contents , and appearance . Between 1956 and 1961 , the game 's advertising slogan was changed from `` The Game That Makes You Think While Having Fun '' to `` The Fun Game That Makes Thinking Fun ! '' The game and its contents were copyrighted by Lowe in 1956 , 1961 , 1967 , and 1972 . In 1973 , Milton Bradley purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee . During Lowe 's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold in America and around the globe . The game has maintained its popularity . According to current owner Hasbro , 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year . Over time , the Yahtzee logo has taken several forms . The original version of the logo was used throughout the entire period that the game was produced solely by the Lowe company . After 1973 , the logo changed various times . This logo is found on the scorecards and the game box ( es ) . Rules ( edit ) Logo of the game as originally published in 1954 . It includes a caricature of E.S. Lowe , the person responsible for the game 's production . The game consists of a number of rounds . In each round , a player gets three rolls of the dice , although they can choose to end their turn after one or two rolls . After the first roll the player can save any dice they want and re-roll the other dice . This procedure is repeated after the second roll . The player has complete choice as to which dice to roll . They can re-roll a die for the third roll that was not rolled on the second roll . The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 different category boxes and in each round , after the third roll , the player must choose one of these categories . The score entered in the box depends on how well the five dice match the scoring rule for the category . Details of the scoring rules for each category are given below . As an example , one of the categories is called Three of a Kind . The scoring rule for this category means that a player only scores if at least three of the five dice are the same value . The game is completed after 13 rounds by each player , with each of the 13 boxes filled . The total score is calculated by summing all thirteen boxes , together with any bonuses . The Yahtzee scorecard contains 13 scoring boxes divided between two sections : the upper section and the lower section . Upper Section ( edit ) In the upper section there are six boxes . The score in each of these boxes is determined by adding the total number of dice matching that box . Categories Descriptions Scores Examples Aces Any combination The sum of dice with the number 1 scores 3 Twos Any combination The sum of dice with the number 2 scores 6 Threes Any combination The sum of dice with the number 3 scores 12 Fours Any combination The sum of dice with the number 4 scores 8 Fives Any combination The sum of dice with the number 5 scores 5 Sixes Any combination The sum of dice with the number 6 scores 18 If a player scores a total of 63 or more points in these six boxes , a bonus of 35 is added to the upper section score . Although 63 points corresponds to scoring exactly three - of - a-kind for each of the six boxes , a common way to get the bonus is by scoring four - of - a-kind for some numbers so that fewer of other numbers are needed . A player can earn the bonus even if they score a `` 0 '' in an upper section box . In order to gauge how well a player is doing in the upper section , they often refer to being `` up '' or `` down '' compared to the average of three required for each box . So that if a player scores four `` sixes '' they will be `` 6 up '' ; while if they then score just two `` twos '' they will then be only `` 4 up '' . Similarly , if a player starts with two `` twos '' they will be `` 2 down '' . Lower Section ( edit ) The lower section contains a number of poker - themed categories with specific point values : Categories Descriptions Scores Examples Three Of A Kind At least three dice the same Sum of all dice scores 17 Four Of A Kind At least four dice the same Sum of all dice scores 24 Full House Three of one number and two of another 25 scores 25 Small Straight Four sequential dice ( 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 , 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 , or 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 ) 30 scores 30 Large Straight Five sequential dice ( 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 or 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 ) 40 scores 40 Yahtzee All five dice the same 50 scores 50 Chance Any combination Sum of all dice scores 13 Some players count a Yahtzee as being a valid Full House . However the official rule is that a Full House is `` three of one number and two of another '' . Small Straight and Large Straight are sometimes called by different names , either Low Straight and High Straight , Short Straight and Long Straight or Little Straight and Big Straight . If a category is chosen but the dice do not match the requirements of the category the player scores 0 in that category . Some combinations offer the player a choice as to which category to score them under ; e.g. , a full house could be scored in the Full House , the Three - Of - A-Kind , or the Chance categories . The Chance category is often used for a turn that will not score well in any other category . Although Yahtzee is a commercial game with its own components ( game set in upper image ) , the game can also be played with just five dice ( such as the dice in the lower image ) , some pencils or pens and sheets of paper , and the knowledge of the rules and scoring categories . Yahtzee bonuses and Joker rules ( edit ) A Yahtzee occurs when all five dice are the same . If a player throws a Yahtzee but the Yahtzee category has already been used , special rules apply . If the player throws a Yahtzee and has already filled the Yahtzee box with a score of 50 , they score a Yahtzee bonus and get an extra 100 points . However , if they throw a Yahtzee and have filled the Yahtzee category with a score of 0 , they do not get a Yahtzee bonus . In either case they then select a category , as usual . Scoring is the same as normal except that , if the Upper Section box corresponding to the Yahtzee has been used , the Full House , Small Straight and Large Straight categories can be used to score 25 , 30 or 40 ( respectively ) even though the dice do not meet the normal requirement for those categories . In this case the Yahtzee is said to act as a `` Joker '' . There are two alternative versions of the Joker rule used . Forced Joker rule ( edit ) In the official rules the player must act in the following way . If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused then that category must be used . If the corresponding Upper Section box has been used already , a Lower Section box must be used . The Yahtzee acts as a Joker so that the Full House , Small Straight and Large Straight categories can be used to score 25 , 30 or 40 ( respectively ) . If the corresponding Upper Section box and all Lower Section boxes have been used an unused Upper Section box must be used , scoring 0 . Free choice Joker rule ( edit ) In the simpler , alternative version of the Joker rule the player retains the free choice as to which category to use , but the Yahtzee can only be used as a Joker if the corresponding Upper Section box has been used . If the corresponding Upper Section box is unused the Yahtzee would score 0 if the Full House , Small Straight or Large Straight categories were chosen . Original Joker rule ( edit ) The original game rules released in 1956 contain a difference from the above rules . The booklet stated that additional Yahtzees must be used as Jokers in the Lower Section and did not allow for their use in the Upper Section . This rule was changed when the game was re-copyrighted in 1961 . The winner is the player with the highest total . The rules do not specify what happens in the event of a tie . Example games ( edit ) ( show ) Example game Dice shown in black are those kept from the previous roll . Round Roll Dice Keep or Category Score Fours 12 Full House 25 Twos 8 Chance 22 5 Fives 15 6 Aces 7 Small Straight 30 8 Three - Of - A-Kind 21 9 Threes 9 10 Yahtzee 0 11 Four - Of - A-Kind 26 12 Large Straight 40 13 Sixes 18 Completed score card : UPPER SECTION SCORE Aces Twos 8 Threes 9 Fours 12 Fives 15 Sixes 18 TOTAL SCORE 64 BONUS 35 TOTAL Upper Section 99 LOWER SECTION SCORE 3 of a kind 21 4 of a kind 26 Full House 25 Sm . Straight 30 Lg . Straight 40 YAHTZEE 0 Chance 22 Yahztee Bonus -- TOTAL Lower Section 164 GRAND TOTAL 263 Strategies ( edit ) A detailed discussion of the optimal strategy is beyond the scope of this article but certain aspects can be considered here . Completing a Yahtzee ( edit ) It is important to understand the probability of completing a Yahtzee . This depends on whether a particular Yahtzee is required or any Yahtzee . Specific Yahtzee ( edit ) The probability of completing a specific Yahtzee is shown in the following table . Number of Same Di ( c ) e Before First Roll Before Second Roll Before Third Roll - 30.56 % 16.67 % - 9.34 % 2.78 % - 2.85 % 0.46 % - 0.87 % 0.08 % 0 1.33 % 0.27 % 0.01 % Any Yahtzee ( edit ) The probability of completing any Yahtzee is shown in the following table . The strategy is to keep any Yahtzee , four - of - a-kind , three - of - a-kind or pair that is thrown and re-roll the others . With two pairs , either can be chosen . Most Already Rolled Before First Roll Before Second Roll Before Third Roll - 30.56 % 16.67 % - 9.34 % 2.78 % - 2.91 % 0.46 % - 1.26 % 0.08 % 0 4.60 % - - So if a three - of - a-kind is thrown on the first roll , the chance of completing a Yahtzee increases from 4.60 % to 9.34 % . Final round ( edit ) This section describes the last round strategy where there is no possibility of a Yahtzee bonus ( i.e. there is a score of 0 in the Yahtzee box ) . These are the simplest situations to analyse , although even at this late stage the strategy may vary depending on the game situation . Upper Section box ( edit ) If the final box is in the upper section , the strategy is to keep any of the number required and re-roll the others . On average 2.11 of the number required will be gotten , scoring from 2.11 ( for 1s ) to 12.64 ( for 6s ) . The distribution is as follows : Total Probability At least 1 93.51 % At least 2 69.88 % At least 3 35.48 % At least 4 10.44 % 5 1.33 % Three - of - a-kind ( edit ) There are slightly different strategies depending on whether a player is simply just trying to get a three - of - a-kind or if they are trying to maximize their average score . Different strategies will also be required should a specific target be needed to achieve . The strategy to maximize the chance of getting a three - of - a-kind involves keeping any three - of - a-kind that is rolled . If a three - of - a-kind is rolled then after the first throw the player should keep any other 5s and 6s , while after the second throw the player should keep any other 4s , 5s , and 6s . An example is with 22225 the player keeps 2225 and throws the other 2 . If a three - of - a-kind is not rolled the player should keep any pair that is rolled and re-roll the other dice , with two pairs the player should keep the higher pair , and with no pair the player should keep the highest die . Following this strategy gives a 74.32 % chance of getting a three - of - a-kind . This strategy does not maximize the average score since there are a few situations after the first throw , where it is better to keep other combinations . For instance after throwing 11166 , keeping 11166 maximizes the chance of getting a three - of - a-kind ( a guaranteed score of 15 ) but keeping 66 maximizes the expected average score ( 17.54 ) , although it introduces a significant chance of scoring nothing . The situations where the strategy to maximize the average score differs are all after the first throw and are as follows : keep 33 , 44 , 55 , 66 rather than 111 ( or 11155 , 11166 ) , keep 4 , 5 or 6 rather than 11 , keep 5 or 6 rather than 22 , keep 336 rather than 33 . For example , with 22456 the player should keep 6 rather than 22 and with 33456 he should keep 336 not 33. If he follows the strategy to maximize the average score he will get a three - of - a-kind 71.51 % of the time and score an average of 15.19 . Four - of - a-kind ( edit ) As with three - of - a-kind there are slightly different strategies depending on whether a player is simply trying to get a four - of - a-kind or he is trying to maximize his average score . Different strategies will also be required should he need to achieve a specific target . The strategy to maximize his chance of getting a four - of - a-kind involves keeping any four - of - a-kind that he has . If he has a four - of - a-kind then after the first throw he will keep the other if it is a 5 and 6 , while after the second throw he will keep it if it is a 4 , 5 or 6 . So that with 22223 he keeps 2222 and will throw the 3 . If he does not have a four - of - a-kind , the player should keep any three - of - a-kind or pair that he has and re-roll the other dice . With two pairs he will keep the higher pair . With no pair he will keep the highest die . Following this strategy gives him a 29.08 % chance of getting a four - of - a-kind . As with three - of - a-kind this strategy does not maximize the average score since there are a few situations after the first throw , where it is better to keep other combinations . For instance , after throwing 11166 , keeping 111 maximizes the chance of getting a four - of - a-kind but keeping 66 maximizes the expected average score ( 6.20 rather than 4.18 ) . The situations where the strategy to maximize the average score differs are all after the first throw and are as follows : keep 44 , 55 , 66 rather than 111 , keep 4 , 5 or 6 rather than 11 , keep 6 rather than 22 . Following the strategy to maximize the average score he will get a four - of - a-kind 27.74 % of the time and score an average of 5.61 . Full House ( edit ) A player will keep a Yahtzee or Full House . A Yahtzee will score 25 under the Joker rule , even though it is not strictly a full house. he will keep any four - of - a-kind , three - of - a-kind or pairs that are thrown and re-roll the others . With two pairs he will keep both . On average he will succeed 36.61 % of the time and score an average of 9.15 . Small Straight ( edit ) The strategy is complicated by the fact that , because of the Joker rule , the player will score 30 if he gets a Yahtzee . Clearly he keeps any Small Straight or Yahtzee that he throws . After the first throw he will keep a run of 3 or 3 out of 4 ( e.g. 124 ) if he has one . Otherwise , he will keep a 3 or 4 ( or both ) and a 2 or 5 if he also has a 3 or 4 ( e.g. with 11245 he will keep 24 but with 11255 he will keep nothing ) . He will not keep just 2 , 5 or 25 . The only difference after the second throw is that he keeps 1111 , 2222 , 5555 and 6666 and will try to throw a Yahtzee unless the other die is a 3 or 4 . On average he will succeed 61.60 % of the time and score an average of 18.48 . Large Straight ( edit ) Again the strategy is complicated by the fact that , because of the Joker rule , he will score 40 if he gets a Yahtzee . Clearly he will keep any Large Straight or Yahtzee that he throws . The best strategy is also to keep a four - of - a-kind and try to throw a Yahtzee , even after the first throw. The player should not keep a three - of - a-kind . Keep a small straight or 4 out of 5 ( e.g. 1235 ) if he has one . Otherwise he should simply keep any 2 , 3 , 4 or 5 ( just one of each ) , so that with 12256 he would keep 25 . On average he will succeed 26.53 % of the time and score an average of 10.61 . Yahtzee ( edit ) A player should keep any Yahtzee , four - of - a-kind , three - of - a-kind or pair that is thrown and re-roll the others . On average he will succeed 4.60 % of the time and score an average of 2.30 . Chance ( edit ) To get the maximum average score the strategy is straightforward . After the first throw the player will keep any 5s and 6s . After the second throw he will keep any 4s , 5s , and 6s . On average he will score 23.33 . Different strategies will be required when he needs to achieve a specific target . Optimal strategy ( edit ) The strategy for maximizing the expected score has been determined . The average score when using this strategy is 254.59 . This average is based on calculations using the `` free choice Joker rule '' . It is important to note that the `` Optimal '' strategy simply maximises the average score . It does not maximise the chances of winning a game . There are two main reasons for this . Firstly , the Optimal strategy takes no account of any opponents . In normal gameplay a player will adjust their strategy depending on the scores of the other player or players . Secondly , the Optimal strategy tends to give undue importance to Yahtzee bonuses . It is rare for a player without a Yahtzee bonus to beat a player with one . So , in normal gameplay , a players ' strategy is not significantly influenced by the value given for a Yahtzee bonus . Consider the situation where the Yahtzee bonus was worth a million rather than a hundred . It would not influence normal gameplay where the objective is to score more than the opponent . It would , however , affect the `` Optimal '' strategy since scoring a million would have a dramatic effect on the average score . The `` Optimal '' strategy would be dominated by the prospect of a Yahtzee bonus . Even with a Yahtzee bonus worth 100 the `` Optimal '' strategy tends to give too much importance to Yahtzee bonuses . Despite these limitations the `` Optimal '' strategy does provide a useful guide as to the best strategy , especially in the early rounds . The `` Optimal '' strategy for the first round is described in the next section . After the first round , the number of different games rapidly makes detailed analysis difficult but , in the early rounds , players generally simply adapt the first round strategy based on the boxes used . For instance if a player throws 15566 in the first round they will keep 66 but if the 6s box was used in the first round and they throw 15566 in the second round they will naturally keep 55 instead . The following table shows the average score obtained using the Optimal strategy and the proportion of the time that zero is scored in a particular category : Category Average score Zero score Aces 1.88 10.84 % Twos 5.28 1.80 % Threes 8.57 0.95 % Fours 12.16 0.60 % Fives 15.69 0.50 % Sixes 19.19 0.53 % Bonus 23.84 31.88 % Three - of - a-Kind 21.66 3.26 % Four - of - a-Kind 13.10 36.34 % Full House 22.59 9.63 % Small Straight 29.46 1.80 % Large Straight 32.71 18.22 % Yahtzee 16.87 66.26 % Chance 22.01 - Yahtzee Bonus 9.58 91.76 % TOTAL 254.59 - The bonus is made in 68 % of games but in only 1 % of games does the player get exactly 3 - of - a-kind of each Upper Section category . In a further 5 % of games the player gets at least 3 - of - a-kind in each of these categories and 4 - of - a-kind in one or more of them . In the remaining 62 % of games , there is at least one category which scores a pair or less but the bonus is achieved by scoring one or more 4 - of - a-kind in the Upper Section . It is possible to calculate the maximum average score with different rules . When the rules are changed so that there is no Upper Section bonus the average score drops from 254.59 to 237.84 , a reduction of 16.75 . This compares with an average bonus score of 23.84 and shows that changes to the strategy to improve the chance of getting the bonus are to the detriment of the other scores ; the average score in the other boxes drops by 7.09 . A Yahtzee is scored in about 34 % of games while a Yahtzee bonus is scored in about 8 % of games . A second Yahtzee bonus occurs about 1 % of the time while a third one is scored in about 0.1 % of games . The average number of Yahtzees thrown in a game is 0.46 . This includes about 3 % of games where a Yahtzee is thrown after 0 has been scored in the Yahtzee box and although it does score something , it is not scored as a Yahtzee or Yahtzee bonus . In about 3.7 % of games a Yahtzee is used as a Joker and scored on Full House , Small Straight or Large Straight . In most of these cases the Yahtzee box has a score of 50 and so the Yahtzee also counts as a Yahtzee bonus . In about a quarter of these cases the Yahtzee box has a score 0 and so there is no Yahtzee bonus . Although the average score is 254.59 the Median score is 248 The Mode is 266 which occurs 1.26 % of the time . The 1st Percentile is 151 ( i.e. 1 % of scores are 151 or less ) while the 99th Percentile is 473 ( i.e. 99 % of scores are 473 or less ) . First round ( edit ) Source : The strategy for the first round described here is based on that used by the `` Optimal '' strategy . Sometimes there are two possible plays which are almost equally good . In these cases the simplest option is given , i.e. the one that follows the general rules . Although there are 7776 different ways of throwing 5 dice , because the order of the dice is not important there are only 252 different combinations . To use the strategy described therefore requires knowing 756 different situations . Second and third roll choices ( edit ) The general principle after the first and second throws is to keep the largest number of similar dice and rethrow the rest . When a player has a full house he will keep the three - of - a-kind . When you have two pairs keep the higher pair and rethrow the other three dice . If you have a large straight , keep it . If you have a small straight , keep it and re-roll the fifth die . If all the dice are different and there is no straight , keep just the 5 . There are a number of exceptions to these rules . These exceptions are different for the second and third rolls . Exceptions before the second roll : with a full house containing three 1s , he will keep all the dice and put in the Full House box . with 12344 he will keep the pair not the small straight . with a 3456 and a pair he will keep the pair not the small straight . with a pair of 1s he will keep , in order of preference , 345 , 5 , 4 or 6 , not the pair of 1s . So , before the second roll he will never keep two pairs , he will never keep a pair of 1s and he will never throw all the dice again . Exceptions before the third roll : with a full house containing three 1s , three 2s or three 3s , he will keep all the dice and put in the Full House box . with a pair of 1s and a pair of 2s or with a pair of 1s and a pair of 3s , he will keep both pairs . with 11345 he will keep 345 not the pair . with 12456 he will keep 456 not just the 5 . So there are specific differences compared to the second roll . Now he will keep the Full House if the three - of - a-kind is 2 or 3 and keep two pairs when they are 1 and 2 or 1 and 3. He will Keep all large and small straights. He will Normally keep a pair of 1s ( although 345 is still better ) and keep 456 rather than 5 when all the dice are different . Category choice ( edit ) In about 80 % of games a player will either have at least a 3 - of - a-kind or a straight . If he has any of the following he will put it in the appropriate Lower Section box : Yahtzee , full house , large straight , small straight . With a 4 - of - a-kind or 3 - of - a-kind he will put it in the appropriate Upper Section box . The only exception is that when he has a 3 - of - a-kind where the sum of the dice is 25 or more he should use the 3 - of - a-kind box . The 4 - of - a-kind box is never used in the first round . In the remaining 20 % of cases he will have a poor hand : two pairs , one pair or all dice different . In these situations there is no appealing option , the choice being between using an Upper Section box and using Chance . With two pairs follow the rule for the lower of the two pairs he has . The rule depends on whether his pair ( or smaller pair ) is low ( 1 , 2 or 3 ) or high ( 4 , 5 or 6 ) : with a low pair he will use the appropriate Upper Section box ( 1s , 2s or 3s ) unless the sum of the dice is 22 or more in which case use the Chance box . with a high pair he will use the 1s box unless the sum of the dice is 20 or more in which case use the Chance box . The only exception is that with 23446 he should use the Chance box even though it only scores 19 . with all dice different he will use the 1s box . Best and worst outcome ( edit ) The best outcome in the first round is to throw a Yahtzee and put it in the Yahtzee box . This increases the final expected score from 254.59 to 320.84 . Putting a Yahtzee of 6s in the 6s box results in an expected score of just 279.48 . The second best outcome is to score 24 in the 6s box . This has a value of 268.23 . Putting 56666 in the 4 - of - a-kind box has a value of 264.54 . The worst first roll is 11236 which has a value of 249.83 . After the second roll the worst position is 12356 which then has a value of 244.91 . The worst third roll is 23446 which has a value of 238.96 when put in the Chance box . Extreme scores ( edit ) Maximum score ( edit ) The highest possible score is 1,575 and involves throwing 13 Yahtzees , scoring 12 Yahtzee bonuses of 100 points each , as well as 375 in the other categories . The 375 is achieved by scoring five aces ( 5 ) , five twos ( 10 ) , five threes ( 15 ) , five fours ( 20 ) , five fives ( 25 ) , five sixes ( 30 ) , the Upper Section bonus ( 35 ) , five sixes scored as Three - of - a-kind ( 30 ) , five sixes scored as a Four - of - a-kind ( 30 ) , a Full House ( 25 ) , a Small Straight ( 30 ) , a Large Straight ( 40 ) , a Yahtzee ( 50 ) , and five sixes scored as Chance ( 30 ) . The score of 1,575 requires using the `` Joker '' rules for the Full House , Small Straight and Large Straight categories . In order to score 1,575 the player must throw 13 successive Yahtzees . The probability of getting a Yahtzee , if that is your sole objective , is 4.60 % and so the probability of a player rolling 13 Yahtzees in a row ( if that was their sole objective ) is 4.60 % raised to the 13th power or 6982416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 × 10 . The probability of scoring 1,575 ( if that was your sole objective ) is less than this since to score the maximum you would need at least one of each number ( after the first round ) to fill the Upper Section and a further three 6 Yahtzees to score 30 in the Three - of - a-kind , Four - of - a-kind and Chance categories . In about 18 % of Yahtzees the player has some choice over the dice to keep . This most frequently happens when a player rolls two pairs . This means that a player can slightly increase the chance of getting a 6 Yahtzee without reducing the chance of getting a Yahtzee . In normal gameplay the probability of scoring 1,575 is considerably less . Using the strategy that maximizes the average score , the probability of scoring 1,575 is 6980137999999999999 ♠ 1.38 × 10 . Other high scores ( edit ) For a player following the strategy which maximises the chance of getting a Yahtzee , the probability of scoring a particular number of Yahtzees follows a binomial distribution and is shown in the following table . Yahtzees Rolled Probability Chance 1 or more 45.80 % 1 in 2.18 2 or more 11.81 % 1 in 8.47 3 or more 1.97 % 1 in 50.7 4 or more 0.210 % 1 in 436 5 or more 6996182000000000000 ♠ 1.82 × 10 1 in 5,140 6 or more 6995117000000000000 ♠ 1.17 × 10 1 in 81,200 7 or more 6993566000000000000 ♠ 5.66 × 10 1 in 1,700,000 8 or more 6992204999999999999 ♠ 2.05 × 10 1 in 47,500,000 A player must throw at least 8 Yahtzees in order to score 1000 . Throwing 8 Yahtzees will score 750 for the Yahtzee and Yahtzee bonuses . The 7 Yahtzees after the first throw will generally score highly , including the opportunity of using the Joker rule to score in , for instance , the Large Straight category . This means that a player throwing 8 Yahtzees will often be able to score 1,000 . In normal gameplay the probability of scoring this number of Yahtzees is considerably less . The following table shows the probability of getting certain scores using the `` Optimal '' strategy . Score Probability Chance 400 or more 3.84 % 1 in 25.5 500 or more 0.719 % 1 in 139 600 or more 6996896000000000000 ♠ 8.96 × 10 1 in 1,120 700 or more 6995750000000000000 ♠ 7.50 × 10 1 in 13,300 800 or more 6994436000000000000 ♠ 4.36 × 10 1 in 229,000 900 or more 6993183000000000000 ♠ 1.83 × 10 1 in 5,480,000 1000 or more 6991558000000000000 ♠ 5.58 × 10 1 in 179,000,000 Minimum score ( edit ) The lowest possible score is 5 . The Chance box always scores the sum of the dice , so that a minimum of 5 must be scored in that category . The strategy that works to maximize the average expected score will under worst case conditions score a minimum of 12 points , but cautious play will guarantee a minimum score of 18 . A score of 18 will be achieved if 11223 is thrown each round and then , whatever is re-thrown , getting 11223 again after the second and third throws , scoring 2 in the 1s box , 4 in the 2s box , 3 in the 3s box and 9 for the Chance category . Scoring the minimum of 12 , when attempting to maximise the average score , is less likely than scoring the maximum of 1,575 but is theoretically possible . Suppose that in the first two rounds 12355 after each roll . This would happen if a 12355 is thrown on the first roll and then , whatever dice are re-thrown , getting the same combination again ; for instance , keeping 55 , rethrowing the 123 , and still get 12355 . The optimal strategy will use the 1s box in the first round , scoring 1 , and the 2s box in the second round , scoring 2 . Now suppose that for the next 3 rounds you have 11226 after each roll . Again this is possible since you may throw 11226 on the first roll and then get the same when you re-throw some of dice . The optimal strategy will use the four - of - a-kind and Yahtzees boxes in the third and fourth rounds and then the 3s box in the fifth round , scoring 0 each time . For the last 8 rounds suppose you have 11223 after each roll . You will score 0 in all the remaining categories except Chance where you will score 9 , giving a total of 12 . Commercial versions ( edit ) Deluxe and collector editions ( edit ) Deluxe edition games have been sold alongside the regular issue games since the early 1960s . They all contain components that are more luxurious than standard game parts . In recent years , a number of collector issue Yahtzees have been sold as well . Some of these collector issues have dice that replace the pips with certain symbols connected to a theme , but still correspond to the numbers one to six . Travel Yahtzee ( edit ) 1986 Travel Yahtzee Since the 1970s , Travel Yahtzee has been sold in various forms as part of Milton Bradley 's line of travel games . In the past , the travel form of Yahtzee was composed of the five dice contained in a special apparatus ( see image at the right ) . `` Rolling '' the dice is initiated by turning the apparatus over , running it on one hand and turning the apparatus upright to see the faces of the dice . Dice to be saved for the next roll are locked by snapping the reverse of the apparatus . Currently , a zip - up cloth deluxe folio edition is sold . It consists of the set of dice , the cup , the scorecards , and a tray for the dice to roll on , which includes a holder for the dice to be saved for the next roll . The cup has an oblong lip for easy storage . In addition to the game folio , Hasbro also released Yahtzee to Go . It comes with a dice cup that stores the dice & contents . similar to the original Travel Yahtzee only without the apparatus . This is sold in tandem with the game folio . There also exists a red circular travel edition , which includes the dice and scorecards , as well as a collapsible cup and detachable dice holder . The bottom half of the case acts as a dice tray . It should be noted that this one uses a different logo from the standard one ( the name of the game in uppercase with an exclamation point in front of a green oval ) and it is sold outside of the United States . There are also miniature versions of the game , sold in sets contained either in cups that act as keychains ( by the company Basic Fun ) or in specially shaped pens ( by the company Stylus ) . Electronic versions ( edit ) Various Yahtzee console games have been sold over the years including an early version on the TI - 99 4A computer . In 1996 , the game was first released to PC and Mac users by Atari . The Ultimate Yahtzee CD - ROM game contained standard Yahtzee as well as other varieties . Later , GameHouse also released an authorized special version of the game for Windows users . There are also several electronic versions of the game such as a handheld LCD version , and a cell phone version called Yahtzee Deluxe , which feature the original rules along with Duplicate and Rainbow modes , as well as independently produced versions for the Palm OS and Pocket PC and several cellphone models . The version for the Nintendo Game Boy was licensed from Hasbro and was produced by DSI Games and Black Lantern Studios Inc . It was sold in a three pack that included Life , Payday , and Yahtzee . The game has also been released for the iPod , iPod touch and the iPhone , to be purchased through the iTunes Store , as well as Google Play . Both the iOS App and the Android App are published by Scopely . Yahtzee is available on the Xbox 360 in the Family Game Night game by Hasbro . Pogo.com released a version in 2009 , and the game is also available on the Pogo Facebook site as well . Related games ( edit ) Main article : Games related to Yahtzee A number of related games under the Yahtzee brand have been produced . They all commonly use dice as the primary tool for gameplay , but all differ generally . The first was Triple Yahtzee , developed in 1972 . The game has inspired two short - lived television game shows : 1975 's Spin - Off on CBS and 1988 's syndicated Yahtzee . Online versions ( edit ) There are a large number of versions of Yahtzee which can be played online or are available to download . `` Open Yahtzee '' is a cross-platform open - source ( free ) version of Yahtzee for one player . Similar games ( edit ) There are a large number of related games . Yatzy is one of the most popular . Yatzy rules and scoring categories are somewhat different from Yahtzee : The bonus for reaching 63 or more points in the Upper Section is normally 50 points . There are two extra boxes for the `` One Pair '' and `` Two Pair '' categories . These score the total of the pair ( s ) involved . For instance , 5 - 5 - 4 - 4 - 1 will score 10 points in the One Pair box and 18 in the Two Pair box . In the Two Pair category , the pairs must be different . The Three - of - a-Kind and Four - of - a-Kind categories are scored using the total of the needed number of same - faced dice . For instance , 5 - 5 - 5 - 5 - 6 will score 20 points in Four - of - a-Kind and 15 points in Three - of - a-Kind . This scoring rule is the same as the Four - of - a-Kind scoring used in Yacht . Full House scores the total of all dice , as in Yacht . Small Straight and Large Straight have the same definitions as in Yacht . A Small Straight is 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 and scores 15 points ( the total of the dice faces ) ; the Large Straight is 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 and scores 20 points ( again the combined value of the dice ) . There are no Yahtzee bonuses or Joker rule . Yahtzees can be scored in other categories under the normal scoring rules . For example , a Yahtzee of sixes will score 12 in the One Pair box , 18 in Three - of - a-Kind , 24 in Four - of - a-Kind , 30 in Sixes or Chance and 0 in Two Pair , Full House , Small Straight and Large Straight boxes . Other related games include : Balut is the name of a Danish dice game played by expatriates in many countries all over the world . The name of the game is taken from balut eggs . Kismet has dice with multiple colors . Both numbers and colors are taken into account when scoring . Yamb has several ( usually 4 ) columns filled with special restrictions and MINIMAX categories with the bigger score if the higher is difference between min and max . In popular culture ( edit ) Ben `` Yahtzee '' Croshaw is a British video games critic who takes his pseudonym from the game . Yahtzee has been cited as a precipitating factor in a case of domestic violence and as the motive for at least one murder . The word `` Yahtzee '' has been used to exclaim excitement when a University of Kentucky football recruit commits to attending the school . The tennis player Andy Roddick , after winning a match in which events seemed to go his way , said , in an interview , that everything was `` coming up Yahtzee '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` Yahtzee from the E.S. Lowe Company '' . ToyTales.ca . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Clement and Goddard , Gloria , The Complete Book of Games , Halcyon House , NY , 1938 Jump up ^ `` The History of YAHTZEE '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yahtzee Instructions -- 1 or More Players '' ( PDF ) . Milton Bradley Company . 1996 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Vancura , Olaf ( 2001 ) . Advantage Yahtzee . Las Vegas : Huntington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 04 - 8 . OCLC 53276962 . ^ Jump up to : Verhoeff , Tom ( 1999 ) , Optimal Solitaire Yahtzee Strategies ( PDF ) , retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=g5YWIpHTTW8C&pg=PA417 The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic ( pages 417 and 418 ) Jump up ^ `` Optimal Solitaire Yahtzee Player : Trivia '' . www-set.win.tue.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 516X0Z50P4L. _AA280_. jpg , ( 280 × 280 px ) '' . ecx.images-amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Image : yahtzee. jpg , ( 240 × 240 px ) '' . ultimatekeychains.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41qTHiY-kvL._SS500_.jpg Jump up ^ Horwitz , Jeremy ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` Electronic Arts Yahtzee ( Review by iLounge Accessory Reviews ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` Yahtzee Comes to iPod '' . PC World . PC World . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` About - Open Yahtzee '' . openyahtzee.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Yahtzee 's equivalent articles in Danish , Finnish , Norwegian , and Swedish Jump up ^ `` Zero Punctuation Video Gallery The Escapist '' . escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Steven ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Florida Man Allegedly Chokes Wife Over Yahtzee '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Dispute over Yahtzee game may be motive for mother 's murder kare11.com '' . kare11.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Recruiting - UK The Courier - Journal courier-journal.com '' . courier-journal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Comprehensive information on rules , gameplay and strategy P - Yahtzee , Solution , Variants , Statistics , Tactics Regular and Alternative Yahtzee Rules Yahtzee Online Game Online Yahtzee Game and Community ( hide ) Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer 's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who ? Hi Ho ! 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Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahtzee&oldid=810757200 '' Categories : Dice games Milton Bradley Company games IOS games IPod games 1950s toys Products introduced in 1956 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 06 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	whats the highest score you can get in yahtzee	[ "The highest possible score is 1,575 and involves throwing 13 Yahtzees, scoring 12 Yahtzee bonuses of 100 points each, as well as 375 in the other categories." ]	[ "1,575" ]
9048548604558656913	Vice (Miranda Lambert song)	Vice ( Miranda Lambert song ) - wikipedia Vice ( Miranda Lambert song ) `` Vice '' Single art cover Single by Miranda Lambert from the album The Weight of These Wings Released July 18 , 2016 Format Digital download Genre Country Length 3 : 59 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Miranda Lambert Josh Osborne Shane McAnally Producer ( s ) Frank Liddell Eric Masse Glenn Worf Miranda Lambert singles chronology `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' ( 2015 ) `` Vice '' ( 2016 ) `` We Should Be Friends '' ( 2016 ) `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' ( 2015 ) `` Vice '' ( 2016 ) `` We Should Be Friends '' ( 2016 ) Music videos `` Vice '' on YouTube `` Vice '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert . It was released to radio on July 18 , 2016 , as the lead single from Lambert 's sixth studio album , The Weight of These Wings ( 2016 ) . The song was written by Lambert , Josh Osborne and Shane McAnally . `` Vice '' debuted at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart in August 2016 . `` Vice '' was ranked at number 31 on Rolling Stone 's `` 50 Best Songs of 2016 '' list . Contents 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Accolades 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year end charts 5 Certifications 6 References Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Vice '' had an opening week sales of 64,000 copies and 14.6 million audience impression , prompting it to debut at number 2 on the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming her highest debuting single on that chart , beating the number five debut of `` Somethin ' Bad . '' It also debuted at number 18 on the Country Airplay chart , beating the number 26 debut of `` Automatic '' as her highest debut on that chart . Concurrently , it debuted at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It ultimately went on to peak at number 11 on the Country Airplay chart . In Canada , the song debuted at number 35 on Canada Country chart and reached a peak of number 4 and debuted at number 99 on the Canadian Hot 100 and peaked at number 78 . As of March 2017 , the song has sold 508,000 copies in the United States . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Trey Fanjoy and premiered in September 2016 . The video begins surveying a wrecked car which Lambert eventually stumbles out of . She is then shown walking down a country road away from the accident and eventually comes to a small town where she stops in a bar for a drink . She then continues to walk until she comes to a crossroads , where a car similar to the one from the beginning of the video pulls up without a driver behind the wheel . She gets into the backseat of the car and the video ends with it driving away . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Result 2017 Grammy Awards Best Country Solo Performance Nominated Best Country Song Nominated ACM Awards Video of the Year Nominated Single Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated CMT Music Awards Video of the Year Nominated Female Video of the Year Nominated Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 78 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 58 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 508,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Miranda Lambert Announces Details for New Album , ' The Weight of These Wings ' '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' ( The Week Of August 6 , 2016 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : March 6 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Miranda Lambert : Vice '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2017 : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 ACM Awards Nominees -- Full List '' . The Boot . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 CMT Music Awards Winners List '' . The Boot . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Miranda Lambert -- Vice '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Miranda Lambert -- Vice '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Miranda Lambert singles Kerosene `` Me and Charlie Talking '' `` Bring Me Down '' `` Kerosene '' `` New Strings '' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend `` Famous in a Small Town '' `` Gunpowder & Lead '' `` More Like Her '' Revolution `` Dead Flowers '' `` White Liar '' `` The House That Built Me '' `` Only Prettier '' `` Heart Like Mine '' Four the Record `` Baggage Claim '' `` Over You '' `` Fastest Girl in Town '' `` Mama 's Broken Heart '' `` All Kinds of Kinds '' Platinum `` Automatic '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' `` Little Red Wagon '' `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' The Weight of These Wings `` Vice '' `` We Should Be Friends '' `` Tin Man '' Featured singles `` We Were Us '' `` Drowns the Whiskey '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vice_(Miranda_Lambert_song)&oldid=836594495 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2016 singles Miranda Lambert songs RCA Records Nashville singles Songs written by Miranda Lambert Songs written by Josh Osborne Songs written by Shane McAnally Song recordings produced by Frank Liddell Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 18 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song vice by miranda lambert	[ "\"Vice\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. It was released to radio on July 18, 2016, as the lead single from Lambert's sixth studio album, The Weight of These Wings (2016).[1] The song was written by Lambert, Josh Osborne and Shane McAnally. \"Vice\" debuted at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart in August 2016.[2] \"Vice\" was ranked at number 31 on Rolling Stone’s \"50 Best Songs of 2016\" list.[3]\n", "\"Vice\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. It was released to radio on July 18, 2016, as the lead single from Lambert's sixth studio album, The Weight of These Wings (2016).[1] The song was written by Lambert, Josh Osborne and Shane McAnally. \"Vice\" debuted at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart in August 2016.[2] \"Vice\" was ranked at number 31 on Rolling Stone’s \"50 Best Songs of 2016\" list.[3]\n", "\"Vice\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. It was released to radio on July 18, 2016, as the lead single from Lambert's sixth studio album, The Weight of These Wings (2016).[1] The song was written by Lambert, Josh Osborne and Shane McAnally. \"Vice\" debuted at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart in August 2016.[2] \"Vice\" was ranked at number 31 on Rolling Stone’s \"50 Best Songs of 2016\" list.[3]\n" ]	[ "Miranda Lambert", "Josh Osborne", "Shane McAnally" ]
5939670646599834722	International Day of Vesak	International Day of Vesak - wikipedia International Day of Vesak Jump to : navigation , search International Day of Vesak is a National holiday declared by the United Nations in 1999 . The proposal was tabled by Sri Lanka . Vesak is an important Buddhist holiday that celebrates the birth , enlightenment , and passing of Gautama Buddha . in 1999 the General Assembly officially declared the Day of Vesak as a United Nations international day , at the request then Sri Lankan foreign minister Lakshman Kadirgamar United Nations international day 2001 - 1st United Nations New York 2006 - 3rd Summit - Thailand 2007 - 4th Summit - Thailand 2008 - 5th Summit - Vietnam 2009 - 6th Summit - Thailand 2010 - 7th Summit - Thailand 2011 - 8th Summit - Thailand 2012 - 9th Summit - Thailand 2013 - 10th Summit - Thailand 2014 - 11th Summit - Vietnam 2015 - 12th Summit - Thailand 2016 - 13th Summit - Thailand 2017 - 14th Summit - Sri Lanka Thailand has hosted the event 11 times , Vietnam 2 times and Sri Lanka 1 time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AnydayGuide . `` UN Day of Vesak / May 10 , 2017 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.undv.org/vesak2015/en/ Jump up ^ http://www.undv.org/vesak2016/ Jump up ^ `` Current Affairs - Sri Lanka to host the 14th Edition of United Nations International Day of Vesak 2017 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.unvesak2017.org/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Day_of_Vesak&oldid=780512802 '' Categories : United Nations days Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 May 2017 , at 15 : 53 . About Wikipedia	which country to host the 14th edition of united nations international day of vesak 2017	[ "2017 - 14th Summit - Sri Lanka [4][5]" ]	[ "Sri Lanka" ]
7762303184665790053	Antipodes	Antipodes - wikipedia Antipodes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Antipode . This map shows the antipode of each point on Earth 's surface -- the points where the blue and yellow overlap are land antipodes -- most land has its antipodes in the ocean . This map uses the Lambert azimuthal equal - area projection . The yellow areas can be considered to be opposite reflections of the blue areas but on the inner `` surface '' of the globe of Earth The same map , from the perspective of the Western Hemisphere . Here the blue areas can be considered to be opposite reflections of the yellow areas but on the inner `` surface '' of the globe of Earth In geography , the antipode ( / ænˈtɪpədiː / ) of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth 's surface diametrically opposite to it ; the antipodes of a region similarly represent the area opposite it . A pair of points antipodal ( / ænˈtɪpədəl / ) to each other are situated such that a straight line connecting the two would pass through Earth 's center . Such points are as far away from each other as possible , a great - circle distance of 10,800 nautical miles ( 20,000 km ) . In the Northern Hemisphere , `` the Antipodes '' may be used to refer to Australia and New Zealand , and `` Antipodeans '' to their inhabitants . Geographically , the antipodes of Britain and Ireland are in the Pacific Ocean , south of New Zealand . This gave rise to the name of the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand , which are close to the antipode of London at about 50 ° S 179 ° E / 50 ° S 179 ° E / - 50 ; 179 . The antipodes of Australia are in the North Atlantic Ocean , while parts of Spain , Portugal , and Morocco are antipodal to New Zealand . Approximately 15 % of land territory is antipodal to other land , representing approximately 4.4 % of the Earth 's surface . The largest antipodal land masses are the Malay Archipelago , antipodal to the Amazon Basin and adjoining Andean ranges ; east China and Mongolia , antipodal to Chile and Argentina ; and Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , antipodal to East Antarctica . There is a general paucity of antipodal land because the Southern hemisphere has fairly little land , and of that , the antipodes of Australia are in the North Atlantic Ocean , while the antipodes of Africa are in the Pacific Ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Mathematical description 2 Etymology 3 Historical significance 4 Air travel between antipodes 5 List of antipodes 5.1 Earth 5.1. 1 Cities 5.1. 2 Cities and geographic features 5.1. 3 Countries 5.2 Extraterrestrial examples 6 In popular culture 6.1 Literature 6.2 Television 6.3 Webcasts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Geography ( edit ) The antipode of any place on the Earth is the place that is diametrically opposite it , so a line drawn from the one to the other passes through the centre of the Earth and forms a true diameter . For example , the antipodes of New Zealand 's lower North Island lie in Spain . Most of the Earth 's land surfaces have ocean at their antipodes , this being a consequence of most land being in the land hemisphere . The singular antipode is a back - formation ( c. 1540 - 50 CE ) from the plural antipodes , which in Greek is the plural of the singular antipous . The antipode of any place on Earth is distant from it by 180 ° of longitude and as many degrees to the north of the equator as the original is to the south ( or vice versa ) ; in other words , the latitudes are numerically equal , but one is north and the other south . The maps shown here are based on this relationship ; they show a Lambert azimuthal equal - area projection of the Earth , in yellow , overlaid on which is another map , in blue , shifted horizontally by 180 ° of longitude and inverted about the equator with respect to latitude . Noon at one place is midnight at the other ( ignoring daylight saving time and irregularly shaped time zones ) and , with the exception of the tropics , the longest day at one point corresponds to the shortest day at the other , and midwinter at one point coincides with midsummer at the other . Sunrise and sunset do not quite oppose each other at antipodes due to refraction of sunlight . Mathematical description ( edit ) If the geographic coordinates ( latitude and longitude ) of a point on the Earth 's surface are ( φ , θ ) , then the coordinates of the antipodal point are ( − φ , θ ± 180 ° ) . This relation holds true whether the Earth is approximated as a perfect sphere or as a reference ellipsoid . In terms of the usual way these geographic coordinates are given , this transformation can be expressed symbolically as x ° N / S y ° E / W ↦ x ° S / N ( 180 − y ) ° W / E , that is , for the latitude ( the North / South coordinate ) the magnitude of the angle remains the same but N is changed to S and vice versa , and for the longitude ( the East / West coordinate ) the angle is replaced by its supplementary angle while E is exchanged for W. For example , the antipode of the point in China at 37 ° N 119 ° E ( a few hundred kilometres from Beijing ) is the point in Argentina at 37 ° S 61 ° W ( a few hundred kilometres from Buenos Aires ) . Etymology ( edit ) The word antipodes comes from the Greek : ἀντίποδες ( antípodes ) , plural of ἀντίπους ( antipous ) , `` with feet opposite ( ours ) '' , from ἀντί ( antí , `` opposite '' ) + πούς ( poús , `` foot '' ) . The Greek word is attested in Plato 's dialogue Timaeus , already referring to a spherical Earth , explaining the relativity of the terms `` above '' and `` below '' : For if there were any solid body in equipoise at the centre of the universe , there would be nothing to draw it to this extreme rather than to that , for they are all perfectly similar ; and if a person were to go round the world in a circle , he would often , when standing at the antipodes of his former position , speak of the same point as above and below ; for , as I was saying just now , to speak of the whole which is in the form of a globe as having one part above and another below is not like a sensible man . -- Plato The term is taken up by Aristotle ( De caelo 308a. 20 ) , Strabo , Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius , and was adopted into Latin as antipodes . The Latin word changed its sense from the original `` under the feet , opposite side '' to `` those with the feet opposite '' , i.e. a bahuvrihi referring to hypothetical people living on the opposite side of the Earth . Medieval illustrations imagine them in some way `` inverted '' , with their feet growing out of their heads , pointing upward . In this sense , Antipodes first entered English in 1398 in a translation of the 13th century De Proprietatibus Rerum by Bartholomeus Anglicus , translated by John of Trevisa : Yonde in Ethiopia ben the Antipodes , men that haue theyr fete ayenst our fete . ( In Modern English : Yonder in Ethiopia are the Antipodes , men that have their feet against our feet . ) Historical significance ( edit ) Pomponius Mela , the first Roman geographer , asserted that the earth had two habitable zones , a North and South one , but that it would be impossible to get into contact with each other because of the unbearable heat at the equator . The Terrestrial Sphere of Crates of Mallus ( c. 150 B.C. ) . Note the region of the antipodes in the southern half of the western hemisphere . From the time of St Augustine , the Christian church was skeptical of the notion . Augustine asserted that `` it is too absurd to say that some men might have set sail from this side and , traversing the immense expanse of ocean , have propagated there a race of human beings descended from that one first man . '' In the Early Middle Ages , Isidore of Seville 's widely read encyclopedia presented the term `` antipodes '' as referring to antichthones ( people who lived on the opposite side of the Earth ) , as well as to a geographical place ; these people came to play a role in medieval discussions about the shape of the Earth . In 748 , in reply to a letter from Saint Boniface , Pope Zachary declared the belief `` that beneath the earth there was another world and other men , another sun and moon '' to be heretical . In his letter , Boniface had apparently maintained that Vergilius of Salzburg held such a belief . The antipodes being an attribute of a spherical Earth , some ancient authors used their perceived absurdity as an argument for a flat Earth . However , knowledge of the spherical Earth was widespread during the Middle Ages , only occasionally disputed -- the medieval dispute surrounding the antipodes mainly concerned the question whether people could live on the opposite side of the earth : since the torrid clime was considered impassable , it would have been impossible to evangelize them . This posed the problem that Christ told the apostles to evangelize all mankind ; with regard to the unreachable antipodes , this would have been impossible . Christ would either have appeared a second time , in the antipodes , or left the damned irredeemable . Such an argument was forwarded by the Spanish theologian Alonso Tostado as late as the 15th century and `` St. Augustine doubts '' was a response to Columbus 's proposal to sail westwards to the Indies . The author of the Norwegian book Konungs Skuggsjá , from around 1250 , discusses the existence of antipodes . He notes that ( if they exist ) they will see the sun in the north in the middle of the day and that they will have seasons opposite those of the Northern Hemisphere . The earliest surviving account by a European who had visited the Southern Hemisphere is that of Marco Polo ( who , on his way home in 1292 , sailed south of the Malay Peninsula ) . He noted that it was impossible to see the star Polaris from there . The idea of dry land in the southern climes , the Terra Australis , was introduced by Ptolemy and appears on European maps as an imaginary continent from the 15th century . In spite of having been discovered relatively late by European explorers , Australia was inhabited very early in human history ; the ancestors of the Indigenous Australians reached it at least 50,000 years ago . Air travel between antipodes ( edit ) There are no non-stop scheduled flights between any two antipodal locations by commercial airline service -- or anything even close . There is currently no commercial aircraft capable of travelling between antipodes at full load non-stop . ( The current record holder Boeing 777 - 200LR 's maximum range is rated at 17,395 km . ) There are also regulations regarding pilot 's work time , so relief crewmembers would be needed . The longest non-stop scheduled flight was the Singapore Airlines Flight 21 between Newark , New Jersey and Singapore ( discontinued as of November 2013 ) , covering 15,343 km ( 9,534 mi ) in about 18.5 hours flight time , and this was far from a journey between nearly antipodal locations . Among flights with fuel stop and crew - change stop but still same flight number , Air New Zealand has one of the longest , Auckland -- Los Angeles -- London , at 19,240 km ( 11,960 mi ) over Los Angeles ( 18,360 km ( 11,410 mi ) directly ) . A hypothetically perfect antipode flight would be Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport , Morocco ( IATA : TNG ) to Whangarei Aerodrome , New Zealand ( IATA : WRE ) , whose designated locators are 10,800 nautical miles ( 20,001 km ) apart , the maximum possible distance , but their actual runways cross in projection . However , with only a length of 3599 ft , Whangarei 's runway is too short to accommodate any current ( as of 2015 ) commercial jet airliner , especially one with the required range . Traveling between them would presently need at least three plane changes , e.g. Paris -- Los Angeles -- Auckland . Taipei and Asuncion are 19,912 km apart ; Santiago and Xian are 19,897 km apart ; Madrid and Auckland are 19,590 km apart ; Buenos Aires and Beijing are 19,260 km apart ; Johannesburg and Honolulu are 19,188 km apart ; New York City and Perth are 18,700 km apart . List of antipodes ( edit ) Earth ( edit ) Some cities and towns which are near - antipodes in equirectangular projection . Blue labels pertain to cyan and brown labels pertain to yellow areas . Areas where cyan and yellow overlap ( coloured green ) are land antipodes . Around 71 % of the Earth 's surface is covered by oceans , and seven - eighths of the Earth 's land is confined to the land hemisphere , so the majority of locations on land do not have land - based antipodes . The two largest human inhabited antipodal areas are located in East Asia ( mainly eastern China ) and South America ( mainly northern Argentina and Chile ) . The Australian mainland is the largest landmass with its antipodes entirely in ocean , although some locations of mainland Australia and Tasmania are close to being antipodes of islands ( Bermuda , Azores , Puerto Rico ) in the North Atlantic Ocean . The largest landmass with antipodes entirely on land is the island of Borneo , whose antipodes are in the Amazon rainforest . Cities ( edit ) Exact or almost exact antipodes : Christchurch ( New Zealand ) -- A Coruña ( Spain ) Levin ( New Zealand ) - Ávila ( Spain ) Hamilton ( New Zealand ) -- Córdoba ( Spain ) Hong Kong -- La Quiaca ( Argentina ) Lianyungang ( China ) -- Junín ( Argentina ) Madrid ( Spain ) -- Weber ( New Zealand ) Mangawhai ( New Zealand ) -- Rock of Gibraltar ( Overseas British Territory ) Masterton ( New Zealand ) -- Segovia ( Spain ) Nelson ( New Zealand ) -- Mogadouro ( Portugal ) Padang ( Indonesia ) -- Esmeraldas ( Ecuador ) Palembang ( Indonesia ) -- Neiva ( Colombia ) Pekanbaru ( Indonesia ) -- Machachi ( Ecuador ) Tauranga ( New Zealand ) -- Jaén ( Spain ) Ulan Ude ( Russia ) -- Puerto Natales ( Chile ) Wellington ( capital of New Zealand ) -- Alaejos ( Valladolid , Spain ) Whangarei ( New Zealand ) -- Tangier ( Morocco ) Wuhai ( China ) -- Valdivia ( Chile ) Wuhu ( China ) -- Rafaela ( Argentina ) To within 100 km , with at least one major city ( population of at least 1 million ) : Auckland ( New Zealand ) -- Seville and Málaga ( Andalusia , Spain ) Beijing ( China ) -- Bahía Blanca ( Argentina ) Nanjing ( China ) -- Rosario ( Argentina ) Shanghai ( China ) -- Salto ( Uruguay ) Taipei ( Taiwan ) -- Asunción ( Paraguay ) Tianjin ( China ) -- Bahía Blanca ( Argentina ) Xi'an ( China ) -- Santiago , or more precisely Rancagua or San Bernardo ( Chile ) Taiwan ( formerly called Formosa ) is partly antipodal to the province of Formosa in Argentina . Other major cities or capitals close to being antipodes : Rio de Janeiro ( Brazil ) -- Tokyo ( Japan ) ; the host cities of successive Summer Olympic Games ( 2016 and 2020 ) , ~ 1,450 km Beijing ( China ) -- Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) ; both cities have populations in the millions , and have been twinned since 1983 , ~ 540 km Shanghai ( China ) -- Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) ; Buenos Aires is actually closer ( ~ 380 km ) to the antipode of Shanghai ( Salto , Uruguay ) than to the antipode of Beijing ( Bahía Blanca ) Tongchuan ( China ) -- Licantén ( Chile ) Bogotá ( Colombia ) -- Jakarta ( Indonesia ) , ~ 200 km Guayaquil ( Ecuador ) -- Medan ( Indonesia ) , ~ 220 km Phnom Penh ( Cambodia ) -- Lima ( Peru ) , ~ 220 km Dili ( Timor - Leste ) -- Paramaribo ( Suriname ) , ~ 310 km Irkutsk ( Russia ) -- Punta Arenas ( Chile ) Suva ( Fiji ) -- Timbuktu ( Mali ) Melbourne and Canberra ( Australia ) - Azores , Atlantic Ocean ( Portugal ) Cherbourg ( France ) -- Antipodes Islands ( New Zealand ) Pago Pago ( American Samoa ) -- Zinder ( Niger ) Barranquilla ( Colombia ) -- Christmas Island ( Australia ) Doha ( Qatar ) -- Pitcairn Island ( Overseas British Territory ) Hué and Da Nang ( Vietnam ) -- Arequipa ( Peru ) Manila ( Philippines ) -- Cuiabá ( Brazil ) Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) -- Cuenca ( Ecuador ) San Juan ( Puerto Rico ) -- Karratha ( Australia ) Limerick ( Ireland ) -- Campbell Islands ( New Zealand ) Arrecife , Lanzarote ( Canary Islands ) -- Norfolk Island Sharm el Sheikh ( Egypt ) -- Rapa Iti ( French Polynesia ) Bangkok ( Thailand ) -- Lima ( Peru ) Quito ( Ecuador ) -- Singapore Perth ( Australia ) -- Hamilton ( Bermuda ) Montevideo ( Uruguay ) -- Gwangju ( South Korea ) Cities and geographic features ( edit ) Gibraltar is approximately antipodal to Te Arai Beach about 85 km north of Auckland , New Zealand . This illustrates the old yet correct saying that the sun never sets on the British Empire ; the sun still does not set on the Commonwealth of Nations . The northern part of New Caledonia , an overseas territory of France , is antipodal to some thinly populated desert in Mauritania , a part of the former French West Africa . Portions of Suriname , a former Dutch colony , are antipodal to Sulawesi , an Indonesian island spelled Celebes when it was part of the Netherlands East Indies . Luzon , the largest island of the Philippines , is antipodal to eastern Bolivia . As with the British Empire , the sun set neither on the French Empire , the Dutch Empire , nor the Spanish Empire at their peaks . Santa Vitória do Palmar , the most southerly town of more than 10,000 people in Brazil , is antipodal to Jeju Island , the southernmost territory of South Korea . The Big Island of Hawaii is antipodal to the Okavango Delta in Botswana , with the island 's largest city , Hilo , antipodal to Nxai Pan National Park . Easter Island is antipodal to Desert National Park , 35 km from Jaisalmer , India . Desolate Kerguelen Island is antipodal to an area of thinly inhabited plains on the border between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the US state of Montana . The Heard Island and McDonald Islands , an uninhabited Australian territory , is antipodal to an area in central Saskatchewan , including the towns of Leask and Shellbrook . St. Paul Island and Amsterdam Island are antipodal to thinly populated parts of the eastern part of the US state of Colorado . South Georgia Island is antipodal to the northernmost part of Sakhalin Island . Lake Baikal is partially antipodal to the Straits of Magellan . The Russian Antarctic research base Bellingshausen Station is antipodal to a land location in Russian Siberia . Rottnest Island , off the coast of Western Australia , is approximately antipodal to Bermuda . Flores Island , the westernmost island of the Azores , is nearly antipodal to Flinders Island between Tasmania and the Australian mainland . Point Nemo , the point in the South Pacific Ocean most distant from any other land , is precisely opposite a desolate piece of desert in western Kazakhstan . By definition , the North Pole and the South Pole are antipodes . As can be seen on the purple / blue map , the Pacific Ocean is so large that it stretches halfway around the world ; parts of the Pacific off the coast of Peru are antipodal to parts of the same ocean off the coast of Southeast Asia . Countries ( edit ) The following countries are opposite more than one other country . ( Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims . ) Country No. of antipodal countries Antipodal countries New Zealand 12 Mainland : Spain , Portugal , Morocco , UK ( Gibraltar ) Chatham Islands : France Kermadec Islands : Algeria Niue : Niger Tokelau : Nigeria Cook Islands : Chad , ( Penrhyn ) Central African Republic , ( Mangaia ) Libya , ( Pukapuka ) Cameroon , ( Nassau ) Nigeria France 12 Mainland : New Zealand ( Chatham Islands ) Southern & Antarctic Lands : Canada , United States French Guiana : Indonesia New Caledonia : Mauritania , Western Sahara Wallis and Futuna : Niger French Polynesia : Sudan , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Eritrea , Ethiopia Brazil 9 China , Japan , South Korea , Philippines , Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei , Palau , Federated States of Micronesia Indonesia 8 Ecuador , Peru , Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Suriname , Guyana , France ( French Guiana ) Peru 7 Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos , Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , China United States 7 Mainland : France ( Southern & Antarctic Lands ) Hawaii : Botswana , Namibia Alaska : Antarctica Palmyra Atoll & Kingman Reef : DR Congo American Samoa : Niger , Nigeria United Kingdom 7 Falklands : China , Russia Gibraltar : New Zealand South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands : Russia Pitcairn : Saudi Arabia , UAE Bermuda : Australia China 6 Argentina , Chile , Uruguay , Brazil , Bolivia , UK ( Falkland Islands ) Niger 5 Samoa , Tonga , United States ( American Samoa ) , France ( Wallis and Futuna ) , New Zealand ( Niue ) Antarctica 5 Greenland , Canada , United States , Russia , Norway Malaysia Ecuador , Peru , Brazil , Colombia Argentina China , Taiwan , Mongolia , Russia Chile China , Mongolia , Russia ; Easter Island : India Kiribati Phoenix Islands ( Orona ) : Nigeria ; Line Islands : DR Congo , Central African Republic , Sudan Russia Antarctica , Chile , Argentina , United Kingdom ( Falklands etc . ) Australia Mainland : Bermuda ( UK ) , Portugal ( Azores ) Heard Island and McDonald Islands : Canada Christmas Island : Colombia Ecuador Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia Philippines Brazil , Bolivia , Paraguay Vanuatu Mauritania , Senegal , ( Mere Lava ) Mali Paraguay Taiwan , Japan , Philippines Mali Fiji , Vanuatu , Solomon Islands Colombia Indonesia , Malaysia , Australia ( Christmas Island ) Nigeria New Zealand ( Tokelau , Cook Ils ) , United States ( American Samoa ) , Kiribati Canada Antarctica , France ( Kerguelen ) , Australia ( Heard Island and McDonald Islands ) Taiwan Paraguay , Argentina Tonga Algeria , Niger Mongolia Chile , Argentina Tuvalu Ghana , ( Nanumanga , Nanumea ) Ivory Coast Fiji Mali ; ( Rotuma ) Burkina Faso Solomon Islands ( Temoto ) Guinea , ( Tikopia ) Mali Uruguay China , South Korea Bolivia China , Philippines Sudan France ( French Polynesia ) , Kiribati Mauritania France ( New Caledonia ) , Vanuatu Algeria Tonga , New Zealand ( Kermadec ) Central African Republic Kiribati , New Zealand ( Cook Ils ) Saudi Arabia France ( French Polynesia ) , UK ( Pitcairn ) DR Congo Kiribati , United States ( Palmyra , Kingman Reef ) Japan ( Ryukyu ) Brazil , Paraguay South Korea Uruguay , Brazil Norway ( Svalbard ) Antarctica , ( Peter I Island ) Russia Portugal Mainland : New Zealand Azores : Australia ( Melbourne ) Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco , Spain , Chad , Libya , Cameroon ( with the Cook Islands of New Zealand ) ; Egypt , Eritrea , Ethiopia ( with French Polynesia ) ; Senegal ( Vanuatu ) ; the UAE ( Pitcairn ) ; Ghana , Ivory Coast ( Tuvalu ) ; Burkina Faso ( Rotuma in Fiji ) ; Guinea ( Solomon Islands ) ; India ( Easter Island ) ; Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam , and Thailand ( all with Peru ) ; Singapore ( Ecuador ) ; Brunei , Palau , Micronesia ( all with Brazil ) ; Venezuela and Suriname ( Indonesia ) . Of these , the larger countries which are entirely antipodal to land are the Philippines , Malaysia , Taiwan , Fiji , Vanuatu , Brunei , and Samoa . Chile was as well prior to its expansion into the Atacama with the War of the Pacific . Extraterrestrial examples ( edit ) In a number of cases on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System , unusual geologic features ( e.g. , jumbled terrain or unique volcanic constructs ) are located antipodal to major impact basins . It has been hypothesized that this results from focusing of some of the seismic waves ( p - waves and surface waves ) produced by an impact at its antipode . Caloris Basin - `` Weird Terrain '' ( Mercury ) Mare Orientale - Mare Marginis ( The Moon ) Mare Imbrium - Mare Ingenii ( The Moon ) Hellas Planitia - Alba Mons ( Mars ) Isidis Planitia - Noctis Labyrinthus ( Mars ) Kerwan - Ahuna Mons ( Ceres ) In popular culture ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) New Zealand writer Mark Price undertook a tour in 2005 -- 06 of the length of New Zealand and its land antipodes in Morocco and Spain , from Kerikeri 35 ° 13 ′ 01.4 '' S 173 ° 57 ′ 46.6 '' E / 35.217056 ° S 173.962944 ° E / - 35.217056 ; 173.962944 ( near Larache and Lixus , Morocco 35 ° 13 ′ 01.4 '' N 6 ° 02 ′ 13.4 '' W / 35.217056 ° N 6.037056 ° W / 35.217056 ; - 6.037056 ) to Cathedral Square , Christchurch 43 ° 31 ′ 52.2 '' S 172 ° 38 ′ 08.8 '' E / 43.531167 ° S 172.635778 ° E / - 43.531167 ; 172.635778 ( near Foz , Spain 43 ° 31 ′ 52.2 '' N 7 ° 21 ′ 51.2 '' W / 43.531167 ° N 7.364222 ° W / 43.531167 ; - 7.364222 ) . Television ( edit ) A gag in American animated television series was `` digging all the way to China '' . On the popular TV show Angel , the Deeper Well is a hole that goes through the world , with its entrance in the Cotswolds in England and its antipode in New Zealand . The May 19 , 2008 , official Lost audio podcast gave credence to a theory that the Island ( where the show is set ) is located at Tunisia 's antipode , in the south Pacific east of New Zealand . `` The Gathering '' , a fourth series episode of Torchwood , refers to Shanghai and Buenos Aires as being antipodes of each other . The tenth and final episode notes more precisely that they are `` perfect antipodes '' while acknowledging that is only accurate `` give or take a hundred miles or so . '' At the closing ceremonies of the Rio 2016 Olympics , they used the antipodes as a tool to invite viewers to the Tokyo 2020 Olympics . There was an image of the video game character Mario using his pipes to travel between Tokyo and Rio , arriving at the closing ceremonies . Webcasts ( edit ) In 2006 , Ze Frank challenged viewers of his daily webcast the show with zefrank to create an `` Earth sandwich '' by simultaneously placing two pieces of bread at antipodal points on the Earth 's surface . The challenge was successfully completed by viewers in Spain and New Zealand . See also ( edit ) Antichthones Antipodal hotspot Antipodal point Antipodes Islands Clime Pole of inaccessibility Spherical Earth Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In British English , `` antipodes '' can be either plural or singular . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` antipodes '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary , 2008 , `` Antipodes '' Access date : 2010 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Antipodes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ `` antipode '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ ἀντίποδες , Liddell and Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ἀντίπους Liddell and Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Plato , Timaeus 63a , translated by Benjamin Jowett , ( Indianapolis : Bobbs Merrill , 1949 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ De Civitate Dei , Book XVI , Chapter 9 -- Whether We are to Believe in the Antipodes , translated by Rev. Marcus Dods , D.D. ; from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College Jump up ^ Stevens , Wesley M. ( 1980 ) , `` The Figure of the Earth in Isidore 's `` De natura rerum '' `` , Isis , 71 ( 2 ) : 274 , doi : 10.1086 / 352464 , JSTOR 230175 Jump up ^ Loughlin , James ( 1907 ) , Antipodes in The Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ ¥ Hasse , Wolfgang ; Reinhold , Meyer , eds. ( 1993 ) , The Classical Tradition and the Americas , Berlin : Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 011572 - 7 Jump up ^ Moretti , Gabriella ( 1993 ) , The Other World and the ' Antipodes ' . The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance , p. 265 . In Hasse & Reinhold ( 1993 , pp. 241 -- 84 ) . Jump up ^ MGH , Epistolae Selectae , 1 , 80 , pp. 178 -- 9 ; translation in M.L.W. Laistner , Thought and Letters in Western Europe , pp. 184 -- 5. ; see also Jaffe , Biblioth . rerum germ. , III , 191 Jump up ^ Lactantius ( 311 ) , `` The Divine Institutes , Book III , Chapter XXIV '' , in Rev. Alexander Roberts , D.D. ; James Donaldson , LL. D. , THE ANTE - NICENE FATHERS , VII , W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , Grand Rapids , MI ( published 1979 ) , pp. 94 -- 95 , retrieved 20 July 2013 Jump up ^ Ferdinand Columbus ( 1543 ) . The Life of the Admiral Chrispher Columbus ( Translation by Benjamin Keen ed . ) . London , The Folio Society , 1960 . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Great Circle Mapper Access date : 2017 - 09 - 24 , ^ Jump up to : Schultz , P.H. ; Gault , D.E. ( 1975 ) . `` Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury '' . The Moon . 12 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 177 . Bibcode : 1975Moon ... 12 ... 159S . doi : 10.1007 / BF00577875 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , J.E. ( March 1978 ) . `` Antipodal Effects of Major Basin - Forming Impacts on Mars '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . IX : 885 -- 886 . Bibcode : 1978LPI ... 9 ... 885P . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , D.A. ; Greeley , R. ( 1991 ) . `` The Formation of Antipodal - Impact Terrains on Mars '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science . XXII : 1505 -- 1506 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , D.A. ; Greeley , R. ( 1994 ) . `` Assessment of antipodal - impact terrains on Mars '' . Icarus . 110 : 196 -- 202 . Bibcode : 1994Icar ... 110 ... 196W . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1994.1116 . Jump up ^ Ruesch , O. ; Platz , T. ; Schenk , P. ; McFadden , L.A. ; Castillo - Rogez , J.C. ; Quick , L.C. ; Byrne , S. ; Preusker , F. ; OBrien , D.P. ; Schmedemann , N. ; Williams , D.A. ; Li , J. - Y. ; Bland , M.T. ; Hiesinger , H. ; Kneissl , T. ; Neesemann , A. ; Schaefer , M. ; Pasckert , J.H. ; Schmidt , B.E. ; Buczkowski , D.L. ; Sykes , M.V. ; Nathues , A. ; Roatsch , T. ; Hoffmann , M. ; Raymond , C.A. ; Russell , C.T. ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Cryovolcanism on Ceres '' . Science . 353 ( 6303 ) : aaf4286 -- aaf4286 . Bibcode : 2016Sci ... 353.4286 R . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf4286 . Jump up ^ Price , Mark Price ( 2009 ) . Antipodes : The Ingenious and Exhilarating Expedition of El Lider and La Campana . Dunedin : Longacre Press . ISBN 978 1 877460 36 4 . Jump up ^ `` If the earth were a sandwich '' . the show with zefrank . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antipodes maps . Antipodes Map Interactive map which draws a tunnel to the other side of the world . findLatitudeAndLongitude , interactive tool to show antipodes 3D dual globe schematic 3D representation of the earth and the anti-earth on the same place . Map Tunneling Tool Tunnel to the Other Side of the Earth Calculate the other side of the world Antipodes An online and photographic project which pairs webcam images from places on opposite sides of the globe . Map Tunneller Find out what part of the earth is directly below you using the interactive maps Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes : Were oceanic large - body impacts the cause ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antipodes&oldid=816005546 '' Categories : Physical geography Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 16 : 58 . 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About Wikipedia	which country is opposite to india on globe	[ "\n\nCountry\nNo. of antipodal countries\nAntipodal countries\n\n\nNew Zealand\n12\nMainland: Spain, Portugal, Morocco, UK (Gibraltar)\nChatham Islands: France\nKermadec Islands: Algeria\nNiue: Niger\nTokelau: Nigeria\nCook Islands: Chad, (Penrhyn) Central African Republic, (Mangaia) Libya, (Pukapuka) Cameroon, (Nassau) Nigeria\n\n\nFrance\n12\nMainland: New Zealand (Chatham Islands)\nSouthern & Antarctic Lands: Canada, United States\nFrench Guiana: Indonesia\nNew Caledonia: Mauritania, Western Sahara\nWallis and Futuna: Niger\nFrench Polynesia: Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Eritrea, Ethiopia\n\n\nBrazil\n9\nChina, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Palau, Federated States of Micronesia\n\n\nIndonesia\n8\nEcuador, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, France (French Guiana)\n\n\nPeru\n7\nVietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China\n\n\nUnited States\n7\nMainland: France (Southern & Antarctic Lands)\nHawaii: Botswana, Namibia\nAlaska: Antarctica\nPalmyra Atoll & Kingman Reef: DR Congo\nAmerican Samoa: Niger, Nigeria\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n7\nFalklands: China, Russia\nGibraltar: New Zealand\nSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: Russia\nPitcairn: Saudi Arabia, UAE\nBermuda: Australia\n\n\nChina\n6\nArgentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia, UK (Falkland Islands)\n\n\nNiger\n5\nSamoa, Tonga, United States (American Samoa), France (Wallis and Futuna), New Zealand (Niue)\n\n\nAntarctica\n5\nGreenland, Canada, United States, Russia, Norway\n\n\nMalaysia\n4\nEcuador, Peru, Brazil, Colombia\n\n\nArgentina\n4\nChina, Taiwan, Mongolia, Russia\n\n\nChile\n4\nChina, Mongolia, Russia; Easter Island: India\n\n\nKiribati\n4\nPhoenix Islands (Orona): Nigeria; Line Islands: DR Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan\n\n\nRussia\n4\nAntarctica, Chile, Argentina, United Kingdom (Falklands etc.)\n\n\nAustralia\n3\nMainland: Bermuda (UK), Portugal (Azores)\nHeard Island and McDonald Islands: Canada\nChristmas Island: Colombia\n\n\nEcuador\n3\nMalaysia, Singapore, Indonesia\n\n\nPhilippines\n3\nBrazil, Bolivia, Paraguay\n\n\nVanuatu\n3\nMauritania, Senegal, (Mere Lava) Mali\n\n\nParaguay\n3\nTaiwan, Japan, Philippines\n\n\nMali\n3\nFiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands\n\n\nColombia\n3\nIndonesia, Malaysia, Australia (Christmas Island)\n\n\nNigeria\n3\nNew Zealand (Tokelau, Cook Ils), United States (American Samoa), Kiribati\n\n\nCanada\n3\nAntarctica, France (Kerguelen), Australia (Heard Island and McDonald Islands)\n\n\nTaiwan\n2\nParaguay, Argentina\n\n\nTonga\n2\nAlgeria, Niger\n\n\nMongolia\n2\nChile, Argentina\n\n\nTuvalu\n2\nGhana, (Nanumanga, Nanumea) Ivory Coast\n\n\nFiji\n2\nMali; (Rotuma) Burkina Faso\n\n\nSolomon Islands (Temoto)\n2\nGuinea, (Tikopia) Mali\n\n\nUruguay\n2\nChina, South Korea\n\n\nBolivia\n2\nChina, Philippines\n\n\nSudan\n2\nFrance (French Polynesia), Kiribati\n\n\nMauritania\n2\nFrance (New Caledonia), Vanuatu\n\n\nAlgeria\n2\nTonga, New Zealand (Kermadec)\n\n\nCentral African Republic\n2\nKiribati, New Zealand (Cook Ils)\n\n\nSaudi Arabia\n2\nFrance (French Polynesia), UK (Pitcairn)\n\n\nDR Congo\n2\nKiribati, United States (Palmyra, Kingman Reef)\n\n\nJapan\n2\n(Ryukyu) Brazil, Paraguay\n\n\nSouth Korea\n2\nUruguay, Brazil\n\n\nNorway\n2\n(Svalbard) Antarctica, (Peter I Island) Russia\n\n\nPortugal\n2\nMainland: New Zealand\nAzores: Australia (Melbourne)\n\n" ]	[ "Chile" ]
2859702650035052256	Mount Mitchell	Mount Mitchell - wikipedia Mount Mitchell Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the North Carolina mountain . For other uses , see Mount Mitchell ( disambiguation ) . Mount Mitchell Mount Mitchell , viewed from Mount Craig Highest point Elevation 6,684 ft ( 2,037 m ) Prominence 6,089 ft ( 1,856 m ) Isolation 1,189 miles ( 1,914 km ) Listing World most isolated peaks 31st North America isolated peaks 4th US most prominent peaks 62nd U.S. state high points 16th Ultra Coordinates 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 54 '' W / 35.764839 ° N 82.2651221 ° W / 35.764839 ; - 82.2651221 Coordinates : 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 54 '' W / 35.764839 ° N 82.2651221 ° W / 35.764839 ; - 82.2651221 Geography Mount Mitchell North Carolina , U.S. Location Yancey County , North Carolina , United States Parent range Appalachian Mountains Topo map USGS Mount Mitchell Climbing Easiest route Hike Mount Mitchell is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland eastern North America . It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County , North Carolina , in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians , and about 19 miles ( 31 km ) northeast of Asheville . It is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest . Mount Mitchell 's elevation is 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) above sea level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Environment 3.1 Climate 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Surveyor 's mark embedded in the observation tower notes the elevation of 6684 feet above sea level The peak is the highest mountain in the United States east of the Mississippi River , and the highest in all of eastern North America south of the Arctic Cordillera . The nearest higher peaks are in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the highland foothills of Colorado . History ( edit ) The mountain , previously known as Black Dome for its rounded shape , was named after Elisha Mitchell , a professor at the University of North Carolina , who first explored the Black Mountain region in 1835 , and determined that the height of the range exceeded by several hundred feet that of Mount Washington in New Hampshire , commonly thought at the time to be the highest point east of the Rocky Mountains . Mitchell fell to his death at nearby Mitchell Falls in 1857 , having returned to verify his earlier measurements . A 4.6 - mile ( 7.4 km ) road ( NC 128 ) connects the scenic Blue Ridge Parkway to a parking lot where a steep paved 980 - foot ( 300 m ) trail leads through a conifer forest to the summit . The 40 - foot ( 12 m ) stone observation tower on the summit was torn down in late 2006 . A new observation deck was constructed and opened to visitors in January 2009 . Also on the summit is the tomb of Dr. Mitchell . Mount Mitchell was formed during the Precambrian when marine deposits were metamorphosed into gneiss and schist . These metasedimentary rocks were later uplifted during the Alleghenian orogeny . The soils are well drained , dark brown and stony with fine - earth material ranging in texture from sandy clay loam to loam or sandy loam ; Burton and Craggey are the most common series around the summit . Environment ( edit ) Mount Mitchell Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 6.5 33 17 5.9 35 18 7.1 41 24 5.7 49 31 5.3 57 41 5.7 63 49 5.8 66 52 7.2 65 52 7.5 60 46 5.1 53 37 6.7 45 28 6.2 36 21 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : NOAA ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 166 − 8 149 − 8 179 5 − 5 145 9 0 135 14 5 146 17 9 148 19 11 182 18 11 190 16 8 129 12 170 7 − 2 158 − 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm The mountain 's summit is coated in a dense stand of Southern Appalachian spruce - fir forest , which consists primarily of two evergreen species -- the red spruce and the Fraser fir . Most of the mature Fraser firs , however , were killed off by the non-native Balsam woolly adelgid in the latter half of the 20th century . The high elevations also expose plant life to high levels of pollution , including acid precipitation in the form of rain , snow , and fog . These acids damage the red spruce trees in part by releasing natural metals from the soil like aluminum , and by leaching important minerals . To what extent this pollution harms the high - altitude ecosystem is debatable . While the mountain is still mostly lush and green in the summer , many dead Fraser fir trunks can be seen due to these serious problems . Repairing the damage is a difficult issue , as the pollutants are often carried in from long distances . Sources can be local or hundreds of miles or kilometers away , requiring cooperation from as far away as the Midwest . Wildflowers are abundant all summer long . Young fir and spruce trees do well in the subalpine climate , and their pine cones feed the birds along with wild blueberry and blackberry shrubs . The second highest point in eastern North America , Mount Craig at 6,647 feet ( 2,026 m ) , is roughly a mile to the north of Mount Mitchell . Climate ( edit ) Mount Mitchell Fall Foliage . The summit area of Mount Mitchell is marked by a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) bordering extremely close to a subalpine climate ( köppen climate classification Dfc ) , with mild summers and long , moderately cold winters , being more similar to southeastern Canada than the southeastern U.S. . The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 25.2 ° F ( − 3.8 ° C ) in January to 59.1 ° F ( 15.1 ° C ) in July . The coldest temperature ever recorded in the state occurred there on January 21 , 1985 when it fell to − 34 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) , during a severe cold spell that brought freezing temperatures as far south as Miami . It is also the coldest average reporting station in the state at 43.8 ° F ( 6.6 ° C ) ( based on data collected from 1971 to 2000 ) which is well below any other station . Unlike the lower elevations in the surrounding regions , heavy snows often fall from December to March , with 50 inches ( 127 cm ) accumulating in the Great Blizzard of 1993 and 66 inches ( 168 cm ) in the January 2016 blizzard. Snow flurries have been reported on the summit even in the summer months of June , July , and August . Due to the high elevation , precipitation is heavy and reliable year - round , averaging 74.7 inches ( 1,900 mm ) for the year , with no month receiving less than 5 in ( 127 mm ) of average precipitation . The summit is often windy , with gusts that can blow up to 178 mph ( 286 km / h ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Mount Mitchell ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , records 1980 - present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 61 ( 16 ) 62 ( 17 ) 71 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 78 ( 26 ) 79 ( 26 ) 80 ( 27 ) 81 ( 27 ) 77 ( 25 ) 72 ( 22 ) 67 ( 19 ) 64 ( 18 ) 81 ( 27 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 33.4 ( 0.8 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 40.7 ( 4.8 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 60.4 ( 15.8 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) 36.4 ( 2.4 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 17.0 ( − 8.3 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 31.3 ( − 0.4 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 46.0 ( 7.8 ) 36.7 ( 2.6 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 20.6 ( − 6.3 ) 34.7 ( 1.5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 34 ( − 37 ) − 31 ( − 35 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 33 ( − 36 ) − 34 ( − 37 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 6.54 ( 166.1 ) 5.86 ( 148.8 ) 7.05 ( 179.1 ) 5.70 ( 144.8 ) 5.32 ( 135.1 ) 5.74 ( 145.8 ) 5.81 ( 147.6 ) 7.16 ( 181.9 ) 7.49 ( 190.2 ) 5.09 ( 129.3 ) 6.68 ( 169.7 ) 6.23 ( 158.2 ) 74.66 ( 1,896.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 21.5 ( 54.6 ) 22.3 ( 56.6 ) 15.5 ( 39.4 ) 10.4 ( 26.4 ) ( 3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 3.7 ( 9.4 ) 15.1 ( 38.4 ) 91 ( 231 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 13.4 11.9 13.5 12.1 13.9 14.9 16.0 15.4 11.4 10.1 10.7 12.8 156.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 6.6 6.2 4.1 3.1 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.4 2.0 4.9 27.5 Source : NOAA Gallery ( edit ) Sign atop Mt . Mitchell Mount Mitchell ; View From the Top . Mount Gibbes , Clingman 's Peak , and Potato Knob from the southwest on the Blue Ridge Parkway Black Mountains from the Blue Ridge Parkway Forest floor high on Mount Mitchell Example of the spruce - fir forest near the top of Mount Mitchell 360 - degree panorama from the summit of Mount Mitchell See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal North Carolina portal Mountains portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountains in North Carolina List of U.S. states by elevation List of Ultras of the United States Mountains - to - Sea Trail The Assault on Mount Mitchell , bicycling endurance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Mitchell , North Carolina '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mitchell '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mitchell State Park '' . North Carolina State Parks . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Timothy Silver ( 2003 ) . Mount Mitchell and the Black Mountains : An Environmental History of the Highest Peaks in Eastern America . Univ of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5423 - 5 . Jump up ^ SoilWeb , University of California - Davis California Soil Resource Lab , Natural Resources Conservation Service . Accessed : 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steve Nash , Blue Ridge 2020 : An Owner 's Manual ( Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) , pp. 25 - 28 , 61 - 63 . ^ Jump up to : `` Extreme Weather Records '' . State Climate Office of North Carolina . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dale Neal , `` Mount Mitchell Digs Out From Record 66 Inches of Snow , '' USA Today , 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mitchell Webcam Activated '' ( PDF ) . The Steward . North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation . August 2003 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the highest point in north carolina	[ "Mount Mitchell is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland eastern North America. It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County, North Carolina, in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians, and about 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Asheville. It is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest. Mount Mitchell's elevation is 6,684 feet (2,037 m) above sea level.[1]" ]	[ "Mount Mitchell" ]
4457438084846244425	Ticker tape	Ticker tape - wikipedia Ticker tape For other uses , see Ticker tape ( disambiguation ) . Watching the ticker tape , 1918 Ticker tape was the earliest digital electronic communications medium , transmitting stock price information over telegraph lines , in use between around 1870 through 1970 . It consisted of a paper strip that ran through a machine called a stock ticker , which printed abbreviated company names as alphabetic symbols followed by numeric stock transaction price and volume information . The term `` ticker '' came from the sound made by the machine as it printed . Paper ticker tape became obsolete in the 1960s , as television and computers were increasingly used to transmit financial information . The concept of the stock ticker lives on , however , in the scrolling electronic tickers seen on brokerage walls and on news and financial television channels . Ticker tape stock price telegraphs were invented in 1867 by Edward A. Calahan , an employee of the American Telegraph Company . Contents 1 History 2 Technology 3 Other usage 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Although telegraphic printing systems were first invented by Royal Earl House in 1846 , early models were fragile , required hand - cranked power , frequently went out of synchronization between sender and receiver , and did not become popular in widespread commercial use . David E. Hughes improved the printing telegraph design with clockwork weight power in 1856 , and his design was further improved and became viable for commercial use when George M. Phelps devised a resynchronization system in 1858 . The first stock price ticker system using a telegraphic printer was invented by Edward A. Calahan in 1863 ; he unveiled his device in New York City on November 15 , 1867 . Early versions of stock tickers provided the first mechanical means of conveying stock prices ( `` quotes '' ) , over a long distance over telegraph wiring . In its infancy , the ticker used the same symbols as Morse code as a medium for conveying messages . One of the earliest practical stock ticker machines , the Universal Stock Ticker developed by Thomas Edison in 1869 , used alphanumeric characters with a printing speed of approximately one character per second . Previously , stock prices had been hand - delivered via written or verbal messages . Since the useful time - span of individual quotes is very brief , they generally had not been sent long distances ; aggregated summaries , typically for one day , were sent instead . The increase in speed provided by the ticker allowed for faster and more exact sales . Since the ticker ran continuously , updates to a stock 's price whenever the price changed became effective much faster and trading became a more time - sensitive matter . For the first time , trades were being done in what is now thought of as near real - time . Edison gold & stock ticker By the 1880s , there were about a thousand stock tickers installed in the offices of New York bankers and brokers . In 1890 , members of the exchange agreed to create the New York Quotation Co. , buying up all other ticker companies to ensure accuracy of reporting of price and volume activity . Technology ( edit ) Hughes telegraph ( 1866 - 1914 ) , first telegraph printing text on a paper tape . Manufactured by Siemens & Halske , Germany ; range : 300 - 400 km Stock ticker machines are an ancestor of the modern computer printer , being one of the first applications of transmitting text over a wire to a printing device , based on the printing telegraph . This used the technology of the then - recently invented telegraph machines , with the advantage that the output was readable text , instead of the dots and dashes of Morse code . A special typewriter designed for operation over telegraph wires was used at the opposite end of the telegraph wire connection to the ticker machine . Text typed on the typewriter was displayed on the ticker machine at the opposite end of the connection . The machines printed a series of ticker symbols ( usually shortened forms of a company 's name ) , followed by brief information about the price of that company 's stock ; the thin strip of paper on which they were printed was called ticker tape . The word ticker comes from the distinct tapping ( or ticking ) noise the machines made while printing . Pulses on the telegraph line made a letter wheel turn step by step until the correct symbol was reached and then printed . A typical 32 - symbol letter wheel had to turn on average 15 steps until the next letter could be printed resulting in a very slow printing speed of one character per second . In 1883 , ticker transmitter keyboards resembled the keyboard of a piano with black keys indicating letters and the white keys indicating numbers and fractions , corresponding to two rotating type wheels in the connected ticker tape printers . Newer and more efficient tickers became available in the 1930s , but these newer and better tickers still had an approximate 15 - to - 20 - minute delay . Ticker machines became obsolete in the 1960s , replaced by computer networks ; none have been manufactured for use for decades . However , working reproductions of at least one model are now being manufactured for museums and collectors . Simulated ticker displays , named after the original machines , still exist as part of the display of television news channels and on some websites -- see news ticker . One of the most famous outdoor displays is the simulated ticker scrolling marquee located at One Times Square in New York City . Ticker tapes then and now contain generally the same information . The ticker symbol is a unique set of characters used to identify the company . The shares traded is the volume for the trade being quoted . Price traded refers to the price per share of a particular trade . Change direction is a visual cue showing whether the stock is trading higher or lower than the previous trade , hence the terms downtick and uptick . Change amount refers to the difference in price from the previous day 's closing . Many today include color to indicate whether a stock is trading higher than the previous day 's ( green ) , lower than previous ( red ) , or has remained unchanged ( blue or white ) . Other usage ( edit ) In the early days of baseball , before electronic scoreboards , manual score turners used a ticker to get the latest scores from around the league . Today , computers and electronic scoreboards have replaced the manual scoreboard and the ticker . Ticker tape parade in New York City for presidential candidate Richard Nixon in 1960 . The long streamers are entire spools of ticker tape . Used ticker tape was cut into a form of confetti , to be thrown from the windows above parades , primarily in lower Manhattan ; this became known as a ticker tape parade . Ticker tape parades generally celebrated some significant event , such as the end of World War I and World War II , or the safe return of one of the early astronauts . Ticker tape was also incorporated into some of the innovative weaver Dorothy Liebes ' unusual art textiles . Ticker tape parades are still held in New York City , specifically in the `` Canyon of Heroes '' in Manhattan , most often when local sports teams win a championship . However , actual ticker tape is not used during these parades any longer ; often , pieces of paper from paper shredders are used as a convenient source of confetti . See also ( edit ) Commodity tick Do n't fight the tape Punched tape Stock market data systems Telex Teleprinter References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Technical Analysis : The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians . FT Press . 2010 - 11 - 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 705944 - 7 . Jump up ^ David E Hughes , U.S. Patent 14,917 Telegraph ( with alphabetic keyboard and printer ) issued May 20 , 1856 Jump up ^ Casale , John ( 1997 -- 2008 ) . `` George M. Phelps : Master Telegraph Instrument Maker and Inventor '' . Telegraph-History.org . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The History of the Stock Ticker Archived 2014 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Stock Ticker Company Jump up ^ `` Profile for Edward A. Calahan '' . National Inventors Hall of Fame . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : First stock ticker debuts '' . History.com . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ticker Tape Digest '' . tickertapedigest.com . Archived from the original on 1998 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Western Union 5A Stock Quotation Machine '' . prc68.com . Jump up ^ `` Sending Messages over Ticker System , '' Scribner 's Magazine , July 1889 Jump up ^ `` Stock Ticker Company : The Universal Stock Ticker '' . stocktickercompany.com . Jump up ^ Glenn 's second ticker tape parade BBC News , November 17 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Dorothy Liebes Papers '' . Archives of American Art . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ticker tape . Exchanges - Ticker Tape Terminology The Investment FAQ. 19 September 1999 . 20 April 2007 Thomas Edison 's Ticker Tape Patent Ticker Tape Digest ( brief history of the ticker tape ) IEEE Global History Network : The Stock Ticker WorldWideSchool : Edison and the Stock Ticker The Stock Ticker Company : History of ticker machines . Software emulating stock ticker tape on your desktop Telegraph History : Some Early Days of Western Union 's Stock Ticker Service , 1871 - 1910 by Charles R. Tilghman Paper data storage media Antiquity Writing on papyrus ( c. 3000 BCE ) Paper ( 105 CE ) Modern Index card ( 1640s ) Punched tape ( mid-1800s ) Punched card ( 1880s ) Edge - notched card ( 1904 ) Optical mark recognition ( 1930s ) Barcode ( 1948 ) Optical character recognition ( 1950s ) Thomas Edison Discoveries and inventions List of Edison patents Carbon microphone Edison 's Phonograph Doll Edison screw Etheric force Kinetoscope Phonograph Phonomotor Quadruplex telegraph Tasimeter Advancements Consolidated Edison Edison -- Lalande cell Fluoroscopy Incandescent light bulb Movie camera Nickel -- iron battery Thermionic emission Ticker tape Ventures Thomas A. Edison , Inc . Edison and Swan Electric Light Company Edison Gower - Bell Telephone Company of Europe , Ltd . Edison Illuminating Company Edison Machine Works Edison Manufacturing Company Edison Ore - Milling Company Edison Portland Cement Company Edison Records Edison Storage Battery Company Edison Studios General Electric Motion Picture Patents Company Mine Safety Appliances Oriental Telephone Company Monuments Birthplace Black Maria Depot Museum Memorial Tower and Museum National Historical Park State Park Storage Battery Company Building General Electric Research Laboratory Winter Estates Family Charles Edison ( son ) Theodore Miller Edison ( son ) Films Young Tom Edison ( 1940 ) Edison , the Man ( 1940 ) `` The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace '' ( 1998 ) Literature The Future Eve ( 1886 ) Edison 's Conquest of Mars ( 1898 ) Tales from the Bully Pulpit ( 2004 ) Productions The Execution of Mary Stuart ( 1895 ) The Kiss ( 1896 ) A Night of Terror ( 1911 ) Terms Edisonade Edisonian approach Related Thomas Edison in popular culture War of Currents Pearl Street Station Edison Museum Thomas Edison House Edison Hotel Telephonoscope Thomas Edison ( Cottrill ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ticker_tape&oldid=864012048 '' Categories : Stock market Office equipment Thomas Edison History of telecommunications American inventions Telegraphy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Français עברית Русский Українська Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invent the first stork ticker in 1867	[ "Ticker tape stock price telegraphs were invented in 1867 by Edward A. Calahan, an employee of the American Telegraph Company.[1]\n" ]	[ "Edward A. Calahan, an employee of the American Telegraph Company." ]
-6306994329889601864	Rising Star India (season 2)	Rising Star India ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia Rising Star India ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Indian series . For international franchise broadcast in a number of countries , see Rising Star ( TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rising Star 2 Genre Reality Talent show Created by Keshet Media Group Based on HaKokhav HaBa Developed by Screenz Cross Media LTD Presented by Ravi Dubey Judges Diljit Dosanjh Monali Thakur Shankar Mahadevan Theme music composer Sylas McGriff Opening theme Jai Hindustan Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 Production Producer ( s ) Vipul D. Shah Location ( s ) Film City , Mumbai , India Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 60 - 150 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optimystix Entertainment Distributor Viacom 18 Release Original network Colors TV Picture format 576i 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 20 January ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) -- 15 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) Chronology Preceded by Rising Star 1 External links Rising Star Rising Star is the second Indian version of the international franchise series Rising Star , a reality television singing competition. This is first time when Rising Star does not come with any present sponsor . This season earlier had an age limit of 4 - 13 years but when singers more than 13 years of age came for audition , the channel decided to change the age limit to 4 years and above . It is based on the Israeli singing competition HaKokhav HaBa ( meaning The Next Star ) made by Keshet Broadcasting Ltd . The program format lets the viewers vote for contestants live via the television channel 's mobile app . The show premiered on 20 January 2018 on Colors TV . This is the first reality television show in India which involves Live Audience Voting through Voot App . Popular playback singer and music director Shankar Mahadevan , playback singer and actor Monali Thakur and actor - singer Diljit Dosanjh return as the experts in the show . The show is hosted by TV Actor Ravi Dubey . The winner of Rising Star Season 2 is Hemant Brijwasi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 The Auditions 1.2 The Duels 2 Series details 2.1 The Live Auditions 2.2 Duels Ki Takkar 2.2. 1 Episode 7 : 10 February 2018 2.2. 2 Episode 8 : 11 February 2018 2.2. 3 Episode 9 : 17 February 2018 2.2. 4 Episode 10 : 18 February 2018 2.3 India 's Favourite 16 + Duets Challenge 2.4 Tribute to Sridevi 2.4. 1 Episode 12 : 3 March 2018 2.4. 2 Episode 13 : 4 March 2018 2.5 Hero No. 1 ( Ep14 ) & Salaam - E-Ishq ( Ep15 ) 2.5. 1 Episode 14 : 10 March 2018 2.5. 2 Episode 15 : 11 March 2018 2.6 Guru Sishya ( Ep16 ) & Bachpan Ke Suhane Din ( Ep17 ) 2.6. 1 Episode 16 : 17 March 2018 2.6. 2 Episode 17 : 18 March 2018 2.7 Rekha Special 2.7. 1 Episode 18 : 24 March 2018 2.7. 2 Episode 19 : 25 March 2018 2.8 Top 8 2.8. 1 Episode 20 : 31 March 2018 2.8. 2 Episode 21 : 1 April 2018 2.9 Ticket To Finale 2.9. 1 Episode 22 : 7 April 2018 2.9. 2 Episode 23 : 8 April 2018 2.9. 3 Face - off for the Ticket to Finale 2.10 Finale Week 2.10. 1 Episode 24 : 14 April 2018 2.11 Grand Finale 2.11. 1 Episode 25 : 15 April 2018 2.11. 2 Face - off 3 References Format ( edit ) In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges , Rising Star features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges . During each performance , the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app . While the viewers at home are considered the `` judges '' , the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5 % of the total voting power . The auditions ( edit ) The first round where the acts are individually called to perform . As a reportage of the announced performer is shown , viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act . Following a countdown of three seconds , the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called `` The Wall '' . With start of performance , the voting kicks in . Registered voters have the option of voting just `` Yes '' or `` No '' . Non-votes are also considered `` No '' votes . If an expert votes `` Yes '' , another 5 % is added to the tally of the contestant . The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour . Faces of panelists voting `` Yes '' is also be shown in larger frames . Once the contestant reaches 80 % of `` Yes '' votes , the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition . The Duels ( edit ) Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel . The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant . The second contestant sings with the wall down . If the second contestant betters the first contestant 's vote total , the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated ; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall , the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through . Series details ( edit ) The Live auditions ( edit ) The Live auditions began on 20 January 2018 and went on till 4 February 2018 . Episode Date Contestant Age ( in years ) From Song Votes Expert 's Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Jan 20 Rohanpreet Singh 23 Patiala Dil Diyan Gallan 95 % Advanced Mamta Raut 31 Ranchi Baghban 86 % Advanced Aman Biswal 12 Bhubaneshwar Om Namah Shivay + Albela Sajan 89 % Advanced Debanjali Chaterjee 29 Kolkata Har Kisi Ko 90 % Advanced Sriprasanna Pendyalaya 21 Visakhapatnam Sun Saathiya 94 % Advanced Friendship Band 24 - 27 Lucknow Mehbooba Mehbooba + ... 80 % Advanced Jan 21 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan 24 Boko , Assam Khamoshiyan 93 % Advanced Soham & Chaitanya 10 & 12 Alandi , Pune Dagabaaz Re 94 % Advanced Iswari Behera 21 Sambhalpur , Odisha Dua 77 % Eliminated Srushti & Varsha Barlemwar 23 & 48 Nagpur Saiyaan Dil Mein Aana Re 66 % Eliminated Ridham Kalyan 18 Amritsar Aaj Ibaadat 83 % Advanced Rajnigandha Shekhawat 43 Jaipur , Rajasthan Badrinath Ki Dulhania + Holiya Me Ude Re Gulal 74 % Eliminated Ashwin Prabhu 22 Bengaluru Tumse Milke Dil Ka Hai Jo Haal 89 % Advanced Afreen Group 18 - 24 Jalandar Naina Thag Lenge + Kajra Re 94 % Advanced Jan 27 Nigam Brothers 22 & 31 Lucknow Dil Se Re + Maa Tujhe Salaam 91 % Advanced Prakruthi Reddy 8 Bangalore , Karnataka Nagada Sang Dhol 67 % Eliminated Alankar Mahtolia 23 New Delhi Chunar 86 % Advanced Manganiyar Fusion 21 - 27 Jaisalmer , Rajasthan Saree Ke Fall Sa 90 % Advanced Raenit Singh 23 New Delhi Moh Moh Ke Dhaage 94 % Advanced Raman Kapoor 27 Gurugram , Haryana Rang De Basanti 80 % Advanced Mohd Rehan Quraishi 28 Lucknow Aas Paas Khuda 73 % Eliminated Jan 28 Sindhu Wadekar 60 Maharashtra Hansta Hua Noorani Chehra 95 % Advanced Akhtar Brothers 21 & 23 Punjab Sultan 93 % Advanced Shashank Sekhar 28 Bhubaneswar Teri Meri Kahaani 94 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh 12 Kerala Jiya Jale 93 % Advanced Jyoti Sharma 18 Guwahati Parda Parda 66 % Eliminated The Harmony Chorus 10 - 16 Bengaluru Kal Ho Naa Ho + Choti Si Aasha + Taare Zameen Par 93 % Advanced Sakshi Ratti 21 Ludhiana , Punjab Kamli 66 % Eliminated Sagar Mhatre 20 Navi Mumbai , Maharashtra Dil Ki Tapish 94 % Advanced Feb 3 Zaid Ali 10 Muzaffarnagar , Uttar Pradesh Mere Rashke Qamar 91 % Advanced Vishal Srivastava 34 New Delhi Ab Tere Bin 63 % Eliminated Arya Nandini 17 Ambikapur , Chhattisgarh Ghoomar 91 % Advanced Jaya Piyush 40 Mumbai Hothon Mein Aisi Baat 92 % Advanced Anmol Jaswal 19 Jammu Sapnon Se Bhare Naina 76 % Eliminated Mehrnangori Rustam 23 Tajikistan Khatooba 74 % Eliminated Kumar Sahil 25 Kangra , Himachal Pradesh Ramta Jogi 78 % Eliminated Feb 4 Chetan Brijvasi 11 Mathura Haanikaarak Bapu 93 % Advanced Ajay Brijvasi 14 Mathura Dil Haara 94 % Advanced Hosiyaar Brijvasi 16 Mathura O saiyaan 94 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi 20 Mathura Tashan Mein 94 % Advanced Akhil Pillai 27 Alpeyi , Kerala Bulleya 69 % Eliminated Supriya Joshi 34 Mumbai Gulaabo 88 % Advanced Archit Patidia 21 Ahmedabad , Gujarat Maduban Me Radhika Nache 94 % Advanced Duels Ki Takkar ( edit ) The top 31 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named ' Duels Ki Takkar ' which began on 10 February 2018 . The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals . Episode 7 : 10 February 2018 ( edit ) Guests : Manish Paul and Iulia Vântur Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Saawariya 63 % Advanced Ashwin Prabhu Ae Dil Hai Mushkil 50 % Eliminated Vishnumaya Ramesh Kehna Ki Kya 93 % Advanced Soham & Chaitanya Khaike Paan Banaraswala 89 % Eliminated Debanjali Chaterjee Jiya Re 68 % Eliminated Mamta Raut Saiyyan 85 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Aaj Din Chadheya 92 % Advanced Raenit Singh Janam Janam 90 % Eliminated Episode 8 : 11 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Sukhwinder Singh Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Chand Sifarish + Aaj Phir 90 % Advanced Ajay Brijvasi Lagan Lagi 88 % Eliminated Hosiyaar Brijvasi Darmiyaan 70 % Advanced Raman Kapoor Main Jahan Rahoon 48 % Eliminated Supriya Joshi Maahi Ve 60 % Eliminated Hemant Brijvasi Upar Khuda 94 % Advanced Zaid Ali Saiyyan 88 % Advanced Chetan Brijvasi Jee Karda 87 % Eliminated Episode 9 : 17 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Gurdas Mann Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Chaiyya Chaiyya 92 % Advanced Nigam Brothers Khalbali + Pathaka Guddi + Nadan 83 % Eliminated Arya Nandini Barso Re 56 % Eliminated Alankar Mahtolia Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin 66 % Advanced Ridham Kalyan Ainvayi Ainvayi 90 % Advanced Sagar Mhatre Laaga Chunari Mein Daag 75 % Advanced Archit Patidia Bhor Bhaye 52 % Eliminated Episode 10 : 18 February 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Sonakshi Sinha & Raftaar Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh rowspan = `` 2 '' % Advanced Manganiyar Fusion Sawar Loon + Tere Mast Mast ... 88.49 % Eliminated Sriprasanna Pendyalaya Ni Main Samajhh Gayi 72 % Eliminated Shashank Sekhar Muskurane 89 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Rangeela re 90 % Advanced Friendship Band Yamma Yamma + Shaan Se 49 % ... Eliminated Sindhu Wadekar O Mungada Mungada 77 % Eliminated Aman Biswal Bol Do Na Zara 87 % Advanced India 's favourite 16 + duets challenge ( edit ) The Top 16 contestants compete in this round . Eight teams of two perform in duets . The first team perform with the wall up and set the target percentage . The next teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score . The duo with the least score move to the Red Sofa ( unsafe zone ) . The team with the lowest score gets eliminated . Episode 11 : 24 February 2018 Guest : Richa Sharma Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Billo Rani + Humka Peeni Hain 89 % Advanced Mamta Raut Rohanpreet Singh Samjhawan 90 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Jaya Piyush Manwa Lage 88 % Advanced Shashank Sekhar Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Jai Ho + Roobaroo 86 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus 5 Zaid Ali Arziyan 92 % Advanced Hosiyaar Brijvasi 6 Akhtar Brothers Mast Kalandar 94 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi 7 Alankar Mahtolia Dhan The Nan 54 % Eliminated Ridham Kalyan 8 Sagar Mhatre Tere Naina 88 % Advanced Aman Biswal Tribute to sridevi ( edit ) The Top 14 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 12 : 3 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Alka Yagnik Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh The Harmony Chorus English Vinglish + Na Jaane + Navrai Majhi 87 % Advanced Mamta Raut Morni Baaga Ma Bole 84 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Aye Zindagi Gale Laga Le 90 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Mere Haathon Mein 65 % Advanced 5 Hosiyaar Brijvasi Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki 53 % Eliminated 6 Aman Biswal Surmayee Ankhyion Mein 91 % Advanced 7 Akhtar Brothers Mujhe Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye 90 % Advanced Episode 13 : 4 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Kavita Krishnamurthy Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Afreen Group Naino Mein + Main Teri Dushman 85 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Hawa Hawai 93 % Advanced Shashank Shekhar Neele Neele Ambar Par 88 % Advanced Zaid Ali Tu Mujhe Kabool 90 % Advanced 5 Sagar Mhatre Kabhi Main Kahoon Kabhi Tu 51 % Eliminated 6 Hemant Brijvasi Meri Zindagi Ek Pyaas 93 % Advanced 7 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan Kate Nahin Kat Te 78 % Advanced Hero No 1 ( ep14 ) & salaam - e-ishq ( ep15 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 14 : 10 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Govinda Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Shashank Shekhar Main Toh Raste Se Ha Raha Tha 85 % Advanced Mamta Raut Prem Jaal 88 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Sona Kitna Sona Hai 88 % Advanced Afreen Group UP Wala Thumka + Suno Sasur Ji 87 % Advanced 5 Hemant Brijvasi Kaha Raja Bhoj Kaha Gangu Teli 93 % Advanced 6 Aman Biswal Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye 83 % Eliminated Episode 15 : 11 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Rohanpreet Singh Channa Mereya 92 % Advanced Jaya Piyush O Mere Sona Re Sona Re 84 % Advanced Akhtar Brothers Mera Yaar 90 % Advanced Zaid Ali Main Nikla Gaddi Leke 94 % Advanced 5 The Harmony Chorus Mere Mehboob + Maahi Ve + Mehndi 83 % Advanced 6 Dr. Sudeep Ranjan I Love You 54 % Eliminated Guru sishya ( ep16 ) & bachpan ke suhane din ( ep17 ) ( edit ) Wild Card Twist : Some of the eliminated contestants were brought back for another chance . Raenit Singh , Aman Biswal & Chetan Brijvasi . The Top 12 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 16 : 17 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Rani Mukerji WILD CARD Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Chetan Brijvasi Baawre 83 % Won Re-entry Raenit Singh Kurbaan Hua 84 % Won Re-entry Aman Biswal Bijuria 79 % Could n't make a come - back Top 12 Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Mamta Raut Aga Bai 86.96 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus O Humdum Sonio Re + Dhakka Laga Mukka 86.86 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Chupske Se 91 % Advanced Jaya Piyush Hum Tum 75 % Eliminated 5 Akhtar Brothers Jiya Lage Na 91 % Advanced Episode 17 : 18 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Shaan & Manish Paul Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Zaid Ali Piya Haji Ali 93 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Layi Vi Na Gayi 90 % Advanced Shashank Shekhar Hamari Adhuri Kahani 65 % Eliminated Chetan Brijvasi Dus Bahane 83 % Advanced 5 Raenit Singh Jab Se Tere Naina 74 % Advanced 6 Afreen Group Tharki Chokro 88 % Advanced 7 Hemant Brijvasi Slow Motion Angreza 94 % Advanced Rekha special ( edit ) The Top 10 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 18 : 24 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Rekha Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Dil Cheez Kya Hai 91 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Rafta Rafta 88.95 % Advanced Zaid Ali Agar Tum Na Hote 88.78 % Advanced Mamta Raut Ho Pardesia 75 % Eliminated 5 The Harmony Chorus Kaisi Paheli Zindagani 83 % Advanced Episode 19 : 25 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Season One Contestants Order Contestant Season 1 Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Diljot Qawwali Group ( 8th Place ) Aaya Tere Dar Par Deewana 90 % Advanced Chetan Brijvasi Bannet Dosanjh ( Winner ) Dard - e-Disco & Swag Se Swagat 88 % Advanced Hemant Brijvasi Maithili Thakur ( Runner - up ) Mere Dholna 93 % Advanced Raenit Singh Ameya Date ( 6th Place ) Zaalima 83 % Eliminated 5 Afreen Group Afsana Khan ( 7th Place ) Ghagra & Kajra Mohabbat Wala 86 % Advanced Top 8 ( edit ) The Top 8 contestants compete in this round . As the round progresses , the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa . At the end of the episode , the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated . Episode 20 : 31 March 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Udit Narayan Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Rohanpreet Singh Pehla Nasha 90 % Advanced The Harmony Chorus Gun Gun Guna + Ghanan Ghanan 75 % Eliminated Chetan Brijvasi Tatad Tatad 83 % Advanced Vishnumaya Ramesh Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia 88 % Advanced 5 Akhtar Brothers Kawa Kawa 87 % Advanced 6 Zaid Ali Laal Ishq 89 % Advanced 7 Hemant Brijvasi Satrangi Re 92 % Advanced 8 Afreen Group Tu Cheej Badi Hai + Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane 80 % Advanced Episode 21 : 1 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Bhare Naina 90 % Advanced Chetan Brijwasi Malhari 58 % Advanced Rohanpreet Singh Bol Na Halke Halke 92 % Advanced Zaid Ali Maula Mere Lele Meri Jaan 91 % Advanced 5 Hemant Brijwasi Rut Aa Gayi Re 89 % Advanced 6 Akhtar Brothers Deva Shree Ganesha 88 % Advanced 7 Afreen Group Afreen Afreen 53 % Eliminated Ticket to Finale ( edit ) The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week . In each episode , the contestant sitting on Golden Sofa ( the contestant with the highest score ) will move on to compete for the Ticket To Finale . Episode 22 : 7 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Akhtar Brothers Shah Ka Rutba 80 % Beaten by Vishnumaya Chetan Brijwasi Suno Na Sangemarmar 71 % Could n't beat the score of 80 % Vishnumaya Ramesh Mohe Rang Do Laal 86.04 % Beated by Zaid Ali Zaid Ali O Re Piya 86.50 % Beaten by Hemant 5 Rohanpreet Singh Aaoge Jab Tum 84 % Could n't beat the score of 86 % 6 Hemant Brijwasi Bheegi Bheegi 88 % Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale Episode 23 : 8 April 2018 ( edit ) Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Chetan Brijwasi Manma emotion + Aashiq surrender 75 % Beaten by Zaid Ali Zaid Ali Surili Ankhyion Wale 88.2 % Beated by Vishnumaya Ramesh Rohanpreet Singh Jeena Jeena 84 % Could n't beat the score of 88 % Vishnumaya Ramesh Satyam Shivam Sundaram 88.51 % Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale 5 Akhtar Brothers Jugni 84 % Could n't beat the score of 88 % Face - off for the Ticket to Finale ( edit ) The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face - off round . Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Sun Raha Hai Na Tu 74 % Could n't win the ticket to finale Hemant Brijwasi Piya Re 89 % Won Ticket To Finale Finale week ( edit ) Episode 24 : 14 April 2018 ( edit ) Guest : Alia Bhatt The Top 5 contestants except for Ticket to Finale winner Hemant Brijwasi were divided into two batches . Batch A - Zaid Ali , Chetan Brijwasi & Vishnumaya Ramesh and Batch B - Akhtar Brothers & Rohanpreet Singh . The contestant with the lowest score in each batch will be eliminated , making the Top 4 . Batch Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Zaid Ali Teri Deewani 88 % Advanced to Top 4 Chetan Brijwasi Afghan Jalebi 63 % Eliminated Vishnumaya Ramesh Bairi Piya 88 % Advanced to Top 4 Rohanpreet Singh Tum Hi Ho 89 % Advanced to Top 4 5 Akhtar Brothers Barson Yaaron 79 % Eliminated Grand Finale ( edit ) Episode 25 : 15 April 2018 ( edit ) The Top 4 finalists compete in the first round . The Top 3 contestants proceed to the Face - off round . Order Contestant Song Votes Experts ' Choices hide Result Shankar Mahadevan Monali Thakur Diljit Dosanjh Vishnumaya Ramesh Hai Rama 85 % Advanced to Top 3 Zaid Ali Jag Ghoomeya 80 % Third Runner - Up Rohanpreet Singh Haule Haule 83 % Advanced to Top 3 Hemant Brijwasi Saanware 88 % Advanced to Top 3 Face - off ( edit ) The Top 3 scorers of the episode participate in a face - off round . In this round , the experts have no voting power and the votes accumulated are only from the audience . Order Contestant Song Votes hide Result Hemant Brijwasi Alvida 86 % Winner Rohanpreet Singh Khuda Jaane 78.39 % Runner Up Vishnumaya Ramesh Silsila Ye Chaahat Ka 78.1 % Second Runner Up References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Rising Star ' Judges Explain Why This Singing Competition Will Be Different '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Rising Star ' Trailer : You 're the Judge of the New Singing Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rising Star ' trailer : Ludacris is tired of waiting for results '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ( hide ) Rising Star Seasons Winners Bannet Dosanjh Hemant Brijwasi Runners - up Maithili Thakur Related articles Rising Star Keshet Media Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rising_Star_India_(season_2)&oldid=839101315 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Indian reality television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 07 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the winner of indias rising star	[ "The show is hosted by TV Actor Ravi Dubey. The winner of Rising Star Season 2 is Hemant Brijwasi." ]	[ "Hemant Brijwasi" ]
-630530732044348617	Take Your Daughter to Work Day (The Office)	Take Your Daughter to Work Day ( the Office ) - wikipedia Take Your Daughter to Work Day ( the Office ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 18 Directed by Victor Nelli , Jr . Written by Mindy Kaling Production code 2018 Original air date March 16 , 2006 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson Jake Kalender as Young Michael Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson Episode chronology ← Previous `` Dwight 's Speech '' Next → `` Michael 's Birthday '' The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Take Your Daughter To Work Day '' is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's twenty - fourth episode overall . It was written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Victor Nelli , Jr . It first aired on March 16 , 2006 on NBC . The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson , Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson , Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer , and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Take Your Daughter to Work Day results in four children spending the day at the office -- Toby Flenderson 's ( Paul Lieberstein ) daughter Sasha , Stanley Hudson 's ( Leslie David Baker ) daughter Melissa , Kevin Malone 's ( Brian Baumgartner ) fiancée 's daughter Abby , and Meredith Palmer 's ( Kate Flannery ) son Jake . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) tries to befriend at least one child , Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) tries to impress the children by claiming he was a child star , and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) struggles to show secret girlfriend Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) that he can be stern with Jake . `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' was one of the last episodes filmed for the season . Due to the presence of actual children on the set , all of the main cast members had to tone down their behavior , making sure that no one cursed or told inappropriate jokes . The installment received largely positive reviews from television critics . `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' received a Nielsen rating of 4.2 and was seen by 8.8 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is frustrated that Take Your Daughter to Work Day will force him to tone down his office antics . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) bring their daughters , Sasha ( Delaney Ruth Farrell ) and Melissa ( Jazz Raycole ) respectively , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) brings his fiancée 's daughter , Abby , and Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) brings her son , Jake ( Spencer Daniels ) . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) is determined to befriend one child by the end of the day . She tries with Abby , who instead takes a liking to Jim . Pam watches , clearly endeared to Jim 's way with kids . Sasha walks into Michael 's office and plays with his toys , and after his jokes she is quite fond of him . Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) and asks for his number , while Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) alerts Stanley that Ryan may be up to something . Stanley angrily reprimands a confused Ryan for his `` motives '' , which Ryan later described as `` one of the most frightening experiences '' of his life . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) begins to read one of his childhood horror stories to the children , but Michael enters and insists that he stop upsetting the kids . Michael decides to show the children and the office a video of him as a child ( Jake Kalender ) during an appearance on a kid 's show , where he revealed his dream was to `` get married and have 100 kids , so I can have 100 friends , and no one can say ' no ' to being my friend . '' He retreats into his office when he realizes that he never came close to that dream . Toby talks to Michael , who decides to start online dating ( with the user name `` Little Kid Lover '' ) . After being tormented by Jake all day , Dwight is finally stern with him , which quietly pleases Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) . Pam wins over Jake with the paper shredder . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) leaves the office early to go on a date , to Pam 's chagrin . Michael and Dwight end the party by singing to the children . Production ( edit ) The episode was written by Mindy Kaling . `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' was written by Mindy Kaling , who portrayed Kelly Kapoor on the series . The entry was directed by Victor Nelli Jr. , making it his second directoral credit after the earlier episode `` The Carpet '' . The episode was one of the last installments filmed for the season . In addition , the episode took five days to film . Each day , over twelve hours was devoted to filming . The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson , Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson , Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer , and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott . Jenna Fischer noted that , due to the presence of actual children on the set , `` everyone had to be on their best behavior '' , meaning that there was no `` cursing and no dirty jokes allowed '' . She later said that `` we are n't a ' G - rated ' bunch by nature . '' Fischer later joked that `` candy is one of my weaknesses '' , but she was able to get through the filming of the episode without eating any of it . She explained that during the filming of the earlier second season episodes `` Halloween '' and `` Valentine 's Day '' , she had eaten a majority of the candy the crew put on her desk . The second season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include the Party Planning Committee squabbling over what food to serve , Stanley complaining that his daughter is spoiled , Dwight discovering an eraser in his coffee courtesy of Jake , Kelly complaining to Pam that `` Stanley 's daughter is such a slut '' , and Jim giving Abby an official certificate of appreciation . Cultural references ( edit ) Pam notes that by putting out candy to lure in children , she is acting just like the witch in the fairy tale `` Hansel and Gretel '' . Michael complains about having to censor himself with children around ; he compares himself to Eddie Murphy in his movie Raw and notes `` they '' want to make him into Murphy in Daddy Day Care . Michael , Jim , Dwight get into an argument about super heroes . Michael claims that he is like Superman defending Gotham City . Both Jim and Dwight correct him , and he says that he is more like Aquaman . Jim and Abby discuss the book From the Mixed - Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and talk whether they would want to spend a night in the Metropolitan Museum of Art or an aquarium . Sasha asks Phyllis if she is Mother Goose . Dwight later reads the short story `` Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher '' from Heinrich Hoffmann 's 1845 book Struwwelpeter . Michael later refers to it as a book that Dwight 's `` Nazi war - criminal '' grandmother read to him . This starts a short discussion about Nazis . Michael argues that Dunder Mifflin is better than Office Depot with the children . He later shows them his performance on Fundle Bundle , a parody of `` those crappy little local kids ' shows that used to fill time on Saturday mornings before there were such things as infomercials '' . Michael and Dwight end the party by performing Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 's `` Teach Your Children '' . Reception ( edit ) `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' originally aired on NBC on the March 16 , 2006 . The episode received a 4.2 rating / 11 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 4.2 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 11 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode was viewed by 8.8 million viewers , and retained 93 percent of its lead - in My Name is Earl audience . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the scene where the office realizes Michael 's loneliness `` absolutely one of the saddest moments I 've seen in recent memory '' and noted that `` you ca n't help but feel for him '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode an `` A '' . Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict called the entry `` another great episode '' for the series and awarded it an `` A -- '' . He noted that by bringing the supporting characters ' kids into the office `` hilarity ensues '' . Babish applauded the lack of an arching plot , allowing `` Michael 's faux pas '' to take center stage . Michael Sciannamea of AOLTV called `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' the `` best episode yet this season '' and noted that `` the writers will be hard - pressed to come up with a better story than this one . '' Sciannamea called `` the transformation of Michael 's indifference over the kids to one of acceptance and pure enjoyment of having them around '' as the `` most interesting aspect of the episode '' . He also called Dwight and Michael 's sing - along near the end `` the single funniest moment of the season '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Jenna ( March 16 , 2006 ) . `` The Office ' Kids ' Around '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 2 , Episode 18 ' Take Your Daughter to Work Day ' '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Victor Nelli , Jr ( director ) ; Paul Lieberstein ( writer ) ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` The Carpet '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 14 . NBC . Jump up ^ Victor Nelli , Jr ( director ) ; Mindy Kaling ( writer ) ( March 16 , 2006 ) . `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 18 . NBC . Jump up ^ Deleted scenes for `` Dwight 's Speech '' ( DVD ) . The Office : Season Two Disc 2 : Universal Studios Home Entertainment . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Giant , M. `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Seasons -- Season 2 -- Episode Guide '' . NBC . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mar. 21 , 2006 Press Release ( '' Take Your Daughter to Work `` ) '' ( Press release ) . NBC . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rizzo III , Francis ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` The Office -- Season Two '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Babish , Brendan . `` The Office : Season Two '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sciannamea , Michael ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Office : Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' . AOL TV . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' at NBC.com `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' on IMDb `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Your_Daughter_to_Work_Day_(The_Office)&oldid=804665252 '' Categories : 2006 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 11 : 57 . About Wikipedia	who played toby's daughter on the office	[ "Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is frustrated that Take Your Daughter to Work Day will force him to tone down his office antics. Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) and Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) bring their daughters, Sasha (Delaney Ruth Farrell) and Melissa (Jazz Raycole) respectively, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) brings his fiancée's daughter, Abby, and Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) brings her son, Jake (Spencer Daniels). Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) is determined to befriend one child by the end of the day. She tries with Abby, who instead takes a liking to Jim. Pam watches, clearly endeared to Jim's way with kids. Sasha walks into Michael's office and plays with his toys, and after his jokes she is quite fond of him. Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) and asks for his number, while Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) alerts Stanley that Ryan may be up to something. Stanley angrily reprimands a confused Ryan for his \"motives\", which Ryan later described as \"one of the most frightening experiences\" of his life." ]	[ "Delaney Ruth Farrell" ]
1773386865262400190	My Town (Montgomery Gentry song)	My Town ( Montgomery Gentry song ) - wikipedia My Town ( Montgomery Gentry song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` My Town '' Single by Montgomery Gentry from the album My Town Released June 3 , 2002 Recorded 2002 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 ( single edit ) 4 : 46 ( album version ) Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Reed Nielsen Jeffrey Steele Producer ( s ) Blake Chancey Montgomery Gentry singles chronology `` Did n't I '' ( 2002 ) `` My Town '' ( 2002 ) `` Speed '' ( 2002 ) `` Did n't I '' ( 2002 ) `` My Town '' ( 2002 ) `` Speed '' ( 2002 ) `` My Town '' is a song written by Reed Nielsen and Jeffrey Steele and recorded by American country music duo Montgomery Gentry . It was released in June 2002 as the lead - off single and title track to their album of the same name . It peaked on the U.S. country chart at # 5 and also peaked at # 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it one of their highest peaking crossover singles . After Gentry 's death , Montgomery sang the song with Dierks Bentley and Rascal Flatts as a tribute during the 51st Annual Country Music Association Awards on November 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Commercial performance 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Parodies 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator describes his hometown . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` My Town '' debuted at No. 57 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of June 8 , 2002 . It peaked at No. 5 on the chart . The song has sold 376,000 copies in the United States as of September 2017 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Guy Guillet and features the duo on their tour bus , driving through what Montgomery Gentry calls `` My Town . '' In the video , Eddie Montgomery points to the Perryville water tower and the Perryville sign . The video also shows the Perryville Elementary School . Perryville is in western Boyle County , Kentucky , in the United States and has a population of 751 . Eddie was born only 10 minutes away from Perryville in Danville , Ky . Also shown in the video is Montgomery Gentry playing on a stage in Lexington , Kentucky , which is about 42 miles northeast of Perryville . Lexington was the hometown of Troy Gentry . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 37 Parodies ( edit ) American country music parody artist Cledus T. Judd released a parody of `` My Town '' titled `` My Crowd '' on his 2003 album A Six Pack of Judd . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : September 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Gentry Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Gentry Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2002 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Montgomery Gentry Eddie Montgomery Troy Gentry Studio albums Tattoos & Scars Carrying On My Town You Do Your Thing Some People Change Back When I Knew It All Rebels on the Run Folks Like Us Here 's to You Compilation albums Something to Be Proud Of : The Best of 1999 -- 2005 For Our Heroes Playlist : The Very Best of Montgomery Gentry Notable singles `` Hillbilly Shoes '' `` Lonely and Gone '' `` Daddy Wo n't Sell the Farm '' `` Self Made Man '' `` She Could n't Change Me '' `` Cold One Comin ' On '' `` My Town '' `` Speed '' `` Hell Yeah '' `` If You Ever Stop Loving Me '' `` You Do Your Thing '' `` Gone '' `` Something to Be Proud Of '' `` She Do n't Tell Me To '' `` Some People Change '' `` Lucky Man '' `` What Do Ya Think About That '' `` Back When I Knew It All '' `` Roll with Me '' `` One in Every Crowd '' `` Long Line of Losers '' `` Where I Come From '' Guest singles `` The Truth About Men '' ( with Tracy Byrd , Blake Shelton , and Andy Griggs ) Related articles Discography John Michael Montgomery `` Merry Christmas from the Family '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Town_(Montgomery_Gentry_song)&oldid=829010791 '' Categories : 2002 singles 2002 songs Montgomery Gentry songs Songs written by Jeffrey Steele Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Blake Chancey Songs written by Reed Nielsen Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 02 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song this is my town	[ "\"My Town\" is a song written by Reed Nielsen and Jeffrey Steele and recorded by American country music duo Montgomery Gentry. It was released in June 2002 as the lead-off single and title track to their album of the same name. It peaked on the U.S. country chart at #5 and also peaked at #40 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it one of their highest peaking crossover singles." ]	[ "American country music duo Montgomery Gentry" ]
-5383535959606843314	While You Were Sleeping (film)	While you were sleeping ( film ) - wikipedia While you were sleeping ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search While You Were Sleeping Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Turteltaub Produced by Roger Birnbaum Joe Roth Written by Daniel G. Sullivan Fredric Lebow Starring Sandra Bullock Bill Pullman Peter Gallagher Peter Boyle Glynis Johns Jack Warden Music by Randy Edelman Cinematography Phedon Papamichael , Jr . Edited by Bruce Green Production company Hollywood Pictures Caravan Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution , Inc . Release date April 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 21 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $182,057,016 While You Were Sleeping is a 1995 American romantic comedy film directed by Jon Turteltaub and written by Daniel G. Sullivan and Fredric Lebow . It stars Sandra Bullock as Lucy , a Chicago Transit Authority token collector , and Bill Pullman as Jack , the brother of a man whose life she saves , along with Peter Gallagher as Peter , the man who is saved , Peter Boyle and Glynis Johns as members of Peter 's family , and Jack Warden as longtime family friend and neighbor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Lucy Eleanor Moderatz ( Sandra Bullock ) is a lonely fare token collector for the Chicago Transit Authority , stationed at the Randolph / Wabash station . She has a secret crush on a handsome commuter named Peter Callaghan ( Peter Gallagher ) , although they are complete strangers . On Christmas Day , she rescues him from the oncoming Chicago `` L '' train after a group of muggers push him onto the tracks . He falls into a coma , and she accompanies him to the hospital , where a nurse overhears her musing aloud , `` I was going to marry him . '' Misinterpreting her , the nurse tells his family that she is his fiancée . At first she is too caught up in the panic to explain the truth . She winds up keeping the secret for a number of reasons : she is embarrassed , Peter 's grandmother Elsie ( Glynis Johns ) has a heart condition , and Lucy quickly comes to love being a part of Peter 's big , loving family . One night , thinking she is alone while visiting Peter , she confesses about her predicament . Peter 's godfather , Saul ( Jack Warden ) , overhears the truth and later confronts her , but tells her he will keep her secret , because the accident has brought the family closer . With no family and few friends , Lucy becomes so captivated with the quirky Callaghans and their unconditional love for her that she can not bring herself to hurt them by revealing that Peter does not even know her . She spends a belated Christmas with them and then meets Peter 's younger brother Jack ( Bill Pullman ) , who is supposed to take over his father 's furniture business . He is suspicious of her at first , but he falls in love with her as they spend time together . They develop a close friendship and soon she falls in love with him as well . After New Year 's Eve , Peter wakes up . He does not know Lucy , so it is assumed that he must have amnesia . She and Peter spend time together , and Saul persuades Peter to propose to her `` again '' ; she agrees even though she is in love with Jack . When Jack visits her the day before the wedding , she gives him a chance to change her mind , asking him if he can give her a reason not to marry Peter . He replies that he can not , leaving her disappointed . On the day of the wedding , just as the priest begins the ceremony , Lucy finally confesses everything and tells the family she loves Jack rather than Peter . At this point , Peter 's real fiancée Ashley Bartlett Bacon ( Ally Walker ) , who happens to be married herself , arrives and also demands the wedding be stopped . As the family argues , Lucy slips out unnoticed , unsure of her future . Some time later , while Lucy is at work , Jack places an engagement ring in the token tray of her booth . She lets him into the booth , and with the entire Callaghan family watching , he proposes to her . In the last scenes of the film , they kiss at the end of their wedding , then leave on a CTA train for their honeymoon . She narrates that he fulfilled her dream of going to Florence , Italy , and explains that , when Peter asked when she fell in love with Jack , she replied , `` it was while you were sleeping . '' Cast ( edit ) Sandra Bullock as Narrator / Lucy Eleanor Moderatz Bill Pullman as Jack Callaghan Peter Gallagher as Peter Callaghan Peter Boyle as Ox Callaghan Jack Warden as Saul Tuttle Glynis Johns as Elsie Micole Mercurio as Midge Callaghan Jason Bernard as Jerry Wallace Michael Rispoli as Joe Fusco , Jr . Ally Walker as Ashley Bartlett Bacon Monica Keena as Mary Callaghan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Julia Roberts was offered the role of Lucy Moderatz but turned it down . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) The film was a tremendous success , grossing a total of $182,057,016 worldwide against an estimated $17,000,000 budget . It made $9,288,915 on its opening weekend of April 21 -- 23 , 1995 . It was the thirteenth - highest grosser of 1995 in the United States . Also , the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great roles actors have turned down '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ While You Were Sleeping at boxofficemojo.com Jump up ^ 1995 Yearly Box Office Results Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : While You Were Sleeping Janet Maslin . `` The Blossoming of a Wallflower '' . The New York Times . April 21 , 1995 . C16 . While You Were Sleeping on IMDb While You Were Sleeping at Rotten Tomatoes While You Were Sleeping at AllMovie Script - O-Rama : While You Were Sleeping transcript While You Were Sleeping at Virtual History ( hide ) Films directed by Jon Turteltaub Think Big ( 1990 ) Driving Me Crazy ( 1991 ) 3 Ninjas ( 1992 ) Cool Runnings ( 1993 ) While You Were Sleeping ( 1995 ) Phenomenon ( 1996 ) Instinct ( 1999 ) Disney 's The Kid ( 2000 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Last Vegas ( 2013 ) The Meg ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While_You_Were_Sleeping_(film)&oldid=842826328 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films American Christmas films American films American romantic comedy films Caravan Pictures films Films about weddings Films directed by Jon Turteltaub Films set in Chicago Films shot in Chicago Hollywood Pictures films Rail transport films Films produced by Joe Roth Films produced by Roger Birnbaum Films scored by Randy Edelman Love stories Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does while you were sleeping take place	[ "Lucy Eleanor Moderatz (Sandra Bullock) is a lonely fare token collector for the Chicago Transit Authority, stationed at the Randolph/Wabash station. She has a secret crush on a handsome commuter named Peter Callaghan (Peter Gallagher), although they are complete strangers. On Christmas Day, she rescues him from the oncoming Chicago \"L\" train after a group of muggers push him onto the tracks. He falls into a coma, and she accompanies him to the hospital, where a nurse overhears her musing aloud, \"I was going to marry him.\" Misinterpreting her, the nurse tells his family that she is his fiancée." ]	[ "Chicago" ]
-8417007381408225409	Thriller (song)	Thriller ( song ) - wikipedia Thriller ( song ) `` Thriller '' U.S. 12 '' vinyl Single by Michael Jackson from the album Thriller B - side `` Things I Do for You '' Released November 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 02 ) ( worldwide ) January 23 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 23 ) ( US ) Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD single Recorded April - November 1982 Genre Post-disco funk Length 5 : 57 ( album version ) 4 : 02 ( 7 '' single edit version ) Label Epic CBS Songwriter ( s ) Rod Temperton Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Say Say Say '' ( 1983 ) `` Thriller '' ( 1983 ) `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( 1987 ) `` Say Say Say '' ( 1983 ) `` Thriller '' ( 1983 ) `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( 1987 ) Music video `` Thriller '' on YouTube `` Thriller '' is a song recorded by American singer Michael Jackson , composed by Rod Temperton , and produced by Quincy Jones . It is the seventh and final single released by Epic Records from his 1982 studio album of the same name . A 14 - minute video showing Jackson in a horror - themed performance premiered on November 14 , 1983 . It was first shown on MTV on December 2 , 1983 . The song was not released as a single until January 23 , 1984 . `` Thriller '' has appeared on multiple greatest hits compilation albums from Jackson , including HIStory ( 1995 ) , Number Ones ( 2003 ) , The Essential Michael Jackson ( 2005 ) and Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) and was remixed for the Immortal album in 2011 . The song has a voice - over from actor Vincent Price . In the song , sound effects such as a creaking door , thunder , feet walking on wooden planks , winds and howling dogs can be heard , and the lyrics contain frightening themes and elements . `` Thriller '' received positive reviews from critics and became Jackson 's seventh top - ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart from the album , while reaching the top of the charts in France and Belgium and the top ten in many other countries . `` Thriller '' was adapted by director John Landis into a highly successful music video , known independently as `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' . At fourteen minutes the video is substantially longer than the song , which ties together a narrative featuring Jackson and actress Ola Ray in a setting heavily inspired by horror films of the 1950s . In the video 's most iconic scene , Jackson leads other actors costumed as zombies in a choreographed dance routine . Though it garnered some criticism for its occult theme and violent imagery , the video was immediately popular and received high critical acclaim , being nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 and winning three . In 2009 it was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , the first music video ever selected . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Recording and production 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Concept 5.2 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 Appearances in other media 9 Personnel 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Charts 10.2 Sales and certifications 11 Track listing 12 Film adaptation 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and composition ( edit ) `` Thriller '' was written by Rod Temperton , and produced by Quincy Jones . An inspiration was the Jacksons ' hit `` This Place Hotel '' . Early titles include `` Starlight '' , `` Starlight Sun '' and `` Give Me Some Starlight '' . The title was changed to ' Thriller ' after Michael told Temperton he wanted something that would appeal to kids . While still titled `` Starlight '' , the song 's hook lyrics were `` Give me some starlight ! Starlight sun ... '' , but after the song was changed to `` Thriller '' the hook was rewritten to `` ' Cause this is thriller ! Thriller night ... '' . Temperton commented , Originally , when I did my ' Thriller ' demo , I called it ' Starlight ' . Quincy said to me , `` You managed to come up with a title for the last album , see what you can do for this album . ' I said , `` Oh great , '' so I went back to the hotel , wrote two or three hundred titles , and came up with the title ' Midnight Man ' . The next morning , I woke up , and I just said this word ... Something in my head just said , this is the title . You could visualize it on the top of the Billboard charts . You could see the merchandising for this one word , how it jumped off the page as ' Thriller ' . While Temperton was writing `` Thriller '' he stated that he 'd `` always envisioned '' a `` talking section at the end '' on the song , but did not really know what `` to do with it '' , until deciding `` to have somebody , a famous voice , in the horror genre , to do this vocal . '' Jones ' then - wife , Peggy Lipton , who knew Vincent Price , suggested Price for the vocal part , which Price agreed to do . `` Thriller '' is considered a disco - funk song . Set in the key of C ♯ Modern Dorian , its instrumentation consists of synthesizer , guitar , trumpet , flugelhorn , saxophone , flute and trombone . The song has a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . The lyrics and sound effects on `` Thriller '' pertain to frightful elements and themes . Recording and production ( edit ) Quincy Jones produced `` Thriller '' . `` Thriller '' , along with other songs from Thriller , was recorded by Jackson over the course of eight weeks , in 1982 . Jackson recorded the song at Westlake Recording Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . Bruce Swedien , the song 's engineer , said of the song being recorded , When we started ' Thriller ' , the first day at Westlake , we were all there and Quincy ( Jones , the producer ) walked in followed by me and Michael and Rod Temperton and some of the other people . Quincy turned to us and he said , ' OK guys , we 're here to save the recording industry . ' Now that 's a pretty big responsibility -- but he meant it . And that 's why those albums , and especially ' Thriller ' , sound so incredible . The basic thing is , everybody who was involved gave 150 percent ... Quincy 's like a director of a movie and I 'm like a director of photography , and it 's Quincy 's job to cast ( it ) . Quincy can find the people and he gives us the inspiration to do what we do . Swedien and Jones stated that Vincent Price recorded his introduction and voice - over rap for the song in two takes ; Jones , acknowledging that doing a voice - over for a song is `` difficult '' , praised Price and described his recording takes as being `` fabulous '' . Swedien said of Jackson recording the song , that , `` I tried all sorts of things with Michael -- for instance , he would sing the main vocal part and we 'd double it one time and then I 'd ask him to step away from the mic and do it a third time and that really changed the acoustics in the room so it gave Michael 's vocals a unique character ... We recorded some of those background vocals in the shower stall at Westlake . '' Throughout the song , sound effects such as a creaking door , thunder , feet walking on wooden planks , winds and howling dogs can be heard . Bruce Cannon , a sound effects editor for `` Thriller '' , said that , `` Things like the lightning may have come from old Hollywood movies -- we 'll never know which movies -- but the best sound - effects editors do go out in the desert and find a coyote , so I have a feeling that was a real howl . '' The backing track , especially the bassline , has certain similarities to the 1981 number - one R&B hit `` Give It to Me Baby '' by Rick James . The bass part was made from two modified Minimoogs playing in unison . Other instruments featured on the track are a LinnDrum drum machine , a Rhodes piano , a Roland Jupiter 8 synthesizer , an electric guitar , and a horn section consisting of a trumpet , a trombone and a flugelhorn . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Thriller '' is a contemporary critical favourite . Ashley Lasimone , of AOL 's Spinner.com , noted that it `` became a signature for Jackson '' and described `` the groove of its bassline , paired with Michael 's killer vocals and sleek moves '' as having `` produced a frighteningly great single . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that ' Billie Jean ' , ' Beat It ' , ' Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' ' and `` the movie in the song ' Thriller ' '' , were the songs , unlike the `` fluff '' `` P.Y.T. '' , that were `` the hits that made Thriller a world - beater ; along with Mr. Jackson 's stage and video presence , listeners must have identified with his willingness to admit terror . '' Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times described `` Thriller '' as `` adequately groovy '' with a `` funked - out beat '' and lyrics `` seemingly lifted from some little kid 's ' scary storybook ' '' . 50 Cent told NME that the song is the one he wished he 'd written : `` I had his poster on my wall . He had me moonwalkin ' around my bedroom . I 'd love to have written any Michael Jackson song , so maybe start with one of the greatest . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Prior to `` Thriller '' 's official release as a single , six other songs from the album had charted `` Thriller '' became Jackson 's seventh and final Billboard Hot 100 top - ten single from his Thriller album . In Billboard issue date February 11 , 1984 , the song entered the charts at number 20 on the Hot 100 . The song entered the top ten the following week at number eight . One week later , it reached number five , then the next week it rose to number four ; its peak position which it held for a second week . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on December 4 , 1989 , for sales of over one million physical units in the U.S. ( the requirement for gold and platinum singles was lowered after 1989 ) . It has sold a further 3.6 million copies in digital downloads as of October 2014 in the US . As of November 2016 , the song sold 4.024 million total copies in the US . For the issue date February 25 , 1984 , `` Thriller '' charted at number 19 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Chart . The following week , the song placed at number five . On March 10 , 1984 , it charted at number 3 , where it peaked . `` Thriller '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on November 19 , 1983 , at number 24 , and the following week charted at number ten , where it peaked ; the song appeared on the chart for 52 weeks . Beginning on February 5 , 1984 , `` Thriller '' peaked on the French Singles Chart at number one and topped the chart for four consecutive weeks . `` Thriller '' also topped the Belgian VRT Top 30 Chart for two weeks in January 1984 . Following Jackson 's death , his music experienced a surge in popularity . In the week of Jackson 's death , `` Thriller '' was Jackson 's best - selling track in the US , with sales of 167,000 copies on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart . On July 11 , 2009 , `` Thriller '' charted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number two ( its peak ) , and the song remained in the charts ' top ten for three consecutive weeks . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 23 the week of Jackson 's death . The following week , the song reached its peak at number 12 on the UK Single Chart . On July 12 , 2009 , `` Thriller '' peaked at number two on the Italian Singles Chart and was later certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry . `` Thriller '' reached at number three on the Australian ARIA Chart and Swiss Singles Chart and topped the Spanish Singles Charts for one week . The song also placed within the top ten on the German Singles Chart , Norwegian Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart , at number nine , number seven and number eight respectively . `` Thriller '' also landed at number 25 on the Danish Singles Chart . In the third week of July `` Thriller '' peaked at number 11 in Finland . The song finished at # 78 for the year on Billboard Hot 100 of 1984 . In 2013 , the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 42 . Music video ( edit ) Main article : Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( music video ) In his 1988 book Moonwalk , Jackson expressed interest in having director John Landis direct the music video for `` Thriller '' . Having seen Landis ' previous work on the horror film An American Werewolf in London , Jackson envisioned the main character of his short film to undergo similar transitions parallel to those of the characters in Landis ' horror film . Hence , Landis was asked to direct the video seeing as Michael felt he would make the best fit towards properly conveying his personal concepts for the short feature film . Landis accepted Jackson 's invitation and production began soon thereafter , filming in various locations in New York and Los Angeles . Contrary to reports of $800,000 to $1 million production budgets , Landis stated that the music video was made for $500,000 . Within the same excerpt of Moonwalk , Jackson noted how he personally financed much of the short film for `` Thriller '' out of his own pocket . Due to all the technical details of production and the nature of the video , the budget nearly doubled in costs . John Branca -- Jackson 's attorney and advisor -- suggested creating a documentary outlining the process of creating the short film . The behind - the - scenes documentary was aimed towards seeking a third - party sponsor to finance the project and thus alleviate some of the costs of the doubled budget . The documentary was entitled , `` The Making of Thriller '' , and achieved significant sales among audiences . Jackson also said of making the music video , in an interview that aired on December 11 , 1999 , for MTV 's 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made : My idea was to make this short film with conversation ... I like having a beginning and a middle and an ending , which would follow a story . I 'm very much involved in complete making and creating of the piece . It has to be , you know , my soul . Usually , you know , it 's an interpretation of the music . ( ... ) It was a delicate thing to work on because I remember my original approach was , ' How do you make zombies and monsters dance without it being comical ? ' So I said , ' We have to do just the right kind of movement so it does n't become something that you laugh at . ' But it just has to take it to another level . So I got in a room with ( choreographer ) Michael Peters , and he and I together kind of imagined how these zombies move by making faces in the mirror . I used to come to rehearsal sometimes with monster makeup on , and I loved doing that . So he and I collaborated and we both choreographed the piece and I thought it should start like that kind of thing and go into this jazzy kind of step , you know . Kind of gruesome things like that , not too much ballet or whatever . The music video of the song also included on the video albums : Video Greatest Hits - HIStory , HIStory on Film , Volume II , Number Ones , on the bonus DVD of Thriller 25 and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Following the release of the music video , a 45 - minute documentary was released that provided candid glimpses behind the scenes of the music video 's production . Entitled Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller , it , like the music video , was shown heavily on MTV for a time and was the top - selling home - video release of all time at one point , with over nine million copies sold . MTV paid $250,000 for the exclusive rights to show the documentary ; Showtime paid $300,000 for pay - cable rights ; and Vestron Video reportedly paid $500,000 to market the cassette , in a profit participation agreement . Concept ( edit ) Set in the 1950s , Michael and his unnamed date ( Ola Ray ) run out of gas near a dark wooded area . They walk off into the forest , and Michael asks her if she would be `` his girl '' ; she accepts and he gives her a ring . He warns her , however , that he is `` different '' . A full moon appears , and Michael begins convulsing in agony , transforming into a werewolf . His date runs away in terror , but the werecat catches up to her , knocking her down and begins lunging at her with his claws . He also knocks down a tree . The scene then cuts to a modern - day movie theater where Michael and his date , along with a repulsed audience , are actually watching the scene unfold in a movie called Thriller . Michael 's date leaves the theater as Michael hands his popcorn to a stranger , catches up to her , and assures her that `` It 's only a movie '' . Some debate follows as to whether or not she was scared by the movie . They then walk down a foggy road as Michael teases her by singing the verses of `` Thriller '' . They pass a nearby graveyard , in which zombies begin to rise out of their caskets as Vincent Price performs his soliloquy . The zombies corner Michael and his date threateningly , and suddenly , Michael becomes a zombie himself . The zombies then break into an elaborate song and dance number , followed by the main chorus of `` Thriller '' ( during which Michael was reverted to human form ) , frightening his date to the point where she runs for cover . Michael ( turned back into a zombie ) and his fellow corpses then back the frightened girl into the corner of a nearby abandoned house . Michael then reaches for his date 's throat as she lets out a bloodcurdling scream , only to awake and realize it was all a dream . Michael then offers to take her home , and she happily obliges . As they walk out of the house , Michael turns around and looks at the camera , thus revealing his yellow werewolf eyes and fangs from the beginning of the video , as we hear Vincent Price 's haunting laugh , while Michael grins . Reception ( edit ) Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly commented on the music video , `` Every aspect of the 14 - minute horror musical , directed with creepy - comical zest by John Landis , is beyond iconic , from Michael 's red leather ensemble to the immortal ( no pun ) herky - jerky zombie dance and bwah - ha - ha Vincent Price narration . '' Though the video was met with widespread praise , it was also criticized for its content . In 1982 , the National Coalition on Television Violence ( NCTV ) classified more than half of 200 MTV music videos surveyed as `` too violent '' . Both `` Thriller '' and Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say , Say , Say '' made the list . The Los Angeles Times quoted Dr. Thomas Radecki , chairman of the NCTV , as saying , `` It 's not hard to imagine young viewers after seeing ' Thriller ' saying , ' Gee , if Michael Jackson can terrorize his girlfriend , why ca n't I do it too ? ' The music video was nominated for six awards at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards , winning three out of six of the nominations . `` Thriller '' won Viewers Choice , Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography -- but lost Best Concept Video , Best Male Video and Video of the Year . The music video was listed as the `` Greatest Video '' on VH1 's `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' in 2001 . MTV listed the music video as being the `` Greatest Music Video Ever Made '' on their list , `` MTV : 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made '' in 1999 . In July 2011 , the music video was named one of `` The 30 All - TIME Best Music Videos '' by TIME magazine . Live performances ( edit ) Jackson performed `` Thriller '' on all three of his solo world concert tours . From the Dangerous Tour onwards , half the song was always performed by a masked backup dancer as Jackson prepared for his next song as part of a stage illusion . Despite Jackson performing multiple songs from his Thriller album , `` Thriller '' was not included on the Jacksons set list during their Victory Tour in 1984 , as Michael Jackson was not satisfied with the way the song sounded live . Jackson performed `` Thriller '' during his first world tour as a solo artist , the Bad world tour , lasting sixteen months , from 1987 to 1989 , for a total of 123 shows . During the Bad tour , in both legs , the jacket had flashing lights in the middle of the song and at the end . An impersonator was only used for the introduction of the song ; a masked dancer emerges from the costume tent at the side of the stage , and goes back in hiding while Jackson himself , also masked at first , swings down from a rope on the other side of the stage before taking off his mask . `` Thriller '' was also performed during Jackson 's second world tour , the Dangerous Tour , where stage illusions were used to transition between `` Thriller '' and `` Billie Jean '' . In the middle of `` Thriller '' , Jackson secretly switched places with a masked backup dancer who finishes the song appearing as Jackson prepares for Billie Jean . When the song ends , Jackson appears fully dressed on the upper floor as `` Billie Jean '' begins . In the third leg of the Dangerous Tour , there was no upper floor but the masked dancer still performed the latter half of the song . Jackson performed `` Thriller '' for all of his 82 shows during his third , and final , world tour , the HIStory World Tour . Once again , a masked dancer posing as Jackson was used as a stage illusion , this time to the transition between `` Thriller '' and `` Beat It '' . As with the Dangerous tour , Jackson switches with the background dancer in the middle of the song . At the end of Thriller , the masked dancer is taken by the zombie dancers into a coffin where it appears he is impaled with spikes and burned . Jackson would appear at the side of the stage in a cherry - picker , starting off `` Beat It '' . Jackson had planned to perform `` Thriller '' during his 50 - show concert series , which would have been his fourth concert tour , entitled This Is It from 2009 to 2010 . For Jackson 's performance of the song , he had planned for the stage that he was to perform on to be set up with a background that looked like a `` graveyard '' ( which was a brief setting in the music video ) with 3 - D effects . Jackson would emerge from a giant black widow spider . According to a setlist that was released in March 2009 , `` Thriller '' was to close out the 16 - song show , although the film Michael Jackson 's This Is It , which documents the concert series , lists 18 songs and `` Man in the Mirror '' as the closing song for the planned shows . Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 and Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . Cover versions ( edit ) 1980s In 1984 , British comedian Lenny Henry recorded a spoof video of Thriller , titled `` Thinner '' . In 1989 , American composer Henry Mancini and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra recorded an orchestral version of the song . 2000s In 2000 , British death metal band Ten Masked Men covered the song on their album Return of the Ten Masked Men . In 2001 , American - born Australian singer Joe Dolce covered the song on a compilation album , Andrew Denton 's Musical Challenge . In 2003 , British rock band Aereogramme recorded `` Thriller '' for their Livers & Lungs EP . In 2003 , German a cappella group Maybebop covered the song for their album Heiße Luft . In 2004 , British electronic music group the Prodigy sampled `` Thriller '' on their The Way It Is . In 2007 , Ian Brown covered `` Thriller '' . Amos Barshad and Nick Catucci , of NYMag.com , commented that `` before you dismiss '' the song , if you `` give it a listen '' , Brown 's `` louche , drugged - out reinvention is actually pretty great . '' In 2008 , German group Wise Guys recorded an a cappella version of the song as `` Schiller '' for their tenth album Frei ! . The stage choreography based on Michael Jackson 's music video and member Ferenc also recites a part of Friedrich Schiller 's Die Bürgschaft . In 2008 , `` Thriller '' was also covered by Ben Gibbard , lead singer of Death Cab for Cutie and the Postal Service . In 2008 , industrial metal band Gothminister covered Jackson 's song for their album Happiness in Darkness . In October 2009 , Imogen Heap covered `` Thriller '' for BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge . 2010s In 2010 , Italian gothic metal band the LoveCrave released a cover of `` Thriller '' on their album Soul Saliva . In 2011 , Patrick Stump covered the song in an a cappella mash - up tribute along with several other Michael Jackson songs over pre-recorded backing vocals . In 2012 , Italian jazz trumpeter Enrico Rava released a version on his tribute album Rava on the Dance Floor . In 2012 , Kidz Bop released a cover on the album KIDZ BOP Halloween Hits ! . In 2013 , Jiordan Tolli covered an stripped - down slower version of song for fifth season of The X Factor Australia during week two . The cover was released as a single on September 3 , 2013 . Tolli 's performance of `` Thriller '' debuted at number 63 on the ARIA Singles Chart . In 2014 and 2015 , Demi Lovato covered the song on her Demi World Tour . This version included a remixed dancing at the end , which Lovato would dance to with fellow background dancers . In 2017 , Scandroid covered the song on the album Monochrome . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's Thriller music video , particularly the songs dance routine in the video , have been referenced in television series and films including Donga ( 1985 ) , Coming to America ( 1988 ) , The Malibu Beach Vampires ( 1991 ) , South Park ( 1997 ) , Dead & Breakfast ( 2004 ) , 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) , Bo ! in the USA ( 2006 ) , Jelly Jamm ( 2007 ) , and Furby ( 2011 ) . The song is also used on Party City ads during Halloween . The Chemical Brothers said in a January 2002 interview that if their song `` My Elastic Eye '' is played on large speakers , the bass would resemble `` Thriller '' . In 2008 , a remake of the `` Thriller '' music video was directed by Corey Grant as a tribute for the 25th anniversary of the original music video in 1983 , featuring the Step Up stars Adam G. Sevani and Alyson Stoner . In 2011 , the cast of American musical TV series Glee ( Naya Rivera , Kevin McHale and Cory Monteith with New Directions ) performed `` Thriller '' as a mash up with `` Heads Will Roll '' by Yeah Yeah Yeahs in episode `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' . Pop singer Britney Spears made a reference to `` Thriller '' in her music video for `` I Wanna Go '' ( 2011 ) . In the ending of her video actor Guillermo Díaz leads Spears out of the room . He then turns to the camera with glowing red eyes and his laugh is heard , similar to Vincent Price . The song was featured in a San Diego Comic - Con promo for the 2nd season of the Netflix series Stranger Things . The ending was refrenced in the episode of `` Family Guy '' `` The Hand That Rocks The Wheelchair '' as Stewie offers Brian to go home as the same eyes and laugh is seen and heard Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Rod Temperton Produced by Quincy Jones Michael Jackson : lead and background vocals , drum machine Featuring : Narration by Vincent Price ( Not featured on original edited single version ) Rod Temperton and Brian Banks : synthesizers Greg Phillinganes : synthesizers , keyboards , Minimoog synth - bass Anthony Marinelli : synthesizer programming David Williams : guitar Jerry Hey , Gary Grant : trumpets , flugelhorns Larry Williams : saxophone , flute Bill Reichenbach : trombone Vocal , rhythm and synthesizer arrangement by Rod Temperton Horn arrangement by Jerry Hey Effects by Bruce Cannon and Bruce Swedien Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgian VRT Top 30 Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Spain ( AFYVE ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary 24 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 20 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 57 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 53 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 30 Back Catalogue Singles Wallonia ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 25 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 16 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) Japan Singles Top 100 ( Oricon ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 12 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 68 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 68 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 143 Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 49 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 159 US Billboard Hot 100 42 Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 152 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 38 US Billboard Hot 100 35 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 145 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 48 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 45 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 164 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 46 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 32 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 360,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 975,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum ( physical ) 1,000,000 Gold ( digital ) 3,600,000 Gold ( MT ) 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ' `` Thriller '' ( edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` Things I Do for You '' ( live ) -- 3 : 31 12 '' single `` Thriller '' -- 5 : 57 `` Thriller '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 57 12 '' maxi `` Thriller '' -- 5 : 57 `` Thriller '' ( remixed short version ) -- 4 : 05 `` Things I Do for You '' ( live ) -- 3 : 31 Mini CD single `` Thriller '' - 4 : 08 `` Human Nature '' - 3 : 47 CD single `` Thriller '' ( remixed short version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Ca n't Get Outta the Rain '' -- 4 : 09 DualDisc single CD side `` Thriller '' ( remixed short version ) -- 4 : 09 `` Thriller '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 58 DVD side Michael Jackson 's Thriller -- 13 : 40 Digital Download `` Thriller ( Steve Aoki Midnight Hour Remix ) '' -- 5 : 02 Film adaptation ( edit ) In October 2010 , it was found that GK Films plans to produce a horror film inspired by the song , directed by Kenny Ortega and produced with Ivan Reitman . As of February 2016 , there has been no further news . See also ( edit ) Michael Jackson portal List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of most expensive music videos `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' Thriller ( viral video ) Thrill the World References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eagan , Daniel ( 24 November 2011 ) . America 's Film Legacy , 2009 - 2010 : A Viewer 's Guide to the 50 Landmark Movies Added To The National Film Registry in 2009 - 10 . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 9328 - 5 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Richin , Leslie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` On This Day In 1983 , Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Premiered On MTV '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Kevin Day ; Todd Martens ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` 25 ' Thriller ' facts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Lyle ( November 25 , 2007 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's monster smash '' . Telegraph.co.uk . 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Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : This Is It : Michael Jackson : Music '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( The Music That Inspired the Movie ) '' . iTunes.Apple.com . Apple Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson Cover Songs '' . The Covers Project . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thriller by Maybebop from the album Heiße Luft '' . Audio Puzzle . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Prodigy 's The Way It Is sample of Michael Jackson feat . Vincent Price 's Thriller '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Amos Barshad ; Nick Catucci ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Song of the Summer : Michael Jackson Rarities , Remixes , Covers and More ! '' . NYMag.com . New York Media LLC . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Brown -- Thriller ( Michael Jackson Cover ) Video Youtube -- NMETV Latest Music Videos and Clips '' . Nme.com . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Schiller ' von Wise Guys -- laut.de -- Song '' . Laut.de . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marvin Marks ( June 28 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Thriller Covers '' . MusicByDay.com . Music By Day . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ashley Lasimone ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Clash of the Cover Songs : Michael Jackson vs. Imogen Heap '' . Spinner.com . AOL Inc . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stump Pays Tribute to Michael Jackson in Awesome A Cappella Medley '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thriller ( X Factor Performance ) - Single by Jiordan Tolli '' . itunes.apple.com . iTunes . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Katy Perry 's Roar Spends Third Week at Number One '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Demi Lovato Covers Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' on DEMI World Tour Opening Night '' . Music Times . September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thriller : Movie Connections '' . IMDb.com . IMDb.com Inc . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Chemical Brothers - Remix Article '' . Planet Dust . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Super Bowl Episode Brings ' Thriller ' to Football Fans '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' - cap : ' Heads Will Roll ' After Glee 's Super Bowl ' Thriller ! ' '' OK ! Magazine . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears ' ' I Wanna Go ' : A Pop - Culture Cheat Sheet '' . MTV.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2003 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 40 , No. 1 , March 10 , 1984 '' . RPM . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` Search Results : Thriller '' . IrishCharts.ie . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . Top Digital Download . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' Canciones Top 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . VG - lista . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` 30 Back Catalogue Singles -- July 18 , 2009 '' . UltraTop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Back Catalogue Singles -- July 4 , 2009 '' . UltraTop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Thriller '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Download Single Top 50 -- 04 / 07 / 2009 '' . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' ( Week Of : November 16 , 2013 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' ( Week Of : November 15 , 2014 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' ( Week Of : November 21 , 2015 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select MICHAEL JACKSON and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Singles de Platine : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Type Michael Jackson in the box under the ARTISTA column heading . Jump up ^ `` Certificados Musicales Amprofon '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2009 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Thriller in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller ( Chanson ) '' . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Thriller / Human Nature '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike . `` Michael Jackson Song ' Thriller ' In Center Of Pic Auction '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller to become a feature - length movie '' . Digital Trends . 2010 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Bibliography Brooks , Darren ( 2002 ) . Michael Jackson : An Exceptional Journey . Chrome Dreams . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 178 - 5 . George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection booklet . Sony BMG . Grant , Adrian ( 2009 ) . Michael Jackson : The Visual Documentary . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84938 - 261 - 8 . Jones , Jel ( 2005 ) . Michael Jackson , the King of Pop : The Big Picture : the Music ! the Man ! the Legend ! the Interviews ! . Amber Books Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9749779 - 0 - X . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . Halstead , Craig ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson The Solo Years . On - Line Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0091 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Michael Jackson - Thriller on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Michael Jackson : Thriller Side one `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' Side two `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Related articles Quincy Jones Victory Tour Michael Jackson 's Thriller Thriller jacket Thriller 25 ( Limited Japanese Single Collection ) Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live John Landis Vincent Price Ola Ray Parodied in films Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Donga hide Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Get on the Floor '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' `` Burn This Disco Out '' 1980s `` She 's Trouble '' `` Someone in the Dark '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Ca n't Get Outta the Rain '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Baby Be Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` The Lady In My Life '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Todo Mi Amor Eres Tu '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` Why You Wanna Trip On Me '' `` In the Closet '' `` She Drives Me Wild '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Money '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` 2 Bad '' `` HIStory '' `` Little Susie '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Morphine '' `` Superfly Sister '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Carousel '' `` Streetwalker '' `` Fly Away '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Invincible '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` 2000 Watts '' `` You Are My Life '' `` Privacy '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' `` Cry '' `` The Lost Children '' `` Whatever Happens '' `` Threatened '' `` Shout '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Beautiful Girl '' `` We 've Had Enough '' `` Sunset Driver '' `` Scared of the Moon '' `` We Are Here to Change the World '' `` Monkey Business '' `` Fall Again '' `` In the Back '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` For All Time '' `` Got the Hots '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Keep Your Head Up '' `` Monster '' `` Best of Joy '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Much Too Soon '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` I 'm So Blue '' `` Song Groove ( aka Abortion Papers ) '' `` Free '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Al Capone '' `` Je Ne Veux Pas La Fin De Nous '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Do You Know Where Your Children Are '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Xscape '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Todo Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Save Me '' `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` The Man '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thriller_(song)&oldid=845478229 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1983 singles 1984 singles Songs written by Rod Temperton Michael Jackson songs Halloween songs Songs about films Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Epic Records singles CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Compositions with a narrator SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Spain Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 01 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the voice on michael jackson thriller	[ "\"Thriller\" has appeared on multiple greatest hits compilation albums from Jackson, including HIStory (1995), Number Ones (2003), The Essential Michael Jackson (2005) and Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009) and was remixed for the Immortal album in 2011. The song has a voice-over from actor Vincent Price." ]	[ "Vincent Price" ]
3271282195683783408	Got to Get You into My Life	Got to Get You into My Life - wikipedia Got to Get You into My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` Got to Get You into My Life '' Song by the Beatles from the album Revolver Published Northern Songs Released 5 August 1966 Recorded EMI Studios 7 April and 17 June 1966 Genre Rhythm and blues , rock , jazz fusion Length 2 : 27 ( stereo version ) 2 : 35 ( mono version ) Label Parlophone PMC 7009 ( mono ) , PCS 7009 ( stereo ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Audio sample file help `` Got to Get You into My Life '' Single by the Beatles from the album Rock ' n ' Roll Music B - side `` Helter Skelter '' Released 31 May 1976 Format 7 '' Label Capitol 4274 Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney The Beatles US singles chronology `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' ( 1970 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' ( 1976 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' ( 1970 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' ( 1976 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' is a song by the Beatles , first released in 1966 on the album Revolver . It was written by Paul McCartney , though officially credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The song is a homage to the Motown Sound , with colourful brass instrumentation , and lyrics that suggest a psychedelic experience . `` It 's actually an ode to pot , '' McCartney explained . A cover version by Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers peaked at number six in 1966 in the UK . The song was issued in the United States as a single from the Rock ' n ' Roll Music compilation album in 1976 , six years after the Beatles disbanded . It reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , the Beatles ' last top ten US hit until their 1995 release `` Free as a Bird '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 2 Reception 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Personnel 6 Earth , Wind & Fire version 6.1 Reception 6.2 Chart performance 7 Cover versions 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Composition and Recording ( edit ) Though officially credited to Lennon -- McCartney , McCartney was primarily responsible for the writing of the song , to which he also contributed lead vocals . It was recorded at Abbey Road Studios between 7 April and 17 June 1966 and evolved considerably between the first takes and the final version released on album . The song seems to have been hard to arrange until the soul - style horns , strongly reminiscent of the Stax ' Memphis soul and Motown sound , were introduced . The brass was close - miked in the bells of the instruments then put through a limiter . The percussion instrument most predominant is the overdubbed tambourine . The song starts with a blaring brass fanfare , McCartney 's vocals entering at 0 : 07 . The chorus of the song appears at 1 : 04 , with the song 's title sung . The song then switches between a verse and the refrain . A short electric guitar solo that is reminiscent of the riff from `` Paperback Writer '' appears at 1 : 53 and at 2 : 10 the horn fanfare re-enters . The song closes with fading vocals of McCartney , much akin to the soul records of the time . The mono and stereo mixes of the recording feature different ad libs in the fade - out - the presence of a second vocal track is also more subtle for most of the mono version . Backing vocals were recorded early but later eliminated . In Barry Miles ' 1997 book Paul McCartney : Many Years from Now , McCartney disclosed that the song was about marijuana . `` ' Got to Get You into My Life ' was one I wrote when I had first been introduced to pot ... So ( it 's ) really a song about that , it 's not to a person . '' Many lyrics from the song suggest this : `` I took a ride , I did n't know what I would find there / Another road where maybe I could see some other kind of mind there . '' , ' `` What can I do ? What can I be ? When I 'm with you , I want to stay there / If I am true , I will never leave and if I do , I 'll know the way there . '' `` It 's actually an ode to pot , '' McCartney explained , `` like someone else might write an ode to chocolate or a good claret . '' Reception ( edit ) Thomas Ward of AllMusic said , `` McCartney 's always been a great vocalist , and this is perhaps the best example of his singing on Revolver . One of the overlooked gems on the album . '' When asked about the song in his 1980 Playboy interview , John Lennon said , `` Paul 's again . I think that was one of his best songs , too . '' The song can be heard in the end credits of the 2015 film Minions . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) 93 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 9 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 28 US Billboard Hot 100 77 US Cash Box 89 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- double - tracked lead vocal , bass John Lennon -- rhythm guitar , organ George Harrison -- lead guitar Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine Eddie Thornton -- trumpet Ian Hamer -- trumpet Les Condon -- trumpet Alan Branscombe -- tenor saxophone Peter Coe -- tenor saxophone Personnel per Ian MacDonald ; MacDonald was unsure if Lennon played the rhythm guitar part . Earth , Wind & Fire version ( edit ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' Single by Earth , Wind & Fire from the album The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 B - side `` I 'll Write a Song for You '' Released 14 July 1978 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1977 Genre Rhythm and blues Length 4 : 03 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Earth , Wind & Fire singles chronology `` Magic Mind '' ( 1978 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` September '' ( 1978 ) `` Magic Mind '' ( 1978 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` September '' ( 1978 ) Earth , Wind & Fire covered the song for the 1978 Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack . They released it as a single and included it on their album The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 . Their version reached number 1 on the Soul singles chart and number nine on the Hot 100 singles chart . In the autumn of 1978 it reached number 33 in the BBC Top 75 singles chart recorded on CBS records CBS 6553 . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) and also garnered a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Reception ( edit ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' sold over one million copies , enough for the RIAA to certify it gold . Chart Performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles Preceded by `` Holding On ( When Love Is Gone ) '' by L.T.D. Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single 23 September 1978 Succeeded by `` One Nation Under a Groove ( Part 1 ) '' by Funkadelic Cover versions ( edit ) The Baby Dolls ( Hollywood Records 1111 ) US 7 '' single in 1966 Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers in 1966 Johnny Hallyday with a French version `` Je veux te graver dans ma vie '' ( 1966 ) . Chris Clark ( Motown Records ) on August 1967 Canadian rock band Stitch in Tyme covered this song in 1967 ( released as a single on Yorkville Records and Arc Records ) . Diana Ross & The Supremes recorded it in 1968 but it was n't released until 2004 on the Diana Ross & The Supremes and The Temptations - Joined Together : The Complete Studio Duets collection Ella Fitzgerald on August 1969 The Four Tops on the album Soul Spin ( 1969 ) Tom Jones has the song on many of his compilation albums Chicago performed this song live on tour in the 1970s as an encore with Peter Cetera on vocals . Lou Rawls in 1971 Blood , Sweat & Tears on the album New City ( 1975 ) Thelma Houston with Pressure Cooker on I 've Got the Music in Me ( 1975 ) Earth , Wind & Fire in 1978 ( see above ) Daniel Johnston in 1990 Joe Pesci on the album Vegas Goodfellas ( 1999 ) Parody band Beatallica covered the song in 2007 on their album `` Masterful Mystery Tour '' . It was amalgamated with the Metallica song `` Trapped Under Ice '' to create `` Got to Get You Trapped Under Ice '' . Australian rock band Koritni covered the song on their debut album Lady Luck , released in 2007 . Syesha Mercado of American Idol on March 12 , 2008 Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs from the soundtrack of the movie Imagine That ( 2009 ) Ali Campbell covered the song on his 2010 album Great British Songs Groove for Thought on the album Inspired ( 2012 ) Blaine Anderson ( Darren Criss ) and Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) performed this song in Glee 's fifth - season premiere episode `` Love Love Love '' in 2013 . Matt Corby of Australian Idol Courtney Murphy of Australian Idol Phillip Phillips , Joshua Ledet and Jessica Sanchez of American Idol Perry Farrell of Jane 's Addiction performed the song on The Art of McCartney Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian ( 2 November 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Womack , Todd F. Davis ( 2006 ) . Reading the Beatles : Cultural Studies , Literary Criticism , And the Fab Four . SUNY Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6716 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim ( 2003 ) . Turn on Your Mind : Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 634 - 05548 - 8 . Jump up ^ Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 - 1970 . Potter / TenSpeed / Harmony . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wallgren 1982 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 72 - 83 . Jump up ^ Morin 1998 . Jump up ^ `` 50 - ' Got to Get You Into My Life ' '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Song . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward 2009 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2005 ) . Australian Chart Book ( 1940 -- 1969 ) . Turramurra : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44439 - 5 . Jump up ^ Canada RPM Top Singles , August 14 , 1976 Jump up ^ Canada RPM MOR Playlist , August 14 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Beatles . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1976YESP.html Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Got to Get You into My Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Allmusic 2009 . Jump up ^ The Official Earth , Wind & Fire Website 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Baby Dolls - Got To Get You Into My Life '' . Discogs . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Ross & The Supremes * And The Temptations - Joined Together : The Complete Studio Duets '' . Discogs . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thelma Houston & Pressure Cooker - I 've Got The Music In Me '' . Discogs . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann . `` Vegas Goodfellas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . References ( edit ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' . Allmusic. 2009 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Morin , Cari ( 1998 ) . The Evolution of Beatles ' Recording Technology . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Wallgren , Mark ( 1982 ) . The Beatles on Record . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 45682 - 2 . Ward , Thomas ( 2009 ) . `` Review of `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . `` Earth , Wind & Fire - Awards '' . The Official Earth , Wind & Fire Website. 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Pollack , Alan W ( 29 August 1999 ) . `` Notes on `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Revolver ( Beatles album ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Got to Get You into My Life '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Revolver Songs Side one `` Taxman '' `` Eleanor Rigby '' `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' `` Love You To '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Yellow Submarine '' `` She Said She Said '' Side two `` Good Day Sunshine '' `` And Your Bird Can Sing '' `` For No One '' `` Doctor Robert '' `` I Want to Tell You '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' Non-album single `` Paperback Writer '' `` Rain '' Related articles Yesterday and Today More popular than Jesus The Beatles ' 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines The Beatles ' 1966 US tour The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio Love Songs Ultimate Collection Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Got_to_Get_You_into_My_Life&oldid=799930102 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1966 songs 1976 singles 1978 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Earth , Wind & Fire songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs about cannabis Capitol Records singles Columbia Records singles Parlophone singles Songs published by Northern Songs 1966 singles Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song got to get you into my life	[ "\"Got to Get You into My Life\" is a song by the Beatles, first released in 1966 on the album Revolver. It was written by Paul McCartney, though officially credited to Lennon–McCartney.[3][4] The song is a homage to the Motown Sound, with colourful brass instrumentation,[5] and lyrics that suggest a psychedelic experience.[2] \"It's actually an ode to pot,\" McCartney explained. A cover version by Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers peaked at number six in 1966 in the UK.[6] The song was issued in the United States as a single from the Rock 'n' Roll Music compilation album in 1976, six years after the Beatles disbanded. It reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[7] the Beatles' last top ten US hit until their 1995 release \"Free as a Bird\"." ]	[ "Paul McCartney, though officially credited to Lennon–McCartney" ]
-6321881749506823217	Peak 2 Peak Gondola	Peak 2 Peak gondola - wikipedia Peak 2 Peak gondola One of the 28 cabins on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler , British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain 's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain 's Rendezvous Lodge . It is the first lift to join the two side - by - side mountains . It held the world record for the longest free span between ropeway towers -- 3.03 kilometres ( 1.88 miles ) until 2017 when the Eibsee Cable Car exceeded it by 189m . It is still the highest point above the ground -- 436 metres ( 1,430 feet . ) ( A temporary aerial tramway in Switzerland used between 1979 and 1986 had larger span . ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was built by the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of CDN $51 million . The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the first Doppelmayr `` 3S '' tri-cable lift in North America ; there are four similar but smaller lifts in Europe which were built in 1991 , 1994 , 2002 , 2004 and 2010 in Switzerland , Austria , France and Germany . Whistler - Blackcomb has touted the gondola as an iconic attraction and uses it to transport skiers in the winter months as well as sightseers year round . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and planning 2 Construction 3 Criticism 4 Features 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Cables 4.3 Terminals 4.4 Towers 4.5 Cabins 4.6 Safety systems 5 In the media 6 See also 7 References History and planning ( edit ) Whistler Mountain was opened by the Garibaldi Lift Company in 1965 and Blackcomb opened under separate ownership in 1980 . It was n't until 1997 when Intrawest , the owner of Blackcomb Mountain , bought Whistler Mountain and brought both mountains together on a single lift ticket . Ever since , many skiers wanted a way to be able to ski both mountains in one day without having to ski down to the village and ride multiple lifts to get back to the alpine . In 1997 , Whistler - Blackcomb 's Director of Mountain Operations , Hugh Smythe , and Paul Mathews , president of Ecosign Mountain Resort Planners , took a trip to Zermatt , Switzerland . After seeing the number of lifts connecting resorts around the Matterhorn , they got the idea of connecting Whistler and Blackcomb Mountains with a ropeway . A number of problems prevented a connection for years . Fitzsimmons Creek and the steep faces on either side were unsuitable as ski terrain and are protected land . A traditional chairlift or gondola would have had to go all the way down one mountain , across Fitzsimmons Creek , and up the other side , resulting in a long lift ride and environmental impacts . A gondola that could cross the valley without going to the bottom was the best option . Whistler - Blackcomb had to consider the extremely high cost of building such a lift . The resort conducted research that indicated 92 % of winter visitors and 86 % of summer visitors would use the gondola at least once . HSBC Bank Canada and Scotia Capital agreed to provide Intrawest with financing for the project , allowing it to move forward . Intrawest announced the gondola project to employees and the Municipality of Whistler 's Council on September 19 , 2005 , and held a community open house shortly thereafter . At the time , construction was expected to start in the summer of 2006 and continue for 2 years for an opening for the 2007 - 2008 ski season . On March 30 , 2006 , it was announced that construction would be delayed by one year . Whistler Blackcomb announced on April 17 , 2007 , that groundbreaking would occur in May 2007 . Construction ( edit ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's Blackcomb Terminal under construction in July 2008 . The Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's Whistler Terminal under construction in July 2008 . Whistler - Blackcomb broke ground for the Peak 2 Peak Gondola in a ceremony on May 21 , 2007 . The Doppelmayr Garaventa Group would supply the gondola itself and Timberline Construction was the general contractor and Glotman Simpson were the Consulting Engineers . Fatzer AG of Switzerland would make the four track cables and one haul rope that would carry the gondolas across the valley while CWA , also of Switzerland , would build the 28 gondola cabins . 80 workers from Whistler Blackcomb , Doppelmayr Garaventa , Timberline Construction and North Construction worked throughout the summer of 2007 . Work completed on the Blackcomb side by that summer included the relocation of the top terminals of the Solar Coaster Express and Catskinner chairlifts on Blackcomb , excavation of both terminal locations , foundations for both terminals , foundations for all four intermediate towers , and steel erection of towers 2 and 3 . Construction stopped for the winter in November 2007 . During the winter , the remaining two gondola towers and each terminal 's machinery were built at the Garaventa factory in Goldau , Switzerland and the Doppelmayr factories in Wolfurt , Austria and St. Jerome , Quebec . Fatzer AG manufactured the four track cables and haul rope that would suspend the gondola cabins . The five spools of cable left Europe by ship on April 10 , 2008 . By the time construction started again in the spring of 2008 , ten feet of snow still covered the mountains and concrete had to be transported up the mountain by helicopter . Towers 4 and 1 were completed in early spring using mobile cranes . The five cables arrived in the Port of Vancouver , Washington , USA on June 9 and were shipped to Whistler via train , arriving on June 16 . Vancouver , Washington was used because it owns the largest mobile harbour crane on the West Coast of North America . To handle the 90 - tonne reels , a German - made Goldhofer heavy - haulage trailer and tractor made its way from Montreal , QC to Whistler to take care of the transport from the train yard up the mountain . The Goldhofer trailer has four sections with six axles , each . Each axle has eight wheels . The trailer also features a hydraulic sliding system , which enabled the reels to be unloaded from the railcars in Whistler without a crane . Since there is no crane to lift each reel onto the truck , this trailer features sliding steel plates that essentially scoop the load from the train and set it onto the trailer deck . The five cables were trucked up Blackcomb Mountain for pulling across the valley starting June 19 . Their entire 18,000 - mile ( 29,000 km ) journey from Switzerland to the top of Blackcomb Mountain was coordinated by OmniTrans Corporation . Each track cable was winched down Blackcomb Mountain to the valley floor , then up Whistler Mountain . While the cables were pulled for twelve straight weeks , terminal construction continued with the gondola machinery being mounted on concrete foundations . The drive terminal on Whistler Mountain had the gondola 's motors installed in an underground vault . After the gondola machinery was installed , steel enclosures were constructed and covered with a blue , translucent material . On August 29 and 30 , the two ends of the haul rope were spliced together in a 220 - foot ( 67 m ) braid to form a continuous loop that could pull the cabins . The splice was performed by Norm Duke of Wyoming , who is one of only a few splicers in North America . The splicing process took 14 workers from Whistler - Blackcomb and Doppelmayr Garaventa over 15 hours to complete . The 28 sky cabins arrived in Whistler starting on August 26 . The first twelve cabins crossed the span on September 19 , 2008 with a single Doppelmayr engineer , Mathias Zudrell , aboard . The remaining cabins were put on line and the system underwent extensive testing until its Grand Opening on December 12 , 2008 . Criticism ( edit ) Inside the Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's Blackcomb Terminal The impact of such an expensive project on lift ticket prices was always a concern , especially because the gondola would not open any new ski terrain . When the project was announced in 2005 , residents were promised that Peak 2 Peak access would be an optional add - on to a lift ticket or season pass . In a 2005 open house , the resort estimated the additional cost on a season pass would be CDN $59 . At the time , Whistler - Blackcomb was attempting to secure a tax exemption from the municipality of Whistler for the increased assessments caused by the new terminal buildings . When season pass prices were announced for the Peak 2 Peak 's inaugural season in August 2008 , only early bird passes were allowed to decline the Peak 2 Peak option . Whistler - Blackcomb said it was `` not specific '' about the Spirit Pass when it had said the Peak 2 Peak access would be optional . In May 2007 , Whistler - Blackcomb announced the naming rights to the gondola were for sale for an undisclosed price . Presumably they were never sold because the gondola has retained the Peak 2 Peak name . Features ( edit ) Statistics ( edit ) Length : 4.4 km / 2.73 mi Capacity : 4,100 people per hour Line Speed : 7.5 metres per second ( 16.8 miles per hour ) Ride Time : 11 minutes Cables ( edit ) The cables were manufactured by Fatzer AG , a Swiss company that develops , manufactures and markets wire ropes worldwide . The Peak 2 Peak cables include four stationary track ropes , two in each direction , which act like railroad tracks for the cabins . Each track rope weighs approximately 90 metric tonnes . There is a single haul rope which moves in a continuous loop and pulls the cabins . This cable weighs more than 80 metric tonnes . There are a total of 26.5 kilometres ( 87,000 ft ) of cable on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola . Terminals ( edit ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola terminal buildings are the two largest lift terminals in the world . To create the concrete footings , platforms , masts , and columns , 4,000 cubic metres ( 5,200 cu yd ) of concrete had to be trucked and helicoptered up the mountains . The 12,000 - square - foot ( 1,100 m ) Whistler terminal , which houses the drive motors and backup engines in an underground vault is 26 metres ( 85 feet ) wide and 42 metres ( 138 feet ) long and has 228 tonnes of steel . The 14,000 - square - foot ( 1,300 m ) Blackcomb Terminal is 26 metres ( 85 feet ) wide and 48 metres ( 158 feet ) long and contains 279 tonnes of steel . The Blackcomb terminal can house 15 cabins , the Whistler terminal 13 cabins in a cabin parking area when the system is not in use . Towers ( edit ) One of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's four towers There are four intermediate towers , two on Whistler Mountain and two on Blackcomb Mountain that support the cables , which range in height from 30 to 65 metres ( 100 to 210 feet ) . Combined , they contain 400 metric tonnes of steel . Cabins ( edit ) One of the 28 carriers on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola The 28 CWA - manufactured gondola cabins hold 28 people each , with 22 seated and 6 standing . 26 of the cabins are painted red while 2 are painted silver and have glass floors . Safety systems ( edit ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola has a number of unique safety systems beyond what a normal ski lift features . The gondola has high wind stability and is designed to operate in winds up to 80 km / h . Whistler - Blackcomb has called the Peak 2 Peak Gondola the most wind tolerant lift on Whistler Blackcomb . Testing at other Doppelmayr 3S installations have measured sustained winds at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) with no decrease in performance . The lift is powered by an electric motor on Whistler Mountain ; however an auxiliary diesel engine can take over in the case of primary engine failure or if there is a power outage . The lift also has a redundant braking system . Both bullwheels have emergency brakes to stop the gondola if there is a primary braking system failure . In the event of a catastrophic failure , an evacuation can be performed . For cabins that are near the terminals , passengers are lowered down by rope from the cabins . For cabins that are too high off the ground for a rope evacuation , cabins are winched along the track cables to towers 2 and 3 where passengers are then lowered to the ground by rope by Ski Patrol members . In addition , the gondola is equipped with a state of the art Obstacle Collision Avoidance System that uses radar to alert aircraft of the gondola as an obstacle . Strobe lights and loud noises over all radio frequencies are used to alert pilots who come too close to the gondola . In the media ( edit ) The grand opening ceremony on December 12 , 2008 featured Steve Podborski as emcee and Red Bull Air Force members BASE jumping from the middle of the gondola . The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was the subject of a 2009 Discovery Channel documentary . Crews began filming the project during groundbreaking in May 2007 . The documentary aired at 9 pm on December 23 and at 2 am on December 24 , 2009 , on Discovery Channel Canada . It was titled `` Peak 2 Peak : Building the Worlds Biggest Gondola '' . The gondola was also featured in the History Channel 's show Modern Marvels in the episode `` Winter Tech , '' which showed the technology behind the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games . On February 6 , 2014 , Graham Dickinson carried out an illegal BASE jump from the highest point of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola and landed safely in the valley below . In order to exit the gondola , Dickinson and a female accomplice ( Kathleen Adams ) had to pry open the doors causing an estimated $10,000 worth of damage . They posted a video of the jump on YouTube as a tribute to Shane McConkey . On February 13 , 2014 , the RCMP announced that they had arrested the woman and recommended charges of obstruction and mischief over $5,000 . One day later , BASE jumper Mike Douglas condemned the stunt saying `` This guy seems to have gone about it in all the wrong ways . He caused a lot of damage in the process which I think is not cool . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peak 2 Peak Gondola . List of spans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zugspitze - Eibsee Cable Car -- One Ropeway , Three World Records '' . Gondola Project . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical Details '' . Whistler Blackcomb . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Getting high and staying high , Whistler 's Peak 2 Peak gondola '' . Blackcomb Peaks. 2013 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lift Database '' . Lift World . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History , from fishing to freeskiing '' . Whistler Blackcomb . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All about the Whistler Peak 2 Peak 3S gondola '' . Skiing BC . 2005 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola Opens at Whistler '' . Great Outdoors. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Griff , Martin ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` 18 miles of cable arrive for Whistler Blackcomb 's Peak 2 Peak gondola '' . The Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Question of the week '' . Whistler Blackcomb . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Tower Construction '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Cable Installation '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss ropes shipped across the Atlantic '' ( PDF ) . Fatzer AG . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Construction Blog '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2008 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lomax , Becky ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` When Can Public Ride Whistler Blackcomb 's New Gondola ? '' . On The Snow . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kristin ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Coming to Whistler : gondola on an epic scale '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Andrew ( 2008 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Pass prices up , but Peak 2 Peak included '' . Pique . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Constantineau , Bruce ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Whistler to sell naming rights to new gondola '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Nowlin , Mark ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` The Peak to Peak Gondola '' ( PDF ) . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Facts and Figures '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak FAQ '' ( PDF ) . Whistler Blackcomb . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Adams , accused in Whistler Peak 2 Peak BASE jump , apologizes '' . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Jenni ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Illegal BASE jump from Whistler Peak 2 Peak Gondola probed '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Jenni ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Whistler Peak 2 Peak BASE jump leads to woman 's arrest '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Jenni ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` BASE jumpers condemn illegal Whistler Peak 2 Peak stunt '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Coordinates : 50 ° 04 ′ 10 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 45 '' W / 50.06944 ° N 122.94583 ° W / 50.06944 ; - 122.94583 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_2_Peak_Gondola&oldid=845434136 '' Categories : Ski lifts Sea - to - Sky Corridor Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2010 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 19 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long is the peak to peak gondola in whistler	[ "The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler, British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain's Rendezvous Lodge. It is the first lift to join the two side-by-side mountains. It held the world record for the longest free span between ropeway towers—3.03 kilometres (1.88 miles) until 2017 when the Eibsee Cable Car exceeded it by 189m.[1] It is still the highest point above the ground—436 metres (1,430 feet.)[2] (A temporary aerial tramway in Switzerland used between 1979 and 1986 had larger span.) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was built by the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of CDN$51 million.[3] The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the first Doppelmayr \"3S\" tri-cable lift in North America; there are four similar but smaller lifts in Europe which were built in 1991, 1994, 2002, 2004 and 2010 in Switzerland, Austria, France and Germany.[4] Whistler-Blackcomb has touted the gondola as an iconic attraction and uses it to transport skiers in the winter months as well as sightseers year round." ]	[ "3.03 kilometres (1.88 miles)" ]
-5740530956264243893	Cabin Fever (2002 film)	Cabin Fever ( 2002 film ) - wikipedia Cabin Fever ( 2002 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cabin Fever Theatrical release poster Directed by Eli Roth Produced by Evan Astrowsky Sam Froelich Lauren Moews Eli Roth Written by Randy Pearlstein Eli Roth Story by Eli Roth Starring Rider Strong Jordan Ladd James DeBello Cerina Vincent Joey Kern Arie Verveen Giuseppe Andrews Music by Angelo Badalamenti Nathan Barr Cinematography Scott Kevan Edited by Ryan Folsey Production company Black Sky Entertainment Distributed by Lionsgate Films Release date September 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 14 ) ( TIFF ) September 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 12 ) ( U.S. ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.5 million Box office $30.6 million Cabin Fever is a 2002 American horror film directed by Eli Roth and starring Rider Strong , Jordan Ladd , James DeBello , and Giuseppe Andrews . It was produced by Lauren Moews and Evan Astrowsky and executive produced by Susan Jackson . The film was the directing debut of Roth , who co-wrote the film with Randy Pearlstein . The story follows a group of college graduates who rent a cabin in the woods and begin to fall victim to a flesh - eating virus . The inspiration for the film 's story came from a real life experience during a trip to Iceland when Roth developed a skin infection . Roth wanted the style of his film to make a departure from many modern horror films that had been released at the time . One modern horror film , The Blair Witch Project , did inspire Roth to use the Internet to help promote the film during its production and help gain interest towards its distribution . The film itself , however , draws from many of Roth 's favorite horror films , such as The Evil Dead , The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , and The Last House on the Left . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Sequel , prequel and remake 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A hermit walking in the woods comes across his dog . He tries to get the dog 's attention , but the dog is dead due to a bloody infection , and the hermit comes into contact with the infected blood . A group of college students , Jeff , Marcy , Paul , Karen , and Burt , take a vacation to a remote cabin in the woods to celebrate the start of spring break . Jeff and Marcy are in a physical relationship , while Paul has had a crush on childhood friend Karen since seventh grade . Burt is the proverbial `` fifth wheel '' of the group . Upon their visit to a local convenience store , they meet an unusual boy named Dennis , who has a tendency to bite people . When the five get to the cabin , Jeff and Marcy have sex while Paul and Karen go for a swim . Meanwhile , Burt goes out to shoot squirrels with his rifle , but ends up shooting the hermit , now disfigured and bloody . The hermit flees , but Burt does not tell anyone about the incident . That night , the friends gather around a campfire , where they are joined by a friendly drifter named Justin , who prefers to be called Grimm , and his angry dog , Dr. Mambo . After they share some marijuana , it starts to rain , so Grimm leaves with his dog to pack up his stuff . While the friends wait for Grimm indoors , the hermit returns , in a much worse state than before and begging for help . Burt shuts the door on the sick hermit , who then tries to steal the group 's car , while vomiting blood all over it . When the hermit threatens Marcy and Karen , Paul accidentally sets the hermit on fire while trying to ward him off . The group looks for help the next day . Jeff and Burt find a helpful neighbor , but leave when they find out she 's the dead hermit 's cousin . To make matters worse , Dr. Mambo begins harassing the group . Paul later gets assistance from police Deputy Winston , who promises to send up a tow truck , but in the meantime encourages Paul to have a good time and party . Paul goes on to comfort Karen , who is upset over the killing of the hermit . After he calms her down , it appears Paul is finally going to have sex with her , but when he goes to touch her , he discovers a massive bloody infection on her thigh . The group isolates her in a shed outside of the cabin . After fixing the truck , Burt begins coughing up blood , revealing he is infected , but does not tell the others . After Karen vomits blood on the truck , Jeff takes the group 's remaining beer and leaves . Burt goes back to the convenience store to get help , but incurs the wrath of Dennis 's father after inadvertently infecting Dennis with the disease when Dennis bites him . Showing more signs of infection , Burt flees , chased by Dennis 's father and two friends . Back at the cabin , Marcy laments the likelihood that they will all eventually get the disease . When Paul tries to comfort her , they impulsively have sex . Shortly afterward , she discovers sickly welts on her back , revealing that she has the disease and that she has consequently infected Paul too , as they did n't use a condom . Immediately regretting the affair , Paul leaves while Marcy takes a bath , crying . When she shaves her legs the flesh begins to peel off and she runs outside in a panic , where she is chased and killed by Dr. Mambo who tears her apart . Meanwhile , Paul discovers the dead body of the hermit floating in a reservoir and realizes the infection has been spreading through the drinking water . After racing back to the cabin , Paul finds Marcy 's gory remains and Dr. Mambo feeding on Karen in the shed . After killing Dr. Mambo with Burt 's gun , Paul puts Karen out of her misery by beating her to death with a shovel . A dying Burt later returns to the cabin , still pursued by Dennis 's father and his two companions . Burt is brutally killed by the posse who shoot him , before Paul kills all three of them . After killing Dennis ' father and his friends , Paul sets out to find Jeff . Finding the dismembered body of Grimm and discovering early signs that he is infected , Paul takes the group from the convenience store 's truck and hits a deer , covering him in blood . He later reunites with Deputy Winston , who is partying with underage drinkers . After Winston is radioed about several infected people in a cabin going on a killing spree , Paul attacks and infects several of Winston 's friends before knocking Winston out . Paul is later picked up by a passing truck and dropped off at a hospital . There , he is interrogated about the virus , but he can not provide any response . The sheriff tells Winston to `` take care '' of Paul . Paul tries to warn Winston about the drinking water by saying `` water ... '' but Winston only responds by dumping him at the edge of a creek . The next day , Jeff , who has been hiding out and drinking in the woods , returns to the cabin . Initially crying after seeing the remains of his friends , he later becomes ecstatic upon realizing he is the only one who made it without being infected . As he raises his arms in victory , he is gunned down and killed by several police officers , who burn his body along with the others . Back at the convenience store , a couple of children sell lemonade , that they have made with water from the creek Paul was dumped in , to the same police officers . In addition , a large truck , filled with bottles of water taken from the creek , can be seen leaving the store . Cast ( edit ) Rider Strong as Paul James DeBello as Burt Jordan Ladd as Karen Cerina Vincent as Marcy Joey Kern as Jeff Arie Verveen as Henry Giuseppe Andrews as Deputy Winston Olsen Matthew Helms as Dennis Eli Roth as Justin `` Grimm '' Hal Courtney as Tommy Richard Fullerton as Sheriff Production ( edit ) Eli Roth co-wrote Cabin Fever with friend and former NYU roommate Randy Pearlstein in 1995 while Roth was working as a production assistant for Howard Stern 's Private Parts . Early attempts to sell the script were unsuccessful because studios felt that the horror genre had become unprofitable . In 1996 , the film Scream was released to great success , leading studios to once again become interested in horror properties . Roth still could not sell his script , as studios told him that it should be more like Scream . Many potential financiers also found the film 's content to be unsettling , including not only the gore but also the use of the word `` nigger '' early in the film . The auditions for the character of Marcy had been scheduled to take place on September 11 , 2001 . The scene the producers had chosen for the auditioning actresses was the build - up to Marcy 's sex scene with Paul . In the scene , Marcy is convinced that all the students are doomed and despite Paul 's reassurances , she describes their situation as `` like being on a plane , when you know it 's gon na crash . Everybody around you is screaming ' We 're Going Down ! We 're Going Down ! ' and all you want to do is grab the person next to you and fuck them , because you know you 're going to be dead soon , anyway . '' Eli Roth and the producers tried to cancel the Marcy auditions , but the general chaos caused by the attacks made it impossible for them to reach many of the actresses who were scheduled to try out for the role . Composer Angelo Badalamenti agreed to compose some musical themes for the film out of enthusiasm for the material . However , the bulk of the film 's score was composed by Nathan Barr , who has gone on to score both of Eli 's Hostel films . Roth originally wanted Cerina Vincent to show her naked buttocks during her sex scene with Rider Strong . Vincent , who had previously played a nude foreign exchange student in Not Another Teen Movie was afraid that exposing too much of herself would lead to being typecast as a nudity actress and vehemently refused to bare her buttocks . At the peak of this stand - off between actress and director , Vincent told Roth that if he wanted the shot so badly , he would need to re-cast the role of Marcy with another actress . But they managed to reach a compromise - Cerina would bare one inch of her buttocks on camera , no more , no less . Eli Roth brought a ruler along to the filming and measured Cerina 's buttocks , to be sure he got his one inch . Bedsheets were then taped to Vincent 's backside at the designated level and the scene was filmed . Only the second ( behind - the - back ) shot features this one inch , in the first ( over-the - shoulder ) shot , the bedsheets cover Cerina 's buttocks completely . Reception ( edit ) Grossing $33,553,394 at the box office worldwide , the film was marked No. 3 and the highest - grossing film released by Lions Gate Home Entertainment in 2003 . Rotten Tomatoes , which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics , gives the film a score of 63 % based on 139 reviews . The consensus is : `` More gory than scary , Cabin Fever is satisfied with paying homage to genre conventions rather than reinventing them . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it `` an unusually potent blend of dread , gore and gallows humor '' . Sequel , prequel and remake ( edit ) The film spawned a sequel Cabin Fever 2 : Spring Fever ( 2009 ) , a prequel Cabin Fever : Patient Zero ( 2014 ) , and a remake of the same name ( 2016 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cabin Fever at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Beneath the Skin . Cabin Fever DVD , Lions Gate Home Entertainment , 2004 , documentary . ASIN : B0000ZG054 ^ Jump up to : Roth , Eli . Cabin Fever DVD , Lions Gate Entertainment , 2004 , audio commentary . ASIN : B0000ZG054 Jump up ^ Eli Roth Talks Cabin Fever , Hostel 3 , Endangered Species , Thanksgiving and More ! Jump up ^ `` ContactMusic - Cerina Refused To Bare Rear '' . contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2003 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cabin Fever ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( September 12 , 2003 ) . `` Something 's Rotten Out in the Woods '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cabin Fever ( 2002 film ) Cabin Fever on IMDb Cabin Fever at AllMovie Cabin Fever at Box Office Mojo Cabin Fever at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Eli Roth Director Cabin Fever ( 2002 ) Hostel ( 2005 ) Hostel : Part II ( 2007 ) Grindhouse ( segment `` Thanksgiving '' , 2007 ) The Green Inferno ( 2013 ) Knock Knock ( 2015 ) Death Wish ( 2017 ) Producer only 2001 Maniacs ( 2005 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2010 ) The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) Aftershock ( 2012 ) The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) Clown ( 2014 ) Cabin Fever ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabin_Fever_(2002_film)&oldid=797894266 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2002 horror films American films American independent films Directorial debut films Films set in forests Films shot in North Carolina Films about viral outbreaks Lions Gate Entertainment films Film scores by Angelo Badalamenti Films directed by Eli Roth Films produced by Eli Roth Screenplays by Eli Roth Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Napulitano Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 19 : 58 . About Wikipedia	where did the disease come from in cabin fever	[ "Cabin Fever is a 2002 American horror film directed by Eli Roth and starring Rider Strong, Jordan Ladd, James DeBello, and Giuseppe Andrews. It was produced by Lauren Moews and Evan Astrowsky and executive produced by Susan Jackson. The film was the directing debut of Roth, who co-wrote the film with Randy Pearlstein. The story follows a group of college graduates who rent a cabin in the woods and begin to fall victim to a flesh-eating virus. The inspiration for the film's story came from a real life experience during a trip to Iceland when Roth developed a skin infection." ]	[ "Iceland" ]
5871128650665845545	The Orville	The Orville - Wikipedia The Orville Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. TV series . For other uses , see Orville ( disambiguation ) . The Orville Genre Science fiction Comedy - drama Created by Seth MacFarlane Starring Seth MacFarlane Adrianne Palicki Penny Johnson Jerald Scott Grimes Peter Macon Halston Sage J. Lee Mark Jackson Chad L. Coleman Theme music composer Bruce Broughton Composer ( s ) Bruce Broughton ( Pilot ) Joel McNeely John Debney Andrew Cottee ( `` New Dimensions '' ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Brannon Braga David A. Goodman Jason Clark Jon Favreau ( pilot ) Liz Heldens Lili Fuller Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuzzy Door Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) -- present External links Website The Orville is an American science fiction comedy - drama series created by and starring Seth MacFarlane that premiered on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 , with new episodes airing Thursdays on Fox during the 2017 -- 18 season . MacFarlane stars as Ed Mercer , an officer in the Planetary Union 's line of exploratory space vessels whose career took a downturn following his divorce , and who is given the titular ship as his first command , only to discover that his ex-wife , Kelly Grayson ( Adrianne Palicki ) , has been assigned to be his First Officer . Inspired by the television series Star Trek , the series tells the story of Mercer , Grayson , and the crew of the Orville as they embark on various diplomatic and exploratory missions . On November 2 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season , which is expected to premiere late in the 2018 -- 19 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Audience response 5.3 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville ( ECV - 197 ) , a mid-level exploratory space vessel in the Planetary Union , a 25th - century interstellar alliance of Earth and many other planets . Cast and Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville . Mercer was an up - and - coming officer , believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40 . However , he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien . Over the course of the following year , he is cited for becoming lax in his duties , including six instances of reporting to duty while hung over , but is informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain , the Orville , a mid-level exploratory ship , was in need of a new commanding officer . Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson , the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer 's ex-wife . The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien . Unbeknownst to Mercer , Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command , stating that despite some personal setbacks , he deserved his own command . She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville . Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside , to work together as a team and stay as friends . Penny Johnson Jerald as Doctor Claire Finn , the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville , holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander . A physician of exceptional credentials , she has expertise in molecular surgery , DNA engineering and psychiatry , which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice . She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because , as she explains to Mercer in the pilot , she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed , as she feels more stimulated by such assignments . When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command , he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence , though she denies this . Having never found the ideal opportunity to marry , she chose to become a single mother , and her two sons , Marcus and Ty , travel aboard the Orville with her . She repeatedly rebuffs Lt. Yaphit 's advances , though they become physically intimate in `` Cupid 's Dagger '' after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone . Scott Grimes as Lieutenant Gordon Malloy , the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer 's best friend . Considered the best helmsman in the fleet , he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking , losing cargo in the process . He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey , who harbors concern over Malloy 's history of crude and juvenile pranks . He is generally comfortable with his reputation for limited intelligence , to the point where he had no problem answering a series of questions from Grayson in the knowledge that she expected him to get them wrong while attending a hearing on the Moclan homeworld regarding whether Brotus 's daughter should receive gender reassignment surgery , Grayson using Malloy as an example of how males were not always superior to females . Peter Macon as Lieutenant Commander Bortus , the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville . Bortus is from Moclus , a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing , and whose inhabitants , the Moclans , are a single - gender species ( although statistically , one female Moclan is born every seventy - five years ) . Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year . Halston Sage as Lieutenant Alara Kitan , the Orville 's young Chief of Security . She is a member of the Xelayan race , which inhabits a high - gravity planet , giving her greater - than - human strength , allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them , or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands . She received the Sapphire Star for her role as acting commander after Mercer and Grayson were abducted by the Calivon while Bortus was incubating his egg . J. Lee as Lieutenant ( later Lieutenant Commander ) John LaMarr . He is navigator of the Orville for most of the first season . He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the first episode . Though intellectually gifted , he learned to hide his intelligence and settle for modest ambitions growing up . When Grayson discovers his high aptitude in `` New Dimensions '' , she encourages him to fulfill his potential . As a result , he acquits himself so well during that episode 's crisis that he replaces the outgoing Lt. Commander Newton as the Orville 's Chief Engineer . Mark Jackson as Isaac , the Orville 's Science and Engineering Officer . Isaac is a member of the artificial , non-biological race from Kaylon - 1 that views biological lifeforms , including humans , as inferior . Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union 's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it , as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers . Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior . During the course of his time with the crew , he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior , such as sarcasm , slang , and practical jokes . Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body 's internal sensors , and not with the two glowing blue `` eyes '' on his face , which are purely aesthetic . Recurring ( edit ) Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey , Mercer 's superior and an old friend of Grayson 's father Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child He revealed that he was actually born a female and had the procedure to correct his gender when he was an infant , only learning about it when he was first examined by a non-Moclan doctor after joining Bortus on his first ship assignment . Norm Macdonald as the voice of Lt. Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous , shapeshifting engineer on the Orville , who repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn , and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Despite telling her in `` Cupid 's Dagger '' that he is in love with her , she does not reciprocate his attraction , but they become physically intimate in that episode after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone . Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville until episode 1.11 , when he leaves take a new job designing space stations , and is replaced by LaMarr BJ Tanner as Marcus Finn , eldest son of Doctor Claire Finn Kai Wener as Ty Finn , youngest son of Doctor Claire Finn Gavin Lee as Nurse Park Mike Henry as Dann , unnamed alien species member of the Engineering staff , who suggests music be played in the Orville 's elevators and makes unsuccessful attempts to befriend fellow crew members . Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa Guest stars ( edit ) Brian George as Doctor Aronov , the leader of the Epsilon II science station Jeffrey Tambor as Ben , Captain Mercer 's father Holland Taylor as Jeannie , Captain Mercer 's mother Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator Rena Owen as Heveena Robert Knepper as Hamelac Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl , Captain of the derelict multi-generation ship Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque James Horan as Sazeron , the Krill high priest on the Krill destroyer Yakar Michaela McManus as Teleya , a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar Steven Culp as Wilks Brian Thompson as Drogen , a survivalist on a planet on which Finn , Isaac and Finn 's children crash in `` Into the Fold '' Rob Lowe as Darulio , the Retepsian archeologist whose affair with Kelly ended her marriage with Mercer Ralph Garman as Kanoot , a Karaoke announcer on the Orville Robert Picardo as Ildis Kitan , father of Alara Kitan Molly Hagan as Drenala Kitan , mother of Alara Kitan . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' Jon Favreau Seth MacFarlane September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1LAB01 8.56 25th - century Union command officer Ed Mercer divorces his wife , Kelly Grayson , after catching her cheating on him . A year later , he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville , a mid-level research vessel , and learns to his dismay that his ex-wife has been assigned as his First Officer . During the Orville 's first mission , the hostile alien Krill captain ( Joel Swetow ) attempts to steal a device that accelerates time , which has both beneficial and dangerous applications . Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel . `` Command Performance '' Robert Duncan McNeill Seth MacFarlane September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1LAB03 6.63 The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit . Alara is left in command of the Orville , as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it . Alara is unsure of herself , but gains confidence with the help of Claire 's mentorship . Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work , but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long - term romantic relationship , despite their strong camaraderie . Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon ; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson , along with an alien child , by trading an archive of Earth 's reality television for them . Mercer presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination . A female offspring hatches from Bortus ' egg , stunning him and Klyden , as Moclan females are extremely rare . `` About a Girl '' Brannon Braga Seth MacFarlane September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 1LAB04 4.05 When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure . Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel . Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female . The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid . Mercer locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus . But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery . Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life . `` If the Stars Should Appear '' James L. Conway Seth MacFarlane September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 1LAB02 3.70 The Orville encounters an immense , 2000 - year - old derelict ship drifting into a star . Mercer , Grayson , Kitan , Finn , and Isaac enter , discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl , and do not know they are on a ship . Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac , who imposes a death penalty on `` Reformers '' who believe anything exists beyond the known world . While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack , Grayson 's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship 's bridge . An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl ( played by Liam Neeson ) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm . Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull 's window , enabling the populace to see stars for the first time , moving even Hamelac . Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship . Meanwhile , Klyden is frustrated that Bortus ' duties leave him little time for family . 5 `` Pria '' Jonathan Frakes Seth MacFarlane October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 1LAB05 3.43 The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship . Grayson is suspicious of their new guest , Pria Lavesque ( Charlize Theron ) , to whom Mercer is clearly attracted . Grayson 's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time - traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century . Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all , mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time . She gains control of the ship with an advanced technological device , and their attempt to disable it knocks Isaac out . They travel to the future through a wormhole , but Isaac , whose mind was transferred to the ship 's computer while trying to counter-hack Pria 's control of the Orville , manages to recover the control of the ship and they to return to their time . They shot the wormhole to close it , and Pria disappears . Meanwhile , Malloy 's attempt to teach Isaac the concept of practical jokes backfires when Isaac anesthetizes Malloy and amputates his leg , forcing Dr. Finn to regenerate it , but Malloy later confirms that it was a good joke . 6 `` Krill '' Jon Cassar David A. Goodman October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1LAB06 3.37 After recovering a Krill shuttle intact , Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana , a sacred religious text . They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony . Rather than destroy the bomb , and therefore the ship , they exploit the Krill 's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members , with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya , who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill 's hatred for the Union . 7 `` Majority Rule '' Tucker Gates Seth MacFarlane October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1LAB07 4.18 An undercover team led by Grayson lands on Sargas 4 , an Earth - like planet with a culture similar to that of 21st - century human civilization , to locate two missing anthropologists . There , LaMarr is arrested after a video of him dancing with a beloved statue receives more than a million `` down '' votes , and must convince the public to pardon him or be subjected to `` treatment '' for his actions . Alara and Claire locate one of the missing , but find him in an irreversible lobotomized state . With LaMarr facing a final vote to determine his guilt , Mercer brings one of the planet 's inhabitants , Lysella , aboard the Orville and learns about the `` Master Feed '' , which Isaac is able to hack and upload doctored images of John , narrowly swinging the vote in his favor . Now free , John and the others return to the ship and depart . The next day , Lysella decides against taking part in a public vote . 8 `` Into the Fold '' Brannon Braga Brannon Braga & André Bormanis November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1LAB08 3.83 While traveling to a recreational planet in a shuttle , Isaac , Finn , and her sons Marcus and Ty fall into a spatial fold , and crash on a planet devastated by famine and disease , and populated by cannibals . Finn is separated from the other three and captured by a survivalist named Drogen . While she works to escape , Isaac , who is unfamiliar with the care of human children , is forced to protect her sons while he tries to fix the shuttle 's communication systems in order to send a distress signal . Ty becomes ill with the planet 's indigenous disease . After Finn kills Drogen and reunites with the others , Isaac and Marcus hold off a large attack by the cannibals long enough for the Orville to rescue them . After Finn cures Ty 's infection , Isaac tells her that , for all the faults he sees in the children , he still thinks of them fondly . 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' Jamie Babbit Liz Heldens November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1LAB09 3.69 The Orville is dispatched to mediate talks between two alien species , the Navarians and the Bruidians , who have been at a centuries - old stalemate over which race lays proper claim over the planet Lapovius . Also assigned to the matter is Darulio ( Rob Lowe ) , the Retepsian whose affair with Grayson a year prior ended her marriage to Mercer , to scan an ancient artifact from the planet for DNA to reveal which species was the original inhabitant . Unbeknownst to the crew , Darulio secretes a sex pheromone as part of his mating cycle , which affects the crew resulting in trysts between Darulio and Grayson , Darulio and Mercer , and Finn and Yaphit . This incapacitates the affected officers , resulting in the Navarian and Bruidian delegates canceling the mediation , and a full - scale battle in orbit around the planet . The crisis is resolved when Darulio and Alara expose the ambassadors to a modified version of the pheromone , resulting in a temporary infatuation that prompts a ceasefire . DNA test results from the artifact reveal that the planet 's inhabitants were common ancestors to both species , legitimizing a mutual claim to the planet . When Grayson asks Darulio if he was in heat a year ago , he only answers `` maybe '' . 10 `` Firestorm '' Brannon Braga Cherry Chevapravatdumrong November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1LAB10 3.32 When Lt. Payne is trapped beneath debris during a plasma storm , Alara 's pyrophobia causes her to hesitate , and after he dies , she blames herself . Mercer declines her resignation and suggests she discover the cause of her pyrophobia . She learns from her parents ( Robert Picardo and Molly Hagan ) that , as an infant , her mother fell asleep cradling her when a fire broke out in the kitchen . Alara 's cries woke her up just in time to save them both . Soon , the Orville encounters strange phenomena , including a scary clown , a giant spider that eats Malloy , and murderous versions of Finn and Isaac . It is revealed that Alara is in the holographic simulator , in a program she ordered Isaac to create to simulate any other potential fears she may have , and having Finn erase her short - term memory of having made the request to ensure an authentic reaction to the program . She completes the program , after which Mercer threatens to court martial her for invoking Directive 38 ( allowing the Chief of Security to override the captain 's clearance ) so that no one could abort the simulation early , but decides to let Alara off easy , saying he was impressed by her ability to overcome every obstacle . 11 `` New Dimensions '' Kelly Cronin Seth MacFarlane November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 1LAB11 3.63 With Lt. Newton leaving the Orville , Mercer must find a new Chief Engineer . Although Yaphit is next in line for the position , Cmdr . Grayson discovers that LaMarr has been hiding intellectual gifts , stemming from wanting to be better accepted as a child growing up in his community . Grayson convinces Mercer to assign LaMarr to lead an engineering team assignment , in order to evaluate him as a candidate , but when Mercer learns that Grayson similarly pushed for Admiral Halsey to consider him for the Orville 's captaincy , he becomes wracked with doubt and resentment , despite Grayson 's insistence that he was granted his position on merit and Halsey 's confirmation that Mercer 's performance on the ship has borne this out . Meanwhile , the Orville encounters a thief with a cache of plasma rifles stolen from the Krill , who is killed when he passes into a region of two - dimensional space . To elude the thief 's Krill pursuers , the Orville takes refuge in that region . When the protective quantum bubble around the ship begins to fail , LaMarr , initially daunted by being placed in a leadership position , rises to the occasion , and works with Yaphit to help the ship escape the realm , for which LaMarr is made Chief Engineer and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander . 12 `` Mad Idolatry '' Brannon Braga Seth MacFarlane December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) 1LAB13 3.54 Grayson leads a shuttle team that crashes on a suddenly appearing planet with a Bronze Age society . After leaving the crew discovers the planet phases in to our universe for a short time every 11 days as 700 years passes on the planet . They discover their first visit has resulted in a religion that worships Cmdr . Grayson and has grown into a theocracy resembling Earth 's middle ages . Admiral Ozawa reprimands Mercer for omitting mention of the contamination , and orders no further contact with the planet . Mercer and Grayson defy this order by returning to the planet to inform the society 's religious leader , of the truth , but a subordinate assassinates him . As a result , by the time the planet next appears , its society is comparable to early 21st century Earth , with religious bickering and strife . Resolving to end the suffering , Isaac stays on the planet when it phases out , spending 700 years with them . When the planet emerges again , it has progressed to interstellar space travel , and two of its representatives return Isaac to the Orville where they inform the crew that despite the tumultuous effect of his arrival on the planet , its society developed away from worshiping Cmdr . Grayson naturally and suggested that when they progress millennia ahead , they may study the Union . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script , which was given a 13 - episode order by Fox on May 4 , 2016 , making it the first live - action television series created by MacFarlane , as well as his first live - action starring role on television . Following the project 's greenlight , MacFarlane stated , `` I 've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid , and the timing finally feels right . ( ... ) I think this is gon na be something special . '' According to MacFarlane , The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek . He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool . On November 2 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season . On November 15 , it was reported that episode thirteen of season one would be held back and instead air during the second season due to a gap in broadcast dates caused by the broadcaster 's lengthy Christmas programming . Casting ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , MacFarlane 's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville , while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson , Ed 's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville , and Scott Grimes , who voices Steve Smith on American Dad ! ( another show created by MacFarlane ) , was cast as Gordon Malloy , Ed 's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville . On August 19 , Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars . On October 31 , Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast . On December 8 , Mark Jackson was cast . On April 3 , 2017 , Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role . At San Diego Comic Con , MacFarlane said that Charlize Theron would guest - star in an episode . The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West . Filming ( edit ) On August 24 , 2016 , Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot . Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016 , and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27 , 2017 . Production wrapped on August 23 , 2017 . Star Trek veterans Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill have each directed an episode of The Orville , having directed episodes of the Star Trek franchise . Four episodes were directed by Brannon Braga , Producer of Star Trek : Voyager and Co-Creator of Star Trek : Enterprise . Filming for the second season begins in February 2018 . Music ( edit ) The show uses a 75 - piece orchestra for the music in each episode , alongside several different composers . MacFarlane said `` We score it like a movie '' and `` We really put as much into that as we do into the effects . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 21 % approval rating , with an average rating of 4.61 / 10 based on 39 critic reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity , homage , and satire , The Orville never quite achieves liftoff . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 36 out of 100 , based on 21 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek , calling it a rip - off and `` Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . She criticized the lack of creativity , the blatant imitation , and was surprised that the show is `` uninterested in being a comedy '' . Tim Surette at TV Guide says , `` The truth is , The Orville was never going to win over critics because it 's a throwback and goes against everything modern television is . It 's not that The Orville does n't know what it wants it to be , as critics assume , it 's that it wants to be a little bit of everything '' . Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that `` All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here , and in many ways it 's kind of wonderful . I 'm honestly surprised something like this exists . '' He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor . Audience response ( edit ) In the October 15 , 2017 , episode of The Angry Joe Show , `` The Orville Mid-Season Angry Review '' , host Joe Vargas noted the gulf between the response to the series among critics and viewers , contrasting the Rotten Tomatoes ' 19 % approval rating from professional critics to the 91 % viewer approval rating . Vargas compared this to Star Trek : Discovery , which received an 83 % rating from critics , and stated `` Star Trek fans -- at least the ones that watch my show -- like The Orville way more than they like Star Trek : Discovery '' . Tim Surette of TV Guide also wrote about the critic - to - viewer Rotten Tomatoes rating , noting the balance had shifted to 21 / 93 , and that its Metacritic score was 36 % approval from critics , and 82 % from viewers . As a critic himself , Surette notes that , as a throwback , The Orville is an anomaly in modern television , and found showrunner David A. Goodman 's admission that MacFarlane wants to vary between dramatic and comedic episodes a potentially dangerous strategy , but concedes that the show 's viewers appear to like it for that reason . Ratings ( edit ) After its premiere on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 , the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 p.m. In its first broadcast in the new time slot , The Orville became Fox 's highest rated Thursday 9 p.m. broadcast in two years . After taking into account DVR and VOD , The Orville was Fox 's most - viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' September 10 , 2017 2.7 / 9 8.56 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Command Performance '' September 17 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.63 0.9 2.42 3.1 9.05 `` About a Girl '' September 21 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` If the Stars Should Appear '' September 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.70 1.0 3.11 2.1 6.81 5 `` Pria '' October 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.43 3.35 2.1 6.79 6 `` Krill '' October 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.37 1.1 3.32 2.1 6.69 7 `` Majority Rule '' October 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.18 1.1 3.11 2.3 7.29 8 `` Into the Fold '' November 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.83 1.0 2.89 2.0 6.72 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' November 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.69 1.1 3.01 2.1 6.70 10 `` Firestorm '' November 16 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.32 1.0 2.83 1.9 6.13 11 `` New Dimensions '' November 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.63 1.0 2.86 1.9 6.49 12 `` Mad Idolatry '' December 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.54 1.0 2.97 1.9 6.53 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- orville , the on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca . `` TV News Roundup : ' The Orville ' Becomes Fox 's Biggest Drama Debut in Two Years in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville : Seth MacFarlane Explains Why His New Show Is n't Just a Comedy '' . TV Line . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Gets Movie - Style Scoring From Emmy - Winning Composers '' . Variety . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane to Create , Executive - Produce and Star in New Series '' . FOX.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Gifted , The Orville and Other Fox Shows Premiere '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's The Orville Is More Earnest Star Trek Homage Than ' Family Guy in Space ' '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Nemetz , Dave ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Orville Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville Season 2 Will Be Bigger , But We 'll Probably Have to Wait for It '' . TVGuide.com. 2018 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Stars In Seth MacFarlane Fox Series , Scott Grimes Co-Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 1 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Show : The Orville '' . Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Fold '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 8 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About a Girl '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 3 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` If the Stars Should Appear '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 4 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cupid 's Dagger '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 9 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Command Performance '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dimensions '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 11 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Jackson Joins Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville '' . Deadline . December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pria '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 5 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` MacFarlane is lost in space with ' Orville ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Fold '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 8 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 2nd , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville Cast and Characters '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : THE ORVILLE on FOX - Today , November 16 , 2017 '' . Broadway World . November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Majority Rule '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 7 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Krill '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 7 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Fold '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 7 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Firestorm '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 10 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' adjusts down , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Gotham , ' ' Zoo ' and CW originals unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane To Create & Star In Fox Sci - Fi Dramedy Series For 2017 -- 18 Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Talks New Comedy ' Orville ' '' . Access Hollywood YouTube Page . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Seth MacFarlane Got Charlize Theron To Be On ' The Orville ' '' . Entertainment Weekly YouTube Page . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville is Losing an Episode '' . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's The Orville season 1 is going to be cut short '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Macon & J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Orville : Peter Macon and J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's New FOX Comedy '' . TV Series Finale . United States : DreamHost . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Halston Sage & Penny Johnson Jerald Join Seth MacFarlane 's Sci - Fi Dramedy At Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chad L. Coleman & Larry Joe Campbell Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Charlize Theron to guest on Seth MacFarlane 's space - set series The Orville '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau To Direct Seth MacFarlane 's Space Comedic Drama Series For Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` That is a wrap on season 1 of @ TheOrville -- Thanks to our incomparable cast and crew for everything ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Miller , Liz ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' Star Trek ' Rip - Off is Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Grimes ( @ ScottGrimes ) ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` # day1 of getting in shape to be back aboard # theorville in February ! ! Even in 400 years we still have to work out '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Seth MacFarlane On The Orville 's Unique Tone , ' Star Trek ' Roots '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` The Orville : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Surette , Tim ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Review : The Curious Case of The Orville : Why critics hate it but fans love it '' . TV Guide . TV Guide.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Critics Must Be Crazy : Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Captures The Spirit Of ' Star Trek ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` The Orville Mid-Season Angry Review '' . The Angry Joe Show . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Michael . `` The Orville vs. Star Trek : Discovery Ratings : Both Open Competitively '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' ties ' America 's Got Talent ' in 18 -- 49 : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Orville on IMDb The Orville on Facebook Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You In Full Swing Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Studio albums No One Ever Tells You ( 2015 ) In Full Swing ( 2017 ) Night of the Hurricane Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle For Stardom ( since 2018 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) LA to Vegas ( since 2018 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Orville&oldid=821408843 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American science fiction television series American science fiction television series Comic science fiction English - language television programs Fox network shows Parodies of Star Trek Space adventure television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Television series set in the future Television series created by Seth MacFarlane 25th century in fiction Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 08 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the voice of yaphit on the orville	[ "Norm Macdonald as the voice of Lt. Yaphit, an amorphous, gelatinous, shapeshifting engineer on the Orville,[21] who repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn,[14][15] and frequently flirts with other females on the ship.[20] Despite telling her in \"Cupid's Dagger\" that he is in love with her, she does not reciprocate his attraction, but they become physically intimate in that episode after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone.[16]" ]	[ "Norm Macdonald" ]
-976734033085813798	Cowbell	Cowbell - wikipedia Cowbell This article is about the agricultural tool . For the musical instrument , see Cowbell ( instrument ) . For other uses , see Cowbell ( disambiguation ) . Play media A Brown Swiss cow grazing with a cowbell Bells on a herd of cows grazing on Monte Baldo , Italy Goat with cowbell Various types of cowbells from Karnataka , India Various types of cowbells from the Swiss Alps The cowbells are different depending the species , sex and age of animals . These are used in the Pyrenees area . A cow bell or cowbell is a bell worn by freely roaming animals made to scare off any predators . Although they are typically referred to as `` cow bells '' due to their extensive use with cattle , the bells are used on a wide variety of animals . Contents 1 Characteristics and uses 2 History 2.1 Examples of cow bells in ceremonial traditions 3 Gallery 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Characteristics and uses ( edit ) Ancient Southwest Asian cowbells . Cowbell made in wood from Indonesia . The bell and clapper are commonly crafted from iron , bronze , brass , copper , or wood . The collar used to hold the bell is traditionally made with leather and wood fibers . Most cow bells are made of thin , flat pieces of plated sheet metal . Plating causes the sheet metal to have a surface which can be decorated or left plain . The craftsmanship of cow bells varies by geographic location and culture . The ornaments on the cow bell and the collar are usually decorative although some cultures believe that certain ornaments provide or enhance magical protections such as the power to prevent or cure fever and other illnesses . The cow bell is used to keep track of grazing animal herds such as goats , reindeer , sheep and cows . They are mainly used in Europe , Mediterranean areas and Latin America , but are also used worldwide by those who practice transhumance , including nomadic pastoral tribes in Africa and Asia . Different bells can have specific sounds to identify important characteristics of the animals , such as age , sex , and species . Some cultures have even developed names to differentiate between bells and their tones ; for example , in Spanish `` truco '' refers to stud males , `` esquila '' to female goats or ewes , and `` esquileta '' for pregnant females and immature animals . Each of these bells possess unique sounds , shapes , and sizes . History ( edit ) Copper hawk bell , from the Pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in Tennessee ( US ) . It is difficult to pinpoint when exactly the use of cow bells began , but the earliest examples of truly recognizable cow bells date back to the Iron Age . The use of iron bells in sub-Saharan African music and the Niger -- Congo area is linked to the early iron - making technology spread during the Bantu migrations . The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates back to more than 5000 years ago , from the 3rd millennium BC in Neolithic China . During this era , there is evidence of early forms of pottery cowbells , which were likely used to track goats , sheep , and cattle . The pottery bells were later replaced by metal bells . In West Asia , the first bells appeared in 1000 BC . The earliest metal bells , one found in the Taosi site , and four in the Erlitou site , are dated to about 2000 BC . Though the bells for shepherding were expanded from the fertile crescent to Celtic , Carthaginian , Greek and Roman cultures , in Europe the earliest written evidence of bells used for livestock dates to the late 14th to early 15th century . Grimm 's Deutsches Wörterbuch s.v. `` Kuhschelle '' points to a 1410 mention in a Frankfurt archive ; the OED lists 1440 as the earliest attestation of a bell - wether , the leading sheep of a flock , on whose neck a bell is hung . The OED also attributes the phrase `` to bear the bell '' in the sense `` to take the first place '' as originally referring to the leading cow or sheep of a drove or flock to Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde , 1374 . In 15th - century Germany , a cow bell was worn only by the best and leading piece of livestock . The wider distribution of the bell worn by livestock was a gradual process of the Early Modern period . In France in the mid-16th century , Francois Rabelais makes this practice explicit in his Gargantua and Pantagruel , stating that such was the custom , to appear on the field wearing jingling garment , as the high priest wears when entering the sacristy ; since the tournaments , that is , the contest of nobility , have been abolished , carters have taken the bells and hung them on their hacks . -- cited after Grimm , s.v. `` Schelle '' The importance of the cow bell is highlighted in Swiss folklore , which reflects a period when a great Trychel , or large cow bell , was a rare and much - coveted item . The legend of the Simmental tells how a young cowherd strays inside a mountain , and is offered by a beautiful woman the choice between a treasure of gold coins , a golden Trychel , or the fairy herself . He chooses the Trychel . As opposed to regular cast - metal bells , trychlen are made of hammered sheet metal . This results in a clanking , less crisp sound , but at the same time results in a bell that is lighter and thus easier to carry . In Southern Germany , such cow bells are called Kuhglocke . Modern - day manufacturing of cow bells continues today in Korea , Indonesia , and India ; created as village handicrafts . Despite a May 2012 fire that destroyed its factory , the Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company continues to make cow bell bells in East Hampton , CT , as it has since its founding in 1832 ; it is the only remaining U.S. company making just bells . Examples of cow bells in ceremonial traditions ( edit ) In Western Europe , when the snow has melted in the spring , villages send the cows to the high alpine meadows to graze . This event , called Alpaufzug , is celebrated in each village with a procession through the village to the high pastures . The cows are decorated with floral wreaths woven through the horns . The best milk - producing cow in the village leads the procession and wears the largest bell . The bells are made in various sizes , and are awarded to the cows according to their milk production that year . In the fall , the event is repeated , but is called an `` Alpabzug '' , as the animals return from the high meadow . The best cows ( each referred to as a Kranzkuh , i.e. `` crown ( ed ) cow '' , after the ornamental headwear with which it is adorned ) from each herd again lead the procession . The traditional festival is called Viehscheid in Southern Germany , and has other names in the Alpine regions . Gallery ( edit ) Ancient Madoera festival . Madoera ( Madura ) , Sawah Tengah , Java Oriental , Indonesia Brass cowbells from Tamil culture in Southern India . Greek Animal bells Italian animal bells Ancient Roman cowbell in a Bavarian museum , Weißenburg ( Bayern ) . A wood collar for cowbell Another wood collar for cowbell with carved symbols . Iron cowbell view 1 Iron cowbell view 2 A Simmentaler Fleckvieh cow wearing a trychel cowbell Procession of La Vijanera fiesta ( Cantabria ) . Plowing a rice field with oxen , about 1910 - 1920 in Sawa ( Indonesia ) . An improvised cowbell used for sheep or goats . The bell was found in 1988 in a field near Tuqu ' ( Tekoa ) in the Judean hills , the West Bank . The bell 's body is made of aluminum , probably a broken kitchen utensil , while the clapper is a brass cartridge case . Swiss Souvenir Cow Bells Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cow bells . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` cowbell '' . The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2007 . Oxford University Press . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Antique Bell : : Antique Tibetan Cow Bell Large : : Creative Hand Nepal : : Nepal Trade Fair an Online Wholesale Handicraft Marketplace ! '' . Creative Hand Nepal . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` iron African Antiques ( US ) '' . Antiqueauctionsnow.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Lothar Von Falkenhausen ( 1993 ) . Suspended Music : Chime Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China . University of California Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07378 - 4 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . China produced the earliest bells anywhere in the world . The earliest metal bells may have been derived from pottery prototypes , which date back to the late stage of the Yang - Shao culture ( early third millennium BC ) Jump up ^ Huang , Houming . `` Prehistoric Music Culture of China '' , in Cultural Relics of Central China , 2002 , No. 3 : 18 -- 27 . ISSN 1003 - 1731 . pp. 20 -- 27 . Link ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Falkenhausen ( 1994 ) , 132 , Appendix I 329 , 342 . Jump up ^ Lienert , Meinrad ( 1915 ) . Die güldene Kuhschelle ( The Golden Kuhschelle ) . Schweizer Sagen und Heldengeschichten ( in German ) . Stuttgart . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company '' . Jump up ^ Spicer , Dorothy Gladys ( 1958 ) . Twelve Festivals of Switzerland . Festivals of Western Europe . The H.W. Wilson Company . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Leah ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` Alps : When the cows come home , it 's party time '' . Stars and Stripes . Further reading ( edit ) Robert Schwaller , Treicheln , Schellen , Glocken ( 1996 ; 2005 addendum ) . External links ( edit ) Cowbells in Polish collections Vessel percussion idiophones Agung Babendil Bell Bell tree Bock - a-da - bock Cowbell Cymbal Gandingan Kulintang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowbell&oldid=837714639 '' Categories : Swiss folklore Bells ( instrument ) Livestock Cattle Bulgarian traditions Chinese musical instruments Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing more detailed references CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Magyar Norsk Polski Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 15 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why do the swiss put bells on their cows	[ "A cow bell or cowbell is a bell worn by freely roaming animals made to scare off any predators. Although they are typically referred to as \"cow bells\" due to their extensive use with cattle, the bells are used on a wide variety of animals.[1]\n" ]	[ "to scare off any predators" ]
-4866521311605269450	Worldwide LHC Computing Grid	Worldwide LHC computing Grid - wikipedia Worldwide LHC computing Grid Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Talk : Worldwide LHC Computing Grid # Inconsistences Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Worldwide LHC Computing Grid ( WLCG ) , formerly ( until 2006 ) the LHC Computing Grid ( LCG ) , is an international collaborative project that consists of a grid - based computer network infrastructure incorporating over 170 computing centers in 42 countries , as of 2017 . It was designed by CERN to handle the prodigious volume of data produced by Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) experiments . By 2012 , data from over 300 trillion ( 3 × 10 ) LHC proton - proton collisions had been analyzed , and LHC collision data was being produced at approximately 25 petabytes per year . As of 2017 , The LHC Computing Grid is the world 's largest computing grid comprising over 170 computing facilities in a worldwide network across 42 countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Description 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The Large Hadron Collider at CERN was designed to prove or disprove the existence of the Higgs boson , an important but elusive piece of knowledge that had been sought by particle physicists for over 40 years . A very powerful particle accelerator was needed , because Higgs bosons might not be seen in lower energy experiments , and because vast numbers of collisions would need to be studied . Such a collider would also produce unprecedented quantities of collision data requiring analysis . Therefore , advanced computing facilities were needed to process the data . Description ( edit ) A design report was published in 2005 . It was announced to be ready for data on 3 October 2008 . A popular 2008 press article predicted `` the internet could soon be made obsolete '' by its technology . CERN had to publish its own articles trying to clear up the confusion . It incorporates both private fiber optic cable links and existing high - speed portions of the public Internet . At the end of 2010 , the Grid consisted of some 200,000 processing cores and 150 petabytes of disk space , distributed across 34 countries . The data stream from the detectors provides approximately 300 GByte / s of data , which after filtering for `` interesting events '' , results in a data stream of about 300 MByte / s . The CERN computer center , considered `` Tier 0 '' of the LHC Computing Grid , has a dedicated 10 Gbit / s connection to the counting room . The project was expected to generate 27 TB of raw data per day , plus 10 TB of `` event summary data '' , which represents the output of calculations done by the CPU farm at the CERN data center . This data is sent out from CERN to eleven Tier 1 academic institutions in Europe , Asia , and North America , via dedicated links with 10 Gbit / s or higher of bandwidth . This is called the LHC Optical Private Network . More than 150 Tier 2 institutions are connected to the Tier 1 institutions by general - purpose national research and education networks . The data produced by the LHC on all of its distributed computing grid is expected to add up to 10 -- 15 PB of data each year . In total , the four main detectors at the LHC produced 13 petabytes of data in 2010 . The Tier 1 institutions receive specific subsets of the raw data , for which they serve as a backup repository for CERN . They also perform reprocessing when recalibration is necessary . The primary configuration for the computers used in the grid is based on CentOS . In 2015 , CERN switched away from Scientific Linux to CentOS . Distributed computing resources for analysis by end - user physicists are provided by the Open Science Grid , Enabling Grids for E-sciencE , and LHC@home projects . See also ( edit ) Book : Large Hadron Collider Openlab ( CERN ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hayes , Jacqui ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` Happy 10th Birthday , WLCG ! '' . International Grid Science This Week . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Worldwide LHC Computing Grid , CERN , January 2017 , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 Jump up ^ About , CERN , January 2017 , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Hunt for Higgs boson hits key decision point Jump up ^ Worldwide LHC Computing Grid about page 2017 : `` Even after filtering out 99 % of it , in 2017 we 're expecting to gather around 50 petabytes of data . That 's 50 million gigabytes , the equivalent to nearly 15 million high - definition ( HD ) movies . '' Jump up ^ Worldwide LHC Computing Grid main page 2017 : `` WLCG is the world 's largest computing grid . It is supported by many associated national and international grids across the world , such as European Grid Initiative ( Europe - based ) and Open Science Grid ( US - based ) , as well as many other regional grids . '' Jump up ^ LHC Computing Grid : Technical Design Report ( PDF ) . document LCG - TDR - 001 , CERN - LHCC - 2005 - 024 . The LCG TDR Editorial Board . 20 June 2005 . ISBN 92 - 9083 - 253 - 3 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LHC GridFest '' . CERN. 2008 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Leake ( 6 April 2008 ) . `` Coming soon : superfast internet '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Grid : separating fact from fiction '' . CERN . May 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Adapted from an article originally published in Symmetry Breaking . ^ Jump up to : Geoff Brumfiel ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` High - energy physics : Down the petabyte highway '' . Nature . 469 : 282 -- 283 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 469 ... 282B . PMID 21248814 . doi : 10.1038 / 469282a . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Network transfer architecture '' . CERN . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : final - draft - 4 - key Archived May 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 28 April 2008 ) . `` Parallel Internet : Inside the Worldwide LHC computing grid '' . Techworld.com . ^ Jump up to : CERN . `` Linux @ CERN : / linux / nextversion. shtml '' . linux.web.cern.ch . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Official website `` e-Science Talk '' . Supporting grid and high performance computing reporting across Europe `` Grid Café '' . Educational web site . Archived from the original on May 2015 . Operational 2010 -- 2015 ( hide ) European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) List of LHC experiments ALICE ATLAS CMS LHCb LHCf MoEDAL TOTEM Large Electron -- Positron Collider ( LEP ) List of LEP experiments ALEPH DELPHI OPAL L3 LEP5 LEP6 Super Proton Synchrotron ( SPS ) List of SPS experiments CNGS NA48 NA49 NA58 / COMPASS NA60 NA61 / SHINE NA62 UA1 UA2 Proton Synchrotron ( PS ) PSB LEIR BEBC PS212 / DIRAC PS215 / CLOUD Gargamelle Linear Accelerators AWAKE CTF3 LINAC 1 LINAC 2 LINAC 3 LINAC 4 Other Accelerators AD ISR ISOLDE ISOLTRAP MISTRAL WITCH LEAR PS210 n - TOF Non-Accelerator Experiments CAST OSQAR Future projects High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider Very Large Hadron Collider International Linear Collider Compact Linear Collider Future Circular Collider SHiP Related LHC@home Safety of high - energy particle collision experiments CERN Courier CERN openlab Worldwide LHC Computing Grid Microcosm exhibition Streets in CERN The Globe of Science and Innovation Particle Fever ( 2013 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worldwide_LHC_Computing_Grid&oldid=801287459 '' Categories : Cyberinfrastructure Large Hadron Collider Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing cleanup from March 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much data does the large hadron collider produce	[ "By 2012, data from over 300 trillion (3×1014) LHC proton-proton collisions had been analyzed,[4] and LHC collision data was being produced at approximately 25 petabytes per year. As of 2017[update], The LHC Computing Grid is the world's largest computing grid comprising over 170 computing facilities in a worldwide network across 42 countries.[4][5][6]" ]	[ "approximately 25 petabytes per year" ]
-1462518664173945350	Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway play , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest grossing film of 2017 and the 10th highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a beautiful and benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones ' character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion - singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson - that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way ''. ( 18 ) She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today ''. ( 9 ) Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 milion from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell - 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . 70 % of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . 70 % of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a + 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide release ; Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by - 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It top the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was however never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and overall the eleventh biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most commercial successful film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past 1 year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly - talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films directed by Bill Condon Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=802467991 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American LGBT - related films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about bibliophilia Films about classical music and musicians Films about composers Films about curses Films about narcissism Films about pianos and pianists Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 1770s Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films using computer - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the beauty and the beast movie filmed	[ "Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015.[11][38][39] Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21.[40][41] Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.[42]" ]	[ "Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England" ]
5457390549812696524	Cold War	Cold War - wikipedia Cold War Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold War ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold warrior '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ) . The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew , 1975 ; During the Cold War , the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count , between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall , 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup , four months before the USSR collapse , 1991 . The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Meanwhile , a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state , Russia , and the United States in the 2010s ( including its Western allies ) has been referred to as the Second Cold War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) . The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied Britain , the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece . At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states . On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § Decolonization after 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . An American PoW speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer , 1973 . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . The map of the route of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , which was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the only violent revolution in Europe that brought the end of the Communist rule . By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its final season will begin airing in March 2018 . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1877 -- 1897 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1981 Vietnam Era 1961 -- 1975 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Cold War II Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : UN chief says Cold War is back '' . BBC News . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929 - 1936 ( vol 1 , 1947 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Chrtistopher Sutton , Britain 's Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong : A Conflict of Empires ( 2016 ) , abstract of ch. 1 Jump up ^ Frank Ninkovich , `` The First Cold War '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2003 ) 33 # 3 pp 688 - 90 . Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . 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'' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p. 114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . 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( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . 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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Cold War International History Project , Working Paper 14 , May 1996 . Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Heike Bungert , `` A New Perspective on French - American Relations during the Occupation of Germany , 1945 -- 1948 : Behind - the - Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger . '' Diplomatic History ( 1994 ) 18 # 3 pp : 333 -- 352 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Patrick ( 1997 ) . Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe . Routledge . pp. 15 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4765 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Wood , p. 111 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cummings , Richard H. ( 2010 ) . Radio Free Europe 's `` Crusade for freedom '' : Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting , 1950 -- 1960 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4410 - 6 . 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Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p. 818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day June 16 , 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 1997 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Njolstad 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Breslauer , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day that Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13282 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joshel , p. 128 Jump up ^ Rycroft , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Glees , pp. 126 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Edelheit , p. 382 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ( 2000 ) . `` Cold War '' . In Charles Townshend . The Oxford History of Modern War . New York , USA : Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285373 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran , Syracuse University Press , May 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3018 - 2 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ James S. Lay , Jr. ( 20 November 1952 ) . `` United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council Jump up ^ Walter B. Smith ( 20 March 1953 ) . `` First Progress Report on Paragraph 5 - 1 of NSC 136 / 1 , `` U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran '' '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . March 1953 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2002 ) . U.S. National Security : A Reference Handbook . 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Air & Space . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Great Leaders , Great Tyrants ? : Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28751 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lechuga Hevia , Carlos ( 2001 ) . Cuba and the Missile Crisis . Melbourne , Australia : Ocean Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dominguez 1989 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19138 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 1994 ) . `` Unwrapping the Enigma : What Was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s ? '' . In Diane B. Kunz ( Ed . ) , The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . 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Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , `` Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Prague , April 1968 ) '' in Dubcek 's Blueprint for Freedom : His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia . William Kimber & Co. 1968 , pp 32 , 54 Jump up ^ Von Geldern , James ; Siegelbaum , Lewis . `` The Soviet - led Intervention in Czechoslovakia '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Russia brings winter to Prague Spring '' . BBC News . 21 August 1968 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Čulík , Jan . `` Den , kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara '' . Britské Listy . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Walter LaFeber , `` Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy : From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention '' . In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Scott , Margaret ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Uncovering Indonesia 's Act of Killing '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ Stone , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Grenville , J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein ( 1987 ) . Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Volume 2 . London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17 -- 3.42 million people were killed . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith , and Paige Johnson ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia . '' In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community , ed . Ben Kiernan . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . 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Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 197 Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/op-edge/thatcher-ussr-cold-war-gorbachev-528/ Jump up ^ Graebner , Norman A. , Richard Dean Burns & Joseph M. Siracusa ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Bilveer ( 1995 ) . `` Jemaah Islamiyah '' . In Wilson John & Swati Parashar ( Eds . ) Terrorism in Southeast Asia : Implications for South Asia . Singapore and Delhi : ORF - Pearson - Longman . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 297 - 0998 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henze , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 219 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip . The Oxford History of Modern War . p. 159 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Odom 2000 , p. 1 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 340 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Filled Soviet Military With Awe '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carliner , Geoffrey ; Alesina , Alberto , eds. ( 1991 ) . Politics and Economics in the Eighties . University of Chicago Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 01281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` Caspar W. Weinberger , 88 ; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGM - 118A Peacekeeper '' . Federation of American Scientists . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lakoff , p. 263 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Garthoff , p. 88 Jump up ^ Lebow , Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein ( February 1994 ) . `` Reagan and the Russians '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gaidar 2007 pp. 190 -- 205 Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor . `` Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government : Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents '' . The Institute for the Economy in Transition . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Energy Statistics of the US Government '' , EIA -- International Energy Data and Analysis . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Hardt & Kaufman 1995 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ; Hannifin , Jerry ; Magnuson , Ed ; Doerner , William R. ; Kane , Joseph J. ( 12 September 1983 ) . `` Atrocity in the skies '' . Time . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 228 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 323 Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( 1991 ) . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur , eds . The Reader 's companion to American history . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , 19 May 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1995 , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 235 -- 236 Jump up ^ Shearman 1995 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 6 July 1989 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Malta summit ends Cold War , BBC News , 3 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Goodby , p. 26 Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. `` The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War '' ( Washington : Brookings Institution , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Lefeber , Fitzmaurice & Vierdag 1991 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Sakwa 1999 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Goldgeier , p. 27 Jump up ^ Soviet Leaders Recall ' Inevitable ' Breakup Of Soviet Union , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen E. , Ambrose & Douglas G. , Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy since 1938 , ( New York : Penguin Books , 1997 ) , p XVI . Jump up ^ Åslund , p. 49 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2007 Jump up ^ Nye , p. 157 Jump up ^ Blum 2006 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present '' . PBS . 26 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simón ( 1989 ) . United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` FX Sets Premieres for The Americans ' Final Season , Atlanta , Getty Saga Trust '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Steele , Jonathan , `` Who started it ? '' ( review of Odd Arne Westad , The Cold War : a World History , Allen Lane , 2017 , 710 pp. , ISBN 978 0 241 01131 7 ) , London Review of Books , vol. 40 , no . 2 ( 25 January 2018 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Robert C. ( 1992 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Eisenhower Presidential Library Select `` Communism & Cold War '' value to browse Maps from 1933 -- 1982 at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Bibliographies Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library News Video and audio news reports from during the cold war Educational Resources Minuteman Missile National Historic Site : Protecting a Legacy of the Cold War , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Electronic Briefing Books at the National Security Archive , George Washington University Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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5 HDS : 17344 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_War&oldid=837107488 '' Categories : Cold War 20th - century conflicts Global conflicts International relations Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Aftermath of World War II Geopolitical rivalry Wars involving NATO Nuclear warfare Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the soviet union fight in the cold war	[ "The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term \"cold\" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars.", "The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term \"cold\" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars.", "The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term \"cold\" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars." ]	[ "the United States", "its NATO allies", "others" ]
-6435488482246150756	Star Wars	Star Wars - Wikipedia Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series and media franchise . For the original 1977 film , see Star Wars ( film ) . For other uses , see Star Wars ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars The Star Wars franchise 's logo , introduced in the original film A New Hope Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars ( 1977 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Saga : Original trilogy : IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy : I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Sequel trilogy : VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) IX ( 2019 ) Anthology films : Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Untitled Anthology film ( 2020 ) Animated film : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) TV films : Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Television series Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) Star Wars Original music Music of Star Wars Miscellaneous Toys Action figures Die - casts and model toys Chess and soldiers Other Theme parks Star Tours Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $7.5 billion , making Star Wars the third highest - grossing film series . Spin - off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , theme park attractions , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US $4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , retains the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , owns permanent rights for the original 1977 film and continues to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1 A New Hope 2.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.2 Prequel trilogy 2.2. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.2. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.2. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.3 The Clone Wars 2.4 Sequel trilogy 2.4. 1 The Force Awakens 2.4. 2 The Last Jedi 2.4. 3 Episode IX 2.5 Anthology films 2.5. 1 Rogue One 2.5. 2 Untitled Han Solo film 2.5. 3 Untitled Anthology film 2.5. 4 Future 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Potential television projects 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Video games 3.4 Multimedia projects 3.5 Radio and audio drama 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Merchandising 5 Themes , comparisons and influences on other franchises 5.1 Comparisons with historical events 6 Cultural impact 6.1 Fan works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force ( Star Wars ) and List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and Space travel is common . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` The Force '' . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi whom harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith whom use the dark side of the force through hate and aggression . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled List of Star Wars films and television series . ( Discuss ) ( July 2017 ) Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Running time Original trilogy ( Episodes IV - VI ) Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox 121 minutes Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan 124 minutes Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand George Lucas and Lawrence Kasdan Howard Kazanjian 133 minutes Prequel trilogy ( Episodes I - III ) Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox 133 minutes Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales 142 minutes Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas 140 minutes Sequel trilogy ( Episodes VII - IX ) Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 135 minutes Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman TBA Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams and Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams TBA Standalone theatrical releases Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Running time Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas & Catherine Winder Warner Bros . 98 minutes Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards John Knoll and Gary Whitta ( story ) Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy ( screenplay ) Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur & Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 133 minutes Untitled Han Solo film May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Ron Howard Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan TBA This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Original trilogy `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . In 1971 , Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films . In 1973 , American Graffiti was completed , and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas . Months later , Lucas started work on his second film , by starting the script draft , The Journal of the Whills told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress , this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts would go , through numerous drastic changes , before evolving into the script of the original film . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as `` Episode V '' and `` Episode VI '' respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the crutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies . In 2014 , Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise . The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy , from left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` The Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequels as novels . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film , as well as its merchandise sales , and Lucas desire to create an independent film - making center . Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 . But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster 's work . Knowing a sequel , would be allowed more budget . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . Also adding that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Obi - Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Boba Fett ( left ) was introduced in the television film Star Wars Holiday Special before appearing in The Empire Strikes Back . Darth Vader ( right ) is one of the most iconic characters of the franchise . Ralph McQuarrie 's sketches and conceptual art defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy , including the definitive designs of characters like Darth Vader , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca and sets like the Death Star , Dagobah , Bespin . Right : Ben Burtt created many of the iconic noise effects of the saga , among them the lightsaber sounds , the beeps of R2 - D2 , and Chewbacca 's growls . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . After the success of the original film , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . It was similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan also insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke -- and in the second script , the `` revised rough draft '' , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequels . Prequel trilogy After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . After Star Wars became popular once again , in the wake of Dark Empire and other comics in Dark Horse 's comic book line and Timothy Zahn 's trilogy of novels , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace John Williams composed the musical scores for the original trilogy , the prequel trilogy , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . By 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that Lucas would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but now he saw that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would also be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones From Right to Left : Anthony Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all the theatrical films released to date , while Warwick Davis has appeared in films in all three trilogies . Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , Anakin is reunited with Padmé , now serving as the Senator of Naboo , and they fall in love despite Anakin 's obligations to the Jedi Order . At the same time , the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic , led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems , led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . Sequel trilogy Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of it stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that these exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure . Kaminski rationalized that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . A sequel trilogy was reportedly planned ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) by Lucasfilm as a sequel to the original Star Wars trilogy ( Episodes IV , V and VI ) , released between 1977 and 1983 . While the similarly discussed Star Wars prequel trilogy ( Episodes I , II and III ) was ultimately released between 1999 and 2005 , Lucasfilm and George Lucas had for many years denied plans for a sequel trilogy , insisting that Star Wars is meant to be a six - part series . In May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 ) , speaking about the upcoming Star Wars : The Clone Wars film , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Lawrence Kasdan has co-written The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and the scripts for The Force Awakens and an untitled Han Solo spin - off . About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg will write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , has been hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film is to be released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Production on Episode IX is scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film will need to find a way to address her death and what will become of her character . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Todd Fisher and Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018 . Anthology films On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans , ending directly before Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm also announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 , and the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Untitled Han Solo film Main article : Untitled Han Solo film A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan , and his son Jon Kasdan . The film also stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , and also Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement . While his first Star Wars film , Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) and as a director ( Willow ( 1988 ) . Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I : The Phantom Menace , though Howard declined , saying , `` George , you should do it ! '' . The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Untitled anthology film A third Anthology film will be released in 2020 . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . On February 6 , 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars stand - alone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 , Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of the Fantastic Four . It was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , and it was rumored that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett . However Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about , however it confirmed the film Josh Trank left was a different film from the Han Solo spin - off . Future In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , albeit for a spin - off film on the character , should he be approached , wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . Fans showed interest in the idea ; a fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert ( on which starred McGregor ) became viral and widely praised by fans . The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter despite being only rumors . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest , and rumors . Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' ( where Obi - wan appeared ) aired , McGregor said again , that he would like to do it , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . Fellow cast member Joel Edgerton who played Luke Skywalker 's step uncle , Owen , in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made , and also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask , in the rumored Boba Fett film . By August 2017 , a film focusing on Obi - Wan Kenobi was reported to be in development , with Stephen Daldry in early talks to direct . The same report also said Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett , as well as Jedi Master Yoda . In 2015 , director Guillermo Del Toro pitched on idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt , and by 2017 , it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio . Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu , insisting that his character survived his death . Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live - action film , with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role . However , Lucasfilm still has not given an official confirmation on any of the rumored projects . In other media Main articles : Star Wars canon and Star Wars expanded universe From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni , supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . The Holiday Special also features the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , in an 11 - minute animated sequence . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . The animated series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . Depicting events between the prequel films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , Star Wars : Clone Wars aired on the Cartoon Network from 2003 to 2005 , and won Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . A new CGI - animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced , set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series and related to the 2008 animated film of the same name . It was followed by the current CGI - animated series Star Wars Rebels , which debuted on Disney XD in 2014 . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , the series follows a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire . The Clone Wars , its originating film , and Rebels were accepted as part of the canon by Lucasfilm when previous works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 . Potential television projects A parody animated series called Star Wars Detours was produced prior to the Disney acquisition , but its release was postponed in 2013 and it ultimately never aired , despite 39 episodes having been completed and 62 additional scripts finished . A live - action television project has also been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies . Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars ( ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas ) . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn , author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the 1976 novelization of Star Wars : A New Hope by Alan Dean Foster , was followed by Foster 's Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , an alternate sequel commissioned by Lucas . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . The bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) by Timothy Zahn reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . Though Thrawn was designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were also serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first official licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . The first licensed Star Wars video game was Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , published in 1982 for the Atari 2600 by Parker Brothers . Atari 's 1983 rail shooter arcade game Star Wars was based on the 1977 film and used vector graphics . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , was based on the third film and used more traditional raster graphics . The third game , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) , was a remake of the first game and based on the second movie . In 1993 , LucasArts released its first Star Wars video game and first space flight simulation game , Star Wars : X-Wing , after publishing several World War II flight combat games . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it also featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Radio and audio drama Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) A 13 - episode radio adaptation of the original 1977 film written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden was first broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station at his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their roles from the film . The production used John Williams ' original score from the films and Ben Burtt sound designs from the film . The broadcast was an overwhelming success , and a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back followed in 1982 , with Hamill and Daniels joined by Billy Dee Williams . Return of the Jedi was adapted into six episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions The original Star Tours ride at Disneyland in 1996 . Before Disney 's acquisition of the franchise , George Lucas had established a partnership in 1986 with the company 's Imagineering division to create an attraction at Disney parks . The first such attraction , Star Tours , opened at Disneyland in 1987 , with several versions opening at other Disney theme parks over the following years . The Star Tours rides at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios closed in 2010 , while Tokyo Disneyland 's version closed in 2012 and Disneyland Paris ' in 2016 . All of the original Star Tours rides were then refurbished into Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue . The new attraction randomly shuffles several scenes , allowing up to 54 combinations of different adventures . The successor attraction opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland in 2011 , at Tokyo Disneyland in 2013 , and at Disneyland Paris in 2017 . From 1997 to 2015 , Disney 's Hollywood Studios park hosted Star Wars Weekends , an annual festival , during specific dates from May to June . Since 2007 , the parks include the live show Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple , where children are selected to learn the teachings of the Jedi Knights and the Force to become Padawan learners ; the show is present at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and at the Tomorrowland Terrace at Disneyland . Since November 2015 , Disneyland hosts a seasonal Star Wars - themed event entitled Season of the Force , which also runs in Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Walt Disney World . An exhibition called Star Wars Launch Bay , featuring exhibits and meet - and - greets was also added . Disney , which now owns the Star Wars franchise , expressed plans to expand the franchise 's presence in all of their theme parks since August 2014 . At that time , there were rumors to include a major Star Wars - themed expansion to Disney 's Hollywood Studios . When asked whether or not Disney has an intellectual property franchise that 's comparable to Harry Potter at Universal theme parks , Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger mentioned Cars , Disney Princesses , and promised that Star Wars , `` is going to be just that . '' Iger formally announced a 14 - acre Star Wars - themed land expansion at the 2015 D23 Expo . In the 2017 D23 , it was revealed that the area would be named Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge . The area will debut at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios at an unspecified date -- will include two new attractions inspired by the Millennium Falcon and `` a climactic battle between the First Order and the resistance '' . A Star Wars - themed hotel , a deluxe resort to be built near Disney 's Hollywood Studios , was also announced at the 2017 D23 Expo . Title Parks Debut date Final date Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 1015 ( 1015 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) - Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) - Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) - Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) - Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) - Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) - Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) - Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) - Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) - Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) - Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) - Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) - Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1 000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . Themes , comparisons and influences on other franchises See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms also resemble some historical German Army uniforms ( see Wehrmacht ) and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) , Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow laden Eastern Front ) , and Tatooine ( Tataouine - a province south of Tunis in Tunisia , roughly where Lucas filmed for the planet ; Libya was a WWII arena of war ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which will possibly serve as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact also made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan - fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan - fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan - fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars canon Star Wars Day Star Wars expanded universe Star Wars music Star Wars role play Star Wars : Evolution of the lightsaber duel The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes ^ Jump up to : Until 2020 References Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff In the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . 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Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm retained the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode IV , which are owned by a third - party studio . All of the films are distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode IV , for which these distribution rights are retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 30 , 1977 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS EPISODE VI : RETURN OF THE JEDI ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 12 , 1983 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` STAR WARS EPISODE I : THE PHANTOM MENACE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 8 , 1999 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS EPISODE II : ATTACK OF THE CLONES ( PG ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS EPISODE III : REVENGE OF THE SITH '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 27 , 2005 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : THE FORCE AWAKENS ( 2D ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mia ; Galuppo ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS - THE CLONE WARS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - Action Mulan , A Wrinkle in Time , and More Disney Movies Have Set Release Dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( 2004 ) . 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Cinematical . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Done With ' Star Wars ' Fanboys , Talks ' Red Tails ' '' . The Huffington Post . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for Billion ; New ' Star Wars ' Movie Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Arndt to write screenplay for Star Wars : episode VII '' , Star Wars Jump up ^ `` MASTER FILMMAKING TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR STAR WARS : EPISODE VII '' . Star Wars . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite J.J. Abrams to Direct Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Star Wars . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Set to Direct Next ' Star Wars ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Calvin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Shadowlocked . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Rian Johnson to Write , Direct Episode VIII '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Rian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's old info , I have n't been involved in writing IX . '' . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . starwars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevets , Stephen ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' wraps production , Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels turn to Twitter as Star Wars Celebration 2016 nears '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' production update : Filming wraps ; Big party in London with cast and crew '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Adam Driver does n't think there should be a trailer '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Jyotirupa ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date , News & Update : Filming Will Begin In 2017 , Scene Will Be Shot In Real Outer Space ? '' . GameNGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How will Carrie Fisher 's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia ? '' . Telegraph . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' : What Does Her Death Mean for ' Episode IX ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new ' Family Guy ' shows , ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm : Carrie Fisher wo n't be digitally recreated '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desborough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE - A STAR WARS STORY : John Knoll - Overall VFX Supervisor & Chief Creative Officer - Industrial Light & Magic - The Art of VFXThe Art of VFX '' . www.artofvfx.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ROGUE ONE WILL BE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM '' . IGN . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spin Off ' Rogue One ' ? '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . Official website Facebook page Official YouTube channel Star Wars Collectibles Wookieepedia : a Star Wars Wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Legends Mara Jade Kyle Katarn KOTOR characters HK - 47 Kreia Revan Starkiller Jacen Solo Organizations Force - users Jedi Sith Military Battle droid Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker family Solo family Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Species Canon Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiees Legends Yuuzhan Vong Other Droid Mandalorian Category Star Wars terrestrial and aerospace vehicles Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Snowspeeder Speeder bike Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter Models and variants X-wing Y - wing Aerospace crafts Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Book Category Portal WikiProject Other Star Wars related articles Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media The Walt Disney Company Publishing Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Disney Digital Network Maker Studios Babble.com Disney.com Go.com Disney Interactive The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Darkwing Duck DuckTales Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? Frozen The Kingdom Keepers Marvel Lucasfilm Indiana Jones Star Wars Mickey & Friends The Muppets Pirates of the Caribbean Pixar Cars Finding Nemo The Incredibles Monsters Inc . Toy Story Tron Winnie the Pooh Other D23 Disney Vault Disney Store George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 , uncredited ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 , uncredited ) Red Tails ( 2012 , uncredited ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer 's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who ? Hi Ho ! Cherry - O Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag Life Magic : The Gathering Mall Madness Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Perfection Pictionary Pit Risk Rook Scattergories Scrabble ( U.S. and Canada ) Simon Sorry ! Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Distributed worldwide by Hasbro Beyblade ( except Japan and parts of Asia ) CirKis ( except U.S. , UK , France and Germany ) FurReal Friends ( except Japan ) iDog ( except Japan ) Yo - kai Watch ( except Asia ) Licensed products Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe Unofficial Star Wars media Fan films The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards Star Wars Mini Movie Awards Broken Allegiance Chad Vader Crazy Watto The Dark Redemption Dark Resurrection Darth Vader 's Psychic Hotline Duality The Formula George Lucas in Love Hardware Wars Harmy 's Despecialized Edition How the Sith Stole Christmas The Jedi Hunter Knightquest Padmé The Phantom Edit Pink Five Pink Five Strikes Back Return of Pink Five Ryan vs. Dorkman Saving Star Wars Sith Apprentice Star Dudes Star Wars Gangsta Rap Star Wars : Revelations Star Wars : The Emperor 's New Clones Star Wars : Threads of Destiny Thumb Wars Trooper Clerks Troops Official mockumentaries Return of the Ewok VIAF : 185100833 LCCN : n83731695 GND : 4334797 - 6 SUDOC : 027434850 BNF : cb11947696w ( data ) NDL : 001113398 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars&oldid=800683526 '' Categories : 1977 films 1980 films 1983 films 1999 films 2002 films 2005 films 2015 films Upcoming films 2017 films 2019 films 2016 films 2018 films Star Wars 20th Century Fox films Adventure films by series Science fantasy films Disney franchises Elstree Studios films Epic films Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into radio programs Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Lucasfilm films Politics in fiction Science fiction by franchise Science fiction films by series Space opera Telekinesis in film Wars in fiction Works set in fictional galaxies Hidden categories : Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles to be split from July 2017 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Удмурт Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 35 . 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About Wikipedia	when did star wars 4 5 and 6 come out	[ "\n\nStar Wars\n\n\n\nThe Star Wars franchise's logo, introduced in the original film A New Hope\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nStar Wars (1977)\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nNovel(s)\nList of novels\n\n\nComics\nList of comics\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\nSaga:\n\nOriginal trilogy:\n\nIV – A New Hope (1977)\nV – The Empire Strikes Back (1980)\nVI – Return of the Jedi (1983)\n\n\nPrequel trilogy:\n\nI – The Phantom Menace (1999)\nII – Attack of the Clones (2002)\nIII – Revenge of the Sith (2005)\n\n\nSequel trilogy:\n\nVII – The Force Awakens (2015)\nVIII – The Last Jedi (2017)\nIX (2019)\n\n\n\nAnthology films:\n\nRogue One (2016)\nUntitled Han Solo film (2018)\nUntitled Anthology film (2020)[1]\n\nAnimated film:\n\nThe Clone Wars (2008)\n\nTV films:\n\nStar Wars Holiday Special (1978)\nCaravan of Courage (1984)\nThe Battle for Endor (1985)\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\n\n\nDroids (1985–86)\nEwoks (1985–86)\nClone Wars (2003–2005)\nThe Clone Wars (2008–14)\nRebels (2014–present)\nForces of Destiny (2017–present)\n\n\n\n\nGames\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nList of video games\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nRadio program(s)\nStar Wars\n\n\nOriginal music\nMusic of Star Wars\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\n\n\nAction figures\nDie-casts and model toys\nChess and soldiers\nOther\n\n\n\n\nTheme parks\n\n\nStar Tours\nJedi Training: Trials of the Temple\nStar Tours–The Adventures Continue\nStar Wars: Galaxy's Edge\n\n\n\n", "\n\nStar Wars\n\n\n\nThe Star Wars franchise's logo, introduced in the original film A New Hope\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nStar Wars (1977)\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nNovel(s)\nList of novels\n\n\nComics\nList of comics\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\nSaga:\n\nOriginal trilogy:\n\nIV – A New Hope (1977)\nV – The Empire Strikes Back (1980)\nVI – Return of the Jedi (1983)\n\n\nPrequel trilogy:\n\nI – The Phantom Menace (1999)\nII – Attack of the Clones (2002)\nIII – Revenge of the Sith (2005)\n\n\nSequel trilogy:\n\nVII – The Force Awakens (2015)\nVIII – The Last Jedi (2017)\nIX (2019)\n\n\n\nAnthology films:\n\nRogue One (2016)\nUntitled Han Solo film (2018)\nUntitled Anthology film (2020)[1]\n\nAnimated film:\n\nThe Clone Wars (2008)\n\nTV films:\n\nStar Wars Holiday Special (1978)\nCaravan of Courage (1984)\nThe Battle for Endor (1985)\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\n\n\nDroids (1985–86)\nEwoks (1985–86)\nClone Wars (2003–2005)\nThe Clone Wars (2008–14)\nRebels (2014–present)\nForces of Destiny (2017–present)\n\n\n\n\nGames\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nList of video games\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nRadio program(s)\nStar Wars\n\n\nOriginal music\nMusic of Star Wars\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\n\n\nAction figures\nDie-casts and model toys\nChess and soldiers\nOther\n\n\n\n\nTheme parks\n\n\nStar Tours\nJedi Training: Trials of the Temple\nStar Tours–The Adventures Continue\nStar Wars: Galaxy's Edge\n\n\n\n", "\n\nStar Wars\n\n\n\nThe Star Wars franchise's logo, introduced in the original film A New Hope\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nStar Wars (1977)\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nNovel(s)\nList of novels\n\n\nComics\nList of comics\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\nSaga:\n\nOriginal trilogy:\n\nIV – A New Hope (1977)\nV – The Empire Strikes Back (1980)\nVI – Return of the Jedi (1983)\n\n\nPrequel trilogy:\n\nI – The Phantom Menace (1999)\nII – Attack of the Clones (2002)\nIII – Revenge of the Sith (2005)\n\n\nSequel trilogy:\n\nVII – The Force Awakens (2015)\nVIII – The Last Jedi (2017)\nIX (2019)\n\n\n\nAnthology films:\n\nRogue One (2016)\nUntitled Han Solo film (2018)\nUntitled Anthology film (2020)[1]\n\nAnimated film:\n\nThe Clone Wars (2008)\n\nTV films:\n\nStar Wars Holiday Special (1978)\nCaravan of Courage (1984)\nThe Battle for Endor (1985)\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\n\n\nDroids (1985–86)\nEwoks (1985–86)\nClone Wars (2003–2005)\nThe Clone Wars (2008–14)\nRebels (2014–present)\nForces of Destiny (2017–present)\n\n\n\n\nGames\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nList of video games\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nRadio program(s)\nStar Wars\n\n\nOriginal music\nMusic of Star Wars\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\n\n\nAction figures\nDie-casts and model toys\nChess and soldiers\nOther\n\n\n\n\nTheme parks\n\n\nStar Tours\nJedi Training: Trials of the Temple\nStar Tours–The Adventures Continue\nStar Wars: Galaxy's Edge\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "1977", "1980", "1983" ]
3074825128285321131	Asteroid belt	Asteroid belt - wikipedia Asteroid belt For the album by Velvet Chain , see Asteroid Belt ( album ) . The asteroids of the inner Solar System and Jupiter : The donut - shaped asteroid belt is located between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars . Sun Jupiter trojans Orbits of planets Asteroid belt Hilda asteroids ( Hildas ) Near - Earth objects ( selection ) The relative masses of the top twelve asteroids known compared to the remaining mass of all the other asteroids in the belt . By far the largest object within the belt is Ceres . The total mass of the asteroid belt is significantly less than Pluto 's , and approximately twice that of Pluto 's moon Charon . The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter . It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets . The asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near - Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids . About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids : Ceres , Vesta , Pallas , and Hygiea . The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4 % that of the Moon , or 22 % that of Pluto , and roughly twice that of Pluto 's moon Charon ( whose diameter is 1200 km ) . Ceres , the asteroid belt 's only dwarf planet , is about 950 km in diameter , whereas 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , and 10 Hygiea have mean diameters of less than 600 km . The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle . The asteroid material is so thinly distributed that numerous unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident . Nonetheless , collisions between large asteroids do occur , and these can produce an asteroid family whose members have similar orbital characteristics and compositions . Individual asteroids within the asteroid belt are categorized by their spectra , with most falling into three basic groups : carbonaceous ( C - type ) , silicate ( S - type ) , and metal - rich ( M - type ) . The asteroid belt formed from the primordial solar nebula as a group of planetesimals . Planetesimals are the smaller precursors of the protoplanets . Between Mars and Jupiter , however , gravitational perturbations from Jupiter imbued the protoplanets with too much orbital energy for them to accrete into a planet . Collisions became too violent , and instead of fusing together , the planetesimals and most of the protoplanets shattered . As a result , 99.9 % of the asteroid belt 's original mass was lost in the first 100 million years of the Solar System 's history . Some fragments eventually found their way into the inner Solar System , leading to meteorite impacts with the inner planets . Asteroid orbits continue to be appreciably perturbed whenever their period of revolution about the Sun forms an orbital resonance with Jupiter . At these orbital distances , a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits . Classes of small Solar System bodies in other regions are the near - Earth objects , the centaurs , the Kuiper belt objects , the scattered disc objects , the sednoids , and the Oort cloud objects . On 22 January 2014 , ESA scientists reported the detection , for the first definitive time , of water vapor on Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt . The detection was made by using the far - infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory . The finding was unexpected because comets , not asteroids , are typically considered to `` sprout jets and plumes '' . According to one of the scientists , `` The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History of observation 2 Origin 2.1 Formation 2.2 Evolution 3 Characteristics 3.1 Composition 3.2 Main - belt comets 3.3 Orbits 3.3. 1 Kirkwood gaps 4 Collisions 4.1 Meteorites 5 Families and groups 5.1 Periphery 5.2 New families 6 Exploration 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of observation ( edit ) Johannes Kepler was the person who first noticed in 1596 that there was something strange about the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . See also : Definition of planet and List of minor planets In 1596 , Johannes Kepler predicted `` Between Mars and Jupiter , I place a planet '' in his Mysterium Cosmographicum . While analyzing Tycho Brahe 's data , Kepler thought that there was too large a gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . In an anonymous footnote to his 1766 translation of Charles Bonnet 's Contemplation de la Nature , the astronomer Johann Daniel Titius of Wittenberg noted an apparent pattern in the layout of the planets . If one began a numerical sequence at 0 , then included 3 , 6 , 12 , 24 , 48 , etc. , doubling each time , and added four to each number and divided by 10 , this produced a remarkably close approximation to the radii of the orbits of the known planets as measured in astronomical units provided one allowed for a `` missing planet '' ( equivalent to 24 in the sequence ) between the orbits of Mars ( 12 ) and Jupiter ( 48 ) . In his footnote , Titius declared `` But should the Lord Architect have left that space empty ? Not at all . '' When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781 , the planet 's orbit matched the law almost perfectly , leading astronomers to conclude that there had to be a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Giuseppe Piazzi , discoverer of Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt . For several decades after its discovery , Ceres was known as a planet , after which it was reclassified as an asteroid . In 2006 , it was designated as a dwarf planet . On January 1 , 1801 , Giuseppe Piazzi , chair of astronomy at the University of Palermo , Sicily , found a tiny moving object in an orbit with exactly the radius predicted by this pattern . He dubbed it `` Ceres '' , after the Roman goddess of the harvest and patron of Sicily . Piazzi initially believed it to be a comet , but its lack of a coma suggested it was a planet . Thus , the aforementioned pattern , now known as the Titius -- Bode law , predicted the semi-major axes of all eight planets of the time ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Ceres , Jupiter , Saturn and Uranus ) . Fifteen months later , Heinrich Olbers discovered a second object in the same region , Pallas . Unlike the other known planets , Ceres and Pallas remained points of light even under the highest telescope magnifications instead of resolving into discs . Apart from their rapid movement , they appeared indistinguishable from stars . Accordingly , in 1802 , William Herschel suggested they be placed into a separate category , named `` asteroids '' , after the Greek asteroeides , meaning `` star - like '' . Upon completing a series of observations of Ceres and Pallas , he concluded , Neither the appellation of planets nor that of comets , can with any propriety of language be given to these two stars ... They resemble small stars so much as hardly to be distinguished from them . From this , their asteroidal appearance , if I take my name , and call them Asteroids ; reserving for myself , however , the liberty of changing that name , if another , more expressive of their nature , should occur . By 1807 , further investigation revealed two new objects in the region : Juno and Vesta . The burning of Lilienthal in the Napoleonic wars , where the main body of work had been done , brought this first period of discovery to a close . Despite Herschel 's coinage , for several decades it remained common practice to refer to these objects as planets and to prefix their names with numbers representing their date of discovery : 1 Ceres , 2 Pallas , 3 Juno , 4 Vesta . However , in 1845 astronomers detected a fifth object ( 5 Astraea ) and , shortly thereafter , new objects were found at an accelerating rate . Counting them among the planets became increasingly cumbersome . Eventually , they were dropped from the planet list ( as first suggested by Alexander von Humboldt in the early 1850s ) and Herschel 's choice of nomenclature , `` asteroids '' , gradually came into common use . The discovery of Neptune in 1846 led to the discrediting of the Titius -- Bode law in the eyes of scientists because its orbit was nowhere near the predicted position . To date , there is no scientific explanation for the law , and astronomers ' consensus regards it as a coincidence . The expression `` asteroid belt '' came into use in the very early 1850s , although it is hard to pinpoint who coined the term . The first English use seems to be in the 1850 translation ( by E.C. Otté ) of Alexander von Humboldt 's Cosmos : `` ( ... ) and the regular appearance , about the 13th of November and the 11th of August , of shooting stars , which probably form part of a belt of asteroids intersecting the Earth 's orbit and moving with planetary velocity '' . Another early appearance occurred in Robert James Mann 's A Guide to the Knowledge of the Heavens : `` The orbits of the asteroids are placed in a wide belt of space , extending between the extremes of ( ... ) '' . The American astronomer Benjamin Peirce seems to have adopted that terminology and to have been one of its promoters . One hundred asteroids had been located by mid-1868 , and in 1891 the introduction of astrophotography by Max Wolf accelerated the rate of discovery still further . A total of 1,000 asteroids had been found by 1921 , 10,000 by 1981 , and 100,000 by 2000 . Modern asteroid survey systems now use automated means to locate new minor planets in ever - increasing quantities . Origin ( edit ) The asteroid belt showing the orbital inclinations versus distances from the Sun , with asteroids in the core region of the asteroid belt in red and other asteroids in blue Formation ( edit ) In 1802 , shortly after discovering Pallas , Olbers suggested to Herschel that Ceres and Pallas were fragments of a much larger planet that once occupied the Mars -- Jupiter region , this planet having suffered an internal explosion or a cometary impact many million years before . Over time , however , this hypothesis has fallen from favor . The large amount of energy required to destroy a planet , combined with the belt 's low combined mass , which is only about 4 % of the mass of the Moon , do not support the hypothesis . Further , the significant chemical differences between the asteroids become difficult to explain if they come from the same planet . Today , most scientists accept that , rather than fragmenting from a progenitor planet , the asteroids never formed a planet at all . In general , in the Solar System , a planetary formation is thought to have occurred via a process comparable to the long - standing nebular hypothesis : a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form a rotating disc of material that then further condensed to form the Sun and planets . During the first few million years of the Solar System 's history , an accretion process of sticky collisions caused the clumping of small particles , which gradually increased in size . Once the clumps reached sufficient mass , they could draw in other bodies through gravitational attraction and become planetesimals . This gravitational accretion led to the formation of the planets . Planetesimals within the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly perturbed by Jupiter 's gravity to form a planet . Instead , they continued to orbit the Sun as before , occasionally colliding . In regions where the average velocity of the collisions was too high , the shattering of planetesimals tended to dominate over accretion , preventing the formation of planet - sized bodies . Orbital resonances occurred where the orbital period of an object in the belt formed an integer fraction of the orbital period of Jupiter , perturbing the object into a different orbit ; the region lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter contains many such orbital resonances . As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation , these resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt , dynamically exciting the region 's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other . During the early history of the Solar System , the asteroids melted to some degree , allowing elements within them to be partially or completely differentiated by mass . Some of the progenitor bodies may even have undergone periods of explosive volcanism and formed magma oceans . However , because of the relatively small size of the bodies , the period of melting was necessarily brief ( compared to the much larger planets ) , and had generally ended about 4.5 billion years ago , in the first tens of millions of years of formation . In August 2007 , a study of zircon crystals in an Antarctic meteorite believed to have originated from 4 Vesta suggested that it , and by extension the rest of the asteroid belt , had formed rather quickly , within ten million years of the Solar System 's origin . Evolution ( edit ) The asteroids are not samples of the primordial Solar System . They have undergone considerable evolution since their formation , including internal heating ( in the first few tens of millions of years ) , surface melting from impacts , space weathering from radiation , and bombardment by micrometeorites . Although some scientists refer to the asteroids as residual planetesimals , other scientists consider them distinct . The current asteroid belt is believed to contain only a small fraction of the mass of the primordial belt . Computer simulations suggest that the original asteroid belt may have contained the mass equivalent to the Earth . Primarily because of gravitational perturbations , most of the material was ejected from the belt within about a million years of formation , leaving behind less than 0.1 % of the original mass . Since their formation , the size distribution of the asteroid belt has remained relatively stable : there has been no significant increase or decrease in the typical dimensions of the main - belt asteroids . The 4 : 1 orbital resonance with Jupiter , at a radius 2.06 AU , can be considered the inner boundary of the asteroid belt . Perturbations by Jupiter send bodies straying there into unstable orbits . Most bodies formed within the radius of this gap were swept up by Mars ( which has an aphelion at 1.67 AU ) or ejected by its gravitational perturbations in the early history of the Solar System . The Hungaria asteroids lie closer to the Sun than the 4 : 1 resonance , but are protected from disruption by their high inclination . When the asteroid belt was first formed , the temperatures at a distance of 2.7 AU from the Sun formed a `` snow line '' below the freezing point of water . Planetesimals formed beyond this radius were able to accumulate ice . In 2006 it was announced that a population of comets had been discovered within the asteroid belt beyond the snow line , which may have provided a source of water for Earth 's oceans . According to some models , there was insufficient outgassing of water during the Earth 's formative period to form the oceans , requiring an external source such as a cometary bombardment . Characteristics ( edit ) 951 Gaspra , the first asteroid imaged by a spacecraft , as viewed during Galileo 's 1991 flyby ; colors are exaggerated Fragment of the Allende meteorite , a carbonaceous chondrite that fell to Earth in Mexico in 1969 Contrary to popular imagery , the asteroid belt is mostly empty . The asteroids are spread over such a large volume that it would be improbable to reach an asteroid without aiming carefully . Nonetheless , hundreds of thousands of asteroids are currently known , and the total number ranges in the millions or more , depending on the lower size cutoff . Over 200 asteroids are known to be larger than 100 km , and a survey in the infrared wavelengths has shown that the asteroid belt has 0.7 -- 1.7 million asteroids with a diameter of 1 km or more . The apparent magnitudes of most of the known asteroids are 11 -- 19 , with the median at about 16 . The total mass of the asteroid belt is estimated to be 2.8 × 10 to 3.2 × 10 kilograms , which is just 4 % of the mass of the Moon . The four largest objects , Ceres , 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , and 10 Hygiea , account for half of the belt 's total mass , with almost one - third accounted for by Ceres alone . Composition ( edit ) The current belt consists primarily of three categories of asteroids : C - type or carbonaceous asteroids , S - type or silicate asteroids , and M - type or metallic asteroids . Carbonaceous asteroids , as their name suggests , are carbon - rich . They dominate the asteroid belt 's outer regions . Together they comprise over 75 % of the visible asteroids . They are redder in hue than the other asteroids and have a very low albedo . Their surface composition is similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites . Chemically , their spectra match the primordial composition of the early Solar System , with only the lighter elements and volatiles removed . S - type ( silicate - rich ) asteroids are more common toward the inner region of the belt , within 2.5 AU of the Sun . The spectra of their surfaces reveal the presence of silicates and some metal , but no significant carbonaceous compounds . This indicates that their materials have been significantly modified from their primordial composition , probably through melting and reformation . They have a relatively high albedo and form about 17 % of the total asteroid population . M - type ( metal - rich ) asteroids form about 10 % of the total population ; their spectra resemble that of iron - nickel . Some are believed to have formed from the metallic cores of differentiated progenitor bodies that were disrupted through collision . However , there are also some silicate compounds that can produce a similar appearance . For example , the large M - type asteroid 22 Kalliope does not appear to be primarily composed of metal . Within the asteroid belt , the number distribution of M - type asteroids peaks at a semi-major axis of about 2.7 AU . It is not yet clear whether all M - types are compositionally similar , or whether it is a label for several varieties which do not fit neatly into the main C and S classes . Hubble views extraordinary multi-tailed asteroid P / 2013 P5 . One mystery of the asteroid belt is the relative rarity of V - type or basaltic asteroids . Theories of asteroid formation predict that objects the size of Vesta or larger should form crusts and mantles , which would be composed mainly of basaltic rock , resulting in more than half of all asteroids being composed either of basalt or olivine . Observations , however , suggest that 99 percent of the predicted basaltic material is missing . Until 2001 , most basaltic bodies discovered in the asteroid belt were believed to originate from the asteroid Vesta ( hence their name V - type ) . However , the discovery of the asteroid 1459 Magnya revealed a slightly different chemical composition from the other basaltic asteroids discovered until then , suggesting a different origin . This hypothesis was reinforced by the further discovery in 2007 of two asteroids in the outer belt , 7472 Kumakiri and ( 10537 ) 1991 RY 16 , with a differing basaltic composition that could not have originated from Vesta . These latter two are the only V - type asteroids discovered in the outer belt to date . The temperature of the asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun . For dust particles within the belt , typical temperatures range from 200 K ( − 73 ° C ) at 2.2 AU down to 165 K ( − 108 ° C ) at 3.2 AU However , due to rotation , the surface temperature of an asteroid can vary considerably as the sides are alternately exposed to solar radiation and then to the stellar background . Main - belt comets ( edit ) Main article : Main - belt comet Several otherwise unremarkable bodies in the outer belt show cometary activity . Because their orbits can not be explained through the capture of classical comets , it is thought that many of the outer asteroids may be icy , with the ice occasionally exposed to sublimation through small impacts . Main - belt comets may have been a major source of the Earth 's oceans because the deuterium - hydrogen ratio is too low for classical comets to have been the principal source . Orbits ( edit ) The asteroid belt ( showing eccentricities ) , with the asteroid belt in red and blue ( `` core '' region in red ) Most asteroids within the asteroid belt have orbital eccentricities of less than 0.4 , and an inclination of less than 30 ° . The orbital distribution of the asteroids reaches a maximum at an eccentricity of around 0.07 and an inclination below 4 ° . Thus although a typical asteroid has a relatively circular orbit and lies near the plane of the ecliptic , some asteroid orbits can be highly eccentric or travel well outside the ecliptic plane . Sometimes , the term main belt is used to refer only to the more compact `` core '' region where the greatest concentration of bodies is found . This lies between the strong 4 : 1 and 2 : 1 Kirkwood gaps at 2.06 and 3.27 AU , and at orbital eccentricities less than roughly 0.33 , along with orbital inclinations below about 20 ° . As of 2006 , this `` core '' region contained 93 % of all discovered and numbered minor planets within the Solar System . The JPL Small - Body Database lists 670000 + known main belt asteroids . Kirkwood gaps ( edit ) Main article : Kirkwood gap Number of asteroids in the asteroid belt as a function of their semi-major axis . The dashed lines indicate the Kirkwood gaps , where orbital resonances with Jupiter destabilize orbits . The color gives a possible division into three zones : Zone I : inner main - belt ( a < 2.5 AU ) Zone II : middle main - belt ( 2.5 AU < a < 2.82 AU ) Zone III : outer main - belt ( a > 2.82 AU ) The semi-major axis of an asteroid is used to describe the dimensions of its orbit around the Sun , and its value determines the minor planet 's orbital period . In 1866 , Daniel Kirkwood announced the discovery of gaps in the distances of these bodies ' orbits from the Sun . They were located in positions where their period of revolution about the Sun was an integer fraction of Jupiter 's orbital period . Kirkwood proposed that the gravitational perturbations of the planet led to the removal of asteroids from these orbits . When the mean orbital period of an asteroid is an integer fraction of the orbital period of Jupiter , a mean - motion resonance with the gas giant is created that is sufficient to perturb an asteroid to new orbital elements . Asteroids that become located in the gap orbits ( either primordially because of the migration of Jupiter 's orbit , or due to prior perturbations or collisions ) are gradually nudged into different , random orbits with a larger or smaller semi-major axis . The gaps are not seen in a simple snapshot of the locations of the asteroids at any one time because asteroid orbits are elliptical , and many asteroids still cross through the radii corresponding to the gaps . The actual spatial density of asteroids in these gaps does not differ significantly from the neighboring regions . The main gaps occur at the 3 : 1 , 5 : 2 , 7 : 3 , and 2 : 1 mean - motion resonances with Jupiter . An asteroid in the 3 : 1 Kirkwood gap would orbit the Sun three times for each Jovian orbit , for instance . Weaker resonances occur at other semi-major axis values , with fewer asteroids found than nearby . ( For example , an 8 : 3 resonance for asteroids with a semi-major axis of 2.71 AU . ) The main or core population of the asteroid belt is sometimes divided into three zones , based on the most prominent Kirkwood gaps : Zone I lies between the 4 : 1 resonance ( 2.06 AU ) and 3 : 1 resonance ( 2.5 AU ) Kirkwood gaps . Zone II continues from the end of Zone I out to the 5 : 2 resonance gap ( 2.82 AU ) . Zone III extends from the outer edge of Zone II to the 2 : 1 resonance gap ( 3.28 AU ) . The asteroid belt may also be divided into the inner and outer belts , with the inner belt formed by asteroids orbiting nearer to Mars than the 3 : 1 Kirkwood gap ( 2.5 AU ) , and the outer belt formed by those asteroids closer to Jupiter 's orbit . ( Some authors subdivide the inner and outer belts at the 2 : 1 resonance gap ( 3.3 AU ) , whereas others suggest inner , middle , and outer belts ; also see diagram ) . Collisions ( edit ) The zodiacal light , a minor part of which is created by dust from collisions in the asteroid belt The high population of the asteroid belt makes for a very active environment , where collisions between asteroids occur frequently ( on astronomical time scales ) . Collisions between main - belt bodies with a mean radius of 10 km are expected to occur about once every 10 million years . A collision may fragment an asteroid into numerous smaller pieces ( leading to the formation of a new asteroid family ) . Conversely , collisions that occur at low relative speeds may also join two asteroids . After more than 4 billion years of such processes , the members of the asteroid belt now bear little resemblance to the original population . Along with the asteroid bodies , the asteroid belt also contains bands of dust with particle radii of up to a few hundred micrometres . This fine material is produced , at least in part , from collisions between asteroids , and by the impact of micrometeorites upon the asteroids . Due to the Poynting -- Robertson effect , the pressure of solar radiation causes this dust to slowly spiral inward toward the Sun . The combination of this fine asteroid dust , as well as ejected cometary material , produces the zodiacal light . This faint auroral glow can be viewed at night extending from the direction of the Sun along the plane of the ecliptic . Asteroid particles that produce the visible zodiacal light average about 40 μm in radius . The typical lifetimes of main - belt zodiacal cloud particles are about 700,000 years . Thus , to maintain the bands of dust , new particles must be steadily produced within the asteroid belt . It was once thought that collisions of asteroids form a major component of the zodiacal light . However , computer simulations by Nesvorný and colleagues attributed 85 percent of the zodiacal - light dust to fragmentations of Jupiter - family comets , rather than to comets and collisions between asteroids in the asteroid belt . At most 10 percent of the dust is attributed to the asteroid belt . Meteorites ( edit ) Some of the debris from collisions can form meteoroids that enter the Earth 's atmosphere . Of the 50,000 meteorites found on Earth to date , 99.8 percent are believed to have originated in the asteroid belt . Families and groups ( edit ) Main article : Asteroid family This plot of orbital inclination ( i ) versus eccentricity ( e ) for the numbered main - belt asteroids clearly shows clumpings representing asteroid families . In 1918 , the Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama noticed that the orbits of some of the asteroids had similar parameters , forming families or groups . Approximately one - third of the asteroids in the asteroid belt are members of an asteroid family . These share similar orbital elements , such as semi-major axis , eccentricity , and orbital inclination as well as similar spectral features , all of which indicate a common origin in the breakup of a larger body . Graphical displays of these elements , for members of the asteroid belt , show concentrations indicating the presence of an asteroid family . There are about 20 -- 30 associations that are almost certainly asteroid families . Additional groupings have been found that are less certain . Asteroid families can be confirmed when the members display common spectral features . Smaller associations of asteroids are called groups or clusters . Some of the most prominent families in the asteroid belt ( in order of increasing semi-major axes ) are the Flora , Eunoma , Koronis , Eos , and Themis families . The Flora family , one of the largest with more than 800 known members , may have formed from a collision less than a billion years ago . The largest asteroid to be a true member of a family ( as opposed to an interloper in the case of Ceres with the Gefion family ) is 4 Vesta . The Vesta family is believed to have formed as the result of a crater - forming impact on Vesta . Likewise , the HED meteorites may also have originated from Vesta as a result of this collision . Three prominent bands of dust have been found within the asteroid belt . These have similar orbital inclinations as the Eos , Koronis , and Themis asteroid families , and so are possibly associated with those groupings . The main belt evolution after the Late Heavy Bombardment was very likely affected by the passages of large Centaurs and Trans - Neptunian Objecs ( TNOs ) . Centaurs and TNOs that reach the inner Solar System can modify the orbits of main belt asteroids , though only if their mass is of the order of 10 m for single encounters or , one order less in case of multiple close encounters . However Centaurs and TNOs are unlikely to have significantly dispersed young asteroid families in the main belt , but they can have perturbed some old asteroid families . Current main belt asteroids that originated as Centaurs or Trans - Neptunian Objects may lie in the outer belt with short lifetime ≤ 4 My , \ most likely between 2.8 AU and 3.2 AU at larger eccentricities than typical of main belt asteroid . Periphery ( edit ) Skirting the inner edge of the belt ( ranging between 1.78 and 2.0 AU , with a mean semi-major axis of 1.9 AU ) is the Hungaria family of minor planets . They are named after the main member , 434 Hungaria ; the group contains at least 52 named asteroids . The Hungaria group is separated from the main body by the 4 : 1 Kirkwood gap and their orbits have a high inclination . Some members belong to the Mars - crossing category of asteroids , and gravitational perturbations by Mars are likely a factor in reducing the total population of this group . Another high - inclination group in the inner part of the asteroid belt is the Phocaea family . These are composed primarily of S - type asteroids , whereas the neighboring Hungaria family includes some E-types . The Phocaea family orbit between 2.25 and 2.5 AU from the Sun . Skirting the outer edge of the asteroid belt is the Cybele group , orbiting between 3.3 and 3.5 AU . These have a 7 : 4 orbital resonance with Jupiter . The Hilda family orbit between 3.5 and 4.2 AU , and have relatively circular orbits and a stable 3 : 2 orbital resonance with Jupiter . There are few asteroids beyond 4.2 AU , until Jupiter 's orbit . Here the two families of Trojan asteroids can be found , which , at least for objects larger than 1 km , are approximately as numerous as the asteroids of the asteroid belt . New families ( edit ) Some asteroid families have formed recently , in astronomical terms . The Karin Cluster apparently formed about 5.7 million years ago from a collision with a progenitor asteroid 33 km in radius . The Veritas family formed about 8.3 million years ago ; evidence includes interplanetary dust recovered from ocean sediment . More recently , the Datura cluster appears to have formed about 530 thousand years ago from a collision with a main - belt asteroid . The age estimate is based on the probability of the members having their current orbits , rather than from any physical evidence . However , this cluster may have been a source for some zodiacal dust material . Other recent cluster formations , such as the Iannini cluster ( circa 1 -- 5 million years ago ) , may have provided additional sources of this asteroid dust . Exploration ( edit ) Artist 's concept of the Dawn spacecraft with Vesta and Ceres The first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt was Pioneer 10 , which entered the region on 16 July 1972 . At the time there was some concern that the debris in the belt would pose a hazard to the spacecraft , but it has since been safely traversed by 12 spacecraft without incident . Pioneer 11 , Voyagers 1 and 2 and Ulysses passed through the belt without imaging any asteroids . Galileo imaged 951 Gaspra in 1991 and 243 Ida in 1993 , NEAR imaged 253 Mathilde in 1997 , Cassini imaged 2685 Masursky in 2000 , Stardust imaged 5535 Annefrank in 2002 , New Horizons imaged 132524 APL in 2006 , Rosetta imaged 2867 Šteins in September 2008 and 21 Lutetia in July 2010 , and Dawn orbited Vesta between July 2011 and September 2012 and has orbited Ceres since March 2015 . On its way to Jupiter , Juno traversed the asteroid belt without collecting science data . Due to the low density of materials within the belt , the odds of a probe running into an asteroid are now estimated at less than one in a billion . Most belt asteroids imaged to date have come from brief flyby opportunities by probes headed for other targets . Only the Dawn , NEAR and Hayabusa missions have studied asteroids for a protracted period in orbit and at the surface . See also ( edit ) Book : Solar System Asteroid mining Asteroids in fiction Colonization of the asteroids Debris disk Disrupted planet List of asteroids in astrology List of exceptional asteroids References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Matt Williams ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) . `` What is the Asteroid Belt ? '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Krasinsky , G.A. ; Pitjeva , E.V. ; Vasilyev , M.V. ; Yagudina , E.I. ( July 2002 ) . `` Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt '' . Icarus . 158 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 105 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 158 ... 98K . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2002.6837 . ^ Jump up to : Pitjeva , E.V. ( 2005 ) . `` High - Precision Ephemerides of Planets -- EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants '' ( PDF ) . Solar System Research . 39 ( 3 ) : 176 -- 186 . Bibcode : 2005SoSyR ... 39 ... 176P . doi : 10.1007 / s11208 - 005 - 0033 - 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : For recent estimates of the masses of Ceres , 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas and 10 Hygiea , see the references in the infoboxes of their respective articles . ^ Jump up to : Yeomans , Donald K. ( July 13 , 2006 ) . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . NASA JPL . Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Brian Koberlein ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Why the Asteroid Belt Does n't Threaten Spacecraft '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Did The Asteroid Belt Form ? Was There A Planet There ? '' . CosmosUp. 2016 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nola Taylor Redd ( 2012 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Asteroid Belt : Facts & Information '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Kelly ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Sculpting the Asteroid Belt '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Delgrande , J.J. ; Soanes , S.V. ( 1943 ) . `` Kirkwood 's Gap in the Asteroid Orbits '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 37 : 187 . Bibcode : 1943JRASC ... 37 ... 187D . Jump up ^ Küppers , Michael ; O'Rourke , Laurence ; Bockelée - Morvan , Dominique ; Zakharov , Vladimir ; Lee , Seungwon ; von Allmen , Paul ; Carry , Benoît ; Teyssier , David ; Marston , Anthony ; Müller , Thomas ; Crovisier , Jacques ; Barucci , M. Antonietta ; Moreno , Raphael ( 2014 ) . `` Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet ( 1 ) Ceres '' . Nature . 505 ( 7484 ) : 525 -- 527 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 505 ... 525K . doi : 10.1038 / nature12918 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 24451541 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , J.D. ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` Herschel Telescope Detects Water on Dwarf Planet -- Release 14 - 021 '' . NASA . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn : Between Jupiter and Mars ( sic ) , I Place a Planet '' ( PDF ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 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( 2007 ) . `` Finding Asteroids In Space '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lemaitre , Anne ( August 31 -- September 4 , 2004 ) . `` Asteroid family classification from very large catalogues '' . Proceedings Dynamics of Populations of Planetary Systems . Belgrade , Serbia and Montenegro : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 144 . Bibcode : 2005dpps. conf ... 135L . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921304008592 . Jump up ^ Martel , Linda M.V. ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` Tiny Traces of a Big Asteroid Breakup '' . Planetary Science Research Discoveries . Archived from the original on 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Drake , Michael J. ( 2001 ) . `` The eucrite / Vesta story '' . Meteoritics & Planetary Science . 36 ( 4 ) : 501 -- 513 . Bibcode : 2001M&PS ... 36 ... 501D . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1945 - 5100.2001. tb01892. x . Jump up ^ Love , S.G. & Brownlee , D.E. ( 1992 ) . `` The IRAS dust band contribution to the interplanetary dust complex -- Evidence seen at 60 and 100 microns '' . Astronomical Journal . 104 ( 6 ) : 2236 -- 2242 . Bibcode : 1992AJ ... 104.2236 L . doi : 10.1086 / 116399 . Jump up ^ Galiazzo , M.A. ; Wiegert , P. & Aljbaae , S. ( 2016 ) . `` Influence of the Centaurs and TNOs on the main belt and its families '' . Astrophysics and Space Science . 361 ( 12 ) : 361 -- 371 . arXiv : 1611.05731 . Bibcode : 2016Ap&SS. 361 ... 371G . doi : 10.1007 / s10509 - 016 - 2957 - z . Jump up ^ Spratt , Christopher E. ( 1990 ) . `` The Hungaria group of minor planets '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 84 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 131 . Bibcode : 1990JRASC ... 84 ... 123S . Jump up ^ Carvano , J.M. ; Lazzaro , D. ; Mothé - Diniz , T. ; Angeli , C.A. & Florczak , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Spectroscopic Survey of the Hungaria and Phocaea Dynamical Groups '' . Icarus . 149 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 189 . 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( 2009 ) . `` Datura family : the 2009 update '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 507 : 495 -- 504 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 507 ... 495V . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200912696 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , D. ; Bottke , W.F. ; Levison , H.F. & Dones , L. ( 2003 ) . `` Recent Origin of the Solar System Dust Bands '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 591 ( 1 ) : 486 -- 497 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 591 ... 486N . doi : 10.1086 / 374807 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Barucci , M.A. ; Fulchignoni , M. & Rossi , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Rosetta Asteroid Targets : 2867 Steins and 21 Lutetia '' . Space Science Reviews . 128 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 67 -- 78 . Bibcode : 2007SSRv ... 128 ... 67B . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 006 - 9029 - 6 . Jump up ^ Greicius , Tony ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Juno Gives Starship - Like View of Earth Flyby '' . nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Alan ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` New Horizons Crosses The Asteroid Belt '' . Space Daily . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Elkins - Tanton , Linda T. ( 2006 ) . Asteroids , Meteorites , and Comets ( First ed . ) . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5195 - X . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Asteroid belt '' dated 2012 - 03 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Main Belt asteroids . Arnett , William A. ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` Asteroids '' . The Nine Planets . Archived from the original on 18 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Asteroids Page at NASA 's Solar System Exploration Cain , Fraser . `` The Asteroid Belt '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . `` Main Asteroid Belt '' . Sol Company . Archived from the original on 15 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Munsell , Kirk ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Asteroids : Overview '' . NASA 's Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 . Plots of eccentricity vs. semi-major axis and inclination vs. semi-major axis at Asteroid Dynamic Site Staff ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Asteroids '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 11 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Staff ( 2007 ) . `` Space Topics : Asteroids and Comets '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Asteroids Main Notable asteroids Physical characteristics dynamic method Impact avoidance Tracking Capture Gravitational keyhole Earth - crosser Close approaches Binary moon contact P -- L Distribution Interior to Earth vulcanoids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Main - belt Kirkwood gap comets Trojans Venus trojan Earth Mars Jupiter Uranus trojan Neptune trojan Near - Earth Aten Amor Apollo Apohele Earth - crossers Between Earth and the main belt Mars crossers Mars trojans Outer Solar System , does not include distant minor planets Jupiter - crossers Jupiter trojan Classification Orbital Group Family ( list ) Spectral Tholen C - group B - type F - type G - type C - type S - type X-group M - type E-type P - type small classes A-type D - type J - type T - type Q - type R - type V - type SMASS C - group B - type C - type Cg Ch Cgh Cb S - group A-type Q - type R - type K - type L - type S - type Sa Sq Sr Sk Sl X-group X-type Xe Xc Xk small types T - type D - type Ld - type O - type V - type Exploration Asteroid Redirect Mission Asteroids visited by spacecraft Human mission Mining Ceres Colonization Lists Near - Earth Minor planets Lost Discovering observatories Space missions See also : Asteroids in fiction Asteroids in astrology occultation Comet Minor planet Dwarf planets Asteroid belt IAU : Ceres No longer rounded and therefore not dwarf planets ( Former candidates : Pallas Vesta Hygiea ) Centaurs Possibly : Chariklo Chiron Centaurs ( extended ) Possibly : 1995 SN 55 ( lost ) Ceto 2010 TY 53 Plutinos IAU : Pluto Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Orcus Ixion 2003 AZ 2004 UX Huya Possibly : 2003 UZ 2003 VS 2002 VR 2004 PF 2002 XV 93 2007 JH 43 2001 QF 298 Twotinos Possibly : 2002 WC Other resonances / unknown resonances : IAU : Haumea Possibly : 2002 XW 1999 DE 1999 KR 2001 YH 2011 GM 27 2010 VK 201 2013 FZ 27 2014 UM 33 1999 CD 158 Cubewanos : IAU : Makemake Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2002 MS Salacia Quaoar Varuna Varda 2004 GV 2002 AW 2002 TX 2005 RR 2003 OP 2005 RN Possibly : Chaos Altjira Sila - Nunam 2002 UX 2007 JJ 2005 UQ 2004 TY 2003 QW 1998 SN 2002 KX Praamzius 2004 NT 2010 FX 86 2002 CY 248 2010 VR 11 Rhadamanthus Scattered disc IAU : Eris Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2007 OR 1996 TL 2001 UR 2005 RM Possibly : 2002 TC 2004 XA 2005 QU 2006 QH 181 2007 UK 2010 EK 139 2010 KZ 39 2010 RE 64 2010 RF 43 2010 TJ 2013 FY 27 2008 OG 19 1996 GQ 2012 HH 1999 CC 2010 VZ 98 Area uncertain Captured satellites that were once dwarf planets : Triton ( captured by Neptune ) Phoebe ( captured by Saturn , and no longer rounded ) Possibly : 2011 FW 62 ( lost ) 2000 YW V774104 Detached objects Possibly : 2004 XR 190 2010 GB 174 2008 ST 291 1995 TL 2005 TB 2003 QX 113 2003 FY 2004 VN 112 2000 CR Sednoids Objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Sedna Possibly : 2012 VP 113 See also : Charon Vanth Dysnomia Hiʻiaka Mesoplanet Planemo List of trans - Neptunian objects List of possible dwarf planets List of Solar System objects List of Solar System objects by size Ceres Geography General Geology of Ceres Craters Achita Annona Asari Coniraya Dantu Darzamat Ezinu Fejokoo Hamori Haulani Kerwan Mondamin Nawish Occator Urvara Yalode Zadeni Montes Ahuna Mons Other features Bright spots Astronomy Classification Asteroid Definition of planet Dwarf planet Planet 2006 definition of planet Discovery Barnaba Oriani Carl Friedrich Gauss Francis Wollaston Franz Xaver von Zach Giuseppe Piazzi Heinrich Olbers Jérôme Lalande Johann Elert Bode Tobias Mayer Possible trojans ( 185105 ) 2006 SV 23 1372 Haremari Exploration Dawn mission Ceres Polar Lander ( proposed ) Related Ceres in fiction Colonization In astrology Solar System bodies formerly considered to be planets Small Solar System bodies Minor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near - Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Damocloid Neptune trojan Trans - Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley - type Hyperbolic Long - period Lost Main - belt Near - parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Meteoroids The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_belt&oldid=846289661 '' Categories : Solar System Asteroid groups and families Main - belt asteroids Asteroids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 Lingua Franca Nova 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 19 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are most asteroids located in our solar system	[ "The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets. The asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids.[1] About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea.[1] The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4% that of the Moon, or 22% that of Pluto, and roughly twice that of Pluto's moon Charon (whose diameter is 1200 km)." ]	[ "asteroid belt" ]
-3954878209346763094	Moon landing	Moon landing - wikipedia Moon landing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unmanned landings 2 Manned landings 3 Scientific background 4 Political background 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6 Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Pioneer missions 6.2 Ranger missions 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) 13.1 US strategy 13.2 Soviet strategy 13.3 Apollo missions 13.4 Manned Moon landings 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings 14 Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) 15 21st century unmanned soft landings 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 17 Proposed future missions 18 Historical empirical evidence 19 See also 20 References and notes 21 External links Unmanned landings After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . Manned landings The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . Scientific background In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . Political background Main article : Space Race This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . 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( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb . The first image of another world from space , returned by Luna 3 , showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959 . Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements . In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 and Luna 3 spacecraft . A 1963 conceptual model of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) . While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 . Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Luna 3 transmitted the first photos of the far side of the Moon After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Artist 's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions . Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact Pioneer missions Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon . NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere . The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit . The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage . Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent . Ranger missions See also : Ranger program The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) . From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days . The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere . This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere . Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch . No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) . Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface . On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon . Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions . Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success . Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes . Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic moon rover The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February , 1966 . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface . Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) . In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) . These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Launch of Surveyor 1 . Pete Conrad , commander of Apollo 12 , stands next to Surveyor 3 lander . In the background is the Apollo 12 lander , Intrepid . The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight . However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon . A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975 , with missions from the USA and USSR . Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip . In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing . Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings . An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years . Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon . Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 . U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Soviet manned lunar programs Zond mounted on top stage of Proton booster in assembly hangar . It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon . Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force . Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose . Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile . After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort . Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date . U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of turtles , insects , plants and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard . As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 . In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later . By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth . The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 . Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The U.S. Saturn V and the Soviet N1 . U.S. strategy Main article : Apollo program § Political pressure builds Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 . After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission . Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them . More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda . Apollo landing sites Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community . The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches . For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned . Soviet strategy Main article : Soviet Moonshot Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed . At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing . Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction . With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation . Apollo missions In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies . Manned Moon landings Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon . President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued . In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 . On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package . Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 . Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings Hiten ( japan ) Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) . Lunar Prospector ( USA ) Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected . SMART - 1 ( ESA ) Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC . Selene ( japan ) SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 . Chang'e 1 ( China ) The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission . Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2018 . LCROSS ( USA ) The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface . GRAIL ( USA ) The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 . LADEE ( USA ) LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater . 21st century unmanned soft landings Chang'e 3 ( China ) On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 . Landings on moons of other solar system bodies Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface . Proposed future missions Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission , poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) on the lunar surface . Main article : List of proposed missions to the Moon China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission . ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized . ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander weight is projected to be 1,250 kg , and the spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle . Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race . The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) is a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet . The Google Lunar X Prize competition offers a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aims to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto . In 2019 , a consortium of Vodafone , Audi and PT Scientists are planning a moon landing . The mission is to launch a lander and two small rovers to the moon from Cape Canaveral , Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket during the 50th - anniversary year of NASA 's Apollo 11 moon landing . Nokia will assist to setup a LTE network in moon to manage lunar terrestrial communication system of the mission . Historical empirical evidence Main article : Moon landing conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust . See also Spaceflight portal List of Apollo astronauts Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond program First on the Moon ( disambiguation ) References and notes Jump up ^ `` Manned Space Chronology : Apollo_11 '' . spaceline.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing `` Inspired World '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . NASA -- NSSDC . Jump up ^ NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 3 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Moon ! '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Lun 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060 '' . Estonia : Tartu Observatory . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( July 1957 ) . `` For Your Information '' . Galaxy Science Fiction ( 61 -- 71 ) . p. 69 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JPL Pioneer Mission Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lunar Impact `` Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Nasa History Series . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 4 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 6 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 5 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 7 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 8 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 9 Details '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 1 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix Luna E-6 '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Exploration '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrows , William E. ( 1999 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . Modern Library . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75485 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . thesmokinggun.com . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur C. Clarke '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo TV Tapes : The Search Continues '' . space.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White -- Business Insider '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing , Photos Reveal '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hiten , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! Ice Found At Lunar Poles '' . NASA . 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SMART 1 , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KAGUYA Lunar Impact '' . JAXA . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese probe crashes into moon '' , BBC News , 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . The Times of India . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater '' . NASA . 2009 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ TheStar.com , `` NASA crashes rocket into moon '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon - bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success - EarthSky.org '' . Jump up ^ Spaceflight101 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First of NASA 's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) '' . National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog . NASA . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` With Planned Crash , NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Moon - Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` NASA 's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE 's Impact Crater '' . NASA . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Hoover , Rachel ; Washington , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon 's Surface '' . NASA.gov . Release 14 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon '' . BBC . 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` China to Launch Lunar Probe Chang'e - 2 before 2011 '' . english.cas.ac.cn . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2 , decides ISRO '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Payloads for Chandrayaan - 2 Mission Finalised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . ISRO. 30 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ИКИ : РФ начнет запуск автоматических станций к Луне в 2018 году '' . Jump up ^ `` Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna - Glob 1 orbiter '' . http://www.flightglobal.com . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Jayalakshmi ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to Nasa '' . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Precursor Robotic Program '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Google Lunar X prize '' . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Puli Space Technologies . 4 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Google Lunar XPRIZE Teams Announce Rideshare Partnership For Mission To The Moon In 2016 '' . xprize.org . Xprize Foundation . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Hakuto ( ... and fellow competitor ) Astrobotic ( will ) carry a pair of rovers to the moon . Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral , Fla. , during the second half of 2016 . HAKUTO 's twin rovers , Moonraker and Tetris , will piggyback on Astrobotic 's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface . Upon touchdown , the rovers will be released simultaneously ... in pursuit of the $20 M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize . Jump up ^ Loren Grush ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Moon Will Get Its Own Mobile Phone Network in 2019 '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia is selected by Vodafone to be its technology partner for Mission to the Moon project Nokia '' . Nokia . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 8 Moon - Landing Hoax Myths -- Busted '' . National Geographic . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years '' , JPL 20 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . External links NASA 's page on moon landings , missions , etc. ( includes information on other space agencies ' missions . ) Moon missions ( United States ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery : an independently organized collection of high - res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna Resource Prospector SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . 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5024251034005721621	South Asia	South Asia - Wikipedia South Asia Jump to : navigation , search South Asia Countries and Territories Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Population 1.749 billion ( 2013 ) Population rank 1st ( World ) GDP ( Nominal ) $3.12 trillion GDP ( PPP ) $11.67 trillion Languages Primarily Indo - European and Dravidian , but also Austroasiatic and Sino - Tibetan languages , as well as some others Time zones UTC + 04 : 30 , UTC + 05 : 00 , UTC + 5 : 30 , UTC + 5 : 45 , UTC + 06 : 00 Capital cities Colombo Dhaka Islamabad Kabul Kathmandu Malé New Delhi Thimphu Largest cities List Delhi Dhaka Kolkata Karachi Lahore Mumbai South Asia or Southern Asia ( also known as the Indian subcontinent ) is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent , which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and , for some authorities , adjoining countries to the west and east . Topographically , it is dominated by the Indian Plate , which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush . South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land ( clockwise , from west ) by West Asia , Central Asia , East Asia , and Southeast Asia . The current territories of Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Maldives , Nepal , India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka form South Asia . The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia . South Asia covers about 5.2 million km ( 2 million mi ) , which is 11.71 % of the Asian continent or 3.5 % of the world 's land surface area . The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the world 's population , making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world . Overall , it accounts for about 39.49 % of Asia 's population , over 24 % of the world 's population , and is home to a vast array of peoples . In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs . It also has the largest population of Muslims in Asia - Pacific region , as well as over 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Indian subcontinent 2 History 2.1 Ancient era 2.2 Medieval era 2.3 Modern era 3 Geography 3.1 Boundary 3.2 Indian plate 3.3 Climate 4 Statistical data 5 Past and Future Population 6 Land and Water Area 7 Regional groups of countries 8 Demographics 8.1 Largest urban areas 8.2 Languages 8.3 Religions 9 Economy 10 Health and nutrition 11 Governance 11.1 Countries and territories from extended definitions 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Citations 14.2 Sources 15 External links Definitions ( edit ) United Nations cartographic map of South Asia . However , the United Nations does not endorse any definitions or area boundaries . The total area of South Asia and its geographical extent is not clear cut as systemic and foreign policy orientations of its constituents are quite asymmetrical . Aside from the central region of South Asia , formerly part of the British Empire , there is a high degree of variation as to which other countries are included in South Asia . Modern definitions of South Asia are consistent in including Afghanistan , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries . Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia , but in Southeast Asia by others . Some do not include Afghanistan , others question whether Afghanistan should be considered a part of South Asia or the Middle East . The current territories of Bangladesh , India , and Pakistan , which were the core of the British Empire prior to 1947 , form the central region of South Asia , in addition to Afghanistan , which was a British protectorate until 1919 , after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo - Afghan war . The mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan , and the island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included as well . Myanmar ( formerly Burma ) is often added , and by various deviating definitions based on often substantially different reasons , the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Tibet Autonomous Region are included as well . The common concept of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj , with several exceptions . The Aden Colony , British Somaliland and Singapore , though administered at various times under the Raj , have not been proposed as any part of South Asia . Additionally Burma was administered as part of the Raj until 1937 , but is now considered a part of Southeast Asia and is a member state of ASEAN . The 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan . Geopolitically , it had formed the whole territory of Greater India , The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , a contiguous block of countries , started in 1985 with seven countries -- Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , the Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan and Sri Lanka -- and added Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2007 . China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of full members of SAARC . This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj -- Nepal , and Bhutan . Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919 , after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo - Afghan war . The World Factbook , based on geo - politics , people , and economy defines South Asia as comprising Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , British Indian Ocean Territory , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . The South Asia Free Trade Agreement incorporated Afghanistan in 2011 , and the World Bank grouping of countries in the region also includes all eight members comprising South Asia and SAARC as well , and the same goes for the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) . Definition by South Asian Studies programs When the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge was established , in 1964 , it promoted the study of India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Afghanistan , the Himalayan Kingdoms ( Nepal , Bhutan , and Sikkim ) , and Burma ( now Myanmar ) . It has since included Thailand , Malaysia , Singapore , Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos , Indonesia , the Philippines and Hong Kong . The Centres for South Asian Studies at both the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia include Tibet along with the eight members of SAARC in their research programs , but exclude the Maldives . The South Asian Studies Program of Rutgers University and the University of California , Berkeley Centre for South Asia Studies also include the Maldives . The South Asian Studies Program of Brandeis University defines the region as comprising `` India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan , and in certain contexts Afghanistan , Burma , Maldives and Tibet '' . The similar program of Columbia University includes Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , the Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka in their study and excludes Burma . See also : Indology The United Nations Statistics Division 's scheme of sub-regions include all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia , along with Iran only for statistical purposes . Population Information Network ( POPIN ) includes Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Burma , India , Nepal , Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia . Maldives , in view of its characteristics , was admitted as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network only in principle . The Hirschman -- Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC . The British Indian Ocean Territory is connected to the region by a publication of Jane 's for security considerations . The region may also include the disputed territory of Aksai Chin , which was part of the British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , but is now administered as part of the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang . The inclusion of Myanmar in South Asia is without consensus , with many considering it a part of Southeast Asia and others including it within South Asia . Afghanistan was of importance to the British colonial empire , especially after the Second Anglo - Afghan War over 1878 -- 1880 . Afghanistan remained a British protectorate until 1919 , when a treaty with Vladimir Lenin included the granting of independence to Afghanistan . Following India 's partition , Afghanistan has generally been included in South Asia , with some considering it a part of Southwest Asia . During the Soviet war in Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 1989 ) American foreign policy considered Pakistan and Afghanistan in Southwest Asia , while others included it as a part of South Asia . There is no universal agreement among scholars on which countries should be included within South Asia . In the past , a lack of a coherent definition for South Asia resulted in not only a lack of academic studies , but also in a lack interest for such studies . The confusion existed also because of the lack of a clear boundary -- geographically , geopolitical , socio - culturally , economically or historically -- between South Asia and other parts of Asia , especially the Middle East and Southeast Asia . Identification with a South Asian identity was also found to be significantly low among respondents in an older two - year survey across Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . However , modern definitions of South Asia are very consistent in including Afghanistan , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries . See also : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and South Asian Free Trade Area Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Main article : Indian subcontinent According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term `` subcontinent '' signifies a `` subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical , political , or cultural identity '' and also a `` large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent '' . Historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot state that the term `` Indian subcontinent '' describes a natural physical landmass in South Asia that has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia . The Indian subcontinent is also a geological term referring to the land mass that drifted northeastwards from ancient Gondwana , colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago , towards the end of Palaeocene . This geological region largely includes Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . The use of the term Indian subcontinent began in the British Empire , and has been a term particularly common in its successors . This region has also been labelled as `` India '' ( in its classical and pre-modern sense ) , `` Greater India '' , or as South Asia . According to anthropologist John R. Lukacs , `` the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia '' , while the political science professor Tatu Vanhanen states , `` the seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent '' . According to Chris Brewster , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal and Bhutan constitute the Indian subcontinent ; with Afghanistan and Maldives included it is more commonly referred to as South Asia . The geopolitical boundaries of Indian subcontinent , according to Dhavendra Kumar , include `` India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean '' . Maldives , the country consisting of a small archipelago southwest of the peninsula , is considered part of the Indian subcontinent . The terms `` Indian subcontinent '' and `` South Asia '' are sometimes used interchangeably . The South Asia term is particularly common when scholars or officials seek to differentiate this region from East Asia . According to historians Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal , the Indian subcontinent has come to be known as South Asia `` in more recent and neutral parlance . '' This `` neutral '' notion refers to the concerns of Pakistan and Bangladesh , particularly given the recurring conflicts between India and Pakistan , wherein the dominant placement of `` India '' as a prefix before the subcontinent might offend some political sentiments . There is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent . While Afghanistan is not considered as a part of the Indian subcontinent , Afghanistan is often included in South Asia . Similarly , Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia but not in Indian subcontinent . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of South Asia and History of India Ancient era ( edit ) The history of core South Asia begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens , as long as 75,000 years ago , or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago . The Indus Valley Civilization , which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of South Asia from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present - day Northern India , Pakistan and Afghanistan , was the first major civilization in South Asia . A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period , from 2600 to 1900 BCE . The earliest prehistoric culture have roots in the mesolithic sites as evidenced by the rock paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters dating to a period of 30,000 BCE or older , as well as neolithic times . According to anthropologist Possehl , the Indus Valley Civilization provides a logical , if somewhat arbitrary , starting point for South Asian religions , but these links from the Indus religion to later - day South Asian traditions are subject to scholarly dispute . The Vedic period , named after the Vedic religion of the Indo - Aryans , lasted from c. 1900 to 500 BCE . The Indo - Aryans were pastoralists who migrated into north - western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization , Linguistic and archaeological data show a cultural change after 1500 BCE , with the linguistic and religious data clearly showing links with Indo - European languages and religion . By about 1200 BCE , the Vedic culture and agrarian lifestyle was established in the northwest and northern Gangetic plain of South Asia . Rudimentary state - forms appeared , of which the Kuru - Pañcāla union was the most influential . The first recorded state - level society in South Asia existed around 1000 BCE . In this period , states Samuel , emerged the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of Vedic texts , which merged into the earliest Upanishads . These texts began to ask the meaning of a ritual , adding increasing levels of philosophical and metaphysical speculation , or `` Hindu synthesis '' . Increasing urbanisation of India between 800 and 400 BCE , and possibly the spread of urban diseases , contributed to the rise of ascetic movements and of new ideas which challenged the orthodox Brahmanism . These ideas led to Sramana movements , of which Mahavira ( c. 549 -- 477 BCE ) , proponent of Jainism , and Buddha ( c. 563 - 483 ) , founder of Buddhism , were the most prominent icons . The Greek army led by Alexander the Great stayed in the Hindu Kush region of South Asia for several years and then later moved into the Indus valley region . Later , the Maurya Empire extended over much of South Asia in the 3rd century BCE . Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent , through northwest into Central Asia . The Bamiyan Buddhas of Afghanistan and the edicts of Aśoka suggest that the Buddhist monks spread Buddhism ( Dharma ) in eastern provinces of the Seleucid Empire , and possibly even farther into West Asia . The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE , to Sri Lanka , later to Southeast Asia . Buddhism , by the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE , was prominent in the Himalayan region , Gandhara , Hindu Kush region and Bactria . From about 500 BCE through about 300 CE , the Vedic - Brahmanic synthesis or `` Hindu synthesis '' continued . Classical Hindu and Sramanic ( particularly Buddhist ) ideas spread within Indian subcontinent , as well outside South Asia . The Gupta Empire ruled over a large part of the subcontinent between 4th and 7th centuries , a period that saw the construction of major temples , monasteries and universities such as the Nalanda . During this era , and through the 10th century , numerous cave monasteries and temples such as the Ajanta Caves , Badami cave temples and Ellora Caves were built in South Asia . Medieval era ( edit ) Islam came as a political power in the fringe of South Asia in 8th century CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab in modern - day Pakistan . By 962 CE , Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia . Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni , who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030 . Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time , only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab . The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni , plundering and looting these kingdoms . The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms . The Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz al - Din Muhammad began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173 . He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world . Mu'izz sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river , and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom that became the Delhi Sultanate . Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Mu'izz al - Din in South Asia by that time . The Delhi Sultanate covered varying parts of South Asia , and was ruled by a series of dynasties , called Mamluk , Khalji , Tughlaq , Sayyid and Lodi dynasties . Muhammad bin Tughlaq came to power in 1325 , launched a war of expansion and the Delhi Sultanate reached it largest geographical reach over the Indian subcontinent during his 26 - year rule . A Sunni Sultan , Muhammad bin Tughlaq persecuted non-Muslims such as Hindus , as well as non-Sunni Muslims such as Shia and Mahdi sects . Revolts against the Delhi Sultanate sprang up in many parts of South Asia during the 14th century . After the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq , the Bengal Sultanate came to power in 1352 CE , as the Delhi Sultanate began disintegrating . The Bengal Sultanate remained in power through the early 16th century . It was reconquered by the armies of the Mughal Empire . The state religion of the Bengal Sultanate was Islam , and the region under its rule , a region that ultimately emerged as the modern nation of Bangladesh , saw a growth of a syncretic form of Islam . In the Deccan region , the Hindu kingdom Vijayanagara Empire came to power in 1336 and remained in power through the 16th century , after which it too was reconquered and absorbed into the Mughal Empire . About 1526 , the Punjab governor Dawlat Khan Lodī reached out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack Delhi Sultanate . Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526 . The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal Empire replaced it . Modern era ( edit ) The modern history period of South Asia , that is 16th - century onwards , witnessed the start of the Central Asian dynasty named the Mughals , with Turkish - Mongol roots and Sunni Islam theology . The first ruler was Babur , whose empire extended the northwest and Indo - Gangetic Plain regions of South Asia . The Deccan and northeastern region of the South Asia was largely under Hindu kings such as those of Vijayanagara Empire and Ahom kingdom , with some regions such as parts of modern Telangana and Andhra Pradesh under local Sultanates such as the Shia Islamic rulers of Golconda Sultanate . The Mughal Empire continued its wars of expansion after Babur 's death . With the fall of Rajput kingdoms and Vijayanagara , its boundaries reached all of west , as well as the Marathi and Kannada speaking regions of the Deccan peninsula . The Mughal Empire was marked by a period of artistic exchanges and a Central Asian and South Asian architecture synthesis , with remarkable buildings such as the Taj Mahal . It also marked an extended period of religious persecution . Two of the religious leaders of Sikhism , Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur were arrested under orders of the Mughal emperors , asked to convert to Islam , and executed when they refused . Religious taxes on non-Muslims called jizya were imposed . Buddhist , Hindu and Sikh temples were desecrated . However , not all Muslim rulers persecuted non-Muslims . Akbar , a Mughal ruler for example , sought religious tolerance and abolished jizya . After his death , the persecution of non-Muslims in South Asia returned . The persecution and religious violence in South Asia peaked during Aurangzeb era , with him issuing orders in 1669 , to all his governors of provinces to `` destroy with a willing hand the schools and temples of the infidels , and that they were strictly enjoined to put an entire stop to the teaching and practice of idolatrous forms of worship '' . In Aurangzeb 's time , almost all of South Asia was claimed by the Mughal Empire . However , this claim was violently challenged in various regions of South Asia , particularly by the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh in the northwest , and by Shivaji in the Deccan regions . Maritime trading between South Asia and European merchants began after the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama returned to Europe . After the death of Aurangzeb and the collapse of the Mughal Empire , the region came under the rule of many small Islamic sultanates and Hindu kingdoms . British , French , Portuguese colonial interests struck treaties with these rulers , and established their trading ports . In the northwest South Asia , a large region was consolidated into the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh . After his death , the British Empire expanded their interests till the Hindu Kush region . In the east , the Bengal region was split into Muslim East Bengal and Hindu West Bengal , by the colonial British empire , in early 1900s , a split that was reversed . However , after the World War II , at the eve of India 's independence , the region was split again into East Pakistan and West Bengal . East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971 . Geography ( edit ) Further information : Geography of India , Geography of Pakistan , Geography of Afghanistan , Geography of Bangladesh , Geography of Bhutan , Geography of Sri Lanka , Geography of Nepal , and Geography of the Maldives While South Asia had never been a coherent geopolitical region , it has a distinct geographical identity The Indian subcontinent , and the Himalayas on the northeast , is the result of the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate through tectonic activity between 20 and 50 million years ago . According to Saul Cohen , early colonial era strategists treated South Asia with East Asia , but in reality the South Asia region excluding Afghanistan is a distinct geopolitical region separated from other nearby geostrategic realms , one that is geographically diverse . The region is home to a variety of geographical features , such as glaciers , rainforests , valleys , deserts , and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents . It is surrounded by three water bodies -- the Bay of Bengal , the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea -- and has acutely varied climate zones . The tip of the Indian Peninsula had the highest quality pearls . Boundary ( edit ) The boundaries of South Asia vary based on how the region is defined . South Asia 's northern , eastern , and western boundaries vary based on definitions used , while the Indian Ocean is the southern periphery . Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain barriers . Much of the region consists of a peninsula in south - central Asia , rather resembling a diamond which is delineated by the Himalayas on the north , the Hindu Kush in the west , and the Arakanese in the east , and which extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast . According to Robert M. Cutler -- a scholar of Political Science at Carleton University , the terms South Asia , Southwest Asia and Central Asia are distinct , but the confusion and disagreements have arisen due to the geopolitical movement to enlarge these regions into Greater South Asia , Greater Southwest Asia and Greater Central Asia . The frontier of Greater South Asia , states Cutler , between 2001 -- 2006 has been geopolitically extended to eastern Iran and western Afghanistan in the west , and in the north to northeastern Iran , northern Afghanistan , and southern Uzbekistan . Indian Plate ( edit ) Main article : Indian plate Most of this region is a subcontinent resting on the Indian Plate , the northerly portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , separated from the rest of the Eurasian Plate . The Indian Plate includes most of South Asia , forming a land mass which extends from the Himalayas into a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean , including parts of South China and Eastern Indonesia , as well as Kunlun and Karakoram ranges , and extending up to but not including Ladakh , Kohistan , the Hindu Kush range and Balochistan . It may be noted that geophysically the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet is situated at the outside of the border of the Subcontinental structure , while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are situated inside that border . It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50 -- 55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau . It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau , extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea ( to the southwest ) and the Bay of Bengal ( to the southeast ) . Climate ( edit ) South Asia 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . ( Af ) Tropical rainforest ( Am ) Tropical monsoon ( Aw ) Tropical savanna , wet & dry ( BWh ) Hot desert ( BWk ) Cold desert ( BSh ) Hot semi arid ( BSk ) Cold semi arid ( Csa ) Mediterr . dry , hot summer ( Cwa ) Subtropical humid summer , dry winter ( Cwb ) Subtropical highland , dry winter ( Cfa ) Subtropical humid summer ( no dry ) ( Dsa ) Continental hot summer ( Dsb ) Continental warm summer ( Dwb ) Continental dry winter ( Dwc ) Contin subarctic , dry winter The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north . The variety is influenced by not only the altitude , but also by factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons . Southern parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon periods . The northern belt of Indo - Gangetic plains also is hot in summer , but cooler in winter . The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at higher altitudes of Himalayan ranges . As the Himalayas block the north - Asian bitter cold winds , the temperatures are considerably moderate in the plains down below . For most part , the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate , which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter , and favours the cultivation of jute , tea , rice , and various vegetables in this region . South Asia is largely divided into four broad climate zones : The northern Indian edge and northern Pakistani uplands have a dry subtropical continental climate The far south of India and southwest Sri Lanka have a equatorial climate Most of the peninsula have a tropical climate with variations : Hot subtropical climate in northwest India Cool winter hot tropical climate in Bangladesh Tropical semi-arid climate in the center The Himalayas have an Alpine climate Maximum relative humidity of over 80 % has been recorded in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri Lanka , while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower than 20 % -- 30 % . Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons . South Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall . Two monsoon systems exist in the region : The summer monsoon : Wind blows from southwest to most of parts of the region . It accounts for 70 % -- 90 % of the annual precipitation . The winter monsoon : Wind blows from northeast . Dominant in Sri Lanka and Maldives . The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon season ( March to mid June ) . In the summer the low pressures are centered over the Indus - Gangetic Plain and high wind from the Indian Ocean blows towards the center . The monsoons are second coolest season of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering . But , at the beginning of June the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan Plateau , low pressure over the Indus Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) moves in . The change is violent . Moderately vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of Bengal and make landfall from June to September . Statistical data ( edit ) Country Capital Area ( km ) Population ( 2017 ) Density ( per km ) Nominal GDP ( 2017 ) GDP per capita ( 2017 ) HDI ( 2016 ) Afghanistan Kabul 652,864 34,169,169 53.3 $20.57 billion $559 0.479 Bangladesh Dhaka 147,570 164,827,718 1,116.6 $248.85 billion $1,520 0.579 Bhutan Thimphu 38,394 792,877 20.6 $2.31 billion $2,870 0.607 India New Delhi 3,287,263 1,342,512,706 408.4 $2.450 trillion $1,850 0.624 Maldives Malé 298 375,867 1,261.3 $3.58 billion $9,950 0.701 Nepal Kathmandu 147,181 29,187,037 198.3 $24.64 bilion $866 0.558 Pakistan Islamabad 881,913 211,774,520 223.1 $304.4 billion $1,629 0.550 Sri Lanka Colombo 65,610 20,905,335 318.6 $84.02 billion $3,930 0.766 Total 5,221,093 1,804,545,229 - - - - Past and future population ( edit ) Main article : List of countries by past and future population Main article : List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population provide 1950 , 2000 and 2050 population while List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) provide 2100 population . Rank Country Area 1950 2000 2050 2100 India 3,287,263 369,881,000 1,006,301,000 1,656,554,000 1,659,786,000 Pakistan 881,913 40,383,000 152,430,000 300,848,000 364,283,000 Bangladesh 147,570 45,646,000 132,151,000 201,249,000 169,541,000 Afghanistan 652,864 8,151,000 22,462,000 63,796,000 57,638,000 5 Nepal 147,181 8,990,000 24,819,000 45,985,000 29,677,000 6 Sri Lanka 65,610 7,534,000 19,042,000 25,167,000 14,857,000 7 Bhutan 38,394 164,000 606,000 952,000 793,000 8 Maldives 298 80,000 300,000 445,000 438,000 Total 5,221,093 480,829,000 1,358,111,000 2,294,996,000 2,297,013,000 Land and water area ( edit ) Main article : Exclusive economic zone Main article : Indian Ocean This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states ( including uninhabited territories ) , but does not include claims on Antarctica . EEZ + TIA is exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) plus total internal area ( TIA ) which includes land and internal waters . Rank Country Area EEZ Shelf EEZ + TIA India 3,287,263 2,305,143 402,996 5,592,406 Pakistan 881,913 290,000 51,383 1,117,911 Bangladesh 147,570 86,392 66,438 230,390 Afghanistan 652,864 0 0 652,864 5 Nepal 147,181 0 0 147,181 6 Sri Lanka 65,610 532,619 32,453 598,229 7 Bhutan 38,394 0 0 38,394 8 Maldives 298 923,322 34,538 923,622 Total 5,221,093 4,137,476 587,808 9,300,997 Regional groups of countries ( edit ) Name of country / region , with flag Area ( km ) Population Population density ( per km ) Capital or Secretariat Currency Countries included Official languages Coat of Arms Core Definition ( above ) of South Asia 5,220,460 1,726,907,000 330.79 N / A N / A Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka N / A N / A UNSD of South Asia 6,778,083 1,702,000,000 270.77 N / A N / A Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Iran , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka N / A N / A SAARC 4,637,469 1,626,000,000 350.6 Kathmandu N / A Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka English N / A BBIN 3,499,559 1,465,236,000 418.69 N / A N / A Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal N / A N / A SASEC 3,565,467 1,485,909,931 416.75 N / A N / A Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , Sri Lanka , Maldives N / A N / A Demographics ( edit ) The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion which makes it the most populated region in the world . It is socially very mixed , consisting of many language groups and religions , and social practices in one region that are vastly different from those in another . Largest urban areas ( edit ) South Asia is home to some of the most populated cities in the world . Delhi , Karachi , Mumbai , and Dhaka are four of the world 's largest megacities . Rank City Province / State Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( / km ) Classification Delhi National Capital Region India 24,998,000 2,072 12,100 Capital region Karachi Sindh Pakistan 24,300,000 945 23,400 Metropolis Mumbai Maharashtra India 17,712,000 546 32,400 Megacity Dhaka Dhaka Division Bangladesh 15,669,000 360 43,500 City corporation 5 Kolkata West Bengal India 14,667,000 1,204 12,200 Megacity 6 Lahore Punjab Pakistan 10,052,000 790 12,700 Metropolis 7 Bengaluru Karnataka India 9,807,000 1,116 8,400 Metropolis 8 Chennai Tamil Nadu India 9,714,000 375 25,900 Metropolis 9 Hyderabad Telangana India 8,754,000 971 10,000 Metropolis 10 Ahmedabad Gujarat India 7,186,000 464 20,600 Metropolis Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of South Asia Ethno - linguistic distribution map of South Asia . There are numerous languages in South Asia . The spoken languages of the region are largely based on geography and shared across religious boundaries , but the written script is sharply divided by religious boundaries . In particular , Muslims of South Asia such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan use the Arabic alphabet and Persian Nastaliq . Till 1971 , Muslim Bangladesh ( then known as East Pakistan ) too mandated only the Nastaliq script , but thereafter has adopted regional scripts and particularly Bengali . Non-Muslims of South Asia , and some Muslims in India , on the other hand use their traditional ancient heritage scripts such as those derived from Brahmi script for Indo - European languages and non-Brahmi scripts for Dravidian languages and others . The Nagari script has been the primus inter pares of the traditional South Asian scripts . The Devanagari script is used for over 120 South Asian languages , including Hindi , Marathi , Nepali , Pali , Konkani , Bodo , Sindhi and Maithili among other languages and dialects , making it one of the most used and adopted writing systems in the world . The Devanagari script is also used for classical Sanskrit texts . The largest spoken language in this region is Hindi , followed by Bengali , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi , Gujarati and Punjabi . In the modern era , new syncretic languages developed in the region such as Urdu that is used by Muslim community of northern Indian subcontinent ( particularly Pakistan and northern states of India ) . The Punjabi language spans three religions : Islam , Hinduism and Sikhism . The spoken language is similar , but it is written in three scripts . The Sikh use Gurmukhi alphabet , Muslim Punjabis in Pakistan use the Nastaliq script , while Hindu Punjabis in India use the Gurmukhi or Nāgarī script . The Gurmukhi and Nagari scripts are distinct but close in their structure , but the Persian Nastaliq script is very different . English , with British spelling , is commonly used in urban areas and is a major economic lingua franca of South Asia . Religions ( edit ) Main articles : Hinduism in India , Islam in South Asia , and Christianity in India A map of major denominations and religions of the world In 2010 , South Asia had the world 's largest population of Hindus , Jains and Sikhs , about 510 million Muslims , as well as over 25 million Buddhists and 35 million Christians . Hindus make up about 68 percent or about 1 billion and Muslims at 31 percent or 510 million of the overall South Asia population , while Buddhists , Jains , Christians and Sikhs constitute most of the rest . The Hindus , Buddhists , Jains , Sikhs and Christians are concentrated in India , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Bhutan , while the Muslims are concentrated in Afghanistan ( 99 % ) , Bangladesh ( 90 % ) , Pakistan ( 96 % ) and Maldives ( 100 % ) . Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent ; namely Hinduism , Jainism , Buddhism and Sikhism . The Indian religions are distinct yet share terminology , concepts , goals and ideas , and from the Indian subcontinent spread into East Asia and southeast Asia . Early Christianity and Islam were introduced into coastal regions of South Asia by merchants who settled among the local populations . Later Sindh , Balochistan , and parts of the Punjab region saw conquest by the Arab caliphates along with an influx of Muslims from Persia and Central Asia , which resulted in spread of both Shia and Sunni Islam in parts of northwestern region of South Asia . Subsequently , under the influence of Muslim rulers of the Islamic sultanates and the Mughal Empire , Islam spread in South Asia . Afghanistan Islam ( 99 % ) , Hinduism , Sikhism and Christianity ( 1 % ) Bangladesh Islam ( 90 % ) , Hinduism ( 9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.6 % ) , Christianity ( 0.3 % ) , Others ( 0.1 % ) Bhutan Buddhism ( 75 % ) , Hinduism ( 25 % ) India Hinduism ( 79.8 % ) , Islam ( 14.5 % ) , Christianity ( 2.3 % ) , Sikhism ( 1.7 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , Jainism ( 0.4 % ) , Others ( 0.9 % ) Maldives Sunni Islam ( 100 % ) ( One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives ) Nepal Hinduism ( 82 % ) , Buddhism ( 9.0 % ) , Islam ( 4.4 % ) , Kirat ( 3.1 % ) , Christianity ( 1.4 % ) , Others ( 0.8 % ) Pakistan Islam ( 96.28 % ) , Hinduism ( 2 % ) , Christianity ( 1.59 % ) , Ahmaddiyya ( 0.22 % ) Sri Lanka Buddhism ( 70.19 % ) , Hinduism ( 12.61 % ) , Islam ( 9.71 % ) , Christianity ( 7.45 % ) . Further information : Religion in Afghanistan , Religion in Bangladesh , Religion in Bhutan , Religion in India , Religion in Nepal , Religion in Pakistan , and Religion in Sri Lanka Economy ( edit ) Further information : Economy of Afghanistan , Economy of Bangladesh , Economy of India , Economy of Nepal , Economy of Pakistan , and Economy of Sri Lanka Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area India is the largest and fastest growing economy in the region ( US $2.180 trillion ) and makes up almost 82 % of the South Asian economy ; it is the world 's 7th largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates ( US $8.020 trillion ) . India is the only member of powerful G - 20 major economies and BRICS from the region . It is the fastest growing major economy in the world and one of the world 's fastest registering a growth of 7.3 % in FY 2014 -- 15 . Pakistan has the next largest economy ( $304.3 billion ) and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region , followed by Bangladesh and then by Sri Lanka which has the 2nd highest per capita and is the 4th largest economy in the region . According to a World Bank report in 2015 , driven by a strong expansion in India , coupled with favorable oil prices , from the last quarter of 2014 South Asia become the fastest - growing region in the world The Major Market stock exchanges in the region are Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) with market Capitalization of $1.68 trillion ( 11th largest in the world ) , National Stock Exchange of India ( NSE ) with market capitalization of $1.64 trillion ( 12th largest in the world ) , and Karachi Stock Exchange with market capitalization of $60 billion . Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund , current as of April 2017 , and is given in US dollars . Country Currency Population ( 2017 ) Nominal GDP ( 2017 ) GDP per capita ( 2017 ) GDP growth ( 2017 ) Inflation ( 2017 ) Afghanistan ؋ Afghani 34,169,169 $20.57 billion $559 3 % 6 % Bangladesh ৳ Taka 164,827,718 $285.817 billion $1,754 7.28 % 5.44 % Bhutan Nu . Ngultrum 792,877 $2.31 billion $2,870 5.9 % 4.1 % India ₹ Rupee 1,342,512,706 $2.450 trillion $1,850 7.2 % 4.8 % Maldives ރ Rufiyaa 375,867 $3.58 billion $9,950 4.1 % 2.5 % Nepal रु Rupee 29,187,037 $24.64 billion $865 7.7 % 6.7 % Pakistan Rs Rupee 207,774,520 $304.4 billion $1,629 5 % 4.3 % Sri Lanka රු / ரூ Rupee 20,905,335 $84.02 billion $3,930 4.5 % 5.8 % Health and nutrition ( edit ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Population undernourished ( 2015 ) 26.8 % 16.4 % N / A 15.2 % 5.2 % 7.8 % 22 % 22 % Population below poverty line ( CIA Factbook ) 35.8 % 31.5 % 12 % 29.8 % 16 % 25.2 % 22.3 % 8.9 % According to WHO , South Asia is home to two out of the three countries in the world still affected by polio , Pakistan and Afghanistan , with 306 & 28 polio cases registered in 2014 respectively . Attempts to eradicate polio have been badly hit by opposition from militants in both countries , who say the program is cover to spy on their operations . Their attacks on immunization teams have claimed 78 lives since December 2012 . According to the World Bank 's 2011 report , based on 2005 ICP PPP , about 24.6 % of the South Asian population falls below the international poverty line of $1.25 / day . Afghanistan and Bangladesh rank the highest , with 30.6 % and 43.3 % of their respective populations below the poverty line . Bhutan , Maldives and Sri Lanka have the lowest number of people below the poverty line , with 2.4 % , 1.5 % and 4.1 % respectively . India has lifted the most people in the region above the poverty line between 2008 and 2011 , around 140 million . As of 2011 , 21.9 % of India 's population lives below the poverty line , compared to 41.6 % in 2005 . The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition . The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world , and is nearly double that of Sub Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility , mortality , productivity and economic growth . According to the World Bank , 70 % of the South Asian population and about 75 % of South Asia 's poor live in rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood according to the UN 's Food and Agricultural Organisation . In 2015 , approximately 281 million people in the region were malnourished . The report says that Nepal reached both the WFS target as well as MDG and is moving towards bringing down the number of undernourished people to less than 5 % of the population . Bangladesh reached the MDG target with the National Food Policy framework -- with only 16.5 % of the population undernourished . In India , the malnourished comprise just over 15 percent of the population . While the number of malnourished people in neighborhood has shown a decline over the last 25 years , the number of under - nourished in Pakistan displays an upward trend. There were 28.7 million hungry in Pakistan in the 1990s -- a number that has steadily increased to 41.3 million in 2015 with 22 % of the population malnourished . Approximately 194.6 million people are undernourished in India , which accounts for the highest number of people suffering from hunger in any single country . The 2006 report stated `` the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region '' . Corruption and the lack of initiative on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated with nutrition in India . Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the major issues that need more government attention . The report mentioned that although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green Revolution in South Asia , there is concern that South Asia has `` inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children '' . Governance ( edit ) See also : List of legislatures in South Asia Country Capital Forms of government Head of state Head of government Legislature Official language Coat of arms / National Emblems Afghanistan Kabul Unitary presidential Islamic republic President House of Elders , House of the People Pashto , Dari Bangladesh Dhaka Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President Prime Minister Jatiya Sangsad Bengali Bhutan Thimphu Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy King Prime Minister National Council , National Assembly Dzongkha India New Delhi Federal parliamentary constitutional republic President Prime Minister Rajya Sabha , Lok Sabha Hindi , English Maldives Malé Unitary presidential constitutional republic President People 's Majlis Dhivehi Nepal Kathmandu Federal parliamentary constitutional republic President Prime Minister National Assembly , House of Representatives Nepali Pakistan Islamabad Federal parliamentary Islamic republic President Prime Minister Senate , National Assembly Urdu , English Sri Lanka Colombo Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Prime Minister Parliament Sinhalese , Tamil , English Countries and territories from extended definitions ( edit ) Country or region Capital Administrative division type Head of government Area ( km ) Population Official language Coat of arms British Indian Ocean Territory Diego Garcia British Overseas Territory Commissioner 54,400 2,500 English Myanmar Naypyidaw Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic State Counsellor 676,578 51,486,253 Burmese Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Autonomous Region of China Chairman 1,228,400 3,180,000 Tibetan , Mandarin India and Pakistan are the dominant political powers in the region . India is by far the largest country in the area covering around three - fourths the land area of the subcontinent . India has the largest population of around three times the combined population of the 6 other countries in the subcontinent . India is also the world 's largest democracy India 's annual defence budget for 2013 -- 14 is $39.2 billion which is equal to the whole Pakistan 's Federal budget of $39.3 billion for 2014 -- 15 . Bangladesh is a unitary state and parliamentary democracy . Bangladesh also stands out as one of the few Muslim - majority democracies . `` It is a moderate and generally secular and tolerant -- though sometimes this is getting stretched at the moment -- alternative to violent extremism in a very troubled part of the world '' , said Dan Mozena , the U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh . Although Bangladesh 's legal code is secular , more citizens are embracing a conservative version of Islam , with some pushing for sharia law , analysts say . Experts say that the rise in conservatism reflects the influence of foreign - financed Islamic charities and the more austere version of Islam brought home by migrant workers in Persian Gulf countries . Diplomacy among the countries of South Asia has been mainly driven by populist politics , with the centre - stage taken by India - Pakistan conflict ever since their independence in 1947 , and then the creation of Bangladesh under tense circumstances in 1971 . During the height of Cold war , the elite political leaders of Pakistan aligned with the US , while India played crucial role in forming the Non-Aligned Movement and while maintaining goodwill relations with the USSR . Pakistan 's governance is one of the most conflicted in the region . The military rule and the unstable government in Pakistan has become a concern for the South Asian region . In Nepal , the governance has struggled to come in the side of democracy and it only showed signs in the recent past , basically in the 21st century , to support the democratic system . The political situation in Sri Lanka has been dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese nationalism , and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE , which was suppressed in May 2009 . Myanmar 's politics is dominated by a military Junta , which has sidelined the democratic forces led by Aung San Suu Kyi . Governance and education index rankings of South Asian countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Inequality - adjusted HDI ( 2016 ) ( global ranking of 187 ) 166 141 135 127 114 142 149 65 Corruption Perception Index ( 2016 ) ( global ranking of 168 ) 169 145 27 79 95 131 116 95 The Worldwide Governance Indicators ( 2015 ) Government Effectiveness 8 % 24 % 68 % 56 % 41 % 13 % 27 % 53 % Political stability and absence of violence / terrorism 1 % 11 % 89 % 17 % 61 % 16 % 1 % 47 % Rule of law 2 % 27 % 70 % 56 % 35 % 27 % 24 % 60 % Voice and accountability 16 % 31 % 46 % 61 % 30 % 33 % 27 % 36 % Population below poverty line ( 2011 ) 35.8 % 31.5 % 23.7 % 21.9 % 16 % 25.2 % 21.4 % 8.9 % Primary School Enrollment 29 % 90 % 85 % 92 % 94 % 96 % 73 % 98 % Secondary School Enrollment 49 % 54 % 78 % 68 % N / A 72 % 38 % 96 % See also ( edit ) South Asia portal Asia portal Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Indian subcontinent List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia South Asia Disaster Report South Asian cuisine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the UN cartographic section website disclaimers , `` DESIGNATIONS USED : The depiction and use of boundaries , geographic names and related data shown on maps and included in lists , tables , documents , and databases on this web site are not warranted to be error free nor do they necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations . '' Jump up ^ Doniger 2010 , p. 66 : `` Much of what we now call Hinduism may have had roots in cultures that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence . Remarkable cave paintings have been preserved from Mesolithic sites dating from c . 30,000 BCE in Bhimbetka , near present - day Bhopal , in the Vindhya Mountains in the province of Madhya Pradesh . '' Jump up ^ Jones & Ryan 2006 , p. xvii : `` Some practices of Hinduism must have originated in Neolithic times ( c. 4000 BCE ) . The worship of certain plants and animals as sacred , for instance , could very likely have very great antiquity . The worship of goddesses , too , a part of Hinduism today , may be a feature that originated in the Neolithic . '' Jump up ^ Michaels : `` They called themselves arya ( '' Aryans , '' literally `` the hospitable , '' from the Vedic arya , `` homey , the hospitable '' ) but even in the Rgveda , arya denotes a cultural and linguistic boundary and not only a racial one . '' References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : South Asia '' . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . ^ Jump up to : `` South Asia Regional Overview '' . South Asian Regional Development Gateway . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . www.imf.org . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . www.imf.org . Jump up ^ Brunn , Stanley D. ; Williams , Jack F. ; Zeigler , Donald J. , eds. ( 2003 ) . `` Cities of South Asia '' . Cities of the World : World Regional Urban Development ( 3 ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0847698981 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan '' . Regional and Country Profiles South Asia . Institute of Development Studies . ; `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings : Southern Asia '' . United Nations Statistics Division . ; Arnall , A ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Adaptive Social Protection : Mapping the Evidence and Policy Context in the Agriculture Sector in South Asia '' . Institute of Development Studies ( 345 ) . ; `` The World Bank '' . ; `` Institute of Development Studies : Afghanistan '' . ; `` Harvard South Asia Institute : `` Afghanistan '' `` . ; `` The BBC . `` Afghanistan '' `` . ; `` The Brookings Institution '' . ; `` CIA `` The World Factbook '' `` . Jump up ^ SAARC Summit . `` SAARC '' . SAARC Summit . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Desai , Praful B. 2002 . Cancer control efforts in the Indian subcontinent . Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32 ( Supplement 1 ) : S13 - S16 . `` The Indian subcontinent in South Asia occupies 2.4 % of the world land mass and is home to 16.5 % of the world population ... '' Jump up ^ `` Asia '' > Overview . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 2009 : `` The Indian subcontinent is home to a vast diversity of peoples , most of whom speak languages from the Indo - Aryan subgroup of the Indo - European family . '' Jump up ^ `` Indian Subcontinent '' . Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . Macmillan Reference USA ( Gale Group ) , 2006 : `` The area is divided between five major nation - states , Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Pakistan and Sri Lanka , and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic ... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres , or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia ... In 2000 , the total population was about 22 percent of the world 's population and 34 percent of the population of Asia . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Region : Asia - Pacific '' . 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Religion population totals in 2010 by Country Pew Research , Washington DC ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : United Nations Cartographic Centre Retrieved 18 June 2015 ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Partha Sarathy ( 1989 ) . Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia . Technical Publications . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85054 - 68 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bertram Hughes Farmer , An Introduction to South Asia , pages 1 , Routledge , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 05695 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Jona Razzaque ( 2004 ) . Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh . Kluwer Law International . pp. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2214 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Mann ( 2014 ) . South Asia 's Modern History : Thematic Perspectives . Taylor & Francis . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 62445 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ewan W. Anderson ; Liam D. Anderson ( 2013 ) . An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 64862 - 5 . , Quote : `` To the east , Iran , as a Gulf state , offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East . However , Afghanistan , also a Muslim state , is then left in isolation . It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Bank '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Institute of Development Studies : Afghanistan '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvard South Asia Institute : `` Afghanistan '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` The BBC . `` Afghanistan '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` The Brookings Institution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA `` The World Factbook '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby , Religions of South Asia : An Introduction , page 3 , Routledge , 2006 , ISBN 9781134593224 Jump up ^ Keith Robbins ( 2012 ) . Transforming the World : Global Political History since World War II . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 386 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 29656 - 6 . , Quote : `` Some thought that Afghanistan was part of the Middle East and not South Asian at all '' . Jump up ^ Phillip Margulies ( 2008 ) . Nuclear Nonproliferation . Infobase Publishing . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0902 - 2 . , Quote : `` Afghanistan , which lies to the northwest , is not technically a part of South Asia but is an important neighbor with close links and historical ties to Pakistan . '' ^ Jump up to : McLeod , John ( 2002 ) . The History of India . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31459 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arthur Berriedale Keith , A Constitutional History of India : 1600 -- 1935 , pages 440 -- 444 , Methuen & Co , 1936 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian subcontinent '' . New Oxford Dictionary of English ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 860441 - 6 ) New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 ; p. 929 : `` the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean , between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal . Historically forming the whole territory of greater India , the region is now divided between India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh . Jump up ^ N.D. Arora , Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination , page 42 : 1 , Tata McGraw - Hill Education , 2010 , 9780070090941 Jump up ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm , Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon , Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas , pages 787 , International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies , Published by Walter de Gruyter , 1996 , ISBN 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Indian subcontinent '' > Geology and Geography . Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th ed . Columbia University Press , 2003 : `` region , S central Asia , comprising the countries of Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh and the Himalayan states of Nepal , and Bhutan . Sri Lanka , an island off the southeastern tip of the Indian peninsula , is often considered a part of the subcontinent . '' Jump up ^ Haggett , Peter ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of World Geography ( Vol. 1 ) . Marshall Cavendish . p. 2710 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7289 - 4 . Jump up ^ Navnita Chadha Behera , International Relations in South Asia : Search for an Alternative Paradigm , page 129 , SAGE Publications India , 2008 , ISBN 9788178298702 Jump up ^ United Nations , Yearbook of the United Nations , pages 297 , Office of Public Information , 1947 , United Nations Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : A New Survey of Universal Knowledge ( volume 4 ) , pages 177 , Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 1947 Jump up ^ Ian Copland , The Princes of pre-India in the Endgame of the British Empire : 1917 -- 1947 , pages 263 , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 89436 - 0 Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon . `` Pakistan Princely States '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman , The Changing Geography of Asia , page 10 , Routledge , 2002 , ISBN 9781134933846 Jump up ^ Sarkar , Sudeshna ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` SAARC : Afghanistan comes in from the cold '' . Current Affairs -- Security Watch . 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Dash , Regionalism in South Asia , pages 172 -- 175 , Routledge , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 43117 - 4 Jump up ^ `` subcontinent '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Indian subcontinent '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Asher , Catherine B. ; Talbot , Cynthia ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) , India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press , pp. 5 -- 8 , 12 -- 14 , 51 , 78 -- 80 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80904 - 7 Jump up ^ Robert Wynn Jones ( 2011 ) . Applications of Palaeontology : Techniques and Case Studies . Cambridge University Press . pp. 267 -- 271 . 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Pye , Asian Power and Politics , pages 133 , Harvard University Press , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 04979 - 9 Mark Juergensmeyer , The Oxford handbook of global religions , pages 465 , Oxford University Press US , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 513798 - 1 Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal , Modern South Asia , pages 3 , Routledge , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 30787 - 2 Jump up ^ John R. Lukacs , The People of South Asia : the biological anthropology of India , Pakistan , and Nepal , page 59 , Plenum Press , 1984 , ISBN 9780306414077 Jump up ^ Tatu Vanhanen , Prospects of Democracy : A Study of 172 Countries , page 144 , Routledge , 1997 , ISBN 9780415144063 Jump up ^ Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofe , Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management , page 576 , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2012 , ISBN 9780857938718 Jump up ^ Dhavendra Kumar ( 2012 ) . Genomics and Health in the Developing World . Oxford University Press . p. 889 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537475 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mariam Pirbhai ( 2009 ) . Mythologies of Migration , Vocabularies of Indenture : Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa , the Caribbean , and Asia - Pacific . University of Toronto Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9964 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ronald B. Inden , Imagining India , page 51 , C. Hurst & Co . Publishers , 2000 , ISBN 1850655200 , Quote : `` It is very common today in academic and official circles to speak of the Indian subcontinent as ' South Asia ' , thereby distinguishing it from an ' East Asia ' . '' Jump up ^ Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal , Modern South Asia , pages 3 , Routledge , 2004 , ISBN 0415307872 , Quote : `` Indian subcontinent -- or South Asia -- as it has come to be known in more recent and neutral parlance '' Jump up ^ G. Bongard - Levin , A History of India ( Progress Publishers : Moscow , 1979 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ Romila Thapar , A History of India ( Penguin Books : New York , 1966 ) p. 23 . Jump up ^ Romila Thapar , A History of India , p. 24 . 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Lost Kingdoms : Hindu - Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia . Metropolitan Museum of Art . pp. 9 -- 11 , 14 -- 15 , 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58839 - 524 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jason Neelis ( 2010 ) . Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks : Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia . BRILL Academic . pp. 114 -- 115 , 144 , 160 -- 163 , 170 -- 176 , 249 -- 250 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 18159 - 8 . Jump up ^ Deborah Klimburg - Salter ( 1989 ) , The Kingdom of Bamiyan : Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush , Naples -- Rome : Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente , ISBN 978 - 0877737650 ( Reprinted by Shambala ) Jump up ^ Barbara Crossette ( 1996 ) . So Close to Heaven : The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas . Vintage . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74363 - 7 . Jump up ^ HJ Klimkeit ; R Meserve ; EE Karimov ; C Shackle ( 2000 ) . `` Religions and religious movements '' . In CE Boxworth ; MS Asimov . History of Civilizations of Central Asia . UNESCO . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 103654 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 2010 , pp. 193 -- 228 , 339 -- 353 , specifically pp. 76 -- 79 and 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ John Guy ; Pierre Baptiste ; Lawrence Becker ; Bérénice Bellina ; Robert L. Brown ; Federico Carò ( 2014 ) . Lost Kingdoms : Hindu - Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia . Yale University Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 20437 - 7 . Jump up ^ Michell 1977 , p. 18 , 40 . Jump up ^ Hartmut Scharfe ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Oriental Studies . BRILL Academic . pp. 144 -- 153 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12556 - 6 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2007 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions : Volume I : A Global History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0618386123 . Jump up ^ Walter M. Spink ( 2005 ) . Ajanta : History and Development , Volume 5 : Cave by Cave . BRILL Academic . pp. 1 -- 9 , 15 -- 16 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 15644 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ellora Caves -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . Whc.unesco.org . , Quote : `` Ellora , with its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from A.D. 600 to 1000 , brings the civilization of ancient India to life . Not only is the Ellora complex a unique artistic creation and a technological exploit but , with its sanctuaries devoted to Buddhism , Hinduism and Jainism , it illustrates the spirit of tolerance that was characteristic of ancient India . '' Jump up ^ Lisa Owen ( 2012 ) . Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora . BRILL Academic . pp. 1 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 9004206298 . Jump up ^ `` History in Chronological Order '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ See : M. 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Heathcote , The Military in British India : The Development of British Forces in South Asia : 1600 -- 1947 , ( Manchester University Press , 1995 ) , pp 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Lionel Barnett ( 1999 ) , Antiquities of India : An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan , p. 1 , at Google Books , Atlantic pp. 73 -- 79 Jump up ^ Richard Davis ( 1994 ) , Three styles in looting India , History and Anthropology , 6 ( 4 ) , pp 293 -- 317 , doi : 10.1080 / 02757206.1994. 9960832 Jump up ^ Muhammad B. Sam Mu'izz Al - Din , T.W. Haig , Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol . VII , ed . C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , W.P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat , ( Brill , 1993 ) Jump up ^ C.E. Bosworth , The Cambridge History of Iran , Vol. 5 , ed . J.A. 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The Sikhs : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices . Routledge . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 8842 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lisa Balabanlilar ( 2012 ) . Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia . I.B. Tauris . pp. 97 , 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 726 - 1 . Jump up ^ J.S. Grewal ( 1990 ) . `` Chapter 6 : The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) '' . The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) . The New Cambridge History of India . The Sikhs of the Punjab . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Patwant Singh ( 2008 ) . Empire of the Sikhs : The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh . Peter Owen . pp. 113 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1323 - 0 . Jump up ^ Debjani Sengupta ( 2015 ) . The Partition of Bengal : Fragile Borders and New Identities . Cambridge University Press . pp. 16 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 67387 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bashabi Fraser ( 2008 ) . Bengal Partition Stories : An Unclosed Chapter . Anthem . pp. 7 -- 16 . 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Asia 's subsequent neotectonic development has largely disrupted the continent 's preexisting fabric . The first - order neotectonic units of Asia are Stable Asia , the Arabian and Indian cratons , the Alpide plate boundary zone ( along which the Arabian and Indian platforms have collided with the Eurasian continental plate ) , and the island arcs and marginal basins . '' Jump up ^ Chapman , Graham P. & Baker , Kathleen M. , eds . The changing geography of Asia . ( ISBN 0 - 203 - 03862 - 2 ) New York : Taylor & Francis e-Library , 2002 ; p. 10 : `` This greater India is well defined in terms of topography ; it is the Indian sub-continent , hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north , the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east . '' ^ Jump up to : Robert M. Cutler ( 2007 ) . Mehdi Amineh , ed . The Greater Middle East in Global Politics : Social Science Perspectives on the Changing Geography of the World Politics . BRILL . pp. xv , 112 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 474 - 2209 - 9 . 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Celâl Şengör , Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region , Springer , 1989 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 0067 - 0 Jump up ^ Valentin Semenovich Burtman & Peter Hale Molnar , Geological and Geophysical Evidence for Deep Subduction of Continental Crust Beneath the Pamir , page 10 , Geological Society of America , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2281 - 0 Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson , B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 ( 5 ) : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : John E. Olive , The Encyclopedia of World Climatology , page 115 - 117 , Springer , 2005 , ISBN 9781402032646 Jump up ^ Peter D. Tyson , Global - Regional Linkages in the Earth System , page 83 , Springer , 2002 , ISBN 9783540424031 Jump up ^ Peter D. 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Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia . I.B. Tauris . pp. 1 -- 2 , 7 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 726 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Afghanistan '' . CIA . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE '' . Banbeis.gov.bd . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . CIA . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Census '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` religion '' . Maldives . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives '' . Law.emory.edu. 1920 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maldives -- Religion , countrystudies.us Jump up ^ `` NEPAL '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population by religions '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan . 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How Bronze - Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World , Princeton University Press Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) , Empires of the Silk Road , Princeton University Press Doniger , Wendy ( 2010 ) , The Hindus : An Alternative History , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780199593347 Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Gombrich , Richard F. ( 2006 ) , in Williams , Paul , ed. , Buddhism : Critical Concepts in Religious Studies , 8 volumes , London : Routledge Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2007 ) , `` Hinduism '' , in Joseph Kitagawa , The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture ( Digital printing ) , Routledge , ISBN 9781136875908 Jones , Constance ; Ryan , James D. ( 2006 ) , Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Infobase Publishing , ISBN 9780816075645 Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Michell , George ( 1977 ) , The Hindu Temple : An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 9780226532301 Possehl , Gregory L. ( 11 November 2002 ) , `` Indus religion '' , The Indus Civilization : A Contemporary Perspective , Rowman Altamira , pp. 141 -- 156 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 1642 - 9 Ramstedt , Martin ( 2004 ) . Hinduism in Modern Indonesia : A Minority Religion Between Local , National , and Global Interests . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0700715336 . Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Stein , Burton ( 2010 ) , A History of India , Second Edition ( PDF ) , Wiley - Blackwell , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2014 Trainor , Kevin ( 2004 ) , Buddhism : The Illustrated Guide , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517398 - 7 Witzel , Michael ( 1995 ) , `` Early Sanskritization : Origin and Development of the Kuru state '' ( PDF ) , Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies , Praeger , 1 ( 4 ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Asia . 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About Wikipedia	what seven countries make up the subcontinent of south asia	[ "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]" ]	[ "Afghanistan", "Bangladesh", "Bhutan", "Maldives", "Nepal", "India", "Pakistan", "Sri Lanka" ]
3466304122009420479	Rule of law	Rule of law - wikipedia Rule of law Jump to : navigation , search `` Rule of Law '' redirects here . For other uses , see Rule of Law ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with rule according to higher law . Mosaic representing both the judicial and legislative aspects of law . The woman on the throne holds a sword to chastise the guilty and a palm branch to reward the meritorious . Glory surrounds her head , and the aegis of Minerva signifies the armor of righteousness and wisdom . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties The rule of law is the `` authority and influence of law in society , especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behaviour ; ( hence ) the principle whereby all members of a society ( including those in government ) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes '' . The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain , and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings . John Locke wrote that freedom in society means being subject only to laws made by a legislature that apply to everyone , with a person being otherwise free from both governmental and private restrictions upon liberty . The `` rule of law '' was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A.V. Dicey . However the principle , if not the phrase , was recognized by ancient sages and philosophers , such as Aristotle , who wrote `` It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens '' . Rule of law implies that every person is subject to the law , including people who are lawmakers , law enforcement officials , and judges . In this sense , it stands in contrast to an autocracy , dictatorship , or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law . Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships , for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law , and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it . Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 Middle Ages 1.3 Early modern period 2 Meaning and categorization of interpretations 3 Status in various jurisdictions 3.1 Europe 3.1. 1 United Kingdom 3.2 Americas 3.2. 1 United States 3.3 Asia 4 Organizations 4.1 The Council of Europe 4.2 International Commission of Jurists 4.3 United Nations 4.4 International Bar Association 4.5 World Justice Project 4.6 The International Development Law Organization ( IDLO ) 4.7 The International Network to Promote the Rule of Law ( INPROL ) 5 In relation to economics 6 In relation to culture 7 See also 7.1 By jurisdiction 7.2 Legal scholars 8 Notes and references 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Although credit for popularizing the expression `` the rule of law '' in modern times is usually given to A.V. Dicey , development of the legal concept can be traced through history to many ancient civilizations , including ancient Greece , China , Mesopotamia , India , and Rome . Antiquity ( edit ) In the West , the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men . Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king , who was above the law . Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws , explaining that `` Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own , the collapse of the state , in my view , is not far off ; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave , then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state . '' More than Plato attempted to do , Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws . In other words , Aristotle advocated the rule of law : It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens : upon the same principle , if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons , they should be appointed to be only guardians , and the servants of the laws . The Roman statesman Cicero is often cited as saying , roughly : `` We are all servants of the laws in order to be free . '' During the Roman Republic , controversial magistrates might be put on trial when their terms of office expired . Under the Roman Empire , the sovereign was personally immune ( legibus solutus ) , but those with grievances could sue the treasury . In China , members of the school of legalism during the 3rd century BC argued for using law as a tool of governance , but they promoted `` rule by law '' as opposed to `` rule of law '' , meaning that they placed the aristocrats and emperor above the law . In contrast , the Huang - Lao school of Daoism rejected legal positivism in favor of a natural law that even the ruler would be subject to . There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law . In the Old Testament , the book of Deuteronomy imposes certain restrictions on the king , regarding such matters as the numbers of wives he might take and of horses he might acquire ( for his own use ) . According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson , `` This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented ... '' The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings , including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth - century England . Middle ages ( edit ) In Islamic jurisprudence rule of law was formulated in the seventh century , so that no official could claim to be above the law , not even the caliph . However , this was not a reference to secular law , but to Islamic religious law in the form of Sharia law . Alfred the Great , Anglo - Saxon king in the 9th century , reformed the law of his kingdom and assembled a law code ( the Doom Book ) which he grounded on biblical commandments . He held that the same law had to be applied to all persons , whether rich or poor , friends or enemies . This was likely inspired by Leviticus 19 : 15 : `` You shall do no iniquity in judgment . You shall not favor the wretched and you shall not defer to the rich . In righteousness you are to judge your fellow . '' In 1215 , Archbishop Stephen Langton gathered the Barons in England and forced King John and future sovereigns and magistrates back under the rule of law , preserving ancient liberties by Magna Carta in return for exacting taxes . This foundation for a constitution was carried into the United States Constitution . In 1481 , during the reign of Ferdinand II of Aragon , the Constitució de l'Observança was approved by the General Court of Catalonia , establishing the submission of royal power ( included its officers ) to the laws of the Principality of Catalonia . Early modern period ( edit ) See also : Rechtsstaat Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal The first known use of this English phrase occurred around AD 1500 . Another early example of the phrase `` rule of law '' is found in a petition to James I of England in 1610 , from the House of Commons : Amongst many other points of happiness and freedom which your majesty 's subjects of this kingdom have enjoyed under your royal progenitors , kings and queens of this realm , there is none which they have accounted more dear and precious than this , to be guided and governed by the certain rule of the law which giveth both to the head and members that which of right belongeth to them , and not by any uncertain or arbitrary form of government ... In 1607 , English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions ( according to his own report ) `` that the law was the golden met - wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects ; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace : with which the King was greatly offended , and said , that then he should be under the law , which was treason to affirm , as he said ; to which I said , that Bracton saith , quod Rex non debed esse sub homine , sed sub Deo et lege ( That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law . ) . '' Among the first modern authors to use the term and give the principle theoretical foundations was Samuel Rutherford in Lex , Rex ( 1644 ) . The title , Latin for `` the law is king '' , subverts the traditional formulation rex lex ( `` the king is law '' ) . James Harrington wrote in Oceana ( 1656 ) , drawing principally on Aristotle 's Politics , that among forms of government an `` Empire of Laws , and not of Men '' was preferable to an `` Empire of Men , and not of Laws '' . John Locke also discussed this issue in his Second Treatise of Government ( 1690 ) : The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth , and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man , but to have only the law of nature for his rule . The liberty of man , in society , is to be under no other legislative power , but that established , by consent , in the commonwealth ; nor under the dominion of any will , or restraint of any law , but what that legislative shall enact , according to the trust put in it . Freedom then is not what Sir Robert Filmer tells us , Observations , A. 55 . a liberty for every one to do what he lists , to live as he pleases , and not to be tied by any laws : but freedom of men under government is , to have a standing rule to live by , common to every one of that society , and made by the legislative power erected in it ; a liberty to follow my own will in all things , where the rule prescribes not ; and not to be subject to the inconstant , uncertain , unknown , arbitrary will of another man : as freedom of nature is , to be under no other restraint but the law of nature . The principle was also discussed by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) . The phrase `` rule of law '' appears in Samuel Johnson 's Dictionary ( 1755 ) . In 1776 , the notion that no one is above the law was popular during the founding of the United States . For example , Thomas Paine wrote in his pamphlet Common Sense that `` in America , the law is king . For as in absolute governments the King is law , so in free countries the law ought to be king ; and there ought to be no other . '' In 1780 , John Adams enshrined this principle in the Massachusetts Constitution by seeking to establish `` a government of laws and not of men . '' The influence of Britain , France and the United States contributed to spreading the principle of the rule of law to other countries around the world . Meaning and categorization of interpretations ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary has defined `` rule of law '' this way : The authority and influence of law in society , esp . when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behaviour ; ( hence ) the principle whereby all members of a society ( including those in government ) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes . Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law . It stands in contrast to the idea that the ruler is above the law , for example by divine right . Despite wide use by politicians , judges and academics , the rule of law has been described as `` an exceedingly elusive notion '' . Among modern legal theorists , one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified : a formalist or `` thin '' definition , and a substantive or `` thick '' definition ; one occasionally encounters a third `` functional '' conception . Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the `` justness '' of law itself , but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law . Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on , or derived from , the rule of law . Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics , meaning that the law must be publicly declared ( prohibitions or exigencies ) , with prospective application ( punishments or consequences tied to a given prohibition or exigency ) , and possess the characteristics of generality ( usually meaning consistency and comprehensibility ) , equality ( that is , applied equally throughout all society ) , and certainty ( that is , certainty of application for a given situation ) , but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law . Others , including a few legal theorists , believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights . Within legal theory , these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives , respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches . Still , there are other views as well . Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law . The `` formal '' interpretation is more widespread than the `` substantive '' interpretation . Formalists hold that the law must be prospective , well - known , and have characteristics of generality , equality , and certainty . Other than that , the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law . This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights , but recognizes the existence of `` rule of law '' in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights . The substantive interpretation holds that the rule of law intrinsically protects some or all individual rights . The functional interpretation of the term `` rule of law '' , consistent with the traditional English meaning , contrasts the `` rule of law '' with the `` rule of man . '' According to the functional view , a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of `` rule of law '' , whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of `` rule of law '' . Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law . The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility , even when flexibility may be preferable . The ancient concept of rule of law can be distinguished from rule by law , according to political science professor Li Shuguang : `` The difference ... is that , under the rule of law , the law is preeminent and can serve as a check against the abuse of power . Under rule by law , the law is a mere tool for a government , that suppresses in a legalistic fashion . '' Status in various jurisdictions ( edit ) The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country . Research , like the Worldwide Governance Indicators , defines the rule of law as : `` the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society , and in particular the quality of contract enforcement , the police and the courts , as well as the likelihood of crime or violence . '' Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries , as seen in the map below . A government based on the rule of law can be called a `` nomocracy '' , from the Greek nomos ( law ) and kratos ( power or rule ) . Europe ( edit ) The preamble of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms says `` the governments of European countries which are like - minded and have a common heritage of political traditions , ideals , freedom and the rule of law '' . In France and Germany the concepts of rule of law ( Etat de droit and Rechtsstaat respectively ) are analogous to the principles of constitutional supremacy and protection of fundamental rights from public authorities ( see public law ) , particularly the legislature . France was one of the early pioneers of the ideas of the rule of law . The German interpretation is more `` rigid '' but similar to that of France and the United Kingdom . Finland 's constitution explicitly requires rule of law by stipulating that `` the exercise of public powers shall be based on an Act . In all public activity , the law shall be strictly observed . '' United kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Rule of law in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the rule of law is a long - standing principle of the way the country is governed , dating from Magna Carta in 1215 and the Bill of Rights 1689 . In the 19th century , A.V. Dicey , a constitutional scholar and lawyer , wrote of the twin pillars of the British constitution in his classic work Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ( 1885 ) ; these two pillars are the rule of law and parliamentary sovereignty . Americas ( edit ) United States ( edit ) 2005 map of Worldwide Governance Indicators , which attempts to measure the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society . 90 -- 100th percentile * 75 -- 90th percentile 50 -- 75th percentile 25 -- 50th percentile 10 -- 25th percentile 0 -- 10th percentile * Percentile rank indicates the percentage of countries worldwide that rate below the selected country . All government officers of the United States , including the President , the Justices of the Supreme Court , state judges and legislators , and all members of Congress , pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution . These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader . At the same time , the federal government has considerable discretion : the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write , as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals . Likewise , the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion , and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion . Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the `` rule of law , '' and if so , which one . For example , John Harrison asserts that the word `` law '' in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding , rather than being `` defined by formal or substantive criteria , '' and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria . Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees , writing that Cicero , Augustine , Thomas Aquinas , and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all . Some modern scholars contend that the rule of law has been corroded during the past century by the instrumental view of law promoted by legal realists such as Oliver Wendell Holmes and Roscoe Pound . For example , Brian Tamanaha asserts : `` The rule of law is a centuries - old ideal , but the notion that law is a means to an end became entrenched only in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators . For much of American history , the dominant notion of the rule of law , in this setting , has been some version of A.V. Dicey 's : `` no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land . '' That is , individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction . As the dockets of worker compensation commissions , public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned , it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute ( such as the extent of an injury in a worker 's compensation case ) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place . Even Charles Evans Hughes , a Chief Justice of the United States , believed `` you must have administration , and you must have administration by administrative officers . '' By 1941 , a compromise had emerged . If administrators adopted procedures that more - or-less tracked `` the ordinary legal manner '' of the courts , further review of the facts by `` the ordinary Courts of the land '' was unnecessary . That is , if you had your `` day in commission , '' the rule of law did not require a further `` day in court . '' Thus Dicey 's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form . James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that , `` Laws may be unjust , may be unwise , may be dangerous , may be destructive ; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect . '' George Mason agreed that judges `` could declare an unconstitutional law void . But with regard to every law , however unjust , oppressive or pernicious , which did not come plainly under this description , they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course . '' Chief Justice John Marshall ( joined by Justice Joseph Story ) took a similar position in 1827 : `` When its existence as law is denied , that existence can not be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law . '' Asia ( edit ) East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought , Confucianism , which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous , and Legalism , which advocated strict adherence to law . The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries . One study indicates that throughout East Asia , only South Korea , Singapore , Japan , Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law - bound state . According to Awzar Thi , a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission , the rule of law in Thailand , Cambodia , and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent : Apart from a number of states and territories , across the continent there is a huge gulf between the rule of law rhetoric and reality . In Thailand , the police force is an organized crime gang . In Cambodia , judges are proxies for the ruling political party ... That a judge may harbor political prejudice or apply the law unevenly are the smallest worries for an ordinary criminal defendant in Asia . More likely ones are : Will the police fabricate the evidence ? Will the prosecutor bother to show up ? Will the judge fall asleep ? Will I be poisoned in prison ? Will my case be completed within a decade ? In countries such as China and Vietnam , the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law , because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development . It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well , and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights . The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China . In Thailand , a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932 , the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice . Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings , and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century . In November 2013 , Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators . In India , the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950 . Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion , the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review . According to Indian journalist Harish Khare , `` The rule of law or rather the Constitution ( is ) in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges . '' Japan had centuries of tradition prior to World War II , during which there were laws , but they did not provide a central organizing principle for society , and they did not constrain the powers of government ( Boadi , 2001 ) . As the 21st century began , the percentage of people who were lawyers and judges in Japan remained very low relative to western Europe and the United States , and legislation in Japan tended to be terse and general , leaving much discretion in the hands of bureaucrats . Organizations ( edit ) Various organizations are involved in promoting the rule of law . The Council of Europe ( edit ) The Statute of the Council of Europe characterizes the rule of law as one of the core principles which the establishment of the organization based on . The paragraph 3 of the preamble of the Statute of the Council of Europe states : `` Reaffirming their devotion to the spiritual and moral values which are the common heritage of their peoples and the true source of individual freedom , political liberty and the rule of law , principles which form the basis of all genuine democracy . '' The Statute lays the compliance with the rule of law principles as a condition for the European states to be a full member of the organization . International Commission of Jurists ( edit ) In 1959 , an event took place in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists , made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law . The event consisted of over 185 judges , lawyers , and law professors from 53 countries . This later became known as the Declaration of Delhi . During the declaration they declared what the rule of law implied . They included certain rights and freedoms , an independent judiciary and social , economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity . The one aspect not included in The Declaration of Delhi , was for rule of law requiring legislative power to be subject to judicial review . United Nations ( edit ) The Secretary - General of the United Nations defines the rule of law as : a principle of governance in which all persons , institutions and entities , public and private , including the State itself , are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated , equally enforced and independently adjudicated , and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards . It requires , as well , measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law , equality before the law , accountability to the law , fairness in the application of the law , separation of powers , participation in decision - making , legal certainty , avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency . The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992 , with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions . The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law , and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women , peace and security , children in armed conflict , and the protection of civilians in armed conflict . The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education . International Bar Association ( edit ) The Council of the International Bar Association passed a resolution in 2009 endorsing a substantive or `` thick '' definition of the rule of law : An independent , impartial judiciary ; the presumption of innocence ; the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay ; a rational and proportionate approach to punishment ; a strong and independent legal profession ; strict protection of confidential communications between lawyer and client ; equality of all before the law ; these are all fundamental principles of the Rule of Law . Accordingly , arbitrary arrests ; secret trials ; indefinite detention without trial ; cruel or degrading treatment or punishment ; intimidation or corruption in the electoral process , are all unacceptable . The Rule of Law is the foundation of a civilised society . It establishes a transparent process accessible and equal to all . It ensures adherence to principles that both liberate and protect . The IBA calls upon all countries to respect these fundamental principles . It also calls upon its members to speak out in support of the Rule of Law within their respective communities . World Justice Project ( edit ) As used by the World Justice Project , a non-profit organization committed to advancing the rule of law around the world , the rule of law refers to a rules - based system in which the following four universal principles are upheld : 1 . The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law ; 2 . The laws are clear , publicized , stable , fair , and protect fundamental rights , including the security of persons and property ; 3 . The process by which the laws are enacted , administered , and enforced is accessible , fair , and efficient ; 4 . Access to justice is provided by competent , independent , and ethical adjudicators , attorneys or representatives , and judicial officers who are of sufficient number , have adequate resources , and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve . The World Justice Project has developed an Index to measure the extent to which countries adhere to the rule of law in practice . The WJP Rule of Law Index is composed of 9 factors and 52 sub-factors , and covers a variety of dimensions of the rule of law -- such as whether government officials are accountable under the law , and whether legal institutions protect fundamental rights and allow ordinary people access to justice . The International development law organization ( IDLO ) ( edit ) The International Development Law Organization ( IDLO ) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development . It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights , and provides governments with the know - how to realize them . It supports emerging economies and middle - income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity . It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world . The International Development Law Organization has a holistic definition of the rule of law : More than a matter of due process , the rule of law is an enabler of justice and development . The three notions are interdependent ; when realized , they are mutually reinforcing . For IDLO , as much as a question of laws and procedure , the rule of law is a culture and daily practice . It is inseparable from equality , from access to justice and education , from access to health and the protection of the most vulnerable . It is crucial for the viability of communities and nations , and for the environment that sustains them . IDLO is headquartered in Rome and has a branch office in The Hague and has Permanent Observer Status at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City . The International Network to Promote the rule of law ( INPROL ) ( edit ) The International Network to Promote the Rule of Law ( INPROL ) is a network of over 3,000 law practitioners from 120 countries and 300 organizations working on rule of law issues in post-conflict and developing countries from a policy , practice and research perspective . INPROL is based at the US Institute of Peace ( USIP ) in partnership with the US Department of State Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) Strategic Police Matters Unit , the Center of Excellence for Police Stability Unit , and William and Marry School of Law in the United States . Its affiliate organizations include the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , Folke Bernadotte Academy , International Bar Association , International Association of Chiefs of Police , International Association of Women Police , International Corrections and Prisons Association , International Association for Court Administration , International Security Sector Advisory Team at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces , Worldwide Association of Women Forensic Experts ( WAWFE ) , and International Institute for Law and Human Rights . INPROL provides an online forum for the exchange of information about best practices . Members may post questions , and expect a response from their fellow rule of law practitioners worldwide on their experiences in addressing rule of law issues . In relation to Economics ( edit ) One important aspect of the rule - of - law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law 's impact on economic development . The rule - of - law movement can not be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question : does the rule of law matter for economic development or not ? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks , and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary , which , in many transitional and developing countries , is completely controlled by the executive . It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary : corruption by the executive branch , in contrast to corruption by private actors . The standards of constitutional economics can be used during annual budget process , and if that budget planning is transparent then the rule of law may benefit . The availability of an effective court system , to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive impoundment of previously authorized appropriations , is a key element for the success of the rule - of - law endeavor . The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries . To date , the term `` rule of law '' has been used primarily in the English - speaking countries , and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well - established democracies as , for instance , Sweden , Denmark , France , Germany , or Japan . A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy . The `` rule of law '' primarily connotes `` protection of property rights . '' The economist F.A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market . Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated : `` under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action . Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires , certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts . '' Studies have shown that weak rule of law ( for example , discretionary regulatory enforcement ) discourages investment . Economists have found , for example , that a rise in discretionary regulatory enforcement caused US firms ' to abandon international investments . In relation to culture ( edit ) The Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments or Roerich Pact is an inter-American treaty . The most important idea of the Roerich Pact is the legal recognition that the defense of cultural objects is more important than the use or destruction of that culture for military purposes , and the protection of culture always has precedence over any military necessity . The Roerich Pact signed on April 15 , 1935 by the representatives of 21 American states in the Oval Office of the White House ( Washington , DC ) . It was the first international treaty signed in the Oval Office . The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict is the first international treaty that focuses on the protection of cultural property in armed conflict . It was signed at The Hague , Netherlands on 14 May 1954 and entered into force on 7 August 1956 . As of June 2017 , it has been ratified by 128 states . The rule of law can be hampered when there is a disconnect between legal and popular consensus . An example is intellectual property . Under the auspices of the World Intellectual Property Organization , nominally strong copyright laws have been implemented throughout most of the world ; but because the attitude of much of the population does not conform to these laws , a rebellion against ownership rights has manifested in rampant piracy , including an increase in peer - to - peer file sharing . Similarly , in Russia , tax evasion is common and a person who admits he does not pay taxes is not judged or criticized by his colleagues and friends , because the tax system is viewed as unreasonable . Bribery likewise has different normative implications across cultures . See also ( edit ) Constitutional liberalism Due process Equality before the law Habeas corpus Judicial activism Legal certainty Legal doctrine Minority rights Nuremberg Principles Ochlocracy ( mob rule ) Philosophy of law Public interest litigation Rechtsstaat Separation of powers Sovereign immunity By jurisdiction ( edit ) Rule of law doctrine in Singapore Legal scholars ( edit ) Thomas Bingham , Baron Bingham of Cornhill A.V. Dicey Joseph Raz Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , John et al. ( 1997 ) . The Library of Congress , W.W. Norton & Company . p. 113 ^ Jump up to : The Oxford English Dictionary ) ) ( accessed May 05 , 2018 ) ( quoting the OED ) . The phrase `` rule of law '' is also sometimes used in other senses . See Garner , Bryan A. ( Editor in Chief ) . Black 's Law Dictionary , 9th Edition , p. 1448 . ( Thomson Reuters , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 26578 - 4 . The lead definition given by Black 's is this : `` A substantive legal principle '' , and the second definition is the `` supremacy of regular as opposed to arbitrary power '' . Black 's provides a total of five definitions of `` rule of law '' . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Samuel . Lex , rex : the law and the prince , a dispute for the just prerogative of king and people , containing the reasons and causes of the defensive wars of the kingdom of Scotland , and of their expedition for the ayd and help of their brethren of England , p. 237 ( 1644 ) : `` The prince remaineth , even being a prince , a social creature , a man , as well as a king ; one who must buy , sell , promise , contract , dispose : ergo , he is not regula regulans , but under rule of law ... '' ^ Jump up to : Aristotle , Politics 3.16 Jump up ^ Hobson , Charles . The Great Chief Justice : John Marshall and the Rule of Law , p. 57 ( University Press of Kansas , 1996 ) : according to John Marshall , `` the framers of the Constitution contemplated that instrument as a rule for the government of courts , as well as of the legislature . '' ^ Jump up to : Wormuth , Francis . The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism , p. 28 ( 1949 ) . Jump up ^ Bingham , Thomas . The Rule of Law , p. 3 ( Penguin 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Black , Anthony . A World History of Ancient Political Thought ( Oxford University Press 2009 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928169 - 6 ^ Jump up to : David Clarke , `` The many meanings of the rule of law '' in Kanishka Jayasuriya , ed. , Law , Capitalism and Power in Asia ( New York : Routledge , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , John et al. Complete Works By Plato , p. 1402 ( Hackett Publishing , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ In full : `` The magistrates who administer the law , the judges who act as its spokesmen , all the rest of us who live as its servants , grant it our allegiance as a guarantee of our freedom . '' -- Cicero ( 1975 ) . Murder Trials . Penguin Classics . Translated by Michael Grant . Harmondsworth : Penguin . p. 217 . Original Latin : `` Legum ministri magistratus , legum interpretes iudices , legum denique idcirco omnes servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus . '' -- `` Pro Cluentio '' . The Latin Library . 53 : 146 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Xiangming , Zhang . On Two Ancient Chinese Administrative Ideas : Rule of Virtue and Rule by Law , The Culture Mandala : Bulletin of the Centre for East - West Cultural and Economic Studies ( 2002 ) : `` Although Han Fei recommended that the government should rule by law , which seems impartial , he advocated that the law be enacted by the lords solely . The lords place themselves above the law . The law is thereby a monarchical means to control the people , not the people 's means to restrain the lords . The lords are by no means on an equal footing with the people . Hence we can not mention the rule by law proposed by Han Fei in the same breath as democracy and the rule of law advocated today . '' Bevir , Mark . The Encyclopedia of Political Theory , page 162 . Munro , Donald . The Concept of Man in Early China . p. 4 . Guo , Xuezhi . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Peerenboom , Randall ( 1993 ) . Law and morality in ancient China : the silk manuscripts of Huang - Lao . SUNY Press . p. 171 . ISBN 9780791412374 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Bernard . `` The First Constitution : Rethinking the Origins of Rule of Law and Separation of Powers in Light of Deuteronomy '' , Cardozo Law Review , Vol. 27 , No. 4 , pp. 1853 -- 1888 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Brett , Mark G. `` National Identity as Commentary and as Metacommentary '' , in Historiography and Identity ( Re ) formulation in Second Temple Historiographical Literature , p. 32 ( Jonker , ed . ) ( Continuum 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Weeramantry , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Justice without Frontiers , p. 132 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . Jump up ^ Hallaq , Wael ( 2013 ) . The Impossible State : Islam , Politics and Modernity 's Moral Predicament . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Alter , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Five Books of Moses : A Translation with Commentary . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 627 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01955 - 1 . Jump up ^ Magna Carta ( 1215 ) translation , British Library Jump up ^ Magna Carta ( 1297 ) U.S. National Archives . Jump up ^ Ferro , Víctor : El Dret Públic Català . Les Institucions a Catalunya fins al Decret de Nova Planta ; Eumo Editorial ; ISBN 84 - 7602 - 203 - 4 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , `` Rule of Law , n . '' , accessed April 27 , 2013 . According to the OED , this sentence from about 1500 was written by John Blount : `` Lawes And constitutcions be ordeyned be cause the noysome Appetit of man maye be kepte vnder the Rewle of lawe by the wiche mankinde ys dewly enformed to lyue honestly . '' And this sentence from 1559 is attributed to William Bavand : `` A Magistrate should ... kepe rekenyng of all mennes behauiours , and to be carefull , least thei despisyng the rule of lawe , growe to a wilfulnes . '' Jump up ^ Hallam , Henry . The Constitutional History of England , vol. 1 , p. 441 ( 1827 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rule of Law '' . The Constitution Society . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrington , James ( 1747 ) . Toland , John , ed . The Oceana and other works ( 3 ed . ) . London : Millar . p. 37 ( Internet Archive : copy possessed by John Adams ) . Jump up ^ Locke , John . Second Treatise of Civil Government , Ch. IV , sec. 22 ( 1690 ) . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian . On the Rule of Law , p. 47 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Peacock , Anthony Arthur , Freedom and the rule of law , p. 24 . 2010 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Jethro . A Practical Companion to the Constitution , p. 436 ( University of California Press 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Constitution , Part The First , art . XXX ( 1780 ) . Jump up ^ Winks , Robin W. ( 1993 ) . World civilization : a brief history ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Collegiate Press . p. 406 . ISBN 9780939693283 . Jump up ^ Billias , George Athan ( 2011 ) . American constitutionalism heard round the world , 1776 -- 1989 : a global perspective . New York : New York University Press . pp. 53 -- 56 . ISBN 9780814725177 . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian Z. ( 2004 ) . On the Rule of Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Tamanaha , Brian . `` The Rule of Law for Everyone ? '' , Current Legal Problems , vol. 55 , via SSRN ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Craig , Paul P. ( 1997 ) . `` Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law : An Analytical Framework '' . Public Law : 467 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Matthew . `` Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy '' , World Bank Research ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Heidi M. Hurd ( Aug 1992 ) . `` Justifiably Punishing the Justified '' . Michigan Law Review . The Michigan Law Review Association . 90 ( 8 ) : 2203 -- 2324 . doi : 10.2307 / 1289573 . JSTOR 1289573 . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian 2004 ) . On the Rule of Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Daniel et al. `` Governance Matters VI : Governance Indicators for 1996 -- 2006 , World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4280 '' ( July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Governance Matters 2008 '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , World Bank . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Kenneth B. ( 2004 ) . The Limits of Political Theory : Oakeshott 's Philosophy of Civil Association ( British Idealist Studies ed . ) . Exeter , UK : Imprint Academic . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1845400101 . OCLC 55908410 . Jump up ^ Pech , Laurent . `` Rule of Law in France '' . Middlesex University -- School of Law . SSRN 929099 . Jump up ^ Letourneur , M. ; Drago , R. ( 1958 ) . `` The Rule of Law as Understood in France '' . The American Journal of Comparative Law . 7 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 177 . doi : 10.2307 / 837562 . JSTOR 837562 . Jump up ^ Peerenboom , Randall ( 2004 ) . `` Rule of Law in France '' . Asian discourses of rule of law : theories and implementation of rule of law in twelve Asian countries , France and the U.S. ( Digital printing . ed . ) . RoutledgeCurzon . p. 81 . ISBN 9780415326124 . Jump up ^ Rule of Law in China : A Comparative Approach . Springer . 2014 . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 9783662446225 . Jump up ^ Zurn , Michael ; Nollkaemper , Andre ; Peerenboom , Randy , eds. ( 2012 ) . Rule of Law Dynamics : In an Era of International and Transnational Governance . Cambridge University Press . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 9781139510974 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of Law '' . The British Library . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ See also `` The rule of law and the prosecutor '' . Attorney General 's Office . 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hostettler , John ( 2011 ) . Champions of the rule of law . Waterside Press . p. 23 . ISBN 9781904380689 . Jump up ^ Vile , Josh ( 2006 ) . A Companion to the United States Constitution and its Amendments . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 80 Jump up ^ Osborn v. Bank of the United States , 22 U.S. 738 ( 1824 ) : `` When ( courts ) are said to exercise a discretion , it is a mere legal discretion , a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed by law ; and , when that is discerned , it is the duty of the court to follow it . '' Jump up ^ Harrison , John . `` Substantive Due Process and the Constitutional Text , '' Virginia Law Review , vol. 83 , p. 493 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Gedicks , Frederick . `` An Originalist Defense of Substantive Due Process : Magna Carta , Higher - Law Constitutionalism , and the Fifth Amendment '' , Emory Law Journal , vol. 58 , pp. 585 -- 673 ( 2009 ) . See also Edlin , Douglas `` Judicial Review without a Constitution '' , Polity , vol. 38 , pp. 345 -- 68 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Tamanaha , Brian . How an Instrumental View of Law Corrodes the Rule of Law , twelfth annual Clifford Symposium on Tort Law and Social Policy . Jump up ^ Ernst , Daniel R. ( 2014 ) . Tocqueville 's Nightmare : The Administrative State Emerges in America , 1900 -- 1940 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199920860 Jump up ^ Snowiss , Sylvia . Judicial Review and the Law of the Constitution , pp. 41 -- 42 ( Yale University Press 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Ogden v. Saunders , 25 U.S. 213 , 347 ( 1827 ) . This was Marshall 's only dissent in a constitutional case . The individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner later denounced Marshall for this part of his Ogden dissent . See Spooner , Lysander ( 2008 ) . Let 's Abolish Government . Ludwig Von Mises Institute . p. 87 . These same issues were also discussed in an earlier U.S. Supreme Court case , Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 ( 1798 ) , with Justices James Iredell and Samuel Chase taking opposite positions . See Presser , Stephen . `` Symposium : Samuel Chase : In Defense of the Rule of Law and Against the Jeffersonians '' , Vanderbilt Law Review , vol. 62 , p. 349 ( March 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Chu , Yun - Han et al . How East Asians View Democracy , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Thi , Awzar . `` Asia needs a new rule - of - law debate '' , United Press International , UPIAsia.com ( 2008 - 08 - 14 ) . Jump up ^ Peerenboom , Randall in Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , p. 39 ( Routledge 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Baxi , Upendra in Asian Discourses of Rule of Law , pp. 336 -- 337 ( Routledge 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Robinson , Simon . `` For Activist Judges , Try India '' , Time Magazine ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) . Jump up ^ Green , Carl . `` Japan : ' The Rule of Law Without Lawyers ' Reconsidered '' , Speech to the Asia Society ( 2001 - 03 - 14 ) . Jump up ^ See also Goodman , Carl F. ( 2008 ) . The rule of law in Japan : a comparative analysis ( 2nd rev . ed . ) . Wolters Kluwer Law & Business . ISBN 9789041127501 . Jump up ^ `` Statute of the Council of Europe '' . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Jeffrey . `` Legislative Sovereignty and the Rule of Law '' in Tom Campbell , Keith D. Ewing and Adam Tomkins ( eds ) , Sceptical Essays on Human Rights ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ What is the Rule of Law ? , United Nations Rule of Law . Jump up ^ See United Nations General Assembly Resolutions A / RES / 61 / 39 , A / RES / 62 / 70 , A / RES / 63 / 128 . Jump up ^ See United Nations Security Council debates S / PRST / 2003 / 15 , S / PRST / 2004 / 2 , S / PRST / 2004 / 32 , S / PRST / 2005 / 30 , S / PRST / 2006 / 28 . Jump up ^ See United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 . Jump up ^ E.g. see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1612 . Jump up ^ E.g. see United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674 . Jump up ^ United Nations and the Rule of Law . Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action Part II , paragraph 79 Jump up ^ Resolution of the Council of the International Bar Association of October 8 , 2009 , on the Commentary on Rule of Law Resolution ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ About the WJP . Jump up ^ Agrast , M. , Botero , J. , Ponce , A. , WJP Rule of Law Index 2011 . Washington , D.C. : The World Justice Project . ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` IDLO -- What We Do '' . idlo.int . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ IDLO Strategic Plan Archived 2015 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IDLO Mission and History Jump up ^ IDLO -- Rule of Law Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Luis Flores Ballesteros . `` Corruption and development . Does the `` rule of law '' factor weigh more than we think ? '' 54 Pesos May . 2008 : 54 Pesos 15 Nov 2008 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , `` Defining the rules '' , The European Lawyer , Issue 90 , October 2009 Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , Natalya Merkulova . `` The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics : The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia , in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform '' , edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen , Justitsinform , Moscow ( 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Licht , Amir N. ( December 2007 ) . `` Culture rules : The foundations of the rule of law and other norms of governance '' . Journal of Comparative Economics . 35 ( 4 ) : 659 -- 688 . Jump up ^ Hayek , F.A. ( 1994 ) . The Road to Serfdom . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32061 - 8 . Jump up ^ Graham , Brad ; Stroup , Caleb ( 2016 ) . `` Does Anti-bribery enforcement deter foreign investment ? '' ( PDF ) . Applied Economics Letters : 63 -- 67 -- via Taylor and Francis . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Stoumatoff , FDR 's Unfinished Portrait : A Memoir , University of Pittsburgh Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3659 - 3 Jump up ^ http://www.unesco.org/eri/la/convention.asp?KO=13637&language=E&order=alpha Jump up ^ Bica - Huiu , Alina , White Paper : Building a Culture of Respect for the Rule of Law , American Bar Association Jump up ^ Pope , Ronald R . `` The Rule of Law and Russian Culture -- Are They Compatible ? '' ( PDF ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Oakeshott , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Chapters 31 and 32 '' . In Terry Nardin and Luke O'Sullivan . Lectures in the History of Political Thought . Exeter , UK : Imprint Academic . p. 515 . ISBN 978 - 1845400934 . OCLC 63185299 . Amity Shlaes , The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression , `` The Rules of the Game and Economic Recovery '' . Alessandro Torre , United Kingdom , Il Mulino , Bologna , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Hague Journal on the Rule of Law , includes academic articles , practitioner reports , commentary , and book reviews . International Network to Promote the Rule of Law , United States Institute of Peace . Rule of Law Resource Center , LexisNexis `` The Rule of Law Inventory Report '' , Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law ( HiiL ) , Hague Academic Coalition ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) . The World Justice Project A multinational , multidisciplinary initiative to strengthen the rule of law worldwide . World Justice Map Map - based information exchange platform facilitating networking among Rule of Law promoters globally . `` Understandings of the Rule of Law in various Legal Orders of the World '' , Wiki - Project of Freie Universitaet Berlin . Eau Claire County Bar Association rule of law talk Frithjof Ehm `` The Rule of Law : Concept , Guiding Principle and Framework '' Mańko , Rafał . `` Using ' scoreboards ' to assess justice systems '' ( PDF ) . Library Briefing . Library of the European Parliament . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the first code of law that was not subject to the king's will	[ "In 1776, the notion that no one is above the law was popular during the founding of the United States. For example, Thomas Paine wrote in his pamphlet Common Sense that \"in America, the law is king. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the law ought to be king; and there ought to be no other.\"[29] In 1780, John Adams enshrined this principle in the Massachusetts Constitution by seeking to establish \"a government of laws and not of men.\"[30]" ]	[ "John Adams" ]
-6414261300587790315	Race and ethnicity in the United States	Race and ethnicity in the United States - wikipedia Race and ethnicity in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The United States of America has a racially and ethnically diverse population . The United States Census officially recognizes six racial categories : White American , Black or African American , American Indian and Alaska Native , Asian American , Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , and people of two or more races ; a category called `` some other race '' is also used in the census and other surveys , but is not official . The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as `` Hispanic or Latino '' and `` Not Hispanic or Latino '' , which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as an ethnicity ( not a race ) distinct from others , and comprising the largest minority group in the nation . The United States Supreme Court unanimously held that `` race '' is not limited to Census designations on the `` race question '' but extends to all ethnicities , and thus can include Jewish and Arab as well as Polish or Italian or Irish , etc . In fact , the Census asks an `` Ancestry Question '' which covers the broader notion of ethnicity initially in the 2000 Census long form and now in the American Community Survey . The ancestry question will return in the 2020 Census . As of July 2016 , White Americans are the racial majority . African Americans are the largest racial minority , amounting to an estimated 12.7 % of the population . Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to an estimated 17.8 % of the total U.S. population , making up the largest ethnic minority . The White , non-Hispanic or Latino population make up 61.3 % of the nation 's total , with the total White population ( including White Hispanics and Latinos ) being 76.9 % . White Americans are the majority in every census - defined region ( Northeast , Midwest , South , West ) and in every state except Hawaii , but contribute the highest proportion of the population in the Midwestern United States , at 85 % per the Population Estimates Program ( PEP ) , or 83 % per the American Community Survey ( ACS ) . Non-Hispanic Whites make up 79 % of the Midwest 's population , the highest ratio of any region . However , 35 % of White Americans ( whether all White Americans or non-Hispanic / Latino only ) live in the South , the most of any region . 55 % of the African American population lives in the South . A plurality or majority of the other official groups reside in the West . The latter region is home to 42 % of Hispanic and Latino Americans , 46 % of Asian Americans , 48 % of American Indians and Alaska Natives , 68 % of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders , 37 % of the `` two or more races '' population ( Multiracial Americans ) , and 46 % of those self - designated as `` some other race '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Racial and ethnic categories 1.1 Ethnicity : Hispanic or Latino origin 2 Social definitions of race 3 Historical trends and influences 4 Racial makeup of the U.S. population 4.1 White and European Americans 4.2 Black and African Americans 4.3 Hispanic and Latino Americans 4.4 Asian Americans 4.5 Native Americans and Alaska Natives 4.6 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders 4.7 Middle Easterners and North Africans 4.8 Two or more races 4.8. 1 Genetic admixture 4.9 Members of other races 5 Ancestry 5.1 2015 American Community Survey 5.2 Ancestry maps 5.2. 1 Major ancestries 5.2. 2 European American ancestries 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Racial and ethnic categories ( edit ) Main articles : Race and ethnicity in the United States Census and Demographics of the United States 2010 U.S Census Self - identified race Percent of population White alone 72.4 % Black or African American 12.6 % Asian 4.8 % Native Americans and Alaska Natives 0.9 % Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders 0.2 % Two or more races 2.9 % Some other race 6.2 % Total 100.0 % Hispanic and Latino Americans ( of any race ) : 16.3 % In the 2000 Census and subsequent United States Census Bureau surveys , Americans self - described as belonging to these racial groups : White American , European American , or Middle Eastern American : those having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe , the Middle East , or North Africa . Black or African American : those having origins in any of the native peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa . Native American or Alaska Native : those having origins in any of the original peoples of North , Central and South America , irrespective of whether they maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment . Asian American : those having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East , North Asia , Southeast Asia , and the Indian subcontinent . Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander : those having origins in any of the original peoples of Polynesia , Melanesia , or Micronesia . Middle Eastern American : Following consultations with MENA organizations , the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East , North Africa and the Arab world . Some other race : respondents may write how they identify themselves , if different from the preceding categories ( e. g . Roma or Aboriginal / Indigenous Australian ) . However , 95 % of the people who report in this category are Hispanic Mestizos . This is not a standard OMB race category . Responses have included mixed - race terms such as Métis , Creole , and Mulatto , which are generally considered to be categories of multi-racial ancestry ( see below ) , but , write - in entries reported in the 2000 census also included nationalities ( as opposed to ethnicities ) , such as South African , Belizean , or Puerto Rican , as well as other terms for mixed - race groups like Wesort , Melungeon , mixed , interracial , and others . Two or more races , widely known as multiracial : those who check off and / or write in more than one race . There is no option labelled `` two or more races '' or `` multiracial '' on census and other forms ; people who report more than one of the foregoing six options are classified as people of `` two or more races '' in subsequent processing . Any respondent may identify with any number , up to all six , of the racial categories . Each person has two identifying attributes , racial identity and whether or not they are of Hispanic ethnicity . These categories are sociopolitical constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or anthropological in nature . They have been changed from one census to another , and the racial categories include both `` racial '' and national - origin groups . In 2007 , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the US Department of Labor finalized its update of the EEO - 1 report format and guidelines to come into an effect on September 30 , 2007 . In particular , this update concerns the definitions of racial / ethnic categories . Ethnicity : Hispanic or Latino origin ( edit ) See also : Race and ethnicity in Latin America and Ethnic groups in Latin America The question on Hispanic or Latino origin is separate from the question on race . Hispanic and Latino Americans have ethnic origins in the countries of Latin America , Spain , and Portugal . Latin American countries are , like the United States , racially diverse . Consequently , no separate racial category exists for Hispanic and Latino Americans , as they do not constitute a race , nor a national group . When responding to the race question on the census form , each person is asked to choose from among the same racial categories as all Americans , and are included in the numbers reported for those races . Each racial category may contain Non-Hispanic or Latino and Hispanic or Latino Americans . For example : the White ( European - American ) race category contains Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanic Whites ( see White Hispanic and Latino Americans ) ; the Black or African - American category contains Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic Blacks ( see Black Hispanic and Latino Americans ) ; the Asian - American category contains Non-Hispanic Asians and Hispanic Asians ( see Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans ) ; and likewise for all the other categories . See the section on Hispanic and Latino Americans in this article . Self - identifying as both Hispanic or Latino and not Hispanic or Latino is neither explicitly allowed nor explicitly prohibited . Social definitions of race ( edit ) See also : African Americans § Identity , and Definitions of whiteness in the United States In the United States since its early history , Native Americans , Africans and Europeans were considered to belong to different races . For nearly three centuries , the criteria for membership in these groups were similar , comprising a person 's appearance , their social circle ( how they lived ) , and their known non-White ancestry . History played a part , as persons with known slave ancestors were assumed to be African ( or , in later usage , black ) , regardless of whether they also had European ancestry . The differences between how Native American and Black identities are defined today ( blood quantum versus one - drop and political assumptions ) have been based on different historical circumstances . According to the anthropologist Gerald Sider , such racial designations were a means to concentrate power , wealth , privilege and land in the hands of Whites in a society of White hegemony and privilege ( Sider 1996 ; see also Fields 1990 ) . The differences had little to do with biology and more to do with the history of slavery and its racism , and specific forms of White supremacy ( the social , geopolitical and economic agendas of dominant Whites vis - à - vis subordinate Blacks and Native Americans ) . They related especially to the different social places which Blacks and Amerindians occupied in White - dominated 19th - century America . Sider suggests that the blood quantum definition of Native American identity enabled mixed - race Whites to acquire Amerindian lands during the allotment process . The one - drop rule of Black identity , enforced legally in the early 20th century , enabled Whites to preserve their agricultural labor force in the South . The contrast emerged because , as peoples transported far from their land and kinship ties on another continent , Black labor was relatively easy to control , and they became reduced to valuable commodities as agricultural laborers . In contrast , Amerindian labor was more difficult to control ; moreover , Amerindians occupied large territories that became valuable as agricultural lands , especially with the invention of new technologies such as railroads . Sider thinks the blood quantum definition enhanced White acquisition of Amerindian lands in a doctrine of Manifest Destiny , which subjected Native Americans to marginalization and resulted in numerous conflicts related to American expansionism . The political economy of race had different consequences for the descendants of aboriginal Americans and African slaves . The 19th - century blood quantum rule meant that it was relatively easier for a person of mixed Euro - Amerindian ancestry to be accepted as White . The offspring of a few generations of intermarriage between Amerindians and Whites likely would not have been considered Amerindian ( at least not in a legal sense ) . Amerindians could have treaty rights to land , but because an individual with only one Amerindian great - grandparent no longer was classified as Amerindian , he lost a legal claim to Amerindian land , under the allotment rules of the day . According to Sider 's theory , Whites were more easily able to acquire Amerindian lands . On the other hand , the same individual who could be denied legal standing in a tribe , according to the government , because he was `` too White '' to claim property rights , might still have enough visually identifiable Amerindian ancestry to be considered socially as a `` half - breed '' or breed , and stigmatized by both communities . The 20th - century one - drop rule made it relatively difficult for anyone of known Black ancestry to be accepted as White . The child of an African - American sharecropper and a White person was considered Black by the local communities . In terms of the economics of sharecropping , such a person also would likely become a sharecropper as well , thus adding to the landholder or employer 's labor force . In short , this theory suggests that in a 20th - century economy that benefited from sharecropping , it was useful to have as many Blacks as possible . Although some scholars of the Jim Crow period agree that the 20th - century notion of invisible Blackness shifted the color line in the direction of paleness , and `` expanded '' the labor force in response to Southern Blacks ' Great Migration to the North . But , others ( such as the historians Joel Williamson , C. Vann Woodward , George M. Fredrickson , and Stetson Kennedy ) considered the one - drop rule a consequence of the need to define Whiteness as being pure , and justifying White - on - Black oppression . Over the centuries when Whites wielded power over both Blacks and Amerindians and believed in their inherent superiority over people of color , they created a social order of hypodescent , in which they assigned mixed - race children to the lower - status groups . They were often ignorant of the systems among Native American tribes of social classification , including kinship and hypodescent . The Omaha people , for instance , who had a patrilineal kinship system , classified all children with white fathers as `` white '' , and excluded them as members of the clans and tribe , unless one was formally adopted by a male member . Tribal members might care for mixed - race children of white fathers , but considered them outside the hereditary clan and kinship fundamental to tribal society . The hypodescent social construction related to the racial caste that was associated with African slavery and the conditions of the slave societies . It was made explicit by Virginia and other colonies ' laws as early as 1662 . Virginia incorporated the Roman principle of partus sequitur ventrem into slave law , saying that children of slave mothers were born into their status . Under English common law for subjects , children 's social status was determined by the father , not the mother . But the colonists put Africans outside the category of English subjects . Generally , white men were in positions of power to take sexual advantage of black women slaves . But , historian Paul Heinegg has shown that most free African - American families listed in the censuses of 1790 -- 1810 were , in fact , descended from unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia , from the years when working classes lived and worked closely together , and before slavery had hardened as a racial caste . In the United States , social and legal conventions developed over time by whites that classified individuals of mixed ancestry into simplified racial categories ( Gossett 1997 ) , but these were always porous . The decennial censuses conducted since 1790 , after slavery was well established in the United States , included classification of persons by race : white , black , mulatto , and Indian ( Nobles 2000 ) . But , the inclusion of mulatto was an explicit acknowledgement of mixed race . In addition , before the Civil War , Virginia and some other states had legal definition of `` whiteness '' that provided for people being classified as white if no more than 1 / 8 black . ( For example , if not born into slavery , Thomas Jefferson 's children by his slave Sally Hemings would have been classified as legally white , as they were 7 / 8 white by ancestry . Three of the four surviving children entered white society as adults , and their descendants have identified as white . ) In the late 18th and 19th centuries , people of mixed race often migrated to frontiers where societies were more open , and they might be accepted as white if satisfying obligations of citizenship . The more familiar `` one - drop rule '' was not adopted by Virginia and other states until the 20th century , but it classified persons with any known African ancestry as black ( Davis 2001 ) . Passage of such laws was often urged by white supremacists and people promoting `` racial purity '' through eugenics , having forgotten the long history of multi-racial unions in the South that comprised the ancestry of many families . In other countries in the Americas , where mixing among groups was overtly more extensive , social categories have tended to be more numerous and fluid . In some cases , people may move into or out of categories on the basis of a combination of socioeconomic status , social class , ancestry , and appearance ( Mörner 1967 ) . The term Hispanic as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century , with the rise of migration of laborers from Spanish - speaking countries of the western hemisphere to the United States . It includes people who may have been considered racially distinct ( Black , White , Amerindian or other mixed groups ) in their home countries . Today , the word `` Latino '' is often used as a synonym for `` Hispanic '' . Even if such categories were earlier understood as racial categories , today they have begun to represent ethno - linguistic categories ( regardless of perceived race ) . Similarly , `` Anglo '' is now used among many Hispanics to refer to non-Hispanic White Americans or European Americans , most of whom speak the English language but are not of primarily English descent . Historical Trends and influences ( edit ) The United States is a racially diverse country . The growth of the Hispanic population through immigration and high birth rates is noted as a partial factor for the US ' population gains in the last quarter - century . The 2000 census revealed that Native Americans had reached their highest documented population , 4.5 million , since the US was founded in 1776 . The immigrants to the New World came largely from widely separated regions of the Old World . In the Americas , the immigrant populations began to mix among themselves and with the indigenous inhabitants of the continents . In the United States , for example , most people who identify as African American have some European ancestors , as revealed by genetic studies . In one analysis of those genetic markers that have differing frequencies between continents , European ancestry ranged from an estimated 7 % for a sample of Jamaicans to ~ 23 % for a sample of African Americans from New Orleans , where there was historically a large class of mixed race ( now called Louisiana Creoles ) ( Parra et al. 1998 ) . In the United States since its early history , Native Americans , African Americans , and European Americans were classified as belonging to different races . For nearly three centuries , the criteria among whites for membership in these groups were similar , comprising physical appearance , assumption of non-European ancestry , and social circle . The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century . During and after Reconstruction , after the emancipation of slaves after the Civil War , in the effort to restore white supremacy in the South , whites began to classify anyone with `` one drop '' of `` black blood '' , or known African ancestry , to be black . Such a legal definition was not put into law until the early 20th century in most southern states , but many established racial segregation of facilities during the Jim Crow era , after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures in the South . Efforts to track mixing between groups led to an earlier proliferation of historical categories ( such as `` mulatto '' and `` octaroon '' among persons with partial African descent ) and `` blood quantum '' distinctions , which became increasingly untethered from self - reported ancestry . In the 20th century , efforts to classify the increasingly mixed population of the United States into discrete categories generated many difficulties ( Spickard 1992 ) . By the standards used in past censuses , many mixed - race children born in the United States were classified as of a different race than one of their biological parents . In addition , a person may change personal racial identification over time because of cultural aspects , and self - ascribed race can differ from assigned race ( Kressin et al. 2003 ) . Until the 2000 census , Latinos were required to identify as one race , and none was Latino . Partly as a result of the confusion generated by the distinction , 32.9 % ( U.S. census records ) of Latino respondents in the 2000 census ignored the specified racial categories and checked `` some other race '' . ( Mays et al. 2003 claim a figure of 42 % ) Historical trends influencing the ethnic demographics of the United States include : Patterns of original settlement settlement of the Americas by a variety of Native American peoples , including Alaska Natives . settlement of Pacific islands by Polynesian people , including Native Hawaiians , Samoans , the Chamorro people in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . settlement of Puerto Rico by the Taíno people . settlement of the United States Virgin Islands by the Ciboney , Carib , and Arawaks . Colonization Colonization of what is now eastern Canada and the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River as New France . Historical events , including the Expulsion of the Acadians , influenced the ethnic mix , especially in Louisiana , northern New England and New York State . Colonization of the Thirteen Colonies by the Dutch , British , and later immigrants such as Germans from northern Europe . Spanish colonization of the Americas , including Florida , the Southwest , and Puerto Rico , later acquired by the US . Denmark and other historical colonial powers influenced the ethnic makeup of what are now the United States Virgin Islands . The Atlantic slave trade , bringing millions of Africans to the South , Caribbean , and Latin America . Severe reduction of Native American populations in the contiguous United States , mostly because of new infectious diseases carried by European colonists , combined with warfare Forced migration Deportation and flight of United Empire Loyalists to Canada , the Caribbean and Britain after the American Revolution Forced removal of more than one million African Americans in the domestic slave trade from the Upper South to the Deep South during the early 19th century as Americans developed new lands for plantations Territorial conflict with Native Americans and the Indian removal policy of the 19th century displaced many remaining native populations from east of the Mississippi River to territories to the west , especially to what is now Oklahoma . Immigration Historical immigration to the United States from all countries of the world and throughout the history of the country , for religious , political and economic reasons . Since the late 19th century , the History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States and illegal immigration to the United States have influenced the ethnic balance of that immigration . Various groups have been denied entry due to discrimination , economic protectionism , and political conflict with their nation of origin . Other groups have received favored status , such as refugees and nationals of allied nations . Transatlantic migrations from Europe , especially in the 19th century , created ethnic enclaves in many eastern cities and settling many rural areas east of the Mississippi Immigration from Asia has had the most influence on Hawaii and the West Coast , but has also created predominantly Asian neighborhoods in many major cities across the country . Immigration from Mexico and other existing Latino populations has strongly influenced the Southwest . Westward expansion of the United States The Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted the western boundary of European settlement to the watershed east of the Appalachian Mountains ; despite the Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 and Nonintercourse Acts prohibiting private purchase of Native American lands , the territory between the Mississippi River and Appalachian Mountains granted to the United States by the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was gradually opened to white settlers through public purchase of Indian lands . The Homestead Act promoting settlement west of the Mississippi after the Louisiana Purchase Mormon settlement of Utah California Gold Rush Oregon Trail Klondike Gold Rush promoting settlement of Alaska Internal migration African Americans escaped from slavery , sometimes via the Underground Railroad , reaching the free North before the American Civil War . In the 20th century , to seek jobs and escape racial violence , African Americans left the South in the Great Migration and Second Great Migration , moving to Northern , Midwestern , and Western cities , where they had to compete with recent European immigrants . Especially as transportation systems have improved over the centuries , it has become relatively easy for many Americans to move from one part of the country to another , given the lack of internal borders and dominance of English in most areas . Many do so for reasons of economic opportunity , climate , or culture . The American Industrial Revolution , promoted urbanization of what was previously a largely agrarian society Railroads , promoting migration westwards and streetcar suburbs , created significant ethnic shifts in urban areas . Economics and natural disasters have driven migration , for example during the Dust Bowl , World War II , and since the decline of the Rust Belt Suburbanization period after World War II , with `` white flight '' to new housing and away from later social unrest , followed by `` black flight '' The majority of Native Hawaiians who moved to the mainland U.S. have settled in California . Air conditioning has promoted migration from northern areas to the Sun Belt , aided by states ' rules against union labor and having low taxes for businesses . The Jet Age promoted vacationing and part - time living in warmer areas ( snowbirding ) . In some cases , immigrants and migrants form ethnic enclaves ; in others , mixture creates ethnically diverse neighborhoods . Racial makeup of the U.S. population ( edit ) ( For demographics by specific ethnic groups rather than general race , see `` Ancestry '' below . ) White and European Americans ( edit ) Main articles : European Americans , White Americans , and White Hispanic and Latino Americans The majority of people currently living in the United States are White and European Americans . The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those `` having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe , the Middle East , or North Africa . '' Like all official U.S. racial categories , `` White '' has a `` not Hispanic or Latino '' and a `` Hispanic or Latino '' component , the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and White Cuban Americans . White Americans are the majority in 49 of the 50 states , with Hawaii as the exception . Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states ; Hawaii , New Mexico , California , and Texas ( and the District of Columbia ) are the exceptions . These five jurisdictions have `` minority majorities '' , i.e. minority groups compose the majority of the population . The non-Hispanic White percentage ( 63 % in 2012 ) tends to decrease every year , and this sub-group is expected to become a plurality of the overall U.S. population after the year 2043 . White Americans overall ( non-Hispanic Whites together with White Hispanics ) are projected to continue as the majority , at 73.1 % ( or 303 million out of 420 million ) in 2050 , from currently 77.1 % . Although a high proportion of the population is known to have multiple ancestries , in the 2000 census , the first with the option to choose more than one , most people still identified with one racial category . In the 2000 census , self - identified German Americans made up 17.1 % of the U.S. population , followed by Irish Americans at 12 % , as reported in the 2000 U.S. Census . This makes German and Irish the largest and second - largest self - reported ancestry groups in the United States . Both groups had high rates of immigration to the U.S. beginning in the mid-19th century , triggered by the Great Famine in Ireland and the failed 1848 Revolution in Germany . However , English Americans and British Americans are still considered the largest ethnic group due to a serious under count following the 2000 census whereby many English and British Americans self - identified under the new category entry ' American ' considering themselves ' indigenous ' because their families had resided in the US for so long or , if of mixed European ancestry , identified with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group . 7.2 % of the population listed their ancestry as American on the 2000 census ( see American ethnicity ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the number of people in the U.S. who reported American and no other ancestry increased from 12.4 million in 1990 to 20.2 million in 2000 . This change in reporting represented the largest `` growth '' of any ethnic group in the United States during the 1990s , but it represented how people reported themselves more than growth through birth rates , for instance , and certainly did not reflect immigration . Most French Americans are believed descended from colonists of Catholic New France ; exiled Huguenots , much fewer in number and settling in the eastern English colonies in the late 1600s and early 1700s , needed to assimilate into the majority culture and have intermarried over generations . Isleños of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest have had , in part , direct Spanish ancestry ; most self - reported White Hispanics are of Mexican , Puerto Rican , and Cuban origins , each of which are multi-ethnic nations . Hispanic immigration has increased from nations of Central and South America . Black and African Americans ( edit ) Main articles : African Americans and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in Sub-Saharan Africa . According to the Office of Management and Budget , the grouping includes individuals who self - identify as African - American , as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa . The grouping is thus based on geography , and may contradict or misrepresent an individual 's self - identification since not all immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are `` Black '' . Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde , Madagascar , various Hamito - Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel , and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa . African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro - Americans , and formerly as American Negroes ) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa . According to the 2009 American Community Survey , there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States , representing 12.4 % of the population . In addition , there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks , which comprised 12.1 % of the population . This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census , when including Multiracial African Americans , making up 14 % of the total U.S. population . Black and African Americans make up the second largest group in the United States , but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans ( of any race ) . The majority of the population ( 55 % ) lives in the South ; compared to the 2000 Census , there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest . Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from West Africa , who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States . As an adjective , the term is usually written African - American . The first West Africans were brought to Jamestown , Virginia in 1619 . The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years . This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race - based slavery used in the Caribbean . All the American colonies had slavery , but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North ( where 2 % of the people were slaves ) , and field hands in plantations in the South ( where 25 % were slaves ) ; by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1 / 5th of the total population was enslaved . During the revolution , some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy , while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore 's Ethiopian Regiment , and other units . By 1804 , the northern states ( north of the Mason -- Dixon line ) had abolished slavery . However , slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . Following the end of the Reconstruction Era , which saw the first African American representation in Congress , African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws , legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 due to the Civil Rights Movement . According to US Census Bureau data , very few African immigrants self - identify as African - American . On average , less than 5 % of African residents self - reported as `` African - American '' or `` Afro - American '' on the 2000 US Census . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants ( ~ 95 % ) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities . Self - designation as `` African - American '' or `` Afro - American '' was highest among individuals from West Africa ( 4 % - 9 % ) , and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde , East Africa and Southern Africa ( 0 % - 4 % ) . None the less , African immigrants often develop very successful professional and business working - relationships with African - Americans . Hispanic and Latino Americans ( edit ) Main article : Hispanic and Latino Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans by race ( 2010 ) Race Population % of all Hispanic and Latino Americans White 26,735,713 53.0 Some other race ( mestizo , mulatto , etc . ) 18,503,103 36.7 Two or more races 3,042,592 6.0 Black 1,243,471 2.5 American Indian and Alaska Native 685,150 1.4 Asian 209,128 0.4 Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 58,437 0.1 Total 50,477,594 100.0 In 2008 , `` Hispanic or Latino origin '' was the self - identification of 47 million Americans . They chiefly have origins in the Spanish - speaking nations of Latin America . Very few also come from other places , for example : 0.2 % of Hispanic and Latino Americans were born in Asia . The group is heterogeneous in race and national ancestry . The Census Bureau defines `` Hispanic or Latino origin '' thus : `` For Census 2000 , American Community Survey : People who identify with the terms `` Hispanic '' or `` Latino '' are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - `` Mexican , '' `` Puerto Rican , '' or `` Cuban '' - as well as those who indicate that they are `` other Spanish , Hispanic , or Latino . '' Origin can be viewed as the heritage , nationality group , lineage , or country of birth of the person , or the person 's parents or ancestors , before their arrival in the United States . People who identify their origin as Spanish , Hispanic , or Latino may be of any race . '' The leading country - of - origin for Hispanic Americans is Mexico ( 30.7 million ) , followed by Puerto Rico ( 4.2 million ) ( which actually has a special relationship with the US , of which its people are citizens ) , and Cuba ( 1.6 million ) , as of 2008 . However , as of 2010 , there were 1,648,968 Salvadorans in the United States , the largest of the U.S. - Central American community . Salvadorans are poised to become the third largest Hispanic group by the next census , significantly overtaking and replacing Cubans . Recent estimates already put the Salvadoran population as high as 2 million , as of 2013 , the third largest Hispanic - American group . 62.4 % of Hispanic and Latino Americans identified as white . 30.5 % identified as `` some other race '' ( other than the ones listed ) . According to the PEP 91.9 % of Latinos are white , as these official estimates do not recognize `` some other race '' . In the official estimates , Black or African American Hispanics are the second - largest group , with 1.9 million , or 4.0 % of the whole group . The remaining Hispanics are accounted as follows , first per the PEP : 1.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 1.5 % two or more races , 0.7 % Asian , and 0.03 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander . Per the ACS : 3.9 % two or more races , 1.9 % Black or African American , 1.0 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 0.4 % Asian , and 0.05 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander . In the United States the Hispanic and Latino population has reached 58 million in 2016 . According to Pew Research Center the Latino population has been the principal driver of United States demographic growth since 2000 . Mexicans make up most of the Hispanic and Latino population 35,758,000 . There is also a growth of Hispanics who are receiving a college education in 2015 , 40 % of Hispanics age 25 and older have had a college experience . In 2000 the percentage was at a low 30 % . In all the 50 US states California houses the largest population percentage of Latinos . In 2015 , 15.2 million Hispanics lived in California . The Hispanic or Latino population is young and fast - growing , due to immigration and higher birth rates . For decades it has contributed significantly to U.S. population increases , and this is expected to continue . The Census Bureau projects that by 2050 , one - quarter of the population will be Hispanic or Latino . Asian Americans ( edit ) Main articles : Asian Americans and Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans A third significant minority is the Asian American population , comprising 19.4 million in 2013 , or 6.0 % of the U.S. population . California is home to 4.5 million Asian Americans , whereas 495,000 live in Hawaii , where they compose the plurality , at 38.5 % of the islands ' people . This is their largest share of any state . Historically first concentrated on Hawaii and the West Coast , Asian Americans now live across the country , living and working in large numbers in New York City , Chicago , Boston , Houston , and other major urban centers . Their histories are diverse . As with the new immigration from central and eastern Europe to the East Coast from the mid-19th century on , Asians started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 19th century . This first major wave of immigration consisted predominantly of Chinese and Japanese laborers , but also included Korean and South Asian immigrants . Many immigrants also came during and after this period from the Philippines , which was a US colony from 1898 to 1946 . Exclusion laws and policies largely prohibited and curtailed Asian immigration until the 1940s . After the US changed its immigration laws during the 1940s to 1960s to make entry easier , a much larger new wave of immigration from Asia began . Today the largest self - identified Asian American sub-groups according to census data are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , Indian Americans , Vietnamese Americans , Korean Americans , and Japanese Americans , among other groups . Native Americans and Alaska Natives ( edit ) Main articles : Native Americans in the United States and Alaska Natives Indigenous peoples of the Americas , particularly Native Americans , made up 0.8 % of the population in 2008 , numbering 2.4 million . An additional 2.3 million persons declared part - American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry . The legal and official designation of who is Native American has aroused controversy by demographers , tribal nations , and government officials for many decades . Federally recognized tribes and state recognized tribes set their own membership requirements ; tribal enrollment may require residency on a reservation , documented lineal descent from recognized records , such as the Dawes Rolls , and other criteria . Some tribes have adopted the use of blood quantum , requiring members to have a certain percentage . The federal government requires individuals to certify documented blood quantum of ancestry for certain federal programs , such as education benefits , available to members of recognized tribes . But Census takers accept any respondent 's identification . Genetic scientists estimated that more than 15 million other Americans , including African Americans and Hispanic Americans ( specifically those of Mexican heritage ) , may have up to one quarter of American Indian ancestry . Once thought to face extinction as a race or culture , Native Americans of numerous tribes have achieved revival of aspects of their cultures , together with asserting their sovereignty and direction of their own affairs since the mid-20th century . Many have started language programs to revive use of traditional languages ; some have established tribally controlled colleges and other schools on their reservations , so that education is expressive of their cultures . Since the late 20th century , many tribes have developed gaming casinos on their sovereign land to raise revenues for economic development , as well as to promote the education and welfare of their people through health care and construction of improved housing . Today more than 800,000 to one million persons claim Cherokee descent in part or as full - bloods ; of these , an estimated 300,000 live in California , 70,000 -- 160,000 in Oklahoma , and 15,000 in North Carolina in ancestral homelands . The second largest tribal group is the Navajo , who call themselves Diné and live on a 16 - million acre ( 65,000 km2 ) Indian reservation covering northeast Arizona , northwest New Mexico , and southeast Utah . It is home to half of the 450,000 Navajo Nation members . The third largest group are the Lakota ( Sioux ) Nation , with distinct federally recognized tribes located in the states of Minnesota , Nebraska , Montana , Wyoming ; and North and South Dakota . Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders ( edit ) Main articles : Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islands Americans Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders numbered 427,810 in 2008 , or 0.1 % of the population . Additionally , nearly as many individuals identify as having partial Native Hawaiian ancestry , for a total of 829,949 people of full or part Native Hawaiian ancestry . This group constitutes the smallest minority in the United States . More than half identify as `` full - blooded '' , but historically most Native Hawaiians on the island chain of Hawaii are believed to have admixture with Asian and European ancestries . But , the Census takes reporting by individuals as to how they identify . Some demographers believe that by the year 2025 , the last full - blooded Native Hawaiian will die off , leaving a culturally distinct , but racially mixed population . The total number of persons who have identified as Native Hawaiian in 2008 was more than the estimated Hawaiian population when the US annexed the islands in 1898 . Native Hawaiians are receiving ancestral land reparations . Throughout Hawaii , they are working to preserve and assert adaptation of Native Hawaiian customs and the Hawaiian language . They have cultural schools solely for legally Native Hawaiian students . Middle easterners and North Africans ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Eastern Americans , Arab Americans , and North Africans in the United States According to the Arab American Institute ( AAI ) , countries of origin for Arab Americans include Algeria , Bahrain , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Palestine , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Sudan , Syria , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates and Yemen . There are an estimated 1.9 - 2.0 million Middle Eastern Americans according to the U.S. Census , including both Arab and non-Arab Americans , comprising 0.6 % of the total U.S. population ; however , the Arab American Institute estimates a population closer to 3.6 million . U.S. Census population estimates are based on responses to the ancestry question on the census , which makes it difficult to accurately count Middle Eastern Americans . Though Middle Eastern American communities can be found in each of the 50 states , the majority live in just 10 states with nearly `` one third of the total liv ( ing ) in California , New York , and Michigan '' . More Middle Eastern Americans live in California than any other state , but Middle Eastern Americans represent the highest percentage of the population of Michigan . In particular , Dearborn , Michigan has long been home to a high concentration of Middle Eastern Americans . The United States Census Bureau is presently finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations . In 2012 , prompted in part by post-9 / 11 discrimination , the American - Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce 's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority / disadvantaged community . Following consultations with MENA organizations , the US Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East , North Africa and the Arab world , separate from the `` white '' classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909 . The expert groups , including some Jewish organizations , felt that the earlier `` white '' designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity , so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization . This process does not currently include ethnoreligious groups such as Jews or Sikhs , as the Bureau only tabulates these groups as followers of religions rather than members of ethnic groups . As of December 2015 , the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau 's working classification of 19 MENA groups , as well as Turkish , Sudanese , Somali , Mauritanian , Armenian , Cypriot , Afghan , Azerbaijani and Georgian groups . Two or more races ( edit ) Main article : Multiracial Americans Self - identified multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008 , or 2.3 % of the population . They have identified as any combination of races ( White , Black or African American , Asian , American Indian or Alaska Native , Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander , `` some other race '' ) and ethnicities . The U.S. has a growing multiracial identity movement . While the colonies and southern states protected white fathers by making all children born to slave mothers be classified as slaves , regardless of paternity , they also banned miscegenation or interracial marriage , most notably between whites and blacks . This did little to stop interracial relationships , except as legal , consensual unions . Demographers state that , due to new waves of immigration , the American people through the early 20th century were mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities , who maintained cultural distinctiveness until , over time , assimilation , migration and integration took place . The Civil Rights Movement through the 20th century gained passage of important legislation to enforce constitutional rights of minorities . According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University , Northridge , by some calculations in the 2000 Census , the multiracial population that is part white ( which is the largest percentage of the multiracial population ) , is as follows : white / Native American and Alaskan Native , at 7,015,017 , white / black at 737,492 , white / Asian at 727,197 , and white / Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander at 125,628 . Genetic admixture ( edit ) A 2002 study found an average of 18.6 % European genetic contribution and 2.7 % Native American genetic contribution ( with standard errors 1.5 % and 1.4 % respectively ) in a sample of 232 African Americans . Meanwhile , in a sample of 187 European Americans from State College , Pennsylvania , there was an average of 0.7 % West African genetic contribution and 3.2 % Native American genetic contribution ( with standard errors 0.9 % and 1.6 % respectively ) . Most of the non-European admixture was concentrated in 30 % of the sample , with West African admixture ranging from 2 to 20 % , with an average of 2.3 % . In 1958 Robert Stuckert produced a statistical analysis using historical census data and immigration statistics . He concluded that the growth in the White population could not be attributed solely to births in the White population and immigration from Europe , but was also due to people identifying as white who were partly black . He concluded that 21 percent of white Americans had some recent African - American ancestors . He also concluded that the majority of Americans of known African descent were partly European and not entirely sub-Saharan African . More recently , many different DNA studies have shown that many African Americans have European admixture , reflecting the long history in this country of the various populations . Proportions of European admixture in African - American DNA have been found in studies to be 17 % and between 10.6 % and 22.5 % . Another recent study found the average to be 21.2 % , with a standard error of 1.2 % . The Race , Ethnicity , and Genetics Working Group of the National Human Genome Research Institute notes that `` although genetic analyses of large numbers of loci can produce estimates of the percentage of a person 's ancestors coming from various continental populations , these estimates may assume a false distinctiveness of the parental populations , since human groups have exchanged mates from local to continental scales throughout history . '' Members of other races ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) In the 2000 census , the non-standard category of `` Other '' was especially intended to capture responses such as Mestizo and Mulatto , two large multiracial groups in most of the countries of origin of Hispanic and Latino Americans . However , many other responses are captured by the category . In 2008 15.0 million people , nearly 5 % of the total U.S. population , were estimated to be `` some other race '' , with 95 % of them being Hispanic or Latino . Due to this category 's non-standard status , statistics from government agencies other than the Census Bureau ( for example : the Centers for Disease Control 's data on vital statistics , or the FBI 's crime statistics ) , but also the Bureau 's own official Population Estimates , omit the `` some other race '' category and include most of the people in this group in the white population , thus including the vast majority ( about 90 % ) of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the white population . For an example of this , see The World Factbook , published by the Central Intelligence Agency . Ancestry ( edit ) The ancestry of the people of the United States of America is widely varied and includes descendants of populations from around the world . In addition to its variation , the ancestry of people of the United States is also marked by varying amounts of intermarriage between ethnic and racial groups . While some Americans can trace their ancestry back to a single ethnic group or population in Europe , Africa , or Asia , these are often first - and second - generation Americans . Generally , the degree of mixed heritage increases the longer one 's ancestors have lived in the United States ( see melting pot ) . In theory , there are several means available to discover the ancestry of the people residing in the United States , including genealogy , genetics , oral and written history , and analysis of Federal Population Census schedules . In practice , only few of these have been used for a larger part of the population . The plurality ( not majority ) ethnic background in each county in the US in 2000 : German English Norwegian Dutch Finnish Irish French Italian Mexican Native Spanish American African American Puerto Rican Plurality ancestry in each state , ranging from 11.8 % ( FL ) to 43.9 % ( ND ) . German American Mexican Irish African Italian English Japanese Puerto Rican 2015 American Community Survey ( edit ) According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the twenty largest ancestry groups in the United States were ( see above for the OMB self - designation options ) : Rank Ancestry or race Population Percent of total population German 46,403,053 14.7 % Black or African American ( non-Hispanic ) 38,785,726 12.3 % Mexican ( of any race ) 34,640,287 10.9 % Irish 33,526,444 10.6 % 5 English 24,787,018 7.8 % 6 American 22,746,991 7.2 % 7 Italian 17,285,619 5.5 % 8 Polish 9,385,766 3.0 % 9 French 8,272,538 2.6 % 10 Scottish 5,409,343 1.7 % 11 Puerto Rican 5,174,554 1.6 % 12 Norwegian 4,445,030 1.4 % 13 Dutch 4,289,116 1.4 % 14 Swedish 3,933,024 1.2 % 14 Chinese 3,852,099 1.2 % 16 Asian Indian 3,303,512 1.0 % 17 Scotch - Irish 3,046,005 1.0 % 18 Russian 2,843,400 0.9 % 19 West Indian ( non-Hispanic ) 2,824,722 0.9 % 20 Filipino 2,717,844 0.9 % Ancestry maps ( edit ) Major ancestries ( edit ) These images display frequencies of self - reported ancestries , as of the 2000 U.S. Census . Regional African ancestries are not listed , though an African American map has been added from another source . Frequency of American ancestry Density of Asian Americans Percent of Asian Americans Density of African Americans Percent of African Americans Density of Native Hawaiian Americans Percent of Native Hawaiian Americans Density of Native Americans Percent of Native Americans Density of White Americans Percent of White Americans Black ancestry Arab ancestry Density of Hispanic ancestry Percent of Hispanic ancestry West Indian ancestry European American ancestries ( edit ) These images display frequencies of self - reported European American ancestries as of the 2000 U.S. Census . Czech ancestry Danish ancestry Dutch ancestry English ancestry Finnish ancestry French ancestry French Canadian ancestry German ancestry Greek ancestry Hungarian ancestry Icelandic ancestry Irish ancestry Italian ancestry Lithuanian ancestry Norwegian ancestry Polish ancestry Portuguese ancestry Romanian ancestry Russian ancestry Scots - Irish ancestry Scottish ancestry Slovak ancestry Swedish ancestry Ukrainian ancestry Welsh ancestry See also ( edit ) United States portal Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Racism in the United States Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Of the foreign - born population from Africa ( 1,607 thousand ) , in 2010 , 46.1 % were naturalized . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OUR DIVERSE POPULATION : Race and Hispanic Origin , 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity '' . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Grieco , Elizabeth M ; Rachel C. Cassidy . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detailed Tables -- American FactFinder ; T3 - 2008 . Race - 7 '' . 2008 Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau I. Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detailed Tables -- American FactFinder ; T4 - 2008 . Hispanic or Latino By Race. 15 '' . 2008 Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ St. Francis Coll . v. Al - Khazraji 481 U.S. 604 ( 1987 ) , Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb , 481 U.S. 615 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Census Will Ask White People More About Their Ethnicities '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . 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Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Race , Combinations of Two Races , and Not Hispanic or Latino : 2010 '' . 2010 Census Summary File 1 . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 '' . 2010 Census Summary File 1 . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau ; Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Persons reporting some other race , percent , 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Racial and Ethnic Classifications Used in Census 2000 and Beyond '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2001 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau : FAQs '' . Ask.census.gov . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The American FactFinder Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Introduction to Race and Ethnic ( Hispanic Origin ) Data for the Census 2000 Special EEO File Archived August 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Short Form Questionnaire '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Field Listing : : Ethnic groups '' . CIA . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system . People who are Hispanic may be of any race . People in each race group may be either Hispanic or Not Hispanic . Each person has two attributes , their race ( or races ) and whether or not they are Hispanic . Jump up ^ Melvin Randolph Gilmore , `` The True Logan Fontenelle '' , Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society , Vol. 19 , edited by Albert Watkins , Nebraska State Historical Society , 1919 , p. 64 , at GenNet , accessed August 25 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Paul Heinegg , Free African Americans in Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Maryland and Delaware , 1995 -- 2006 Jump up ^ Karen R. Humes , Nicholas A. Jones , and Roberto R. Ramirez , eds . ( March 2011 ) . `` Definition of Race Categories Used in the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . p. 3 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The White Population : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . August 2001 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Becomes Nation 's Newest `` Majority - Minority '' State , Census Bureau Announces `` . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharing the Dream : White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera . Jump up ^ Farley , Reynolds ( January 1 , 1991 ) . `` The New Census Question about Ancestry : What Did It Tell Us ? '' . Demography. 28 ( 3 ) : 411 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2061465 . JSTOR 2061465 . PMID 1936376 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi , ' The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns ' , Social Science Research , Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1985 ) , pp. 44 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters , ' Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites ' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 487 , No. 79 ( September 1986 ) , pp. 82 - 86 . Jump up ^ Mary C. Waters , Ethnic Options : Choosing Identities in America ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1990 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Tafoya , Sonya ( 2004 ) . `` Shades of Belonging '' ( PDF ) . Pew Hispanic Center . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race , Ethnicity , and Language data - Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Medicine of the National Academies . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sonya Tastogi ; Tallese D. Johnson ; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel ; Malcolm P. Drewery , Jr . ( September 2011 ) . `` The Black Population : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Jesse . `` The Black Population : 2000 United States Census Bureau '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ United States -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2009 . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grieco , Elizabeth M. ; Acosta , Yesenia D. ; de la Cruz , G. Patricia ; Gamino , Christina ; Gryn , Thomas ; Larsen , Luke J. ; Trevelyan , Edward N. ; Walters , Nathan P. ( May 2012 ) . `` The Foreign Born Population in the United States : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey Reports . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Shows Black Population has Highest Concentration in the South '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . factfinder2.census.gov . Jump up ^ `` The size and regional distribution of the black population '' . Lewis Mumford Center . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' African American '' in the American Heritage Dictionary `` . Yahoo . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New World Exploration and English Ambition '' . The Terrible Transformation . PBS . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Michael A. ( 1998 ) . Exchanging Our Country Marks : The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South . University of North Carolina Press . p. 384 . ISBN 9780807846940 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 2002 ) . The American revolution : a history . Modern Library . p. 55 . ISBN 9780679640578 . Jump up ^ Liberty ! The American Revolution ( Documentary ) Episode II : Blows Must Decide : 1774 - 1776 . © 1997 Twin Cities Public Television , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4157 - 0217 - 9 Jump up ^ Foner , Philip Sheldon ( 1976 ) . Blacks in the American Revolution . Volume 55 of Contributions in American history . Greenwood Press . p. 70 . ISBN 9780837189468 . Jump up ^ `` Black Loyalists '' . Black Presence . The National Archives . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Boston ; Jennifer Hallam ( 2004 ) . `` Freedom & Emancipation '' . Educational Broadcasting Corporation . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder Help ; Hispanic or Latino origin '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` C03001 . HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN -- Universe : TOTAL POPULATION '' . 2008 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US Census Bureau 2011 American Community Survey B03001 1 - Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN retrieved October 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Llorente . `` Salvadorans Overtaking Cubans As Third - Largest Hispanic Group In The U.S. '' Fox News Latino . Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/18/how-the-u-s-hispanic-population-is-changing/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` UNITED STATES POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN : 2000 TO 2050 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Press Releases '' . United States Census Bureau . March 18 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` B02001 . RACE -- Universe : TOTAL POPULATION regions and states '' . 2008 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Americans '' . Pew Research Center 's Social & Demographic Trends Project . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` B02010 . AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES '' . 2008 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` B02012 . NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES '' . 2008 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 11 , 2010 . 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Detroit , Michigan : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 9780814328125 . Jump up ^ Hassoun , Rosina ( 2005 ) . Arabs in Michigan . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 9780870136672 . Jump up ^ `` Lobbying for a ' MENA ' category on U.S. Census '' Wiltz , Teresea . USA Today . Published October 7 , 2014 . Accessed December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Debra Nussbaum . `` New U.S. Census Category to Include Israeli ' Option '' . Haaretz . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 National Content Test '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . pp. 33 -- 34 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups , and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian . The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions ( e.g. , Sikh , Jewish , Catholic , Muslim , Lutheran , etc . ) . Jump up ^ `` 2015 National Content Test '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . p. 60 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nicholas A. ; Amy Symens Smith . `` The Two or More Races Population : 2000 . Census 2000 Brief '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mark D. Shriver et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Skin pigmentation , biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping '' ( PDF ) . Human Genetics . 112 : 387 -- 399 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 002 - 0896 - y . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Stuckert , `` African Ancestry Of The White American Population '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins - Schramm , Heather E. ( 2002 ) . `` Markers that Discriminate Between European and African Ancestry Show Limited Variation Within Africa '' . Human Genetics . 111 ( 6 ) : 566 -- 69 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 002 - 0818 - z . PMID 12436248 . Jump up ^ Parra , Esteban J. ; Marcini , Amy ; Akey , Joshua ; Martinson , Jeremy ; Batzer , Mark A. ; Cooper , Richard ; Forrester , Terrence ; Allison , David B. ; Deka , Ranjan ; Ferrell , Robert E. ; Shriver , Mark D. ( 1998 ) . `` Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population - Specific Alleles '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Human Genetics . 63 ( 6 ) : 1839 -- 1851 . doi : 10.1086 / 302148 . PMC 1377655 . PMID 9837836 . Jump up ^ Race , Ethnicity , and Genetics Working Group , National Human Genome Research Institute , Bethesda , `` The Use of Racial , Ethnic , and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research '' Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- United States '' . CIA . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See BLS , `` Labor law highlights , 1915 -- 2015 '' ( Oct 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES - 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES - 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . External links ( edit ) American Factfinder ; keyword search for `` Ancestry '' , all programs ; United States Census Bureau For additional county - level U.S. maps on a wide range of ethnic and nationality groups , visit the Map Gallery of Ethnic Groups in the United States , part of the course materials for American Ethnic Geography at Valparaiso University . Demographics of the United States Demographic history By economic and social Affluence Educational attainment Emigration Home - ownership Household income Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Social class Unemployment by state Wealth By religion Baha'is Buddhists Christians Catholics Coptics Protestants Hindus Jains Jews Muslims Ahmadiyyas Neopagans Non-religious Rastafaris Scientologists Sikhs Zoroastrians By continent and ethnicity Africa African diaspora in the Americas Afro - Caribbean / West Indian Americans Bahamian Americans Belizean Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Jamaican Americans Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans African immigrants to the United States Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States Asia Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans East Asia Chinese Americans Hong Kong Americans Tibetan Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Mongolian Americans Taiwanese Americans South Asia Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Indian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans Romani Americans Sri Lankan Americans Southeast Asia Burmese Americans Cambodian Americans Filipino Americans Hmong Americans Indonesian Americans Laotian Americans Malaysian Americans Singaporean Americans Thai Americans Vietnamese Americans West Asia Arab Americans Assyrian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans Jewish Americans Europe White Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Scandinavian Americans Slavic Americans Spanish Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Americans Oceania Pacific Islands Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Tongan Americans Americans of Euro Oceanic origin Australian Americans New Zealand Americans North America Native Americans and Alaska Natives Canadian Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans ( Stateside ) South America Hispanic and Latino Americans Brazilian Americans Colombian Americans Ecuadorian Americans Multiethnic Melungeon People of the United States / Americans American ancestry Maps of American ancestries 2010 Census Race and ethnicity in the Census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southwest Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States&oldid=842450323 '' Categories : Demographics of the United States Ethnic groups in the United States Race in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the percentage of african american in the us	[ "As of July 2016[update], White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, amounting to an estimated 12.7% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to an estimated 17.8% of the total U.S. population, making up the largest ethnic minority.[8] The White, non-Hispanic or Latino population make up 61.3% of the nation's total, with the total White population (including White Hispanics and Latinos) being 76.9%.[9]" ]	[ "12.7%" ]
-3991328819553896608	Five-Year Plans of India	Five - Year plans of India - Wikipedia Five - Year plans of India Jump to : navigation , search From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five - Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Planning Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2014 - 2017 ) . With the Prime Minister as the ex-officio Chairman , the commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman , who holds the rank of a Cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last Deputy Chairman of the Commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Eleventh Plan completed its term in March 2012 and the Twelfth Plan is currently underway . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 3 Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) 4 Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) 5 Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 6 Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) 7 Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) 8 Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) 9 Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) 10 Annual Plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) 11 Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) 12 Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 13 Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 14 Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) 15 Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Five - Year Plans ( FYPs ) are centralized and integrated national economic programs . Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s . Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them . China and India both continue to use FYPs , although China renamed its Eleventh FYP , from 2006 to 2010 , a guideline ( guihua ) , rather than a plan ( jihua ) , to signify the central government 's more hands - off approach to development . India launched its First FYP in 1951 , immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . The First Five - Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after the Independence . Thus , it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country ( but less than the Second Plan , which focused on heavy industries ) . It built a particular system of mixed economy , with a great role for the public sector ( with an emerging welfare state ) , as well as a growing private sector ( represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan ) . First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Indian Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five - Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention . The First Five - year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector . The First Five - Year Plan was based on the Harrod -- Domar model with few modifications . The total planned budget of Rs. 2069 crore ( 2378 crore later ) was allocated to seven broad areas : irrigation and energy ( 27.2 % ) , agriculture and community development ( 17.4 % ) , transport and communications ( 24 % ) , industry ( 8.4 % ) , social services ( 16.64 % ) , land rehabilitation ( 4.1 % ) , and for other sectors and services ( 2.5 % ) . The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems -- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save . The target growth rate was 2.1 % annual gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth ; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 % the net domestic product went up by 15 % . The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields , boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income , which increased by 8 % . National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth . Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period , including the Bhakra , Hirakud and Damodar Valley dams . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the Indian government , addressed children 's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth . At the end of the plan period in 1956 , five Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) were started as major technical institutions . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country . Contracts were signed to start five steel plants , which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five - Year Plan . The plan was quasi successful for the government . Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and `` rapid Industrialisation '' . The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953 . The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long - run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods . Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia , Britain ( the U.K ) and West Germany respectively . Coal production was increased . More railway lines were added in the north east . The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) was established as research institutes . In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power . The total amount allocated under the Second Five - Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion . This amount was allocated among various sectors : power and irrigation , social services , communications and transport , and miscellaneous . `` The target growth rate was 4.5 % and the actual growth rate was 4.27 % . '' Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat . Many primary schools were started in rural areas . In an effort to bring democracy to the grass - root level , Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities . State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed . States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 2.4 % . Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare `` plan holidays '' ( from 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , and 1968 -- 69 ) . Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period . During 1966 -- 67 there was again the problem of drought . Equal priority was given to agriculture , its allied activities , and industrial sector . The government of India declared `` Devaluation of Rupee '' to increase the exports of the country . The main reasons for plan holidays were the war , lack of resources , and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created . Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture . In addition , the situation in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development . India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test ( Pokhran - 1 ) in Rajasthan on May 18 , 1974 , partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal . The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war . The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 3.3 % . Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Fifth Five - Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ) , and justice . The plan also focused on self - reliance in agricultural production and defence . In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan . The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975 , which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission . The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded . The twenty - point programme was launched in 1975 . It was followed from 1974 to 1979 . The Minimum Needs Programme ( MNP ) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 -- 78 ) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people . The target growth rate was 4.4 % and the actual growth rate was 4.8 % . Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five - Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five - Year Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed . The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years , which may be 3 , 4 or 5 years . Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10 , 15 or 20 years . Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans . The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets , the object of the exercise , projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country 's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year , it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five - year period and it turned out to be a complex plan . Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress . Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) The Sixth Five - Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed . This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee . Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China 's strict and binding one - child policy , Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas , which continued to have a high birth rate . The Sixth Five - Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy . The target growth rate was 5.2 % and the actual growth rate was 5.7 % . The only Five - Year Plan which was done twice . Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The Seventh Five - Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister . The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology . The main objectives of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity , production of food grains , and generating employment through `` Social Justice '' . As an outcome of the Sixth Five - Year Plan , there had been steady growth in agriculture , controls on the rate of inflation , and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five - Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth . The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large . The thrust areas of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were : social justice , removal of oppression of the weak , using modern technology , agricultural development , anti-poverty programmes , full supply of food , clothing , and shelter , increasing productivity of small - and large - scale farmers , and making India an independent economy . Based on a 15 - year period of striving towards steady growth , the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self - sustaining growth by the year 2000 . The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 % per year . Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five - Year Plan India are given below : Balance of payments ( estimates ) : Export -- ₹ 330 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 540 billion ( US $8.4 billion ) , Trade Balance -- ( - ) ₹ 210 billion ( US $3.3 billion ) Merchandise exports ( estimates ) : ₹ 606.53 billion ( US $9.5 billion ) Merchandise imports ( estimates ) : ₹ 954.37 billion ( US $14.9 billion ) Projections for balance of payments : Export -- ₹ 607 billion ( US $9.5 billion ) , Imports -- ( - ) ₹ 954 billion ( US $14.9 billion ) , Trade Balance - ( - ) ₹ 347 billion ( US $5.4 billion ) Under the Seventh Five - Year Plan , India strove to bring about a self - sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace . The target growth rate was 5.0 % and the actual growth rate was 6.01 % . and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7 % Annual plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992 -- 1997 . Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) 1989 -- 91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five - year plan was implemented . Between 1990 and 1992 , there were only Annual Plans . In 1991 , India faced a crisis in foreign exchange ( forex ) reserves , left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion . Thus , under pressure , the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy . P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India 's modern history , overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security . At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh ( later Prime Minister of India ) launched India 's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge . It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization ( LPG ) in India . Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan . Under this plan , the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt . Meanwhile , India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995 . The major objectives included , controlling population growth , poverty reduction , employment generation , strengthening the infrastructure , institutional building , tourism management , human resource development , involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people 's participation . Energy was given priority with 26.6 % of the outlay . The target growth rate was 5.6 % and the actual growth rate was 6.8 % . To achieve the target of an average of 5.6 % per annum , investment of 23.2 % of the gross domestic product was required . The incremental capital ratio is 4.1 . The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources , with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6 % of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6 % of gross domestic production . Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) The Ninth Five - Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five - Year Plan . The Ninth Five - Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth . It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty . The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five - Year Plan also ensured the states ' ability to proceed on the path of faster development . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country . In addition , the Ninth Five - Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country . New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans ( SAPs ) were evolved during the Ninth Five - Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources . The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure , agriculture , information technology and Water policy . Budget The Ninth Five - Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹ 859,200 crore ( US $130 billion ) . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw a hike of 48 % in terms of plan expenditure and 33 % in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five - Year Plan . In the total outlay , the share of the center was approximately 57 % while it was 43 % for the states and the union territories . The Ninth Five - Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country . The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity . The Ninth Five - Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society . Objectives The main objective of the Ninth Five - Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country . Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five - Year Plan were : Population control Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development Reduction of poverty Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities Primary education to all children in the country Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes , Scheduled tribes and other backward classes Developing self - reliance in terms of agriculture Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices Strategies Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy . New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country . Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth . Combination of public and private support to increase employment . Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self - reliance . Providing services like electricity , telecommunication , railways etc . Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country . Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions / bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process . Performance The Ninth Five - Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4 % against a target of 6.5 % The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1 % against the target of 4.2 % The industrial growth in the country was 4.5 % which was higher than that of the target of 3 % The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8 % . An average annual growth rate of 6.7 % was reached . The Ninth Five - Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio - economic development of the country . However , for a well - planned economy of any country , there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation . A combined effort of public , private , and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India 's economy . The target growth was 7.1 % and the actual growth was 6.8 % . Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The main objectives of the Tenth Five - Year Plan were : Attain 8 % GDP growth per year Reduction of poverty rate by 5 % by 2007 Providing gainful and high - quality employment at least to the addition to the labor force Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50 % by 2007 20 - point program was introduced Target growth : 8.1 % -- growth achieved : 7.7 % The tenth plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities Expenditure of ₹ 43,825 crore ( US $6.8 billion ) for tenth five years Out of total plan outlay , ₹ 921,291 crore ( US $140 billion ) ( 57.9 % ) was for central government and ₹ 691,009 crore ( US $110 billion ) ( 42.1 % ) was for states and union territories . Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Rapid and inclusive growth . ( poverty reduction ) Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein . Empowerment through education and skill development . Reduction of gender inequality . Environmental sustainability . To increase the growth rate in agriculture , industry and services to 4 % , 10 % and 9 % respectively . Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1 . Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 . Increase agriculture growth to 4 % . Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : 12th Five - Year Plan ( India ) The Twelfth Five - Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2 % but the National Development Council ( NDC ) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8 % for the Twelfth Five - Year Plan . With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible . The Final growth target has been set at 8 % by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi . `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 % ( in the 12th plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible , '' Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 % . `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012 -- 13 ) is 6.5 to 7 percent . '' He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval . The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 % during the 12th Five - Year Plan . Ahluwalia said , `` We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 % annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period '' . Earlier , addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments , he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan . The commission had said , while using the Tendulkar poverty line , the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10 , was about 1.5 % points each year , which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993 -- 95 to 2004 -- 05 . The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks . The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US $1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five - year plan , which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) . The UID ( Unique Identification Number ) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan . See also ( edit ) Five - year plans of China Five - Year Plans of Romania Five - Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union Common minimum programme References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Planning Commission , Government of India : Five Year Plans . Planningcommission.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall `` Five Year Plans '' in Encyclopedia of Sustainability , Vol. 7 pp. 156 -- 160 Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir , India 's Open - Economy Policy : Globalism , Rivalry , Continuity ( London and New York : Routledge 2008 ) , Chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar , Globalization And Nationalism : The Changing Balance Of India 's Economic Policy , 1950 -- 2000 ( New Delhi : Sage , 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : L.N. Dash ( 2000 ) . World bank and economic development of India . APH Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 121 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/pdf/Historical%20Back%20Ground.pdf Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm Jump up ^ Agrawal , AN ( 1995 ) . Indian Economy : Problems of development and planning . pune : Wishwa Prakashan . p. 676 . Jump up ^ `` National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan '' . Indian Express . 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in which five year plan the main objective was the eradication of poverty	[ "The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy." ]	[ "The Ninth Five-Year Plan" ]
8485148148543996579	Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb	Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present - day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry , having taken the blame for the planetarium incident thus giving McPhee his job back , now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend of the Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller -- once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard -- is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night at the Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night at the Museum 3 '' . The Daily Mail . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood -- Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night at the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night at the Museum 3 in London '' . The Daily Mail . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb -- Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=834370705 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays nick in night at the museum	[ "Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films.", "Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films." ]	[ "Skyler Gisondo", "Jake Cherry" ]
-4089726813071894659	Abundance of elements in Earth's crust	Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust - wikipedia Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Jump to : navigation , search Abundance ( atom fraction ) of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number . The rarest elements in the crust ( shown in yellow ) are not the heaviest , but are rather the siderophile ( iron - loving ) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements . These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth 's core . Their abundance in meteoroids is higher . Additionally , tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides . The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million ( ppm ) by mass ( 10,000 ppm = 1 % ) . Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust , from various sources Rank Z , element & symbol Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016 , tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 8 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Primordial nuclide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elements , Terrestrial Abundance '' . www.daviddarling.info . Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Kenneth . `` Periodic Table of Elements '' . Environmental Chemistry.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Abundance in Earth 's Crust '' . WebElements.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust '' . Israel Science and Technology Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Periodic Table of Elements '' . Jefferson Lab . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS . All production numbers are for mines , except for Al , Cd , Fe , Ge , In , N , Se ( plants , refineries ) , S ( all forms ) and As , Br , Mg , Si ( unspecified ) . Data for B , K , Ti , Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide , data for Na and Cl are for NaCl . For many elements like Si , Al , data are ambiguous ( many forms produced ) and are taken for the pure element . U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet ( 1 ) . WNA . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements . Oxford University Press . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5 . BookRags , Periodic Table . World Book Encyclopedia , Exploring Earth . HyperPhysics , Georgia State University , Abundance of Elements in Earth 's Crust . Data Series 140 , Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States , Version 2011 , USGS ( 2 ) . Eric Scerri , The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=819569241 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Properties of chemical elements Lists of chemical elements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Македонски 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 02 : 54 . About Wikipedia	what is the 2nd most abundant element in the earth's crust	[ "\nAbundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources\n\nRank\nZ, element & symbol\nAbundance in crust (ppm) by source\nAnnual production\n\n\n\n\n\nDarling[1]\nBarbalace[2]\nWebElements[3]\nIsrael Science and Technology[4]\nJefferson Lab[5]\n(2016, tonnes)[6]\n\n\n\n1\n8\noxygen\nO\n466,000\n474,000\n460,000\n467,100\n461,000\n\n\n\n2\n14\nsilicon [A]\nSi\n277,200\n277,100\n270,000\n276,900\n282,000\n7,200,000\n\n\n3\n13\naluminium\nAl\n81,300\n82,000\n82,000\n80,700\n82,300\n57,600,000\n\n\n4\n26\niron\nFe\n50,000\n41,000\n63,000\n50,500\n56,300\n1,150,000,000\n\n\n5\n20\ncalcium\nCa\n36,300\n41,000\n50,000\n36,500\n41,500\n\n\n\n6\n11\nsodium\nNa\n28,300\n23,000\n23,000\n27,500\n23,600\n255,000,000\n\n\n7\n19\npotassium\nK\n25,900\n21,000\n15,000\n25,800\n20,900\n\n\n\n8\n12\nmagnesium\nMg\n20,900\n23,000\n29,000\n20,800\n23,300\n1,010,000\n\n\n9\n22\ntitanium\nTi\n4,400\n5,600\n6,600\n6,200\n5,600\n6,600,000\n\n\n10\n1\nhydrogen\nH\n1,400\n\n1,500\n1,400\n1,400\n\n\n\n11\n15\nphosphorus\nP\n1,200\n1,000\n1,000\n1,300\n1,050\n\n\n\n12\n25\nmanganese\nMn\n1,000\n950\n1,100\n900\n950\n16,000,000\n\n\n13\n9\nfluorine\nF\n800\n950\n540\n290\n585\n\n\n\n14\n56\nbarium\nBa\n500\n340\n340\n500\n425\n\n\n\n15\n6\ncarbon\nC\n300\n480\n1,800\n940\n200\n\n\n\n16\n38\nstrontium\nSr\n\n370\n360\n\n370\n350,000\n\n\n17\n16\nsulfur\nS\n500\n260\n420\n520\n350\n69,300,000\n\n\n18\n40\nzirconium\nZr\n\n190\n130\n250\n165\n1,460,000\n\n\n19\n74\ntungsten\nW\n\n160.6\n1.1\n\n1.25\n86,400\n\n\n20\n23\nvanadium\nV\n100\n160\n190\n\n120\n76,000\n\n\n21\n17\nchlorine\nCl\n500\n130\n170\n450\n145\n\n\n\n22\n24\nchromium\nCr\n100\n100\n140\n350\n102\n26,000,000\n\n\n23\n37\nrubidium\nRb\n300\n90\n60\n\n90\n\n\n\n24\n28\nnickel\nNi\n\n80\n90\n190\n84\n2,250,000\n\n\n25\n30\nzinc\nZn\n\n75\n79\n\n70\n11,900,000\n\n\n26\n29\ncopper\nCu\n100\n50\n68\n\n60\n19,400,000\n\n\n27\n58\ncerium\nCe\n\n68\n60\n\n66.5\n\n\n\n28\n60\nneodymium\nNd\n\n38\n33\n\n41.5\n\n\n\n29\n57\nlanthanum\nLa\n\n32\n34\n\n39\n\n\n\n30\n39\nyttrium\nY\n\n30\n29\n\n33\n6,000\n\n\n31\n7\nnitrogen\nN\n50\n25\n20\n\n19\n140,000,000\n\n\n32\n27\ncobalt\nCo\n\n20\n30\n\n25\n123,000\n\n\n33\n3\nlithium\nLi\n\n20\n17\n\n20\n35,000\n\n\n34\n41\nniobium\nNb\n\n20\n17\n\n20\n64,000\n\n\n35\n31\ngallium\nGa\n\n18\n19\n\n19\n\n\n\n36\n21\nscandium\nSc\n\n16\n26\n\n22\n\n\n\n37\n82\nlead\nPb\n\n14\n10\n\n14\n4,820,000\n\n\n38\n62\nsamarium\nSm\n\n7.9\n6\n\n7.05\n\n\n\n39\n90\nthorium\nTh\n\n12\n6\n\n9.6\n\n\n\n40\n59\npraseodymium\nPr\n\n9.5\n8.7\n\n9.2\n\n\n\n41\n5\nboron\nB\n\n950\n8.7\n\n10\n9,400,000\n\n\n42\n64\ngadolinium\nGd\n\n7.7\n5.2\n\n6.2\n\n\n\n43\n66\ndysprosium\nDy\n\n6\n6.2\n\n5.2\n\n\n\n44\n72\nhafnium\nHf\n\n5.3\n3.3\n\n3.0\n\n\n\n45\n68\nerbium\nEr\n\n3.8\n3.0\n\n3.5\n\n\n\n46\n70\nytterbium\nYb\n\n3.3\n2.8\n\n3.2\n\n\n\n47\n55\ncaesium\nCs\n\n3\n1.9\n\n3\n\n\n\n48\n4\nberyllium\nBe\n\n2.6\n1.9\n\n2.8\n220\n\n\n49\n50\ntin\nSn\n0\n2.2\n2.2\n\n2.3\n280,000\n\n\n50\n63\neuropium\nEu\n\n2.1\n1.8\n\n2.0\n\n\n\n51\n92\nuranium\nU\n\n0\n1.8\n\n2.7\n74,119\n\n\n52\n73\ntantalum\nTa\n\n2\n1.7\n\n2.0\n1,100\n\n\n53\n32\ngermanium\nGe\n\n1.8\n1.4\n\n1.5\n155\n\n\n54\n42\nmolybdenum\nMo\n\n1.5\n1.1\n\n1.2\n227,000\n\n\n55\n33\narsenic\nAs\n\n1.5\n2.1\n\n1.8\n36,500\n\n\n56\n67\nholmium\nHo\n\n1.4\n1.2\n\n1.3\n\n\n\n57\n65\nterbium\nTb\n\n1.1\n0.94\n\n1.2\n\n\n\n58\n69\nthulium\nTm\n\n0.48\n0.45\n\n0.52\n\n\n\n59\n35\nbromine\nBr\n\n0.37\n3\n\n2.4\n391,000\n\n\n60\n81\nthallium\nTl\n\n0.6\n0.530\n\n0.850\n10\n\n\n61\n71\nlutetium[7]\nLu\n\n\n\n\n0.5\n\n\n\n62\n51\nantimony\nSb\n\n0.2\n0.2\n\n0.2\n130,000\n\n\n63\n53\niodine\nI\n\n0.14\n0.490\n\n0.450\n31,600\n\n\n64\n48\ncadmium\nCd\n\n0.11\n0.15\n\n0.15\n23,000\n\n\n65\n47\nsilver\nAg\n\n0.070\n0.080\n\n0.075\n27,000\n\n\n66\n80\nmercury\nHg\n\n0.05\n0.067\n\n0.085\n4,500\n\n\n67\n34\nselenium\nSe\n\n0.05\n0.05\n\n0.05\n2,200\n\n\n68\n49\nindium\nIn\n\n0.049\n0.160\n\n0.250\n655\n\n\n69\n83\nbismuth\nBi\n\n0.048\n0.025\n\n0.0085\n10,200\n\n\n70\n52\ntellurium\nTe\n\n0.005\n0.001\n\n0.001\n2,200\n\n\n71\n78\nplatinum\nPt\n\n0.003\n0.0037\n\n0.005\n172\n\n\n72\n79\ngold\nAu\n\n0.0011\n0.0031\n\n0.004\n3,100\n\n\n73\n44\nruthenium\nRu\n\n0.001\n0.001\n\n0.001\n\n\n\n74\n46\npalladium\nPd\n\n0.0006\n0.0063\n\n0.015\n208\n\n\n75\n75\nrhenium\nRe\n\n0.0004\n0.0026\n\n0.0007\n47.2\n\n\n76\n77\niridium\nIr\n\n0.0003\n0.0004\n\n0.001\n\n\n\n77\n45\nrhodium\nRh\n\n0.0002\n0.0007\n\n0.001\n\n\n\n78\n76\nosmium\nOs\n\n0.0001\n0.0018\n\n0.0015\n\n\n" ]	[ "silicon" ]
-1422761640433175638	Lara's Theme	Lara 's Theme - wikipedia Lara 's Theme Jump to : navigation , search `` Somewhere My Love '' redirects here . For the Connie Francis album , see Somewhere , My Love . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lara 's Theme '' is the name given to a leitmotif written for the film Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) by composer Maurice Jarre . Soon afterward , the leitmotif became the basis of the song `` Somewhere , My Love '' . In 1967 , `` Somewhere my love '' was nominated for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year . It lost to `` Michelle '' by The Beatles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original composition 2 Variations 3 Vocal recordings 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Original composition ( edit ) While working on the soundtrack for Doctor Zhivago , Maurice Jarre was asked by director David Lean to come up with a theme for the character of Lara , played by Julie Christie . Initially Lean had desired to use a well - known Russian song but could not locate the rights to it , and delegated responsibility to Jarre . After several unsuccessful attempts at writing it , Lean suggested to Jarre that he go to the mountains with his girlfriend and write a piece of music for her . Jarre says that the resultant piece was `` Lara 's Theme '' , and Lean liked it well enough to use it in numerous tracks for the film . In editing Zhivago , Lean and producer Carlo Ponti reduced or outright deleted many of the themes composed by Jarre ; Jarre was angry because he felt that an over-reliance on `` Lara 's Theme '' would ruin the soundtrack . Jarre 's esthetic fears notwithstanding , the theme became an instant success and gained fame throughout the world . By special request of Connie Francis , Paul Francis Webster later took the theme and added lyrics to it to create `` Somewhere , My Love '' . Francis , however , withdrew from the project when the lyrics were presented to her because she thought of them as too `` corny '' . A few weeks later , Francis reconsidered her position and recorded the song nonetheless , but by then Ray Conniff had also recorded a version of his own , reaching # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1966 . Conniff 's version of the song also topped the `` Easy listening '' chart in the U.S. for four weeks . Despite Conniff 's success , Francis also had her version released as a single , and although it failed to chart in the US , it became one of her biggest successes internationally , becoming one of the `` Top 5 '' in territories such as Scandinavia and Asia . In Italy , her Italian version of the song , `` Dove non so '' , became her last # 1 success . Various other versions of it have since been released . Italio - American tenor , Sergio Franchi covered the song as `` Somewhere , My Love '' in his 1967 RCA Victor album From Sergio -- With Love . Harry James recorded a version on his album The King James Version ( Sheffield Lab LAB 3 , 1976 ) . A music box plays `` Lara 's Theme '' at the beginning of the film The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . Variations ( edit ) On the soundtrack album for Zhivago , there is no one track listed as `` Lara 's Theme '' . A variation of the piece appears in numerous sections , however . Some tracks briefly cite it , while others are composed entirely from the motif . The orchestration is varied , most notably with balalaika and orchestra . One of the main reasons the theme is featured in so many tracks is that Lean had hired an impromptu balalaika orchestra from several Russian Orthodox Churches in Los Angeles ; the musicians could only learn 16 bars of music at a time , and could not read written music . Edgar Stanistreet , a street musician from Philadelphia , claimed that he was asked to play the song over the telephone to an MGM executive , and was later taken into the studio to record . He was not credited , however . Tracks which feature it include ( from the 1995 Extended Soundtrack release ) : 1 ) Overture -- a fast - paced march version of it plays during part of the pre-credits overture 2 ) Main Title -- a significant portion of the Main Theme is devoted to `` Lara 's Theme '' 3 ) Kontakion / Funeral Song -- briefly cited at the end of the piece 12 ) After Deserters Killed The Colonel -- again , a brief `` quote '' from it appears at the end of the song 14 ) Lara Says Goodbye To Yuri -- The first extensive use of `` Lara 's Theme '' is a sad version played with heavy balalaika and violin sections 23 ) Yuri Follows the Sound of the Waterfall 24 ) Tonya and Yuri Arrive At Varykino -- briefly cited in the middle of the track 27 ) Yuri and the Daffodils -- plays during the `` changing of seasons '' part of the film , the montonous winter theme builds into a full - fledged rendition of `` Lara 's Theme '' 28 ) On A Yuriatin Street -- a complete rendition with full orchestral backing 29 ) In Lara 's Bedroom 30 ) Yuri Rides To Yuriatin 33 ) Yuri Is Escaping -- a gloomy military march is punctuated by a quote from `` Lara 's Theme '' which ultimately turns into a climax 37 ) Yuri Is Trying To Write 39 ) Lara Reads Her Poem 42 ) Then It 's A Gift ( End Title ) -- very similar to `` On A Yuriatin Street '' , a complete , triumphant final rendition of the song This soundtrack also includes jazz , rock ' n ' roll , and swing versions of `` Lara 's Theme '' which were performed by the MGM Studio Orchestra between takes . Vocal recordings ( edit ) Vocal versions include recordings by Connie Francis ( in English as Somewhere , My Love , in Spanish as Sueño de Amor , and in Italian as Dove non so , which was also sung in Italian by Rita Pavone ) , by The Ray Conniff Singers ( in English as Somewhere , My Love ) , by Ivan Rebroff in Russian and English and as well as Karel Gott and Peter Alexander in German as Weißt du , wohin . Tereza Kesovija sang it first in France , and then by John William and by Les Compagnons de la Chanson ( in French as La Chanson de Lara ) . Tereza Kesovija and Marjana Deržaj also recorded Lara 's Theme in Yugoslavia as Larina pjesma respectively Larina pesem . Andy Williams released a version in 1967 on his album , Born Free . In 1966 Mrs. Miller covered the song in her second Capitol Records album Will Success Spoil Mrs. Miller ? Legacy ( edit ) A version of `` Somewhere , My Love '' is played in the elevator scene of Super Mario Bros. ( film ) when Luigi teaches the Goombas to dance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition , 1996 Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com Archived 2012 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Sergio Franchi External links ( edit ) Main Title of `` Doctor Zhivago '' ( Rhapsody ) Only available to United States Internet users . Preceded by `` The Impossible Dream ( The Quest ) '' by Jack Jones Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Ray Conniff & The Singers version ) July 30 , 1966 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Could n't Live Without Your Love '' by Petula Clark ( hide ) Boris Pasternak 's Doctor Zhivago Characters Yuri Zhivago Adaptations Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 film ) Doctor Zhivago ( 2002 miniseries ) Doctor Zhivago ( 2011 musical ) Music `` Lara 's Theme '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lara%27s_Theme&oldid=821136902 '' Categories : 1965 compositions Songs with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster Andy Williams songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Instrumentals Songs written for films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Hrvatski Nederlands Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote lara's theme from dr. zhivago	[ "\"Lara's Theme\" is the name given to a leitmotif written for the film Doctor Zhivago (1965) by composer Maurice Jarre. Soon afterward, the leitmotif became the basis of the song \"Somewhere, My Love\".[1] In 1967, \"Somewhere my love\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. It lost to \"Michelle\" by The Beatles." ]	[ "composer Maurice Jarre" ]
-1302403339347885644	John Banner	John Banner - wikipedia John Banner John Banner Banner as Sergeant Hans Georg Schultz on Hogan 's Heroes ( c. late - 1960s ) . Johann Banner ( 1910 - 01 - 28 ) 28 January 1910 Vienna , Austria - Hungary 28 January 1973 ( 1973 - 01 - 28 ) ( aged 63 ) Vienna , Austria Cause of death abdominal hemorrhage Resting place Friedhof Mauer , Vienna , Austria Occupation Actor Years active 1939 -- 1972 Spouse ( s ) Christine John Banner ( born Johann Banner , 28 January 1910 -- 28 January 1973 ) was an Austrian - born American film and television actor . He is best known for his role as Master Sergeant Schultz in the situation comedy Hogan 's Heroes ( 1965 -- 1971 ) . Schultz , constantly encountering evidence that the inmates of his stalag were planning mayhem , frequently feigned ignorance with the catchphrase , `` I see nothing ! I hear nothing ! I know nothing ! '' ( or , more commonly as the series went on , `` I know nothing , nothing ! '' ) . Contents 1 Early years 2 World War II 3 Acting 3.1 Broadway 3.2 Films 3.3 From the 1950s and Hogan 's Heroes 4 Death 5 Filmography 6 Television credits 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early years ( edit ) Banner was born to Jewish parents in Vienna , Austria - Hungary . He studied for a law degree at the University of Vienna , but decided instead to become an actor . In 1938 , when he was performing with an acting troupe in Switzerland , Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to Nazi Germany . Banner emigrated to the United States , where he rapidly picked up English . World War II ( edit ) In 1942 , he enlisted in the United States Army Air Force , underwent basic training in Atlantic City and became a supply sergeant . He even posed for a recruiting poster . He served until 1945 . According to fellow Hogan 's Heroes actor Robert Clary , `` John lost a lot of his family '' to the Holocaust . Acting ( edit ) Broadway ( edit ) Banner appeared on Broadway three times -- in a musical revue called From Vienna , which ran for two months in 1939 ; and in two comic plays , Pastoral , in which he had a leading role , but which had a very brief run in November 1939 ; and The Big Two , which also ran briefly in January 1947 . Early on , before he became fluent in English , he had to learn his lines phonetically . Films ( edit ) Banner appeared in over 40 feature films . His first credited role was a German captain in Once Upon a Honeymoon ( 1942 ) , starring Cary Grant and Ginger Rogers . He played a Gestapo agent in 20th Century Fox 's Chetniks ! The Fighting Guerrillas ( 1943 ) . His typecasting did not please him -- he later learnt that his family members who had remained in Vienna all perished in Nazi concentration camps -- but it was the only work he was offered . From the 1950s and Hogan 's Heroes ( edit ) Banner made more than 70 television appearances between 1950 and 1970 , including the Lone Ranger ( episode `` Damsels In Distress '' , 1950 ) , Sky King ( premiere episode `` Operation Urgent '' , 1952 ) , Sheena , Queen of the Jungle ( `` The Renegades '' , 1955 ) , Adventures of Superman ( `` The Man Who Made Dreams Come True '' , 1957 ) , Father Knows Best ( `` Brief Holiday '' , 1957 ) , Mister Ed , Thriller ( episode `` Portrait Without a Face '' , 1961 ) , The Untouchables ( `` Takeover '' , 1962 ) , My Sister Eileen , The Lucy Show , Perry Mason , The Partridge Family , Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( `` Hot Line '' , 1964 ) , Alias Smith and Jones , The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( `` The Neptune Affair '' , 1964 ) , and Hazel ( `` The Investor '' , 1965 ) . In the late 1950s , a still slim Banner portrayed Peter Tchaikovsky 's supervisor on a Disneyland anthology series about the composer 's life . This followed a scene with fellow Hogan 's Heroes actor Leon Askin ( General Burkhalter ) as Nikolai Rubinstein . In 1953 , he had a bit part in the Kirk Douglas movie The Juggler as a witness of an attack on an Israeli policeman by a disturbed concentration camp survivor . In 1954 , he had a regular role as Bavarro in the children 's series Rocky Jones , Space Ranger . Two years later , he played a train conductor in the episode `` Safe Conduct '' of Alfred Hitchcock Presents , appearing with future co-star Werner Klemperer ( Colonel Klink ) , who played a spy . He played Nazi villains in several later films : the German town mayor in The Young Lions ( 1958 ) ; Rudolf Höss in Operation Eichmann ( 1961 ) ; and Gregor Strasser in Hitler ( 1962 ) . The year before the premiere of Hogan 's Heroes , Banner portrayed a soldier in the World War II German `` home guard '' in 36 Hours ( 1964 ) . Although it was a serious role in a war drama , Banner still displayed some of the affable nature that became the defining trait of the character he would create for television the following year . By coincidence , during the final moments of 36 Hours , John Banner 's character meets up with a border guard played by Sig Ruman , who had portrayed another prisoner - of - war camp chief guard named Sergeant Schulz , in the 1953 film Stalag 17 , starring William Holden . The comedy series Hogan 's Heroes , in which Banner played Sergeant Schultz , the role for which he is most often remembered , debuted on American network television in 1965 . According to Banner , before he met and married his French wife Christine , he weighed 178 pounds ( 81 kg ) ; he claimed her good cooking was responsible for his weight gain to 260 pounds ( 120 kg ) , which helped him land the part . Schultz is that of a bumbling , but ultimately lovable German guard at a World War II prisoner - of - war camp . The camp is used by the prisoners as a secret staging area for sabotage and intelligence - gathering . Schultz is forever becoming indebted to the prisoners , which they use for their ends . His main goal is to avoid trouble from his superiors , which often leads him to ignore the clandestine activities of the prisoners . ( On those occasions he would often say his catchphrase `` I hear nothing , I see nothing , I know nothing ! '' As the series went on this became simply `` I know nothing . Nothing ! ! '' ) . Banner was loved not only by the viewers , but also by the cast , as recalled by cast members on the Hogan 's Heroes DVD commentary . The Jewish Banner defended his character , telling TV Guide in 1967 , `` Schultz is not a Nazi . I see Schultz as the representative of some kind of goodness in any generation . '' Banner appeared in almost every episode of the series , which ran for six years . In 1968 , Banner co-starred with Hogan 's Heroes alumni Werner Klemperer , Leon Askin and Bob Crane in the Cold War comedy The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , starring Elke Sommer in the title role . After Hogan 's Heroes was cancelled in 1971 , Banner starred as the inept gangster Uncle Latzi in a short - lived television situation comedy , The Chicago Teddy Bears . His last acting appearance was in the March 17 , 1972 , episode of The Partridge Family . He then retired to France with his Paris - born second wife . Death ( edit ) Less than one year after moving back to Europe , while visiting friends in Vienna , John Banner died on his 63rd birthday , following an abdominal hemorrhage . He was survived by his wife Christine . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1940 Spring Parade Cymbalist Uncredited 1941 Accent on Love Austrian Tenant Uncredited 1941 It Started with Eve Party Guest Uncredited 1941 Pacific Blackout Unknown character Uncredited 1942 Desperate Journey Conductor on Empty Troop Train Uncredited 1942 Once Upon a Honeymoon German Capt . Von Kleinoch 1942 Seven Miles from Alcatraz Fritz Weinermann 1943 Chetniks ! The Fighting Guerrillas Gestapo Agent Uncredited 1943 Immortal Sergeant Officer Uncredited 1943 The Moon Is Down Lt. Prackle Uncredited 1943 Tonight We Raid Calais Kurz Uncredited 1943 This Land Is Mine German Sergeant Uncredited 1943 They Came to Blow Up America Gestapo Agent Uncredited 1943 The Fallen Sparrow Anton 1946 Tangier Ferris Wheel Operator Uncredited 1946 Rendezvous 24 Ernst Uncredited 1946 Nocturne Charles Shawn Uncredited 1947 The Beginning or the End German Laboratory Assistant Uncredited 1948 My Girl Tisa Otto 1948 To the Victor Jacques Lestrac 1948 The Argyle Secrets Winter 1950 Guilty of Treason Dr. Szandor Deste 1950 King Solomon 's Mines Austin - Safari Client Uncredited 1951 Go for Broke ! German Officer Uncredited 1951 The Star Said No Headwaiter at Mocambo 's Uncredited 1953 The Juggler Emile Halevy 1954 Executive Suite Henri ( Stork Club Maître D ' ) Uncredited 1955 The Rains of Ranchipur Rashid Ali Khan Uncredited 1956 Never Say Goodbye Oskar , the Baker 1956 The Power and the Prize Mr. Ruloff Uncredited 1958 The Beast of Budapest Dr. Kovach 1958 The Young Lions German Town Mayor Uncredited 1958 Fräulein Ulick , German Health Dept . Uncredited 1959 The Blue Angel Principal Harter 1959 The Wonderful Country Ben Sterner 1960 The Story of Ruth King of Moab 1961 Operation Eichmann Rudolf Höss 1961 20,000 Eyes Kurt Novak 1961 One , Two , Three Krause / Haberdrasher ( voice ) 1962 Hitler Gregor Strasser 1962 The Counterfeit Traitor Voices Uncredited 1962 The Interns Dr. Duane 1963 The Yellow Canary Sam Skolman 1963 The Prize German Correspondent Uncredited 1964 Bedtime Story Burgermeister Uncredited 1964 Kisses for My President Vasiliovich Alexminitch Uncredited 1965 36 Hours Sgt . Ernst 1968 The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz Weber 1968 Star Spangled Salesman Chef Short film 1970 Togetherness Hipolitas Mollnar Television credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1950 The Lone Ranger Von Baden Episode : `` Damsels in Distress '' 1954 Cavalcade of America Unknown character Episode : `` Plume of Honor '' 1954 The Public Defender Mr. Lambert 2 episodes 1954 Rocky Jones , Space Ranger Bovaro 6 episodes 1954 Adventures of the Falcon Coldroski Episode : `` A Very Dangerous Bedfellow '' 1954 The Whistler Van Loovan Episode : `` Fatal Fraud '' 1954 -- 1955 Fireside Theatre Joe / Josef Novak / Amos 5 episodes 1954 -- 1955 Captain Midnight Van Ronk / Goronov 2 episodes 1955 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Morris Odvarka Episode : `` The Cool One '' 1955 Topper Ali / Henri 2 episodes 1955 Damon Runyon Theater Sgt. Heinz Episode : `` The Lacework Kid '' 1955 The Adventures of Ellery Queen Buehler Episode : `` Night Visitors '' 1955 -- 1956 NBC Matinee Theater Unknown characters 2 episodes 1956 Sheena , Queen of the Jungle Brunner Episode : `` The Renegades '' 1956 Jungle Jim Wilhelm Camphausen Episode : `` Wild Man of the Jungle '' 1956 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Train Conductor Episode : `` Safe Conduct '' 1956 Private Secretary Sandor Episode : `` Cat in the Hot Tin File '' 1956 Screen Directors Playhouse Prefect of Police Episode : `` The Dream '' 1956 You Are There Nazi News Dealer Episode : `` Hitler Invades Poland ( September 1 , 1939 ) '' 1956 The Adventures of Hiram Holliday Count Courtebiche Episode : `` Monaco Hermit Crab '' 1956 Navy Log Unknown character Episode : `` The Pilot '' 1957 The Gray Ghost Major Von Borcke Episode : `` An Eye for an Eye '' 1957 Father Knows Best Artist Episode : `` Brief Holiday '' 1957 Conflict Unknown character Episode : `` Blind Drop : Warsaw '' 1957 The Gale Storm Show Hans Schlosser Episode : `` Swiss Miss '' 1957 The Lineup Unknown character Episode : `` The Bay Meadows Case '' 1957 Letter to Loretta Hans Episode : `` Louise '' 1957 Adventures of Superman Bronsky Episode : `` The Man Who Made Dreams Come True '' 1958 Studio 57 Unknown character Episode : `` A Source of Irritation '' 1958 Telephone Time Unknown character Episode : `` War Against War '' 1958 Man Without a Gun Max Brenner Episode : `` Headline '' 1958 Cimarron City P.B. Minscher Episode : `` I , the People '' 1958 The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin Baron Carlisle Episode : `` Grandpappy 's Love Affair '' 1958 Behind Closed Doors Prosecutor Hoxa Episode : `` A Cover of Art '' 1959 Shotgun Slade Corneilus Episode : `` Barbed Wire Keep Out '' 1959 Walt Disney 's Disneyland Office Supervisor Episode : `` The Peter Tchaikovsky Story '' 1959 The Third Man Steiner Episode : `` Castle in Spain '' 1960 This Is the Life Carl Brandt Episode : `` Red Tape '' 1960 Alcoa Presents : One Step Beyond Dr. Molhaus Episode : `` The Peter Hurkos Story : Part 1 '' 1960 Markham Police Commissioner Langres Episode : `` The Cruelest Thief '' 1960 My Sister Eileen Unknown character Episode : `` Ruth Becomes a Waitress '' 1960 The Roaring 20 's Otto Bauer Episode : `` The Velvet Frame '' 1960 Michael Shayne Dr. Hess Episode : `` The Poison Pen Club '' 1960 Perry Mason A. Tobler Episode : `` The Case of the Nine Dolls '' 1960 Dante Baron Von Zenger Episode : `` The Bavarian Barbarians '' 1960 77 Sunset Strip Carl Neuman Episode : `` The Antwerp Caper '' 1960 The DuPont Show with June Allyson Popper Episode : `` Silent Panic '' 1960 Five Fingers Saphani Episode : `` Final Dream '' 1960 -- 1963 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Chief / Dr. Otto von Schwering 2 episodes 1961 Thriller Prof. Martin Vander Hoven Episode : `` Portrait Without a Face '' 1962 Outlaws Wint Episode : `` The Dark Sunrise of Griff Kincaid '' 1962 The Untouchables Franz Koenig Episode : `` Takeover '' 1962 The Dick Powell Show Vandever Episode : `` Safari '' 1963 The Wide Country The Doctor Episode : `` The Quest for Jacob Blaufus '' 1963 GE True Hipp Episode : `` Black Market '' 1963 Theatre of Stars General Episode : `` Four Kings '' 1963 The Donna Reed Show Cruikshank Episode : `` Moon Shot '' 1963 -- 1964 The Virginian August the Head Waiter / Gus Schultz 2 episodes 1964 Dr. Kildare Mr. Schultz Episode : `` Goodbye , Mr. Jersey '' 1964 The Alfred Hitchcock Hour Dutch Customs Man Episode : `` Murder Case '' 1964 My Three Sons Chief of Protocol Episode : `` What 's the Princess Really Like ? '' 1964 The Lucille Ball Comedy Hour Guard Special 1964 Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Russian Chairman Episode : `` Hot Line '' 1964 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Dr. Foster Episode : `` The Neptune Affair '' 1964 The Cara Williams Show Zinzer Episode : `` Cara , Girl Genius '' 1964 The Rogues Steiner / Fat Man 2 episodes 1964 -- 1965 The Baileys of Balboa Hans 5 episodes 1965 Hazel Mr. Mueller Episode : `` The Investor '' 1965 Mister Ed Professor Meyerhoff Episode : `` Ed the Artist '' 1965 Kraft Suspense Theatre Martin Rutke Episode : `` The Safe House '' 1965 -- 1971 Hogan 's Heroes Sgt . Hans Georg Schultz / Wolfgang Brauner 168 episodes 1966 The Lucy Show Sgt . Schultz Episode : `` Lucy and Bob Crane '' 1967 The Red Skelton Show Sgt . Schultz Episode : `` Freddie 's Heroes '' 1971 The Chicago Teddy Bears Uncle Latzi 13 episodes 1972 The Doris Day Show Bruno Episode : `` The Crapshooter Who Would Be King '' 1972 Alias Smith and Jones Otto Episode : `` Do n't Get Mad , Get Even '' 1972 The Partridge Family Max Ledbetter Episode : `` Who Is Max Ledbetter and Why Is He Saying All Those Terrible Things ? '' See also ( edit ) Biography portal References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Actor John Banner ( Sgt . Schultz ) dies '' . Long Beach Independent . February 2 , 1973 . p. 2 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Charles Witbeck ( April 16 , 1967 ) . `` Ex-Villain John Banner Turns ' Good Guy ' '' . Fresno Bee . p. 96 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Erskine Johnson ( October 2 , 1965 ) . `` Meet John Banner , He Ate His Way to New Character '' . North Adams Transcript . p. 11 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Susan King ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Robert Clary a survivor in life and entertainment '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Arthur Pollock ( November 2 , 1939 ) . `` ' Pastoral , ' a Comedy by Victor Wolfson : Ruth Weston and John Banner Head Cast at Henry Miller 's Theater '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . p. 10 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Note his photo at the bottom left of the article . Jump up ^ John Banner at the Internet Broadway Database ^ Jump up to : `` In Brief / Obit '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . February 5 , 1973 . External links ( edit ) John Banner on IMDb John Banner at the Internet Broadway Database John Banner at Find a Grave BNF : cb155043235 ( data ) GND : 1060865785 ISNI : 0000 0000 3785 3323 LCCN : no95008131 SNAC : w6vc1r19 VIAF : 24905927 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Banner&oldid=854975546 '' Categories : 1910 births 1973 deaths American male film actors American male television actors Austrian male television actors American people of Austrian - Jewish descent Austrian emigrants to the United States Austrian male film actors Deaths from bleeding Austro - Hungarian Jews Male actors from Vienna United States Army Air Forces soldiers American military personnel of World War II 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Austrian male actors Jewish American male actors Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Boarisch Deutsch Español فارسی Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 02 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played sgt schultz on hogan's heroes	[ "John Banner (born Johann Banner, 28 January 1910 – 28 January 1973) was an Austrian-born American film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Master Sergeant Schultz in the situation comedy Hogan's Heroes (1965–1971). Schultz, constantly encountering evidence that the inmates of his stalag were planning mayhem, frequently feigned ignorance with the catchphrase, \"I see nothing! I hear nothing! I know nothing!\" (or, more commonly as the series went on, \"I know nothing, nothing!\").\n" ]	[ "John Banner" ]
1092865158087061321	Caputo	Caputo - wikipedia Caputo Jump to : navigation , search Caputo is a common Italian surname , specially in the area of Campania . It derives from the Latin root of caput or head . Persons with that name include : Anthony `` Acid '' Caputo , American DJ , producer and remixer Bruce Faulkner Caputo , American politician Chuck Caputo , American politician Dante Caputo , Argentine academic , politician and diplomat David A. Caputo , American academic Francesco Caputo , Italian footballer John D. Caputo , American philosopher Joseph Claude Caputo , American jazz musician , known as Joe Cabot Lisa Caputo , American businesswoman Mina Caputo , formerly known as Keith Caputo , American singer Philip Caputo , American writer Sergio Caputo , Italian musician Theresa Caputo , American television personality Tony C. Caputo , American publisher Lisa Nowak ( née Caputo ) , American Naval Aviator and former astronaut Michael R. Caputo , Republican political strategist and media consultant Fictional characters ( edit ) Joe Caputo , the fictional Litchfield Director of Human Activities on Orange is the New Black This page lists people with the surname Caputo . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caputo&oldid=791195483 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 18 : 53 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name caputo come from	[ "Caputo is a common Italian surname, specially in the area of Campania. It derives from the Latin root of caput or head. Persons with that name include:" ]	[ "Italian surname, specially in the area of Campania" ]
8240348449388056227	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Nevada	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Nevada - wikipedia The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Nevada Jump to : navigation , search As of year - end 2012 , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) reported 178,737 members in 34 stakes , 324 Congregations ( 295 wards and 29 branches ) , three missions , and two temples in Nevada . Stakes are located in Carson City , Elko ( 2 ) , Ely , Fallon ( 2 ) , Henderson ( 5 ) , Las Vegas ( 15 ) , Logandale , Mesquite , North Las Vegas , Panaca , Reno ( 2 ) , Sparks and Winnemucca . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Nevada Membership History 2 Missions 3 Temples 4 Communities 5 Notable Latter - day Saints in Nevada 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 ) A brief history can be found at MormonNewsroom.org . Nevada Membership History ( edit ) Year Membership 1920 2,328 1930 5,319 1940 9,139 1950 14,223 1960 23,890 1970 44,282 1980 71,462 110,060 1999 143,372 2007 172,330 2008 173,639 2012 178,737 Missions ( edit ) On July 1 , 1975 , the Nevada Las Vegas Mission was organized from the Arizona Tempe , and California Sacramento missions . Due to growth of missionary work in the area , the Nevada Las Vegas Mission split creating the Nevada Las Vegas West Mission . On July 1 , 2012 , the Las Vegas and Las Vegas West Missions were realigned , and the Nevada Reno Mission was created . Mission Organized Nevada Las Vegas Mission July 1 , 1975 Nevada Las Vegas West Mission July 1 , 1997 Nevada Reno Mission July 1 , 2012 Temples ( edit ) Nevada currently has 2 temples in operation . 43 . Las Vegas Nevada Temple Location : Announced : Dedicated : Size : Style : Sunrise Manor , Nevada , United States April 7 , 1984 December 16 , 1989 by Gordon B. Hinckley 80,350 sq ft ( 7,465 m ) and 137 ft ( 42 m ) high on a 10.3 acre ( 4.2 ha ) site Modern , six - spire design - designed by Tate & Snyder Architects 81 . Reno Nevada Temple Location : Announced : Dedicated : Size : Style : Notes : Reno , Nevada , US April 12 , 1999 April 23 , 2000 by Thomas S. Monson 10,700 sq ft ( 990 m ) and 71 ft ( 22 m ) high on a 7.9 acre ( 3.2 ha ) site Classic modern , single - spire design - designed by Church A&E Services Second temple built in Nevada , following Las Vegas Temple . Communities ( edit ) Latter - day Saints had a significant role in establishing and settling communities within the `` Mormon Corridor '' , including the following in Nevada : Barclay Bunkerville Crystal Springs Genoa Las Vegas Lund Mesquite Metropolis Moapa Valley Muddy River Overton Panaca St. Joseph St. Thomas West Point Notable Latter - day Saints in Nevada ( edit ) Harry Reid - U.S. Senate Majority Leader Dean Heller - Junior senator from Nevada Cresent Hardy - U.S. Representative from Nevada , 4th district Lloyd D. George - U.S. District Court Judge , Federal Courthouse Namesake John Jay Lee - Mayor of North Las Vegas Andy Hafen - Mayor of Henderson Mark Hutchison - Lieutenant Governor of Nevada Gladys Knight - Rock N Roll Hall of Fame Inductee , Grammy Award Winner Dan Reynolds - Songwriters Hall of Fame Inductee , Grammy Award Winner Brandon Flowers - 5x UK Albums Chart Topper , Grammy Award Nominee See also ( edit ) Latter - day Saints portal Book of Mormon portal Mormon Station State Historic Park Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park State of Deseret References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nevada Stakes. LDS Stake & Ward Web Sites . List of Stakes in Nevada . ^ Jump up to : LDS Meetinghouse Locator. Nearby Congregations ( Wards and Branches ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics by Country : USA - Nevada '' , MormonNewsroom.org , LDS Church , 31 December 2012 , retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 Jump up ^ Lloyd , R. Scott ( March 3 , 2012 ) , `` New missions created '' , Church News Further reading ( edit ) Arrington , Leonard J. ( 1979 ) . The Mormons in Nevada ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Sun . Brooks , Juanita ( Spring 1965 ) . `` The Mormons in Carson County , Utah Territory '' . Nevada Historical Society Quarterly . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Davis , Matthew R. ( 2010 ) . Saints in Sin City : Religion and community building in twentieth century Las Vegas ( M.A. thesis ) . University of Nevada , Las Vegas . Edwards , Elbert ( Spring 1965 ) . `` Early Mormon Settlements in Southern Nevada '' . Nevada Historical Society Quarterly . 8 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 43 . Kimball , Monique E. ( Winter 1987 ) . `` A Matter of Faith : A Study of the Muddy Mission '' . Nevada Historical Society Quarterly . 30 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 303 . Kowalewski , Jane Percy ( 1984 ) . Strange Bedfellows : Mormons and Miners in Southern Nevada ( M.A. thesis ) . University of Nevada , Las Vegas . Green , Michael ( June 4 , 2014 ) , `` How the Mormons Made Las Vegas : And why we need their engagement now more than ever '' , VegasSeven.com , Vegas Seven Rowberry , David R. ( 2000 ) . `` Nevada '' . Encyclopedia of Latter - day Saint History . Salt Lake City : Deseret Book . p. 834 - 36 . ISBN 1 - 57345 - 822 - 8 . Stout , Daniel A. ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Secularization and the Religious Audience : A Study of Mormons and Las Vegas Media '' . Mass Communication & Society . Taylor & Francis . 7 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 75 . Ward , Kenric F. ( 2002 ) . Saints in Babylon : Mormons and Las Vegas . Bloomington , Indiana : 1stBooks Library . ISBN 0 - 7596 - 5806 - 4 . Warner , Ted J. ( 1992 ) , `` Nevada , Pioneer Settlements in '' , in Ludlow , Daniel H , Encyclopedia of Mormonism , New York : Macmillan Publishing , ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 , OCLC 24502140 . Woods , Fred E. ( 2005 ) . A Gamble in the Desert : The Mormon Mission in Las Vegas ( 1855 - 1857 ) . Salt Lake City , Utah : Mormon Historic Sites Foundation . ISBN 0 - 9769532 - 0 - X . External links ( edit ) LDS Newsroom Facts and Statistics ( Nevada ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints - Official Site The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints - Visitors Site ( hide ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Membership Statistics ( United States ) Temples in the United States Missions in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Nevada&oldid=700787858 '' Categories : Latter Day Saint movement in Nevada The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in the United States by state Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 January 2016 , at 16 : 55 . About Wikipedia	how many lds stakes are in las vegas	[ "As of year-end 2012, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 178,737 members in 34 stakes,[1] 324 Congregations (295 wards[2] and 29 branches[2]), three missions, and two temples in Nevada.[3]" ]	[ "34" ]
-69082125495738845	List of cities by population density	List of cities by Population density - wikipedia List of cities by Population density This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of the cities worldwide by population density . The population , population density and land area for the cities listed are based on the entire city proper , the defined boundary or border of a city or the city limits of the city . The population density of the cities listed is based on the average number of people living per square mile or per square kilometre . This list does not refer to the population , population density or land area of the greater metropolitan area or urban area , nor particular districts in any of the cities listed . Contents 1 Cities by population density 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cities by Population density ( edit ) This section is incomplete . ( June 2017 ) The Philippines , the 12th most populous country in the world , holds the most number of cities ( at 9 entries ) in the table below . Manila , Philippines Dhaka , Bangladesh Levallois - Perret , France Chennai , India Kolkata , India Guttenberg , New Jersey , United States , just outside New York City Paris , France Mumbai , India Colombo , Sri Lanka Entire city of Malé , Maldives City Population Area ( km ) Area ( mi ) Density ( / km ) Density ( / mi ) Country Manila 7006165217100000000 ♠ 1,652,171 7001385509999900000 ♠ 38.55 7001165500000000000 ♠ 16.55 7004430790000000000 ♠ 43,079 7005107561000000000 ♠ 107,561 Philippines Ebeye 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 6999362000000000000 ♠ 0.362 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.140 7004414360000000000 ♠ 41,436 7005107143000000000 ♠ 107,143 Marshall Islands Pateros ( Municipality ) 7004641470000000000 ♠ 64,147 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.10 6999810000000000000 ♠ 0.81 7004305460000000000 ♠ 30,546 7004791140000000000 ♠ 79,114 Philippines Mumbai 7007124784470000000 ♠ 12,478,447 7002437710000000000 ♠ 437.71 7002169000000000000 ♠ 169 7004285080000000000 ♠ 28,508 7004738370000000000 ♠ 73,837 India Dhaka 7006852313700000000 ♠ 8,523,137 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300.0 7002115830000000000 ♠ 115.83 7004284100000000000 ♠ 28,410 7004735830000000000 ♠ 73,583 Bangladesh Bnei Brak 7005200162000000000 ♠ 200,162 7000708800000000000 ♠ 7.088 7000273600000000000 ♠ 2.736 7004282400000000000 ♠ 28,240 7004731590000000000 ♠ 73,159 Israel Caloocan 7006148904000000000 ♠ 1,489,040 7001533400000000000 ♠ 53.34 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.6 7004279160000000000 ♠ 27,916 7004723020000000000 ♠ 72,302 Philippines Levallois - Perret 7004634360000000000 ♠ 63,436 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 6999930000000000000 ♠ 0.93 7004264320000000000 ♠ 26,432 7004684580000000000 ♠ 68,458 France Le Pré - Saint - Gervais 7004181210000000000 ♠ 18,121 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 6999270000000000000 ♠ 0.27 7004258870000000000 ♠ 25,887 7004670470000000000 ♠ 67,047 France Chennai 7006468108700000000 ♠ 4,681,087 7002181060000000000 ♠ 181.06 7001699100000000000 ♠ 69.91 7004258540000000000 ♠ 25,854 7004669610000000000 ♠ 66,961 India Vincennes 7004486890000000000 ♠ 48,689 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 6999733000000000000 ♠ 0.733 7004256260000000000 ♠ 25,626 7004663710000000000 ♠ 66,371 France Saint - Mandé 7004226270000000000 ♠ 22,627 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 7004251410000000000 ♠ 25,141 7004651150000000000 ♠ 65,115 France Bally 7005291972000000000 ♠ 291,972 7001118100000000000 ♠ 11.81 7000455990000099999 ♠ 4.56 7004247220000000000 ♠ 24,722 7004640310000000000 ♠ 64,031 India Kolkata 7006448667900000000 ♠ 4,486,679 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 7001714000000000000 ♠ 71.4 7004242520000000000 ♠ 24,252 7004628130000000000 ♠ 62,813 India Saint - Josse - ten - Noode 7004275480000000000 ♠ 27,548 7000113990000099999 ♠ 1.14 6999440000000000000 ♠ 0.44 7004241650000000000 ♠ 24,165 7004624040000000000 ♠ 62,404 Belgium Kathmandu 7006118300000000000 ♠ 1,183,000 7001494500000000000 ♠ 49.45 7001190900000000000 ♠ 19.09 7004239230000000000 ♠ 23,923 7004619720000000000 ♠ 61,972 Nepal Subang Jaya 7006168358900000000 ♠ 1,683,589 7001704100000000000 ♠ 70.41 7001437500000000000 ♠ 43.75 7004239110000000000 ♠ 23,911 7004384820000000000 ♠ 38,482 Malaysia Neapoli 7004270840000000000 ♠ 27,084 7000117000000000000 ♠ 1.17 6999450000000000000 ♠ 0.45 7004231880000000000 ♠ 23,188 7004601860000000000 ♠ 60,186 Greece Montrouge 7004484100000000000 ♠ 48,410 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 6999810000000000000 ♠ 0.81 7004230520000000000 ♠ 23,052 7004597050000000000 ♠ 59,705 France Malé 7005133412000000000 ♠ 133,412 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7000224000000000000 ♠ 2.24 7004230020000000000 ♠ 23,002 7004595590000000000 ♠ 59,559 Maldives Malabon 7005353337000000000 ♠ 353,337 7001157600000000000 ♠ 15.76 7000608000000000000 ♠ 6.08 7004224200000000000 ♠ 22,420 7004586070000000000 ♠ 58,607 Philippines Guttenberg , New Jersey 7004114810000000000 ♠ 11,481 6999507000000000000 ♠ 0.507 6999196000000000000 ♠ 0.196 7004226450000000000 ♠ 22,645 7004585770000000000 ♠ 58,577 United States Pasig 7005669773000000000 ♠ 669,773 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31.00 7001119700000000000 ♠ 11.97 7004216060000000000 ♠ 21,606 7004559580000000000 ♠ 55,958 Philippines Montevideo 7006194760400000000 ♠ 1,947,604 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201.00 7001775000000000000 ♠ 77.5 7003652300000000000 ♠ 6,523 7004174210000000000 ♠ 17,421 Uruguay Paris 7006226588600000000 ♠ 2,265,886 7002105400000000000 ♠ 105.4 7001407000000000000 ♠ 40.7 7004214980000000000 ♠ 21,498 7004556730000000000 ♠ 55,673 France Mislata 7004437560000000000 ♠ 43,756 7000206000000000000 ♠ 2.06 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.80 7004212410000000000 ♠ 21,241 7004546950000000000 ♠ 54,695 Spain Macau 7005643100000000000 ♠ 643,100 7001303000000000000 ♠ 30.3 7001117300000000000 ♠ 11.73 7004212240000000000 ♠ 21,224 7004547900000000000 ♠ 54,790 China Kallithea 7005100050000000000 ♠ 100,050 7000475000000000000 ♠ 4.75 7000183000000000000 ♠ 1.83 7004210680000000000 ♠ 21,068 7004547330000000000 ♠ 54,733 Greece Nea Smyrni 7004730900000000000 ♠ 73,090 7000352000000000000 ♠ 3.52 7000136000000000000 ♠ 1.36 7004207400000000000 ♠ 20,740 7004537170000000000 ♠ 53,717 Greece Howrah 7006107216100000000 ♠ 1,072,161 7001517400000000000 ♠ 51.74 7001199800000000000 ♠ 19.98 7004207220000000000 ♠ 20,722 7004536700000000000 ♠ 53,670 India Pasay 7005392869000000000 ♠ 392,869 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19.00 7000734000000000000 ♠ 7.34 7004206770000000000 ♠ 20,677 7004535540000000000 ♠ 53,554 Philippines San Juan 7005121430000000000 ♠ 121,430 7000594000000000000 ♠ 5.94 7000229000000000000 ♠ 2.29 7004204420000000000 ♠ 20,442 7004529460000000000 ♠ 52,946 Philippines Colombo 7005323257000000000 ♠ 323,257 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001142800000000000 ♠ 14.28 7004204050000000000 ♠ 20,405 7004528710000000000 ♠ 52,871 Sri Lanka L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 7005252171000000000 ♠ 252,171 7001124000000000000 ♠ 12.4 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 7004203360000000000 ♠ 20,336 7004525360000000000 ♠ 52,536 Spain Union City , New Jersey 7004664550000000000 ♠ 66,455 7000332000000000000 ♠ 3.32 7000128000000000000 ♠ 1.28 7004200040000000000 ♠ 20,004 7004518100000000000 ♠ 51,810 United States Cairo 7007117421200000000 ♠ 11,742,120 7002606000000000000 ♠ 606 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 7004193760000000000 ♠ 19,376 7004501800000000000 ♠ 50,180 Egypt Makati 7005529039000000000 ♠ 529,039 7001273600000000000 ♠ 27.36 7001105600000000000 ♠ 10.56 7004193360000000000 ♠ 19,336 7004500800000000000 ♠ 50,080 Philippines West New York , New Jersey 7004497080000000000 ♠ 49,708 7000260800000000000 ♠ 2.608 7000100699999999999 ♠ 1.007 7004190590000000000 ♠ 19,059 7004493620000000000 ♠ 49,362 United States Saint - Gilles 7004469310000000000 ♠ 46,931 7000252000000000000 ♠ 2.52 6999970000000000000 ♠ 0.97 7004186230000000000 ♠ 18,623 7004482340000000000 ♠ 48,234 Belgium Bandung 7006307547800000000 ♠ 3,075,478 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7004184160000000000 ♠ 18,416 7004480540000000000 ♠ 48,054 Indonesia Monaco 7004369500000000000 ♠ 36,950 7000202000000000000 ♠ 2.02 6999780000000000000 ♠ 0.78 7004182920000000000 ♠ 18,292 7004473720000000000 ♠ 47,372 Monaco Boulogne - Billancourt 7005113085000000000 ♠ 113,085 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7000239000000000000 ♠ 2.39 7004182390000000000 ♠ 18,239 7004472400000000000 ♠ 47,240 France Quezon City 7006293611600000000 ♠ 2,936,116 7002165530000000000 ♠ 165.53 7001638300000000000 ♠ 63.83 7004177380000000000 ♠ 17,738 7004459990000000000 ♠ 45,999 Philippines See also ( edit ) Geography portal World 's largest municipalities by population List of cities proper by population List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density List of European Union cities proper by population density List of city districts by population density List of United States cities by population density References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census of Population and Housing : National Capital Region '' ( PDF ) . United Kingdom Statistics Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Manila '' . Government of Manila . Archived from the original on 29 Mar 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1.0 : Metropolitan Manila Land Area and Year of Cityhood by Local Government Units '' . Metropolitan Manila Development Authority . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above , Census 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About MMR '' . https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/about-mmr . Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority . 08 / 12 / 2016 . Retrieved 08 / 12 / 2016 . Check date values in : accessdate = , date = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Statistical Pocket Book , 2011 ( pdf - file ) 2011 Population Estimate . Retrieved on 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://203.112.218.66/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Dhaka/Dhaka/Dhaka%20at%20a%20glance%20General.pdf . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/israel-news/1410351/bnei-brak-population-surpasses-200000-people.html Jump up ^ http://www.bnei-brak.muni.il/Pages/default.aspx . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Commune de Levallois - Perret ( 92044 ) '' ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commune du Pré - Saint - Gervais ( 93061 ) '' ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Development Plan for Chennai Metropolitan Area '' ( PDF ) . Govt. of India . April 2006 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vincennes ( 94080 - Commune ) '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commune de Saint - Mandé ( 94067 ) '' ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Area , Population and density of population in the district of Howrah '' . Howrah District Government . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Statistics of Kolkata '' . Kolkata Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Direction Générale Institutions et Population , Belgique ; Chiffre global de la population par commune , Situation au 1 / 07 / 2009 ( pdf - file ) Archived 19 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Population as of 2009 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : GeoHive ; Belgium - Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest , Administrative units Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/kathmandu-population/ was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference WWW.CBC.GOV.NP was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Population and area at the 2011 - 05 - 24 Census . Retrieved on 2017 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montrouge ( 92049 - Commune ) '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TABLE PP 9 : TOTAL MALDIVIAN POPULATION BY SEX AND LOCALITY ( ATOLLS ) , 2014 '' . Statistics Maldives . National Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Malé Land Area Isles : The Provincial Information . Retrieved 17 July 2009 Jump up ^ Combination of the islands of Malé , Villingilli , Hulhumalé , and Hulhule ( Capital District ) ^ Jump up to : PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities , United States Census Bureau . Accessed April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Census Gazetteer Files : New Jersey County Subdivisions , United States Census Bureau . Accessed April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paris ( 75056 - Commune ) '' ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Población de España -- datos y mapas ; Todos los Municipios de España ( xls , zipped file ) Archived 7 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Population and area 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Statistics for the 3rd Quarter 2015 '' . Statistics and Census Service of the Government of Macau SAR. 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Current statistics : March 2014 - Direcçāo dos Serviços de Cartografia e Cadastro ( Cartography and Cadastre Bureau ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Population and area at the 2011 Census . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hospitalet de Llobregat , l ' ( 081017 ) '' . Statistical Institute of Catalonia . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Census 2017 * CAIRO '' . CAPMAS . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cairo Land Area '' . City Population . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Monaco Institute of Statistics Jump up ^ ( 3 ) French government archives on countries ^ Jump up to : `` Commune de Boulogne - Billancourt ( 92012 ) '' ( in French ) . INSEE . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census of Population and Housing : National Capital Region '' ( PDF ) . Philippine Statistics Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census of Population and Housing : National Capital Region '' ( PDF ) . Philippine Statistics Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An Update on the Earthquake Hazards and Risk Assessment of Greater Metropolitan Manila Area '' ( PDF ) . Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Densest Cities : Forbes 2007 World 's Densest Cities : Forbes 2006 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_by_population_density&oldid=851360406 '' Categories : Lists by population density Lists of cities by demography Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 CS1 errors : dates CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names Incomplete lists from August 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2017 Articles using small message boxes Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Nederlands Română Српски / srpski اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 19 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	city with highest density of population in world	[ "\n\nCity\n\nPopulation\n\nArea (km2)\n\nArea (mi2)\n\nDensity (/km2)\n\nDensity (/mi2)\n\nCountry\n\n\nManila\n\n7006165217100000000♠1,652,171[1]\n\n7001385509999900000♠38.55[2]\n\n7001165500000000000♠16.55\n\n7004430790000000000♠43,079[2]\n\n7005107561000000000♠107,561\n\n Philippines\n\n\nEbeye\n\n7004150000000000000♠15,000\n\n6999362000000000000♠0.362\n\n6999140000000000000♠0.140\n\n7004414360000000000♠41,436\n\n7005107143000000000♠107,143\n\n Marshall Islands\n\n\nPateros (Municipality)\n\n7004641470000000000♠64,147[1]\n\n7000210000000000000♠2.10[3]\n\n6999810000000000000♠0.81\n\n7004305460000000000♠30,546\n\n7004791140000000000♠79,114\n\n Philippines\n\n\nMumbai\n\n7007124784470000000♠12,478,447[4]\n\n7002437710000000000♠437.71[5]\n\n7002169000000000000♠169\n\n7004285080000000000♠28,508\n\n7004738370000000000♠73,837\n\n India\n\n\nDhaka\n\n7006852313700000000♠8,523,137[6]\n\n7002300000000000000♠300.0[7]\n\n7002115830000000000♠115.83\n\n7004284100000000000♠28,410\n\n7004735830000000000♠73,583\n\n Bangladesh\n\n\nBnei Brak\n\n7005200162000000000♠200,162[8]\n\n7000708800000000000♠7.088\n\n7000273600000000000♠2.736[9]\n\n7004282400000000000♠28,240\n\n7004731590000000000♠73,159\n\n Israel\n\n\nCaloocan\n\n7006148904000000000♠1,489,040[1]\n\n7001533400000000000♠53.34[3]\n\n7001206000000000000♠20.6\n\n7004279160000000000♠27,916\n\n7004723020000000000♠72,302\n\n Philippines\n\n\nLevallois-Perret\n\n7004634360000000000♠63,436[10]\n\n7000240000000000000♠2.4[10]\n\n6999930000000000000♠0.93\n\n7004264320000000000♠26,432\n\n7004684580000000000♠68,458\n\n France\n\n\nLe Pré-Saint-Gervais\n\n7004181210000000000♠18,121[11]\n\n6999700000000000000♠0.7[11]\n\n6999270000000000000♠0.27\n\n7004258870000000000♠25,887\n\n7004670470000000000♠67,047\n\n France\n\n\nChennai\n\n7006468108700000000♠4,681,087[4]\n\n7002181060000000000♠181.06[12]\n\n7001699100000000000♠69.91\n\n7004258540000000000♠25,854\n\n7004669610000000000♠66,961\n\n India\n\n\nVincennes\n\n7004486890000000000♠48,689[13]\n\n7000190000000000000♠1.9[13]\n\n6999733000000000000♠0.733\n\n7004256260000000000♠25,626\n\n7004663710000000000♠66,371\n\n France\n\n\nSaint-Mandé\n\n7004226270000000000♠22,627[14]\n\n6999900000000000000♠0.9[14]\n\n6999350000000000000♠0.35\n\n7004251410000000000♠25,141\n\n7004651150000000000♠65,115\n\n France\n\n\n\n\nBally\n\n7005291972000000000♠291,972[4]\n\n7001118100000000000♠11.81[15]\n\n7000455990000099999♠4.56\n\n7004247220000000000♠24,722\n\n7004640310000000000♠64,031\n\n India\n\n\nKolkata\n\n7006448667900000000♠4,486,679[4]\n\n7002185000000000000♠185[16]\n\n7001714000000000000♠71.4\n\n7004242520000000000♠24,252\n\n7004628130000000000♠62,813\n\n India\n\n\nSaint-Josse-ten-Noode\n\n7004275480000000000♠27,548[17]\n\n7000113990000099999♠1.14[18]\n\n6999440000000000000♠0.44\n\n7004241650000000000♠24,165\n\n7004624040000000000♠62,404\n\n Belgium\n\n\nKathmandu\n\n7006118300000000000♠1,183,000[19]\n\n7001494500000000000♠49.45[20]\n\n7001190900000000000♠19.09\n\n7004239230000000000♠23,923\n\n7004619720000000000♠61,972\n\n Nepal\n\n\nSubang Jaya\n\n7006168358900000000♠1,683,589[21]\n\n7001704100000000000♠70.41\n\n7001437500000000000♠43.75\n\n7004239110000000000♠23,911\n\n7004384820000000000♠38,482\n\n Malaysia\n\n\nNeapoli\n\n7004270840000000000♠27,084[21]\n\n7000117000000000000♠1.17\n\n6999450000000000000♠0.45\n\n7004231880000000000♠23,188\n\n7004601860000000000♠60,186\n\n Greece\n\n\nMontrouge\n\n7004484100000000000♠48,410[22]\n\n7000210000000000000♠2.1[22]\n\n6999810000000000000♠0.81\n\n7004230520000000000♠23,052\n\n7004597050000000000♠59,705\n\n France\n\n\nMalé\n\n7005133412000000000♠133,412[23]\n\n7000580000000000000♠5.8[24][25]\n\n7000224000000000000♠2.24\n\n7004230020000000000♠23,002\n\n7004595590000000000♠59,559\n\n Maldives\n\n\nMalabon\n\n7005353337000000000♠353,337[1]\n\n7001157600000000000♠15.76[3]\n\n7000608000000000000♠6.08\n\n7004224200000000000♠22,420\n\n7004586070000000000♠58,607\n\n Philippines\n\n\nGuttenberg, New Jersey\n\n7004114810000000000♠11,481[26]\n\n6999507000000000000♠0.507\n\n6999196000000000000♠0.196[27]\n\n7004226450000000000♠22,645\n\n7004585770000000000♠58,577\n\n United States\n\n\nPasig\n\n7005669773000000000♠669,773[1]\n\n7001310000000000000♠31.00[3]\n\n7001119700000000000♠11.97\n\n7004216060000000000♠21,606\n\n7004559580000000000♠55,958\n\n Philippines\n\n\nMontevideo\n\n7006194760400000000♠1,947,604\n\n7002201000000000000♠201.00\n\n7001775000000000000♠77.5\n\n7003652300000000000♠6,523\n\n7004174210000000000♠17,421\n\n Uruguay\n\n\nParis\n\n7006226588600000000♠2,265,886[28]\n\n7002105400000000000♠105.4[28]\n\n7001407000000000000♠40.7\n\n7004214980000000000♠21,498\n\n7004556730000000000♠55,673\n\n France\n\n\nMislata\n\n7004437560000000000♠43,756[29]\n\n7000206000000000000♠2.06[29]\n\n6999800000000000000♠0.80\n\n7004212410000000000♠21,241\n\n7004546950000000000♠54,695\n\n Spain\n\n\nMacau\n\n7005643100000000000♠643,100[30]\n\n7001303000000000000♠30.3[31]\n\n7001117300000000000♠11.73\n\n7004212240000000000♠21,224\n\n7004547900000000000♠54,790\n\n China\n\n\nKallithea\n\n7005100050000000000♠100,050[32]\n\n7000475000000000000♠4.75[32]\n\n7000183000000000000♠1.83\n\n7004210680000000000♠21,068\n\n7004547330000000000♠54,733\n\n Greece\n\n\nNea Smyrni\n\n7004730900000000000♠73,090[32]\n\n7000352000000000000♠3.52[32]\n\n7000136000000000000♠1.36\n\n7004207400000000000♠20,740\n\n7004537170000000000♠53,717\n\n Greece\n\n\nHowrah\n\n7006107216100000000♠1,072,161[4]\n\n7001517400000000000♠51.74[15]\n\n7001199800000000000♠19.98\n\n7004207220000000000♠20,722\n\n7004536700000000000♠53,670\n\n India\n\n\nPasay\n\n7005392869000000000♠392,869[1]\n\n7001190000000000000♠19.00[3]\n\n7000734000000000000♠7.34\n\n7004206770000000000♠20,677\n\n7004535540000000000♠53,554\n\n Philippines\n\n\nSan Juan\n\n7005121430000000000♠121,430[1]\n\n7000594000000000000♠5.94[3]\n\n7000229000000000000♠2.29\n\n7004204420000000000♠20,442\n\n7004529460000000000♠52,946\n\n Philippines\n\n\nColombo\n\n7005323257000000000♠323,257\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n\n7001142800000000000♠14.28\n\n7004204050000000000♠20,405\n\n7004528710000000000♠52,871\n\n Sri Lanka\n\n\nL'Hospitalet de Llobregat\n\n7005252171000000000♠252,171[33]\n\n7001124000000000000♠12.4[33]\n\n7000480000000000000♠4.8\n\n7004203360000000000♠20,336\n\n7004525360000000000♠52,536\n\n Spain\n\n\nUnion City, New Jersey\n\n7004664550000000000♠66,455[26]\n\n7000332000000000000♠3.32\n\n7000128000000000000♠1.28[27]\n\n7004200040000000000♠20,004\n\n7004518100000000000♠51,810\n\n United States\n\n\nCairo\n\n7007117421200000000♠11,742,120[34]\n\n7002606000000000000♠606[35]\n\n7002234000000000000♠234\n\n7004193760000000000♠19,376\n\n7004501800000000000♠50,180\n\n Egypt\n\n\nMakati\n\n7005529039000000000♠529,039[1]\n\n7001273600000000000♠27.36[3]\n\n7001105600000000000♠10.56\n\n7004193360000000000♠19,336\n\n7004500800000000000♠50,080\n\n Philippines\n\n\nWest New York, New Jersey\n\n7004497080000000000♠49,708[26]\n\n7000260800000000000♠2.608\n\n7000100699999999999♠1.007[27]\n\n7004190590000000000♠19,059\n\n7004493620000000000♠49,362\n\n United States\n\n\nSaint-Gilles\n\n7004469310000000000♠46,931[17]\n\n7000252000000000000♠2.52[18]\n\n6999970000000000000♠0.97\n\n7004186230000000000♠18,623\n\n7004482340000000000♠48,234\n\n Belgium\n\n\nBandung\n\n7006307547800000000♠3,075,478\n\n7002167000000000000♠167\n\n7001640000000000000♠64\n\n7004184160000000000♠18,416\n\n7004480540000000000♠48,054\n\n Indonesia\n\n\nMonaco\n\n7004369500000000000♠36,950[36]\n\n7000202000000000000♠2.02[37]\n\n6999780000000000000♠0.78\n\n7004182920000000000♠18,292\n\n7004473720000000000♠47,372\n\n Monaco\n\n\nBoulogne-Billancourt\n\n7005113085000000000♠113,085[38]\n\n7000620000000000000♠6.2[38]\n\n7000239000000000000♠2.39\n\n7004182390000000000♠18,239\n\n7004472400000000000♠47,240\n\n France\n\n\nQuezon City\n\n7006293611600000000♠2,936,116[39]\n\n7002165530000000000♠165.53[40]\n\n7001638300000000000♠63.83[41]\n\n7004177380000000000♠17,738\n\n7004459990000000000♠45,999\n\n Philippines\n" ]	[ "Manila" ]
5877004842904806793	Scottie Pippen	Scottie Pippen - Wikipedia Scottie Pippen Jump to : navigation , search `` Pippen '' redirects here . For others with the surname , see Pippen ( surname ) . Scottie Pippen Pippen with the Chicago Bulls in 1995 ( 1965 - 09 - 25 ) September 25 , 1965 ( age 52 ) Hamburg , Arkansas Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 220 lb ( 100 kg ) Career information High school Hamburg ( Hamburg , Arkansas ) College Central Arkansas ( 1983 -- 1987 ) NBA draft 1987 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5th overall Selected by the Seattle SuperSonics Playing career 1987 -- 2008 Position Small forward Number 33 , 8 Career history 1987 -- 1998 Chicago Bulls 1998 -- 1999 Houston Rockets 1999 -- 2003 Portland Trail Blazers 2003 -- 2004 Chicago Bulls 2008 Torpan Pojat 2008 Sundsvall Dragons Career highlights and awards 6 × NBA champion ( 1991 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 7 × NBA All - Star ( 1990 , 1992 -- 1997 ) NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 1994 ) 3 × All - NBA First Team ( 1994 -- 1996 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 1992 , 1997 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1993 , 1998 ) 8 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 1992 -- 1999 ) 2 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 1991 , 2000 ) NBA steals leader ( 1995 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team No. 33 retired by Chicago Bulls USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1996 ) 2 × Consensus NAIA All - American ( 1986 , 1987 ) No. 33 retired by Central Arkansas Career NBA statistics Points 18,940 ( 16.1 ppg ) Rebounds 7,494 ( 6.4 rpg ) Assists 6,135 ( 5.2 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 1992 Barcelona Team competition 1996 Atlanta Team competition Scottie Maurice Pippen ( born September 25 , 1965 ) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association . Nicknamed `` Pip , '' he is most remembered for his time with the Chicago Bulls , the team with whom he won six NBA titles . Pippen , along with Michael Jordan , played an important role in transforming the Bulls team into a championship team and for popularizing the NBA around the world during the 1990s . Considered one of the best small forwards of all time , Pippen was named to the NBA All - Defensive First Team eight consecutive times and the All - NBA First Team three times . He was a seven - time NBA All - Star and was the NBA All - Star Game MVP in 1994 . He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History during the 1996 -- 97 season , and is one of four players to have his jersey retired by the Chicago Bulls ( the others being Jerry Sloan , Bob Love , and Michael Jordan ) . He played a main role on both the 1992 Chicago Bulls Championship team and the 1996 Chicago Bulls Championship team which were selected as two of the Top 10 Teams in NBA History . His biography on the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame 's website states , `` The multidimensional Pippen ran the court like a point guard , attacked the boards like a power forward , and swished the nets like a shooting guard . '' During his 17 - year career , he played 12 seasons with the Bulls , one with the Houston Rockets and four with the Portland Trail Blazers , making the postseason sixteen straight times . Pippen is the only NBA player to have won an NBA title and Olympic gold medal in the same year twice ( 1992 , 1996 ) . He was a part of the 1992 U.S. Olympic `` Dream Team '' which beat its opponents by an average of 44 points . Pippen was also a key figure in the 1996 Olympic team , alongside former Dream Team members Karl Malone , John Stockton , and Charles Barkley as well as newer faces such as Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway and Grant Hill . He wore number 8 during both years . Pippen is a two - time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ( for his individual career , and as a member of the `` Dream Team '' ) , being inducted for both on August 13 , 2010 . On December 8th , 2005 , the Chicago Bulls retired his number # 33 , while his college , University of Central Arkansas , retired his number # 33 on January 21 , 2010 as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 NBA career 2.1 Early career ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 2.2 The Bulls ' first three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 2.3 The Dream Team ( 1992 ) 2.4 Pippen without Jordan ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 2.5 The Bulls ' second three - peat ( 1996 -- 1998 ) 2.6 Houston Rockets ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2.7 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1999 -- 2003 ) 2.8 Return to Chicago ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 3 Retirement 4 Player profile 5 Legacy 6 Personal life 7 In popular culture 8 NBA career statistics 8.1 Regular season 8.2 Playoffs 8.3 Salaries 9 Career achievements 9.1 Career highs 9.2 Achievements 9.3 NBA records 9.4 Set with Michael Jordan 9.5 Playoffs 9.6 Other records 9.7 Chicago Bulls franchise records 9.8 Regular season 9.9 Playoffs 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Early life ( edit ) Scottie Pippen was born on September 25 , 1965 , in Hamburg , Arkansas , the youngest of 12 children born to Ethel and Preston Pippen ( June 9 , 1920 -- May 10 , 1990 ) . Pippen 's mother was 6 feet tall and his father was 6'1 `` ; all of their children were tall with Scottie being the tallest . His parents could not afford to send their other children to college . His father worked in a paper mill until a stroke paralyzed his right side , prevented him from walking and affected his speech . Pippen attended Hamburg High School . Playing point guard , he led his team to the state playoffs and earned all - conference honors as a senior . He was not offered any college scholarships . Pippen began his college playing career at the University of Central Arkansas in Conway after being discovered by then - UCA Head coach Don Dyer as a 6'1 '' walk - on . He did not receive much recognition in college because the school played in the NAIA . He eventually had a growth spurt to 6'8 `` , and his per game averages of 23.6 points , 10 rebounds , 4.3 assists and near 60 percent field goal shooting earned the Central Arkansas senior Consensus NAIA All - American honors in 1987 and made him a dominant player in the Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference , drawing the attention of NBA scouts . Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1983 -- 84 Central Arkansas 20 . 456 . 684 3.0 0.7 0.5 4.3 1984 -- 85 Central Arkansas 19 . 564 . 676 9.2 1.6 1.5 18.5 1985 -- 86 Central Arkansas 29 . 556 . 686 9.2 3.5 2.4 19.8 1986 -- 87 Central Arkansas 25 . 592 . 575 . 719 10.0 4.3 4.2 23.6 Career 93 . 563 . 575 . 695 8.1 2.7 2.1 17.2 NBA career ( edit ) Early career ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) He was selected fifth overall in the 1987 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics and traded to the Chicago Bulls for Olden Polynice and future draft pick options . Pippen became part of Chicago 's young forward tandem with 6'10 '' power forward Horace Grant , although both came off the bench to back up Brad Sellers and Charles Oakley respectively , during their rookie seasons . Scottie made his NBA debut on November 7 , 1987 when the Chicago Bulls faced the Philadelphia 76ers as their first game of the season . He finished the game with 10 points , 2 steals , 4 assists and 1 rebound in 23 minutes of play . The Bulls won their season - opening game 104 -- 94 . With fellow Bull Michael Jordan as a motivational and instructional mentor , Pippen refined his skills and slowly developed many new ones over his career . Jordan and Pippen frequently played one - on - one outside of team practices simply to hone each other 's skills on offense and defense . Pippen claimed the starting small forward position during the 1988 NBA Playoffs , helping the Jordan - led Bulls to reach the conference semifinals for the first time in over a decade . Pippen emerged as one of the league 's premier young forwards at the turn of the decade , recording then - career highs in points ( 16.5 points per game ) , rebounds ( 6.7 rebounds per game ) , and field goal shooting ( 48.9 % ) as well as being the NBA 's number three leader in steals ( 211 ) . These feats earned Pippen his debut NBA All - Star selection in 1990 . Pippen continued to improve as the Bulls reached the Eastern Conference Finals in 1989 and 1990 , but were eliminated both times by the Detroit Pistons . In the 1990 final , Pippen suffered a severe migraine headache at the start of Game 7 that impacted his gameplay , and he made only one of his ten field goal attempts as the Bulls lost 93 -- 74 . The Bulls ' first three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) In the 1990 -- 91 NBA season , Pippen emerged as the Bulls ' primary defensive stopper and a versatile scoring threat in Phil Jackson 's ' triangle offense ' . Alongside the help of Michael Jordan , Scottie continued to improve his game . He had his first triple - double on November 23 when the Bulls faced the Los Angeles Clippers as he had 13 points , 12 assists and 13 rebounds in 30 minutes in a 105 -- 97 win . He had his second triple - double against the Indiana Pacers on December 22 as the Bulls defeated the Pacers 128 -- 118 . Pippen finished the game with 18 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds in 41 minutes of play , in addition to 1 steal and 1 block while shooting 54.5 % from the field . Scottie scored a season - high of 43 points on February 23 in a 129 -- 108 win against the Charlotte Hornets . In addition , he also grabbed 4 rebounds , dished out 6 assists and had 6 steals in 31 minutes of play . He had a career - high field goal percentage that game with 94.1 % as he was 16 -- 17 from the field . Pippen had his third and final triple - double of the season on April 4 against the New York Knicks as the Bulls won 101 -- 91 . He finished the game with 20 points , 12 assists and 10 rebounds in addition to 4 steals while shooting 50 % from the field in 42 minutes of play . The Bulls finished the season with a record of 61 -- 21 . They were first in the Central Division , first in the Eastern Conference and second overall , as the Portland Trail Blazers clinched the first spot . Pippen was second on the team in points per game with 17.8 and steals with 2.4 next to Michael Jordan and he was also second in rebounds per game with 7.3 next to Horace Grant . Pippen led the team in blocks per game with 1.1 and assists per game with 6.2 . He ranked fifth overall in the NBA in steals , both for total and per game . For his efforts in the 1990 -- 91 NBA season Pippen was awarded NBA All - Defensive Second Team honors . The Bulls went on to defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1991 NBA Finals . He helped lead the Bulls to their first three - peat , as they won the following two years in 1992 and 1993 . Pippen earned 10 NBA All - Defensive Team nods , including 8 on the first team . In 1992 , he was named to the original Dream Team which competed in the Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . With the U.S. winning the gold medal , Pippen and Jordan became the first players to win both an NBA championship and an Olympic gold medal in the same year . The Dream team ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team On September 21 , 1991 , amongst 9 other players ( 2 more would be later selected ) , Pippen was announced as a member of the United States men 's Olympic basketball team which was set to represent the United States of America in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . Pippen without Jordan ( 1993 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Michael Jordan retired before the 1993 -- 94 season and in his absence Pippen emerged from Jordan 's shadow . That year , he earned All - Star Game MVP honors and led the Bulls in scoring , assists , and blocks , and was second in the NBA in steals per game , averaging 22.0 points , 8.7 rebounds , 5.6 assists , 2.9 steals , and 0.8 blocks per game , while shooting 49.1 % from the field and a career - best 32 % from the 3 - point line . For his efforts , he earned the first of three straight All - NBA First Team selections , and he finished third in MVP voting . The Bulls ( with key additions of Toni Kukoč , Steve Kerr and Luc Longley ) finished the season with 55 wins , only two fewer than the year before . However , one of the most controversial moments of Pippen 's career came in his first year without Jordan . In the 1994 NBA Playoffs , the Eastern Conference Semifinals pitted the Bulls against the New York Knicks , whom the Bulls had dispatched en route to a championship each of the previous three seasons . On May 13 , 1994 , down 2 -- 0 in the series in Game 3 , Bulls coach Phil Jackson needed a big play from his team to have any chance of going on to the conference finals . With 1.8 seconds left and the score tied at 102 , Jackson designed the last play for rookie Toni Kukoč , with Pippen instructed to inbound the basketball . Pippen , who had been the Bulls ' leader all season long in Jordan 's absence , was so angered by Jackson 's decision to not let him take the potential game - winner that he refused to leave the bench and re-enter the game when the timeout was over . Although Kukoč did hit the game - winner , a 23 - foot fadeaway jumper at the buzzer , there was little celebrating by the Bulls , as television cameras caught an unsmiling Phil Jackson storming off the court . `` Scottie asked out of the play , '' Jackson told reporters moments later in the post-game interview . Teammate Steve Kerr elaborated when asked to recall the event : `` I do n't know what got into Pippen . He is such a great teammate and maybe the pressure was getting to him and he just could not take it anymore , no one knows for sure but he is a team player . '' A key play occurred in the following Game 5 which changed the outcome of the series . With 2.1 seconds left in the fourth quarter , the Knicks ' Hubert Davis attempted a 23 - foot shot which was defended by Pippen , who was called for a personal foul by referee Hue Hollins , who determined that Pippen made contact with Davis . Television replays indicated that contact was made after Davis had released the ball . Davis successfully made both free throw attempts to assist in the Knicks victory , 87 -- 86 , and gave the Knicks a three games to two advantage in the series . the resulting incident was described as the most controversial moment of Hollins ' career by Referee magazine . Hollins defended the call after the game saying , `` I saw Scottie make contact with his shooting motion . I 'm positive there was contact on the shot . '' Darell Garretson , the league 's supervisor of officials and who also officiated in the league , agreed with Hollins and issued a statement , `` The perception is that referees should put their whistles in their pockets in the last minutes . But it all comes down to what is sufficient contact . There 's an old , old adage that refs do n't make those calls in the last seconds . Obviously , you hope you do n't make a call that will decide a game . But the call was within the context of how we had been calling them all game . '' Garretson later changed his stance of the call the next season . Speaking to a Chicago Tribune reporter , Garretson described Hollins ' call as `` terrible '' . Chicago head coach Phil Jackson , upset over the outcome of the game , was fined $10,000 for comparing the loss to the gold medal game controversy at the 1972 Summer Olympics . In Game 6 , Pippen made the signature play of his career . Midway in the third quarter , Pippen received the ball during a Bulls fast break , charging toward the basket . As center Patrick Ewing jumped up to defend the shot , Pippen fully extended the ball out , absorbing body contact and a foul from Ewing , and slammed the ball through the hoop with Ewing 's hand in his face . Pippen landed several feet away from the basket along the baseline , incidentally walking over a fallen Ewing . He then made taunting remarks to both Ewing and then Spike Lee , who was standing courtside supporting the Knicks , thus receiving a technical foul . This extended the Bulls ' lead to 17 ; they won 93 -- 79 . In the final Game 7 , Pippen scored 20 points and grabbed a whopping 16 rebounds , but the Bulls still lost 87 -- 77 . The Knicks then proceeded to the NBA Finals , where they lost to the Houston Rockets , also in seven games . Trade rumors involving Pippen escalated during the 1994 off - season . Jerry Krause , the Bulls ' general manager , was reportedly looking to ship Pippen off to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for all - star forward Shawn Kemp , moving Toni Kukoč into Pippen 's position as starting small forward with Kemp filling in the vacant starting power forward position in place of Horace Grant , a free agent who left the Bulls for the up - and - coming Orlando Magic during the off - season . In January , when asked by the late Craig Sager as to whether he thought would be traded , Pippen replied , `` I hope I am '' . However , Pippen would remain a Bull and those rumors were put to rest once it was announced that Michael Jordan would be returning to the Bulls late in the 1994 -- 95 season . The Pippen - led Bulls did not play as well in the 1994 -- 95 season as they had in the season before . In fact , for the first time in years they were in danger of missing the playoffs ( though much of this may be due to a lack of interior defense and rebounding due to Grant 's departure ) . The Bulls were just 34 -- 31 prior to Jordan 's return for the final 17 games , and Jordan led them to a 13 -- 4 record to close the regular season . Still , Pippen finished the 1994 -- 95 season leading the Bulls in every major statistical category -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- becoming only the second player in NBA history to accomplish this ( Dave Cowens did it in 1977 -- 78 ; it has since been achieved also by Kevin Garnett in 2002 -- 03 , LeBron James in 2008 -- 09 , and Giannis Antetokounmpo in 2016 -- 17 ) . The Bulls ' second three - peat ( 1996 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) With the return of Michael Jordan and the addition of two - time champion Dennis Rodman , the Bulls posted the best regular - season record in NBA history at the time ( 72 -- 10 ) in 1995 -- 96 en route to winning their fourth title against the Seattle SuperSonics . Later that year , Pippen became the first person to win an NBA championship and an Olympic gold medal in the same year twice , playing for Team USA at the Atlanta Olympics . The Bulls opened 1996 -- 97 NBA season with a 17 -- 1 record and had a league - best record of 42 -- 6 when entering the All - Star break . Both Pippen and Jordan were selected as one of the NBA 's 50 Greatest Players due to the league celebrating its 50th season . The ceremony was held at half - time of the 1997 NBA All - Star Game which took place on February 9 , 1997 . Phil Jackson , the Chicago Bulls head coach , was honored as one of the 10 greatest coaches in NBA history , while the 1992 Chicago Bulls Championship team and the 1996 Chicago Bulls Championship team , on which Scottie played key roles , were selected as two of the greatest teams in NBA history . In the All - Star game itself , Pippen was 4 -- 9 from the field , finishing with 8 points as well as 3 rebounds and 2 assists in 25 minutes of play . The East defeat the West 132 -- 120 and Glen Rice was crowned the All - Star Game MVP Pippen scored a career high of 47 points in a 134 -- 123 win over the Denver Nuggets on February 18 . He was 19 -- 27 from the field and in addition grabbed 4 rebounds , dished out 5 assists and had 2 steals in 41 minutes of play . On February 23 Pippen was voted `` Player of The Week '' for his efforts in the week of February 17 . This would be his 5th time to receive that honor and also his last . But as the league entered its final weeks , the Bulls encountered their first major roadblocks in their drive to win their 5th NBA Championship as they lost several of their key players such as Bill Wennington , who had a ruptured tendon in his left foot , Dennis Rodman , who had injured his knee and Toni Kukoč , who had an inflamed sole on his right foot . This put even more pressure on Scottie and Michael to try to keep Chicago from losing more games . Chicago finished a league - best 69 -- 13 record . In the final game of the regular season , Scottie missed a game - winning 3 pointer which led to the Bulls failing to have back - to - back 70 - win seasons . For his efforts in the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , Pippen earned NBA All - Defensive First Team honors for the 7th consecutive time as well as All - NBA Second Team honors . Chicago Bulls Championship banners hang in the rafters of the United Center Despite injuring his foot in the Eastern Conference Finals against the Miami Heat , Pippen helped the Bulls to an 84 -- 82 victory over the Utah Jazz in Game 1 of the NBA Finals . One of the highlights of the game was when Karl Malone was fouled by Dennis Rodman with 9.2 seconds left and had a chance to give Utah the lead and Scottie famously psyched him out by saying : `` Just remember , the mailman does n't deliver on Sundays , Karl '' , before he stepped up to the line . He missed both free throws . Jordan got the rebound and quickly called a time - out with 7.5 seconds left . With the game on the line , the Bulls put the ball in Jordan 's hands . He dribbled out most of the waning seconds , then launched a 20 - footer that went in at the buzzer to give Chicago a 1 -- 0 series lead . In Game 3 of the series , Pippen tied a then finals record of seven 3 - pointers , they still lost 104 -- 93 . Perhaps the most iconic moment of the series happened in Game 5 , which is also known as `` The Flu Game '' . Jordan was battling illness but still managed to dominate the game as the Bulls won 90 -- 88 , and with only a few seconds remaining and the game 's result safely in Chicago 's favor , Jordan collapsed into Pippen 's arms , creating an iconic image that has come to symbolize `` The Flu Game '' . During Game 6 , Pippen made one of the greatest plays of his career . Trailing by two , the Jazz looked for a final shot to stay alive , but Pippen knocked away Bryon Russell 's inbounds pass intended for Shandon Anderson and rolled the ball over to Toni Kukoč , who dunked the final 2 points of the game to give the Bulls a 90 -- 86 lead , clinching their fifth championship . Afterwards , Jordan was named Finals MVP for the fifth time . Amid speculation that the 1997 -- 98 season would be the last in Chicago for Pippen , Jordan , and Jackson , the Bulls followed up by playing against the Jazz again in the 1998 NBA Finals to win their second three - peat . Houston Rockets ( 1998 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , after being with the Chicago Bulls for 11 seasons , Pippen , the second all - time leader in points , assists , and steals in Bulls franchise history , was traded to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Roy Rogers and a 2nd round pick in the 2000 NBA draft ( Jake Voskuhl was later selected ) . Pippen 's trade to Houston received much publicity , including his only solo cover of Sports Illustrated . In order for the Rockets to create enough salary - cap room to acquire Pippen , Charles Barkley said that he sacrificed greatly as he signed a five - year $67.2 million contract before the previous season . Pippen 's salary was $11,000,000 , almost four times as much as his salary the previous season with the Chicago Bulls , $2,775,000 . Alongside Barkley , his former Olympic teammate , he was also teamed with Hakeem Olajuwon , but there were chemistry problems , especially with Barkley . Pippen had his first triple - double in a 93 -- 87 loss against the Atlanta Hawks as he had 15 points , 10 rebounds and 11 assists in addition to 1 steal in 46 minutes of play . On April 22 , 1999 , Pippen was detained under suspicion of driving while intoxicated . A Houston police officer who stopped Pippen about 1 : 30 a.m. said the Rockets ' star ran a red light . A member of the department 's DWI task force was called after it was suspected Pippen was intoxicated , Houston police spokesman Fred King said . The charges were later dropped due to insufficient evidence . He had his second triple - double of the season in a 106 -- 101 loss against the Los Angeles Clippers as he had 23 points , 10 assists and 10 rebounds in addition to 6 steals in 45 minutes of play . Despite averaging a career high in minutes per game with 40.2 and finishing 4th in the NBA in minutes played , Pippen averaged 14.5 points per game , his lowest since his rookie year , and he made a career - low 43.2 percent of his shots . He also averaged 6.5 rebounds and 5.9 assists and was named to the NBA All - Defensive first team for the 8th time . The Rockets finished the season with a 31 -- 19 record , finishing third in the Midwest Division and fifth in the Western Conference . They faced the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . In Game 3 of the series , Pippen scored 37 points , 13 rebounds , 4 assists and 1 block in order to stave off elimination . The Lakers would go on to win the series the following game as they defeated the Rockets 98 -- 88 and took the series 3 -- 1 . Following the season 's end and the Rocket 's elimination from the playoffs , Pippen expressed that he wanted to be traded . Charles Barkley appeared on Up Close and openly criticized Pippen by saying : `` For him to want to leave after one year , it disappointed me greatly . The Rockets went out of their way to get Scottie and the fans have treated him well , so I was just disappointed in him . '' Pippen commented on the situation in an interview by saying : `` I would n't give Charles Barkley an apology at gunpoint . He can never expect an apology from me , if anything , he owes me an apology for coming to play with his fat butt . '' He stated that the main reasons for his departure were Barkley 's selfishness and his lack of desire to win . He also expressed the wish to play for his former coach Phil Jackson , who was now coaching the Los Angeles Lakers . Scottie said one of the reasons he wants to play for Jackson is because he longs to return to the system in which they won six NBA titles together in Chicago . Pippen was traded by the Houston Rockets to the Portland Trail Blazers on October 2 , 1999 in exchange for Stacey Augmon , Kelvin Cato , Ed Gray , Carlos Rogers , Brian Shaw and Walt Williams . Portland Trail Blazers ( 1999 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Pippen claimed the starting small forward position with the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1999 -- 2000 NBA season . Playing alongside new stars such as Rasheed Wallace and Steve Smith , Pippen continued to demonstrate his defensive capabilities , even past his prime . On January 3 , when the Trail Blazers faced the Bulls , Pippen was honored with a video tribute highlighting his best moments in his 11 - year career with the Bulls . Pippen later commented on the tribute by saying : `` It was very emotional for me , but I tried to handle it as well as possible realizing I had a game to play . It was something that brought back a lot of memories for me , a lot of things I miss about this city , playing in this arena . '' Under Head coach Mike Dunleavy , the Trail Blazers posted a 59 -- 23 record and clinched the second spot in the Pacific Division and the third spot in the Western Conference . Pippen played and started in all 82 games that season , averaging 12.5 points per game , 5 assists and 6.3 rebounds per game . In the first round of the 2000 NBA Playoffs , Portland defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3 games to 1 . Their opponents in the second round were the Utah Jazz . In Game 5 , while leading the series 3 -- 1 , with 12.6 seconds remaining and Portland trailing by 2 , Pippen inbounded the ball to Damon Stoudamire who returned it to Pippen , who hit a three pointer with 7.3 seconds remaining . The Jazz fouled Pippen on the next play , and he stepped to the line and made one of two free throws to give the Blazers a 81 -- 79 lead . Bryon Russell of the Jazz attempted a game - winning three - pointer but threw the shot off balance , which resulted in an air ball . The Trail Blazers won the series 4 -- 1 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals . There they faced the Los Angeles Lakers , coached under Phil Jackson , Pippen 's former coach in Chicago . The series was stretched to a deciding Game 7 , in which the Trail Blazers held a 15 - point lead in the 4th quarter . However , led by the All - Star duo of Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal , the Lakers managed to erase Portland 's lead and win the game 89 -- 84 and with that also the series . The Lakers proceeded to the 2000 NBA Finals where they faced the Indiana Pacers and were eventually crowned the NBA Champions . In the 2000 -- 01 NBA season , Pippen played 64 games , starting in 60 of them . He was forced to miss 18 games due to a tendinitis in the elbow of his right arm , which was his shooting arm . Pippen started being bothered by minor injuries during December but still managed to play . His right arm stiffened after a game with the Boston Celtics on January 8 . He missed the next six games and , after a two - point performance in a loss to the Sacramento Kings on January 20 , the injury became too painful for him again . He had the elbow examined by several doctors before going into surgery . After undergoing the procedure to remove a bone fragment in his right elbow , he made his return on February 22 against the Utah Jazz and played for the remainder of the season . Pippen finished the season with averages of 11.3 points per game , 4.6 assists and 5.2 rebounds per game . The Trail Blazers finished the season with a 50 -- 32 record , fourth in the Pacific Division and seventh in the Western Conference . They were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the returning and eventual repeat champions , the Los Angeles Lakers . Pippen played for two more seasons in Portland : the Trail Blazers made the playoffs both years , but were eliminated in the first round both times . Return to Chicago ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) After the 2002 -- 03 season , Pippen left Portland in order to sign with the Chicago Bulls , where he had begun his NBA career and won six championships . Bulls ' general manager John Paxson pursued Pippen to return to his old team , which had little success following the break - up of the Bulls dynasty in 1998 . The deal was made official on July 20 , 2003 , as Pippen signed a two - year , $10 million contract with the franchise . Pippen assumed a veteran role on the team in order to guide the young Bulls team , but was faced with numerous injuries throughout the season and was only able to play 23 games , averaging 5.9 points , 2.2 assists and 3.0 rebounds per game . He played the final game of his NBA career against the Seattle SuperSonics on February 2 , 2004 , scoring 2 points , with 3 assists and 1 rebound in 8 minutes of play in a 109 -- 97 loss . The Bulls compiled a 23 -- 59 record , failing to qualify for the playoffs . This would mark the first time in Pippen 's career that his team did n't reach the playoffs . Pippen was a constant presence in the NBA playoffs prior to this season , reaching the playoffs in 16 straight years ( 11 with Chicago , 1 with Houston , 4 with Portland ) . He leads the NBA in career playoff steals , with 395 . On October 5 , 2004 , Pippen announced his retirement . Retirement ( edit ) The Chicago Bulls retired Pippen 's jersey number in a ceremony on December 9 , 2005 . The team played against the Los Angeles Lakers that night and Pippen was reunited with Phil Jackson , Michael Jordan , Dennis Rodman and Horace Grant during the ceremony . Pippen 's 33 joined Michael Jordan 's 23 , Bob Love 's 10 , and Jerry Sloan 's 4 as the only numbers retired by the Bulls . In 2007 , Pippen had attempted to make an NBA comeback as he expressed that he would like to play for a championship contender in hopes of getting his 7th Championship ring . Pippen had spent the winter working out in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and announced that he was hoping for a late - season return to the league . Dwyane Wade , who was the Finals MVP of the 2006 NBA Finals and the captain of the returning champions , the Miami Heat , liked the idea of Pippen making a comeback and expressed his views on it : `` I 'm already playing with ( Gary ) Payton and Shaq , two guys I used to play with on video games . To add Scottie Pippen to the mix , that would be crazy . '' Pippen playing in Europe in 2008 In January 2008 , Pippen made a brief comeback to professional basketball at age 42 , when he made a tour of Scandinavia and played two games for top Finnish league team Torpan Pojat ( ToPo ) , and top Swedish league team Sundsvall . In his first game , on January 4 , Pippen scored 12 points in ToPo 's 93 -- 81 win over Porvoo . He registered nine points and nine rebounds in a 98 -- 85 win over Honka on January 5 . In his third game of the tour , Pippen registered 21 points , 12 rebounds , six assists and two steals in 30 minutes in a 102 -- 74 Sundsvall Dragons win over Akropol of Rinkeby . The Dragons paid Pippen $66,000 for his appearance . Scottie Pippen in 2009 Pippen returned to the Bulls on July 15 , 2010 as a team ambassador . In 2012 , he was named senior advisor to Michael Reinsdorf , the Bulls ' president and COO . Pippen started in the 2011 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game for the East squad alongside his former 1992 Dream Team teammate Chris Mullin . He was 6 -- 8 from the field and topped the game 's scoring list with 17 points . The East squad ended up defeating the West squad 54 to 49 . One of the highlights of the game was Pippen 's block on singer Justin Bieber who ended up being voted as the MVP of the game . In a later interview , Pippen commented on Bieber 's performance : `` He played pretty well , but he has an ugly shot . '' In order to commemorate the 20th anniversary of their first NBA Championship in 1991 , the Chicago Bulls organization honored the 1991 Chicago Bulls Championship team in a ceremony during halftime of a game versus the Utah Jazz on March 12 , 2011 . Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan both attended and participated in the celebration , where they were reunited with their former teammates John Paxson , Horace Grant , Stacey King , Craig Hodges , Will Perdue , Scott Williams , Cliff Levingston , Dennis Hopson and Assistant Coach Johnny Bach . Former head coach Phil Jackson did not participate but gave a speech via a video message . Former Bulls ' broadcaster Jim Durham emceed the halftime ceremony . On March 17 , 2011 , the Chicago Bulls organization announced that they would honor Pippen with a bronze statue which will be placed inside of the Bulls ' home arena , the United Center . He expressed his gratitude by saying : `` Words really ca n't express my feelings . It 's something you dream of as a kid growing up , but you can never foresee those childhood fantasies becoming reality . You see statues of individuals who have done great things and made their mark on history , but as a basketball player , you never really think about arriving at this point . It 's an amazing honor for the Chicago Bulls to do this for me . '' The statue was unveiled on April 7 , 2011 during a half - time ceremony of a game between the Chicago Bulls and the Boston Celtics . On May 27 , 2011 , Pippen generated a great deal of criticism by saying that Miami Heat star LeBron James may be a better player than Michael Jordan . This came only a day after the Heat beat the Bulls 4 games to 1 to advance to the 2011 NBA Finals . Pippen said : `` Michael Jordan is probably the greatest scorer to ever play the game . I may go so far as saying LeBron James may be the greatest player to ever play the game . '' Pippen faced a backlash from Bulls fans after his comments , and even former teammates such as Horace Grant who stated in a radio interview : `` Wow , Pippen 's my man , and we 'll always be close , but I totally disagree . LeBron is going to be one of the top players to ever play the game , but Michael Jeffrey Jordan , who we bumped heads at times , is I think , the best basketball player I 've ever seen . '' In a later interview on the radio show Kap & Haugh Pippen stated : `` No , I did not say I would take LeBron over Michael . The reality is you need to go back and figure out what I said . '' Player profile ( edit ) Pippen was renowned for his defensive abilities , having made the NBA All Defensive Team ten consecutive years during his career and leading the league in steals in 1994 -- 95 . Phil Jackson once described him as a `` one - man wrecking crew '' , capable of guarding anyone from the point guard to the center position . Pippen is one of three NBA players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in a season and he has the record for most career steals in the playoffs ( 395 ) . He was skilled at staying in front of his man on defense , and particularly effective as a help defender , with his long arms in traps . He was also capable of chasing down an opposing player in transition to block shots from behind . On offense , Pippen relied primarily on his remarkable athleticism to gain an advantage over his defender ; he slashed towards the basket for higher percentage shots . Early in his career , Pippen was not an adept jump shooter ; he struggled when shooting directly on a line to the basket . He favored shooting his jump shots -- mid-range and three pointers -- on an angle . He could regularly bank the ball off the backboard into the basket . He honed his jump shot over the course of his career and became more effective at scoring from distance later in his career . Legacy ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Scottie Pippen '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pippen 's retired # 33 jersey hangs in rafters of the United Center Pippen is remembered as one of the greatest defenders ever to play the game , and one of the most versatile and agile players overall . Much like fellow Chicago Bull Michael Jordan , he provided tenacious on - the - ball perimeter defense , or tough interior defense , and was particularly effective as a help defender . He was gifted with extraordinary athleticism , even compared with other professional athletes , and skills in areas that bode well for basketball . His unusually long arms ( 88 in ( 2.2 m ) wingspan ) and jumping agility helped him to clog the passing lanes on defense , to block shots from behind on players that had managed to pass by him , to grab out - of - reach rebounds , to make unusual plays in mid-air , and to make passes around defenders that most players are physically unable to make . He often led the Bulls in assists and blocks as a result . Pippen was also a selfless player . His team - focused approach to the game was a key component in the Bulls ' championships . Pippen 's career assists total of 6,135 ( 5.2 per game ) is a testament to that approach . It was 23rd all - time among all players when he retired . His intense work ethic and athletic physique gave him the ability to consistently make highlight - reel plays , such as applying defensive intensity , forcing a turnover , stealing the ball and starting a one - man fast break that he would finish with a thunderous slam dunk . As Pippen himself has attested , he and Jordan would compete to see who could force more turnovers and produce more offense from defense in each game ( fast break points ) . During the 1990 Slam Dunk Contest , Pippen exhibited his leaping ability with a dunk from the free throw line . He was an athletic finisher at the rim , both with dunks and a skillful finger roll that he added to his skill set over time . He was also a prolific perimeter shooter , taking about three thousand and making almost one thousand three - pointers in his career . Several NBA players have placed Pippen on their all - time starting lineups , some of which include Jason Kidd , Michael Jordan , and Karl Malone . Personal life ( edit ) Pippen and his wife Larsa attending a Chicago Bulls game in December 2006 Pippen has been married twice : to Karen McCollum ( married 1988 ; divorced 1990 ) with whom he has a son , Antron Pippen ( born 1987 ) , and to Larsa Younan ( married 1997 ) , with whom he has four children , Sophia Pippen , Justin Pippen , Preston Pippen , and Scottie Pippen , Jr . Larsa starred in the TV show The Real Housewives of Miami . Pippen also has a daughter , Sierra Pippen , with his former fiancée Yvette De Leon and a daughter , Taylor Pippen , with former girlfriend and model Sonya Roby . A 1997 article in Sports Illustrated named him one of the three biggest `` skinflints '' in the NBA , along with Kevin Garnett and Shawn Kemp , and noted that restaurant workers had given him the nickname `` No Tippin ' Pippen '' . Shortly after retiring , Pippen learned that a financial adviser , whom Pippen claimed had been recommended by his team , was under investigation for bank fraud . Pippen had invested over $20 million through the adviser , Robert Lunn . In March 2016 , Lunn was sentenced to three years in prison on multiple fraud counts , including forging Pippen 's signature on a $1.4 million loan that Lunn used to pay off personal debts . In February 2011 , he placed his $16 million mansion in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , on the market . In March 2011 , a yard sale was held at his former home in Highland Park , Illinois . On July 11 , 2013 , Camran Shafighi filed a $4 million lawsuit against Pippen in Los Angeles Superior Court over an incident that occurred on June 23 , 2013 at the Malibu restaurant Nobu . Shafighi said that he was physically attacked by Pippen after taking pictures of Pippen inside and outside the restaurant . Shafighi was then taken to a hospital . On August 27 , 2013 , the Los Angeles County district attorney 's office announced that charges would not be filed against Pippen . Pippen is a supporter of the Research for Child Cancer . In popular culture ( edit ) Scottie Pippen 's and Michael Jordan 's characters were portrayed in the first episode of the 11th season of Family Guy titled `` Into Fat Air '' . Pippen was featured in a video game titled Slam City with Scottie Pippen . The game is a live action FMV basketball video game developed by Digital Pictures for the PC , Sega CD , and Sega 32X . In the game , players face various opponents , including Pippen himself , in one - on - one games of basketball . Pippen described the filming for the game as `` kind of like attending practice . '' Pippen 's famous dunk over former New York Knicks center Patrick Ewing was featured in a documentary film released by TNT titled `` Posterized '' . In 1996 , Scottie Pippen appeared on the TV show ER in the season 2 episode `` Baby Shower '' . Pippen was featured in a segment of the documentary film Hardwood Heroes which was released in 1998 . The film also features Clyde Drexler , Glen Rice and others . In 1998 , amongst other NBA players , he appeared as a cameo in Spike Lee 's sports drama film He Got Game . In 2009 , Pippen appeared in the movie Midgets vs. Mascots . In 2010 , Pippen voiced an animated version of himself in the `` Love Rollercoaster '' episode of The Cleveland Show . In 2013 , Scottie was featured in a segment of volume 5 of a documentary series by NBA TV titled NB90s . The series consisted of five half - hour episodes and depicted the league and its players during the 1990s . In 2015 , Scottie appeared as himself in episode 11 of the TV show Fresh Off the Boat . In 2015 , Scottie made a cameo appearance in season 3 , episode 23 of the TV show Chicago Fire . Pippen is referenced in the Notorious B.I.G. track `` Microphone Murderer '' & the Yo Gotti track `` Act Right '' . Pippen 's likeness as `` the rarest Equestranaut ever produced , the Scottie Pippen Special Edition Headhorn '' was in the Bob 's Burgers episode `` The Equestranauts . '' Joey Baron composed a song entitled `` Scottie Pippen '' which appears on his album Tongue in Groove . In 2017 , Scottie appeared as himself in the season 2 episode `` Birdwatching '' of the TV show Lethal Weapon . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Pippen won an NBA championship Led the league Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1987 -- 88 Chicago 79 0 20.9 . 463 . 174 . 576 3.8 2.1 1.2 0.7 7.9 1988 -- 89 Chicago 73 56 33.1 . 476 . 273 . 668 6.1 3.5 1.9 0.8 14.4 1989 -- 90 Chicago 82 82 38.4 . 489 . 250 . 675 6.7 5.4 2.6 1.2 16.5 1990 -- 91 † Chicago 82 82 36.8 . 520 . 309 . 706 7.3 6.2 2.4 1.1 17.8 1991 -- 92 † Chicago 82 82 38.6 . 506 . 200 . 760 7.7 7.0 1.9 1.1 21.0 1992 -- 93 † Chicago 81 81 38.6 . 473 . 237 . 663 7.7 6.3 2.1 0.9 18.6 1993 -- 94 Chicago 72 72 38.3 . 491 . 320 . 660 8.7 5.6 2.9 0.8 22.0 1994 -- 95 Chicago 79 79 38.2 . 480 . 345 . 716 8.1 5.2 2.9 1.1 21.4 1995 -- 96 † Chicago 77 77 36.7 . 463 . 374 . 679 6.4 5.9 1.7 0.7 19.4 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 82 82 37.7 . 474 . 368 . 701 6.5 5.7 1.9 0.6 20.2 1997 -- 98 † Chicago 44 44 37.5 . 447 . 318 . 777 5.2 5.8 1.8 1.0 19.1 1998 -- 99 Houston 50 50 40.2 . 432 . 340 . 721 6.5 5.9 2.0 0.7 14.5 1999 -- 00 Portland 82 82 33.5 . 451 . 327 . 717 6.3 5.0 1.4 0.5 12.5 2000 -- 01 Portland 64 60 33.3 . 451 . 344 . 739 5.2 4.6 1.5 0.6 11.3 2001 -- 02 Portland 62 60 32.2 . 411 . 305 . 774 5.2 5.9 1.6 0.6 10.6 2002 -- 03 Portland 64 58 29.9 . 444 . 286 . 818 4.3 4.5 1.6 0.4 10.8 2003 -- 04 Chicago 23 6 17.9 . 379 . 271 . 630 3.0 2.2 0.9 0.4 5.9 Career 1,178 1,053 34.9 . 473 . 326 . 704 6.4 5.2 2.0 0.8 16.1 All - Star 7 6 24.7 . 442 . 318 . 625 5.6 2.4 2.4 0.9 12.1 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1988 Chicago 10 6 29.4 . 465 . 500 . 714 5.2 2.4 0.8 0.8 10.0 1989 Chicago 17 17 36.4 . 462 . 393 . 640 7.6 3.9 1.4 0.9 13.1 1990 Chicago 15 14 40.8 . 495 . 323 . 710 7.2 5.5 2.1 1.3 19.3 1991 † Chicago 17 17 41.4 . 504 . 235 . 792 8.9 5.8 2.5 1.1 21.6 1992 † Chicago 22 22 40.9 . 468 . 250 . 761 8.8 6.7 1.9 1.1 19.5 1993 † Chicago 19 19 41.5 . 465 . 176 . 638 6.9 5.6 2.2 0.7 20.1 1994 Chicago 10 10 38.4 . 434 . 267 . 885 8.3 4.6 2.4 0.7 28.8 1995 Chicago 10 10 39.6 . 443 . 368 . 676 8.6 5.8 1.4 1.0 17.8 1996 † Chicago 18 18 41.2 . 390 . 286 . 638 8.5 5.9 2.6 0.9 16.9 1997 † Chicago 19 19 39.6 . 417 . 345 . 791 6.8 3.8 1.5 0.9 19.2 1998 † Chicago 21 21 39.8 . 415 . 228 . 679 7.1 5.2 2.1 1.0 16.8 1999 Houston 43.0 . 329 . 273 . 808 11.8 5.5 1.8 0.8 18.3 2000 Portland 16 16 38.4 . 419 . 300 . 743 7.1 4.3 2.0 0.4 14.9 Portland 39.0 . 421 . 176 . 667 5.7 2.3 2.7 0.7 13.7 2002 Portland 33.0 . 409 . 545 . 875 9.3 5.7 1.3 0.7 16.3 2003 Portland 18.8 . 409 . 333 1.000 2.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 5.8 Career 208 200 39.0 . 444 . 303 . 724 7.6 5.0 1.9 0.9 17.5 Salaries ( edit ) Season Team Salary 1987 -- 88 Chicago $723,000 1988 -- 89 Chicago $575,000 1989 -- 90 Chicago $765,000 1990 -- 91 Chicago $765,000 1991 -- 92 Chicago $2,770,000 1992 -- 93 Chicago $3,425,000 1993 -- 94 Chicago $3,075,000 1994 -- 95 Chicago $2,225,000 1995 -- 96 Chicago $2,925,000 1996 -- 97 Chicago $2,250,000 1997 -- 98 Chicago $2,775,000 1998 -- 99 Houston $11,000,000 1999 -- 2000 Portland $14,795,642 2000 -- 01 Portland $13,750,000 2001 -- 02 Portland $18,083,564 2002 -- 03 Portland $19,727,524 2003 -- 04 Chicago $4,917,000 2004 -- 05 Chicago $5,408,700 Total ( may be incomplete ) : $109,192,430 Career achievements ( edit ) Career highs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 47 vs. Denver Nuggets 000000001997 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1997 Field goal percentage 16 -- 17 (. 941 ) vs. Charlotte Hornets 000000001991 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1991 Field goals made 19 vs. Denver Nuggets 000000001997 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1997 Field goal attempts ( Playoffs ) 35 ( 3 OT ) vs. Phoenix Suns 000000001993 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1993 Free throws made , none missed 11 -- 11 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001998 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1998 Free throws made 13 at Los Angeles Clippers 000000001999 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1999 Free throw attempts 21 at Charlotte Hornets 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 3 - point field goals made ( Playoffs ) 7 at Utah Jazz 000000001997 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1997 3 - point field goal attempts 13 at Toronto Raptors 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Rebounds 18 at New York Knicks 000000001992 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1992 Rebounds ( Playoffs ) 18 at Miami Heat 000000001996 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1996 Offensive rebounds ( Playoffs ) 9 vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001999 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1999 Defensive rebounds 16 ( OT ) vs. New York Knicks 000000001994 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1994 Assists 15 vs. Indiana Pacers 000000001990 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1990 Assists 15 vs. Washington Wizards 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2002 Steals 9 vs. Atlanta Hawks 000000001994 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1994 Turnovers 12 ( OT ) at New Jersey Nets 000000001990 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1990 Turnovers 12 at Houston Rockets 000000001996 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1996 Minutes played ( Playoffs ) 56 ( 3 OT ) vs. Phoenix Suns 000000001993 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1993 Achievements ( edit ) 21 career triple - doubles ( 17 regular season , 4 playoffs ) Led the league in steals ( 232 ) and steals per game ( 2.94 ) in 1994 -- 95 . His 10 NBA All - Defensive honors and 8 NBA All - Defensive First Team honors are one shy of the NBA record . Six - time NBA Champion Member of the Olympic gold medal winning USA Men 's National Basketball Teams in 1992 ( `` Dream Team I '' , Barcelona , Spain ) and 1996 ( `` Dream Team III '' , Atlanta , USA ) Selected in 1996 as one of the `` 50 Greatest Players in NBA History '' Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 . The 1992 Olympic Basketball `` Dream Team '' , of which he was a member , was also elected to the Hall of Fame in 2010 . Pippen is one of two NBA players known to have recorded 5 steals and 5 blocks in a playoff game , which he did against the Detroit Pistons on May 19 , 1991 . Hakeem Olajuwon performed the feat twice . NBA records ( edit ) Set with Michael Jordan ( edit ) Ninth pair of teammates in NBA history to score 40 or more points in the same game : Chicago Bulls ( 110 ) at Indiana Pacers ( 102 ) , 000000001996 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1996 Pippen : 40 points , 10 rebounds , 2 assists , 5 steals in 44 minutes Jordan : 44 points , 5 rebounds , 7 assists , 3 steals , 2 blocks in 42 minutes One of at least two pairs of teammates in NBA history to record triple - doubles in the same game : Chicago Bulls ( 126 ) vs. Los Angeles Clippers ( 121 ) , 000000001989 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1989 ( OT ) Pippen : 15 points , 10 rebounds , 12 assists ( and 2 steals ) in 42 minutes Jordan : 41 points , 10 rebounds , 11 assists ( and 6 steals ) in 47 minutes Jason Kidd and Vince Carter achieved this feat as well on 000000002007 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2007 Playoffs ( edit ) Steals , career : 395 Steals , quarter : 4 , third quarter , vs. Milwaukee Bucks , 000000001990 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1990 Tied with many other players Other records ( edit ) One of three players in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season : 211 steals , 101 blocks ( 1989 -- 90 ) Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) and Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1988 -- 89 ) are the only other players to do so . Second player in NBA history to lead his team in all 5 major statistics : 1,692 points , 639 rebounds , 409 assists , 232 steals and 89 blocks ( 1994 -- 95 ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) , Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) , LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) are the only other players to do so . Only player in history to win an NBA championship and Olympic gold medal in the same year twice ( 1992 and 1996 ) Chicago Bulls franchise records ( edit ) Note : Pippen is second in most career totals for the Bulls , both in the regular season and playoffs , trailing only Michael Jordan . Regular season ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage , game : . 941 ( 16 -- 17 ) , vs. Charlotte Hornets , 000000001991 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1991 Three - point field goal attempts , career : 2,031 Personal fouls , career : 2,534 Turnovers , game : 12 , twice 12 , at New Jersey Nets , 000000001990 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1990 ( OT ) 12 , at Houston Rockets , 000000001996 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1996 Playoffs ( edit ) Three - point field goals made , career : 161 Three - point field goals made , game : 7 , at Utah Jazz , 000000001997 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1997 Three - point field goals made , quarter : 4 , second quarter , at Utah Jazz , 000000001997 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1997 Three - point field goals made , overtime : 1 , at New York Knicks , 000000001996 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1996 Three - point field goal attempts , career : 531 Three - point field goal attempts , overtime : 3 , at New York Knicks , 000000001996 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1996 Rebounds , career : 1,366 Rebounds , overtime : 3 , vs. New Jersey Nets , 000000001998 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1998 Offensive rebounds , overtime : 2 , vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 000000001989 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1989 Tied with Derrick Rose Defensive rebounds , overtime : 2 , vs. New Jersey Nets , 000000001998 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1998 Tied with other players Assists , overtime : 2 , at New York Knicks , 000000001989 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1989 Tied with Derrick Rose Steals , quarter : 4 , third quarter , vs. Milwaukee Bucks , 000000001990 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1990 Tied with Horace Grant Blocked shots , career : 171 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game steals leaders List of NBA players with most championships Notes ( edit ) NBA.com has listed Pippen at both 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) and 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) . 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Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( October 3 , 1999 ) . `` PRO BASKETBALL : NOTEBOOK ; Pippen , on His Way to Portland , Takes a Parting Shot at Barkley '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks at Houston Rockets Box Score , February 25 , 1999 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pippen arrested on suspicion of DWI '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . April 22 , 1999 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pippen Arrested on Drunk Driving Count '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Apr 23 , 1999 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomspon , Jack ( Mar 15 , 1999 ) . `` Pippen 's Dwi Charges Dropped '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Los Angeles Clippers Box Score , April 23 , 1999 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Leaders '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greg Risling . `` DA : Charges Wo n't Be Filed Against Scottie Pippen '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy '' Episode : `` Into Fat Air '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Slam City with Scottie Pippen '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One on One with Scottie Pippen '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Ziff Davis ( 67 ) : 114 . February 1995 . Jump up ^ `` ER Episode : `` Baby Shower '' `` . IMDB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` He Got Game '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Midgets Vs. Mascots '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cleveland Show '' Episode : `` Love Rollercoaster '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NB90s '' . tvtango.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Off the Boat '' Episode : `` Very Superstitious '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Fire '' Episode : `` Sparactus '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon '' Episode : `` Birdwatching '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scottie Pippen . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Scottie Pippen at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame NBA.com : Scottie Pippen Summary Links to related articles Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2010 Players Cynthia Cooper - Dyke Dennis Johnson Gus Johnson Karl Malone Maciel `` Ubiratan '' Pereira Scottie Pippen Coaches Bob Hurley , Sr . Contributors Jerry Buss Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) 1987 NBA draft First round David Robinson Armon Gilliam Dennis Hopson Reggie Williams Scottie Pippen Kenny Smith Kevin Johnson Olden Polynice Derrick McKey Horace Grant Reggie Miller Muggsy Bogues Joe Wolf Tellis Frank José Ortiz Christian Welp Ronnie Murphy Mark Jackson Ken Norman Jim Farmer Dallas Comegys Reggie Lewis Greg Anderson Second round Freddie Banks Ron Moore Steve Alford Nate Blackwell Rickie Winslow Lester Fonville Nikita Wilson Andre Moore Bob McCann Tony White Brian Rowsom Doug Lee Duane Washington Derrick Dowell Norris Coleman Vincent Askew Winston Garland Kannard Johnson Terrance Bailey Andrew Kennedy Terry Coner Brad Lohaus Bruce Dalrymple United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 NBA champions 2 Hopson 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 34 King 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 NBA champions 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 20 Hansen 21 King 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1992 -- 93 NBA champions 5 Paxson 6 Tucker 10 Armstrong 20 Walker 21 King 22 McCray 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 NBA champions 0 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 22 Salley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 53 Edwards 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Rodgers Cleamons Paxson Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 NBA champions 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 8 Simpkins 9 Harper 13 Longley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Burrell 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Houston Rockets Founded in 1967 Played in San Diego ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Franchise History Expansion Draft All - time roster Seasons Records Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas San Diego Sports Arena Hofheinz Pavilion HemisFair Arena The Summit / Compaq Center Toyota Center Culture and lore Red Rowdies ClutchFans Clutch City Clutch the Rockets Bear Dancing Barry Kermit Washington punches Rudy Tomjanovich The Clock Incident The Kiss of Death The Dream Shake 13 points in 35 seconds 22 wins in a row NBA Championships ( 2 ) 1994 1995 Western Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1981 1986 1994 1995 Administration Owner Tilman Fertitta General Manager Daryl Morey Head Coach Mike D'Antoni Retired numbers 11 22 23 24 34 45 CD Most Valuable Players Moses Malone Hakeem Olajuwon Hall of Famers Charles Barkley Rick Barry Clyde Drexler Elvin Hayes Moses Malone Tracy McGrady Calvin Murphy Dikembe Mutombo Hakeem Olajuwon Scottie Pippen Ralph Sampson Yao Ming G League affiliate Rio Grande Valley Vipers Rivals Dallas Mavericks San Antonio Spurs Utah Jazz Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Sportstalk 790 Announcers Bill Worrell Clyde Drexler Matt Bullard Craig Ackerman Portland Trail Blazers Founded in 1970 Based in Portland , Oregon Franchise Franchise All - time roster History Expansion draft Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Memorial Coliseum Moda Center General Managers Glickman Inman Spoelstra Petrie Whitsitt Nash Patterson Leiweke Pritchard Cho Buchanan Olshey Presidents Sarkowsky Weinberg Whitsitt Glickman Patterson Leiweke Miller McGowan G League affiliate None Administration Owner Paul Allen General Manager Neil Olshey Head Coach Terry Stotts List of executives Retired numbers 13 14 15 20 22 30 ( Gross ) 30 ( Porter ) 32 36 45 77 Hall of Famers Clyde Drexler Dražen Petrović Scottie Pippen Jack Ramsay Arvydas Sabonis Bill Walton Lenny Wilkens Culture Blazermania Rip City The Breaks of the Game `` Duck '' Rose Garden arena bankruptcy Larry Weinberg Bill Walton Jack Ramsay Mike Barrett and Mike Rice Clyde the Glide The Schonz Memorial Day Miracle Blaze the Trail Cat Portland Indians Portland Fire Portlandia NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1977 Western Conference Championships ( 3 ) 1977 1990 1992 Division Championships ( 5 ) 1978 1991 1992 1999 2015 Media TV NBC Sports Northwest Radio KPOJ Trail Blazers Radio Network Announcers Kevin Calabro Lamar Hurd Bill Schonely Brian Wheeler National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green 2018 : Oladipo NBA on ABC Related programs NBA Countdown NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad NBA Inside Stuff NBA Saturday Primetime NBA Sunday Showcase NBA on ESPN Radio NBA Wednesday NBA Friday WNBA on ESPN NBA Drafts 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Non-NBA programs ESPN College Basketball on ABC Olympics on ABC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) Game history Key figures All - Star Game ESPN NBA Finals WNBA Finals Play - by - play Mike Breen Jim Durham Bill Flemming Chet Forte Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Chuck Howard Keith Jackson Mark Jones Jim McKay Al Michaels Brent Musburger Brad Nessler Dave Pasch John Saunders Chris Schenkel Color commentators Greg Anthony Hubie Brown Bob Cousy Sean Elliott Len Elmore Tim Legler Mark Jackson Steve Jones Johnny Kerr Dan Majerle Jack Ramsay Doc Rivers Bill Russell Tom Tolbert Jack Twyman Jeff Van Gundy Bill Walton Jerry West Sideline reporters David Aldridge Doris Burke Howard Cosell Heather Cox Dave Diles Israel Gutierrez Mark Jones Sal Masekela Tom Rinaldi Craig Sager Lisa Salters Michele Tafoya Bob Wolff Studio hosts Michelle Beadle Rachel Nichols Dan Patrick Stuart Scott Sage Steele Hannah Storm Mike Tirico Michael Wilbon Studio analysts Jon Barry Chauncey Billups Chris Broussard Doug Collins Steve Javie Avery Johnson Magic Johnson George Karl Scottie Pippen Jalen Rose Byron Scott Bill Simmons ABC Radio announcers Marv Albert Dave Barnett Chick Hearn Rod Hundley Steve Jones Fred Manfra Earl Monroe Johnny Most Oscar Robertson Dick Vitale NBA Finals 1965 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1966 ( Games 1 , 5 ) 1967 ( Games 2 , 5 ) 1968 ( Games 1 , 4 ) 1969 ( Games 3 , 5 - 7 ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 WNBA Finals 2003 ( Game 2 on ABC ) 2005 ( Game 3 on ABC ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2015 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2016 ( Game 1 on ABC ) 2017 ( Game 1 on ABC ) All - Star Game 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ABC Radio 's coverage 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 Lore Music `` I think we see Willis coming out ! '' `` The Block '' Christmas Day Rivalries Bryant -- O'Neal Lakers -- Pistons Celtics -- Lakers Cavaliers -- Warriors ESPN lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl LCCN : n92111416 VIAF : 16429033 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottie_Pippen&oldid=843562599 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people African - American basketball players American expatriate basketball people in Finland American expatriate basketball people in Sweden Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Arkansas Central Arkansas Bears basketball players Chicago Bulls players Houston Rockets players Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters National Basketball Association players with retired numbers Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball People from Hamburg , Arkansas Portland Trail Blazers players Small forwards Seattle SuperSonics draft picks United States men 's national basketball team players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did scottie pippen play college basketball for	[ "Pippen attended Hamburg High School. Playing point guard, he led his team to the state playoffs and earned all-conference honors as a senior. He was not offered any college scholarships. Pippen began his college playing career at the University of Central Arkansas in Conway after being discovered by then-UCA Head coach Don Dyer as a 6'1\" walk-on. He did not receive much recognition in college because the school played in the NAIA. He eventually had a growth spurt to 6'8\",[12] and his per game averages of 23.6 points, 10 rebounds, 4.3 assists and near 60 percent field goal shooting earned the Central Arkansas senior Consensus NAIA All-American honors in 1987 and made him a dominant player in the Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference, drawing the attention of NBA scouts.[8][13]" ]	[ "University of Central Arkansas" ]
649185398835966297	List of Presidents of the United States	List of Presidents of the United States - wikipedia List of Presidents of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see American Presidents : Life Portraits and President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States . The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The president is indirectly elected to a four - year term by the people through the Electoral College . Since the office was established in 1789 , 44 people , all men , have served as president . The first , George Washington , won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College . Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office , and is counted as the nation 's 22nd and 24th presidents ; the incumbent , Donald Trump , is therefore the 45th president . There are currently five living former presidents . The most recent death of a former president was on December 26 , 2006 with the death of Gerald Ford ; the most recently serving president to die was Ronald Reagan on June 5 , 2004 . William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office , dying 31 days after taking office in 1841 . Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest , over twelve years , before dying early in his fourth term in 1945 ; he is the only president to have served more than two terms . Since the ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951 , no person may be elected president more than twice , and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once . Of the elected presidents , four died in office of natural causes ( William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Warren G. Harding , and Franklin D. Roosevelt ) , four were assassinated ( Abraham Lincoln , James A. Garfield , William McKinley and John F. Kennedy ) , and one resigned ( Richard Nixon ) . John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term , and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency , as opposed to a caretaker president . The Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler 's precedent into law in 1967 . It also established a mechanism by which a mid-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled . Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office . Later , Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him . Previously , a mid-term vacancy was left unfilled . Throughout most of its history , American politics has been dominated by political parties . The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties , and at the time it came into force in 1789 , there were no parties . Soon after the 1st Congress convened , factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials , such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson . Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since Washington , every president has been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents 2 Subsequent public service 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Presidents Unaffiliated ( 2 ) Federalist ( 1 ) Democratic - Republican ( 4 ) Democratic ( 15 ) Whig ( 4 ) Republican ( 19 ) National Union ( 2 ) Presidency President Prior office Party Term Vice President April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 George Washington 1732 -- 1799 ( Lived : 67 years ) Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army ( 1775 -- 1783 ) Unaffiliated ( 1788 -- 89 ) ( 1789 ) John Adams ( 1792 ) ( 1793 ) March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 John Adams 1735 -- 1826 ( Lived : 90 years ) 1st Vice President of the United States Federalist ( 1796 ) ( 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Thomas Jefferson 1743 -- 1826 ( Lived : 83 years ) 2nd Vice President of the United States Democratic - Republican ( 1800 ) ( 1801 ) Aaron Burr March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1805 ( 1804 ) 5 ( 1805 ) George Clinton March 4 , 1805 -- March 4 , 1809 March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 James Madison 1751 -- 1836 ( Lived : 85 years ) 5th United States Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1808 ) 6 ( 1809 ) George Clinton March 4 , 1809 -- April 20 , 1812 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Clinton 's term ) ( 1812 ) 7 ( 1813 ) Elbridge Gerry March 4 , 1813 -- November 23 , 1814 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Gerry 's term ) 5 March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 James Monroe 1758 -- 1831 ( Lived : 73 years ) 7th United States Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1816 ) 8 ( 1817 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1820 ) 9 ( 1821 ) 6 March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 John Q. Adams 1767 -- 1848 ( Lived : 80 years ) 8th United States Secretary of State ( 1817 -- 1825 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1824 ) 10 ( 1825 ) John C. Calhoun 7 March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Andrew Jackson 1767 -- 1845 ( Lived : 78 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 2 ) from Tennessee ( 1797 -- 1798 & 1823 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1828 ) 11 ( 1829 ) John C. Calhoun March 4 , 1829 -- December 28 , 1832 ( Resigned from office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Calhoun 's term ) ( 1832 ) 12 ( 1833 ) Martin Van Buren March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 8 March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Martin Van Buren 1782 -- 1862 ( Lived : 79 years ) 8th Vice President of the United States Democratic ( 1836 ) 13 ( 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson 9 March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 ( Died in office ) William H. Harrison 1773 -- 1841 ( Lived : 68 years ) United States Minister to Colombia ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Whig ( 1840 ) 14 ( 1841 ) ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( Succeeded to presidency ) 10 April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 John Tyler 1790 -- 1862 ( Lived : 71 years ) 10th Vice President of the United States Whig April 4 , 1841 -- September 13 , 1841 Office vacant Unaffiliated September 13 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 11 March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 James K. Polk 1795 -- 1849 ( Lived : 53 years ) 9th Governor of Tennessee ( 1839 -- 1841 ) Democratic ( 1844 ) 15 ( 1845 ) George M. Dallas 12 March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 ( Died in office ) Zachary Taylor 1784 -- 1850 ( Lived : 65 years ) Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment United States Army ( 1846 -- 1849 ) ( No prior elected office ) Whig ( 1848 ) 16 ( 1849 ) ( 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( Succeeded to presidency ) 13 July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 Millard Fillmore 1800 -- 1874 ( Lived : 74 years ) 12th Vice President of the United States Whig Office vacant 14 March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 Franklin Pierce 1804 -- 1869 ( Lived : 64 years ) Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry United States Army ( 1847 -- 1848 ) Democratic ( 1852 ) 17 ( 1853 ) William R. King March 4 -- April 18 , 1853 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of King 's term ) 15 March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 James Buchanan 1791 -- 1868 ( Lived : 77 years ) United States Minister to the Court of St James 's ( 1853 -- 1856 ) Democratic ( 1856 ) 18 ( 1857 ) John C. Breckinridge 16 March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 ( Died in office ) Abraham Lincoln 1809 -- 1865 ( Lived : 56 years ) U.S. Representative for Illinois ' 7th District ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Republican ( National Union ) ( 1860 ) 19 ( 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin March 4 , 1861 -- March 4 , 1865 ( 1864 ) 20 ( 1865 ) ( 1865 ) Andrew Johnson March 4 -- April 15 , 1865 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 17 April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 Andrew Johnson 1808 -- 1875 ( Lived : 66 years ) 16th Vice President of the United States National Union April 15 , 1865 -- c. 1868 Office vacant Democratic c. 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 18 March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Ulysses S. Grant 1822 -- 1885 ( Lived : 63 years ) Commanding General of the U.S. Army ( 1864 -- 1869 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1868 ) 21 ( 1869 ) Schuyler Colfax March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1873 ( 1872 ) 22 ( 1873 ) Henry Wilson March 4 , 1873 -- November 22 , 1875 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Wilson 's term ) 19 March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 1822 -- 1893 ( Lived : 70 years ) 29th & 32nd Governor of Ohio ( 1868 -- 1872 & 1876 -- 1877 ) Republican ( 1876 ) 23 ( 1877 ) William A. Wheeler 20 March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 ( Died in office ) James A. Garfield 1831 -- 1881 ( Lived : 49 years ) U.S. Representative for Ohio 's 19th District ( 1863 -- 1881 ) Republican ( 1880 ) 24 ( 1881 ) ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( Succeeded to presidency ) 21 September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Chester A. Arthur 1829 -- 1886 ( Lived : 57 years ) 20th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant 22 March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Grover Cleveland 1837 -- 1908 ( Lived : 71 years ) 28th Governor of New York ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Democratic ( 1884 ) 25 ( 1885 ) Thomas A. Hendricks March 4 -- November 25 , 1885 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Hendricks ' term ) 23 March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 1833 -- 1901 ( Lived : 67 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Indiana ( 1881 -- 1887 ) Republican ( 1888 ) 26 ( 1889 ) Levi P. Morton 24 March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Grover Cleveland 1837 -- 1908 ( Lived : 71 years ) 22nd President of the United States ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Democratic ( 1892 ) 27 ( 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson 25 March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 ( Died in office ) William McKinley 1843 -- 1901 ( Lived : 58 years ) 39th Governor of Ohio ( 1892 -- 1896 ) Republican ( 1896 ) 28 ( 1897 ) Garret Hobart March 4 , 1897 -- November 21 , 1899 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Hobart 's term ) ( 1900 ) 29 ( 1901 ) ( 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt March 4 -- September 14 , 1901 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 26 September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Theodore Roosevelt 1858 -- 1919 ( Lived : 60 years ) 25th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 ( 1904 ) 30 ( 1905 ) Charles W. Fairbanks March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1909 27 March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 William H. Taft 1857 -- 1930 ( Lived : 72 years ) 42nd United States Secretary of War ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Republican ( 1908 ) 31 ( 1909 ) James S. Sherman March 4 , 1909 -- October 30 , 1912 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Sherman 's term ) 28 March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Woodrow Wilson 1856 -- 1924 ( Lived : 67 years ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Democratic ( 1912 ) 32 ( 1913 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1916 ) 33 ( 1917 ) 29 March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 ( Died in office ) Warren G. Harding 1865 -- 1923 ( Lived : 57 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Ohio ( 1915 -- 1921 ) Republican ( 1920 ) 34 ( 1921 ) ( 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( Succeeded to presidency ) 30 August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 Calvin Coolidge 1872 -- 1933 ( Lived : 60 years ) 29th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 ( 1924 ) 35 ( 1925 ) Charles G. Dawes March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1929 31 March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 1874 -- 1964 ( Lived : 90 years ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1928 ) 36 ( 1929 ) Charles Curtis 32 March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 ( Died in office ) Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882 -- 1945 ( Lived : 63 years ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Democratic ( 1932 ) 37 ( 1933 ) John N. Garner March 4 , 1933 -- January 20 , 1941 ( 1936 ) 38 ( 1937 ) ( 1940 ) 39 ( 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace January 20 , 1941 -- January 20 , 1945 ( 1944 ) 40 ( 1945 ) ( 1945 ) Harry S. Truman January 20 -- April 12 , 1945 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 33 April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 Harry S. Truman 1884 -- 1972 ( Lived : 88 years ) 34th Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1949 ( 1948 ) 41 ( 1949 ) Alben W. Barkley January 20 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1953 34 January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890 -- 1969 ( Lived : 78 years ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1949 -- 1952 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1952 ) 42 ( 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1956 ) 43 ( 1957 ) 35 January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 ( Died in office ) John F. Kennedy 1917 -- 1963 ( Lived : 46 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) Democratic ( 1960 ) 44 ( 1961 ) ( 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( Succeeded to presidency ) 36 November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson 1908 -- 1973 ( Lived : 64 years ) 37th Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 ( 1964 ) 45 ( 1965 ) Hubert Humphrey January 20 , 1965 -- January 20 , 1969 37 January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 ( Resigned from office ) Richard Nixon 1913 -- 1994 ( Lived : 81 years ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Republican ( 1968 ) 46 ( 1969 ) Spiro Agnew January 20 , 1969 -- October 10 , 1973 ( Resigned from office ) ( 1972 ) 47 ( 1973 ) ( 1974 ) Office vacant October 10 -- December 6 , 1973 Gerald Ford December 6 , 1973 -- August 9 , 1974 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 38 August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 Gerald Ford 1913 -- 2006 ( Lived : 93 years ) 40th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant August 9 -- December 19 , 1974 Nelson Rockefeller December 19 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 39 January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter Born 1924 ( 93 years old ) 76th Governor of Georgia ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Democratic ( 1976 ) 48 ( 1977 ) Walter Mondale 40 January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Ronald Reagan 1911 -- 2004 ( Lived : 93 years ) 33rd Governor of California ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Republican ( 1980 ) 49 ( 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1984 ) 50 ( 1985 ) 41 January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 George H.W. Bush Born 1924 ( 93 years old ) 43rd Vice President of the United States Republican ( 1988 ) 51 ( 1989 ) Dan Quayle 42 January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Bill Clinton Born 1946 ( 71 years old ) 40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas ( 1979 -- 1981 & 1983 -- 1992 ) Democratic ( 1992 ) 52 ( 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1996 ) 53 ( 1997 ) 43 January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 George W. Bush Born 1946 ( 71 years old ) 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Republican ( 2000 ) 54 ( 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2004 ) 55 ( 2005 ) 44 January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Barack Obama Born 1961 ( 56 years old ) U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Illinois ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Democratic ( 2008 ) 56 ( 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2012 ) 57 ( 2013 ) 45 January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Donald Trump Born 1946 ( 71 years old ) Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 2016 ) 58 ( 2017 ) Mike Pence Subsequent public service Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency . President Presidency Subsequent service John Quincy Adams 6 1825 -- 1829 U.S. Representative from Massachusetts ( 1831 -- 1848 ) Andrew Johnson 17 1865 -- 1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( 1875 ) Grover Cleveland 22 1885 -- 1889 24th President of the United States ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William Howard Taft 27 1909 -- 1913 10th Chief Justice of the United States ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency . President Presidency Office sought unsuccessfully John Quincy Adams 6 1825 -- 1829 Governor of Massachusetts ( 1833 ) Martin Van Buren 8 1837 -- 1841 President of the United States ( 1844 ) President of the United States ( 1848 ) Millard Fillmore 13 1850 -- 1853 President of the United States ( 1856 ) Andrew Johnson 17 1865 -- 1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( 1870 ) U.S. Representative from Tennessee ( 1872 ) Ulysses S. Grant 18 1869 -- 1877 President of the United States ( 1880 ) Theodore Roosevelt 26 1901 -- 1909 President of the United States ( 1912 ) Herbert Hoover 31 1929 -- 1933 President of the United States ( 1940 ) Additionally , one former president , John Tyler , served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War . Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862 . He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861 , but died before he could take his seat . See also Acting President of the United States Founding Fathers of the United States Historical rankings of presidents of the United States Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the Continental Congress List of Vice Presidents of the United States Biography portal United States portal Government of the United States portal Notes ^ Jump up to : The presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person . For example , George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president ( not the first and second ) . Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon 's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right . Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive . A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted , because the president remains in office during such a period . Jump up ^ Listed here is the most recent office ( either with a U.S. state , the federal government , or a private corporation ) held by the individual prior to becoming President . Jump up ^ Three presidents are counted above with multiple political affiliations : John Tyler ( Whig , Unaffiliated ) , Abraham Lincoln ( Republican , National Union ) , and Andrew Johnson ( National Union , Democratic ) . Jump up ^ Listed and numbered here are the elections and inaugurations that constitute a presidential term . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , instead of being inaugurated on March 4 , 1789 , the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin , Washington 's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later . As a result , his first term was only 1,404 days long ( as opposed to the usual 1,461 ) , and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned . Jump up ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 89 . When they did develop , during Washington 's first term , Adams joined the faction which became the Federalist Party . The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4 , 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution . As a result , his first term was only 1,413 days long , and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned . Jump up ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties . Federalist John Adams was elected president , and Jefferson of the Democratic - Republicans was elected vice president . Jump up ^ John Calhoun , formerly a Democratic - Republican , founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states ' rights , but was brought on as Andrew Jackson 's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson . ^ Jump up to : Intra-term extraordinary inauguration . Jump up ^ John Tyler was sworn in as President on April 6 , 1841 . Jump up ^ John Tyler , a former Democrat , ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840 . Tyler 's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda , and he was expelled from the party in September 1841 . Jump up ^ Millard Fillmore was sworn in as President on July 10 , 1850 . Jump up ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864 , Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate , and running on the National Union Party ticket . Jump up ^ Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864 . Later , while president , Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner . Near the end of his presidency , Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party . Jump up ^ Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as President on September 20 , 1881 , and then again on September 22 . Jump up ^ Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as President on August 3 , 1923 , and then again on August 21 . Jump up ^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( ratified on January 23 , 1933 ) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 , beginning in 1937 . As a result , Garner 's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term . References Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . U.S. National Archives & Records Administration . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Washington '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Washington '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of George Washington '' . American Presidents : Life Portraits. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams '' . History . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John Adams '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Madison '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Monroe '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Monroe '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Monroe '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Quincy Adams '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Quincy Adams '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Tyler '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Tyler '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John Tyler '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James K. Polk '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Taylor '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Taylor '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millard Fillmore '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Millard Fillmore '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Pierce '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Pierce '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Buchanan '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Buchanan '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Buchanan '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Johnson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Johnson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S. Grant '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S. Grant '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rutherford B. Hayes '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rutherford B. Hayes '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Garfield '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James A. Garfield '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Garfield '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chester A. Arthur '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chester A. Arthur '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grover Cleveland '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Harrison '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Harrison '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of William McKinley '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William Howard Taft '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William Howard Taft '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of William Howard Taft '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Coolidge '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Coolidge '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hoover '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hoover '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . whitehouse.gov . March 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry S. Truman '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Truman '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lyndon B. Johnson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Nixon '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Nixon '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Carter '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carter '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan '' . whitehouse.gov . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George H.W. Bush '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Bush '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William J. Clinton '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Clinton '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Bill Clinton '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush '' . whitehouse.gov . February 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama '' . whitehouse.gov . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Donald J. Trump '' . whitehouse.gov . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States . Presidents of the United States -- Wikipedia book Whitehouse.gov : The Presidents Hauenstein Center Presidential Leadership Studies at Grand Valley State University POTUS : Presidents of the United States at the Internet Public Library Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Q. Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William H. Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. 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About Wikipedia	how many presidents of the united states has there been	[ "Since the office was established in 1789, 44 people, all men, have served as president. The first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th presidents; the incumbent, Donald Trump, is therefore the 45th president. There are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was on December 26, 2006 with the death of Gerald Ford; the most recently serving president to die was Ronald Reagan on June 5, 2004." ]	[ "44" ]
-8541098068073698521	Chisum	Chisum - wikipedia Chisum Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chisum Directed by Andrew V. McLaglen Produced by Andrew J. Fenady Written by Andrew J. Fenady Starring John Wayne Forrest Tucker Ben Johnson Geoffrey Deuel Narrated by William Conrad Music by Dominic Frontiere Cinematography William H. Clothier Edited by Robert L. Simpson Production company Batjac Productions Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date July 29 , 1970 ( 1970 - 07 - 29 ) Running time 111 min . Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $6,000,000 ( rentals ) Chisum is a 1970 Warner Bros. Technicolor Western film starring John Wayne in Panavision . The large cast also includes Forrest Tucker , Christopher George , Ben Johnson , Glenn Corbett , Geoffrey Deuel , Andrew Prine , Bruce Cabot , Patric Knowles , and Richard Jaeckel . Directed by Andrew V. McLaglen , it was adapted for the screen by Andrew J. Fenady from his short story , `` Chisum and the Lincoln County Cattle War '' . Although this movie is historically inaccurate in many details , it is loosely based on events and characters from the Lincoln County War of 1878 in the New Mexico Territory , which involved historical figures John Chisum , ( 1824 - 1884 ) , Pat Garrett ( 1850 - 1908 ) , and Billy the Kid ( 1859 - 1881 ) , ( William H. Bonney ) among others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Box office and reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) John Chisum ( John Wayne ) , a virtuous , patriarchal land baron , locks horns with greedy Lawrence Murphy ( Forrest Tucker ) , who will stop at nothing to get control of the trade and even the law in Lincoln County , New Mexico Territory . Chisum is an aging rancher with an eventful past and a paternalistic nature towards his companions and community . Murphy , a malevolent land developer , plans to take control of the county for his own personal gain . The story begins with Murphy 's men tipping off Mexican rustlers who plan to steal Chisum 's horses . Chisum and his sidekick Pepper ( Ben Johnson ) stop the bandits with help from a newcomer to the area , William H. Bonney ( Geoffrey Deuel ) , also known as `` Billy the Kid '' . A notorious killer , Billy has been given a chance to reform by Chisum 's philanthropic Britisher neighbor , rancher Henry Tunstall ( Patric Knowles ) . Billy also falls for Chisum 's newly arrived niece , Sallie ( Pamela McMyler ) . Murphy is buying up all the stores in town and using his monopoly to push up the prices . He appoints his own county sheriff and deputies . He also brings in a lawyer , Alexander McSween ( Andrew Prine ) , whose principles lead him to switch sides and seek work with Chisum and Tunstall . The two ranchers set up their own bank and general store in town under McSween 's control . Chisum 's land and cattle remain targets . Murphy 's men attempt to steal Chisum 's cattle before he can sell them to the United States Army . Chisum 's ranch hands are warned by Pat Garrett ( Glenn Corbett ) , a passing buffalo hunter . Garrett agrees to help Chisum and soon befriends Bonney . Together they foil an attack by Murphy 's men on the wagons bringing in provisions for the new store . Fed up with Murphy 's underhanded activities , British rancher Henry Tunstall rides off to Santa Fe to seek the intervention of Territorial Gov. Sam Axtell ( Alan Baxter ) . On the way he is intercepted by Murphy 's deputies , who falsely accuse him of cattle rustling and shoot him dead . Chisum and Garrett hunt down the deputies and bring them back to town for trial . Bonney , seeking revenge for the murder of his mentor and skeptical that the men will truly face justice in town , overpowers Garrett by surprise and shoots dead both deputies . Before corrupt Sheriff Brady ( Bruce Cabot ) can organise a posse , Billy rides into town and kills him , too . Murphy appoints bounty hunter Dan Nodeen ( Christopher George ) as the new sheriff , giving him orders to hunt down Bonney . Nodeen has a score to settle , as a previous encounter with Bonney has left him with a permanent limp . Billy 's plans for revenge are only just beginning . He breaks into McSween 's store looking for dynamite to rob Murphy 's bank . He is spotted by Nodeen , who surrounds the store with Murphys 's men . McSween 's wife is allowed to leave . McSween later comes out unarmed but Nodeen shoots him in cold blood . Chisum is alerted by McSween 's wife ( Lynda Day George ) and rides into town with his ranch hands . The main street is blocked , so Chisum stampedes his cattle through the barricades . He tracks down Murphy and takes him on in a fist fight which ends with both men falling from a balcony . Murphy ends up impaled on steer horns . With his paymaster dead , Nodeen flees , with Billy in pursuit . The film ends with Garrett taking over as sheriff and it is implied that is settling down with Sallie . It is learned that famous U.S. Army General Lew Wallace has become governor of the territory . With law and order restored , Chisum can resume his iconic vigil over the Pecos valley . Cast ( edit ) John Wayne as John Chisum Forrest Tucker as Lawrence Murphy Ben Johnson as James Pepper Patric Knowles as Henry Tunstall Geoffrey Deuel as Billy The Kid Pamela McMyler as Sallie Chisum Glenn Corbett as Pat Garrett Andrew Prine as Alexander McSween Christopher George as Dan Nodeen Bruce Cabot as Sheriff Brady Richard Jaeckel as Jesse Evans Lynda Day as Sue McSween Robert Donner as Morton John Mitchum as Baker John Agar as Amos Patton Ron Soble as Charlie Bowdre Christopher Mitchum as Tom O'Folliard Abraham Sofaer as Chief White Buffalo Gregg Palmer as Riker John M. Pickard as Braddock Production ( edit ) Michael A. Wayne , executive producer , took on the project of making Chisum because he felt the story summed up well his father 's political views . The sizeable cast is packed with familiar faces from earlier John Wayne films , as well as friends such as Forrest Tucker . It was filmed in 1969 in Durango , Mexico . The picturesque vistas of the area were captured by cinematographer William H. Clothier . The film was originally made for 20th Century Fox , but they sold the film to Warner Bros . John Wayne was on the set of Chisum when he heard of his nomination for an Academy Award in 1970 for True Grit . The song `` The Ballad of John Chisum '' was narrated by William Conrad , the song `` Turn Me Around '' was sung by Merle Haggard . During filming , John Mitchum , brother of Robert , introduced John Wayne to his patriotic poetry . Seeing that Wayne was greatly moved by those words , Forrest Tucker suggested that the two collaborate to record some of the poetry , which resulted in a Grammy - nominated spoken - word album , America : Why I Love Her . Chisum re-united several actors from Sands of Iwo Jima including John Wayne , John Agar , Forrest Tucker and Richard Jaeckel . Box office and reception ( edit ) Released in June 1970 , the film grossed $6 million at the box office . U.S. President Richard Nixon commented on the film during a press conference in Denver , Colorado , on 3 August 1970 . In doing so , he used the film as a context to explain his views on law and order : Over the last weekend I saw a movie -- I do n't see too many movies but I try to see them on weekends when I am at the Western White House or in Florida -- and the movie that I selected , or , as a matter of fact , my daughter Tricia selected it , was `` Chisum '' with John Wayne . It was a western . And as I looked at that movie , I said , `` Well , it was a very good western , John Wayne is a very fine actor and it was : a fine supporting cast . But it was just basically another western , far better than average movies , better than average westerns . '' I wondered why it is that the western survives year after year after year . A good western will outdraw some of the other subjects . Perhaps one of the reasons , in addition to the excitement , the gun play , and the rest , which perhaps is part of it but they can get that in other kinds of movies but one of the reasons is , perhaps , and this may be a square observation -- is that the good guys come out ahead in the westerns ; the bad guys lose . In the end , as this movie particularly pointed out , even in the old West , the time before New Mexico was a State , there was a time when there was no law . But the law eventually came , and the law was important from the standpoint of not only prosecuting the guilty , but also seeing that those who were guilty had a proper trial . Andrew McLaglen called the film one of his favourites . `` I wanted Billy the Kid to just be Billy the Kid , a human being , not a bad little boy . Fenady was sort of a scholar about the Lincoln County Cattle War , which was a conflict over water and cattle -- trading cattle -- and John Chisum actually became a very powerful landowner . It was an American story . '' Warner Home Video released Chisum for the first time on Blu - ray on June 7 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1970 John Wayne filmography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Galley a Philosopher - Realist : Warners ' Philosopher - Realist Warners ' Philosopher and Realist Warga , Wayne . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 10 May 1970 : c1 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1970 '' , Variety , 6 January 1971 , pg 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chisum , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Wayne Finds Home in Durango Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 29 Oct 1969 : g13 Jump up ^ DUKE Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 25 Jan 1970 : n6 . Jump up ^ http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2009/50/andrew-v-mclaglen-interview/ Jump up ^ Richard M. Nixon ( 3 August 1970 ) . `` Remarks to Newsmen in Denver , Colorado '' . University of California , Santa Barbara : The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2317 External links ( edit ) Chisum on IMDb Chisum at AllMovie Chisum at the TCM Movie Database Chisum at the American Film Institute Catalog Chisum at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Andrew V. McLaglen Man in the Vault ( 1956 ) Gun the Man Down ( 1956 ) The Abductors ( 1957 ) Freckles ( 1960 ) The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come ( 1961 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Shenandoah ( 1965 ) The Rare Breed ( 1966 ) The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) Monkeys , Go Home ! ( 1967 ) The Way West ( 1967 ) The Devil 's Brigade ( 1968 ) Bandolero ! ( 1968 ) Hellfighters ( 1968 ) The Undefeated ( 1969 ) Chisum ( 1970 ) One More Train to Rob ( 1971 ) Fools ' Parade ( 1971 ) Something Big ( 1971 ) Cahill U.S. Marshal ( 1973 ) Stowaway to the Moon ( 1975 ) Mitchell ( 1975 ) The Last Hard Men ( 1976 ) Murder at the World Series ( 1977 ) The Wild Geese ( 1978 ) North Sea Hijack ( 1979 ) Breakthrough ( 1979 ) The Sea Wolves ( 1980 ) The Shadow Riders ( 1982 ) Sahara ( 1983 ) The Dirty Dozen : Next Mission ( 1985 ) Return from the River Kwai ( 1989 ) Eye of the Widow ( 1991 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chisum&oldid=801119033 '' Categories : 1970 films English - language films 1970s Western ( genre ) films American Western ( genre ) films Lincoln County Wars Films directed by Andrew McLaglen Films produced by John Wayne Films set in New Mexico Films set in the 1870s Batjac Productions films Warner Bros. films American films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the john wayne movie chisum filmed	[ "It was filmed in 1969 in Durango, Mexico.[4][5] The picturesque vistas of the area were captured by cinematographer William H. Clothier." ]	[ "Durango, Mexico" ]
2947500151357177769	2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament	2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 68 Finals site Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Champions Villanova Wildcats ( 3rd title , 4th title game , 6th Final Four ) Runner - up Michigan Wolverines ( 7th title game , 8th Final Four ) Semifinalists Kansas Jayhawks ( 15th Final Four ) Loyola - Chicago Ramblers ( 2nd Final Four ) Winning coach Jay Wright ( 2nd title ) MOP Donte DiVincenzo ( Villanova ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a 68 - team single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017 -- 18 season . The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13 , 2018 , and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . During the first round , UMBC became the first 16 - seed to defeat a 1 - seed in the men 's tournament by defeating Virginia 74 -- 54 . For the first time in tournament history , none of the four top seeded teams in a single region ( the South ) advanced to the Sweet 16 . Also , the tournament featured the first regional final matchup of a 9 - seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11 - seed ( Loyola - Chicago ) . Villanova , Michigan , Kansas , and Loyola - Chicago , the `` Cinderella team '' of the tournament , reached the Final Four . Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game , 79 -- 62 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedure 2 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Regional brackets 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia 4.2. 1 South Regional Final 4.2. 2 South Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- Los Angeles , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts 4.4. 1 East Regional Final 4.4. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.5 Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska 4.5. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.5. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Television channels 7.1. 2 Studio hosts 7.1. 3 Studio analysts 7.1. 4 Commentary teams 7.1. 4.1 Team Stream broadcasts 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 References Tournament procedure ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids were awarded , one to each program that won their conference tournament . The remaining 36 bids were `` at - large '' , with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Eight teams ( the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams ) played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been popularly known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Pittsburgh Charlotte Wichita Boise Detroit Nashville San Diego Dallas 2018 First Four ( orange ) and first and second rounds ( green ) Atlanta Los Angeles Boston Omaha San Antonio 2018 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament : First Four March 13 and 14 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 15 and 17 PPG Paints Arena , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Host : Duquesne University ) Intrust Bank Arena , Wichita , Kansas ( Host : Wichita State University ) American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Taco Bell Arena , Boise , Idaho ( Host : Boise State University ) March 16 and 18 Spectrum Center , Charlotte , North Carolina ( Host : University of North Carolina at Charlotte ) Little Caesars Arena , Detroit , Michigan ( Host : University of Detroit Mercy ) Bridgestone Arena , Nashville , Tennessee ( Host : Ohio Valley Conference ) Viejas Arena , San Diego , California ( Host : San Diego State University ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 22 and 24 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California ( Host : Pepperdine University ) South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( Host : Georgia Institute of Technology ) March 23 and 25 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts ( Host : Boston College ) Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska ( Host : Creighton University ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at San Antonio ) For the fourth time , the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four . This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium , as the Alamodome is a college football stadium , although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season . The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities . Philips Arena , the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum , hosted the South regional games , and the new Little Caesars Arena , home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , hosted games . And for the first time since 1994 , the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games . The state of North Carolina was threatened with a 2018 - 2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA , due to the HB2 law passed in 2016 . However , the law was repealed ( but with provisos ) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017 . At that time , the NCAA board of governors `` reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting '' . Therefore , Charlotte was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Four teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements : Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However , the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in the tournament , but the team failed to qualify . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid America East UMBC 24 -- 10 2nd 2008 American Cincinnati 30 -- 4 32nd 2017 Atlantic 10 Davidson 21 -- 11 14th 2015 ACC Virginia 31 -- 2 22nd 2017 Atlantic Sun Lipscomb 23 -- 9 1st Never Big 12 Kansas 27 -- 7 47th 2017 Big East Villanova 30 -- 4 38th 2017 Big Sky Montana 26 -- 7 11th 2013 Big South Radford 22 -- 12 3rd 2009 Big Ten Michigan 28 -- 7 28th 2017 Big West Cal State Fullerton 20 -- 11 3rd 2008 CAA College of Charleston 26 -- 7 5th 1999 Conference USA Marshall 24 -- 10 6th Horizon League Wright State 25 -- 9 3rd 2007 Ivy League Penn 24 -- 8 24th 2007 MAAC Iona 20 -- 13 13th 2017 MAC Buffalo 25 -- 8 3rd 2016 MEAC North Carolina Central 19 -- 15 3rd 2017 Missouri Valley Loyola -- Chicago 28 -- 5 6th 1985 Mountain West San Diego State 22 -- 10 12th 2015 Northeast LIU Brooklyn 18 -- 16 7th 2013 Ohio Valley Murray State 26 -- 5 16th 2012 Pac - 12 Arizona 27 -- 7 35th 2017 Patriot League Bucknell 25 -- 9 8th 2017 SEC Kentucky 24 -- 10 58th 2017 Southern UNC Greensboro 27 -- 7 3rd 2001 Southland Stephen F. Austin 28 -- 6 5th 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 15 -- 19 8th 2017 Summit League South Dakota State 28 -- 6 5th 2017 Sun Belt Georgia State 24 -- 10 4th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 30 -- 4 21st 2017 WAC New Mexico State 28 -- 5 24th 2017 Tournament seeds ( edit ) The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows : South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Virginia ACC 31 -- 2 Auto Cincinnati American 30 -- 4 Auto 8 Tennessee SEC 25 -- 8 At - large 10 Arizona Pac - 12 27 -- 7 Auto 16 5 Kentucky SEC 24 -- 10 Auto 17 6 Miami ( FL ) ACC 22 -- 9 At - large 22 7 Nevada Mountain West 27 -- 7 At - large 27 8 Creighton Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 30 9 Kansas State Big 12 22 -- 11 At - large 34 10 Texas Big 12 19 -- 14 At - large 39 11 Loyola -- Chicago Missouri Valley 28 -- 5 Auto 46 12 Davidson Atlantic 10 21 -- 11 Auto 48 13 Buffalo MAC 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Wright State Horizon 25 -- 9 Auto 57 15 Georgia State Sun Belt 24 -- 10 Auto 60 16 UMBC America East 24 -- 10 Auto 63 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Xavier Big East 28 -- 5 At - large North Carolina ACC 25 -- 10 At - large 5 Michigan Big Ten 28 -- 7 Auto 11 Gonzaga WCC 30 -- 4 Auto 15 5 Ohio State Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - large 20 6 Houston American 26 -- 7 At - large 23 7 Texas A&M SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 25 8 Missouri SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 32 9 Florida State ACC 20 -- 11 At - large 33 10 Providence Big East 21 -- 13 At - large 37 11 San Diego State Mountain West 22 -- 10 Auto 45 12 South Dakota State Summit League 28 -- 6 Auto 49 13 UNC Greensboro Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 Montana Big Sky 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 Lipscomb Atlantic Sun 23 -- 9 Auto 59 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 19 -- 15 Auto 67 Texas Southern SWAC 15 -- 19 Auto 68 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 30 -- 4 Auto Purdue Big Ten 28 -- 6 At - large 7 Texas Tech Big 12 24 -- 9 At - large 12 Wichita State American 25 -- 7 At - large 14 5 West Virginia Big 12 24 -- 10 At - large 18 6 Florida SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 21 7 Arkansas SEC 23 -- 11 At - large 26 8 Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 31 9 Alabama SEC 19 -- 15 At - large 36 10 Butler Big East 20 -- 13 At - large 38 11 * St. Bonaventure Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 42 UCLA Pac - 12 21 -- 11 At - large 41 12 Murray State Ohio Valley 26 -- 5 Auto 50 13 Marshall Conference USA 24 -- 10 Auto 54 14 Stephen F. Austin Southland 28 -- 6 Auto 58 15 Cal State Fullerton Big West 20 -- 11 Auto 61 16 * LIU Brooklyn NEC 18 -- 16 Auto 66 Radford Big South 22 -- 12 Auto 65 Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 27 -- 7 Auto Duke ACC 26 -- 7 At - large 6 Michigan State Big Ten 29 -- 4 At - large 9 Auburn SEC 25 -- 7 At - large 13 5 Clemson ACC 23 -- 9 At - large 19 6 TCU Big 12 21 -- 11 At - large 24 7 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 28 8 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 29 9 NC State ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 35 10 Oklahoma Big 12 18 -- 13 At - large 40 11 * Arizona State Pac - 12 20 -- 11 At - large 43 Syracuse ACC 20 -- 13 At - large 44 12 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 47 13 College of Charleston CAA 26 -- 7 Auto 53 14 Bucknell Patriot 25 -- 9 Auto 55 15 Iona MAAC 20 -- 13 Auto 62 16 Penn Ivy League 24 -- 8 Auto 64 * See First Four The 2018 tournament was the first time since the 1978 tournament that the six Division I college basketball - playing schools based in the Washington , DC metropolitan area -- American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland -- were collectively shut out of the NCAA Tournament . Regional brackets ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 13 -- East Region 16 LIU Brooklyn 61 16 Radford 71 March 13 -- East Region 11 St. Bonaventure 65 11 UCLA 58 March 14 -- West Region 16 Texas Southern 64 16 North Carolina Central 46 March 14 -- Midwest Region 11 Syracuse 60 11 Arizona State 56 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Virginia 54 16 UMBC 74 16 UMBC 43 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun 9 Kansas State 50 8 Creighton 59 9 Kansas State 69 9 Kansas State 61 5 Kentucky 58 5 Kentucky 78 12 Davidson 73 5 Kentucky 95 Boise -- Thu / Sat 13 Buffalo 75 Arizona 68 13 Buffalo 89 9 Kansas State 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 78 6 Miami ( FL ) 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 64 11 Loyola -- Chicago 63 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Tennessee 62 Tennessee 73 14 Wright State 47 11 Loyola -- Chicago 69 7 Nevada 68 7 Nevada 87 * 10 Texas 83 7 Nevada 75 Nashville -- Fri / Sun Cincinnati 73 Cincinnati 68 15 Georgia State 53 South Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 6 : 09 pm EDT Box score # 11 Loyola -- Chicago Ramblers 78 , # 9 Kansas State Wildcats 62 Scoring by half : 36 -- 24 , 42 -- 38 Pts : B. Richardson -- 23 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 8 Asts : C. Custer -- 5 Pts : X . Sneed -- 16 Rebs : X . Sneed -- 6 Asts : K. Stokes -- 4 Philips Arena -- Atlanta , GA Attendance : 15,477 Referees : Gerry Pollard , Terry Wymer , Bert Smith South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Ben Richardson ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) -- South Regional most outstanding player Clayton Custer ( Jr , Loyola - Chicago ) Donte Ingram ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) Xavier Sneed ( So , Kansas State ) Barry Brown Jr . ( Jr , Kansas State ) West Regional -- Los Angeles , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Xavier 102 16 Texas Southern 83 Xavier 70 Nashville -- Fri / Sun 9 Florida State 75 8 Missouri 54 9 Florida State 67 9 Florida State 75 Gonzaga 60 5 Ohio State 81 12 South Dakota State 73 5 Ohio State 84 Boise -- Thu / Sat Gonzaga 90 Gonzaga 68 13 UNC Greensboro 64 9 Florida State 54 Michigan 58 6 Houston 67 11 San Diego State 65 6 Houston 63 Wichita -- Thu / Sat Michigan 64 Michigan 61 14 Montana 47 Michigan 99 7 Texas A&M 72 7 Texas A&M 73 10 Providence 69 7 Texas A&M 86 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun North Carolina 65 North Carolina 84 15 Lipscomb 66 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 5 : 49 pm PDT Box score # 9 Florida State Seminoles 54 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 58 Scoring by half : 26 -- 27 , 28 -- 31 Pts : P. Cofer - 16 Rebs : P. Cofer - 11 Asts : B. Angola , T. Mann , T. Forrest - 2 Pts : C. Matthews -- 17 Rebs : C. Matthews -- 8 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 5 Staples Center -- Los Angeles , CA Attendance : 19,665 Referees : Randy McCall , Keith Kimble , John Gaffney West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Charles Matthews ( So , Michigan ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Muhammad - Ali Abdur - Rahkman ( Sr , Michigan ) Phil Cofer ( Sr , Florida State ) Terance Mann ( Jr , Florida State ) East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Villanova 87 16 Radford 61 Villanova 81 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat 9 Alabama 58 8 Virginia Tech 83 9 Alabama 86 Villanova 90 5 West Virginia 78 5 West Virginia 85 12 Murray State 68 5 West Virginia 94 San Diego -- Fri / Sun 13 Marshall 71 Wichita State 75 13 Marshall 81 Villanova 71 Texas Tech 59 6 Florida 77 11 St. Bonaventure 62 6 Florida 66 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Texas Tech 69 Texas Tech 70 14 Stephen F. Austin 60 Texas Tech 78 Purdue 65 7 Arkansas 62 10 Butler 79 10 Butler 73 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Purdue 76 Purdue 74 15 Cal State Fullerton 48 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders 59 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 71 Scoring by half : 23 -- 36 , 36 -- 35 Pts : K. Evans -- 12 Rebs : J. Gray -- 9 Asts : K. Evans - 4 Pts : J. Brunson -- 15 Rebs : E. Paschall -- 14 Asts : J. Brunson -- 4 TD Garden -- Boston , MA Attendance : 19,169 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Mike Reed , Michael Stephens East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) -- East Regional most outstanding player Omari Spellman ( Fr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Carsen Edwards ( So , Purdue ) Keenan Evans ( Sr , Texas Tech ) Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 76 16 Penn 60 Kansas 83 Wichita -- Thu / Sat 8 Seton Hall 79 8 Seton Hall 94 9 NC State 83 Kansas 80 5 Clemson 76 5 Clemson 79 12 New Mexico State 68 5 Clemson 84 San Diego -- Fri / Sun Auburn 53 Auburn 62 13 College of Charleston 58 Kansas 85 * Duke 81 6 TCU 52 11 Syracuse 57 11 Syracuse 55 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Michigan State 53 Michigan State 82 14 Bucknell 78 11 Syracuse 65 Duke 69 7 Rhode Island 83 * 10 Oklahoma 78 7 Rhode Island 62 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat Duke 87 Duke 89 15 Iona 67 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Duke Blue Devils 81 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 85 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 36 -- 33 , 36 -- 39 Overtime : 9 -- 13 Pts : T. Duval -- 20 Rebs : M. Bagley III -- 10 Asts : T. Duval -- 6 Pts : M. Newman -- 32 Rebs : S. Mykhailiuk , S. De Sousa -- 10 Asts : D. Graham - 6 CenturyLink Center Omaha -- Omaha , NE Attendance : 17,579 Referees : Roger Ayers , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Malik Newman ( So , Kansas ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Trevon Duval ( Fr , Duke ) Gabe DeVoe ( Sr , Clemson ) Marvin Bagley III ( Fr , Duke ) Devonte ' Graham ( Sr , Kansas ) Gary Trent Jr . ( Fr , Duke ) Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Virginia 's South Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Xavier 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) . Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 S11 Loyola -- Chicago 57 W3 Michigan 69 W3 Michigan 62 E1 Villanova 79 E1 Villanova 95 MW1 Kansas 79 National Semifinals ( edit ) TBS March 31 5 : 09 pm CDT Box score # 11 Loyola - Chicago Ramblers 57 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 69 Scoring by half : 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 47 Pts : C. Krutwig -- 17 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 9 Asts : D. Ingram -- 2 Pts : M. Wagner -- 24 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 15 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Roger Ayers , Mike Roberts , Terry Oglesby TBS March 31 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 79 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 95 Scoring by half : 32 -- 47 , 47 -- 48 Pts : D. Graham -- 23 Rebs : M. Newman -- 8 Asts : D. Graham , S. Mykhailiuk -- 3 Pts : E. Paschall -- 24 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 13 Asts : P. Booth , J. Brunson -- 6 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Randy McCall , Michael Stephens , Kipp Kissinger National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game TBS April 2 8 : 20 pm CDT Box score # 3 Michigan Wolverines 62 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 79 Scoring by half : 28 -- 37 , 34 -- 42 Pts : M. Abdur - Rahkman -- 23 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 7 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 2 Pts : D. DiVincenzo -- 31 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 11 Asts : D. DiVincenzo -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 67,831 Referees : Doug Sirmons , Terry Wymer , Jeffrey Anderson Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Donte DiVincenzo ( So , Villanova ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Mikal Bridges ( Jr , Villanova ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC Big East 6 9 -- 5 . 643 6 Big Ten 9 -- 4 . 692 - 1 ! -- Big 12 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 4 -- 1 . 800 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- ACC 9 12 -- 9 . 571 9 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 2 -- 1 . 667 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 8 8 -- 8 . 500 8 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 2 -- 2 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 0 -- 3 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the ACC , Atlantic 10 , Big South , and SWAC conferences and two losses in the First Four for the Pac - 12 conference . The MEAC and NEC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big West , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Pac - 12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw , marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of the six major conferences -- defined as the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , SEC , and both versions of the Big East -- failed to have a team advance to the tournament 's round of 32 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand . As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game . Additionally , TBS held the rights to the 2018 Selection Show , which returned to a two - hour format , was presented in front of a studio audience , and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast . The broadcast was heavily criticized for its quality ( including technical problems and an embedded product placement segment for Pizza Hut ) , as well as initially unveiling the 68 - team field in alphabetical order ( beginning with automatic qualifiers , followed by the at - large teams ) rather than unveiling the matchups region - by - region ( which was criticized for having less suspense than the traditional format ) . Television channels ( edit ) First Four -- TruTV First and Second Rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- TBS National Championship -- TBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and San Antonio ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Clark Kellogg ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Gregg Marshall ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Frank Martin ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Candace Parker ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Kenny Smith ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City ) -- Second Round Brad Underwood ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Christian Laettner ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Danny Manning ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Kris Jenkins ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Charlotte , North Carolina ; Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska ; Final Four and National Championship at San Antonio , Texas Brian Anderson / Chris Webber / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Boise , Idaho ; South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Ian Eagle / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Detroit , Michigan ; East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; West Regional at Los Angeles , California Brad Nessler / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Wichita , Kansas Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Dallas , Texas Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Nashville , Tennessee Carter Blackburn / Debbie Antonelli / John Schriffen -- First and Second Rounds at San Diego , California Team Stream broadcasts ( edit ) Final Four Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Jeff Hagedorn / Jerry Harkness / Shams Charania -- Loyola -- Chicago Team Stream on truTV Dave Armstrong / Scot Pollard / Rob Riggle -- Kansas Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV National Championship Game Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Kelly Tripucka -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Brandon Gaudin and Donny Marshall -- Wichita , Kansas Ryan Radtke and Jim Jackson -- Dallas , Texas Jason Benetti and Dan Dickau -- Boise , Idaho Kevin Kugler and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Charlotte , North Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and P.J. Carlesimo -- Detroit , Michigan Ted Emrich -- Friday Afternoon / Craig Way -- Friday Night & Sunday and Will Perdue -- Nashville , Tennessee John Sadak and Mike Montgomery -- San Diego , California Regionals ( edit ) Gary Cohen and P.J. Carlesimo -- East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Kugler and Donny Marshall -- Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska Brandon Gaudin and John Thompson -- South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Tom McCarthy and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at Los Angeles , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , John Thompson , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- San Antonio , Texas Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ; 3 hour preview for Turner games is provided before authentication is required ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 U Sports Men 's Basketball Championship 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men 's basketball game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilco , Daniel ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Last perfect bracket busts after UMBC pulls off biggest upset in NCAA tournament history '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . UMBC ( The University of Maryland Baltimore County ) scored the biggest upset in the history of the NCAA tournament , beating top overall seed Virginia 74 - 54 Friday night , and becoming the first 16 seed to win a game in 136 tries . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC shocks Virginia , first 16 - seed ever to beat a 1 '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA gives North Carolina a deadline to repeal HB2 or lose events until 2022 '' . newsobserver . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. gets NCAA tourney sites after HB2 repeal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I teams face penalties , lose postseason '' . NCAA . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA conference tournament schedule : Tracking March Madness automatic bids '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkay/2018/03/11/selection-sunday-2018-schedule-official-ncaa-tournament-bracket-and-more-after-march-madness-show/#7106472abf90 Jump up ^ `` DC colleges will have a season without March Madness for the first time since 1978 '' . Washington Post . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` South Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` West Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` East Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Midwest Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Wins National Championship For Second Time in Three Years '' . villanova.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The fast and unprecedented fall of the Pac - 12 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced '' . NCAA . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Selection show : Tournament teams revealed in 1st 10 minutes '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS really made a mess of the NCAA selection show '' . Boston.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways the NCAA bracket selection show was pretty odd '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan . `` Media Views : NCAA tourney ' Selection Show ' loses suspense , adds immediacy '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=843500927 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in San Antonio 2018 in sports in Texas 21st century in San Antonio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the ncaa championship game played 2018	[ "The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a 68-team single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13, 2018, and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas." ]	[ "the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas" ]
5921752701010423708	2016 World Series	2016 World Series - wikipedia 2016 World Series Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 2016 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2016 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Chicago Cubs ( 4 ) Joe Maddon 103 -- 58 , . 640 , 171⁄2 GA Cleveland Indians ( 3 ) Terry Francona 94 -- 67 , . 584 , 8 GA Dates October 25 -- November 2 MVP Ben Zobrist ( Chicago ) Umpires Chris Guccione , John Hirschbeck ( crew chief ) , Sam Holbrook , Marvin Hudson , Tony Randazzo , Larry Vanover and Joe West . ALCS Cleveland Indians beat Toronto Blue Jays , 4 -- 1 NLCS Chicago Cubs beat Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 Broadcast Television Fox ( English ) Fox Deportes ( Spanish ) TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci ( English ) Carlos Álvarez , Duaner Sánchez , Karim García and Jaime Motta ( Spanish ) Radio ESPN ( English ) ESPN Deportes ( Spanish ) NewsRadio WTAM 1100 ( Cleveland Indians ) 670 The Score ( Chicago Cubs ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( English ) Eduardo Ortega , José Francisco Rivera , Renato Bermúdez and Orlando Hernández ( Spanish ) Tom Hamilton and Jim Rosenhaus ( on Indians radio ) Pat Hughes , Len Kasper , Ron Coomer , and Jim Deshaies ( on Cubs radio ) World Series Program ← 2015 World Series 2017 → The 2016 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2016 season . The 112th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Chicago Cubs and the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians , the first meeting of those franchises in postseason history . The series was played between October 25 and November 2 . The Indians had home - field advantage because the AL had won the 2016 All - Star Game . It was also the last World Series to have home - field advantage determined by the All - Star Game results ; since 2017 , home - field advantage is awarded to the team with the better record . The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908 . Game 7 , an 8 -- 7 victory in extra innings , marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 ( which , coincidentally , also featured the Indians ) . It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start . The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3 - 1 deficit to win a best - of - seven World Series , following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates , the 1958 New York Yankees , the 1968 Detroit Tigers , the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates , and the 1985 Kansas City Royals . The Cubs , playing in their eleventh World Series and their first since 1945 , won their third championship and first since 1908 , ending the longest world championship drought in North American professional sports history . It was the Indians ' sixth appearance in the World Series and their first since 1997 , with their last Series win having come in 1948 . The two teams entered their matchup as the two franchises with the longest World Series title droughts , a combined 176 years without a championship . Cleveland manager Terry Francona , who had previously won World Series titles with the Boston Red Sox in 2004 and 2007 , fell short in his bid to become the third manager , and the first non-Yankees manager , to win his first three trips to the Fall Classic , after Casey Stengel and Joe Torre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Chicago Cubs 1.2 Cleveland Indians 2 Summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 3.8 Composite line score 4 Broadcasting 4.1 Television 4.1. 1 Ratings 4.2 Radio 5 Celebration 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Chicago Cubs season The Cubs made their eleventh appearance in the World Series ; their only previous two championships were in 1907 and 1908 , both against the Detroit Tigers . They lost their eight other appearances , in 1906 against the Chicago White Sox , in 1910 against the Philadelphia Athletics , in 1918 against the Boston Red Sox , in 1929 against the Athletics , in 1932 against the New York Yankees , in 1935 against the Tigers , in 1938 against the Yankees , and in 1945 against the Tigers . The Cubs qualified for the postseason by winning the National League Central , ending the regular season with the best record in the major leagues ( 103 -- 58 ) for the first time since 1945 ; they also posted their highest winning percentage since 1935 , and won their most games since 1910 . The division title was their sixth since division play began in 1969 , and their first since 2008 . They defeated the San Francisco Giants in four games of the NL Division Series before clinching their first NL pennant since 1945 with a sixth - game victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NL Championship Series . For Cubs manager Joe Maddon , it was his second appearance in the World Series as manager -- in 2008 , he managed the Tampa Bay Rays when they beat the Boston Red Sox in seven games to win the AL pennant , then were defeated in five games by the Philadelphia Phillies in the World Series . It was also Maddon 's third World Series appearance overall -- in 2002 , he was bench coach with the Anaheim Angels when they won the World Series in seven games . Cleveland Indians ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Cleveland Indians season The Indians made their sixth appearance in the World Series . They won their first two championships in 1920 against the Brooklyn Robins and in 1948 against the Boston Braves . They lost their three most recent appearances in the Fall Classic , losing to the New York Giants in 1954 , the Atlanta Braves in 1995 , and the Florida Marlins in 1997 . The Indians qualified for the postseason by winning the American League Central , their eighth division title and their first since 2007 . They defeated the Boston Red Sox in three games of the AL Division Series before clinching the pennant with a five - game victory over the Toronto Blue Jays in the AL Championship Series . For Indians manager Terry Francona , it was his third appearance in the World Series , which he entered carrying an unbeaten 8 -- 0 record from past games in the Fall Classic . Francona has won two World Series championships , in 2004 and 2007 , both with the Red Sox . This was the third postseason meeting between Francona and Maddon . They met in the 2008 ALCS and the 2013 AL Wild Card Game with Maddon 's teams winning both times . Summary ( edit ) Play media News report by Voice of America about the first World Series game at Wrigley Field in 71 years Play media News report by Voice of America about Game 6 and 7 at Progressive Field Chicago won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Chicago Cubs -- 0 , Cleveland Indians -- 6 Progressive Field 3 : 37 38,091 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 Chicago Cubs -- 5 , Cleveland Indians -- 1 Progressive Field 4 : 04 38,172 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Cleveland Indians -- 1 , Chicago Cubs -- 0 Wrigley Field 3 : 33 41,703 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Cleveland Indians -- 7 , Chicago Cubs -- 2 Wrigley Field 3 : 16 41,706 5 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 Cleveland Indians -- 2 , Chicago Cubs -- 3 Wrigley Field 3 : 27 41,711 6 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Chicago Cubs -- 9 , Cleveland Indians -- 3 Progressive Field 3 : 29 38,116 7 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 Chicago Cubs -- 8 , Cleveland Indians -- 7 ( 10 ) Progressive Field 4 : 28 ( 0 : 17 delay ) 38,104 Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Progressive Field , a few hours before Game 1 of the 2016 World Series Tuesday , October 25 , 2016 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 x 6 10 0 WP : Corey Kluber ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jon Lester ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CHC : None CLE : Roberto Pérez 2 ( 2 ) Attendance : 38,091 Former Indians and Cubs player Kenny Lofton threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 1 . Corey Kluber started for the Indians , and Jon Lester started for the Cubs . Kyle Schwarber , who had missed nearly all of the 2016 season after tearing ligaments in his leg in the season 's fourth game , was added to the Cubs ' World Series roster and started as their designated hitter . Schwarber struck out twice , but also doubled and drew a walk . The double made Schwarber the first non-pitcher to get his first hit of the season in the World Series . Kluber made World Series history by striking out eight hitters in the first three innings . Roberto Pérez became the first ever ninth - place hitter with two homers in a World Series game , the first Indians player to hit two homers in a Series game , and the first Puerto Rican - born player to hit two homers in a World Series game . In the first , the Indians loaded the bases off Lester on a single and two walks before José Ramirez 's single drove in a run , then Lester hit Brandon Guyer with a pitch to force in another . Perez 's home run in the fifth made it 3 − 0 Indians . In the eighth , Justin Grimm walked Guyer with two outs and allowed a single to Lonnie Chisenhall , then Hector Rondon allowed Perez 's second home run of the night . Andrew Miller and Cody Allen finished the victory for the Indians despite Miller having to pitch out of a bases - loaded jam in the seventh , and the Indians took Game 1 of the series 6 -- 0 . Francona 's World Series winning streak reached nine with this victory . Leading off the first inning , Dexter Fowler became the first African - American to play for the Cubs in a World Series . Game 2 ( edit ) Jake Arrieta earned the win in Game 2 . Wednesday , October 26 , 2016 7 : 08 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Jake Arrieta ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Trevor Bauer ( 0 -- 1 ) Attendance : 38,172 Former Indians player Carlos Baerga threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 . The start time for the game was moved up an hour , because of the possibility of heavy rain in the forecast . Looking to tie the series at one game apiece , the Cubs sent Jake Arrieta to the mound against the Indians ' Trevor Bauer . The Cubs also featured six players under age 25 in the starting lineup , a postseason record . The Cubs started things off early as Kris Bryant singled in the first inning and Anthony Rizzo doubled to score Bryant and give the Cubs an early 1 -- 0 lead . Arrieta started well too , retiring the first two batters before walking back - to - back batters in the bottom of the first . However , Arrieta got a flyout to end the inning . The Cubs struck again in the third following a two - out walk by Rizzo and a single by Ben Zobrist . A single by Kyle Schwarber scored Rizzo from second and pushed the Cubs ' lead to 2 -- 0 . Bauer was forced from the game in the fourth , and the Cubs struck again in the fifth . Rizzo walked again off Zach McAllister , and Zobrist tripled to plate Rizzo . Another run - scoring single by Schwarber off Bryan Shaw and a bases - loaded walk by Addison Russell pushed the lead to 5 -- 0 . Arrieta continued to pitch well , walking three batters but holding the Indians without a hit into the sixth inning . In the sixth , a double by Jason Kipnis ended the no - hitter , moved to third on a groundout and scored the lone Indians run of the game on a wild pitch by Arrieta . Arrieta allowed another single and was lifted for reliever Mike Montgomery . Both teams threatened in the seventh but could not score and , following a single by Mike Napoli in the bottom of the eighth , Aroldis Chapman entered to finish the game for the Cubs . The win marked the Cubs ' first World Series game victory since 1945 and tied up the series at one game all . The game marked Indians manager Terry Francona 's first loss in ten World Series games . Game 3 ( edit ) Coco Crisp drove in Game 3 's only run . Friday , October 28 , 2016 7 : 08 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Andrew Miller ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Carl Edwards Jr. ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Cody Allen ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,703 For Game 3 , former Cubs player Billy Williams threw the ceremonial first pitch before the start of the game , and Bill Murray sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch , to mark the Cubs ' first World Series night game at home . Chicago pitcher Kyle Hendricks started against Cleveland pitcher Josh Tomlin . The game 's only run came off a Coco Crisp single that scored Michael Martínez from third in the seventh inning . Josh Tomlin , Andrew Miller , Bryan Shaw , and Cody Allen combined to shut out the Cubs . Allen earned his sixth postseason save as Javier Báez struck out swinging to end the game , leaving the tying and winning runs in scoring position . It was the fourth time in which the Cubs had lost in a shutout during the 2016 postseason . Game 4 ( edit ) Corey Kluber earned his second win of the series in Game 4 . Saturday , October 29 , 2016 7 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 0 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 WP : Corey Kluber ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : John Lackey ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CLE : Carlos Santana ( 1 ) , Jason Kipnis ( 1 ) CHC : Dexter Fowler ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,706 For Game 4 , former Cubs pitchers Greg Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins threw the ceremonial first pitches before the start of the game , and actor Vince Vaughn sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch . The Cubs struck first when Dexter Fowler doubled to lead off the first and scored on Anthony Rizzo 's one - out single , but Kluber held them to that one run through six innings before Francona turned it over to the bullpen . In the second , Carlos Santana 's leadoff home run off Lackey tied the game ; then , with two on , Kluber 's RBI single put the Indians up 2 − 1 . Kris Bryant committed two errors in that inning . Next inning , Jason Kipnis hit a leadoff double and scored on Francisco Lindor 's single . In the sixth , Lonnie Chisenhall 's sacrifice fly with two on off Mike Montgomery made it 4 -- 1 Indians . Next inning , Justin Grimm allowed a leadoff double and one - out hit - by - pitch before being relieved by Travis Wood , who gave up a three - run home run to Kipnis put to the Indians ahead 7 -- 1 . The Cubs got one run back in the eighth , on a Dexter Fowler home run off Andrew Miller , which was the first run he gave up in the post-season . With the victory , the Indians were just one win away from a World Series championship . Game 5 ( edit ) Kris Bryant hit a home run for the Cubs in Game 5 . Sunday , October 30 , 2016 7 : 17 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 7 0 WP : Jon Lester ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Trevor Bauer ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 ) Home runs : CLE : José Ramírez ( 1 ) CHC : Kris Bryant ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,711 For Game 5 , former Cubs star and Hall of Fame member Ryne Sandberg threw the ceremonial first pitch before the start of the game , and Eddie Vedder sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch . José Ramírez hit a home run for Cleveland in the second inning off Jon Lester , but the Cubs , facing elimination , scored three runs in the fourth inning off Trevor Bauer . Kris Bryant led off the inning with a home run . After Bryant 's home run , Anthony Rizzo doubled and Ben Zobrist singled . Addison Russell 's RBI single put the Cubs up 2 − 1 . After Jason Heyward struck out , Javier Baez 's bunt single moved Zobrist to third before David Ross 's sacrifice fly made it 3 -- 1 Cubs . The Indians cut their deficit to 3 − 2 off Lester in the sixth on Francisco Lindor 's RBI single that scored Rajai Davis from second base . With the tying run on second base in the seventh inning , Maddon brought in Aroldis Chapman , who threw 2 ⁄ scoreless innings , earning his first save of the series and fourth overall in the postseason . Game 6 ( edit ) Addison Russell had six runs batted in in Game 6 , tying a Series record . The Cubs celebrate after their 9 - 3 win over the Indians in World Series Game 6 Tuesday , November 1 , 2016 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 13 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Jake Arrieta ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Josh Tomlin ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CHC : Kris Bryant ( 2 ) , Addison Russell ( 1 ) , Anthony Rizzo ( 1 ) CLE : Jason Kipnis ( 2 ) Attendance : 38,116 The last living member of Cleveland 's 1948 World Series championship team , Eddie Robinson , attended Game 6 at Progressive Field . Former Indians pitcher Dennis Martínez threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game . The Cubs scored three runs in the first inning , all with two outs , on a Kris Bryant solo home run and a two - run double by Addison Russell after two singles off Josh Tomlin . In the third inning , the Cubs loaded the bases on a walk and two singles off Tomlin , who was relieved by Dan Otero . Following the pitching change , Russell hit a grand slam to extend the Cubs lead to 7 -- 0 . Russell 's grand slam was the first in a World Series game since Paul Konerko of the crosstown Chicago White Sox in 2005 , as well as the first by a visiting player since Lonnie Smith in 1992 . In the bottom of the fourth , Mike Napoli drove in Jason Kipnis , who doubled to lead off , with an RBI single to cut the deficit to 7 -- 1 . In the bottom of the fifth , Kipnis drove a ball over the left field wall for a solo home run to make it a 7 -- 2 game . In the top of the ninth with a runner on and two outs , Anthony Rizzo hit a two - run home run to right to make it 9 -- 2 . In the bottom of the inning , Aroldis Chapman allowed a leadoff walk to Brandon Guyer and was relieved by Pedro Strop , who threw a wild pitch to move Guyer to second and Roberto Perez 's RBI single made it 9 − 3 Cubs with Perez thrown out at second for the second out . After Carlos Santana walked , Travis Wood relieved Strop and got Jason Kipnis to pop out to short to end the game and force a Game 7 . Russell 's six RBIs tied a World Series single - game record . Arrieta became the first NL starting pitcher to notch two road wins in a single World Series since Bob Gibson in 1967 . Game 7 ( edit ) Ben Zobrist won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award . The tarp on the field during the 17 minute rain delay . Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo celebrates the final out of the 2016 World Series , after his putout . Chicago Cubs celebrate their World Series championship victory . Wednesday , November 2 , 2016 8 : 00 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 WP : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Bryan Shaw ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mike Montgomery ( 1 ) Home runs : CHC : Dexter Fowler ( 2 ) , Javier Báez ( 1 ) , David Ross ( 1 ) CLE : Rajai Davis ( 1 ) Attendance : 38,104 Game 7 of the series would go down as a classic , with some calling it the greatest Game 7 in World Series history , comparing it to 1960 , 1991 and 2001 for its drama and tension . Former Indians player Jim Thome threw the ceremonial first pitch before the game . The pitching matchup was between MLB earned run average ( ERA ) champion Kyle Hendricks , who had started Game 3 for the Cubs , and Corey Kluber , who had won games 1 and 4 and was pitching on three days ' rest . Kluber came into the game 4 -- 1 in the postseason with a 0.89 ERA . Dexter Fowler led off the game with a home run for Chicago off Kluber , becoming the first player ever to hit a lead - off home run in a World Series Game 7 . The Indians tied the game in the bottom of the third inning with an RBI single by Carlos Santana , but the Cubs scored two runs in the fourth inning with a sacrifice fly by Addison Russell ( Kris Bryant running aggressively to tag up from third on the short fly ball and slide under the tag at home ) and a double by Willson Contreras . To start the fifth inning , Javier Báez hit a home run to center on the first pitch he saw to knock Kluber out of the game . ALCS MVP Andrew Miller came on in relief and gave up a walk to Bryant and RBI single to Anthony Rizzo to push the lead to 5 -- 1 ( Bryant 's aggressiveness again instrumental as he was attempting to steal second on the hit , allowing him to score all the way from first ) . In the bottom of the fifth inning , Hendricks retired the first two batters . A two - out walk to Santana persuaded Joe Maddon to relieve his starter . This move , along with others throughout the series , would be highly criticized afterward , as it appeared to some that Hendricks was pulled out too soon . ( Maddon also drew criticism for having Javier Báez attempt a squeeze bunt with two strikes and Jason Heyward on third base in the 9th inning -- Báez bunted the pitch foul for Strike 3 . ) Jon Lester , who had started Games 1 and 5 , came on in relief for the first time since the 2007 ALCS , coincidentally also against the Indians . David Ross committed a throwing error that allowed Jason Kipnis to reach base and put runners on second and third . A wild pitch that ricocheted off Ross 's helmet allowed Santana and Kipnis to score , narrowing the Cubs ' lead to 5 -- 3 . To atone for his blunders , the 39 - year - old Ross hit a home run to center , in his last official at - bat of his career , in the top of the sixth to make it a 6 -- 3 game , becoming the oldest player to hit a home run in a World Series Game 7 . Lester retired the first two batters in the eighth inning , but was pulled after a José Ramírez single . Maddon opted to use Aroldis Chapman , who had thrown 42 pitches in Game 5 and was used in Game 6 despite the fact that the Cubs had already built a large lead . Brandon Guyer promptly hit a run - scoring double off Chapman , making the score 6 -- 4 . The next batter was Indians center fielder Rajai Davis , who had hit 55 career home runs in 11 seasons entering this game , and who was hitting . 132 in the postseason up to that point . Davis hit a dramatic 2 - run home run off Chapman , just barely clearing the left field wall and the left field foul pole , scoring Guyer and tying the game , making the score 6 - 6 . Davis 's home run was the latest - occurring game - tying home run in World Series Game 7 history . The Cubs squandered a scoring chance in the top of the 9th . Jayson Heyward was on 3rd base with one out when Javier Baez attempted a bunt with two ( 2 ) strikes , fouling it off . Dexter Fowler would eventually ground out to end the top of the ninth . Aroldis Chapman returned to the mound for the bottom of the ninth and promptly retired the Indians in order , facing Carlos Santana , Jason Kipnis , and Francisco Lindor , the Indians 1 , 2 , and 3 hitters . With the game tied 6 - 6 after nine innings , a sudden cloudburst resulted in a 17 - minute rain delay . During the delay , Cub right fielder Jason Heyward called his teammates into a weight room behind Chicago 's dugout and told them , `` We 're the best team in baseball ... for a reason ... Stick together and we 're going to win this game . '' When play resumed in the top of the tenth , Kyle Schwarber led off with a single off Bryan Shaw to right and was replaced by pinch runner Albert Almora . Kris Bryant then hit a deep fly ball to center , and Almora tagged up to second base , in what was called the `` savviest baserunning play of the season . '' After an intentional walk to Anthony Rizzo , Ben Zobrist stepped up to the plate . Zobrist delivered a clutch RBI double into the left field corner , scoring Almora , and breaking the tie , making the score 7 - 6 . Zobrist later said , `` I was just battling , grinding up there . Fortunately , that last one he left over the plate and up to where I could just slap it down the line , and that was all I was trying to do . '' After another intentional walk to Addison Russell , Miguel Montero singled into left , scoring Rizzo and making the score 8 -- 6 . Carl Edwards Jr. was called on to finish off the Indians in the bottom of the tenth , but after retiring the first two hitters , he walked Brandon Guyer , who took second base on defensive indifference . Rajai Davis , following up on his eighth - inning heroics , lined a single to center , making it a one - run game , and the score 8 - 7 . Maddon called on Mike Montgomery , who had zero career saves . Montgomery retired Michael Martinez with an infield grounder fielded by Bryant , who threw to Rizzo . This ended the game and World Series , with the Cubs winning the series and ending their 108 - year World champion drought . Zobrist was awarded the World Series MVP award after hitting . 357 in the series and delivering the series - winning hit . Rizzo called the rain delay `` the most important thing to happen to the Chicago Cubs in the past 100 years . I do n't think there 's any way we win the game without it . '' Cubs president Theo Epstein said that when he heard about the meeting called by Heyward , `` Right then I thought , ' We 're winning this game . ' '' The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals . They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road , and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team , with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat in Kansas City ; almost one year later , the 2017 Houston Astros did the same thing in Los Angeles . With the Game 7 victory , Joe Maddon is 3 - 0 in postseason series against Terry Francona , having also won the 2008 ALCS and the 2013 Wild Card Game against him . With Game 7 going into extra innings was the 60th extra inning game in World Series history as well as the first extra inning Game 7 won by the road team . In the previous four times in 1912 , 1924 , 1991 and 1997 , the home team won all four extra inning Game 7s . Cubs players celebrating on the field moments after winning Game 7 and the World Series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2016 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Chicago Cubs beat Cleveland Indians . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chicago Cubs 6 0 5 5 5 0 27 61 5 Cleveland Indians 6 27 55 6 Home runs : CHC : Kris Bryant ( 2 ) , Dexter Fowler ( 2 ) , Javier Baez ( 1 ) , Anthony Rizzo ( 1 ) , David Ross ( 1 ) , Addison Russell ( 1 ) CLE : Jason Kipnis ( 2 ) , Roberto Pérez ( 2 ) , Rajai Davis ( 1 ) , José Ramirez ( 1 ) , Carlos Santana ( 1 ) Total attendance : 277,603 Average attendance : 39,658 Winning player 's share : $368,871.59 Losing player 's share : $261,804.65 Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox televised the series in the United States , under contract with Major League Baseball giving it exclusive rights to the World Series through 2021 . Joe Buck was the network 's play - by - play announcer , with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Fox Deportes also aired the Series and provided a Spanish - language simulcast over-the - air via Fox 's SAP audio , with Carlos Álvarez and Duaner Sánchez announcing . Sportsnet in English and RDS in French televised the series in Canada . Sportsnet used the MLB International feed produced by the MLB Network ; Matt Vasgersian was MLB International 's play - by - play announcer with the Toronto Blue Jays ' play - by - play announcer Buck Martinez as their color analyst and MLB Network correspondent Lauren Shehadi and analyst Mark DeRosa as field reporters . Alain Usereau and former Montreal Expos player Marc Griffin handled the French - language telecast for RDS . BT Sport televised the series live in the United Kingdom and Ireland . WAPA - TV transmitted the series to Puerto Rico , with Rafael Bracero at the helm of the station 's sports commentary of the series . Ratings ( edit ) Further information : World Series television ratings Initial reports often utilize `` fast national '' ratings , which are subject to revision . Game 7 had over 40 million viewers , the largest audience for a baseball game since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series , while the series as a whole was the first to average double - digit ratings nationally since 2009 . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 11.3 20 19.37 10.2 18 17.40 11.0 20 19.38 9.3 18 16.71 5 13.1 21 23.64 6 13.3 23 23.40 7 21.8 37 40.05 Radio ( edit ) Cubs fans celebrating in Wrigleyville . ESPN Radio 's national network covered the World Series through affiliated stations , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Chris Archer appeared as a guest analyst for select innings of Games 1 and 2 . Locally , the teams ' flagship stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . In Cleveland , WTAM ( 1100 ) and WMMS ( 100.7 ) carried the Indians ' play - by - play with Tom Hamilton and Jim Rosenhaus , while in Chicago , WSCR ( 670 ) carried the Cubs ' play - by - play with Pat Hughes , Ron Coomer , and Len Kasper . The affiliate stations of the teams ' regional radio networks were contractually obligated to carry the national ESPN Radio feed ; even so , since both WSCR and WTAM are clear - channel stations , most of the eastern and midwestern United States was able to hear the local broadcasts . Celebration ( edit ) The Chicago Cubs visit the White House . Following the team 's win in Game 7 , Cubs fans congregated outside of Wrigley Field and the surrounding Wrigleyville neighborhood to celebrate the championship . On November 4 , the team 's victory parade began at Wrigley Field and headed down Lake Shore Drive and Michigan Avenue at downtown for a noon rally at Grant Park . Country singer Brett Eldredge sang a cover of `` Go , Cubs , Go '' during the rally . The city of Chicago estimated that over five million people attended the World Series parade and rally celebration , which would make it one of the largest human gatherings in history . After the season , the Cubs chose to make two traditional White House visits during then - President , and Chicago native ( and White Sox fan ) , Barack Obama 's final week in office on January 16 , 2017 , and during President Donald Trump 's tenure on June 28 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Chicago portal Cleveland portal List of World Series champions Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito 2016 Japan Series 2016 Korean Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series Umpires Features Retiring Hirschbeck '' . 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Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Assenheimer , Chris ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` World Series notes : Cy Young candidates Corey Kluber and Jon Lester set to square off in Game 1 '' . The Chronicle - Telegram . Cleveland : Elyria - Lorain Broadcasting Co . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Onofrio , Jessica ; Elgas , Rob ; Horng , Eric ; Jordan , Karen ; Nagy , Liz ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Indians defeat Chicago Cubs 6 -- 0 in World Series Game 1 '' . ABC 7 Chicago . Cleveland : ABC , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Daniel ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Indians win World Series Game 1 against Cubs as Kluber sets strikeout record '' . The Guardian . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Ben ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kyle Schwarber 's successful return a silver lining for Cubs in Game 1 loss '' . Sports Illustrated . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Breen , Justin ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Dexter Fowler Would Be The First Black Cubs Player In The World Series '' . DNAinfo Chicago . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ; McCalvy , Adam . `` Game 2 bumped up to 7 ET tonight on FOX '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs - Indians World Series Game 2 : Final score , things to know as Cubs even series '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Next stop : Chicago ! Cubs trounce Tribe , even World Series '' . Cleveland : ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Rizzo , Zobrist lead Cubs ' offensive outburst in Game 2 '' . Cleveland . Associated Press . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ; Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` World Series : Here 's What Happened in Game 3 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blank you very much ! Tribe 1 -- 0 W epic '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blank you very much ! Tribe 1 -- 0 W epic '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Indians - Cubs World Series 2016 : Maddux , Jenkins to throw out Game 4 first pitch '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bannon , Tim ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Vince Vaughn will sing 7th - inning stretch at World Series Game 4 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Indians Defeat Sloppy Cubs to Take a 3 -- 1 World Series Lead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Won ! Tribe blowout has Cubs on brink '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Indians - Cubs World Series 2016 : Sandberg to throw out Game 5 first pitch '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Ramirez 's 1st postseason HR gets Indians started '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Bryant 's blast sparks Cubs ' winning rally '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Chappy Halloween ! Cubs ' trick ? 6 for heat '' . 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Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Bryant 's HR ignites Cubs ' first - inning frenzy '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Russell rips Cubs ' first slam in Series history '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Les ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs crush Indians to set up historic World Series final '' . The Guardian . Cleveland . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Kamka ( @ @ ckamka ) ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jake Arrieta first National League pitcher with 2 road wins as a starter in single # WorldSeries since Bob Gibson in 1967 # Cubs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Foster , Jason . `` The 10 most memorable Game 7s in World Series history , ranked '' . Chicago : Sporting News . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy . `` Why Cubs , Indians just gave us greatest World Series Game 7 ever '' . Chicago : USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Zack . `` Jim Thome to throw out ceremonial first pitch prior to Game 7 of the World Series '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Kluber Postseason Statistics '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Fowler makes history with leadoff HR '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony . `` Baez 's homer chases Kluber in Game 7 '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Sheldon . `` Maddon 's Over-Thinking Nearly Cost Cubs '' . Cleveland : RealClearSports . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stankevitz , JJ . `` Jon Lester ready if needed to pitch out of bullpen in games 6 or 7 of World Series '' . Chicago : CSN Chicago . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Cody ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` World Series 2016 : Indians score two on wild pitch , pull closer at 5 -- 3 '' . Fansided . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former SEC star David Ross makes World Series history in final career game '' . SEC Country . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` World Series 2016 : Rajai Davis ' HR becomes footnote to Cubs ' epic victory '' . Cleveland : SportingNews.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ariel Cheung ; Ed Komenda ; David Matthews ; Evan F. Moore ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game 7 Of The World Series Is In A Rain Delay In Extra Innings '' . DNA Info . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Verducci , Tom ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` WORLD SERIES It Happened '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenbloom , Steve . `` Do you really appreciate what Albert Almora Jr. did in Game 7 ? '' . Cleveland : Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` With a Cure - Breaking Hit , Ben Zobrist lives a dream he never expected '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's big hit gives Cubs newcomer World Series MVP '' . Cleveland . Associated Press . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs win World Series championship with 8 - 7 victory over Cleveland Indians '' . Chicago Tribune . Cleveland . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's heroics net MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` World Series MVP Ben Zobrist : Game 7 was ' an epic battle ' '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Mark ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs issue 66 full playoff shares worth $368,871.59 a piece '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Media Company . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 World Series schedule : Cubs vs. Indians '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Sports Embarks on ' Hunt for October ' with Announcement of MLB Postseason Broadcaster Lineup '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This is how the world watched and listened to the Cubs ' win the World Series '' . For The Win. 2016 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RDS présente la SÉRIE MONDIALE en exclusivité francophone du 25 octobre au 2 novembre '' . Bell Media Press Room ( in French ) . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians v Chicago Cubs : How to watch the World Series '' . BT Sport . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Báez y Lindor cruzan caminos nuevamente '' . WAPA . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Nielsen Ratings '' . The Futon Critic . September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs Victory in World Series Game 7 Draws 40 Million Viewers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Series Climax Tops 40 Million Viewers , Biggest Game in 25 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX , FOX Deportes & FOX Sports GO Combine to Deliver Most - Watched World Series Game 1 Since 2004 '' . Fox Sports . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 2 Draws 17.8 Million Viewers for FOX Sports '' . Fox Sports . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indians vs. Cubs Game 3 Is Most - Watched World Series Game 3 Since 2004 '' . Fox Sports . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX , FOX Deportes , FOX Sports GO Combine To Deliver 17 Million Viewers For World Series Game 4 '' . Fox Sports . October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indians vs. Cubs Sunday Night is Most - Watched World Series Game 5 Since 1997 '' . Fox Sports . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 6 is Most - Watched Game 6 Since 1997 '' . Fox Sports . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 7 Averages Over 40 Million Viewers '' . Fox Sports . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN Provides Extensive On - SIte Coverage from the 112th World Series '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Jump up ^ Lucia , Joe ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Your 2016 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Jump up ^ Kane , Dan ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hamilton not heard on Indians ' local radio affiliates during World Series '' . The Repository . Jump up ^ `` World Series baseball : Chicago Cubs end 108 - year wait for win '' . BBC Sport . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Wrigleyville goes wild as Chicago Cubs win the World Series '' . For the Win USAToday . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chicago Get the World Series Parade It 's Waited 108 Years For '' . Time . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Brett Eldridge leads Cubs fans in ' Go Cubs Go ' '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . NBC Universal . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flosi , Nic . `` Cubs World Series celebration ranks as 7th largest gathering in human history '' . fox32chicago.com . Fox32 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won last year's world series baseball	[ "The Cubs, playing in their eleventh World Series and their first since 1945, won their third championship and first since 1908, ending the longest world championship drought in North American professional sports history. It was the Indians' sixth appearance in the World Series and their first since 1997, with their last Series win having come in 1948. The two teams entered their matchup as the two franchises with the longest World Series title droughts, a combined 176 years without a championship. Cleveland manager Terry Francona, who had previously won World Series titles with the Boston Red Sox in 2004 and 2007, fell short in his bid to become the third manager, and the first non-Yankees manager, to win his first three trips to the Fall Classic, after Casey Stengel and Joe Torre." ]	[ "The Cubs" ]
-8164686297418225238	Dry Tortugas National Park	Dry Tortugas National Park - wikipedia Dry Tortugas National Park Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Dry Tortugas . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . Dry Tortugas National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Fort Jefferson Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Location Monroe County , Florida , United States Nearest city Key West Coordinates 24 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 52 ′ 24 '' W / 24.62861 ° N 82.87333 ° W / 24.62861 ; - 82.87333 Coordinates : 24 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 52 ′ 24 '' W / 24.62861 ° N 82.87333 ° W / 24.62861 ; - 82.87333 Area 64,701 acres ( 261.84 km ) Established January 4 , 1935 Visitors 73,661 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Dry Tortugas National Park Dry Tortugas National Park is a national park in the United States about 68 miles ( 109 km ) west of Key West in the Gulf of Mexico . The park preserves Fort Jefferson and the seven Dry Tortugas islands , the westernmost and most isolated of the Florida Keys . The archipelago 's coral reefs are the least disturbed of the Florida Keys reefs . The park is noted for abundant sea life , tropical bird breeding grounds , colorful coral reefs , and legends of shipwrecks and sunken treasures . The park 's centerpiece is Fort Jefferson , a massive but unfinished coastal fortress . Fort Jefferson is the largest brick masonry structure in the Western Hemisphere , and is composed of more than 16 million bricks . Among United States forts it is exceeded in size only by Fort Monroe , Virginia and Fort Adams , Rhode Island . Dry Tortugas is unique in its combination of a largely undisturbed tropical ecosystem with significant historic artifacts . The park is accessible only by seaplane or boat and has averaged about 63,000 visitors annually in the period from 2007 to 2016 . Activities include snorkeling , picnicking , birdwatching , camping , scuba diving , saltwater fishing and kayaking . Dry Tortugas National Park is part of the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve , established by UNESCO in 1976 under its Man and the Biosphere Programme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Climate 4 History 4.1 Fort Jefferson 4.2 Park history 5 Ecology 5.1 Birds 5.2 Invasive species and eradication efforts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) Map of the Dry Tortugas archipelago The Dry Tortugas is a small archipelago of coral islands about 70 miles ( 110 km ) west of Key West , Florida . They represent the westernmost extent of the Florida Keys , though several reefs and submarine banks continue westward outside the park , beyond the Tortugas . The park area is more than 99 percent water . The seven major islands , all within the park , are , roughly from west to east , Loggerhead Key , Garden Key , Bush Key , Long Key , Hospital Key , Middle Key and East Key . The park is bordered on the east , south and west by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary , and on the northwest by the Tortugas Ecological Reserve . The total land area within the park is 104 acres ( 42 ha ) . The park is in a tropical maritime climate , with rainy seasons coinciding with hurricane season from May to October , and a drier season from November through April . The area is heavily influenced by frequent hurricanes and tropical storms . Even with exposure to tropical systems the Tortugas are among the driest places in Florida , with an annual precipitation of about 49 inches ( 120 cm ) . There is little temperature variation , with high temperatures in summer around 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and low temperatures in winter around 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) . The northern and western portions of the park , including the central island group , were designated a 46 - square - mile ( 120 km ) `` research natural area '' on January 19 , 2007 , in which no marine life may be taken , nor may vessels anchor . Vessels wishing to moor in the research natural area must use designated mooring buoys or docks . About 54 percent of the park remains open for fishing . Visiting the park by private boat is difficult because of its distance , so most visitors come by ferry or seaplane from Key West . Official ferry and transportation services to the Dry Tortugas includes the Yankee Freedom III catamaran and seaplane services . Geology ( edit ) The Dry Tortugas are the western extension of an arcuate chain of Pleistocene reef and oolitic limestone islands , with the eastern limit in the vicinity of Miami . These Florida Keys are the surface expression of the 6 km thick southern Florida carbonate platform , which has been accumulating sediments since the Early Cretaceous . Two stratigraphic units are exposed at the surface , the Key Largo Limestone and the Miami Limestone . The Key Largo Limestone are reefs up to 60 m thick , parallel to the shelf edge , consisting of hermatypic corals and calcarenites . The Miami Limestone is less than 15 m thick , and in general , is found behind the Key Largo Limestone reef , but overlies it in the western extent of the keys . It consists of a bryozoan facies and an oolitic facies and represents a subtidal shoal . Additionally , excellent examples of Holocene carbonate - sand deposits are found in the Dry Tortugas , consisting mainly of disarticulated Halimeda plates . Between the Dry Tortugas and Key West is a 12 m thick example of these sand deposits , known as `` the quicksands '' . Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Dry Tortugas , 1981 - 2010 normals , extremes 1950 - present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 89 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 95 ( 35 ) 90 ( 32 ) 88 ( 31 ) 101 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 91.7 ( 33.2 ) 89.7 ( 32.1 ) 84.7 ( 29.3 ) 79.1 ( 26.2 ) 75.5 ( 24.2 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) 70.1 ( 21.2 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 78.3 ( 25.7 ) 77.8 ( 25.4 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 70.7 ( 21.5 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 46 ( 8 ) 40 ( 4 ) 47 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 55 ( 13 ) 64 ( 18 ) 64 ( 18 ) 65 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 59 ( 15 ) 51 ( 11 ) 48 ( 9 ) 40 ( 4 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.61 ( 66.3 ) 2.11 ( 53.6 ) 2.54 ( 64.5 ) 2.00 ( 50.8 ) 1.57 ( 39.9 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 2.90 ( 73.7 ) 4.26 ( 108.2 ) 6.63 ( 168.4 ) 3.88 ( 98.6 ) 2.02 ( 51.3 ) 2.49 ( 63.2 ) 36.42 ( 925.1 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.4 5.6 5.5 3.7 4.3 8.3 9.4 11.3 13.3 8.7 5.4 5.9 87.8 Source : ( 1 ) History ( edit ) Main article : Dry Tortugas The first European to see the Dry Tortugas was Juan Ponce de León , who visited on June 21 , 1513 . Ponce de León caught 160 sea turtles there and subsequently referred to the islands as the `` Tortugas '' ( turtles ) . They are called Dry owing to the absence of surface fresh water on the island . The archipelago includes a high concentration of historically significant shipwrecks dating from the 17th century to the present . The Dry Tortugas were a significant American naval base from colonial times to the early 20th century , providing a sheltered anchorage and coaling station through the Spanish -- American War . Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States in 1822 . The Dry Tortugas were seen as a strategic point for the control of the Florida Straits and the Gulf of Mexico . Work on a lighthouse on Garden Key started in 1825 . Planning for a fortification began almost immediately , and construction started in 1847 . In 1856 work on a new , more powerful lighthouse on Loggerhead Key was started to replace the Garden Key light . Work was half complete in 1860 . Construction continued into the American Civil War , but eventually stopped , and the fort was used as a military prison . It was here that Dr. Samuel Mudd and three others charged with conspiracy in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln were imprisoned . Mudd was pardoned in 1869 after averting a viral outbreak . This use as a military prison continued until 1874 . With the introduction of coal - fueled ships , the Dry Tortugas became a coaling station for U.S. Navy ships . Fort Jefferson ( edit ) Brick archway in Fort Jefferson Main article : Fort Jefferson , Florida Fort Jefferson is a massive but unfinished coastal fortress . It is the largest masonry structure in the Western Hemisphere , and is composed of more than 16 million bricks . Park history ( edit ) Comprising 47,125 acres ( 19,071 ha ) , Fort Jefferson National Monument was designated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt under the Antiquities Act on January 4 , 1935 . The monument was expanded in 1983 and redesignated as Dry Tortugas National Park on October 26 , 1992 , by an act of Congress . Dry Tortugas is managed by the staff of Everglades National Park . The park was established to protect the island and marine ecosystems of the Dry Tortugas , to preserve Fort Jefferson and submerged cultural resources such as shipwrecks , and to allow for public access in a regulated manner . During the Federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , Dry Tortugas was closed along with all other national parks . Seeing this as having a damaging effect on their tourism - dependent economy , the residents of Key West , Florida , raised money to keep Dry Tortugas open . The effort was inspired by the Smithsonian Institution , which raised private donations to keep its museums open during the shutdown . Failing to find anybody to accept the money to reopen the park , Key West residents , under the auspices of the satirical micronation Conch Republic , sent a flotilla of civilian boats and fire department boats to Fort Jefferson in order to reopen the national park . When officials attempted to enter the fort , they were cited . The citation was contested in court the following year , and the resultant case , The United States of America v. Peter Anderson , was quickly dropped . The park is a landing location for immigrants arriving from Cuba in homebuilt boats called `` chugs . '' Receiving and housing the migrants is a particular problem for Dry Tortugas , which has limited resources for such arrivals and which is several hours from the nearest Coast Guard or Border Patrol units . Communications with Key West are accomplished using a satellite - based voice - over-IP system , which is prone to garbling and delays , and by a radio relay system using an abandoned Air Force tower between Key West and the Dry Tortugas . Visitation steadily rose for several decades , reaching a peak of 83,704 in 2000 . Since then visitation has slowly declined , with an average of about 63,000 per year in the period from 2007 to 2016 . Ecology ( edit ) Coral and various fish including a striped species known as a sergeant major The Dry Tortugas archipelago is classified as a borderline subtropical -- tropical ecosystem , hosting species that do not normally breed in , and are not commonly found anywhere else within , the continental United States or the islands and waters surrounding it . When a cold front along Florida wiped out 96 percent of branching coral in 1976 - 77 , once extensive branching coral formations became rubble fields . The Dry Tortugas National Park now consists of patch reef and branching coral rubble . Birds ( edit ) Dry Tortugas National Park has an official bird list of 299 species . Of these , only eight species frequently nest within the park : sooty tern , brown noddy , brown pelican , magnificent frigatebird , masked booby , roseate tern , bridled tern and mourning dove . The park features the only nesting colonies of sooty tern , brown noddy , magnificent frigatebird , and masked booby in the contiguous United States . Birdwatching activity peaks each spring ( usually April ) when dozens of migratory bird species can pass through the park in a single day . Many birds land inside the parade grounds of Fort Jefferson where they are often observed at close range . Common migratory warblers include the northern parula , American redstart , prairie warbler , hooded warbler , palm warbler , black - and - white warbler , common yellowthroat , yellow - rumped warbler , ovenbird , northern waterthrush , black - throated blue warbler , blackpoll warbler , and Cape May warbler , with more than 20 additional warbler species having shown up at least once . Several raptor species as well as cattle egrets are often seen hunting songbirds . Until early 2013 a small freshwater fountain existed beneath several seaside mahoe and buttonwood trees , and was the only freshwater source for many miles . Maintenance issues necessitated its removal , but a replacement water barrel is scheduled for installation in the fall of 2013 . Each year several bird guides offer tours of Dry Tortugas National Park during April and early May when daily bird lists can often reach 100 or more species . Invasive species and eradication efforts ( edit ) An active eradication program has resulted in the removal of invasive Casuarina trees and agave from Loggerhead Key , by cutting and herbicide treatment . Pterois , commonly known as lionfish , have also been found in the park 's waters and the National Park Service was reviewing ( in 2015 ) the lionfish management plan to determine what actions to take to manage the spread of this invasive species in Dry Tortugas National Park and Everglades National Park . See also ( edit ) Dry Tortugas Ferry to Fort Jefferson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Park Service Dry Tortugas National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Herndon , David ( November -- December 2001 ) . `` Trips : Florida 's Dry Tortugas National Park '' . National Geographic Adventure . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Everglades & Dry Tortugas '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Thornberry - Ehrlich , Trista L. ( January 31 , 2005 ) . `` Dry Tortugas National Park Geologic Resource Management Issues -- Scoping Summary '' ( pdf ) . Colorado State University . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dry Tortugas National Park Map ( Map ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Final General Management Plan Amendment Environmental Impact Statement '' ( pdf ) . Dry Tortugas National Park . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Research Natural Area Will Be Effective January 19 , 2007 '' . Dry Tortugas National Park . National Park Service . January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Directions '' . Dry Tortugas National Park . National Park Service . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Randazzo , Anthony ; Halley , Robert ( 1997 ) . Randazzo , Anthony ; Jones , Douglas , eds . Geology of the Florida Keys , in The Geology of Florida . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . pp. 251 -- 259 . ISBN 9780813014968 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dry Tortugas National Park : 2000 Annual Report '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Places '' . Dry Tortugas National Park . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) , Florida . A Guide to the Southernmost State , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 205 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dry Tortugas National Park Enabling Legislation '' . Dry Tortugas National Park . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Antiquities Act 1906 -- 2006 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everglades and Dry Tortugas National Parks : Superintendent 's Annual Report Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Di Santo , V ; Pomory , CM ; Bennett , WA ( 2009 ) . `` Algal Garden Cultivation and Guarding Behavior of Dusky Damselfish on Coral Rubble and Intact Reef in Dry Tortugas National Park '' . In : Pollock NW , ed . Diving for Science 2009 . Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium . Dauphin Island , AL . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Muslic , A. et al. ( 2013 ) . Linear Extension Rates of Massive Corals from the Dry Tortugas National Park ( DRTO ) , Florida . Reston , Va. : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Roseate Terns recently returned to nest on Bush Key . The small Bridled Tern colony on Long Key began in 2007 with a single pair , and represents the first confirmed breeding of this species within the park . `` Bird List Dry Tortugas National Park '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2015 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lionfish - Dry Tortugas National Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDry Tortugas National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Travel guide from Wikivoyage Media related to Dry Tortugas National Park at Wikimedia Commons Dry Tortugas National Park Protected areas of Florida Federal National Parks Biscayne Dry Tortugas Everglades National Memorials De Soto Fort Caroline National Monuments Castillo de San Marcos Fort Matanzas National Seashores Canaveral Gulf Islands National Forests Apalachicola Choctawhatchee Ocala Osceola National Wildlife Refuges Archie Carr Arthur R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did dry tortugas become a national park	[ "Comprising 47,125 acres (19,071 ha), Fort Jefferson National Monument was designated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt under the Antiquities Act on January 4, 1935. The monument was expanded in 1983 and redesignated as Dry Tortugas National Park on October 26, 1992, by an act of Congress.[15][16] Dry Tortugas is managed by the staff of Everglades National Park.[17] The park was established to protect the island and marine ecosystems of the Dry Tortugas, to preserve Fort Jefferson and submerged cultural resources such as shipwrecks, and to allow for public access in a regulated manner.[12]" ]	[ "October 26, 1992" ]
289618354345712846	Acral necrosis	Acral necrosis - Wikipedia Acral necrosis Jump to : navigation , search This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( November 2017 ) A hand with acral gangrene due to plague . Acral necrosis is a symptom common in bubonic plague . The striking black discoloration of skin and tissue , primarily on the extremities ( `` acral '' ) , is commonly thought to have given rise to the name `` Black Death , '' associated both with the disease and the pandemic which occurred in the 14th century . The term in fact came from the figural sense of `` black '' , that is ghastly , lugubrious or dreadful . Clotting and bleeding beneath the skin cause an area of hemorrhage , the presence of red blood cells lying outside of capillaries , into the skin and subcutaneous tissue . In isolation , this is called an ecchymosis or bruise and may be the result of injury or illness . However , acral necrosis occurs when blood supply is disrupted for prolonged periods , blackening and damaging the affected area and surrounding tissue . With appropriate medical treatment , areas with acral necrosis may be successfully restored to function and lead a normal life . Untreated cases can lead to death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Antosia , Robert ; Cahill , John D. ( 2006 ) . Handbook of Bioterrorism and Disaster Medicine . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 110 . ISBN 9780387328041 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Roy , Michael J. ( 2003 ) . Physician 's Guide to Terrorist Attack . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 92 . ISBN 9781592596638 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) eMedicine site : Description and graphic photographs This medical symptom article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acral_necrosis&oldid=812151578 '' Categories : Symptoms and signs : Skin and subcutaneous tissue Symptom stubs Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from November 2017 All orphaned articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 07 : 40 . About Wikipedia	acral gangrene is a complication of which disease	[ "Acral necrosis is a symptom common in bubonic plague. The striking black discoloration of skin and tissue, primarily on the extremities (\"acral\"), is commonly thought to have given rise to the name \"Black Death,\" associated both with the disease and the pandemic which occurred in the 14th century. The term in fact came from the figural sense of \"black\", that is ghastly, lugubrious or dreadful.[1][2]" ]	[ "bubonic plague" ]
4364483519547159680	History of the periodic table	History of the periodic table - wikipedia History of the periodic table This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 14 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search A collection of historic documents that led to the development of the modern periodic table ( clockwise from top left ) -- Lavoisier 's ' Table of Simple substances ' ; de Chancourtois ' ' Vis Tellurique ' ; Mendeleyev 's hand - written periodic table ; a modern periodic table ; John Dalton 's list of atomic weights & symbols . The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers , electron configurations and recurring chemical properties . Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number . The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements , with rows called periods and columns called groups The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties . The most important event in its history occurred in 1869 , when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev , who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands , but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient times 1.1 Hennig Brand 1.2 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 2 19th century 2.1 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 2.2 Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois 2.3 John Newlands 2.4 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev 2.5 Lothar Meyer 2.6 William Odling 3 20th century 3.1 Henry Moseley 3.2 Glenn T. Seaborg 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Ancient times ( edit ) Further information : Classical element A number of physical elements ( such as platinum , tin and zinc ) have been known from antiquity , as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools . Around 330 BCE , the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots , an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles . The four roots , which were later renamed as elements by Plato , were earth , water , air and fire . Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions , such as Indian philosophy . While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element , their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter . Hennig Brand , as shown in The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus Hennig Brand ( edit ) The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements . The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand , a bankrupt German merchant . Brand tried to discover the Philosopher 's Stone -- a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold . In 1649 , his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance , which he named phosphorus . He kept his discovery secret until 1680 , when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings . The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element . In 1661 , Boyle defined an element as `` a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction '' . This simple definition served for three centuries and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles . Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry ) , which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr , is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry . It contained a list of `` simple substances '' that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc and sulfur , which formed the basis for the modern list of elements . Lavoisier 's list also included ' light ' and ' caloric ' , which at the time were believed to be material substances . He has classified these substances into metals and non metals . While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier 's new revelations , the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation . However , Lavoisier 's descriptions of his elements lack completeness , as he only classified them as metals and non-metals . 19th century ( edit ) Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner ( edit ) In 1817 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements . In 1829 , he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three , with the members of each group having related properties . He termed these groups triads . Definition of Triad law : - `` Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad . chlorine , bromine , and iodine calcium , strontium , and barium sulfur , selenium , and tellurium lithium , sodium , and potassium Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois ( edit ) Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements -- similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights . In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table , which he named Vis tellurique ( the ' telluric helix ' ) , after the element tellurium , which fell near the center of his diagram . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically . His 1863 publication included a chart ( which contained ions and compounds , in addition to elements ) , but his original paper in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram . As a result , de Chancourtois ' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised . John Newlands ( edit ) Newlands ' law of octaves In 1864 , the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty - two known elements into eight groups , based on their physical properties . Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed , which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number , and was the first to assign them an atomic number . When his ' law of octaves ' was printed in Chemistry News , likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale , it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries . His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published , the Society defending their decision by saying that such ' theoretical ' topics might be controversial . The importance of Newlands ' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev 's work . It was not until the following century , with Gilbert N. Lewis ' valence bond theory ( 1916 ) and Irving Langmuir 's octet theory of chemical bonding ( 1919 ) , that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted . The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands ' contribution to science in 2008 , when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born , which described him as the `` discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements '' . He contributed the word ' periodic ' in chemistry . Dmitri ivanovich Mendeleev ( edit ) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Zeitschrift für Chemie ( 1869 , pages 405 -- 6 ) , in which Mendeleev 's periodic table is first published outside Russia . Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table . Dashes : unknown elements . Group I - VII : modern group 1 -- 2 and 3 -- 7 with transition metals added ; some of these extend into a group VIII . Noble gases unknown ( and unpredicted ) . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today . Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass , corresponding to relative molar mass . It is sometimes said that he played ' chemical solitaire ' on long train journeys , using cards with various facts about the known elements . On March 6 , 1869 , a formal presentation was made to the Russian Chemical Society , entitled The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements . In 1869 , the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal , Zeitschrift für Chemie . In it , Mendeleev stated that : The elements , if arranged according to their atomic mass , exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties . Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value ( e.g. , Pt , Ir , Os ) or which increase regularly ( e.g. , K , Rb , Cs ) . The arrangement of the elements , or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses , corresponds to their so - called valencies , as well as , to some extent , to their distinctive chemical properties ; as is apparent among other series in that of Li , Be , B , C , N , O , and F . The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights . The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element , just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body . We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements -- for example , elements analogous to aluminium and silicon -- whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75 . The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements . Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126 , and can not be 128 . Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses . Scientific benefits of Mendeleev 's table It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them , namely eka - silicon ( germanium ) , eka - aluminium ( gallium ) , and eka - boron ( scandium ) . Thus , there was no disturbance in the periodic table . It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect . It provided for variance from atomic weight order . Shortcomings of Mendeleev 's table The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases , but did , however , leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into . Time proved this audacious calculation correct . However , when this entire family of elements was discovered , Sir William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0 , without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed . A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen , which could be placed either in the alkali metals group , the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon . Lothar Meyer ( edit ) Unknown to Mendeleev , a German chemist , Lothar Meyer , was also working on a periodic table . Although his work was published in 1864 , and was done independently of Mendeleev , few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table . Meyer 's table only included twenty - eight elements , which were not classified by atomic weight , but by valence , and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights . A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements , predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements , Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table . Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table , but Mendeleev 's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit . William Odling ( edit ) In 1864 , the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev . Odling overcame the tellurium - iodine problem and even managed to get thallium , lead , mercury and platinum into the right groups , which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt . Odling failed to achieve recognition , however , since it is suspected that he , as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London , was instrumental in discrediting Newlands ' earlier work on the periodic table . 20th century ( edit ) Henry Moseley ( edit ) Henry Moseley In 1914 , a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli , the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number . He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge , rather than by atomic weight . Before this discovery , atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element 's atomic weight . Moseley 's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements . Using information about their X-ray wavelengths , Moseley placed argon ( with an atomic number Z = 18 ) before potassium ( Z = 19 ) , despite the fact that argon 's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium ( 39.1 ) . The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements , since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal . Similarly , Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine , without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium , as had been proposed by Mendeleev . Moseley 's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61 , which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively . Glenn T. Seaborg ( edit ) During his Manhattan Project research in 1943 , Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium . Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series , which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected . In 1945 , against the advice of colleagues , he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev 's table : the actinide series . Seaborg 's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure , predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements , is now well accepted and included in the periodic table . The actinide series is the second row of the f - block ( 5f series ) . In both the actinide and lanthanide series , an inner electron shell is being filled . The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium . Seaborg 's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153 . See also ( edit ) Alternative periodic tables History of chemistry Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Prout 's hypothesis The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Newlands , Chemistry Review , November 2003 , pp15 - 16 Jump up ^ IUPAC article on periodic table Jump up ^ Scerri , E.R. ( 2006 ) . The Periodic Table : Its Story ad Its Significance ; New York City , New York ; Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table '' . Jump up ^ Chancourtois , Comptes rendus Academie des sciences , volume 55 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Annales des Mines history page . Jump up ^ in a letter published in Chemistry News in February 1863 , according to the Notable Names Data Base Jump up ^ Newlands on classification of elements Jump up ^ Irving Langmuir , `` The Structure of Atoms and the Octet Theory of Valence '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Vol . V , 252 , Letters ( 1919 ) -- online at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Irving Langmuir , `` The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules '' , Journal of the American Chemical Society , Vol. 41 , No , 6 , pg. 868 ( June 1919 ) -- beginning and ending of the paper are transcribed online at ( 2 ) ; the middle is missing Jump up ^ Physical Science , Holt Rinehart & Winston ( January 2004 ) , page 302 ISBN 0 - 03 - 073168 - 2 Jump up ^ Mendeleev , Dmitri ( 1869 ) . `` Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente '' . Zeitschrift für Chemie. 12 : 405 -- 406 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Magazine : The Alumni Association : Around the World in 80 Seconds '' . reed.edu . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Development of the periodic table ( part of a collection of pages that explores the periodic table and the elements ) by the Royal Society of Chemistry Dr. Eric Scerri 's web page , which has links to interviews , lectures and articles on various aspects of the periodic system , including the history of the periodic table . The Internet Database of Periodic Tables -- a large collection of periodic tables and periodic system formulations . History of Mendeleev periodic table of elements as a data visualization at CrossValidated Stack Exchange ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_periodic_table&oldid=800606338 '' Categories : History of chemistry History of physics Periodic table Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who organized elements into four groups based on properties	[ "A number of physical elements (such as platinum, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter." ]	[ "Aristotle" ]
-4805813169444110767	Napa cabbage	Napa cabbage - wikipedia Napa cabbage Jump to : navigation , search `` Hakusai '' redirects here . For the Japanese artist , see Hokusai . `` Won bok '' redirects here . For the Korean cartoonist , see Rhie Won - bok . Napa cabbage Species Brassica rapa Cultivar group Pekinensis Group Origin China , before the 15th century Napa or nappa cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis or Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group ) is a type of Chinese cabbage originating near the Beijing region of China , and is widely used in East Asian cuisine . Since the 20th century it is also a widespread crop in Europe , America and Australia . In much of the world , this is the vegetable referred to as `` Chinese cabbage '' . In Australia it is referred to as ' wombok ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Vegetable 3 Origin 4 Cultivation 4.1 Soil requirements 4.2 Climate requirements 4.3 Seedbed requirements & sowing 4.4 Fertilization , field management 4.5 Harvest , storage and yield 5 Growth , development and physiology 6 Pests and diseases 6.1 Fungal diseases 6.2 Bacterial diseases 6.3 Virus diseases 6.4 Insect pests 6.5 Other pests and diseases 7 Breeding 8 References Naming ( edit ) Napa cabbage Napa cabbage Chinese name Traditional Chinese 大白菜 Simplified Chinese 大白菜 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin dà bái cài Yue : Cantonese Jyutping daai baak coi Southern Min Hokkien POJ bae cai Cantonese name Chinese 黃芽白 ( show ) Transcriptions Yue : Cantonese Jyutping wong4 ngaa4 baak6 Wu Chinese name Chinese 黃芽菜 ( show ) Transcriptions Wu Romanization wang nga tsae Korean name Hangul 배추 Hanja 白菜 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Baechu McCune -- Reischauer Paech'u Japanese name Kanji 白菜 Hiragana はくさい ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Hepburn hakusai Kunrei - shiki hakusai The name `` napa '' comes from colloquial and regional Japanese , where nappa ( 菜っ葉 ) refers to the leaves of any vegetable , especially when used as food . The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai ( 白菜 ) -- literally `` white vegetable '' -- a Sino - Japanese reading of the Chinese name . The Korean name for napa cabbage is baechu ( Hangul : 배추 ) , which is an irregular , nativized borrowing of the Chinese name ( 白菜 báicài in Standard Mandarin ) . In Mandarin , napa cabbage is known as 大白菜 dabaicai , or `` big white vegetable '' , as opposed to the `` small white vegetable '' that is known in English as bok choy . Outside of Asia , this vegetable is also referred to as Chinese cabbage . Regionally , it is also known as sui choy , and celery cabbage . In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as Chinese leaf , in New Zealand as wong bok or won bok , and in the Philippines as wombok or pechay baguio . The name wombok is also used in Australia . Another name used in English is petsai or pe - tsai . In Russia it 's called Russian : пекинская капуста , translit . pekinskaya kapusta ( literally `` Peking cabbage '' ) . Vegetable ( edit ) Chinese cabbage , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 68 kJ ( 16 kcal ) Carbohydrates 3.2 g Dietary fiber 1.2 g Fat 0.2 g Protein 1.2 g Vitamins Vitamin C ( 33 % ) 27 mg Minerals Calcium ( 8 % ) 77 mg Iron ( 2 % ) 0.31 mg Magnesium ( 4 % ) 13 mg Sodium ( 1 % ) 9 mg Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild . The plant grows to an oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly , thick , light - green leaves with white prominent veins . Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color . Napa cabbage belongs to the family of Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae , cabbage family ) , the Genus of Brassica and the subspecies pekinensis . As a cruciferous plant ( Brassicaceae ) it is closely related to species like broccoli , pak choi or cauliflower . Napa cabbage is widely used in China , Japan , and Korea . Napa cabbage is used as a sign of prosperity in China , and often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures . The Jadeite Cabbage sculpture of Taiwan 's National Palace Museum is a carving of a napa cabbage variety . It is also found in North American , European and Australian cities after Asian immigrants settled in the regions . In Korean cuisine , napa cabbage is the main ingredient of baechu kimchi , the most common type of kimchi , but is also eaten raw as a wrap for pork or oysters , dipped in gochujang . The outer , tougher leaves are used in soups . It can be used in stir - fry with other ingredients such as tofu , mushroom and zucchini . It is also eaten with hot pot meals . Napa cabbage is particularly popular in South Korea 's northern Gangwon Province . In the European , American and Australian kitchen it is more common to eat it cooked or raw as salad . The vegetable is rich in Vitamin C ( 26 mg / 100g ) and has a fair amount of calcium ( 40 mg / 100g ) . It tastes mild aromatic . Origin ( edit ) The first notation of Napa cabbage cultivation date from the 15th Century in the Yangtze River region in China . Then it spread to Korea and Japan . Beginning in the 19th Century with the Chinese diaspora , it was distributed to the rest of Asia , Europe , America as well as Australia . During the 16th century cabbage was first introduced to America from Europe and supply of seed materials from Europe continued till World War I. After the blockade of European seed supply the US Government research institutes and people in the seeds business developed superior seed stocks for every vegetable crop . Oregon and California were the cabbage seed production areas during that time . Today it is cultivated and eaten throughout the world . Napa cabbage might have originated from natural hybridization between turnip ( Brassica rapa subsp . rapa ) and pak - choi ( Brassica rapa subsp . chinensis ) . Artificial crosses between these two species and also molecular data strengthened this suggestion . Cultivation ( edit ) Napa cabbage can be cultivated in many different areas of the world , the main area of diversification represents Asia . Soil requirements ( edit ) Napa cabbage requires deeply loosened medium heavy soil . There must not be any compaction due to plowing . The crop achieves particularly high yields on sandy loam . Extremely sandy or claylike soils are not suitable . The crop prefers a pH range from 6.0 to 6.2 , a high organic matter content and good moisture holding capacity of the soil . Lower pH or droughty soil can lead to calcium or magnesium deficiency and internal quality defects . Climate requirements ( edit ) Napa cabbage needs much water during the whole growth period . Often an irrigation system is needed , especially for August and September . The required amount of water depends on the stage of crop growth , weather conditions , and soil type . The most critical stage after establishment is when the head is forming . Inadequate water at this time will result in reduced uptake of calcium . This condition causes dead leaf tips within the head what makes it unmarketable . During head formation , 1 to 1 1⁄2 inches of water per week is needed to maintain sustained growth rates . Temperature requirements are low . Temperatures below zero degrees are tolerated for short time periods ; persistent frosts below - 5 ° C are not endured . Too low temperature can induce premature bolting . The plants perform best under temperatures between 13 ° C and 21 ° C , but depending on the cultivar . Seedbed requirements & sowing ( edit ) Napa cabbage has very small seeds with a thousand kernel weight of about 2.5 -- 2.8 g . For professional cultivation it is recommended to use disinfected seeds to prevent onset diseases . With the single grain seed technique , about 400 -- 500 g seeds per hectare is required , for normal seed technique about 1 kg per hectare . If normal seed technique is used , the seedlings must be thinned out after 2 -- 4 weeks . The seeds should be deposited 1 -- 2 cm deep , with a row width of 40 -- 45 cm and 25 -- 30 cm distance between the seeds . The seedlings can be grown in the greenhouse and then transplanted into the field after 2 -- 3 weeks . Earlier harvest can be achieved with this method . Seventy thousand to 80,000 seedlings per hectare are required . The transplanting method is normally used for the spring crop and the seeding technique for the fall crop . Fertilization , field management ( edit ) The nutrient removal of napa cabbage is high : 150 -- 200 kg N per hectare 80 -- 120 kg P O per hectare 180 -- 250 kg K O per hectare 110 -- 150 kg Ca per hectare 20 -- 40 kg Mg per hectare Fertilizer recommendations are in the range of the nutrient removal . Organic fertilizer must be applied before sowing due to the short cultivation time of napa cabbage and the slow availability of organic fertilizers . Synthetic N fertilizer should be applied in 3 equal doses . The last application must happen before 2 / 3 of the cultivation time is over to avoid quality losses during storage . Weeds should be controlled mechanically or chemically . Harvest , storage and yield ( edit ) Harvested napa cabbage being loaded on a truck in Tonghai County , Yunnan Napa cabbage can be harvested 8 -- 12 weeks after sowing . The harvest work is mostly done by hand . The plant is cut 2.5 cm above the ground . It is usual to harvest several times per field to achieve constant quality of the napa cabbage . Storage of napa cabbage is possible for 3 -- 4 months in cool stores with 0 - 1 ° C and 85 - 90 percent relative humidity . Napa cabbage achieves a yield of 4 -- 5 kg per m . Growth , development and physiology ( edit ) The leaves , which are the harvested organ , lay side by side densely , are lime green coloured with white leaf veins and have a smooth surface . The vegetable has an oval form and weights 1 -- 3 kg . The leaves are organized in basal rosettes . The flowers are yellow and have a for Brassicaceae typical cross-linked arrangement , hence the name Crucifereae , which means `` cross-bearing '' . Because the plant is harvested in an earlier stage than flowering , normally the flowers are not visible on the field . It develops similar to other head - forming leaf vegetables , for example cabbage lettuce . The chronological stages on the BBCH - scale are germination , leaf formation , vegetative growth ( head - forming ) , appearance of the sprout that bears the flowers , flowering , fruit development , seed ripening and senescence . Napa cabbage is an annual plant that reaches the generative period in the first year . It must be consumed in its vegetative period , so there is a challenge in cultivation not to reach the stadium of flowering . The stadium of flowering can be initiated by cold temperatures or the length of the day . Napa cabbage reproduces mainly by allogamy . Napa cabbage produces more leaves , bigger leaves and a higher biomass under long day conditions than under short day conditions . Pests and diseases ( edit ) Fungal diseases ( edit ) Alternaria diseases are caused by the organisms Alternaria brassicae , Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria japonica . Their English names are black spot , pod spot , gray leaf spot , dark leaf spot or Alternaria blight . The symptoms can be seen on all aboveground plant parts as dark spots . The infected plants are shrivelled and smaller than normal . Alternaria diseases infect almost all brassica plants , the most important hosts are oilseed brassicas . The fungus is a facultative parasite , what means that it can survive on living hosts as well as on dead plant tissue . Infected plant debris is in most circumstances the primary source of inoculum . The spores can be dispersed by wind to host plants in the field or to neighbouring brassica crops . This is why cross infections often occur in areas where different brassica crops are cultivated in close proximity . The disease spreads especially fast when the weather is wet and the plants have reached maturity . Alternaria brassicae is well adapted to temperate regions while Alternaria brassicicola occurs primarily in warmer parts of the world . Temperature requirement for Alternaria japonica is intermediate . There exist some wild accessions of Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis with resistance to Alternaria brassicae but not on commercial cultivars . These resistances should be included to breeding programmes . Alternaria epicemics are best avoided by management practices like at least 3 years non-host crops between brassica crops , incorporation of plant debris into the soil to accelerate decomposition and usage of disease - free seeds . Anhracnose is a brassica disease caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum that is especially damaging on napa cabbage , pak choi , turnip , rutabaga and tender green mustard . The symptoms are dry pale gray to straw spots or lesions on the leaves . The recommended management practices are the same as for Alternaria diseases . Black root is a disease that infects mainly radish , but it also occurs on many other brassica vegetables inclusively napa cabbage . It caused by the fungus Aphanomyces raphani . The pathogen can persist for long times in the soil , therefore crop rotations are an essential management tool . White leaf spot is found primarily in temperate climate regions and is important on vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape . The causal organism is Mycosphaerella capsellae . The symptoms are white spots on leaves , stems and pods and can thus easily be confused with those of downy mildew . The disease spreads especially fast with rain or moisture and temperature is between 10 and 15 ° C . Yellows , also called Fusarium wilt , is another brassica disease that infects oilseed rape , cabbage , mustards , Napa cabbage and other vegetable brassicas . It is only a problem in regions with warm growing seasons where soil temperatures are in the range of 18 to 32 ° C. The causal organism is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . conlutinans . Napa cabbage is relatively tolerant to the disease ; mostly the only external symptoms are yellowing of lower , older leaves . The disease is soil borne and can survive for many years in the absence of a host . Most cruciferous weeds can serve as alternate hosts . Damping - Off is a disease in temperate areas caused by soil inhabiting oomycetes like Phytophthora cactorum and Pythium spp . The disease concerns seedlings , which often collapse and die . Links to other diseases that infect napa cabbage : black leg or phoma stem cancer : Leptosphaeria maculans clubroot : Plasmodiophora brassicae Downy mildew : Hyaloperonospora brassicae Powdery mildew : Erysiphe cruciferarum Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Bacterial diseases ( edit ) Bacterial soft rot is considered one of the most important diseases of vegetable brassicas . The disease is particularly damaging in warm humid climate . The causal organisms are Erwinia carotovora var . carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis pv . marginalis . The rot symptoms can occur in the field , on produce transit or in storage . Bacteria survive mainly on plant residues in the soil . They are spread by insects and by cultural practices , such as irrigation water and farm machinery . The disease is tolerant to low temperatures ; it can spread in storages close to 0 ° C , by direct contact and by drippint onto the plants below . Bacterial soft rot is more severe on crops which have been fertilized too heavily with nitrogen , had late nitrogen applications , or are allowed to become over-mature before harvesting . Black rot , the most important disease of vegetable brassicas , is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv . campestris . Virus diseases ( edit ) Cucumber mosaic virus Radish mosaic virus Ribgrass mosaic virus Turnip crincle virus Caradamine chlorotic fleck virus Turnip mosaic virus Turnip yellow mosaic virus Insect pests ( edit ) large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) cabbage seed weevil ( Ceutorhynchus assimilis ) cabbage looper diamondback moth small white butterfly ( Pieris rapae ) aphids cucumber beetles stink bugs Vegetable weevils Mole crickets cutworms Other pests and diseases ( edit ) Aster yellows is a disease caused by a phytoplasm . Nematodes are disease agents that are often overlooked but they can cause considerable yield losses . The adult nematodes have limited active movement but their eggs contained within cysts ( dead females ) are readily spread with soil , water , equipment or seedlings . Parasitic nematode species that cause damage on napa cabbage : Heterodera schachtii Meloidogyne hapla Nacobbus batatiformis Rotylenchulus reniformis Breeding ( edit ) Brassica rapa species are diploid and have 10 chromosomes . A challenge for breeding of napa cabbage is the variable self - incompatibility . The self - incompatibility activity was reported to change by temperature and humidity . In vitro pollination with 98 % relative humidity proved to be the most reliable as compared to greenhouse pollination . A lot of work has already been done on breeding of napa cabbage . In the 21st century , 880 varieties of Napa cabbage were registered by the Korea Seed and Variety Service . Breeding of napa cabbage was started by the Korean government research station of horticultural demonstration in 1906 to overcome starvation . As napa cabbage and radish are the main vegetables for `` Kimchi '' research focused on increasing yield . The most important person for this process was Dr. Woo Jang - choon who bred hybrid cultivars with self - incompatibility and contributed to commercial breeding by developing valuable materials and educating students . The main purpose of the hybrid cultivar was high yield and year round production of napa cabbage after 1960 . To enable year round production of napa cabbage , it has to be modified to tolerate high and low temperatures . Normally sowing in the late summer and harvesting in late autumn can produce high quality vegetables . As an example , a summer cultivar called `` Nae - Seo - beak - ro '' was developed 1973 by a commercial seed company . It tolerates high temperatures , could endure high humidity in the monsoon , and showed resistance to viral disease , soft rot and downy mildew . The low temperature in early spring reduces the quality of the vegetable and it can not be used for `` Kimchi '' . In the 1970s the developing of winter cultivars started . The majority of new cultivars could not endure the cold winter conditions and disappeared . The cultivar `` Dong - Pung '' ( meaning `` east wind '' ) was developed 1992 and showed a high resistance to cold temperature . It is mostly used in Korea , where fresh napa cabbage is nowadays cultivated all year round . In the 70s , one seed company developed the rose - shape heading variety while other seed companies focused on semi-folded heading type . As a result of continuous breeding in the commercial seed companies and the government research stations , farmers could now select what they wanted from among various high quality hybrids of Chinese cabbage . In 1988 , the first cultivar with yellow inner leaf was introduced . This trait has prevailed until today . A very important breeding aim is to get varieties with resistance to pests and diseases . There exist varieties with resistance to turnip mosaic virus but as mentioned above , there exist numerous other diseases . There have been attempts to breed varieties with clubroot resistance or powdery mildew resistance but the varieties failed due to bad leaf texture traits or broken resistances . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary nappa , n. 2 '' . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Cabbage '' . chinesefood.about.com . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chi ′ nese cab ′ bage '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Afable , Patricia O. ( 2004 ) . Japanese pioneers in the northern Philippine highlands : a centennial tribute , 1903 - 2003 . Filipino - Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon , Inc. p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 92973 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ Toxopeus , H & Baas , J ( 2004 ) Brassica rapa L ... - In : Grubben , G.J.H. & Denton , O.A. ( 2004 ) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2 . Vegetables . PROTA Foundation , Wageningen ; Backhuys , Leiden ; CTA , Wageningen . - p. 146 - 151 . Jump up ^ Growing the Peking cabbage ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Napa cabbage nutrition facts '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartea , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants '' . Clemson University . ^ Jump up to : Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants ( 2011 ) Clemson University , USA Cartea M.E. , Lema M. , Francisco M , Velasco P . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Cecilia Hae - Jin ( 22 May 2012 ) . Frommer 's South Korea . John Wiley & Sons . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33363 - 1 . Jump up ^ Klein , Donna ( 4 December 2012 ) . The Chinese Vegan Kitchen : More Than 225 Meat - free , Egg - free , Dairy - free Dishes from the Culinary Regions of China . Penguin Group US . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 61361 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vongerichten , Marja ( 2 August 2011 ) . The Kimchi Chronicles : Korean Cooking for an American Kitchen . Rodale . pp. 37 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60961 - 128 - 6 . Jump up ^ Michael Todt ( 1989 ) Untersuchungen zur Mikroflora des lagernden Chinakohls ( Brassica pekinensis Rupr . ) . Dissertation , University Kiel , Germany Jump up ^ Deutschen Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , 5 . Auflage , ( 1994 ) Souci / Fachmann / Kraut . ^ Jump up to : Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants ( 2011 ) N. Ramchiary , S. Park , X.P. Lim : Classical Breeding and Genetic Analysis of Vegetable Brassicas . Book 2. Clemson University , USA ^ Jump up to : Sadowski , J. , & Kole , C. ( 2011 ) . Genetics , genomics and breeding of vegetable brassicas . Enfield : Science Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Buschbaum , H. , & Heinen , B. ( 1978 ) . Chinakohl . Bonn : Rheinischer Landwirtschafts - Verlag . ^ Jump up to : Cook , W.P. , & Smith , P. ( February 1996 ) . Oriental Cabbage Production . Hort . Leaflet 68 , S. 1 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Baggaley , A. , Barter , G. , Caldon , H. , Rosenfeld , R.L. , Ruch , P. , Vowles , D. , et al. ( 2011 ) . RHS Good fruit & veg guide . London : Dorling Kindersley Limited . ^ Jump up to : Rimmer , R.S. , Shattuck , V.I. , & Buchwaldt , L. ( 2007 ) . Compendium of Brassica Diseases . St. Paul : American Phytopathological Society . Jump up ^ Ackermann , I. , Funk , M. , Hintze , C. , Joachimi , A. , Potzkai , G. , Rieger , W. , et al. ( 1993 ) . Feldgemüsebau : Buschbohnen , Chinakohl , Dicke Bohnen , Erbsen , Einlegegurken , Grünkohl , Knollensellerie , Kohlrabi , Kopfkohl , Kopfsalat , Möhren , Porree , Rote Beete , Schälgurken , Spargel , Spinat , Zwiebeln . Münster - Hiltrup : Landwirtschaftsverlag . Jump up ^ W. Franke ( 1976 ) Nutzpflanzenkunde . - Georg Thieme Verlag , Stuttgart , Germany Jump up ^ Feller , C. , Bleiholder , H. , Buhr , L. , Hack , H. , Hess , M. , Klose , R. , et al. ( 1995 ) . BBCH - Codierung der phänologischen Entwicklungsstadien von Blattgemüse ( kopfbildend ) . In U. Meier , Entwicklungsstadien mono - und dikotyler Pflanzen : BBCH Monografie ( S. 120 ) . Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft . Jump up ^ Nerlich , K. , Pfennig , J. , Kleemann , G. , Feike , T. , Graeff , S. , Claupein , W. , et al. ( 2009 ) . Beschreibung von Wachstum und Entwicklung bei Chinakohl ( Brassica rapa L. var . pekinensis ) in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Tageslänge - Basisdaten zur Modellierung mit DSSAT. 45 . Gartenbauwissenschaftliche Tagung , ( S. 158 ) . Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin . Jump up ^ Kirk , W.D. ( 1992 ) . Insects on cabbages and oilseed rape . Richmond Publishing . Brassica Brassica carinata Brassica elongata Brassica fruticulosa Brassica hilarionis Brassica juncea Brassica napus Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica tournefortii Bomdong Canola Chinese cabbage Bok choy Napa cabbage Choy sum Collard greens Kohlrabi Mustard plant Rapeseed Rapini Rutabaga Spring greens Tatsoi Triangle of U Turnip Brassicaceae ( Cruciferous vegetables ) : Brassica Raphanus Cruciferous Biochemistry genera ( list ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q13360268 EoL : 1283629 GBIF : 3042735 GRIN : 319636 NCBI : 51351 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&oldid=811500570 '' Categories : Brassica Chinese cuisine Leaf vegetables Asian vegetables Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 01 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is chinese cabbage the same as napa cabbage	[ "\nOrigin\nChina, before the 15th century\n" ]	[ "China" ]
-2624482066529195558	Maginot Line	Maginot line - wikipedia Maginot line Maginot Line Ligne Maginot Eastern France Entrance to Ouvrage Schoenenbourg , Maginot Line in Alsace Type Defensive line Site information Controlled by France Open to the public No Condition Mostly intact , through the preservation of the French Government Site history Built 1929 -- 1938 Built by Paul Painlevé , Colonel Tricaud Named after André Maginot ( French Minister of War , late 1920s - early 1930s ) In use 1935 -- 1969 Materials Concrete , steel , iron Battles / wars World War II Battle of France ( 1940 ) Operation Nordwind ( 1945 ) The Maginot Line ( French : Ligne Maginot , IPA : ( liɲ maʒino ) ) , named after the French Minister of War André Maginot , was a line of concrete fortifications , obstacles , and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications . Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy , Switzerland , Germany , and Luxembourg , the line did not extend to the English Channel due to French strategy that envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault . Based on France 's experience with trench warfare during World War I , the massive Maginot Line was built in the run - up to World War II , after the Locarno Conference gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic `` Locarno spirit '' . French military experts extolled the Line as a work of genius that would deter German aggression , because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack . The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack , including aerial bombings and tank fire , and had underground railways as a backup ; it also had state - of - the - art living conditions for garrisoned troops , supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort . Instead of attacking directly , the Germans invaded through the Low Countries , bypassing the Line to the north . French and British officers had anticipated this : when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium , they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line . However , the French line was weak near the Ardennes forest . The French believed this region , with its rough terrain , would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces ; if it was traversed , it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattack . The German Army , having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War - era plan , became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front . A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces , resulting in a sizeable force being evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the forces to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France . The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security . Contents 1 Purposes 2 Planning and construction 2.1 1927 : Allied Control Commission abolished 2.2 German economic superiority 2.3 War of long duration 3 Manning 4 Organization 5 Inventory 5.1 Ouvrages 5.2 Armoured cloches 5.3 Retractable turrets 5.4 Artillery 5.5 Anti-tank guns 6 Features 6.1 Czechoslovak connection 7 German invasion in World War II 8 After World War II 9 Post-war assessment 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Purposes ( edit ) The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes : To prevent a surprise German attack To deter a cross-border assault . To protect Alsace and Lorraine ( returned to France in 1918 ) and their industrial basin To save manpower ( France counted 39 million inhabitants , Germany 70 million ) To cover the mobilisation of the French Army ( which took between two and three weeks ) To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium , and allow France to fight the next war off of French soil to avoid a repeat of 1914 -- 1918 . To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive Planning and construction ( edit ) The Maginot Line The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joffre . He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle , who favoured investment in armour and aircraft . Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain , and there were a number of reports and commissions organised by the government . It was André Maginot who finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme . Maginot was another veteran of World War I ; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War ( 1928 -- 1932 ) . In January 1923 , after Germany defaulted on reparations , the French Premier Raymond Poincaré responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany 's Ruhr region . During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ( `` Ruhr struggle '' ) between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923 , Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr , and a period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain , with Poincaré being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands . The British -- who openly championed the German position on reparations -- applied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany . At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco - German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf , the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier Édouard Herriot to make concessions to Germany . The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps who attended the conference commented afterwards that : The London Conference was for the French ' man in the street ' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission , the right of sanctions in the event of German default , the economic occupation of the Ruhr , the French - Belgian railroad Régie , and finally , the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year . The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic . Beyond that , the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its Dominions to the victory of 1918 , and French decision - makers believed that they needed Britain 's help to win another war ; the French could only go so far with alienating the British . From 1871 onwards , French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own , and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich . 1927 : Allied Control Commission abolished ( edit ) In 1926 , The Manchester Guardian ran an expose showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union , and the secret German - Soviet co-operation had started in 1921 . The German statement following The Manchester Guardian 's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offense in France . Nonetheless , in 1927 , the Allied Control Commission , which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles , was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the `` Spirit of Locarno '' . When the Control Commission was dissolved , the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement , stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s . Under the Treaty of Versailles France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935 , but in fact the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan . As long as the Rhineland was occupied by the French , the Rhineland served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty , such as rearming in violation of Part V ; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V. French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich , the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr . A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincaré in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr . French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic , as Versailles had forbidden Germany conscription , and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men . Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930 , this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris , which from then on had to depend on Berlin 's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties , which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarized forever . Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 ( a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926 ) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles , claiming it was based upon the so - called Kriegsschuldlüge ( `` War guilt lie '' ) that Germany started the war in 1914 , the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland 's demilitarized status to continue forever , and believed that at some time in the future Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles , reintroduce conscription and remilitarize the Rhineland . The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral Germany was soon going to rearm , and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan . German economic superiority ( edit ) After 1918 , the German economy was three times as large as that of France ; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France 's 40 million and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I , while German territory had seen little fighting . French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own , especially an offensive war . French decision - makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own . With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the `` continental commitment '' to defend France on the same scale as in World War I , the prospects of Anglo - American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best . Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of Germany remilitarizing the Rhineland or breaking Part V ; while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a `` flagrant violation '' of the Rhineland 's demilitarized status , without defining what a `` flagrant violation '' would be . The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define `` flagrant violation '' , which led the French to place little hope in Anglo - Italian help if Germany should remilitarize the Rhineland . Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s , the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst - case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States . France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire , as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known . Although the alliances with Belgium , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris , it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States . The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of maneuver and swift advances suicidal as there would always be far more German divisions ; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany . The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription , which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich 's numerical superiority . Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine river , French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it . The power of properly dug - in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I , when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower . The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends - with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the `` continental commitment '' - the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid , as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930 . Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War , and their effect on the French population . The drop in the birth rate during and after the war , resulting in a national shortage of young men , created an `` echo '' effect in the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s . Faced with a manpower shortage , French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists , who would take longer to mobilize and would diminish French industry because they would leave their jobs . Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces . In 1940 , France deployed about twice as many men , 36 divisions ( roughly one third of its force ) , for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine , whereas the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions , fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France . Reflecting memories of World War I , the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ( `` the power of fire '' ) , the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel , to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force . War of long duration ( edit ) Map of the principal fortified section of the Maginot Line French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue durée ( the war of the long duration ) , in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down . The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg ( Lightning War ) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knock - out blow , was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue durée . Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy ( making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade ) and the ability to feed its population . The guerre de longue durée strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory ; afterwards , there would be an attrition struggle ; once the Germans were exhausted France would begin an offensive to win the war . The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come in eastern France and to divert the main blow through Belgium , where French forces would meet and stop the Germans . The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives , whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich , while the French waged a total war with the resources of France , its empire and allies mobilized for the war . Besides the demographic reasons , a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain . The French imported a third of their coal from Britain and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships . Of French trade , 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin , rubber , jute , wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire . About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais , Le Havre , Cherbourg , Boulogne , Dieppe , Saint - Malo and Dunkirk . Germany had to import most of its iron , rubber , oil , bauxite , copper and nickel , making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy . For economic reasons , the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue durée would at very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality , preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers . A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression , a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France 's side . The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Génie ( STG ) overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées ( CORF ) . The main construction was largely completed by 1939 , at a cost of around 3 billion French francs . The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934 . The original construction did not cover the area chosen by the Germans for their first challenge , which was through the Ardennes in 1940 , a plan known as Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) , due to the neutrality of Belgium . The location of this attack , because of the Maginot Line , was through the Belgian Ardennes forest ( sector 4 ) , which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 ( as marked ) . Manning ( edit ) Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry , artillery and engineers . The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses , and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary . Artillery troops operated the heavy guns and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment , including all communications systems . All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army . During peacetime , fortresses were only partly manned by full - time troops . They would be supplemented by reservists who lived in the local area , and who could be quickly mobilised in an emergency . Full - time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close by the fortresses . They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortresses , which were more comfortable than living inside , but which were not expected to survive wartime bombardment . Training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche , built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises . This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas . Organization ( edit ) Block 14 at Ouvrage Hochwald in 1940 Side view diagram of the operation of a retractable turret : 75 mm gun of block 3 in Ouvrage Schoenenbourg Casemate of Dambach Nord , Fortified Sector of the Vosges , Sub-sector of Philippsbourg Layout of Ouvrage Hackenberg , one of the largest fortress complexes Although the name `` Maginot Line '' suggests a rather thin linear fortification , it was quite deep , varying ( from the German border to the rear area ) from 20 -- 25 kilometres ( 12 -- 16 miles ) . It was composed of an intricate system of strong points , fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts , communications centres , infantry shelters , barricades , artillery , machine gun and anti-tank gun emplacements , supply depots , infrastructure facilities and observation posts . These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages , which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works . From front to rear , ( east to west ) the line was composed of : 1 . Border Post line : This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses , which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes , built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops so as to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades . 2 . Outpost and Support Point line : Approximately 5 km ( 3 mi ) behind the border , a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault , sufficient to delay the enemy so as to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations . These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line . 3 . Principal line of resistance : This line began 10 km ( 6 mi ) behind the border . It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows , with heights varying from 0.70 -- 1.40 metres ( 2 ft 4 in -- 4 ft 7 in ) and buried to a depth of 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works , over hundreds of kilometers , interrupted only by extremely dense forests , rivers , or other nearly impassable terrain . The anti-tank obstacle system was followed by an anti-personnel obstacle system made primarily of dense barbed wire . Anti-tank road barriers also made it possible to block roads at necessary points of passage through the tank obstacles . 4 . Infantry Casemates : These bunkers were armed with twin machine - guns ( abbreviated as JM -- Jumelage de mitrailleuses -- in French ) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47 mm ( 1.5 or 1.9 in ) . They could be single ( with a firing room in one direction ) or double ( two firing rooms , in opposite directions ) . These generally had two floors , with a firing level and a support / infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services ( power generating units , reserves of water , fuel , food , ventilation equipment , etc . ) . The infantry casemates often had one or two `` cloches '' or turrets located on top of them . These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes . They were manned by 20 to 30 men . 5 . Petits ouvrages : These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers . The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers , connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities , such as barracks , electric generators , ventilation systems , mess halls , infirmaries and supply caches . Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men . 6 . Gros Ouvrages : These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line , having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery . These were composed of at least six `` forward bunker systems '' or `` combat blocks '' , as well as two entrances , and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems . The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations , independent ventilating systems , barracks and mess halls , kitchens , water storage and distribution systems , hoists , ammunition stores , workshops and stores of spare parts and food . Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men . Blockhouse MOM ( Main d'Oeuvre Militaire ) de Richtolsheim -- Secteur Fortifié de Colmar -- Sous secteur de Hilsenheim 7 . Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area . Their purpose was to locate the enemy and direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery as well as to report on the progress and position of key enemy units . These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers , equipped with armoured turrets containing high - precision optics , connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters ( known in French by the acronym T.S.F. , Télégraphie Sans Fils ) . 8 . Telephone Network : This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line , including bunkers , infantry and artillery fortresses , observation posts and shelters . Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications , providing redundancy in the event of a wire getting cut . There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network . 9 . Infantry Reserve Shelters : These were found from 500 -- 1,000 m ( 1,600 -- 3,300 ft ) behind the principal line of resistance . These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry ( 200 to 250 men ) and had such features as electric generators , ventilation systems , water supplies , kitchens and heating , which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack . They could also be used as a local headquarters and as a base for counter-attacks . Anti-tank rails around casemate 9 of the Hochwald ditch 10 . Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive . 11 . Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress ( ouvrage ) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime . 12 . Supply depots . 13 . Ammunition dumps . 14 . Narrow Gauge Railway System : A network of 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 ⁄ in ) narrow gauge railways was built so as to rearm and resupply the main fortresses ( ouvrages ) from supply depots up to 50 km ( 31 mi ) away . Petrol - engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow - gauge lines . ( A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines back in 1914 -- 1918 . ) 15 . High - voltage Transmission Lines , initially above - ground but then buried , and connected to the civil power grid , provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses . 16 . Heavy rail artillery was hauled in by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery located in the fortresses , which was intentionally limited in range to 10 -- 12 km ( 6 -- 7 mi ) . Inventory ( edit ) Ouvrages ( edit ) There are 142 ouvrages , 352 casemates , 78 shelters , 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line . Armoured cloches ( edit ) There are several kinds of armoured cloches . The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape . All cloches were made in an alloy steel . Cloches are non-retractable turrets . The most widespread are the GFM cloches , where GFM means Guetteur fusil - mitrailleur ( machine - gun sentry ) . They are composed of three to four openings , called crenels or embrasures . These crenels may be equipped as follows : Rifle machine - gun , direct vision block , binoculars block or 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) mortar . Sometimes , the cloche is topped by a periscope . There are 1,118 GFM cloches on the line . Almost every block , casemate and shelter is topped by one or two GFM cloches . The JM cloches ( jumelage de mitrailleuses or `` twin machine - guns '' ) are the same as the GFM cloches except that they have one opening equipped with a pair of machine - guns . There are 174 JM cloches on the line . There are 72 AM cloches ( armes mixtes or `` mixed weapons '' ) on the line , equipped with a pair of machine guns and a 25 mm ( 1.0 in ) anti-tank gun . Some GFM cloches were transformed into AM cloches in 1934 . ( The aforementioned total does not include these modified cloches . ) There are 75 LG cloches ( lance - grenade or `` grenade launcher '' ) on the line . Those cloches are almost completely covered by concrete , with only a small hole to launch grenades through for local defence . There are 20 VP cloches ( vision périscopique or `` periscopic vision '' ) on the line . These cloches could be equipped with several different periscopes . Like the LG cloches , they were almost completely covered by concrete . The VDP cloches ( vision directe et périscopique or `` direct and periscopic vision '' ) are similar to the VP cloches , but have two or three openings to provide a direct view . Consequently , they were not covered by concrete . GFM cloche JM cloche AM cloche LG cloche VP cloche VDP cloche Retractable turrets ( edit ) The line included the following retractable turrets . 21 turrets of 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) model 1933 12 turrets of 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) model 1932 1 turret of 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) model 1905 17 turrets of 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) 21 turrets of 81 mm ( 3.2 in ) 12 turrets for mixed weapons ( AM ) 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) 61 turrets of machine - guns 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) Turret model 1932 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) Turret 81 mm ( 3.2 in ) Turret Machine - gun Turret AM ( Mixed - Weapons ) Turret Artillery ( edit ) Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line . Régiments d ' artillerie de position ( RAP ) consisted of static artillery units . Régiments d ' artillerie mobile de forteresse ( RAMF ) consisted of mobile artillery . Anti-tank guns ( edit ) Canon de 25mm SA Mle1934 SA - L Mle1937 ( Puteaux ) L / 72 Features ( edit ) 81 mm ( 3.2 in ) mortar The specification of the defenses was very high , with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men ; there were 45 main forts ( grands ouvrages ) at intervals of 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) , 97 smaller forts ( petits ouvrages ) and 352 casemates between , with over 100 km ( 62 mi ) of tunnels . Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm . The largest guns were therefore 135 mm ( 5.3 in ) fortress guns ; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines . The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest ( which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander - in - Chief Maurice Gamelin ) or along France 's border with Belgium , because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920 , by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded . However , after France had failed to counter Germany 's remilitarisation of the Rhineland , Belgium -- thinking that France was not a reliable ally -- abrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality . France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco - Belgian border , but not to the standard of the rest of the line . As the water table in this region is high , there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded , which the designers of the line knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome . In 1939 US Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector , where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium . In discussion with General Brousseau the commander of the Metz sector and other officers , the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian - German border required the agreement of Belgium , but putting the line along the French - Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans . Another complication was Holland , and the various governments never resolved their problems . Corridor inside the Fort Saint - Gobain near Modane in the Alps . The Decauville When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939 , they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 -- 1940 accompanied by general improvements all along the line . The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz , Lauter and Alsace , while other areas were in comparison only weakly guarded . In contrast , the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was ; illustrations showed multiple stories of interwoven passages and even underground railyards and cinemas . This reassured Allied civilians . Czechoslovak connection ( edit ) Czechoslovakia was also in fear of Hitler and began building its own defenses . As an ally of France , they were able to get advice on the Maginot design and apply it to Czechoslovak border fortifications . The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts . Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications ( the Belgian Fort Eben - Emael is the best known example ) . German invasion in World war II ( edit ) Battle of France Battle of France Royal Marine Ardennes Sedan Montcornet Saumur Maginot Line Weygand Plan Montcornet Arras Boulogne Calais Dunkirk Wormhoudt Dynamo Abbeville Lille Paula Alps Fall Rot Cycle Ariel Fall Braun Battle of the Netherlands Maastricht The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland The Grebbeberg Afsluitdijk Rotterdam Blitz Battle of Belgium Fort Eben - Emael KW Line Dyle Plan Hannut Gembloux Canal Lys Invasion of Luxembourg Schuster Line Combat block 1 at the fortress Limeiln ( ouvrage Four - à - Chaux , Alsace ) , showing signs of German testing of explosives inside some fortresses between 1942 and 1944 The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 ( Sichelschnitt ) was designed to deal with the line . A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands , as well as through the Ardennes Forest , which lay north of the main French defences . Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . Attacking on 10 May , German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May , when they stopped near Dunkirk . During the advance to the English Channel , the Germans overran France 's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area , whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it . On 19 May , the German 16th Army successfully captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Ferté ( southeast of Sedan ) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery . The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action . On 14 June 1940 , the day Paris fell , the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in `` Operation Tiger '' and attacked the Maginot Line between St. Avold and Saarbrücken . The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward . In the following days , infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration ; successfully capturing four petits ouvrages . The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace . One attack successfully broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains , but a second attack was stopped by the French defenders near Wissembourg . On 15 June , infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation `` Small Bear '' , penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg . By early June the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France and the French government was making overtures for an armistice , which was signed on 22 June in Compiègne . As the line was surrounded , the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear , but were unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications . The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact , a number of commanders were prepared to hold out , and the Italian advance had been successfully contained . Nevertheless , Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications , to be taken to POW camps . When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944 , the line , now held by German defenders , was again largely bypassed ; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944 . During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945 , Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilized by Allied forces , especially in the region of Hatten - Rittershoffen , and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility . Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945 `` a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was . '' Here the Line ran east - west , around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten , south of Wissembourg . After World war II ( edit ) The view from a battery at Ouvrage Schoenenbourg in Alsace . A retractable turret is in the left foreground . After the war the line was re-manned by the French and underwent some modifications . With the rise of the French independent nuclear weapons by 1960 the line became an expensive anachronism . Some of the larger ouvrages were converted to command centres . When France withdrew from NATO 's military component ( in 1966 ) much of the line was abandoned , with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned - off to the public or left to decay . A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars , a mushroom farm and even a disco . Besides that , a few private houses are built atop some of the blockhouses . The view of the village of Lembach in Alsace ( north - east ) , taken from the combat unit number 5 of the fortress ouvrage Four - à - Chaux Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s , but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat . Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service , as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Air Base . In 1968 when scouting locations for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film . Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex , but Cain said that not only would the location be difficult to light and film inside , but that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost . The idea was shelved . Post-war assessment ( edit ) In analyzing the Maginot Line , Ariel Ilan Roth summarized its main purpose : it was not `` as popular myth would later have it , to make France invulnerable '' , rather it was constructed `` to make the appeal of flanking ( the fortifications ) far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on . '' J.E. Kaufmann and H.W. Kaufmann added to this , that prior to construction in October 1927 , the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force thus allowing `` the army time to mobilize . '' In addition , the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battleplan in order to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind . Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line 's roles was to facilitate this strategy by `` free ( ing ) manpower for offensive operations elsewhere ... and to protect the forces of manoeuvre '' ; the latter included a more mechanized and modernized military , which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line . In support , Roth commented that French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium : `` either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win , or , more likely , a front would develop and stabilize '' . The latter meant the next war 's destructive consequences would not take place on French soil . Post-war assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed . Due to its enormous cost , and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France , journalists and political commentators remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile . Historian Clayton Donnell commented `` If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France , most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money ... in reality , the line was not built to be the ultimate savior of France '' . Donnell argued that the primary purpose of `` prevent ( ing ) a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilization of troops ... was fulfilled '' as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium , which ideally would have allowed `` the French to fight on favorable terrain '' . However , he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive . Marc Romanych and Martin Rupp highlight that `` poor decisions and missed opportunities '' plagued the line , and point to its purpose of conserving manpower : `` about 20 per cent of ( France 's ) field divisions remained inactive along the Maginot Line '' , while Belgium was overrun and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk . They argue had these troops been moved north `` it is possible that Heeresgruppe A 's advance could have been blunted , giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganize '' . Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented `` When all is said and done , the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission ... it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilize ... ( and ) concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy . '' The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed . Its construction created a false sense of security , which was widely believed by the French population . Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that this was an unintended consequence of André Maginot 's efforts to `` focus the public 's attention on the work being done , emphasizing the role and nature of the line '' . This resulted in `` the media exaggerat ( ing ) his descriptions , turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier '' . This false sense of security contributed `` to the development of the `` Maginot mentality '' `` . Jackson commented that `` it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France 's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence - minded . Such accusations are unfounded . '' Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat : faulty strategy and doctrine , dispersion of forces , the loss of command and control , poor communications , faulty intelligence that provided exaggerated German numbers , the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes , and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine . More seriously , historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned , the French played into the Germans hand culminating in their defeat . When the French Army failed in Belgium , the Maginot Line covered their retreat . Romanych and Rupp indicate that , with the exception of the loss of several insignificant fortifications due to insufficient defending troops , the actual fortifications and troops `` withstood the test of battle '' , repulsed numerous attacks , and `` withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment . '' Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border , which `` demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications ... when properly employed . '' See also ( edit ) World War II portal Atlantic Wall Czechoslovak border fortifications List of Alpine Line ouvrages ( works ) List of Maginot Line ouvrages ( works ) Metaxas Line Siegfried Line Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions ( CORF ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ There are 58 ouvrages , 311 casemates , 78 shelters , 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North - West and 84 ouvrages , 41 casemates , three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South - West . Citations Jump up ^ Gravett 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Chelminski 1997 , pp. 90 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Roth 2010 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , Introduction . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Romanych & Rupp 2010 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Audoin - Rouzeau & Becker 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Jacobsen 1994 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Keylor 2001 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Keylor 2001 , pp. 121 - 122 . ^ Jump up to : Keylor 2001 , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Keylor 2001 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Young 2005 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Frieser 2005 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Young 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , pp. 35 - 36 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Young 2005 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , pp. 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Allcorn 2003 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Allcorn 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Romanych & Rupp 2010 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2010 , p. ? ? . Jump up ^ Ambrose 2016 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Seramour 2007 , pp. 86 - 97 . Jump up ^ Chelminski 1997 , abstract . Jump up ^ Cain 2005 , p. ? ? . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2003 , pp. 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , pp. 4 , 85 - 86 , 88 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Gavin ( 25 October 2017 ) . `` What 's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done ? '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion - The difficult truths behind ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Donnell 2017 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Donnell 2017 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Romanych & Rupp 2010 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , pp. 153 , 157 , 160 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2003 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Roth 2010 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Romanych & Rupp 2010 , pp. 91 - 92 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2006 , p. 180 . References ( edit ) Books Allcorn , William ( 2003 ) . The Maginot Line 1928 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 646 - 1 . Ambrose , Stephen ( 2016 ) ( 1997 ) . Citizen Soldiers : The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany Jun 7 , 1994 - May 7 , 1945 . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 471 - 15833 - 9 . Cain , Syd ( 2005 ) . Not Forgetting James Bond . Richmond : Reynolds and Hearn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905 - 28703 - 1 . Donnell , Clayton ( 2017 ) . Maginot Line Gun Turrets : And French Gun Turret Development 1880 -- 1940 . New Vanguard . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47282 - 029 - 7 . Frieser , Karl - Heinz ( 2005 ) . The Blitzkrieg Legend . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 294 - 2 . Gravett , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The History of Castles : Fortifications Around the World . Globe Pequot . OCLC 495191912 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Nichols , Kenneth D. ( 1987 ) . The Road to Trinity : A Personal Account of How America 's Nuclear Policies Were Made . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06910 - X . Jackson , Julian ( 2003 ) . The Fall of France : The Nazi Invasion of 1940 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 80550 - 8 . Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Fortress France : The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98345 - 5 . Keylor , William ( 2001 ) . The Twentieth - Century World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Romanych , Marc ; Rupp , Martin ( 2010 ) . Maginot Line 1940 : Battles on the French Frontier . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 03499 - 2 . Roth , Ariel Ilan ( 2010 ) . Leadership in International Relations : The Balance of Power and the Origins of World War II . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10690 - 1 . Smith , Leonard ; Audoin - Rouzeau , Steéphane ; Becker , Annette ( 2003 ) . France and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Young , Robert ( 2005 ) . An Uncertain Idea of France . New York : Peter Lang . Zaloga , Steven ( 2010 ) . Operation Nordwind 1945 : Hitler 's Last Offensive in the West . Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 683 - 5 . Journals Chelminski , Rudolph ( 1997 ) . `` The Maginot Line '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian : 90 -- 100 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Marks , Sally ( September 1978 ) . `` The Myths of Reparations '' . Central European History . Cambridge University Press . 11 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 255 . doi : 10.1017 / s0008938900018707 . JSTOR 4545835 . Seramour , Michaël ( 2007 ) . `` Histoire de la Ligne Maginot de 1945 à nos jours '' . Revue Historique des Armées ( in French ) . Revue Historique des Armées ( 247 Le renseignement ) : 86 -- 97 . Further reading ( edit ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 1 . ( Men and Works of the Maginot Line ) . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2001 . ISBN 2 - 908182 - 88 - 2 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 2 . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2003 . ISBN 2 - 908182 - 97 - 1 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 3 . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2003 . ISBN 2 - 913903 - 88 - 6 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 4 -- La fortification alpine . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 915239 - 46 - 1 . ( in French ) Mary , Jean - Yves ; Hohnadel , Alain ; Sicard , Jacques . Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot , Tome 5 . Paris , Histoire & Collections , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35250 - 127 - 5 . ( in French ) Rowe , V. ( 1959 ) . The Great Wall of France : The Triumph of the Maginot Line ( 1st ed . ) . London : Putnam . OCLC 773604722 . Kaufmann , J.E. , Kaufmann , H.W. , Jancovič - Potočnik , A. and Lang , P . The Maginot Line : History and Guide , Pen and Sword , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 068 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maginot Line . ( in French ) The Maginot Line ( French / English / German / Italian ) ( in French ) Fortress of Schoenenbourg , ( French / English / German / Italian ) The U.S. Army vs. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson Maginot Line today ( in Czech ) Armament of Maginot Line ( Czech only ) Maginot Line Ouvrages Fortified Sector of the Escaut Eth Fortified Sector of Maubeuge Les Sarts Bersillies La Salmagne Boussois Fortified Sector of Montmédy La Ferté Chesnois Thonnelle Vélosnes Fortified Sector of the Crusnes Ferme Chappy Fermont Latiremont Mauvais - Bois Bois - du - Four Bréhain Aumetz Fortified Sector of Thionville Rochonvillers Molvange Immerhof Soetrich Bois - Karre Kobenbusch Oberheid Galgenberg Sentzich Métrich Billig Fortified Sector of Boulay Hackenberg Coucou Mont des Welches Michelsberg Hobling Bousse Anzeling Berenbach Bovenberg Denting Village Coume Coume Annexe Nord Coume Coume Annexe Sud Mottenberg Fortified Sector of Faulquemont Kerfent Bambesch Einseling Laudrefang Ouvrage Téting Fortified Sector of the Sarre Haut - Poirier Fortified Sector of Rohrbach Welschhof Rohrbach Simserhof Schiesseck Otterbiel Fortified Sector of the Vosges Grand - Hohékirkel Lembach Four - à - Chaux Fortified Sector of Haguenau Hochwald Schoenenbourg Petit Maginot Line Alpine Line Corsica Defensive Organization of Corsica GND : 4099996 - 8 NARA : 10044433 VIAF : 244107292 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=853834446 '' Categories : Maginot Line World War II defensive lines Historic defensive lines Tunnel warfare Separation barriers 20th - century fortifications Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from March 2013 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with French - language external links Articles with Czech - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 07 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the virtually unprotected area where german armies avoided the maginot line	[ "The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack, including aerial bombings and tank fire, and had underground railways as a backup; it also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort.[1] Instead of attacking directly, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries, bypassing the Line to the north. French and British officers had anticipated this: when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium, they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes forest. The French believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it was traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattack. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force being evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the forces to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[2]\n" ]	[ "the Ardennes forest" ]
7893321076679052911	Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure	Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure - wikipedia Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Jump to : navigation , search Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Herek Produced by Scott Kroopf Michael S. Murphey Joel Soisson Written by Chris Matheson Ed Solomon Starring Keanu Reeves Alex Winter George Carlin Music by David Newman Cinematography Timothy Suhrstedt Edited by Larry Bock Patrick Rand Production companies Interscope Communications Nelson Entertainment Distributed by Orion Pictures International : De Laurentiis Entertainment Group Release date February 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 17 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $40.5 million Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American science - fiction comedy buddy film in which two slackers travel through time to assemble a menagerie of historical figures for their high school history presentation . The film was written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon and directed by Stephen Herek . It stars Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston , Esquire ; Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan ; and George Carlin as Rufus . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure received generally positive reviews upon release and was commercially successful . It is now considered a cult classic . A sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released two years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Differences from original script 4 Soundtrack 5 Related productions 5.1 Sequels 5.2 Television 5.3 Comics 5.4 Video games 5.5 Theme parks 6 Reception 7 In cultural analysis 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Futuristic City , 2688 , humanity exists as a utopian society due to the inspiration of the music and wisdom of the Two Great Ones : Bill S. Preston , Esq . ( Alex Winter ) and Ted `` Theodore '' Logan ( Keanu Reeves ) . Rufus ( George Carlin ) is tasked by the leaders to travel back to San Dimas , California , in 1988 using a time machine disguised as a telephone booth to ensure that Bill and Ted , who are dimwitted metalhead slacker high school students , get a good grade in their final history oral report and pass the class . Should they fail , Ted 's father , Police Captain John Logan ( Hal Langdon ) , plans to ship Ted to a military academy in Alaska , ending Bill and Ted 's fledgling band , the `` Wyld Stallyns '' , thus altering the future . Bill , meanwhile , has a crush on his father 's new wife Missy ( Amy Stock - Poynton ) who 's just a few years older than Bill himself . Bill and Ted struggle with the report , which asks them to envision how three historical figures would see San Dimas in the present . While they are asking strangers at the local Circle K convenience store for help , Rufus arrives in the time machine . The two are distrustful until the time machine arrives again nearby , out from which step future versions of Bill and Ted . They prove to their younger selves that they are really them and that they should trust Rufus . They privately ask Rufus a question and then depart . The younger versions of Bill and Ted accept Rufus ' offer to take them into the past . Rufus takes them to a battlefield in Austria , 1805 where Napoleon Bonaparte ( Terry Camilleri ) is commanding the French army against Austria . They return to the present , unaware that the time machine has caught Napoleon in its wake and pulled him along . Landing near Ted 's house , Rufus reminds them that they must still reach the school on time to give their report and then departs , returning the time machine to them . The two discover Napoleon after he falls out of a nearby tree , and come up with the idea of kidnapping other historical figures to bring to the present . They leave Napoleon with Ted 's younger brother , Deacon ( Frazier Bain ) , and start traveling through time . The two befriend Billy the Kid ( Dan Shor ) in The Old West , 1879 and Socrates ( Tony Steedman ) in Ancient Greece , 410 BC before stopping in London , 1461 where they become infatuated with Princesses Elizabeth ( Kimberley Kates ) and Joanna ( Diane Franklin ) . The teens anger the princesses ' father , Henry VI of England ( John Karlsen ) , who orders their beheading , but they are rescued by Billy and Socrates . They are forced to leave without the princesses and , in the escape , the telephone booth is damaged . Dialing a random number , they land next in the Utopian future , where Bill and Ted are amazed by the music playing and that the citizens worship them . They leave after a brief stay and , believing they have plenty of time before the report , start collecting more historical figures for extra credit , including Sigmund Freud ( Rod Loomis ) in Vienna , 1901 , Ludwig van Beethoven ( Clifford David ) in Kassel , 1810 , Joan of Arc ( Jane Wiedlin ) in Orléans , 1429 , Genghis Khan ( Al Leong ) in Mongolia , 1209 , and Abraham Lincoln ( Robert V. Barron ) in Washington , D.C. in 1863 . Having run out of room in the phone booth , Bill and Ted finally discover the time machine is damaged . After making ad hoc repairs to the time machine , Bill and Ted try to return to the present but land outside the Circle K , recognizing the situation they previously witnessed . After reassuring their younger selves , they learn from Rufus how to dial the right number to get to their present and that they are running out of time . Once they arrive to the present , Bill 's mother has him , Ted , and the historical figures get their household chores done before taking them to the local mall , where the historical figures are left to experience San Dimas while Bill and Ted look for Napoleon ; Ted finds Deacon had ditched Napoleon earlier out of embarrassment , but they later find him at the water slide park `` Waterloo '' ( the name based on the Napoleon 's famous battle of `` Waterloo '' ) . Meanwhile , the historical figures had caused trouble at the mall and have been arrested by Captain Logan . Upon discovering this , Bill and Ted figure out how they can use the time machine to set up an event at the police station to allow them to free the historical figures without getting caught . After freeing them , Bill 's mother drives them all to the high school and arrive just in time , where they give an impressive presentation with the help of the historical figures that receives a standing ovation . They pass their course and return the historical figures to their proper times . Later , as Bill and Ted are practicing , Rufus arrives , showing he had rescued the princesses from England and introduced them to the modern world , and that they become part of Wyld Stallyns . Elated , Bill and Ted resume their practice with their usual ineptitude , with Rufus breaking the fourth wall and promising , `` They do get better ... '' Cast ( edit ) Main Keanu Reeves as Ted `` Theodore '' Logan Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston Esq . George Carlin as Rufus Historical Figures Terry Camilleri as Napoleon Bonaparte Dan Shor as Billy the Kid Tony Steedman as Socrates Rod Loomis as Sigmund Freud Al Leong as Genghis Khan Jane Wiedlin as Joan of Arc Robert V. Barron as Abraham Lincoln Clifford David as Ludwig van Beethoven Supporting Hal Landon Jr. as Captain Jonathan `` John '' Logan Bernie Casey as Mr. Ryan Amy Stock - Poynton as Missy / Mom Preston J. Patrick McNamara as Mr. Preston Frazier Bain as Deacon Logan John Karlsen as Evil Duke Diane Franklin as Princess Joanna Kimberley LaBelle as Princess Elizabeth The Three Supreme Beings of the Future Clarence Clemons Martha Davis Fee Waybill Production ( edit ) The film was shot in 1987 in the Phoenix , Arizona , metropolitan area , mostly in and around Scottsdale 's Coronado High School . Coronado 's auditorium was torn down during 2005 - 07 renovations , but its unique roof and intricate exterior mosaic , seen in an opening scene when Bill and Ted leave school in a red Mustang , was saved and moved , piece by piece , to the new auditorium . The interior shots of the auditorium were filmed inside the East High School auditorium , which was in Phoenix on 48th Street just north of Van Buren . East High School was demolished in 2002 as part of a redevelopment project . The production also shot a sequence on the Western Street on the back lot of Southwestern Studio in Carefree , Arizona . Odescalchi castle was used as Henry VI 's castle . The scenes at Waterloo are a combination of establishing shots at Raging Waters in San Dimas and shots with the actors at Golfland Sunsplash in Mesa , Arizona . The bowling alley was a Fair Lanes - branded alley at that time but is now the AMF Tempe Village Lanes on Rural Road at US 60 , three miles south of Arizona State University . The mall was Phoenix Metrocenter , between Peoria and Dunlap Avenues at Interstate 17 . It has since been renovated and no longer looks as it did in the film . The Circle K store is at the intersection of Southern and Hardy in Tempe . The film also employs computer - generated imagery for the scenes where Bill & Ted are travelling through the ' Circuits of Time ' , created by the VFX house Perpetual Motion Pictures . The film 's writers , Ed Solomon and Chris Matheson , appear in the film 's ice cream scene . Solomon is credited as the `` stupid '' waiter , and Matheson is credited as the `` ugly '' waiter . They are given similar credits in Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . When Rufus plays his guitar solo , the hands in the close - up are those of Stevie Salas , who composed the film 's guitar music . The film took nearly two years to make . Filming took place from February to May 1987 and it was planned to be released in 1988 . However , the film 's original distributor , De Laurentiis Entertainment Group , went bankrupt . Orion Pictures and Nelson Entertainment bought the rights to the movie in 1988 , and it was released theatrically on February 17 , 1989 . As a partial result of the delay , certain dates in the film originally scripted as `` 1987 '' had to be re-dubbed as `` 1988 '' . The copyright date of this film is 1989 , while 1988 incorrectly appears on the DVD cover ( though some copies still note 1989 as its release date ) and 1987 appears on the back of the Blu - ray release . It was followed in 1991 by a sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . Writing for Wired to mark the 25th anniversary of the film 's release , Angela Watercutter noted : `` There 's a longstanding urban legend that Reeves auditioned for the role of Bill and Winter auditioned for Ted , but that 's not exactly how Winter remembers it . ' The reason that that ended up in lore was because at a certain point Keanu got it in his head that he was playing Bill and I was playing Ted , ' he says . ' To be fair to Reeves , it 's possible that out of the 80 trillion times we had to do the scenes ( in auditions ) the very , very last time we went in he happened to get the Bill sides and I happened to get the Ted sides . ' After Reeves found out he was playing Ted , though , he was Sad Keanu . ' We 're sitting in the office waiting to meet the producers for the first time and I 'm pretty jazzed and he 's miserable , ' Winters says . ' I 'm like , `` Dude , what 's wrong ? We finally got it after all this bullshit , '' you know ? And he 's like , `` Yeah , but I 'm Ted . '' And I was like , `` Yeah , you 're Ted . That 's awesome . '' He was like , `` I thought I was Bill . '' I was like , `` What fucking difference does it make ? For god 's sake , they 're completely interchangeable . If you want you can be Bill and I 'll be Ted , I really do n't care . It 's not going to impact the way I play this guy one iota . ' '' Differences from original script ( edit ) In earlier drafts of the script , Rufus was 28 years old and historical figures Bill and Ted plucked from history included Charlemagne ( whom they referred to as `` Charlie Mangay '' ) , Babe Ruth , and a non-famous medieval person called `` John the Serf '' . John is listed in the credits . In a 1991 interview , co-writer Ed Solomon said the characters of Bill and Ted were originally envisaged as `` 14 - year - old skinny guys , with low - rider bell - bottoms and heavy metal T - shirts '' who were despised by the popular kids at school . Casting Reeves and Winter changed the filmmakers ' images of the characters because `` ... once you cast Alex and Keanu , who look like pretty cool guys , that was hard to believe '' . Originally , the time machine was to be a 1969 Chevrolet van , but the idea was abandoned as being too close in concept to the DeLorean used in the Back to the Future trilogy . Instead , despite the similarities to Doctor Who 's time machine , the TARDIS , the film 's time machine was styled after a 1960s American telephone booth , though a newer model Ford van would be used as the rock concert `` band wagon '' for the sequel . In April 2013 , Winter commented on Carlin 's casting : `` He was a very happy accident . They were going after serious people first . Like Sean Connery . And someone had the idea , way after we started shooting , of George . That whole movie was a happy accident . No one thought it would ever see the light of day . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by various artists Released Genre Hard rock , heavy metal , glam rock , glam metal , pop rock , rock ' n ' roll Length 40 : 32 Label A&M Records The film 's soundtrack was released in 1989 . The tracks are as follows : `` Play with Me '' by Extreme `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' by Vital Signs `` Not So Far Away '' by Glen Burtnik `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' by Tora Tora `` Father Time '' by Shark Island `` I Ca n't Break Away '' by Big Pig `` Dangerous '' by Shark Island `` Walk Away '' by Bricklin `` In Time '' by Robbie Robb feat . Stevie Salas `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' by Power Tool These tracks are ordered for the album differently than they are in the movie . In the movie , the songs show up in the following order : `` I Ca n't Break Away '' , `` Dancing with a Gypsy '' , `` Father Time '' , `` Dangerous '' , `` In Time '' , `` Two Heads Are Better Than One '' , `` The Boys and Girls Are Doing It '' , `` Play with Me '' , `` Walk Away '' , `` Not So Far Away '' and `` Two Heads '' ( reprised over the credits ) . The following songs appeared in the film but were not included in the soundtrack : `` No Right to Do Me Wrong '' by Range War `` Party Up '' by Rori `` Bad Guitar '' by Stevie ' No Wonder ' Salas `` Carlin 's Solo '' by Hands of Flutes `` Game of War '' by Warrant Related Productions ( edit ) Main article : Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) A theatrical sequel , Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , was released in 1991 . A third theatrical film in the Bill & Ted franchise was planned , and a screenplay was written , though it never got past the pre-production phase . Although rumors claimed that the script was adapted into the 1996 film Bio-Dome , Alex Winter has said that it was not . In 2010 , Reeves indicated that Matheson and Solomon were working on a script for a third film , confirming in April 2011 that a draft was complete . Winter said in March 2012 that he and Reeves both liked the finished script , which revisits the two characters after the changes of the past twenty years . The current script does not feature the return of the Grim Reaper from Bogus Journey , but since actor William Sadler has expressed interest , the writers are considering ways to include the character . In August 2012 , Dean Parisot ( director of the sci - fi / comedy film Galaxy Quest ) signed on to direct the film , although MGM , which holds the rights to the Bill & Ted franchise , has yet to give the movie an official greenlight . In an April 2014 article on the original film 's 25th anniversary , Alex Winter reported that work on going ahead with the second sequel was still in progress . Television ( edit ) Two spin - off television series were produced ; both were titled Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was an animated series that first ran on CBS in 1990 , and featured the voices of Winter , Reeves and Carlin returning to their roles in the film . A second season of eight episodes ran on Fox Kids , with the voice cast of Fox 's upcoming live - action series . Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures was a live - action series that ran only seven episodes on Fox in the summer of 1992 . It featured none of the cast from the film apart from Lisa Wilcox . Evan Richards and Christopher Kennedy played Bill and Ted . Comics ( edit ) DC Comics produced a tie - in comic following the plot of the first movie timed to coincide with that film 's release on home video . The sequel was adapted by DC 's competitor Marvel Comics , published to coincide with the second film 's release in theaters . Its popularity led to the ongoing Marvel series Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book by Evan Dorkin , which lasted for 12 issues . There was a weekly 2 / 4 page semi-adaptation of the animated series published for a year by UK 's defunct Look - In Magazine from 1991 to 1992 . Video games ( edit ) There were also Game Boy , NES and Atari Lynx games released , which were very loosely based on the film 's plot . A PC title and nearly identical Amiga and Commodore 64 port were made in 1991 by Off the Wall Productions and IntraCorp , Inc. under contract by Capstone Software and followed the original film very closely . Theme parks ( edit ) The annual Halloween Horror Nights events at Universal Studios Orlando and Hollywood have featured since 1992 ( Orlando ) and 1997 - 1999 / 2007 ( Hollywood ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure , a show satirizing pop culture of the year with Bill & Ted as the protagonists fighting villains who steal their phone booth for their own schemes . The show differs from year to year , with spoofs of various pop culture icons . The main plot involves Bill and Ted being threatened by an evil villain from a popular film of that year , with appearances by a host of villains , heroes , and celebrities . The show usually includes elaborate dance numbers , stunts , and multiple double - entendres for the late night event crowd . In 2013 , the Hollywood version of the show was cancelled in the middle of its run following complaints of homophobic humor . On August 15 , 2017 , Universal announced that 2017 will be the final year of Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure in Orlando . Reception ( edit ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure grossed $40.4 million domestically on a budget of about $10 million . The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , finding the script written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon as `` made only the sketchiest attempts to draw their historical characters . They exist as foils and nothing else , and the gags that are hung on them are far from first - rate '' , and that if director `` Stephen Herek , has any talent for comedy , it 's not visible here . More than anything , the picture looks paltry and undernourished . '' Variety wrote about each historical figure that Bill & Ted meet , stating that `` Each encounter is so brief and utterly cliched that history has little chance to contribute anything to this pic 's two dimensions . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times referred to the film as a `` painfully inept comedy '' and that the `` one dimly interesting thing about Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure is the way the two teen - age heroes communicate in superlatives . We are about to fail most egregiously , says Ted to Bill , or maybe it 's Bill to Ted . They are also fond of odd words , such as bodacious . '' In the Los Angeles Times , Chris Willman was also unimpressed , concluding : `` Make no mistake , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( ... ) is not a satire of mindlessness ; it 's unabashed glorification of dumbness for dumbness ' sake . Bill and Ted are heroic in their ability to reduce some of history 's great minds to their level . However , writing for Radio Times , Alan Jones decided : `` A nonstop giggle from start to finish , this beguiling grab - bag of time - travel clichés , hard - rock music and Valley - speaking cool dudes is a flawless , purpose - built junk movie '' . The film has an 78 % `` Certified fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 45 reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter are just charming , goofy , and silly enough to make this fluffy time - travel Adventure work '' . The successes of the film and the animated series spawned a short - lived breakfast cereal called Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal . The phone booth used in the film was given away in a contest presented by Nintendo Power magazine , to promote Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure . It was won by Kenneth Grayson of Mississippi . In 2010 , the city of San Dimas celebrated 50 years of incorporation . The celebration 's slogan was San Dimas , 1960 -- 2010 -- An Excellent Adventure . Bill and Ted 's Excellent Adventure was selected as number 8 in Rolling Stone 's ' 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time ' in 2013 . Writing in The Guardian on the occasion of the film 's 25th anniversary , Hadley Freeman found : `` Of all the delightfully improbable scenarios depicted in Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure -- from Napoleon Bonaparte causing havoc on a waterslide to Billy the Kid and Socrates ( aka `` So - crayts '' , of course ) picking up chicks in a California mall to George Carlin acting in a film alongside Keanu Reeves and a member of the Go - Go 's -- none would have seemed more unlikely on its release than the idea that one day , with much media fanfare , the public would be celebrating the film 's 25th anniversary . By the time Bill & Ted was released in 1989 , the 80s teen film explosion was starting to taper out . ( ... ) Moreover , there had already been plenty of films about time - travelling teens by the time Bill & Ted rocked up in cinemas , such as Peggy Sue Got Married and Back to the Future . Few who were around then would have bet that a goofy movie about a pair of California metalheads skipping back through time in a phonebox collecting historical characters to bring back to 20th - century California for their history report would still be remembered today . But I am very much among those few `` . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Bill / Ted : `` Excellent ! '' -- Nominated In cultural analysis ( edit ) Writing in British Sunday newspaper The Observer , Tom Holland noted , `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure does not tend to be rated as one of cinema 's profounder treatments of the relationship between present and past . The story of two Californian slackers with a time machine who , for complicated reasons , have to assemble assorted celebrities from history in order to pass a high - school project , it is chiefly remembered for bringing Keanu Reeves to the attention of a mass audience . Classicists , however , will always cherish it as the only film ever to combine the music of Van Halen with Greek philosophy . When Bill and Ted embark on their quest , what should be their first destination if not classical Athens , and who should be the very first ' historical dude ' bundled into their time machine if not a bald - headed man in a sheet whom they persist in calling ' Soh - kraytz ' ? '' Holland continued : `` Even to metalheads , then , the philosophy of ancient Greece serves as something that is both primal and emblematic of civilisation as a whole . Socrates , in particular , the ' lover of wisdom ' who insisted that the most fundamental presumptions of his countrymen should be subjected to experimental investigation , and who ended up being made to drink hemlock for his pains , has always been admired as the very fountainhead of rationalism . Yet when it comes to identifying what he taught and believed , there is a problem , on which Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure , rather unexpectedly , puts its finger . Socrates , transplanted to 1980s California , can only communicate with his abductors by gesturing and gurning -- since Bill and Ted , it goes without saying , speak not a word of ancient Greek . Even the miracle of time travel , it appears , can not serve to alter what is , for any historian , a most awkward fact : that it is impossible to be certain of what Socrates actually said . '' See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 1980s portal Deus ex machina Novikov self - consistency principle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( March 16 , 1989 ) . `` Profiting from youth In search for adult fare , studios overlook a hit '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 1989 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( 17 February 1989 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Adventure , Thy Name Is Not ' Bill & Ted ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 80s Rewind : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure '' . Fast-rewind.com. 1991 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eighties Movie Locations That Really Exist '' . In The 80s . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baamonde , Matt ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` Stevie Salas Interview '' . Modern Guitars Magazine . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Box office / business '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) - Trivia '' . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted at 25 : Dude , Bet You Did n't Know These 7 Gnarly Facts '' . Wired . San Francisco . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Us.imdb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Hadley ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Bill & Ted 's 25th birthday : party on , dudes ! '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ alxwinter ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Hey , Alex Winter here from Bill & Ted and Downloaded and noticed a lot of child stars memes today . That 's what my next documentary 's about . Thought it would be a good day to say hi . Ask me anything ! '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Was Bill & Ted 3 Rewritten Into Bio-Dome ? '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reeve talks new ' Bill and Ted ' adventure '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted 3 ' screenplay actually exists , according to Bill '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Bill & Ted ' Sequel : ' There Probably Will Be Another One ' '' . 2012 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Reaper Could Return for Bill & Ted 3 , Says William Sadler '' . 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 3 Has a Director '' . August 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Steven ( June 28 , 1992 ) . `` Bill and Ted Make It to Prime Time , City Does n't '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - Collectibles - Books , Comics & Trading Cards - Excellent Adventure Comic Book '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Marvel Comics - Issues '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Online Adventure - The Comics - Look In ! - Overview '' . www.billandted.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arthur Levine ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Universal Orlando is Out for Blood '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Teresa Plowright ( October 15 , 2004 ) . `` Halloween Horror at Universal '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Universal Studios Hollywood Pulls ' Anti-Gay ' ' Bill and Ted ' Halloween Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Tuttle , Brittani ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Bill and Ted 's Excellent Halloween Adventure to say farewell to Universal Orlando 's Halloween Horror Nights '' . Attractions Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Bill and Ted s Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Reviews / Film ; Teen - Agers On a Tour Of History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan . `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure : Review '' . Radio Times . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal , Reviewed '' . X-Entertainment. 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Error Macro ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Saturday Scan - Give It Away Now '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of phone booth winner '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2 . 50th Anniversary Celebration '' ( PDF ) . Minutes : City Of San Dimas Council . City of San Dimas . November 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` 10 Best Stoner Movies of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York City . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Tom ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` The Hemlock Cup : Socrates , Athens and the Search for the Good Life by Bettany Hughes -- review '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( animated TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure on IMDb ( TV series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at AllMovie Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure at Rotten Tomatoes Bill & Ted Films Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey Television Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( animated series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( live action series ) Music Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Go to Hell '' `` Tommy the Cat '' The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 Computer games Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Game Boy Adventure : A Bogus Journey ! Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Atari Lynx ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure Related topics Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal Films directed by Stephen Herek Critters ( 1986 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Holy Man ( 1998 ) Rock Star ( 2001 ) Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) Man of the House ( 2005 ) Picture This ( 2008 ) Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) The Chaperone ( 2011 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure&oldid=797288961 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s comedy films 1980s science fiction films American adventure comedy films American films American independent films American buddy films American comedy science fiction films American space adventure films American teen comedy films Bill & Ted ( franchise ) Time travel films Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film Cultural depictions of Billy the Kid Depictions of Genghis Khan on film Depictions of Napoleon on film Cultural depictions of Ludwig van Beethoven Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc Cultural depictions of Socrates Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud Films directed by Stephen Herek Films about Joan of Arc Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Italy Films shot in Los Angeles Interscope Communications films Orion Pictures films StudioCanal films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Screenplays by Ed Solomon Films set in the 1st century BC Films set in the 13th century Films set in the 15th century Films set in 1805 Films set in the 1860s Films set in 1879 Films set in 1901 Films set in 1988 Films set in the 27th century San Dimas , California Film scores by David Newman Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played joan of arc in bill and ted's excellent adventure	[ "The two befriend Billy the Kid (Dan Shor) in The Old West, 1879 and Socrates (Tony Steedman) in Ancient Greece, 410 BC before stopping in London, 1461 where they become infatuated with Princesses Elizabeth (Kimberley Kates) and Joanna (Diane Franklin). The teens anger the princesses' father, Henry VI of England (John Karlsen), who orders their beheading, but they are rescued by Billy and Socrates. They are forced to leave without the princesses and, in the escape, the telephone booth is damaged. Dialing a random number, they land next in the Utopian future, where Bill and Ted are amazed by the music playing and that the citizens worship them. They leave after a brief stay and, believing they have plenty of time before the report, start collecting more historical figures for extra credit, including Sigmund Freud (Rod Loomis) in Vienna, 1901, Ludwig van Beethoven (Clifford David) in Kassel, 1810, Joan of Arc (Jane Wiedlin) in Orléans, 1429, Genghis Khan (Al Leong) in Mongolia, 1209, and Abraham Lincoln (Robert V. Barron) in Washington, D.C. in 1863. Having run out of room in the phone booth, Bill and Ted finally discover the time machine is damaged." ]	[ "Jane Wiedlin" ]
-7641626676238935915	Tsavo lion	Tsavo lion - wikipedia Tsavo lion Jump to : navigation , search Tsavo lion A maneless lion in Tsavo East National Park , Kenya Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Suborder : Feliformia Family : Felidae Genus : Panthera Species : P. leo Subspecies : P. l. melanochaita Trinomial name Panthera leo melanochaita Synonyms formerly Panthera leo massaica This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Tsavo lion ( Panthera leo melanochaita ) is a lion population in the Tsavo East National Park , Kenya . Two Tsavo males have been known as man - eaters after an incident during the building of the Uganda Railway in the late 19th century . Their skulls and skins are part of the zoological collection of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Tsavo lion population 3 Lion - human conflict 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Taxonomy ( edit ) Further information : Lion § Taxonomy and evolution Traditionally , ten lion subspecies were recognised in Africa . In 2017 , the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group assigned the lion populations in Asia and West , Central and North Africa to Panthera leo leo , and the lion populations in Southern and East Africa to Panthera leo melanochaita . Tsavo lions are more closely related to Transvaal lions in South Africa than to East African lions in the Aberdare Range and to Uganda lions . Tsavo lion population ( edit ) Two Tsavo lion males with scanty manes As of 2006 , there were an estimated 675 lions in the Tsavo area , out of the 2,000 total in Kenya . Lions and their prey are officially protected in Tsavo , but they are regularly killed by local people , with over 100 known lion killings between 2001 and 2006 . Males of the Tsavo prides are usually larger than other male lions , and actively participate in hunting . Their prides are unique in that they frequently have only a single male lion , whereas most lion prides have two to eight ( usually related ) males . Tsavo prides also tend to be larger overall , with an average of seven to eight adult females in each group . Tsavo male lions generally do not have a mane , though colouration and thickness may vary . There are several hypotheses as to why this is . One is that mane development is closely tied to climate because its presence significantly reduces heat loss . An alternative explanation is that manelessness is an adaptation to the thorny vegetation of the Tsavo area in which a mane might hinder hunting . Tsavo males may have heightened levels of testosterone , which could explain both the Tsavo lion 's manelessness and its reputation for aggression . The weak or absent mane of Tsavo lions is a feature , which was characteristic also for the extinct lions of ancient Egypt and Nubia . Adult lion males in Egyptian art are usually depicted without a mane , but with a ruff around the neck . The Prudhoe Lions from around 1370 BC Lion - human conflict ( edit ) The Tsavo Man - Eaters on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . Two lions are known as the Tsavo Man - Eaters who attacked workers on the Kenya - Uganda Railway in 1898 . The total number of people killed is unclear , but allegedly 135 people fell victim to these lions in less than a year before Colonel John Patterson killed them . See also ( edit ) The Man - eaters of Tsavo Bwana Devil - 1952 film The Ghost and the Darkness -- 1996 film Central African lion Ethiopian lion Masai lion References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dubach , J. ; Patterson , B.D. ; Briggs , M.B. ; Venzke , K. ; Flamand , J. ; Stander , P. ; Scheepers , L. ; Kays , R.W. ( 2005 ) . `` Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion , Panthera leo '' . Conservation Genetics . 6 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 24 . doi : 10.1007 / s10592 - 004 - 7729 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kerbis Peterhans , J.C. and Gnoske , T.P. ( 2001 ) . `` The Science of ' Man - Eating * ' Among Lions Panthera leo With a Reconstruction of the Natural History of the ' Man - Eaters of Tsavo ' '' . Journal of East African Natural History 90 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 40 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Field Museum uncovers evidence behind man - eating ; revises legend of its infamous man - eating lions '' ( Press release ) . The Field Museum . 2003 . Jump up ^ Wozencraft , W.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Carnivora '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . Jump up ^ Kitchener , A.C. , Breitenmoser - Würsten , C. , Eizirik , E. , Gentry , A. , Werdelin , L. , Wilting , A. and Yamaguchi , N. ( 2017 ) . `` A revised taxonomy of the Felidae : The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group '' ( PDF ) . Cat News . Special Issue 11 : 76 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Frank , L. , Maclennan , S. , Hazzah , L. , Hill , T. , & Bonham , R. ( 2006 ) . Lion Killing in the Amboseli - Tsavo Ecosystem , 2001 - 2006 , and its Implications for Kenya 's Lion Population. PDF Living with Lions , Nairobi , Kenya , 9 . ^ Jump up to : Borzo , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions '' . EurekAlert . Jump up ^ Call the Hair Club for Lions . The Field Museum . Jump up ^ Nagel , D. , Hilsberg , S. , Benesch , A. , & Scholtz , J. ( 2003 ) . Functional morphology and fur patterns in recent and fossil Panthera species . Scripta Geologica 126 : 227 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Patterson , J.H. ( 1907 ) . The man - eaters of Tsavo and other East African adventures . London : Macmillan and Co . Further reading ( edit ) West , Peyton M. ; Packer , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Sexual Selection , Temperature , and the Lion 's Mane '' . Science . 297 ( 5585 ) : 1339 -- 1343 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 12193785 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1073257 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Kays , Roland W. ; Patterson , Bruce D. ( 2002 ) . `` Mane variation in African lions and its social correlates '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 478 . ISSN 0008 - 4301 . doi : 10.1139 / z02 - 024 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Patterson , Bruce D. ( 2004 ) . The Lions of Tsavo : Exploring the Legacy of Africa 's Notorious Man - eaters . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 136333 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Caputo , P. ( 2002 ) . `` Maneless in Tsavo '' . National Geographic : 40 -- 53 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsavo_lion&oldid=802438697 '' Categories : Lions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 04 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where the lions of tsavo male or female	[ "Two Tsavo males have been known as man-eaters after an incident during the building of the Uganda Railway in the late 19th century. Their skulls and skins are part of the zoological collection of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.[2][3]" ]	[ "males" ]
7939341177403706964	Cold Stone Creamery	Cold Stone Creamery - wikipedia Cold Stone Creamery Jump to : navigation , search Cold Stone Creamery Type Wholly owned subsidiary Industry Ice cream parlor Founded Tempe , Arizona ( 1988 ) Founders Donald Sutherland Susan Sutherland Headquarters Scottsdale , Arizona , US Parent Kahala Brands ( 2007 -- present ) Website coldstonecreamery.com A neon sign for the Cold Stone Creamery at Irvine Spectrum in Irvine , California . Cold Stone Creamery at Serendra Plaza in Taguig , Philippines . Cold Stone Creamery in Hudson , Ohio . Cold Stone Creamery in Springboro , Ohio . Cold Stone Creamery is an American ice cream parlor chain . Headquartered in Scottsdale , Arizona , the company is owned and operated by Kahala Brands . The company 's main product is premium ice cream made with approximately 12 -- 14 % butterfat , made on location and customized for patrons at time of order . Cold Stone has also expanded its menu with other ice cream related products , including : ice cream cakes , pies , cookie sandwiches , smoothies , shakes and iced or blended coffee drinks . Since 2008 , the company has been co-branding its locations with other chains in an attempt to not only increase its presence outside of the United States , but transform its business model from seasonal to year - round . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Co-branding 2 Products 2.1 Licensing 3 Entertainment 4 Legal issues 4.1 CNBC documentary and lawsuit 5 Corporate headquarters 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Company was co-founded in 1988 by Donald and Susan Sutherland , who sought ice cream that was neither hard - packed nor soft - serve . Publicity materials describe it as `` smooth and creamy super-premium ice cream . '' Cold Stone Creamery opened its first store that year in Tempe , Arizona . The original Cold Stone Creamery , store # 0001 , is in operation today near the same intersection ( southwest corner of McClintock & Southern ) as the original Tempe location . The store moved from the original location to the current location in the early 1990s . The Company has maintained the same original business model created by Steve Herrell who founded Steve 's Ice Cream . Patrons first select what flavor of ice cream they would like and then choose from a plethora of mix - ins available to be folded into their ice cream . Mix - ins can include , but are not limited to : candies , nuts , brownies and / or syrups . Cold Stone 's derives its name from the frozen granite slab that the team members use to fold your mix - ins into the ice cream . The concept is similar to the Marble Slab Creamery , the inventor of mixing ice cream on a frozen stone slab ( founded in 1983 ) , which was also inspired by Steve Herrell and was operating in the Phoenix metro area in the late 1980s . In 1995 , Cold Stone Creamery opened its first franchise store in Tucson , Arizona . Shortly after , a second location ( first out of state ) was opened in Camarillo , California . Cold Stone Creamery is now the sixth bestselling brand of ice cream in the US and operates stores in Japan , Taiwan , South Korea , Thailand , Brazil , Puerto Rico , Indonesia , Guam , China , Mexico , Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , Saudi Arabia , Kenya , Trinidad and Tobago , Qatar , Nigeria , Kuwait , The Philippines , Singapore , Turkey , Pakistan and Bangladesh . In 2008 , Cold Stone opened its first European franchise in Copenhagen , Denmark . Three more stores were later opened in other parts of the country . In January 2006 , the Company was named the 11th fastest - growing franchise by Entrepreneur magazine . In June 2009 , the Company opened its first locations in Canada , Mississauga and Ontario . As of 2015 there is one location in Toronto and only Canadian location . As of 2012 , three stores had opened in Singapore . In March 2015 , Cold Stone opened its first location in Turkey 's capital Ankara . In 2015 Cold Stone Creamery opened its first location in El Salvador in Multiplaza Mall . As of 2017 , there are two stores in Dhaka in Bangladesh ; at Gulshan and Dhanmondi . In May 2007 , Cold Stone Creamery merged with Kahala Corp to form Kahala - Cold Stone , which collectively owns 13 brands . Doug Ducey , former president and CEO of Cold Stone Creamery , and later Governor of Arizona , was named CEO of the newly established company . Kevin Blackwell , the former CEO of Kahala , became chairman of the board and chief strategist . However , in September 2007 , Ducey announced he was leaving the company . Blackwell was named CEO . In 2013 , the Serruya family purchased a majority interest in Kahala and changed the name to Kahala Brands to better align with the focus of the business . Based in Toronto , Ontario the Serruyas comes with decades of franchising experience . Co-branding ( edit ) The parent company of Cold Stone Creamery , Kahala Brands , announced in February 2009 ( no jobs ) that it had reached an agreement with Canadian coffee shop chain Tim Hortons to open up 100 co-branded stores in the United States after successfully testing two locations in Rhode Island . The strategic alliance will pave the way for Tim Hortons to operate in more US locations while allowing Cold Stone Creamery to expand into Canada . The most notable co-branded store opened in August 2009 when Tim Hortons moved into three Cold Stone Creamery locations in New York City , including its flagship Times Square location . In June 2009 , Cold Stone Creamery started testing the Canadian market by opening seven co-branded locations with Tim Hortons located in Toronto , Oakville , Mississauga , Hamilton , Pickering , Sudbury , and Halifax , Nova Scotia . They had locations in every Canadian province except for Newfoundland and Labrador . The Tim Hortons venture follows on the footsteps of a similar co-branding efforts in 2007 and 2008 , but ended in 2014 . Cold Stone franchisees in New York City began partnering with Soup Kitchen International to sell soup in their stores beginning in late 2007 . In 2008 , the company signed an agreement with the Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory to open seven locations in the Western US . The venture is designed to bring in customers on a year - round basis as opposed to the seasonal draws that each company experiences . The mingling of Cold Stone and Rocky Mountain led to more than 10 % increase in weekly sales in Rocky Mountain stores after co-branding . Products ( edit ) All ice cream creations are offered in four sizes : Kid 's size ( 3 oz ( 85 g ) ) , `` Like It '' ( 5 oz ( 140 g ) ) , `` Love It '' ( 8 oz ( 230 g ) ) , and `` Gotta Have It '' ( 12 oz ( 340 g ) ) . Also offered are milkshakes and smoothies , among them the Cold Stone PB&C ; its large size was designated by Men 's Health Magazine as the most unhealthy drink in the USA for two consecutive years . The drink has 2,010 calories , 131 grams of fat with 68 grams saturated fat , and 153 grams of sugar . All ice cream is made in house using natural ingredients and waffle cones and bowls are baked daily . The ice cream and ingredients are often mixed in together in consumer view . Cold Stone also offers chocolate - dipped waffle bowls . The company also has a line of ice cream cakes and pies . Ice cream cupcakes and ice cream cookie sandwiches are also available , most of which are made on - site . Stores also offer the option of customizing these frozen desserts much like their ice cream creations . Most recently , Cold Stone Creamery has come out with various desserts ranging anywhere from hot brownies to warm churros . Cold Stone Creamery : Scoop It Up , a simulation video game developed by Zoo Publishing , was released for the Nintendo Wii in 2009 . Licensing ( edit ) Cold Stone Creamery sponsored Tony Kanaan 's 2015 # 10 IndyCar Cold Stone has entered into partnerships with other companies to promote brand name products inside its stores . The first major partnership the company entered into was with Kraft Foods for its Jell - O brand in 2009 . Cold Stone introduced a series of flavors of ice cream based on popular Jell - O pudding flavors ; Chocolate , Butterscotch , Banana , and Vanilla . Because the pudding additives cause the ice cream to gel , it was recently noted that these flavors do not melt . Externally , a 2008 licensing agreement with Jelly Belly had a line of jelly beans flavored like some of Cold Stone 's most popular ice cream flavors . Entertainment ( edit ) In the spirit of joviality and to encourage customers to give tips , Cold Stone instructs employees to sing a special song related to the company , usually to the tune of recognizable melodies such as `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' , `` I 've Been Working on the Railroad '' , or `` Bingo '' , when a customer places money in the tip jar . Lyrics include short , catchy phrases such as , `` This is our Cold Stone song , it is not very long . '' Employees of the original store did not sing songs while they worked . Legal issues ( edit ) There have been allegations by independent franchises that Cold Stone 's business practices have put them at a competitive disadvantage . These former franchises claim that the parent company opens locations too close to each other , requires expensive remodeling and overstates potential revenues and income . Other franchises have contended that is not the case and that they are experiencing growth amid financial uncertainties and higher costs associated with fuel and energy prices . In June 2008 , the Wall Street Journal examined the issue . The article stated that a large number of locations , approximately 16 -- 20 % , of Cold Stone Creamery franchises have closed or were put up for sale by their owners , many of whom had suffered significant financial losses due to their investment . The article included claims by franchisees that the company had misrepresented the average revenues of Cold Stone stores and acted in ways that reduced stores ' profit margins . A company spokeswoman said that the number of stores for sale was `` at par with industry expectations '' in light of `` the economically challenging times . '' CNBC documentary and lawsuit ( edit ) In December 2010 lawyers from Cold Stone Creamery threatened a lawsuit over some of the contents of a then - upcoming documentary by CNBC . Behind the Counter : The Untold Story of Franchising reported on the failures and successes of franchising . After several edits the program was broadcast on CNBC on March 21 , 2011 . Brands such as Dunkin ' Donuts and Five Guys were highlighted as successful franchise brands . Cold Stone Creamery 's executives and corporate lawyers were interviewed . The lawsuit was discussed with former franchisees and the litigation threats with CNBC . An apparently successful Cold Stone franchise was also featured . Corporate headquarters ( edit ) While the company was originally headquartered in Tempe , in 1997 the company moved its headquarters to Scottsdale , Arizona . In July 2005 Cold Stone moved into its current headquarters . The two story building has classroom space , a product development laboratory kitchen , and a training store . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruggless , Ron ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Cold Stone , Tim Hortons expand co-branding '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . ( registration required ) ^ Jump up to : Pederson , Jay P. , ed. ( 2005 - 04 - 29 ) . International Directory of Company Histories. 69 . Detroit , Michigan : St. James Press . ISBN 1 - 55862 - 544 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( 2006 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Slabs Are Joining Scoops In Ice Cream Retailing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Jon ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Cold Stone Creamery ® Has Been Helping Date Nights End on a Sweet Note Since 1988 '' . DatingAdvice.com . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cold Stone Creamery Location finder '' . ColdStoneCreamery.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Marble Slab Creamery franchise page '' . franchisesolutions.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Stone Creamery gets the scoop on Thailand '' . Phoenix Business Journal . Bizjournals.com. 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cold Stone in Kenya Jump up ^ `` Kahala and Cold Stone Creamery merge creating new category of franchising company '' ( PDF ) . May 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Randazzo , Ryan ( September 15 , 2007 ) . `` Kahala - Cold Stone CEO leaving job after 12 years '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kahala Cold Stone Names New Chief Executive Officer '' . QSR Magazine . 17 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kahala Brands ' Restaurant Franchising History '' . kahalamgmgt.com . Kahala Brands . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to create new stores '' . Toronto Star . 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to co-brand six stores in Ontario with Cold Stone Creamery '' . Amherst Daily News . Amherst , Nova Scotia : The Canadian Press . 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tim Hortons . `` Cold Stone Creamery Menu '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/tim-hortons-pulling-cold-stone-creamery-ice-cream-from-canadian-stores-1.1695303M Jump up ^ `` SoupMan and Cold Stone Team Up '' . QSR Magazine . 2007 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Stone Creamery , chocolatier to co-brand stores '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . 2008 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory , Inc . Reports 6 % Increase in Second Quarter Earnings '' . The New York Times ( Press release ) . 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cream FAQ '' . ColdStone Creamery . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 20 Worst Drinks in America 2010 , Men 's Health Jump up ^ The Worst Drinks in America 2009 , Men 's Health Jump up ^ `` About Our Cakes '' . Cold Stone Creamery . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Stone Creamery : Scoop It Up '' . Nintendo . Nintendo . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Burton , Susan ( 2009 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Chemistry in a Cone '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kate ( 2008 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Not Just Another Jelly Bean '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cassutt , Melissa ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Cooling Business :3 of 5 local Cold Stone Creamery stores have shut down in just over a year '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs , Colorado . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fink , Jason ( 2008 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Cold Stone Creamery in Trouble ? '' . Hoboken Now . NJ.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Richard ( 2008 - 06 - 12 ) . `` The Inside Scoop '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh ( 2010 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Cold Stone Creamery burning mad at CNBC '' . New York Post . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michelle . `` Cold Stone Creamery scoops out market success '' , Associated Press , The Seattle Times . 9 August 2005 . Retrieved on February 26 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold Stone Creamery . Arizona portal Companies portal Food portal Official website MTY Food Group Kahala ( in USA ) Baja Fresh Blimpie Cold Stone Creamery Great Steak La Salsa Planet Smoothie Ranch One Surf City Squeeze Taco Time Tasti D - Lite Yogen Früz acquired Cultures Koryo Korean BBQ Jugo Juice Mr Souvlaki Ltd Sukiyaki Tandori Indian Cuisine Croissant Plus Muffin Plus Thaizone Vanelli 's La Cremerie Wasabi Grill & Noodle Manchu Wok SushiGo Cafe Depot Country Style Sushi Shop Mr. Sub Groupe Valentine Fabrika Sandwicherie Tutti Frutti Sushiman Madison 's NY Grill Koya Japan Mucho Burrito Van Houtte Au Vieux Duluth TCBY ( Canada only ) launched Thaï Express Tiki - Ming O'burger Vie & Nam FrankxSupreme ChicknChick Kim Chi Tandori Villa Madina Sukiyaki Big Smoke Burger Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Sarku Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Jamba Juice Juice It Up ! Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Teavana Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's Kiwi Yogurt MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Chronic Tacos Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Noodles Fazoli 's Noodles & Company Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Mr. Hero Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Quiznos Rax Runza Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Ice Cream Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's Zantigo Food chains in Taiwan Coffeehouse From USA Starbucks Swensen 's Cold Stone Creamery Dairy Queen Local 85C Bakery Cafe EasyWay Chatime Quickly Fast food restaurants From USA Burger King KFC McDonald 's Pizza Hut Domino 's Pizza Subway Lee 's Sandwiches From Japan Ajisen Ramen Yoshinoya Pepper Lunch Sukiya Ichiran Local TKK Fried Chicken MOS Burger KLG Napoli Pizza Casual dining From USA Chili 's Gordon Biersch Hooters Outback Steakhouse Romano 's Macaroni Grill Ruth 's Chris Steak House T.G.I. Friday 's Local Formosa Chang Sushi Express 3375 Steak my home noble Steak Wowprime Steak Tasty Tokiya ikki giguo 12hotpot chamonix Hot 7 yakiyan pinnada Grazie Tinopizza Donut Mister Donut Krispy Kreme Former chains Boston Market California Pizza Kitchen Hard Rock Cafe Planet Hollywood Wendy 's Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_Stone_Creamery&oldid=799248036 '' Categories : Ice cream parlors Fast - food franchises Fast - food chains of the United States Companies based in Scottsdale , Arizona American companies established in 1988 Restaurants established in 1988 1988 establishments in Arizona Ice cream brands Kahala Brands Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 errors : dates Pages using deprecated image syntax All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Simple English ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does cold stone ice cream come from	[ "The Company was co-founded in 1988 by Donald and Susan Sutherland,[4] who sought ice cream that was neither hard-packed nor soft-serve. Publicity materials describe it as \"smooth and creamy super-premium ice cream.\" Cold Stone Creamery opened its first store that year in Tempe, Arizona.[2] The original Cold Stone Creamery, store #0001, is in operation today near the same intersection (southwest corner of McClintock & Southern) as the original Tempe location.[5] The store moved from the original location to the current location in the early 1990s." ]	[ "Tempe, Arizona" ]
-7507718144585374179	Blue Hawaii	Blue Hawaii - wikipedia Blue Hawaii Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1961 film . For other uses , see Blue Hawaii ( disambiguation ) . Blue Hawaii Theatrical release poster Directed by Norman Taurog Produced by Hal B. Wallis Screenplay by Hal Kanter Story by Allan Weiss Starring Elvis Presley Joan Blackman Angela Lansbury Music by Joseph J. Lilley Cinematography Charles Lang , Jr . Edited by Terry O. Morse Production company Hal Wallis Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date November 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 11 - 22 ) ( USA ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $4.2 million ( US / Canada rentals ) Blue Hawaii is a 1961 American musical romantic comedy film set in the state of Hawaii and starring Elvis Presley . The screenplay by Hal Kanter was nominated by the Writers Guild of America in 1962 in the category of Best Written American Musical . The movie opened at no . 2 in box office receipts for that week and despite mixed reviews from critics , finished as the 10th top - grossing movie of 1961 and 14th for 1962 on the Variety national box office survey , earning $5 million . The film won a fourth place prize Laurel Award in the category of Top Musical of 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Chadwick Gates ( Elvis Presley ) has just gotten out of the Army , and is happy to be back in Hawaii with his surfboard , his beach buddies , and his girlfriend Maile Duval ( Joan Blackman ) . His mother , Sarah Lee ( Angela Lansbury ) , wants him to follow in his father 's footsteps and take over management at the `` Great Southern Hawaiian Fruit Company '' , the family business , but Chad is reluctant , so he goes to work as a tour guide at his girlfriend 's agency . Cast ( edit ) Elvis Presley as Chad ( Chadwick ) Gates Joan Blackman as Maile Duval Angela Lansbury as Sarah Lee Gates Nancy Walters as Abigail Prentice Roland Winters as Fred Gates John Archer as Jack Kelman Howard McNear as Mr. Chapman Steve Brodie as Tucker Garvey Darlene Tompkins as Patsy Simon Iris Adrian as Enid Garvey Hilo Hattie as Waihila Jenny Maxwell as Ellie Corbett Pamela Austin as Selena `` Sandy '' Emerson ( as Pamela Kirk ) Christian Kay as Beverly Martin Lani Kai as Carl Tanami Jose De Vega as Ernie Gordon Frank Atienza as Ito O'Hara Tiki Hanalei as Ping Pong Production ( edit ) Blue Hawaii was the first of three Elvis films to be shot in Hawaii , followed by Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! in 1962 and Paradise , Hawaiian Style in 1965 . Producer Hal B. Wallis was keen to put Presley into a film that showed how the army affected a man . Actress Juliet Prowse , who had starred with Presley in GI Blues , was approached to be his love interest again . However , after her demands were put forward , Paramount decided to drop her as a possible candidate for the role , choosing Joan Blackman instead . Presley was apparently so pale before shooting that Wallis personally recommended a brand of tanning lamp to darken his skin . The film was announced in the fall of 1960 as Hawaii Beach Boy . At the time , film producer Walter Mirisch had a similar titled film in production , `` Hawaii '' , and he was upset that Wallis had chosen such a similar name . Presley arrived in Hawaii on March 18 , 1961 , to prepare for a charity concert that he was performing on March 25 to raise funds for the Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor . He arrived at the recording studio on March 21 to start the recording of the film 's soundtrack . Three weeks later , location filming had finished , including scenes at Waikiki Beach , Diamond Head , Mount Tantalus , and Hanauma Bay , a volcanic crater that is open to the sea , near the bedroom community of Hawaii Kai , a few miles away from Waikiki . Following location filming , the crew returned to the Paramount lot to finish other scenes for the film . Presley would relax during filming by giving karate demonstrations with his friend and employee , Red West , which resulted in Presley 's fingers becoming bruised and swollen . Wallis warned the female stars of the film to avoid parties hosted by Presley because they were turning up for shooting looking tired . Producer Hal Wallis would use the box office returns from Blue Hawaii to finance an upcoming Wallis film , 1964 's Becket , starring Richard Burton and Peter O'Toole . Presley was 26 at the time this film was released , and a not yet 36 - year - old Angela Lansbury played his character 's mother . Lansbury would later comment that her appearance here was one of the worst in her career . Nancy Walters , who was cast as the older school teacher was , in reality , only 18 months older than Presley . Much of the film was shot on location at the Coco Palms Resort on the east coast of Kauai . The resort has been abandoned since Hurricane Iniki in 1992 . Although it is mentioned in the film that Chad 's parents live in Kahala , one of the most expensive and exclusive areas of Honolulu in 1961 , the view from their `` lanai '' ( porch or terrace ) shows Diamond Head as it appears from Waikiki and downtown Honolulu . In actuality , Kahala is located on the other side of Diamond Head from Waikiki . There were several scenes filmed in and around the famous Waikiki Beach , including the opening driving scenes , as well as the office scene across the street from the `` International Market '' . The scenes where Chad 's clients stayed in a hotel and where he picked up his tour group -- as well as the beach he spent time with his girlfriend -- were all filmed on the property that is now known as the Hilton Hawaiian Village on Waikiki Beach . Accolades ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Blue Hawaii '' -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Blue Hawaii ( album ) Presley 's remake of the title song introduced it to an audience too young to remember Bing Crosby 's original hit version . The Blue Hawaii soundtrack album was on the Billboard Pop Albums chart for 79 weeks , where it spent 20 weeks at # 1 . It has been certified by the RIAA for sales of three million copies in the U.S. The Blue Hawaii soundtrack album was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1961 in the category of Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from a Motion Picture or Television . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1961 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lisanti , Tom . Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies : The First Wave , 1959 - 1969 , McFarland , 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Top Grossers '' in Variety , 8 January 1964 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Writers Guild of America , USA ( 1962 ) -- IMDb . Jump up ^ Victor , Adam . The Elvis Encyclopedia . Overlook , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1962 Laurel Awards -- IMDb . ^ Jump up to : Victor , Adam . The Elvis Encyclopaedia ( 2008 ) , p. 44 - 45 . ^ Jump up to : Worth , Fred L. Elvis : His Life from A to Z , Random House , 1992 , p. 245 / 246 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Peter . Careless Love , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Blue Hawaii website . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Albums 1955 - 1996 . External links ( edit ) Blue Hawaii on IMDb Blue Hawaii at the TCM Movie Database Blue Hawaii at AllMovie Blue Hawaii at Rotten Tomatoes Elvis in Hawaii Presley 's movies in Hawaii Review of the movie collection `` Lights ! Camera ! Elvis ! Collection '' ( including Blue Hawaii ) Elvis Presley Albums discography Singles discography Filmography Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Peace in the Valley ( EP ) Elvis ' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Live albums On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Soundtrack albums and EPs Love Me Tender ( EP ) Loving You Jailhouse Rock ( EP ) King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star ( EP ) Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream ( EP ) Kid Galahad ( EP ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas ( EP ) Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me ( EP ) Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go ( EP ) Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That 's the Way It Is Viva Elvis Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You The 50 Greatest Hits Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Bootlegs Elvis ' Greatest Shit Feature films Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise , Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away , Joe Speedway Live a Little , Love a Little Charro ! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows based on Elvis Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis Top 10 singles `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Love Me '' `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' `` One Night '' `` I Got Stung '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' `` Stuck on You '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' `` Surrender '' `` I Feel So Bad '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Good Luck Charm '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` Burning Love '' Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related Graceland Audubon Street House Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Book Portal Films directed by Norman Taurog Lucky Boy ( 1928 ) The Diplomats ( 1929 ) In Holland ( 1929 ) The Medicine Men ( 1929 ) Troopers Three ( 1930 ) Sunny Skies ( 1930 ) Hot Curves ( 1930 ) Follow the Leader ( 1930 ) Finn and Hattie Skippy ( 1931 ) Forbidden Adventure ( 1931 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) Sooky Hold ' Em Jail The Phantom President If I Had a Million ( segments `` Prologue '' and `` Epilogue '' , 1932 ) A Bedtime Story The Way to Love ( 1933 ) We 're Not Dressing ( 1934 ) Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch ( 1934 ) College Rhythm The Big Broadcast of 1936 ( 1936 ) Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) Rhythm on the Range ( 1936 ) Reunion ( 1936 ) Fifty Roads to Town You Ca n't Have Everything The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) Mad About Music ( 1938 ) Boys Town ( 1938 ) The Girl Downstairs Lucky Night Broadway Melody of 1940 ( 1940 ) Young Tom Edison ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly Men of Boys Town Design for Scandal Are Husbands Necessary ? ( 1942 ) A Yank at Eton ( 1942 ) Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( with Busby Berkeley ) ( 1943 ) The Hoodlum Saint The Beginning or the End The Bride Goes Wild Big City ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) That Midnight Kiss ( 1949 ) Please Believe Me The Toast of New Orleans Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone Rich , Young and Pretty ( 1951 ) Room for One More ( 1952 ) Jumping Jacks ( 1952 ) The Stooge ( 1953 ) The Stars Are Singing ( 1953 ) The Caddy ( 1953 ) Living It Up ( 1954 ) You 're Never Too Young ( 1954 ) The Birds and the Bees Pardners ( 1956 ) Bundle of Joy ( 1956 ) The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown ( 1958 ) Onionhead ( 1958 ) Do n't Give Up the Ship ( 1959 ) Visit to a Small Planet ( 1960 ) G.I. Blues ( 1960 ) All Hands on Deck ( 1961 ) Blue Hawaii ( 1961 ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! ( 1962 ) It Happened at the World 's Fair ( 1962 ) Palm Springs Weekend ( 1963 ) Tickle Me ( 1965 ) Sergeant Deadhead ( 1965 ) Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine ( 1965 ) Spinout ( 1966 ) Double Trouble ( 1967 ) Speedway ( 1968 ) Live a Little , Love a Little ( 1968 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Hawaii&oldid=791809107 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 1960s musical comedy films 1960s romantic comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American films American romantic musical films Tiki culture Songs about Hawaii Films directed by Norman Taurog Films set in Hawaii Films shot in Honolulu Paramount Pictures films Films set on beaches Films produced by Hal B. Wallis Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 16 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie blue hawaii with elvis presley filmed	[ "Presley arrived in Hawaii on March 18, 1961, to prepare for a charity concert that he was performing on March 25 to raise funds for the Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor.[8] He arrived at the recording studio on March 21 to start the recording of the film's soundtrack.[8] Three weeks later, location filming had finished, including scenes at Waikiki Beach, Diamond Head, Mount Tantalus, and Hanauma Bay, a volcanic crater that is open to the sea, near the bedroom community of Hawaii Kai, a few miles away from Waikiki.[6][9] Following location filming, the crew returned to the Paramount lot to finish other scenes for the film. Presley would relax during filming by giving karate demonstrations with his friend and employee, Red West, which resulted in Presley's fingers becoming bruised and swollen. Wallis warned the female stars of the film to avoid parties hosted by Presley because they were turning up for shooting looking tired.[6]" ]	[ "1961" ]
-314521737886519594	Bourne (film series)	Bourne ( film series ) - wikipedia Bourne ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Bourne DVD box set of The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) , The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) , The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) , The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) and Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) Directed by Doug Liman ( 1 ) Paul Greengrass ( 2 -- 3 , 5 ) Tony Gilroy ( 4 ) Produced by Doug Liman ( 1 ) Patrick Crowley ( 1 -- 4 ) Richard N. Gladstein ( 1 ) Frank Marshall ( 2 -- 5 ) Paul L. Sandberg ( 2 -- 3 ) Jeffrey M. Weiner ( 4 -- 5 ) Ben Smith ( 4 -- 5 ) Paul Greengrass ( 5 ) Matt Damon ( 5 ) Gregory Goodman ( 5 ) Screenplay by Tony Gilroy ( 1 -- 4 ) William Blake Herron ( 1 ) Scott Z . Burns ( 3 ) George Nolfi ( 3 ) Dan Gilroy ( 4 ) Paul Greengrass ( 5 ) Christopher Rouse ( 5 ) Based on The Bourne Series by Robert Ludlum Starring Matt Damon Joan Allen Julia Stiles Jeremy Renner Music by John Powell James Newton Howard David Buckley Cinematography Oliver Wood Robert Elswit Edited by Saar Klein Richard Pearson Christopher Rouse John Gilroy Production company The Kennedy / Marshall Company Relativity Media Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 14 ) ( Bourne Identity ) July 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 23 ) ( Bourne Supremacy ) August 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) ( Bourne Ultimatum ) August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) ( Bourne Legacy ) July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) ( Jason Bourne ) Running time 600 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $490 million Box office $1,636,988,243 The Bourne films are a series of action spy thriller films based on the character Jason Bourne ( Matt Damon ) , a CIA assassin suffering from extreme memory loss who must figure out who he is , created by author Robert Ludlum . All three of Ludlum 's novels were adapted for the screen , featuring Matt Damon as the title character in each . Doug Liman directed The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) and Paul Greengrass directed The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) , The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) and Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) . Tony Gilroy co-wrote each film except for Jason Bourne and directed The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) . Damon chose not to return for the fourth film , The Bourne Legacy , which introduces a new main character , Aaron Cross ( Jeremy Renner ) , a Department of Defense operative who runs for his life because of Bourne 's actions in Ultimatum . The character of Jason Bourne does not appear in Legacy , but mention of his name and pictures of Damon as Bourne are shown throughout the film . Damon returned for the fifth installment , Jason Bourne . The Bourne series has received generally positive critical reception and grossed over $1.6 billion . It is noted for its use of real stunt work , in contrast to the growing use of computer - generated imagery in action scenes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) 1.2 The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) 1.3 The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) 1.4 The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) 1.5 Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) 1.6 Future 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Crew and other 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance 3.2 Critical and public response 4 Production 5 Music 6 References 7 External links Films ( edit ) The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Bourne Identity ( 2002 film ) A man is found floating in the Mediterranean Sea with two gunshot wounds in his back and a device with the number of a Swiss safe deposit box embedded in his hip . Upon reaching shore , the man assumes the name Jason Bourne after finding a passport under that name in the safe deposit box , along with other alien passports , large amounts of assorted currencies , and a gun . He subsequently attempts to discover his true identity while countering attempts on his life by CIA assassins , eventually realizing that he is one such assassin who failed to complete his most recent mission . Bourne breaks his connections to the CIA and unites with Marie Kreutz ( Franka Potente ) , a woman who helped him learn about his most recent actions prior to his memory loss . Bourne 's conflict with the CIA reaches a climax when he takes the fight to their doorstep . The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Bourne Supremacy ( film ) Some two years after learning that he is a trained assassin and breaking his connections with the CIA , Jason Bourne ( Matt Damon ) is framed for a crime to cover up the true perpetrator . An attempt on his life by Kirill ( Karl Urban ) a Russian cop , results in Marie 's ( Franka Potente ) death in India . Bourne , thinking that the CIA is hunting him again , proceeds to hunt those responsible for her death and his forgotten past . Bourne discovers that Ward Abbott ( Brian Cox ) , one of the men who oversaw the program which trained Bourne to be an assassin ( Operation Treadstone ) , had stolen millions of dollars from the CIA . Abbott had planned to frame Bourne for the theft , followed by assassinating Bourne in India . Bourne exposes Abbott to Pamela Landy ( Joan Allen ) , the CIA officer in charge of finding Bourne . Abbott kills himself . Bourne goes to Moscow where he is identified , resulting in a long car chase through Moscow . At the end of the chase , Kirill dies . Bourne is in Moscow to find the daughter of a Russian couple killed in his first mission . He tells her that it was not a murder suicide , as she had been long told . Bourne then goes back into hiding . The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Bourne Ultimatum ( film ) After six weeks of disconnection from his job , Jason Bourne ( Matt Damon ) learns that a British journalist has been investigating his past and contacts him to find out who his source is . Bourne is subsequently targeted by Operation Blackbriar , an upgraded Operation Treadstone , which also has taken note of the investigation . Believing that Bourne is a threat and is seeking revenge , Blackbriar 's director Noah Vosen ( David Strathairn ) begins a new hunt for Bourne . Bourne manages to take classified documents proving that Blackbriar has targeted U.S. citizens ; he is aided by Pamela Landy , who disagreed with Vosen from the beginning and does not support Blackbriar 's existence , and former Treadstone logistics technician Nicky Parsons ( Julia Stiles ) . She may have had romantic feelings for Bourne before his final mission and resultant amnesia . Bourne finally comes face to face with the person who oversaw his behavior modification as the first Treadstone operative some years earlier , memories of which resurface . Those responsible for Treadstone and Blackbriar are exposed , and Bourne goes underground . The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Bourne Legacy ( film ) Aaron Cross ( Jeremy Renner ) is a member of Operation Outcome , a United States Department of Defense black ops program which enhances the physical and mental abilities of field operatives through pills referred to as `` chems '' . Cross , deployed to Alaska for a training assignment , traverses rugged terrain to reach a cabin operated by an exiled Outcome operative . Meanwhile , Jason Bourne ( Matt Damon ) has exposed the Blackbriar and Treadstone programs in public , leading the FBI and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to investigate those involved . Retired Air Force Colonel Eric Byer ( Edward Norton ) , who is responsible for overseeing the Beta program from which the CIA 's Treadstone and Blackbriar were developed , decides to end Outcome and kill its agents . Cross manages to survive several attempts on his life and seeks a way to get more chems , as his have run out . Cross eventually comes upon Dr. Marta Shearing ( Rachel Weisz ) , his last link to gain more chems . He discovers she has no pills but that his physical enhancements have `` viraled - out '' and are now genetically permanent , so he no longer needs physical chems . He , in turn , reveals to her that without the help of the mental chem enhancements , he possesses a well - below average IQ . To avoid this mental regression , and the operatives hunting them , the two travel to a factory in Manila and with Shearing 's help , Cross initiates and survives the potentially fatal process of viraling - out of his dependency on the remaining mental - enhancing pills . They evade the Manila police and an operative from the new LARX program , and successfully escape from the Philippines on a junk ship . Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jason Bourne ( film ) Nicky Parsons ( Julia Stiles ) , whom Bourne sent into hiding in The Bourne Ultimatum , gains access to sensitive CIA files . She contacts Bourne to share information about his past , including how he was recruited for Operation Treadstone and his father 's role in that operation . Bourne learns that his father , Richard Webb ( Gregg Henry ) , designed Operation Treadstone and was assassinated by the CIA because he did not want his son to enter the program and become a killer . CIA director Robert Dewey ( Tommy Lee Jones ) hunts down Parsons and Bourne using a foreign asset ( Vincent Cassel ) and the technical skills of CIA Cyber Ops Division head Heather Lee ( Alicia Vikander ) , while Bourne plans to avenge his father 's death . Bourne first tries to make the man who recruited him into the CIA confirm his understanding of his father 's death . He then plans to avenge himself against Dewey . Meanwhile Lee wants to bring Bourne back into the CIA 's special operations and Dewey allows her to believe she has his support even though he plans to eliminate Bourne . There is a subplot involving Operation Iron Hand , a surveillance program that will have secret access to a giant social media service called Deep Dream . In the past the CIA and Deep Dream have had a contract to work together , but Aaron Kalloor ( Riz Ahmed ) , its founder and CEO , wants to end this cooperation . When Dewey refuses to allow any such change , Kalloor plans to reveal his relationship with the CIA and its plans to violate the privacy expectations of Deep Dream 's millions of users . Dewey plans to assassinate Kalloor before his planned revelations . Future ( edit ) Producer Frank Marshall said Universal Pictures is hoping to plan a sequel to Jason Bourne , making it the sixth Bourne film . He also stated that a sequel to The Bourne Legacy featuring Renner 's Cross is unlikely although he did n't explicitly rule it out . However , in March 2017 , Matt Damon cast doubt upon a sequel , hinting that people `` might be done '' with the character . Cast and characters ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film or that the character 's presence in the film has yet to be announced . A indicates a voice - only role . An indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio . Character Film The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) Jason Bourne David Webb Matt Damon Matt Damon Matt Damon Marie Helena Kreutz Franka Potente Franka Potente Nicolette `` Nicky '' Parsons Julia Stiles Julia Stiles Ward Abbott Brian Cox Brian Cox Daniel `` Danny '' Zorn Gabriel Mann Alexander Conklin Chris Cooper Chris Cooper The Professor Clive Owen Clive Owen Nykwanna Wombosi Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Pamela Landy Joan Allen Tom Cronin Tom Gallop Kirill Karl Urban Jarda Marton Csokas Noah Vosen David Strathairn Ezra Kramer Scott Glenn Dr. Albert Hirsch Albert Finney Albert Finney Ray Wills Corey Johnson Simon Ross Paddy Considine Paddy Considine Paz Edgar Ramirez Edgar Ramirez Martin Kreutz Daniel Brühl Desh Bouksani Joey Ansah Joey Ansah Kiley Scott Adkins Aaron Cross Kenneth J. Kitsom Outcome # 5 Jeremy Renner Dr. Marta Shearing Rachel Weisz Eric Byer Edward Norton Mark Turso Stacy Keach Outcome # 3 Oscar Isaac LARX 3 Louis Ozawa Changchien Zev Vendel Corey Stoll Robert Dewey Tommy Lee Jones Heather Lee Alicia Vikander Asset Vincent Cassel Aaron Kalloor Riz Ahmed Craig Jeffers Ato Essandoh Richard Webb Gregg Henry Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) Director Doug Liman Paul Greengrass Tony Gilroy Paul Greengrass Producers Doug Liman , Patrick Crowley , Richard N. Gladstein Frank Marshall , Patrick Crowley , Paul L. Sandberg Frank Marshall , Patrick Crowley , Jeffrey M. Weiner , Ben Smith Frank Marshall , Jeffrey M. Weiner , Ben Smith , Matt Damon , Paul Greengrass , Gregory Goodman Editor ( s ) Saar Klein Christopher Rouse Rick Pearson Christopher Rouse John Gilroy Christopher Rouse Director of photography Oliver Wood Robert Elswit Barry Ackroyd Composer ( s ) John Powell James Newton Howard John Powell , David Buckley Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Tony Gilroy William Blake Herron Based on : The Bourne Identity by Robert Ludlum Screenplay by : Tony Gilroy Based on : The Bourne Supremacy by Robert Ludlum Screenplay by : Tony Gilroy Scott Z . Burns George Nolfi Based on : The Bourne Ultimatum by Robert Ludlum Screenplay by : Tony Gilroy & Dan Gilroy Story by : Tony Gilroy Based on : The Bourne Legacy by Eric Van Lustbader Screenplay by : Paul Greengrass Christopher Rouse Based on : Bourne series by Robert Ludlum Distributor Universal Pictures Release date June 14 , 2002 July 23 , 2004 August 3 , 2007 August 10 , 2012 July 29 , 2016 Running time 118 mins . 108 mins . 116 mins . 135 mins . 123 mins . MPAA rating Reception ( edit ) The Bourne series has received both critical and commercial success . Ultimatum won three Academy Awards : Best Film Editing , Sound and Best Sound Editing . Both Supremacy and Ultimatum won the Empire Award for Best Film . Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget ( million ) Ref ( s ) Opening weekend North America North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Bourne Identity June 14 , 2002 $27,118,640 $121,661,683 $92,372,541 $214,034,224 # 455 # 587 $60 million The Bourne Supremacy July 23 , 2004 $52,521,865 $176,241,941 $112,258,276 $288,500,217 # 227 # 396 $75 million The Bourne Ultimatum August 3 , 2007 $69,283,690 $227,471,070 $215,353,068 $442,824,138 # 126 # 195 $110 million The Bourne Legacy August 10 , 2012 $38,142,825 $113,203,870 $162,940,880 $276,144,750 # 514 # 414 $125 million Jason Bourne July 29 , 2016 $59,215,365 $162,434,410 $253,050,504 $415,484,914 # 267 # 222 $120 million Total $ 7008801012974000000 ♠ 801,012,974 $ 7008835975269000000 ♠ 835,975,269 $ 7009163698824300000 ♠ 1,636,988,243 $490 million Average $157,587,160 $159,284,953 $323,872,113 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Ref ( s ) The Bourne Identity 83 % ( 186 reviews ) 68 ( 38 reviews ) A − The Bourne Supremacy 81 % ( 191 reviews ) 73 ( 39 reviews ) A − The Bourne Ultimatum 93 % ( 258 reviews ) 85 ( 38 reviews ) The Bourne Legacy 56 % ( 219 reviews ) 61 ( 42 reviews ) Jason Bourne 56 % ( 262 reviews ) 58 ( 50 reviews ) A − Production ( edit ) Director Doug Liman stated that he had been a fan of The Bourne Identity by Robert Ludlum since he read it in high school . Near the end of production of Liman 's previous film Swingers , Liman decided to develop a film adaptation of the novel . After more than two years of securing rights to the book from Warner Brothers and a further year of screenplay development with screenwriter Tony Gilroy , the film went through two years of production . Liman approached a wide range of actors for the role of Bourne , including Russell Crowe and Sylvester Stallone , before he eventually cast Matt Damon . Liman found that Damon understood and appreciated that , though The Bourne Identity would have its share of action , the focus was primarily on character and plot . Production was difficult , with screenplay rewrites occurring throughout the entire filming and Liman constantly arguing with Universal 's executives . The Bourne Identity was released in June 2002 . Universal confirmed at a media conference in Los Angeles , California , that they have plans to release more Bourne films , despite Legacy being given mixed reviews by critics . In a December 2012 interview , Matt Damon revealed that he and Paul Greengrass are interested in returning for the next film . On November 8 , 2013 , Deadline reported that the fifth installment in the franchise will feature Renner 's Cross , with Justin Lin directing . Andrew Baldwin was attached for the film 's screenplay writing . On September 15 , 2014 , it was announced that Damon and Greengrass will indeed return for the next Bourne film , taking the release date , with Renner returning as Cross in a separate film , at a later date . In November 2014 , Damon confirmed that he and Greengrass will return with a script from themselves and film editor Christopher Rouse . On May 23 , 2015 , Deadline reported that Alicia Vikander is in talks to star with Damon in the fifth film . In June 2015 , Variety reported that Stiles will reprise her role as Nicky Parsons and Viggo Mortensen is in talks to appear in the film as an assassin who 's tracking down Bourne . Deadline reported that Vikander is confirmed to appear in the film . On July 28 , 2015 , Tommy Lee Jones was cast in a role in the fifth film . On September 1 , 2015 , Variety reported that French actor Vincent Cassel is cast as the film 's villain . Producer Frank Marshall confirmed principal photography for the new film had commenced on September 8 , 2015 . The film itself was released in the U.S. on July 29 , 2016 . The films have been noted for their `` well placed '' , `` understated '' and `` tastefully done '' product placement of a `` diverse '' range of brands , which in the case of the third film , earned the producers tens of millions of dollars . The Bourne Identity features brands such as The Guardian newspaper , BT Tower in London and Tag Heuer watches . The Bourne Supremacy features mobile phones made by Sony Ericsson . The Bourne Ultimatum features a total of 54 brands including The Guardian and BT for the second time ; mobile phones made by Motorola , Nokia and Carphone Warehouse , most prominently the RAZR 2 and SLVR , as Motorola was a major sponsor and had a movie tie - in customized phone ; cars made by BMW , Ford , Mercedes , and Volkswagen , most prominently the Volkswagen Touareg 2 , as Volkswagen provided $25 million in funding ; and technology products such as CTX computer monitors , Norton AntiVirus and the Google web search engine . Music ( edit ) The scores of the first three films of the series were written by English composer John Powell , with James Newton Howard scoring the fourth film , The Bourne Legacy . Powell returned , with David Buckley to compose the score of the fifth film . Powell was not the original choice as composer for The Bourne Identity -- a score for the film had already been composed by Carter Burwell and recorded by an orchestra , when director Doug Liman contacted Powell to provide an alternative soundtrack as he was dissatisfied with the music . Partly for budgetary reasons , Powell scaled down the orchestral score to a mostly electronic soundtrack with strings overlaid to give it a `` cinematic feel '' . The song `` Extreme Ways '' by musician Moby is used as the end title theme of all five films . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE BOURNE IDENTITY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 24 , 2002 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE BOURNE SUPREMACY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 21 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE BOURNE ULTIMATUM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE BOURNE LEGACY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Bruce ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Jason Bourne Takes His Case to MoMA '' . New York Sun . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` The intricate birth of ' The Bourne Legacy ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Angie Han ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Sequel Likely to Happen , ' Bourne Legacy ' Sequel Less Likely to Happen '' . / Film . Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon hints maybe people are done with Jason Bourne '' . March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards Winners '' . MSN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2005 '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2008 '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Box Office Mojo , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bourne Showdown '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bourne Franchise '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Identity '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Identity '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Supremacy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Supremacy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Ultimatum '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Ultimatum '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Legacy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Bourne Legacy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bourne '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Bourne Identity DVD Commentary Featuring Doug Liman ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Denise . `` Interview with Doug Liman '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ King , Tom . `` Bourne to be Wild '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bourne Legacy sequel confirmed '' . BBC News . September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon : Door is still open for some more ' Bourne ' '' . MSN . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Helmer Justin Lin To Direct Next ' Bourne ' Installment '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Damon and Paul Greengrass Returning for Bourne 5 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( November 8 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Damon Confirms New ' Bourne ' for 2016 '' . ScreenRant . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Untitled BOURNE Sequel Set for July 29 , 2016 ; Paul Greengrass , Matt Damon , and Christopher Rouse to Write the Script '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Jaafar , Ali ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hot Cannes ' Circle ' Package Imperiled As Alicia Vikander In Talks To Star In ' Assassin 's Creed ' , New ' Bourne ' Film '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Julia Stiles to Reteam With Matt Damon in Next ' Bourne Identity ' Film '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Alicia Vikander Confirmed For Bourne Sequel Opposite Matt Damon '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bourne ' : Tommy Lee Jones Joins Matt Damon in Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bourne ' : Vincent Cassel to Play Villain Opposite Matt Damon ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Frank Marshall ( @ LeDoctor ) ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` First day of principal photography complete and happy to report , BOURNE is back ! # Bourne2016 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Next ' Bourne ' Movie Delayed Until 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Lisa ( 13 -- 19 August 2009 ) . `` Licensed to sell '' . Business Review Weekly . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Neff , John ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` The Bourne Ultimatum : Product placement done right '' . Autoblog.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Ewan ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Bourne Ultimatum 's baddies have Nokia N93i handsets '' . MobileIndustryReview.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mangan , John ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` Treasure chest of promotion '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hannaford , Katherine ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` 13 tech - related product placements in The Bourne Ultimatum '' . techdigest.tv . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( August 3 , 2007 ) . `` See Sickness '' . New York . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Tim ( 1 June 2014 ) . `` John Powell interview : ' I sold myself to the Devil , just a bit ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Bourne Movies at the Box Office at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Jason Bourne Novels By Robert Ludlum The Bourne Identity ( 1980 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 1986 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 1990 ) By Eric Van Lustbader The Bourne Legacy ( 2004 ) The Bourne Betrayal ( 2007 ) The Bourne Sanction ( 2008 ) The Bourne Deception ( 2009 ) The Bourne Objective ( 2010 ) The Bourne Dominion ( 2011 ) The Bourne Imperative ( 2012 ) The Bourne Retribution ( 2013 ) The Bourne Ascendancy ( 2014 ) The Bourne Enigma ( 2016 ) Films The Bourne Identity ( 1988 ) The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) soundtrack The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) soundtrack The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Robert Ludlum 's The Bourne Conspiracy `` Extreme Ways '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourne_(film_series)&oldid=802568393 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films Film series introduced in 2002 Action films by series Action thriller films Spy films by series Film series Bourne films American spy films American films Central Intelligence Agency in fiction Techno - thriller films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa मराठी 日本語 Português Română Русский ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 00 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last jason bourne movie made	[ "All three of Ludlum's novels were adapted for the screen, featuring Matt Damon as the title character in each. Doug Liman directed The Bourne Identity (2002) and Paul Greengrass directed The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) and Jason Bourne (2016). Tony Gilroy co-wrote each film except for Jason Bourne and directed The Bourne Legacy (2012)." ]	[ "2012" ]
-5921285408345314145	NBA Championship ring	NBA Championship ring - Wikipedia NBA Championship ring Jump to : navigation , search The NBA Championship ring is an annual award given by the National Basketball Association to the team that wins the NBA Finals . Rings are presented to the team 's players , coaches , and members of the executive front office . Red Auerbach has the most rings overall with 16 . Phil Jackson has the most as coach and Bill Russell has the most as a player ( 11 each ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Players and coaches with most championships 4 Other commemorative items 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) NBA Championship rings have been handed out since the first NBA Finals in 1947 . In the modern era , the rings are handed to the defending champions during the team 's first home game each season . Design ( edit ) NBA Championship rings are silver or gold and include the following features : Team name and symbol Year the team won the championship Player name Players and coaches with most championships ( edit ) List of NBA players with most championships List of NBA championship head coaches Other commemorative items ( edit ) In three NBA Finals , John Havlicek chose two wrist watches and a liqueur tray set as commemorative items . See also ( edit ) Basketball portal Championship ring Super Bowl ring World Series ring List of NBA champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson , lord of the rings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Title rings : status symbol , career validation - USATODAY.com Jump up ^ HEAT , Jostens Team Up To Create 2012 NBA Championship Ring & Merchandise THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE MIAMI HEAT Jump up ^ With 13 titles , Phil Jackson is lord of the rings - ESPN Los Angeles Jump up ^ WANNA SEE EVERY NBA CHAMPIONSHIP RING ? GOOD , HERE THEY ARE . < - NBA.com All Ball Blog with Lang Whitaker Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Heat get their 2013 championship rings NBA.com Jump up ^ LeBron James , Heat receive rings , 219 diamonds and all Jump up ^ May , Peter ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Havlicek does n't have eight rings '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) NBA.com : List of champions ( hide ) NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This sports award or trophy - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Championship_ring&oldid=780144425 '' Categories : Rings National Basketball Association awards National Basketball Association Finals Basketball stubs Sports award stubs United States sport stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2017 , at 08 : 01 . About Wikipedia	how do you win a ring in nba	[ "The NBA Championship ring is an annual award given by the National Basketball Association to the team that wins the NBA Finals.[1][2] Rings are presented to the team's players, coaches, and members of the executive front office.[3] Red Auerbach has the most rings overall with 16. Phil Jackson has the most as coach and Bill Russell has the most as a player (11 each)[4]" ]	[ "NBA Finals" ]
-9116732526951618438	I Left My Heart in San Francisco	I Left My Heart in San Francisco - wikipedia I Left My Heart in San Francisco Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see I Left My Heart in San Francisco ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Once Upon a Time '' Single by Tony Bennett A-side `` Once Upon a Time '' B - side `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' Released February 2 , 1962 Format 7 - inch single Recorded January 23 , 1962 Genre Traditional pop Length 2 : 52 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) George Cory , Douglass Cross Producer ( s ) Ernie Altschuler Tony Bennett singles chronology `` Till '' ( 1961 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1962 ) `` I Wanna Be Around '' ( 1962 ) `` Till '' ( 1961 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' ( 1962 ) `` I Wanna Be Around '' ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart In San Francisco '' Tony Bennett 's `` I Left My Heart In San Francisco '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' is a popular song , written in the fall of 1953 in Brooklyn , New York , with music by George Cory and lyrics by Douglass Cross ( 1920 -- 1975 ) and best known as the signature song of Tony Bennett . In 1962 , the song was released as a single by Bennett on Columbia Records as the b - side to `` Once Upon a Time , '' peaked at # 19 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and was also included on the album of the same name . It also reached number seven on the Easy Listening chart . The song is one of the official anthems for the city of San Francisco . In 2018 , it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and legacy 3 Notes 4 External links Background ( edit ) The music was written by Cory , with lyrics by Cross , about two amateur writers nostalgic for San Francisco after moving to New York . Although the song was originally written for Claramae Turner , who often used it as an encore , she never got around to recording it . The song found its way to Tony Bennett through Ralph Sharon , Bennett 's longtime accompanist and friends with the composers . Sharon brought the music along when he and Bennett were on tour and on their way to San Francisco 's Fairmont Hotel . A little - known fact about the song is that , prior to Tony Bennett hearing it , the song was pitched to Tennessee Ernie Ford , whom Claramae Turner suggested Cross take it to . Ford turned the song down , but in an ironic turn of events , later purchased a ranch in Lake County , California , owned by Cross 's family . In December 1961 , in the famous `` Venetian Room '' at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco , Tony Bennett first sang `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' . In the audience that night were San Francisco mayor George Christopher and future mayor Joseph L. Alioto . From the 1960s through the 1980s , at San Francisco 's premier supper club the `` Venetian Room , '' Bennett sang the city song . Recording and legacy ( edit ) Bennett first recorded the song at CBS Studios on 30th Street on January 23 , 1962 ; CBS released it as the b - side of `` Once Upon A Time . '' The A-side received no attention , and DJs began flipping the record over and playing `` San Francisco . '' It became a hit on the pop singles chart in 1962 and spent close to a year on various other charts , achieving gold record status . It then won the top prize of Grammy Award for Record of the Year , as well as for Best Male Solo Vocal Performance . In 2001 it was ranked 23rd on an RIAA / NEA list of the most historically significant Songs of the 20th Century . It has often been performed in public by Bennett in concert as well as on special occasions . A statue of Tony Bennett was unveiled outside the Fairmont Hotel on 19 August 2016 , in honor of his 90th birthday , the hotel performance , and the song 's history with San Francisco . Bennett has said of the song , That song helped make me a world citizen . It allowed me to live , work and sing in any city on the globe . It changed my whole life . The Songwriters Hall of Fame gave Bennett the `` Towering Performance Award '' for his vocal rendition of the song . A version by rhythm and blues singer Bobby Womack peaked at # 48 on the Billboard R&B singles chart in 1969 . Also in 1969 , the song was adopted by the City and County of San Francisco as one of its two official anthems , the other being the title song from the 1936 film San Francisco ( 1936 film ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Reaches 500 '' . Library of Congress . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Steve ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` I left my heart in San Francisco : Touring the vibrant city that inspired a song '' . Daily Mail ( Mail Online ) . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fairmont Hotel Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of Tony Bennett 's First Performance of `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` . 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Mamorstein . The Label : The Story of Columbia Records . New York `` : Thunder 's Mouth Press , 2007 . p. 375 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Award and Induction Ceremony Induction Ceremonies '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) I Left My Heart In San Francisco Songfacts Interview with Ralph Sharon Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Tony Bennett Studio albums Because of You Cloud 7 Alone at Last with Tony Bennett Tony The Beat of My Heart Long Ago and Far Away Strike Up the Band Hometown , My Town To My Wonderful One Tony Sings for Two Alone Together Sings a String of Harold Arlen My Heart Sings I Left My Heart in San Francisco I Wanna Be Around ... This Is All I Ask The Many Moods of Tony When Lights Are Low Who Can I Turn To If I Ruled the World : Songs for the Jet Set The Movie Song Album Tony Makes It Happen For Once in My Life Snowfall : The Tony Bennett Christmas Album I 've Gotta Be Me Tony Sings the Great Hits of Today ! Tony Bennett 's `` Something '' Love Story Summer of ' 42 With Love The Good Things in Life The Tony Bennett / Bill Evans Album Life Is Beautiful Together Again The Art of Excellence Bennett / Berlin Astoria : Portrait of the Artist Perfectly Frank Steppin ' Out Here 's to the Ladies Tony Bennett on Holiday Tony Bennett : The Playground Bennett Sings Ellington : Hot & Cool Playin ' with My Friends : Bennett Sings the Blues A Wonderful World The Art of Romance Duets : An American Classic A Swingin ' Christmas ( Featuring The Count Basie Big Band ) Duets II Viva Duets Cheek to Cheek The Silver Lining : The Songs of Jerome Kern Live albums Tony Bennett at Carnegie Hall MTV Unplugged Compilation albums Mr. Broadway : Tony 's Greatest Broadway Hits A Time for Love The Essential Tony Bennett Singles `` Because of You '' `` Rags to Riches '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Just in Time '' `` Living Together , Growing Together '' `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Anything Goes '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' Related Discography The Zen of Bennett Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Cheek to Cheek Tour Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 : The Best Is Yet to Come Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Left_My_Heart_in_San_Francisco&oldid=836851864 '' Categories : 1954 songs 1962 singles Tony Bennett songs Andy Williams songs Jan and Dean songs Frank Sinatra songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance , Male Songs about San Francisco Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band songs United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 06 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i lost my heart in san francisco	[ "\"I Left My Heart in San Francisco\" is a popular song, written in the fall of 1953 in Brooklyn, New York, with music by George Cory and lyrics by Douglass Cross (1920–1975) and best known as the signature song of Tony Bennett." ]	[ "Tony Bennett" ]
7456424009407144339	Super Bowl LII	Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First Quarter 4.2 Second Quarter 4.3 Third Quarter 4.4 Fourth Quarter 4.5 Game statistics 4.6 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense came together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one - game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards , 32 touchdowns and just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change that helped make up for the loss of Edelman was the acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first - round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola was the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game , in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pre-game notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys ) . Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities , while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 that included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . NBC employed 73 cameras within the stadium , and introduced `` volumetric - AR '' graphics featuring 3D body scanning of players . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . As NBC Sports Regional Networks operates regional sports networks in the markets of both teams which participated , the NBC Sports Boston and NBC Sports Philadelphia channels were used to provide additional coverage of the game from a local perspective . Both networks aired coverage from Minneapolis , including pre-game specials focusing on their respective team , followed by a joint broadcast immediately prior to the game . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . As they began five days after the Super Bowl , NBC offered advertising packages that covered both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics ( which marked the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network had aired both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) ; the network estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company reduced the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Rights holder ( s ) Australia The event aired live on the Seven Network and 7mate Brazil The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . France beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . Germany ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . Philippines The 5 Network broadcast the event in the Philippines . United Kingdom As per recent years , Super Bowl LII aired live on BBC One for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . U.S. military bases American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons . Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony . World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked off to the Eagles , who opened the game with a 14 - play , 67 - yard drive that took 7 : 05 off the clock and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who completed 6 of 9 passes to five different receivers for 61 yards , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi mixed in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later found Torrey Smith for a 15 - yard completion on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady completed 6 of 8 passes for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard strike to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , which tied the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point attempt from Elliott was missed wide right , which made the score 9 -- 3 in favor of the Eagles . The Patriots responded by advancing the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line on their next drive , which was set up by a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . Second quarter ( edit ) With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game with a concussion . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed and brought the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown , when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch , and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run . Gostkowski missed the ensuing extra point , but the score was now 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later , on third down - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Clement then ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line on the next play . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Third quarter ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 -- 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he threw a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail as time expired . The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 , ending what was the third - longest championship drought in the NFL at 57 years . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles ( NFC ) 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots ( AFC ) 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most points scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most total yards , team ( game ) 613 Most passing yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 or more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD pass and TD reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most total yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most passing yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most missed PAT attempts , both teams ( game ) Fewest punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest times sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest fumbles lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most missed PAT attempts , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most pass attempts with no interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most field goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most first downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most pass attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most touchdown passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest times sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest punt returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest punt return yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Carlsonsports/status/960264692575895557 Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl coin toss salute for Medal of Honor recipients '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWII Medal recipient does Super Bowl LII coin toss '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Felt , Hunter ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . 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NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is considered the home team for super bowl 52	[ "The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII, because the AFC team is the designated home team in even-numbered years and the NFC team in odd-numbered years. As the designated home team, the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants, becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back-to-back Super Bowls, following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII.[citation needed] The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants.[42] Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys. The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV (who, coincidentally, had also worn green jerseys).[43]" ]	[ "The Patriots" ]
2575918887552724184	Vertebra	Vertebra - wikipedia Vertebra Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Vertebra ( disambiguation ) . Vertebra A typical vertebra , superior view A section of the human vertebral column , showing multiple vertebrae in a left posterolateral view . Details Identifiers Latin Vertebratus TA A02. 2.01. 001 FMA 9914 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In the vertebrate spinal column , each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage , the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate . The basic configuration of a vertebra varies ; the large part is the body , and the central part is the centrum . The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to the intervertebral discs . The posterior part of a vertebra forms a vertebral arch , in eleven parts , consisting of two pedicles , two laminae , and seven processes . The laminae give attachment to the ligamenta flava ( ligaments of the spine ) . There are vertebral notches formed from the shape of the pedicles , which form the intervertebral foramina when the vertebrae articulate . These foramina are the entry and exit conducts for the spinal nerves . The body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch form the vertebral foramen , the larger , central opening that accommodates the spinal canal , which encloses and protects the spinal cord . Vertebrae articulate with each other to give strength and flexibility to the spinal column , and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement . Structurally , vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species , with the greatest difference seen between an aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals . As such , vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the vertebral column . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Regional variation 1.1. 1 Cervical vertebrae 1.1. 2 Thoracic vertebrae 1.1. 3 Lumbar vertebrae 1.1. 4 Sacrum 1.1. 5 Coccyx 1.2 Development 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Other animals 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Each vertebra is an irregular bone . The size of the vertebrae varies according to placement in the vertebral column , spinal loading , posture and pathology . Along the length of the spine the vertebrae change to accommodate different needs related to stress and mobility . Side view of vertebrae Anatomy of a vertebra Every vertebra has a body , which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the centrum and a posterior vertebral arch , also called a neural arch . The body is composed of cancellous bone , which is the spongy type of osseous tissue , whose micro-anatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones . This cancellous bone is in turn , covered by a thin coating of cortical bone ( or compact bone ) , the hard and dense type of osseous tissue . The vertebral arch and processes have thicker coverings of cortical bone . The upper and lower surfaces of the body of the vertebra are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs . These surfaces are the vertebral endplates which are in direct contact with the intervertebral discs and form the joint . The endplates are formed from a thickened layer of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body , the top layer being more dense . The endplates function to contain the adjacent discs , to evenly spread the applied loads , and to provide anchorage for the collagen fibers of the disc . They also act as a semi-permeable interface for the exchange of water and solutes . The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae . Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch . The pedicles are short thick processes that extend , one from each side , posteriorly , from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum , on its upper surface . From each pedicle a broad plate , a lamina , projects backwards and medialwards to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen , which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen . The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava . These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the second cervical vertebra . Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called vertebral notches ( superior and inferior ) . When the vertebrae articulate the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the intervertebral foramina . The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra , together with associated blood vessels . The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body . There are seven processes projecting from the vertebra ; a spinous process , two transverse processes , and four articular processes . A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process ( sometimes called the neural spine ) which projects centrally . In humans this process points backward and downward from the junction of the laminae , but in those animals without an erect stance they are directed upwards . The spinous process serves to attach muscles and ligaments . The two transverse processes , one on each side of the vertebral body project from either side at the point where the lamina joins the pedicle , between the superior and inferior articular processes . They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments , in particular the intertransverse ligaments . There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the tubercle of the rib . A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib . There are superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side of the vertebra , which serve to restrict the range of movement possible . These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the pars interarticularis . The transverse process of a lumbar vertebra is also sometimes called the costal or costiform process because it corresponds to a rudimentary rib ( costa ) which , as opposed to the thorax , is not developed in the lumbar region . Regional variation ( edit ) Vertebrae take their names from the regions of the vertebral column that they occupy . There are thirty - three vertebrae in the human vertebral column -- seven cervical vertebrae , twelve thoracic vertebrae , five lumbar vertebrae , five fused sacral vertebrae forming the sacrum and three to five coccygeal vertebrae , forming the coccyx . The regional vertebrae increase in size as they progress downwards but become smaller in the coccyx . Cervical vertebrae ( edit ) Main article : Cervical vertebrae A typical cervical vertebra There are seven cervical vertebrae ( but eight cervical spinal nerves ) , designated C1 through C7 . These bones are , in general , small and delicate . Their spinous processes are short ( with the exception of C2 and C7 , which have palpable spinous processes ) . C1 is also called the atlas , and C2 is also called the axis . The structure of these vertebrae is the reason why the neck and head have a large range of motion . The atlanto - occipital joint allows the skull to move up and down , while the atlanto - axial joint allows the upper neck to twist left and right . The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disc of the spinal column . Cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina to allow for the vertebral arteries to pass through on their way to the foramen magnum to end in the circle of Willis . These are the smallest , lightest vertebrae and the vertebral foramina are triangular in shape . The spinous processes are short and often bifurcated ( the spinous process of C7 , however , is not bifurcated , and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical spinous processes ) . The atlas differs from the other vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process . It has instead a ring - like form , having an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses . At the outside centre points of both arches there is a tubercle ; an anterior tubercle and a posterior tubercle for the attachment of muscles . The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the longus colli muscle . The posterior tubercle is a rudimentary spinous process and gives attachment to the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle . The spinous process is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the skull . On the under surface is a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis . Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen ( also known as foramen transversarium ) . This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus . On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas , the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process . The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the carotid tubercle because it separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery . There is a hook - shaped uncinate process on the side edges of the top surface of the bodies of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae , and also of the first thoracic vertebra . Together with the vertebral disc , this uncinate process prevents a vertebra from sliding backwards off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion ( side - bending ) . Luschka 's joints involve the vertebral uncinate processes . The spinous process on C7 is distinctively long and gives the name vertebra prominens to this vertebra . Also a cervical rib can develop from C7 as an anatomical variation . The term cervicothoracic is often used to refer to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae together , and sometimes also their surrounding areas . Thoracic vertebrae ( edit ) Main article : Thoracic vertebrae A typical thoracic vertebra The twelve thoracic vertebrae and their transverse processes have surfaces that articulate with the ribs . Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae , but their connection with the rib cage prevents much flexion or other movement . They may also be known as ' dorsal vertebrae ' , in the human context . The vertebral bodies are roughly heart - shaped and are about as wide anterio - posterioly as they are in the transverse dimension . Vertebral foramina are roughly circular in shape . The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook - shaped uncinate process , just like the cervical vertebrae . The term thoracolumbar is sometimes used to refer to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae together , and sometimes also their surrounding areas . The thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs and so have articular facets specific to them ; these are the superior , transverse and inferior costal facets . As the vertebrae progress down the spine they increase in size to match up with the adjoining lumbar section . Lumbar vertebrae ( edit ) Main article : Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebra showing mammillary processes A typical lumbar vertebra The five lumbar vertebrae are the largest of the vertebrae and are very robust in construction , as they need to support more weight than the other vertebrae . They allow significant flexion , extension and moderate lateral flexion ( side - bending ) . The discs between these vertebrae create a natural lumbar lordosis ( a spinal curvature that is concave posteriorly ) . This is due to the difference in thickness between the front and back parts of the intervertebral discs . The lumbar vertebrae are located between the ribcage and the pelvis and are the largest of the vertebrae . The pedicles are strong as are the laminae and the spinous process is thick and broad . The vertebral foramen is large and triangular . The transverse processes are long and narrow and three tubercles can be seen on them . These are a lateral cosiform process , a mammillary process and an accessory process . The superior , or upper tubercle is the mammillary process which connects with the superior articular process . The multifidus muscle attaches to the mammillary process and this muscle extends through the length of the vertebral column , giving support . The inferior , or lower tubercle is the accessory process and this is found at the back part of the base of the transverse process . The term lumbosacral is often used to refer to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae together , and sometimes includes their surrounding areas . Sacrum ( edit ) Main article : Sacrum Sacrum There are five sacral vertebrae ( S1 - S5 ) which are fused in maturity , into one large bone , the sacrum , with no intervertebral discs . The sacrum with the ilium forms a sacroiliac joint on each side of the pelvis , which articulates with the hips . Coccyx ( edit ) Main article : Coccyx The last three to five coccygeal vertebrae ( but usually four ) ( Co1 - Co5 ) make up the tailbone or coccyx . There are no intervertebral discs . Development ( edit ) Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes . The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the occipital bone . From their initial location within the somite , the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord . These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side of the paraxial mesoderm . The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body . From this vertebral body , sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord , forming the vertebral arch . Other cells move distally to the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae to form the ribs . Function ( edit ) Functions of vertebrae include : Support . The vertebrae function in the skeletomuscular system by forming the vertebral column to support the body . Protection . Vertebrae contain a vertebral foramen for the passage of the spinal canal and its enclosed spinal cord and covering meninges . They also afford sturdy protection for the spinal cord . The upper and lower surfaces of the centrum are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs . Movement . The vertebrae also provide the openings , the intervertebral foramina which allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves . Similarly to the surfaces of the centrum , the upper and lower surfaces of the fronts of the laminae are flattened and rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava . Working together in the vertebral column their sections provide controlled movement and flexibility . Feeding the Intervertebral discs , through the reflex ( hyaline ligament ) plate that separates the cancellous bone of the vertebral body from each disk . The spinal cord nested in the vertebral column . Vertebral joint Costovertebral joint A facet joint between the superior and inferior articular processes ( labeled at top and bottom ) . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are a number of congenital vertebral anomalies , mostly involving variations in the shape or number of vertebrae , and many of which are unproblematic . Others though can cause compression of the spinal cord . Wedge - shaped vertebrae , called hemivertebrae can cause an angle to form in the spine which can result in the spinal curvature diseases of kyphosis , scoliosis and lordosis . Severe cases can cause spinal cord compression . Block vertebrae where some vertebrae have become fused can cause problems . Spina bifida can result from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arch . Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch . In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae ( L5 ) , but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae , as well as in the thoracic vertebrae . Spinal disc herniation , more commonly called a slipped disc , is the result of a tear in the outer ring ( anulus fibrosus ) of the intervertebral disc , which lets some of the soft gel - like material , the nucleus pulposus , bulge out in a hernia . This may be treated by a minimally - invasive endoscopic procedure called Tessys method . A laminectomy is a surgical operation to remove the laminae in order to access the spinal canal . The removal of just part of a lamina is called a laminotomy . A pinched nerve caused by pressure from a disc , vertebra or scar tissue might be remedied by a foraminotomy to broaden the intervertebral foramina and relieve pressure . It can also be caused by a foramina stenosis , a narrowing of the nerve opening , as a result of arthritis . Another condition is spondylolisthesis when one vertebra slips forward onto another . The reverse of this condition is retrolisthesis where one vertebra slips backwards onto another . The vertebral pedicle is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty , kyphoplasty , and spinal fusion procedures . The arcuate foramen is a common anatomical variation more frequently seen in females . It is a bony bridge found on the first cervical vertebra , the atlas where it covers the groove for the vertebral artery . Degenerative disc disease is a condition usually associated with ageing in which one or more discs degenerate . This can often be a painfree condition but can also be very painful . Other animals ( edit ) Regions of vertebrae in the goat In other animals the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal -- in animals with tails the separate vertebrae are usually called the caudal vertebrae . Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates , the vertebrae between them show the most variation , though basic features are shared . The spinous processes which are backward extending are directed upwards in animals without an erect stance . These processes can be very large in the larger animals as they attach to the muscles and ligaments of the body . In the elephant the vertebrae are connected by tight joints , which limit the backbone 's flexibility . Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals , such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus , where they form a sailback or finback . Vertebrae with saddle - shaped articular surfaces on their bodies , are called `` heterocoelous '' , which allows vertebrae to flex both vertically and horizontally , while preventing twisting motions . Such vertebrae are found in the necks of birds and some turtles . In many species , though not in mammals , the cervical vertebrae bear ribs . In many groups , such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs , the cervical ribs are large ; in birds , they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae . The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes . In the whale the cervical vertebrae are typically fused , an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming . All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae , whatever the length of the neck . This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe , the camel , and the blue whale , for example . Birds usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13 - 25 vertebrae . In all mammals the thoracic vertebrae are connected to ribs and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets . Each vertebra has a facet on each side of the vertebral body which articulates with the head of a rib . There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the tubercle of a rib . The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species . Most marsupials have thirteen , but koalas only have eleven . The norm is twelve to fifteen in mammals , ( twelve in the human ) , though there are from eighteen to twenty in the horse , tapir , rhinoceros and elephant . In certain sloths there is an extreme number of twenty - five and at the other end only nine in the cetacean . There are fewer lumbar vertebrae in the Pan genus species of chimpanzees and gorillas , which have three in contrast to the five in the Homo . This reduction in number gives an inability of the lumbar spine to lordose but gives an anatomy that favours vertical climbing , and hanging ability more suited to feeding locations in high - canopied regions . The bonobo differs by having four lumbar vertebrae . Caudal vertebrae are the bones that make up the tails of vertebrates . They range in number from a few to fifty , depending on the length of the animal 's tail . In humans and other tailless primates , they are called the coccygeal vertebrae , number from three to five and are fused into the coccyx . Additional images ( edit ) Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae Costovertebral joints seen from the front Lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae seen from the side Cervical vertebrae seen from the back See also ( edit ) Limbus vertebra Functional spinal unit Pott disease Scheuermann 's disease References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Science and Technology Jump up ^ `` Chapter 39 : The vertebral column '' . www.dartmouth.edu . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gdyczynski , C.M. ; Manbachi , A. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images '' . Journal of Physiological Measurements. 35 ( 12 ) : 2415 -- 2428 . doi : 10.1088 / 0967 - 3334 / 35 / 12 / 2415 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Muller - Gerbl , M ; et al. ( Mar 2008 ) . `` The distribution of mineral density in the cervical vertebral endplates '' . Eur Spine J. 17 ( 17 ( 3 ) ) : 432 -- 438 . PMC 2270387 . PMID 18193299 . doi : 10.1007 / s00586 - 008 - 0601 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Tim . `` Lumbar Vertebrae '' . InnerBody . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( 2008 ) Gray 's Anatomy p. 746 Thoracic vertebrae Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , pp 42 - 43 Jump up ^ Latin costa refers to either a `` rib '' or `` side '' of the body . ( Diab ( 1999 ) , p 76 ) ^ Jump up to : Tweedie , A . The library of medicine p. 31 Jump up ^ Heinz Feneis , Wolfgang Dauber ( 2000 ) Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy : Based on the International Nomenclature p. 2 Jump up ^ Postacchini , Franco ( 1999 ) Lumbar Disc Herniation p. 19 Jump up ^ Drake et al , Gray 's Anatomy for Students , Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier ( 2010 ) , 2nd edition , chapter 2 ^ Jump up to : Walker , Warren F. , Jr. ( 1987 ) Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrate San Francisco : Saunders College Publishing . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cakmak , O ; et al. ( Sep 2005 ) . `` Arcuate foramen its clinical significance '' . Saudi Med J. 26 ( 26 ( 9 ) ) : 1409 -- 13 . PMID 16155658 . Jump up ^ Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 2002 ) . Vertebrates : comparative anatomy , function , evolution . McGraw - Hill . pp. 288 -- 289 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290956 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Beluga Whale '' . Yellowmagpie.com. 2012 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` About Whales '' . Whalesalive.org.au. 2009 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dierauf , Leslie ; Gulland , Frances M.D. ( June 27 , 2001 ) . `` CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine : Health , Disease , and Rehabilitation , Second Edition '' . books.google.com . CRC Press . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Libbie ( 1922 ) . Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Characteristics of the Koala '' . Australian Koala Foundation . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyman ( 1922 ) , p. 124 Jump up ^ Lovejoy , C.O and McCullum , M.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality : why no hominids ever relied on a bent - hip - bent - knee gait '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences . 365 ( 1556 ) : 3289 -- 99 . PMC 2981964 . PMID 20855303 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2010.0112 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 2002 ) . Vertebrates : comparative anatomy , function , evolution . McGraw - Hill . pp. 287 -- 288 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290956 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Libbie ( 1922 ) . Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 125 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vertebra . Atlas image : back_bone13 at the University of Michigan Health System - Axis & Atlas Articulated , Posterior View Anatomy image : skel / atlas2 at Human Anatomy Lecture ( Biology 129 ) , Pennsylvania State University Anatomy photo : 26 : os - 0110 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy figure : 02 : 01 - 10 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy figure : 18 : 02 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center Atlas image : back_bone28 at the University of Michigan Health System Anatomy figure : 02 : 02 - 08 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center The shapes of the articulating ends of vertebrae - University of the Cumberlands Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid Bones of torso Vertebrae General structure Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal Cervical vertebrae Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens Thoracic vertebrae Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra Lumbar vertebrae Processes accessory mammillary Sacrum Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus Coccyx Coccygeal cornu Thorax Rib cage Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head Sternum Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Thoracic inlet Thoracic outlet Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle Spinal disease ( M40 -- M54 , 720 -- 724 , 737 ) Deforming Spinal curvature Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Other Scheuermann 's disease Torticollis Spondylopathy inflammatory Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sacroiliitis Discitis Spondylodiscitis Pott disease non inflammatory Spondylosis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Retrolisthesis Spinal stenosis Facet syndrome Back pain Neck pain Upper back pain Low back pain Coccydynia Sciatica Radiculopathy Intervertebral disc disorder Schmorl 's nodes Degenerative disc disease Spinal disc herniation Facet joint arthrosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebra&oldid=800095369 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Irregular bones Skeletal system Vertebrate anatomy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Walon Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what runs through the center of the vertebral column	[ "The basic configuration of a vertebra varies; the large part is the body, and the central part is the centrum. The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to the intervertebral discs. The posterior part of a vertebra forms a vertebral arch, in eleven parts, consisting of two pedicles, two laminae, and seven processes. The laminae give attachment to the ligamenta flava (ligaments of the spine). There are vertebral notches formed from the shape of the pedicles, which form the intervertebral foramina when the vertebrae articulate. These foramina are the entry and exit conducts for the spinal nerves. The body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch form the vertebral foramen, the larger, central opening that accommodates the spinal canal, which encloses and protects the spinal cord." ]	[ "spinal cord" ]
845256957166027961	Army–Navy Game	Army -- Navy game - wikipedia Army -- Navy game Jump to : navigation , search `` Army Navy '' redirects here . For the band , see Army Navy ( band ) . For the annual match in British rugby , see Army Navy Match . For the M * A * S * H episode , see The Army - Navy Game ( M * A * S * H ) . For the college soccer rivalry between the same programs , see Army -- Navy Cup . Army -- Navy Game Army Black Knights Navy Midshipmen Sport College football First meeting November 29 , 1890 Latest meeting December 9 , 2017 Next meeting December 8 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 118 All - time record Navy leads 60 -- 51 -- 7 Longest win streak Navy , 14 ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Current win streak Army , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) The Army -- Navy Game is an American college rivalry game in college football between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy ( USMA ) at West Point , New York , and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) at Annapolis , Maryland . The Black Knights ( alternatively , the `` Cadets '' ) and Midshipmen each represent their service 's oldest officer commissioning sources . As such , the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces . The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season 's Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA ) near Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Army -- Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football . It has been frequently attended by sitting U.S. presidents . The game has been nationally televised each year since 1945 on either ABC , CBS or NBC . CBS has televised the game since 1996 and has the rights to the broadcast through 2028 . Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army -- Navy game . Since 2009 , the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend . The game has been held in multiple locations , but outside the 1926 game in Chicago and 1983 game in Pasadena , California , it has been played in the Northeast megalopolis , most frequently in Philadelphia , followed by the New York City area and the Baltimore -- Washington area . The series has been marked by several periods of domination by one team or the other , with Navy 's 14 - game winning streak from 2002 through 2015 being the longest for either side . Through the 2017 meeting , Navy leads the series 60 -- 51 -- 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 2 Venues 2.1 Future venues 2.2 Total games by venue and geography 3 Game results 4 Notable games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Series history ( edit ) Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29 , 1890 . They played 30 times between that date and November 26 , 1927 . The series has been renewed annually since 1930 . The game has been held at several locations throughout its history , including Baltimore and New York City , but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia , roughly equidistant from the two academies . Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving ( a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons ) , the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular - season game played in Division I FBS football . With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006 , several conference championship games joined the Army -- Navy Game on its then - current date of the first weekend of December . In 2009 , the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday ; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football . 1908 Army -- Navy college football game at Franklin Field This game has inter-service `` bragging rights '' at stake . For much of the first half of the 20th century , both Army and Navy were often national powers , and the game occasionally had national championship implications . However , as the level of play in college football improved nationally , and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the high academic entrance requirements , height and weight limits , and the five - year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies . Since 1963 , only the 1996 , 2010 , 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records . Nonetheless , the game is considered a college football institution . It has aired nationally on radio since 1930 , and has been nationally televised every year since 1945 . The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day . A game ball from the 1974 Army -- Navy Game , with the game 's final score ( Navy 19 , Army 0 ) adhered on with a label . Arguably , one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game . Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and , by the time this ends , many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again . Nevertheless , some participants in the Army -- Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers . Quarterback Roger Staubach ( Navy , 1965 ) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI . Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey ( Navy , 1979 ) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI . Running back Napoleon McCallum ( Navy , 1985 ) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then - Los Angeles Raiders in 1986 . After satisfying his Navy commitment , he joined the Raiders full - time . 2002 Army -- Navy Game at Giants Stadium . Navy is in dark and Army is in white . The game is especially emotional for the seniors , called `` first classmen '' by both academies , since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play ( though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game ) . During wartime the game is even more emotional , as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate . Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day . At the end of the game , both teams ' almae matres are played and sung . The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy 's students ; then the losing team accompanies the winning team , facing their students . This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity . Since the winning team 's alma mater is always played last , the phrase `` to sing second '' has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game . The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point , while friendly , is intense . The cadets live and breathe the phrase `` Beat Navy ! '' while for midshipmen the opposite phrase , `` Beat Army ! '' is ingrained . They have become a symbol of competitiveness , not just in the Army -- Navy Game , but in the service of their country , and are often used at the close of ( informal ) letters by graduates of both academies . A long - standing tradition at the Army - Navy football game is to conduct a formal `` prisoner exchange '' as part of the pre-game activities . The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy . After the exchange , students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades . In 2011 , the 112th Army -- Navy Game saw Navy 's 10th consecutive win . The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , awarded to each season 's winner of the triangular series between Army , Navy , and Air Force since 1972 . In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army -- Navy Game ( 1972 , 1977 , 1978 , 1996 , 2005 , 2012 and 2017 ) the Army - Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy . In years when Air Force has split its two games , the Army - Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game . The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army -- Navy rivalry , primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA , established in 1954 , and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools . The Army -- Air Force and Navy -- Air Force games are usually played at the academies ' regular home fields , although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field . Navy won 14 Army - Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015 , the longest winning streak in the history of the series . On December 10 , 2016 , Army snapped its 14 - game losing streak against Navy with a 21 -- 17 victory . Venues ( edit ) Though the game has been played 118 times , only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy . Neither team has ever played at an on - campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game , as well as the media and dignitaries . Army 's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people , while Navy 's Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000 . The game 's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899 , it was played at a neutral site , the Franklin Field in Philadelphia . Except for the 1942 and 1943 games , which were played on - campus due to World War II travel restrictions , it has been played at a neutral site every year since . Pennsylvania Railroad trains lined up at a temporary station outside the Municipal Stadium after the 1955 game . Traditionally , the game is played in Philadelphia , due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis . Additionally , Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds . Philadelphia 's John F. Kennedy Stadium ( JFK ) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 ( except for three years in World War II ) -- more than any other venue in the history of the series . It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium , which finally became the game 's host in 1980 . The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game - day service to all Army -- Navy games ( except several during World War II ) at John F. Kennedy Stadium , using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad 's nearby Greenwich freight yard . The service , with 40 - odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees , was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country . Franklin Field , on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania , hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK . New York 's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia . The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well , even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis . 1926 game at Chicago 's Soldier Field The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army -- Navy game ; it did so in 1983 . The city of Pasadena , California , paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies -- 9,437 in all . A substitute , however , for Bill XXII -- the Navy mascot -- and four rented Army mules were brought in . The attendance was 81,000 . The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women , along with many retired military personnel , on the West Coast . The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue , at Chicago 's Soldier Field , which played host to the 1926 game . In October 1984 , the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a `` Golden Fleece Award '' from United States Senator William Proxmire , a Democrat from Wisconsin . Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia , the home of the Philadelphia Eagles . Since the 1980s , the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia . In addition to the Rose Bowl , these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey ( replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium , which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021 ) , M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover , Maryland . These are still considered neutral - site games , but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other . Future venues ( edit ) All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey will host the 2021 game . The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022 . Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded . Total games by venue and geography ( edit ) Venue Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game John F. Kennedy Stadium ( Philadelphia ) 41 16 22 1936 1979 Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935 Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1980 2001 Lincoln Financial Field 11 10 0 2003 2017 Polo Grounds 9 5 1913 1927 Giants Stadium 0 1989 2002 M&T Bank Stadium 0 2000 2016 The Plain 0 0 1890 1892 Worden Field 0 1891 1893 Municipal Stadium ( Baltimore ) 0 0 1924 1944 Yankee Stadium 0 0 1930 1931 Osborne Field 0 0 1905 1905 Soldier Field 0 0 1926 1926 Thompson Stadium 0 0 1942 1942 Michie Stadium 0 0 1943 1943 Rose Bowl 0 0 FedExField 0 0 2011 2011 City Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York City 11 7 1913 1931 Baltimore 6 0 1924 2016 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 1989 2002 West Point , New York 0 0 1890 1943 Annapolis , Maryland 0 1891 1942 Princeton , New Jersey 0 0 1905 1905 Chicago 0 0 1926 1926 Pasadena , California 0 0 Landover , Maryland 0 0 2011 2011 State Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Pennsylvania 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York 14 7 6 1890 1943 Maryland 10 6 0 1891 2016 New Jersey 5 1905 2002 Illinois 0 0 1926 1926 California 0 0 CSA Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia -- Reading -- Camden , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York -- Newark , NY -- NJ -- CT -- PA 19 8 9 1890 2002 Washington -- Baltimore -- Arlington , DC -- MD -- VA -- WV -- PA 10 6 0 1891 2016 Chicago -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI 0 0 1926 1926 Los Angeles -- Long Beach , CA 0 0 Game results ( edit ) Army victories Navy victories Ties Year Winner Score Location City Series 1890 Navy 24 -- 0 `` The Plain '' USMA West Point , New York Navy 1 -- 0 1891 Army 32 -- 16 Worden Field USNA Annapolis , Maryland Tied 1 -- 1 1892 Navy 12 -- 4 `` The Plain '' West Point , New York Navy 2 -- 1 1893 Navy 6 -- 4 Worden Field Annapolis , Maryland Navy 3 -- 1 1899 Army 17 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 3 -- 2 1900 Navy 11 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 2 1901 Army 11 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 3 1902 Army 22 -- 8 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 4 -- 4 1903 Army 40 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 5 -- 4 1904 Army 11 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 4 1905 Tie 6 -- 6 Osborne Field Princeton , New Jersey Army 6 -- 4 -- 1 1906 Navy 10 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 5 -- 1 1907 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 6 -- 6 -- 1 1908 Army 6 -- 4 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 7 -- 6 -- 1 1910 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 7 -- 7 -- 1 1911 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 8 -- 7 -- 1 1912 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 9 -- 7 -- 1 1913 Army 22 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Navy 9 -- 8 -- 1 1914 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 9 -- 9 -- 1 1915 Army 14 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 10 -- 9 -- 1 1916 Army 15 -- 7 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 9 -- 1 1919 Navy 6 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 10 -- 1 1920 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 11 -- 11 -- 1 1921 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Navy 12 -- 11 -- 1 1922 Army 17 -- 14 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 12 -- 12 -- 1 1923 Tie 0 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 12 -- 12 -- 2 1924 Army 12 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 13 -- 12 -- 2 1925 Army 10 -- 3 Polo Grounds New York Army 14 -- 12 -- 2 1926 Tie 21 -- 21 Soldier Field Chicago Army 14 -- 12 -- 3 1927 Army 14 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Army 15 -- 12 -- 3 1930 Army 6 -- 0 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 16 -- 12 -- 3 1931 Army 17 -- 7 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 17 -- 12 -- 3 1932 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 18 -- 12 -- 3 1933 Army 12 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 12 -- 3 1934 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 13 -- 3 1935 Army 28 -- 6 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 20 -- 13 -- 3 1936 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 20 -- 14 -- 3 1937 Army 6 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 21 -- 14 -- 3 1938 Army 14 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 14 -- 3 1939 Navy 10 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 15 -- 3 1940 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 16 -- 3 1941 # 11 Navy 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 17 -- 3 1942 Navy 14 -- 0 Thompson Stadium Annapolis , Maryland Army 22 -- 18 -- 3 1943 # 6 Navy 13 -- 0 Michie Stadium West Point , New York Army 22 -- 19 -- 3 1944 # 1 Army 23 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 23 -- 19 -- 3 1945 # 1 Army 32 -- 13 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 24 -- 19 -- 3 1946 # 1 Army 21 -- 18 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 25 -- 19 -- 3 1947 # 12 Army 21 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 3 1948 Tie 21 -- 21 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 4 1949 # 4 Army 38 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 19 -- 4 1950 Navy 14 -- 2 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 20 -- 4 1951 Navy 42 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 21 -- 4 1952 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 22 -- 4 1953 # 18 Army 20 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 22 -- 4 1954 # 6 Navy 27 -- 20 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 23 -- 4 1955 Army 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 4 1956 Tie 7 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 5 1957 # 8 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 24 -- 5 1958 # 5 Army 22 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 24 -- 5 1959 Navy 43 -- 12 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 25 -- 5 1960 # 7 Navy 17 -- 12 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 26 -- 5 1961 Navy 13 -- 7 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 27 -- 5 1962 Navy 34 -- 14 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 28 -- 5 1963 # 2 Navy 21 -- 15 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 29 -- 5 1964 Army 11 -- 8 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 5 1965 Tie 7 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 6 1966 Army 20 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 29 -- 6 1967 Navy 19 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 30 -- 6 1968 Army 21 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 33 -- 30 -- 6 1969 Army 27 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 30 -- 6 1970 Navy 11 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 31 -- 6 1971 Army 24 -- 23 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 35 -- 31 -- 6 1972 Army 23 -- 15 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 31 -- 6 1973 Navy 51 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 32 -- 6 Navy 19 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 33 -- 6 Navy 30 -- 6 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 34 -- 6 1976 Navy 38 -- 10 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 35 -- 6 1977 Army 17 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 35 -- 6 1978 Navy 28 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 36 -- 6 1979 Navy 31 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Tied 37 -- 37 -- 6 1980 Navy 33 -- 6 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 6 1981 Tie 3 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 7 1982 Navy 24 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 39 -- 37 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Rose Bowl Pasadena , California Navy 40 -- 37 -- 7 1984 Army 28 -- 11 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 40 -- 38 -- 7 1985 Navy 17 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 38 -- 7 1986 Army 27 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 39 -- 7 Army 17 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 40 -- 7 1988 Army 20 -- 15 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 41 -- 41 -- 7 1989 Navy 19 -- 17 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Navy 42 -- 41 -- 7 1990 Army 30 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 42 -- 42 -- 7 1991 Navy 24 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 43 -- 42 -- 7 1992 Army 25 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 43 -- 43 -- 7 1993 Army 16 -- 14 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 44 -- 43 -- 7 1994 Army 22 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 45 -- 43 -- 7 1995 Army 14 -- 13 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 46 -- 43 -- 7 # 23 Army 28 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 47 -- 43 -- 7 1997 Navy 39 -- 7 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 47 -- 44 -- 7 1998 Army 34 -- 30 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 44 -- 7 1999 Navy 19 -- 9 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 45 -- 7 2000 Navy 30 -- 28 PSINet Stadium Baltimore Army 48 -- 46 -- 7 2001 Army 26 -- 17 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 49 -- 46 -- 7 2002 Navy 58 -- 12 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 49 -- 47 -- 7 2003 Navy 34 -- 6 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Army 49 -- 48 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Tied 49 -- 49 -- 7 2005 Navy 42 -- 23 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 50 -- 49 -- 7 2006 Navy 26 -- 14 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 51 -- 49 -- 7 2007 Navy 38 -- 3 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 52 -- 49 -- 7 2008 Navy 34 -- 0 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 53 -- 49 -- 7 2009 Navy 17 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 54 -- 49 -- 7 Navy 31 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 55 -- 49 -- 7 2011 Navy 27 -- 21 FedExField Landover , Maryland Navy 56 -- 49 -- 7 2012 Navy 17 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 57 -- 49 -- 7 2013 Navy 34 -- 7 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 58 -- 49 -- 7 2014 Navy 17 -- 10 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 59 -- 49 -- 7 2015 # 21 Navy 21 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 49 -- 7 2016 Army 21 -- 17 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 60 -- 50 -- 7 2017 Army 14 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 51 -- 7 2018 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2019 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2020 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2021 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 2022 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Notable games ( edit ) Navy Midshipman ( and later Admiral ) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army -- Navy Game . He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death , so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather . On November 27 , 1926 , the Army -- Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated , while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame , so the game would decide the National Championship . Played before a crowd of over 100,000 , the teams fought to a 21 -- 21 tie , but Navy was awarded the national championship . In both the 1944 and 1945 contests , Army and Navy entered the game ranked # 1 and # 2 respectively . The 1945 game was labeled the `` game of the century '' before it was played . Army defeated a 7 -- 0 -- 1 Navy team 32 -- 13 . Navy 's lone tie was against Notre Dame . In 1963 , shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation . Originally scheduled for November 30 , 1963 , the game was played on December 7 , 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day . In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia 's Municipal Stadium , later named John F. Kennedy Stadium , junior ( second class Midshipman ) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1 , 1964 . Army was led by junior ( second class Cadet ) quarterback Rollie Stichweh . Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television . Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion , Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line . On 4th down and no timeouts , crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21 -- 15 final score . Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination . Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh 's Army would defeat Staubach 's Navy . Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys . Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade . Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 . On December 10 , 2016 , Army beat Navy 21 -- 17 , snapping Navy 's 14 - year winning streak . This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson , a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11 , 2016 . Army players wore Jackson 's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate . See also ( edit ) Army Mules Bill the Goat Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy List of Army -- Navy Game broadcasters Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS Other neutral site rivalries : Florida -- Georgia football rivalry Red River Showdown , Texas / Oklahoma References ( edit ) Bibliography Feinstein , John ( 1996 ) . A Civil War : Army Vs. Navy -- A Year Inside College Football 's Purest Rivalry . Diane Books Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 5777 - 6 Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` President Bush Will Attend Army - Navy Game for First Time since 2004 '' `` . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` CBS SPORTS TO REMAIN HOME OF ANNUAL ARMY - NAVY FOOTBALL CLASSIC THROUGH 2028 '' . Navy Sports Webpage . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Army -- Navy , Instant Replay , Tony Verna , 45 Years Later ... '' Los Angeles Daily News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Army , Navy have no plans to move game for College Football Playoff schedule '' . USA Today . May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Army -- Navy Will Move to Second Saturday in December '' . Associated Press ( via ESPN ) . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blansett , Sarah ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tradition and History Wrapped into 115th Army -- Navy Game '' . Military.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Kathy . `` West Point , Naval exchange students gear up for big game '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Looks To Sink Navy 's Winning Streak `` CBS New York '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cupper , Dan ( 1992 ) . Crossroads of Commerce : The Pennsylvania Railroad Calendar Art of Grif Teller . Stackpole Books . p. 138 . ISBN 9780811729031 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Froio , Michael ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` To The Game : A Pennsylvania Railroad Tradition '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , N. Brooks ( December 5 , 1983 ) . `` The Week '' Archived October 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( undated ) . `` No. 1 Rivalry -- Army -- Navy '' . Athlon Sports . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- Score : Navy 42 -- Army 13 Game played at the Rose Bowl '' . United States Naval Academy exhibits . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Fleece Awards , 1975 - 1987 '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( August 22 , 2017 ) `` MetLife Stadium to Host 2021 Army - Navy Game '' . `` armynavygame.com '' Accessed August 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` History of the Football Helmet '' from Past Time Sports . Accessed Jan 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Nimitz Library U.S. Naval Academy Archival Images : Army Navy Football : 1926 . Accessed Dec 31 , 2009 Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Unknown writer ( undated ) . `` Games Where # 1 Faced # 2 '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . kiko13.com ( fansite ) . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middies All Hepped Up to Knock Over Cadets '' . Los Angeles Times , November 27 , 1945 . `` Navy , far from conceding next Saturday 's football ' game of the century ' to Army , will field a spirited , offense - minded team determined to win and ' not merely hold down the score , ' Public Relations Chief Lt. William Sullivan said today . '' Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt . `` Film on ' 63 Army - Navy game shows impact of rivalry , JFK tragedy '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Roland Stichweh HOF profile '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Army Sports Hall of Fame Members -- By Induction Class '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( Sep 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Jackson killed in single - car crash '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interdonato , Sal ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Army - Navy Game : Army comes up big for the late Brandon Jackson '' . Times Herald - Record . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army -- Navy Game . Official website Army Black Knights football Venues The Plain ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Michie Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Navy : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ; Thompson Cup ) Notre Dame Culture & lore Army Mule Black Death Award `` On , Brave Old Army Team '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' 1946 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Navy Midshipmen football Venues Worden Field ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Thompson Stadium ( 1924 -- 1958 ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( 1959 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( alternate ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Johns Hopkins Maryland : Crab Bowl Classic Notre Dame ( Rip Miller Trophy ) SMU ( Gansz Trophy ) Culture & lore Bill the Goat `` Anchors Aweigh '' Marching band `` Navy ends the drought '' 2007 North Texas game People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold American Athletic Conference football rivalries Conference Civil Conflict ( Connecticut -- UCF ) East Carolina -- UCF Houston -- SMU Houston -- Tulsa Gansz Trophy ( SMU -- Navy ) War on I - 4 ( USF - UCF ) Non-conference Victory Bell ( Cincinnati -- Miami ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Ramnapping Trophy ( Connecticut -- Rhode Island ) East Carolina -- Marshall East Carolina -- NC State Bayou Bucket Classic ( Houston -- Rice ) Louisville -- Memphis Paint Bucket Bowl ( Memphis -- Arkansas State ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Black and Blue Bowl ( Memphis -- Southern Miss ) Army -- Navy Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Navy -- Air Force -- Army ) Navy -- Johns Hopkins Crab Bowl Classic ( Navy -- Maryland ) Navy -- Notre Dame Rice -- SMU Safeway Bowl ( SMU -- North Texas ) SMU -- TCU Mayor 's Cup ( Temple -- Villanova ) Tulane -- Auburn Georgia Tech -- Tulane Ole Miss -- Tulane Battle for the Bell ( Tulane -- Southern Miss ) Battle for the Rag ( Tulane -- LSU ) Oklahoma State -- Tulsa NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC College Football on CBS Related articles College football on television Southeastern Conference CBS Sports Network Current commentators Brad Nessler Gary Danielson Allie LaForce Adam Zucker Brian Jones Rick Neuheisel Carter Blackburn Aaron Taylor Jenny Dell Past commentators Gus Johnson Lindsey Nelson Jim Nantz Sean McDonough Brent Musburger Todd Blackledge Tim Brant Brad Nessler Ed Cunningham Terry Donahue Pat Haden Craig James Mike Mayock Jill Arrington John Dockery Greg Gumbel Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz Dean Blevins Don Criqui Dan Fouts Steve Beuerlein Sam Ryan Tracy Wolfson Tim Brando Spencer Tillman Archie Manning Craig Bolerjack Verne Lundquist Lore televised by CBS Tight - roping the sidelines in Happy Valley ( 1982 ) Hail Flutie ( 1984 ) Catholics vs. Convicts ( 1988 ) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia ( 1990 ) Tebow 's 4th Quarter comeback ( 2008 ) Game of the Century ( 2011 ) Hello , Johnny Football ( 2012 ) Prayer at Jordan -- Hare ( 2013 ) Kick Six ( 2013 ) Games televised annually Army -- Navy Game SEC Championship Game Sun Bowl VIAF : 157501295 LCCN : no2008181194 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army -- Navy_Game&oldid = 818506662 '' Categories : Army -- Navy Game Annual sporting events in the United States Military competitions in American football Recurring sporting events established in 1890 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won more games between army and navy	[ "\nArmy–Navy Game\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArmy Black Knights\n\n\n\nNavy Midshipmen\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSport\nCollege football\n\n\nFirst meeting\nNovember 29, 1890\n\n\nLatest meeting\nDecember 9, 2017\n\n\nNext meeting\nDecember 8, 2018\n\n\nStatistics\n\n\nMeetings total\n118\n\n\nAll-time record\nNavy leads 60–51–7\n\n\nLongest win streak\nNavy, 14 (2002–2015)\n\n\nCurrent win streak\nArmy, 2 (2016–present)\n\n" ]	[ "Navy" ]
-4385301586082946633	List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union	List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union - wikipedia List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Map of the United States with names and borders of states The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union A state of the United States is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government . Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside , due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government . Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names . States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution , such as regulating intrastate commerce , running elections , creating local governments , and ratifying constitutional amendments . Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles , and government consisting of executive , legislative , and judicial branches . All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress , a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . Each state is represented by two Senators , while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census . Additionally , each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College , the body that elects the President of the United States , equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state . Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union . Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 , the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50 . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states . The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood . The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence , and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781 , upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation , its first constitution . ( A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates . ) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution , thus joining the present federal Union of states . The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of U.S. states 2 Articles of Confederation ratification dates 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links List of U.S. states ( edit ) State Date ( admitted or ratified ) Formed from Delaware 000000001787 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1787 ( ratified ) Colony of Delaware Pennsylvania 000000001787 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1787 ( ratified ) Proprietary Province of Pennsylvania New Jersey 000000001787 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1787 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New Jersey Georgia 000000001788 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Georgia 5 Connecticut 000000001788 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Connecticut 6 Massachusetts 000000001788 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay 7 Maryland 000000001788 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1788 ( ratified ) Proprietary Province of Maryland 8 South Carolina 000000001788 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of South Carolina 9 New Hampshire 000000001788 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New Hampshire 10 Virginia 000000001788 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony and Dominion of Virginia 11 New York 000000001788 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New York 12 North Carolina 000000001789 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1789 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of North Carolina 13 Rhode Island 000000001790 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1790 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 14 Vermont 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 ( admitted ) Vermont ! Vermont Republic 15 Kentucky 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 ( admitted ) Virginia ( nine counties in its District of Kentucky ) 16 Tennessee 000000001796 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1796 ( admitted ) Southwest Territory 17 Ohio 000000001803 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1803 ( admitted ) Northwest Territory ( part ) 18 Louisiana 000000001812 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1812 ( admitted ) Orleans ! Territory of Orleans 19 Indiana 000000001816 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1816 ( admitted ) Indiana Territory 20 Mississippi 000000001817 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1817 ( admitted ) Mississippi Territory 21 Illinois 000000001818 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1818 ( admitted ) Illinois Territory ( part ) 22 Alabama 000000001819 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1819 ( admitted ) Alabama Territory 23 Maine 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 ( admitted ) Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) 24 Missouri 000000001821 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1821 ( admitted ) Missouri Territory ( part ) 25 Arkansas 000000001836 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1836 ( admitted ) Arkansas Territory 26 Michigan 000000001837 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1837 ( admitted ) Michigan Territory 27 Florida 000000001845 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1845 ( admitted ) Florida Territory 28 Texas 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 ( admitted ) Texas ! Republic of Texas 29 Iowa 000000001846 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1846 ( admitted ) Iowa Territory ( part ) 30 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1848 ( admitted ) Wisconsin Territory ( part ) 31 California 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 ( admitted ) Unorganized ! unorganized territory ( part ) 32 Minnesota 000000001858 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1858 ( admitted ) Minnesota Territory ( part ) 33 Oregon 000000001859 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1859 ( admitted ) Oregon Territory ( part ) 34 Kansas 000000001861 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1861 ( admitted ) Kansas Territory ( part ) 35 West Virginia 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 ( admitted ) Virginia ( 50 Trans - Allegheny region counties ) 36 Nevada 000000001864 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1864 ( admitted ) Nevada Territory 37 Nebraska 000000001867 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1867 ( admitted ) Nebraska Territory 38 Colorado 000000001876 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1876 ( admitted ) Colorado Territory 39 North Dakota 000000001889 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1889 ( admitted ) Dakota Territory ( part ) 40 South Dakota 000000001889 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1889 ( admitted ) Dakota Territory ( part ) 41 Montana 000000001889 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1889 ( admitted ) Montana Territory 42 Washington 000000001889 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1889 ( admitted ) Washington Territory 43 Idaho 000000001890 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1890 ( admitted ) Idaho Territory 44 Wyoming 000000001890 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1890 ( admitted ) Wyoming Territory 45 Utah 000000001896 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1896 ( admitted ) Utah Territory 46 Oklahoma 000000001907 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1907 ( admitted ) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory 47 New Mexico 000000001912 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1912 ( admitted ) New Mexico Territory 48 Arizona 000000001912 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1912 ( admitted ) Arizona Territory 49 Alaska 000000001959 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1959 ( admitted ) Alaska ! Territory of Alaska 50 Hawaii 000000001959 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1959 ( admitted ) Hawaii ! Territory of Hawaii Articles of Confederation ratification dates ( edit ) The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . On March 4 , 1789 , the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution . State Date 13 ! 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 12 ! 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 08 ! 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 11 ! 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 01 ! 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 03 ! 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 06 ! 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 10 ! 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 05 ! 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 09 ! 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 07 ! 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 02 ! 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 04 ! 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Missouri Compromise , 1820 federal statute enabling the admission of Missouri ( a slave state ) and Maine ( a free state ) into the Union Toledo War , 1835 -- 36 boundary dispute between Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory , which delayed Michigan 's admission to the Union Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Compromise of 1850 , a package of congressional acts , one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union Bleeding Kansas , a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood , 1854 -- 61 Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii List of states and territories of the United States Federalism in the United States Proposals for a 51st state Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This list does not account for the secession of 11 states ( Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Tennessee , Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas ) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America , nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union , or each state 's `` readmission to representation in Congress '' after the war , as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union . Also , the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union , but the Supreme Court held that a state can not unilaterally do so in Texas v. White ( 1869 ) . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware '' . Delaware became a state on June 15 , 1776 , when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware 's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of `` the Government of the Counties of New Castle , Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware '' . Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting `` New Hampshire Grants '' dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys , and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the State and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear . On April 30 , 1802 the 7th Congress had passed an act `` authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government , and admission of Ohio into the Union '' ( Sess. 1 , ch. 40 , 2 Stat. 173 ) . On February 19 , 1803 the same Congress passed an act `` providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio '' ( Sess. 2 , ch. 7 , 2 Stat. 201 ) . Neither act , however , set a formal date of statehood . An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953 , when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution `` for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union '' , ( Pub. L. 83 -- 204 , 67 Stat. 407 , enacted August 7 , 1953 ) which designated March 1 , 1803 , as that date . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the State ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state . Jump up ^ When President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood proclamations for North and South Dakota he shuffled the papers on his desk and covered up all but the signature line of the documents . No one knows which state he signed into existence first . North Dakota 's proclamation was published first in the Statutes at Large , as it is first in alphabetical order . ^ Jump up to : Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day , North and South Dakota are the nation 's only twin - born states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erler , Edward . `` Essays on Amendment XIV : Citizenship '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature '' . Minnesota State Legislature . Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett . `` Congressional Apportionment ( 2010 Census Briefs C2010BR - 08 ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce , Economics and Statistics Administration . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer R. `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Electors '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) '' . Justia.com . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 658 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Government '' . Delaware.gov . Government Information Center , Delaware Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776 - 1861 : Independence to the Civil War '' . PA.gov . Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission . Jump up ^ `` 1787 Convention Minutes '' . NJ.gov . New Jersey Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 9 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : July 26 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 21 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Square Historic Site '' . Danville / Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` State History Timeline '' . TN.gov . Tennessee Department of State . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blue , Frederick J. ( Autumn 2002 ) . `` The Date of Ohio Statehood '' . Ohio Academy of History Newsletter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio 's Admission to Statehood Jump up ^ `` About Louisiana : quick facts '' . louisiana.gov . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission '' . Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : December 3 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Alabama History Timeline : 1800 - 1860 '' . alabama.gov . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : March 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 10 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 26 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 29 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 11 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 29 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 20 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 1 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ MacPherson , James ; Burbach , Kevin ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` At 125 years of Dakotas statehood , rivalry remains '' . Bismarck Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Today in History : November 2 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( ed . ) . `` Montana '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 11 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Thatcher , Linda Thatcher ( 2016 ) . `` Struggle For Statehood Chronology '' . historytogo.utah.gov . State of Utah . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 16 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutstatehoodat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` U.S. States Videos '' . History.com . `` Dates of statehood '' . 50states.com . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union&oldid=838340280 '' Categories : Lists of states of the United States United States geography - related lists United States history - related lists United States history timelines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français Ilokano Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 11 : 48 . 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About Wikipedia	what were the last two states added to the united states	[ "\n\nState\nDate\n(admitted or ratified)\nFormed from\n\n\n1\n Delaware\n000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]\n(ratified)\nColony of Delaware[b]\n\n\n2\n Pennsylvania\n000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]\n(ratified)\nProprietary Province of Pennsylvania\n\n\n3\n New Jersey\n000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Jersey\n\n\n4\n Georgia\n000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Georgia\n\n\n5\n Connecticut\n000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Connecticut\n\n\n6\n Massachusetts\n000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Massachusetts Bay\n\n\n7\n Maryland\n000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nProprietary Province of Maryland\n\n\n8\n South Carolina\n000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of South Carolina\n\n\n9\n New Hampshire\n000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Hampshire\n\n\n10\n Virginia\n000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony and Dominion of Virginia\n\n\n11\n New York\n000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New York\n\n\n12\n North Carolina\n000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of North Carolina\n\n\n13\n Rhode Island\n000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\n\n\n14\n Vermont\n000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]\n(admitted)\nVermont !Vermont Republic[c]\n\n\n15\n Kentucky\n000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (nine counties in its District of Kentucky[d])\n\n\n16\n Tennessee\n000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]\n(admitted)\nSouthwest Territory\n\n\n17\n Ohio\n000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]\n(admitted)\nNorthwest Territory (part)\n\n\n18\n Louisiana\n000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]\n(admitted)\nOrleans !Territory of Orleans\n\n\n19\n Indiana\n000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816\n(admitted)\nIndiana Territory\n\n\n20\n Mississippi\n000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]\n(admitted)\nMississippi Territory\n\n\n21\n Illinois\n000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]\n(admitted)\nIllinois Territory (part)\n\n\n22\n Alabama\n000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]\n(admitted)\nAlabama Territory\n\n\n23\n Maine\n000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]\n(admitted)\nMassachusetts (District of Maine[f])\n\n\n24\n Missouri\n000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]\n(admitted)\nMissouri Territory (part)\n\n\n25\n Arkansas\n000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]\n(admitted)\nArkansas Territory\n\n\n26\n Michigan\n000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]\n(admitted)\nMichigan Territory\n\n\n27\n Florida\n000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845\n(admitted)\nFlorida Territory\n\n\n28\n Texas\n000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845\n(admitted)\nTexas !Republic of Texas\n\n\n29\n Iowa\n000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846\n(admitted)\nIowa Territory (part)\n\n\n30\n Wisconsin\n000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]\n(admitted)\nWisconsin Territory (part)\n\n\n31\n California\n000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]\n(admitted)\nUnorganized !unorganized territory (part)\n\n\n32\n Minnesota\n000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]\n(admitted)\nMinnesota Territory (part)\n\n\n33\n Oregon\n000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859\n(admitted)\nOregon Territory (part)\n\n\n34\n Kansas\n000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]\n(admitted)\nKansas Territory (part)\n\n\n35\n West Virginia\n000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])\n\n\n36\n Nevada\n000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864\n(admitted)\nNevada Territory\n\n\n37\n Nebraska\n000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867\n(admitted)\nNebraska Territory\n\n\n38\n Colorado\n000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]\n(admitted)\nColorado Territory\n\n\n39[h]\n North Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n40\n South Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n41\n Montana\n000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]\n(admitted)\nMontana Territory\n\n\n42\n Washington\n000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]\n(admitted)\nWashington Territory\n\n\n43\n Idaho\n000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890\n(admitted)\nIdaho Territory\n\n\n44\n Wyoming\n000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890\n(admitted)\nWyoming Territory\n\n\n45\n Utah\n000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]\n(admitted)\nUtah Territory\n\n\n46\n Oklahoma\n000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]\n(admitted)\nOklahoma Territory and Indian Territory\n\n\n47\n New Mexico\n000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912\n(admitted)\nNew Mexico Territory\n\n\n48\n Arizona\n000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912\n(admitted)\nArizona Territory\n\n\n49\n Alaska\n000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959\n(admitted)\nAlaska !Territory of Alaska\n\n\n50\n Hawaii\n000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959\n(admitted)\nHawaii !Territory of Hawaii\n\n", "\n\nState\nDate\n(admitted or ratified)\nFormed from\n\n\n1\n Delaware\n000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]\n(ratified)\nColony of Delaware[b]\n\n\n2\n Pennsylvania\n000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]\n(ratified)\nProprietary Province of Pennsylvania\n\n\n3\n New Jersey\n000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Jersey\n\n\n4\n Georgia\n000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Georgia\n\n\n5\n Connecticut\n000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Connecticut\n\n\n6\n Massachusetts\n000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Massachusetts Bay\n\n\n7\n Maryland\n000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nProprietary Province of Maryland\n\n\n8\n South Carolina\n000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of South Carolina\n\n\n9\n New Hampshire\n000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Hampshire\n\n\n10\n Virginia\n000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony and Dominion of Virginia\n\n\n11\n New York\n000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New York\n\n\n12\n North Carolina\n000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of North Carolina\n\n\n13\n Rhode Island\n000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\n\n\n14\n Vermont\n000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]\n(admitted)\nVermont !Vermont Republic[c]\n\n\n15\n Kentucky\n000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (nine counties in its District of Kentucky[d])\n\n\n16\n Tennessee\n000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]\n(admitted)\nSouthwest Territory\n\n\n17\n Ohio\n000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]\n(admitted)\nNorthwest Territory (part)\n\n\n18\n Louisiana\n000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]\n(admitted)\nOrleans !Territory of Orleans\n\n\n19\n Indiana\n000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816\n(admitted)\nIndiana Territory\n\n\n20\n Mississippi\n000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]\n(admitted)\nMississippi Territory\n\n\n21\n Illinois\n000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]\n(admitted)\nIllinois Territory (part)\n\n\n22\n Alabama\n000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]\n(admitted)\nAlabama Territory\n\n\n23\n Maine\n000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]\n(admitted)\nMassachusetts (District of Maine[f])\n\n\n24\n Missouri\n000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]\n(admitted)\nMissouri Territory (part)\n\n\n25\n Arkansas\n000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]\n(admitted)\nArkansas Territory\n\n\n26\n Michigan\n000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]\n(admitted)\nMichigan Territory\n\n\n27\n Florida\n000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845\n(admitted)\nFlorida Territory\n\n\n28\n Texas\n000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845\n(admitted)\nTexas !Republic of Texas\n\n\n29\n Iowa\n000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846\n(admitted)\nIowa Territory (part)\n\n\n30\n Wisconsin\n000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]\n(admitted)\nWisconsin Territory (part)\n\n\n31\n California\n000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]\n(admitted)\nUnorganized !unorganized territory (part)\n\n\n32\n Minnesota\n000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]\n(admitted)\nMinnesota Territory (part)\n\n\n33\n Oregon\n000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859\n(admitted)\nOregon Territory (part)\n\n\n34\n Kansas\n000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]\n(admitted)\nKansas Territory (part)\n\n\n35\n West Virginia\n000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])\n\n\n36\n Nevada\n000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864\n(admitted)\nNevada Territory\n\n\n37\n Nebraska\n000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867\n(admitted)\nNebraska Territory\n\n\n38\n Colorado\n000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]\n(admitted)\nColorado Territory\n\n\n39[h]\n North Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n40\n South Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n41\n Montana\n000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]\n(admitted)\nMontana Territory\n\n\n42\n Washington\n000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]\n(admitted)\nWashington Territory\n\n\n43\n Idaho\n000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890\n(admitted)\nIdaho Territory\n\n\n44\n Wyoming\n000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890\n(admitted)\nWyoming Territory\n\n\n45\n Utah\n000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]\n(admitted)\nUtah Territory\n\n\n46\n Oklahoma\n000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]\n(admitted)\nOklahoma Territory and Indian Territory\n\n\n47\n New Mexico\n000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912\n(admitted)\nNew Mexico Territory\n\n\n48\n Arizona\n000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912\n(admitted)\nArizona Territory\n\n\n49\n Alaska\n000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959\n(admitted)\nAlaska !Territory of Alaska\n\n\n50\n Hawaii\n000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959\n(admitted)\nHawaii !Territory of Hawaii\n\n" ]	[ "Alaska", "Hawaii" ]
-2371845526274039702	Delta Dawn	Delta Dawn - wikipedia Delta Dawn Jump to : navigation , search For the unidentified murder victim , see Delta Dawn ( murder victim ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Delta Dawn '' Single by Tanya Tucker from the album Delta Dawn B - side `` I Love the Way He Loves Me '' Released May 13 , 1972 Recorded 1972 Genre Country Length 3 : 09 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Larry Collins , Alex Harvey Producer ( s ) Billy Sherrill Tanya Tucker singles chronology `` Delta Dawn '' ( 1972 ) `` Love 's the Answer '' / `` The Jamestown Ferry '' ( 1972 ) `` Delta Dawn '' ( 1972 ) `` Love 's the Answer '' / `` The Jamestown Ferry '' ( 1972 ) `` Delta Dawn '' Single by Helen Reddy from the album Long Hard Climb B - side `` If We Could Still be Friends '' Released June 1973 Format 7 '' Recorded 1972 Genre Adult contemporary Length 3 : 11 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Larry Collins , Alex Harvey Producer ( s ) Tom Catalano Helen Reddy singles chronology `` Peaceful '' ( 1973 ) `` Delta Dawn '' ( 1973 ) `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Peaceful '' ( 1973 ) `` Delta Dawn '' ( 1973 ) `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Delta Dawn '' is a song written by former child rockabilly star Larry Collins and songwriter Alex Harvey , best known as a 1972 top ten country hit for Tanya Tucker and a number one hit for Helen Reddy in 1973 . The co-writer more often goes by the name Alexander Harvey today , not to be confused with Glaswegian rocker Alex Harvey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Background and recording history 3 Chart performance ( Tanya Tucker ) 4 Other versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) The title character is a faded former Southern belle from Brownsville , Tennessee who , at forty - one , is obsessed to unreason with the long - ago memory of a jilting suitor . The song 's lyrics describe how the woman regularly `` walks down town with a suitcase in her hand / looking for a mysterious dark haired man '' who she says will be taking her `` to his mansion in the sky '' . Reddy 's recording in particular has choir - like inspirational overtones as well . Background and recording History ( edit ) The first recording of `` Delta Dawn '' was made by Harvey for his eponymous album released in November 1971 . Although Harvey opened for Helen Reddy -- his Capitol labelmate -- at the Troubadour in January 1972 , Reddy made no apparent connection with any of Harvey 's compositions at that time . Dianne Davidson , who sang backup on Harvey 's recording , was the first artist to record the song and chart in 1971 -- 72 . Tracy Nelson , who also sang backup on Harvey 's recording , performed `` Delta Dawn '' in her live act . After hearing her sing the song at the Bottom Line in New York City , Bette Midler added the song to her repertoire . Nashville - based producer Billy Sherrill heard Midler sing `` Delta Dawn '' on The Tonight Show and wanted to sign her to Epic Records and have her record the song . Finding out that Midler was already signed to Atlantic Records , Sherrill cut the song with Tanya Tucker who was newly signed to Epic , and Tucker 's version was released in April 1972 to reach number 6 C&W that spring . Record producer Tom Catalano prepped an instrumental track of `` Delta Dawn '' , virtually replicating that of Tucker 's single , and -- despite Catalano having worked with Helen Reddy -- the track was first offered to Barbra Streisand , upon whose refusal Catalano had Reddy add her vocals to the track . In the meantime Bette Midler had recorded `` Delta Dawn '' for her The Divine Miss M debut album from which her bluesy version was planned as the lead single . The June 1973 single release of Reddy 's version was two days before Midler 's , necessitating the amendment of the latter 's single so that the original B - side `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' was shopped to radio , becoming a Top Ten hit . Reddy 's version , with upward modulation added to the mimicking of Tucker 's cold intro and nonstop vocals throughout , entered the Top Ten on 18 August 1973 on its way to its lone frame at number 1 , on 15 September 1973 . Reddy 's Hot 100 # 1 hits , in order , were 1972 's `` I Am Woman '' , then `` Delta Dawn '' , then 1974 's `` Angie Baby '' . `` Delta Dawn '' also became the first of Reddy 's six consecutive -- and eight overall -- number 1 hits on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard . In Reddy 's native Australia , where she had reached number 2 with both `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' and `` I Am Woman '' , `` Delta Dawn '' became Reddy 's first number 1 hit , spending five weeks atop the chart in August and September 1973 . The follow - up single `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' gave Reddy a second consecutive -- and final -- Australian number 1 . `` Delta Dawn '' also marked Reddy 's only chart appearance in South Africa , reaching number 13 in the autumn of 1973 . The Statler Brothers released their version of the song on their 1973 Mercury album The Statler Brothers Sing Country Symphonies in E Major . Chart performance ( Tanya Tucker ) ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 72 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 6 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Other versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Waylon Jennings sang the song on his 1972 album Ladies Love Outlaws . Scott Walker released his version in 1974 . Me First and the Gimme Gimmes included it on their album Ruin Jonny 's Bar Mitzvah . On Friends , Monica Geller sang the song at a piano bar where Mike Hannigan worked . Stone Cold Steve Austin sang the first verse on an episode of WWE Raw , notable for his failure to hit the high notes . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 357 . Jump up ^ Billboard vol # 84 # 2 ( 8 January 1972 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Tucker , Tanya ( 1997 ) . Nickel Dreams : my life ( Large print ed . ) . Waterville ME : Thorndike Press . p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 7862 - 1182 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tanya ( 1997 ) . Nickel Dreams : my life ( Large print ed . ) . Waterville ME : Thorndike Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 7862 - 1182 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits . New York City : Watson - Guptill Publications . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7693 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Tanya Tucker Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tanya Tucker Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Let 's Get It On '' by Marvin Gaye US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 15 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Get It On '' by Marvin Gaye Tanya Tucker Studio albums Delta Dawn What 's Your Mama 's Name Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) Tanya Tucker Lovin ' and Learnin ' Here 's Some Love Ridin ' Rainbows You Are So Beautiful TNT Tear Me Apart Dreamlovers Should I Do It Changes Girls Like Me Love Me Like You Used To Strong Enough to Bend Tennessee Woman What Do I Do with Me Ca n't Run from Yourself Soon Fire to Fire Complicated Tanya My Turn Compilation and live albums Live Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Encore Greatest Hits 1990 -- 1992 Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Notable singles `` Delta Dawn '' `` Love 's the Answer '' `` What 's Your Mama 's Name '' `` Blood Red and Goin ' Down '' `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` The Man That Turned My Mama On '' `` Lizzie and the Rainman '' `` San Antonio Stroll '' `` Do n't Believe My Heart Can Stand Another You '' `` You 've Got Me to Hold On To '' `` Here 's Some Love '' `` It 's a Cowboy Lovin ' Night '' `` You Are So Beautiful '' `` Texas ( When I Die ) '' `` Pecos Promenade '' `` Dream Lover '' `` Can I See You Tonight '' `` Feel Right '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` One Love at a Time '' `` Just Another Love '' `` I 'll Come Back as Another Woman '' `` It 's Only Over for You '' `` Love Me Like You Used To '' `` I Wo n't Take Less Than Your Love '' ( with Paul Davis and Paul Overstreet ) `` If It Do n't Come Easy '' `` Strong Enough to Bend '' `` Highway Robbery '' `` Call on Me '' `` My Arms Stay Open All Night '' `` Walking Shoes '' `` Do n't Go Out '' ( with T. Graham Brown ) `` It Wo n't Be Me '' `` Oh What It Did to Me '' `` Down to My Last Teardrop '' `` ( Without You ) What Do I Do with Me '' `` Some Kind of Trouble '' `` If Your Heart Ai n't Busy Tonight '' `` Two Sparrows in a Hurricane '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Tell Me About It '' `` Soon '' `` We Do n't Have to Do This '' `` Hangin ' In '' `` You Just Watch Me '' `` Between the Two of Them '' `` Find Out What 's Happenin ' '' `` Little Things '' `` A Memory Like I 'm Gonna Be '' Related articles Albums discography Singles discography LaCosta `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' Helen Reddy Studio albums I Do n't Know How to Love Him Helen Reddy I Am Woman Long Hard Climb Love Song for Jeffrey Free and Easy No Way to Treat a Lady Music , Music Ear Candy We 'll Sing in the Sunshine Reddy Take What You Find Play Me Out Imagination Feel So Young Center Stage The Best Christmas Ever Live albums Live in London Compilations Helen Reddy 's Greatest Hits All - Time Greatest Hits The Best of Helen Reddy I Am Woman : The Essential Helen Reddy Collection Absolutely the Best of Helen Reddy The Woman I Am : The Definitive Collection Rarities from the Capitol Vaults Singles `` One Way Ticket '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Crazy Love '' `` I Am Woman '' `` Peaceful '' `` Delta Dawn '' `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' `` Keep On Singing '' `` You and Me Against the World '' `` Angie Baby '' `` Emotion '' `` Ai n't No Way to Treat a Lady '' `` Somewhere in the Night '' `` I Ca n't Hear You No More '' `` You 're My World '' `` Candle on the Water '' `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' Related articles Discography Toni Lamond Tony Sheldon `` Voices That Care '' Book : Helen Reddy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delta_Dawn&oldid=811720611 '' Categories : 1972 songs 1972 singles 1973 singles Waylon Jennings songs Tanya Tucker songs Helen Reddy songs Scott Walker ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Debut singles Columbia Records singles Capitol Records singles Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original version of delta dawn	[ "\"Delta Dawn\" is a song written by former child rockabilly star Larry Collins and songwriter Alex Harvey, best known as a 1972 top ten country hit for Tanya Tucker[1] and a number one hit for Helen Reddy in 1973." ]	[ "Tanya Tucker" ]
-2787788542233024139	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set Produced by Kevin Feige Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Stephen Broussard ( AM&W ) Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Production company Marvel Studios Columbia Pictures ( SM ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 11 ) Universal Pictures ( TIH ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) Release date 2008 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 20 films ) : $3.827 -- 4.069 billion Box office Total ( 20 films ) : $17.450 billion The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 20 films , with 12 more in various stages of production . It is the highest - grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over $17.4 billion at the global box office . Kevin Feige has produced every film in the series . Avi Arad served as a producer on the first two releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk , Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films , and Stephen Broussard produced Ant - Man and the Wasp . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson , and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the series was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , with Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) still scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . Spider - Man : Far From Home has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 , three untitled films scheduled for 2021 , and three untitled films scheduled for 2022 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 3.6 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 3.7 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 3.8 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.2 IMAX 10th anniversary festival 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.2 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.3 Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) 7.4 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( TBA ) 7.5 Other potential projects 8 Repurposed projects 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Phase one ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in the United States on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeleton crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the United States on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in the United States . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the first Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the German Reich in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in the United States on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in the United States on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase two ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher L. Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film was released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States on May 3 . The film is set in December 2013 , after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , let 's do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in the United States . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene that featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in the United States on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in the United States . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 , in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in the United States on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Mackie as Falcon , Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher L. Yost Kevin Feige Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari Kevin Feige and Stephen Broussard Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in the United States . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange , which was footage from Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher L. Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and began its international release on February 13 , 2018 , and was released on February 16 , 2018 in the United States . The film also had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . The film is set one week after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . The film 's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan , reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to try to stop Thanos from collecting all of the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 . It was released worldwide on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries . The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Marvel had been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The Red Skull from Captain America : The First Avenger appears in the film , played by Ross Marquand instead of Hugo Weaving , and is the keeper of the final Infinity Stone , the Soul Stone . The post-credits scene features Nick Fury transmitting a distress signal on a device , which has the insignia of Captain Marvel . Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with Van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015 , and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Michelle Pfeiffer was revealed as having been cast as Janet van Dyne in July 2017 . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and ended in November 2017 . Stephen Broussard also served as a producer on the film . Ant - Man and the Wasp had its premiere in Hollywood on June 25 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War and before the events of Avengers : Infinity War . In the mid-credits scene , Hank Pym , Hope van Dyne and Janet van Dyne are disintegrated as a result of the events of Avengers : Infinity War . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier Sebastian Stan Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista Dave Bautista Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana Zoe Saldana Groot Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Heimdall Idris Elba Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau Jon Favreau Korath Djimon Hounsou Djimon Hounsou Scott Lang Ant - Man Paul Rudd Paul Rudd Loki Tom Hiddleston Tom Hiddleston Mantis Pom Klementieff Pom Klementieff Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen Nebula Karen Gillan Karen Gillan Okoye Danai Gurira Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt Chris Pratt James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle Terrence Howard Don Cheadle Rocket Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper Steve Rogers Captain America Chris Evans Chris Evans Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Ronan the Accuser Lee Pace Lee Pace Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt William Hurt Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård Stellan Skarsgård Shuri Letitia Wright Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther Chadwick Boseman Thor Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Taneleer Tivan The Collector Benicio del Toro Benicio del Toro Benicio del Toro Hope van Dyne Wasp Evangeline Lilly Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany Sam Wilson Falcon Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie Wong Benedict Wong Benedict Wong Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child whom Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose . '' The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange , and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . IMAX 10th anniversary festival ( edit ) From August 30 to September 6 , 2018 , in conjunction with Marvel Studios ' 10 year anniversary celebrations , all 20 films released at the time ( Iron Man through Ant - Man and the Wasp ) were screened in IMAX . The films were shown in release order , with four films per day . The final days of the festival were theme related , with one showing `` origin '' films ( Iron Man , Spider - Man : Homecoming , Black Panther , and Doctor Strange ) , one showing `` team - ups '' ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Captain America : Civil War , The Avengers , and Avengers : Infinity War ) , and the final day showing Iron Man and The Avengers as chosen by the fans . The festival also saw Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , and Captain America : The First Avenger released in IMAX for the first time . Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Each film is linked to the `` Box office '' section of its article . Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 63 150 $140 million The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 419 526 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 69 132 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 238 230 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 254 310 $140 -- 216.7 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 7 6 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 26 16 $178.4 million Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 186 123 $152.7 million Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 107 100 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 56 84 $195.9 million Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 16 8 $365.5 million Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 240 187 $109.3 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 27 18 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 142 112 $165 -- 236.6 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,942,950 $863,756,051 34 63 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,201,140 $545,965,784 $880,166,924 54 55 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $315,058,289 $538,918,837 $853,977,126 68 65 $180 million Black Panther February 16 , 2018 $700,059,566 $646,784,468 $1,346,844,034 9 $200 -- 210 million Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 $678,690,536 $1,367,461,473 $2,046,152,009 $316 -- 400 million Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 $211,630,916 $333,061,362 $544,692,278 174 167 $162 million Total $ 7009686440253800000 ♠ 6,864,402,538 $ 7010105851444670000 ♠ 10,585,144,467 $ 7010174495470050000 ♠ 17,449,547,005 $3.827 -- 4.069 billion Critical response ( edit ) Each film is linked to the `` Critical response '' section of its article . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 93 % ( 270 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 281 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 274 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 79 % ( 255 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 331 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 80 % ( 300 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 256 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 276 reviews ) 70 ( 48 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 300 reviews ) 76 ( 53 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 331 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 291 reviews ) 64 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 91 % ( 370 reviews ) 75 ( 53 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 321 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 83 % ( 352 reviews ) 67 ( 48 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 325 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 92 % ( 343 reviews ) 74 ( 51 reviews ) Black Panther 97 % ( 404 reviews ) 88 ( 55 reviews ) Avengers : Infinity War 83 % ( 359 reviews ) 68 ( 53 reviews ) Ant - Man and the Wasp 88 % ( 318 reviews ) 70 ( 56 reviews ) Average 84 % 68 Future ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status Phase Three Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck Kevin Feige Post-production Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) Jon Watts Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Filming Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 TBA TBA James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain Marvel ( film ) Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel , one of the galaxy 's strongest heroes , after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Liz Flahive , Carly Mensch , Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film . Location filming occurred in January 2018 , while principal photography began in March in Los Angeles and concluded in July . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Korath , Ronan the Accuser , and Phil Coulson , respectively , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta , and ended in January 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Spider - Man : Far from Home ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Jon Watts , director of Spider - Man : Homecoming and Spider - Man : Far From Home Main article : Spider - Man : Far From Home In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . A year later , Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film . Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , two of the writers of the first film , returned to write the script . Holland revealed the film 's title as Spider - Man : Far From Home in late June 2018 . Filming began in July 2018 , in England , with filming occurring in Hertfordshire and London , and will last until December 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Jackson and Cobie Smulders reprise their roles as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , respectively , from previous MCU films . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( tba ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . However , in July 2018 , Disney and Marvel severed ties with Gunn following the resurfacing of controversial tweets from 2008 and 2009 making light of topics such as rape and pedophilia . Marvel plans to continue to use Gunn 's script for the film . Production was put on hold in August 2018 , ahead of filming planning to begin in January or February 2019 , for an expected release date in 2020 . Other potential projects ( edit ) Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films . These include : May 1 , July 31 , and November 6 , 2020 ; February 12 , May 7 , and November 5 , 2021 ; and February 18 , May 6 , and July 29 , 2022 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028 , resulting in 20 films `` on the docket that are completely different from anything that 's come before -- intentionally . '' In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond . '' A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different '' , but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing '' . Feige noted Marvel hoped to reveal additional films after the release of the untitled Avengers film . A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . By January 2018 , Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film . That July , Cate Shortland was hired to direct , with Johansson reprising her role as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow . By April 2018 , Marvel had met with multiple screenwriters to craft a film based on the Eternals , with a focus on the character Sersi . Feige stated that a film based on the group was `` one of many many many things that we are actively beginning to have creative discussions about to see if we believe in them enough to put them on a slate . '' A month later , Matthew and Ryan Firpo were hired to write the script for the project . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . Repurposed projects ( edit ) Further information : Runaways ( TV series ) and Inhumans ( TV series ) A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It premiered in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of films based on Marvel Comics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios into The Amazing World of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` MCU Timeline Explained : From Infinity Stones to Infinity War and Beyond '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2018 . 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Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mingle with the stars at the premiere of Thor : The Dark World '' . The Sun . October 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Official : Disney 's ' Lone Ranger ' Sets May 31 , 2013 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Thor : The Dark World Set Photo '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' : You Wo n't Believe The Story Behind The Cameo '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' Lead Marvel 's Phase Three '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright Teases ' Ant - Man ' Production in New Tweet '' . The Huffington Post . October 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's it ! Principal photography on ANT - MAN is now complete . The ants have left the building . Stay tuned ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . August 18 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Bringing Hulk Into ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Writer on the Secret to Revitalizing a Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Is n't Lady Sif in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Coogler to Direct Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Brandon Ellington ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars So White ? Black Panther to the Rescue '' . Mother Jones . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Kevin Feige Reveals Ryan Coogler Is Co-Writing ; Talks Filming Dates '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Joe & Anthony Russo to Direct 2 - Part Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely to Write Marvel 's 2 - Part ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' : Michael Douglas Eyeing Return for Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Production Officially Begins on Ant - Man and the Wasp ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Marvel.com . May 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America : Civil War New Synopsis Released '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain America 3 ' Takes Shape at Marvel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces New Wave of Superhero Movies '' . Variety . 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Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Evangeline Lilly on introducing the Wasp , when she 'll join The Avengers '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Clip Confirms A Major Marvel Cameo '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Wong Confirmed For Avengers Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Martian ' Actor Nabs Key ' Doctor Strange ' Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Sued by Luggage Company Over ' Avengers ' Box Set Packaging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Cinematic Universe gets the DVD collector 's treatment for Phase Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devan ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` All 20 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies are returning to theaters in IMAX '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Iron Man to screen in IMAX for first time in new 20 - movie MCU festival '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IMAX ( @ IMAX ) ( August 20 , 2018 ) . `` You voted , we listened , and now it 's time to assemble . By popular demand , The Avengers and Iron Man will be closing out the # MarvelStudios10FilmFest . Stay tuned for more info on tickets '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2018 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 -- via The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2014 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 17 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians of the Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 21 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Officially Lands Biggest Box Office Opening of All Time '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M Opening , But Still 33 % Bigger Than Original -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . 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Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) A Phase One Timeline Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office achievements Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Spider - Man : Far From Home Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther Venom Captain Marvel The New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Team Thor Spider - Man in film Films The Amazing Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Accolades The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) Animated Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Soundtracks Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Songs `` Hero '' `` What We 're All About '' `` Vindicated '' `` We Are '' `` Meant to Live '' `` Web of Night '' `` Najane Kyun '' `` Signal Fire '' `` It 's On Again '' Video games Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Venom ( film ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man pinball Book Category Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_films&oldid=857092192 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2008 Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2018 Comics navigational boxes purge Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Татарча / tatarça ไทย 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 14 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does avengers infinity war part 1 come out	[ "The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.[225] In April 2015, Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[217][218] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War.[325] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[326][327] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta,[314][328] and lasted until July 2017.[329] Additional filming also took place in Scotland.[330] Avengers: Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23, 2018.[331] It was released worldwide on April 27, 2018, with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries.[332]\n" ]	[ "April 27, 2018" ]

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